656:
292:
684:
698:
712:
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592: ... to the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun sets." But the Japanese emperor's title was less contingent than that of his Chinese counterpart; there was no divine mandate that would punish Japan's emperor for failing to rule justly. The right to rule of the Japanese emperor, descended from the sun goddess
640:: 天子). A divine mandate gave the Vietnamese emperor the right to rule, based not on his lineage but on his competence to govern. Vietnam's adoption of a Confucian bureaucracy, presided over by Vietnam's Son of Heaven, led to the creation of a Vietnamese tributary system in Southeast Asia, modeled after the Chinese
518:
had revoked its mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retribution for Shang corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate on whoever was most fit to rule. The title held the monarch responsible for the prosperity and security of his people by the threat of taking away his mandate.
2122:
1430:
1057:
404:(means "all under heaven"). His status is rendered in English as "ruler of the whole world." The title, "Son of Heaven", was interpreted literally only in
588:
modeled its government after the
Chinese Confucian imperial bureaucracy. A Japanese mission of 607 CE delivered a message from "the Son of Heaven in the
2727:
2722:
2129:
1423:
756:
2096:
1416:
2004:
1079:
484:
115:
1389:
Vietnam and the
Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
925:
2245:
1541:
532:
938:
Note that it is during the reign of King Kang that the custom of referring to the King as the Son of Heaven (Tian) first begins.
391:(or "Heavenly Dynasty") was also used in reference to the status of the Chinese emperor as the Son of Heaven in the Sinosphere.
1398:
1375:
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1984:
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2115:
2009:
1974:
1044:[Status and Tasks for Study of the Foreign Relations and World View of Koguryo in the Gwanggaeto Stele].
1999:
1994:
1989:
613:
used the titles of Holy
Emperor-King (신성제왕, 神聖帝王) and Son of Heaven and positioned Goryeo at the center of the
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1969:
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The title carried widespread influence across East Asia as the ancient
Chinese monarchical title,
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858:
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519:"Son of Heaven" was often one of several titles adopted by Sinospheric monarchs. The
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552:, that, like "Son of Heaven", appealed to the emperor's connection to Heaven.
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Imperial
Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800
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Heritage of China: Contemporary
Perspectives on Chinese Civilization
1162:
The Great
Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea
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and was founded on the political and spiritual doctrine of the
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The title was also adopted in
Vietnam, known in Vietnamese as
584:, and formed cultural and commercial ties with China. Japan's
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The title, "Son of Heaven", was subsequently adopted by other
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889:'s supreme leaders, prefaced with Chinese transcription
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Based on epitaphs dating to the 4th and 5th centuries,
356:), was the sacred monarchial and imperial title of the
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held the title "Son of Heaven", alongside the title "
78:
1021:
994:
960:
958:
651:
1009:
943:
539:. Japanese monarchs likewise used a second title,
1386:
1325:Inoue, Mitsusada (1993). "The Century of Reform".
621:, which encompassed the historical domain of the "
1245:The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan
1086:(in Korean). National Institute of Korean History
955:
488:
2664:
1329:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–220.
1265:(1990). "The Evolution of Government in China".
157:
143:
561:
545:
223:
209:
2123:
1424:
603:had concepts of the Son of Heaven (天帝之子) and
510:monarchs to justify their having deposed the
456:
343:
48:
1291:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1133:"[강효백의 新 아방강역고-7] 고려는 황제국 스모킹건12(3)"
568:, "Son of Heaven", was later adopted by the
190:
176:
16:Sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor
926:"Inscriptional records of the Western Zhou"
502:. This title stems from the concept of the
2137:
2130:
2116:
2097:Knowledge:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
1431:
1417:
1289:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
1039:
1362:
1165:. Duke University Press. pp. 24–26.
1042:"광개토왕비에 보이는 대외 관계와 고구려 천하관에 대한 연구 현황과 과제"
976:
387:monarchs to justify their rule. The name
1384:
1204:
1192:
899:which was glossed as "Son of Heaven" by
435:
290:
2728:Relationship between Heaven and Mankind
2723:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
2246:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
1305:
1239:
1027:
1003:
431:
2665:
1112:. National Institute of Korean History
2111:
1412:
1324:
1283:
1232:
1015:
949:
919:
917:
412:, whose monarchs were referred to as
2065:List of current constituent monarchs
1343:
1261:
1243:(1999). "The Making of a Monarchy".
