101:
1285:" and had neighbors only in a geographical sense. He holds a mandate to which he had a valid claim to rule over (or to lead) everyone else in the world as long as he served the people well. If the ruler became immoral, then rebellion is justified and heaven would take away that mandate and give it to another. This single most important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties regardless of social or ethnic background. This principle made it possible for dynasties founded by families of non-noble origins such as the
32:
1188:, the three first of them were called 皇 (huang, "august (ruler)") and the five last were called 帝 (di, "divine ruler"), which can translate as either emperor, demigod, divine ancestor, or superhuman. This title may have been used in the Shang and Xia dynasties, though oracle bones were found from the Shang dynasty showing the title 王 (wáng, "king").
1266:. They declared that Heaven had revoked the mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retaliation for their corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate to whoever was best fit to rule. The title held the emperor responsible for the prosperity and security of his people through the threat of losing the mandate.
1750:
Although a specific era name could be used by one monarch only, there were also many instances in which an era name was used by multiple monarchs, or a monarch could proclaim numerous era names throughout his/her reign. For this reason, it would be tedious for
Chinese monarchs before the Ming dynasty
1381:
Chinese monarchs possessed an elaborate set of monarchical titles, both when they were alive and after their death. Based on
Chinese historiographical convention, monarchs of China are typically referred to by one of their many titles, although it is not incorrect per se to reference them using other
2473:
Historians sometimes refer to certain
Chinese rulers using generic terms, mostly due to their lack of regnal name, temple name or posthumous name. These terms describe the circumstances of the monarchs and are not officially accorded by the regimes themselves. The monarchical rank held by the rulers
1235:. The title was commonly given to members of the Emperor's family and could be inherited. A poem from about 2,500 years ago said "普天之下,莫非王土.率土之賓,莫非王臣" which roughly translates as "Under the sky, nothing isn't the king's land; the people who lead the lands, no one isn't the king's subjects."
1746:
dynasties adopted only one era name throughout the entirety of their reigns, era names have come to be closely associated with Ming and Qing monarchs, to the extent that they are frequently referenced using their respective era names by historians.
1257:
comprising "all under heaven". The title was not interpreted literally. The monarch is a mortal chosen by Heaven, not its actual descendant. The title comes from the
Mandate of Heaven, created by the monarchs of the
1410:. As some of these titles were used repeatedly throughout history, historians often reference the name of the regime to avoid potential confusion. The same monarchical tradition was adopted throughout the
1301:. It was moral integrity and benevolent leadership that determined the holder of the Mandate of Heaven. Every dynasty that self-consciously adopted this administrative practice powerfully reinforced this
1305:
concept throughout the history of imperial China. Historians noted that this was one of the key reasons why imperial China in many ways had the most efficient system of government in ancient times.
2880:
Yap, Joseph P. (2009). "Official Titles and
Institutional Terms - Qin and Han" pp612–620 and Chapter 1. pp 38–39 in "Wars With The Xiongnu - A Translation From Zizhi tongjian" . AuthorHouse.
1153:
The power of the emperor varied between emperors and dynasties, with some emperors being absolute rulers and others being figureheads with actual power lying in the hands of court factions,
1165:. However, there are many exceptions to this rule. For example, because the Emperor usually had many concubines, the first born of the empress (i.e. the chief consort) is usually the
2281:) were accorded to Chinese monarchs after their death. These were adjectives originally intended to determine the achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life.
2660:
2951:
2850:
3362:
3223:
3130:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3387:
3258:
1308:
It was generally not possible for a woman to succeed to the throne and in the history of China; there has only been one reigning
Empress,
1017:
957:
3382:
3336:
2944:
2656:
2707:
2668:
2664:
1734:) were proclaimed by Chinese sovereigns for the purpose of identifying and numbering years since 140 BC, during the reign of the
2672:
647:
3503:
2919:
2900:
2885:
2721:
947:
3286:
3271:
3021:
2937:
2852:
Making Sense of Global
History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume
1518:, regnal names were the most straightforward method Chinese rulers could be referred to during the rule of his/her regime.
520:
510:
3488:
1082:
989:
151:
3291:
2809:
2089:
141:
3180:
2860:
2833:
818:
67:
3281:
2712:
1738:. Strictly speaking, era names were not personal titles of Chinese monarchs per se. However, as most rulers of the
1452:
42:
572:
2823:
1181:, primogeniture was abandoned altogether, with the designated heir kept secret until after the Emperor's death.
3467:
3429:
3412:
3163:
1157:, the bureaucracy or noble families. In principle, the title of emperor was transmitted from father to son via
1010:
962:
3447:
3377:
3321:
3033:
1923:
984:
910:
845:
3367:
3125:
2651:
2474:
is affixed to the back of these adjectives to form the full historiographical denominations. For example, "
2034:
1047:
920:
2696:
2217:
972:
729:
110:
3498:
3206:
3014:
1589:
977:
3424:
3120:
1717:
1003:
940:
905:
478:
174:
84:
684:
3158:
3049:
3004:
2646:