988:
964:
1130:
923:
757:Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)
13:
2060:List of current sovereign monarchs
1514:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
1269:. University of California Press.
1247:. University of California Press.
1158:
914:
447:and subsequent Chinese sovereigns.
394:The Son of Heaven was the supreme
14:
2739:
1935:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1440:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
1060:from the original on Apr 30, 2021
2401:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
1366:(2000). H. J. Van Derven (ed.).
710:
696:
682:
668:
654:
426:the gods and goddesses of heaven
1210:
1152:
1124:
1098:
1072:
121:
100:
2050:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
1348:. University of Hawaii Press.
1327:The Cambridge History of Japan
1225:, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
1033:
895:
309:
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247:
158:
79:
49:
1:
907:
2520:Four Books and Five Classics
2256:Ancestor veneration in China
2241:Unity of Heaven and humanity
1393:. Harvard University Press.
1385:Woodside, Alexander (1971).
932:. p. 18. Archived from
747:Emperor at home, king abroad
578:diplomatic missions to China
531:) which he had gained after
7:
1754:Imperial and Royal Highness
1310:. Oxford University Press.
647:
451:The title "Son of Heaven" (
10:
2744:
1508:Imperial and Royal Majesty
1368:Warfare in Chinese History
494:) is attested earliest in
376:of the Son of Heaven was "
269:
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2231:Confucian ritual religion
2208:
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2020:
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1922:
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1048:(in Korean) (49): 70–76.
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360:. It originated with the
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1046:Dongbuga Yeoksa Nonchong
777:Chinese Tributary System
625:", another name for the
617:(海東; "East of the Sea")
590:land where the sun rises
537:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
19:Not to be confused with
2673:Chinese-language titles
2175:Ritual and music system
1306:Huffman, James (2010).
1285:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
1040:Yeongkwang, Jo (2015).
752:Little China (ideology)
627:Three Kingdoms of Korea
521:Emperor Taizong of Tang
490:
475:
317:period. Framed are the
2139:Religious Confucianism
2055:Great Catholic Monarch
1566:Most Excellent Majesty
1542:Most Christian Majesty
1308:Japan in World History
498:dated to the reign of
448:
374:secular imperial title
326:
144:
2466:Temple of Agriculture
2411:Religious goods store
2297:Holy Confucian Church
2251:Chinese folk religion
2200:Worship of the living
2040:Defender of the Faith
2033:Divine right of kings
1784:Ducal Serene Highness
1606:Most Eminent Highness
1571:Most Gracious Majesty
1548:Most Faithful Majesty
1344:Ooms, Herman (2009).
767:Divine Right of Kings
550:, "Heavenly Emperor")
439:
294:
2678:Chinese royal titles
2499:Confucian coin charm
1867:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
1802:Illustrious Highness
1772:Grand Ducal Highness
1630:Illustrious Highness
924:Eno, Robert (2012).
885:, title used by the
580:, then ruled by the
432:History and adoption
295:Inscription on Heng
116:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
2698:Men's social titles
2396:Temple of Confucius
2158:Sacrifice to Heaven
2028:By the Grace of God
1207:, pp. 234–237.
991:, pp. 154–156.
496:bronze inscriptions
443:was a title of the
139:Vietnamese alphabet
2078:Translatio imperii
1233:General references
1159:Em, Henry (2013).
1138:Aju Business Daily
1131:강효백 (2020-12-11).
642:Sinocentric system
449:
327:
2688:Japanese nobility
2660:
2659:
2590:Bluegreen Emperor
2525:Thirteen Classics
2317:Confucian Academy
2302:Xuanyuan teaching
2226:Mandate of Heaven
2105:
2104:
1958:
1957:
1950:Sultanic Highness
1848:
1847:
1823:
1822:
1760:Imperial Highness
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1560:Britannic Majesty
1531:Catholic Monarchs
1525:Apostolic Majesty
1400:978-0-674-93721-5
1377:978-90-04-11774-7
1355:978-0-8248-3235-3
1336:978-0-521-22352-2
1317:978-0-19-979884-1
1298:978-0-521-12433-1
1276:978-0-520-06441-6
1254:978-0-520-22560-2
936:on Oct 16, 2023.
859:Mandate of Heaven
835:Dynasty of Heaven
786:("Chinese peace")
736:Monarchy of China
726:Chinese sovereign
514:. They held that
506:, created by the
504:Mandate of Heaven
500:King Kang of Zhou
396:universal monarch
366:Mandate of Heaven
358:Chinese sovereign
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67:Standard Mandarin
2735:
2630:Tutelary deities
2461:Beijing Shejitan
2456:Temple of Heaven
2452:Beijing Temples
2406:Ancestral shrine
2322:Confucian Shinto
2292:Confucian church
2221:Chinese theology
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1920:
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1828:Specific culture
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1647:Most Illustrious
1612:Exalted Highness
1554:Orthodox Majesty
1536:Catholic Majesty
1519:Imperial Majesty
1449:Forms of address
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1197:
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1172:978-0822353720
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1151:
1123:
1097:
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1032:
1020:
1018:, p. 182.
1008:
993:
981:
979:, p. 124.
977:Twitchett 2000
969:
954:
952:, p. 179.
942:
930:IUScholarWorks
912:
911:
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847:Khan of Heaven
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693:
679:
676:History portal
665:
649:
646:
644:in East Asia.
529:Tengeri Qaghan
525:Khan of Heaven
471:Middle Chinese
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61:Transcriptions
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40:
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15:
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2:
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2612:Flame Emperor
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2596:
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2584:
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2573:Black Emperor
2571:
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2564:
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2562:
2561:White Emperor
2559:
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2484:Spirit tablet
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2285:Organizations
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2084:Victory title
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2019:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
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1951:
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1946:
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1941:
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1914:Son of Heaven
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1889:King of Kings
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1699:Pater Patriae
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1667:Much Honoured
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1576:Royal Majesty
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1475:Nəgusä Nägäst
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1205:Woodside 1971
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1193:Woodside 1971
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1059:
1055:
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1047:
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1036:
1030:, p. 29.
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1006:, p. 15.
1005:
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985:
978:
973:
967:, p. 59.
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870:Son of Heaven
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579:
576:. Japan sent
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512:Shang dynasty
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441:Son of Heaven
438:
429:
427:
424:", chosen by
423:
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323:bronze script
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265:Manchu script
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245:
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199:Japanese name
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55:
47:
45:
41:
36:
32:
29:Son of Heaven
27:
22:
2713:Royal titles
2708:Noble titles
2652:Mountain God
2337:Suika Shinto
2307:Taigu school
2260:
2236:Filial piety
2163:Festival Huế
2076:
2043:
1913:
1691:Ancient Rome
1388:
1367:
1345:
1326:
1307:
1288:
1266:
1244:
1216:
1212:
1200:
1195:, p. 9.
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1161:
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1106:"장수왕의 남진 정책"
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1028:Beasley 1999
1023:
1011:
1004:Huffman 2010
984:
972:
945:
937:
934:the original
929:
896:Chēnglí gūtú
894:
878:Zhou dynasty
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
808:
807:
796:
795:
781:
772:Sinocentrism
662:China portal
633:
631:
622:
618:
614:
604:
598:
586:Yamato state
574:Asuka period
556:
554:
540:
528:
508:Zhou dynasty
466:
461:;
450:
440:
399:
398:, who ruled
393:
382:
368:. Since the
362:Zhou dynasty
353:
348:;
334:
333:
329:
328:
315:Western Zhou
310:Héng guǐ gài
308:
242:Romanization
122:*l̥ˤin *tsəʔ
74:Hanyu Pinyin
38:Chinese name
2602:Red Emperor
2443:Miao shrine
2416:Hero shrine
2375:Kang Youwei
2072:Sacred king
1980:Netherlands
1756:(HI&RH)
1747:Middle Ages
1662:Wohlgeboren
1652:Hochgeboren
1600:Monseigneur
1510:(HI&RM)
1218:Book of Han
1141:(in Korean)
901:Book of Han
690:Asia portal
582:Sui dynasty
572:during the
491:l̥ˤin *tsəʔ
481:Old Chinese
422:living gods
385:Sinospheric
370:Qin dynasty
277:Möllendorff
259:Manchu name
166:Korean name
109:Old Chinese
2667:Categories
2504:Joss paper
2494:Hell money
2421:Myo shrine
1872:Great king
1814:Excellency
1675:(Millourt)
1636:Excellency
1263:Dull, Jack
1178:3 November
1145:2024-08-22
1116:6 December
1090:3 November
1080:"고구려의 천하관"
1064:3 November
1016:Inoue 1993
950:Ebrey 2010
908:References
842:Tian Kehan
783:Pax Sinica
21:Son of God
2438:Ci shrine
2389:Buildings
2365:Confucius
2327:Taiseikyo
2170:Feng Shan
1963:Countries
1683:Antiquity
1370:. BRILL.
1287:(2010) .
1223:Vol. 94-I
1054:1975-7840
989:Ooms 2009
965:Dull 1990
854:Tian Ming
830:Tian Chao
594:Amaterasu
533:defeating
476:tʰen t͡sɨ
281:abkai jui
270:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ
101:tʰen t͡sɨ
2703:Monarchy
2647:City God
2642:Tudigong
2607:Shennong
2448:Yin miao
2312:Shengdao
2209:Concepts
2190:Marriage
2021:See also
2010:Scotland
1985:Portugal
1894:Maharaja
1862:Baghatur
1804:(HIll.H)
1796:Serenity
1778:Highness
1709:Sebastos
1704:Augustus
1632:(HIll.H)
1618:Highness
1503:Holiness
1461:nobility
1058:Archived
818:Tian Xia
762:Devaraja
648:See also
634:Thiên tử
601:Goguryeo
414:demigods
313:), from
299:'s lid (
219:Hiragana
145:Thiên tử
2617:Zhurong
2578:Zhuanxu
2566:Shaohao
2546:Shangdi
2534:Deities
2477:Objects
2426:Jongmyo
2342:Onmyōdō
2266:Tianxia
2180:Guan Li
2146:Rituals
1975:Georgia
1923:Islamic
1723:Georgia
1714:Dominus
1582:Majesty
1495:Western
1485:Pharaoh
1457:royalty
887:Xiongnu
866:Tian Zi
804:Shangdi
743:(Tennō)
638:Chữ Hán
619:tianxia
615:Haedong
606:tianxia
453:Chinese
418:deities
401:tianxia
378:Huangdi
340:Chinese
153:Chữ Hán
44:Chinese
2583:Xuanwu
2431:Munmyo
2353:People
2332:Shusei
2005:Canada
1995:Sweden
1990:Serbia
1970:France
1945:Sharif
1940:Hadrat
1909:Shogun
1899:Mikado
1882:Khagan
1840:Senhor
1786:(HDSH)
1774:(HGDH)
1673:Milord
1608:(HMEH)
1602:(Msgr)
1544:(HMCM)
1468:Africa
1459:, and
1397:
1374:
1352:
1333:
1314:
1295:
1273:
1251:
1169:
1052:
883:Chanyu
798:Heaven
623:Samhan
611:Goryeo
557:tianzi
516:Heaven
467:Tiānzǐ
463:pinyin
420:, or "
372:, the
354:Tiānzǐ
350:pinyin
335:Tianzi
321:天子 in
319:graphs
248:tenshi
172:Hangul
80:Tiānzǐ
2595:Fu Xi
2513:Books
2370:Xunzi
2185:Ji Li
1854:Asian
1808:Grace
1792:(HSH)
1768:(HRH)
1762:(HIH)
1626:(HSH)
1614:(HEH)
1596:(HRH)
1588:Grace
1578:(HRM)
1562:(HBM)
1556:(HOM)
1550:(HFM)
1538:(HCM)
1527:(HAM)
1521:(HIM)
1480:Nkosi
1453:popes
1110:우리역사넷
1084:우리역사넷
541:tennō
489:*
410:Japan
406:China
332:, or
205:Kanji
186:Hanja
2541:Tian
2153:Jesa
1904:Shah
1877:Khan
1816:(HE)
1810:(HG)
1798:(HS)
1780:(HH)
1730:Mepe
1638:(HE)
1620:(HH)
1590:(HG)
1584:(HM)
1451:for
1395:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1180:2018
1167:ISBN
1118:2018
1092:2018
1066:2018
1050:ISSN
891:撐犁孤塗
802:) /
792:Tian
535:the
408:and
1835:Don
810:God
527:" (
487:):
485:B-S
380:".
305:恆簋蓋
301:恒簋葢
297:gui
225:てんし
2669::
1455:,
1221:,
1135:.
1108:.
1082:.
1056:.
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957:^
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916:^
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814:)
629:.
563:天子
547:天皇
479:;
473::
469:;
465::
458:天子
455::
428:.
416:,
352::
345:天子
342::
307:;
303:;
211:天子
192:天子
178:천자
159:天子
50:天子
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2042:(
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1339:.
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
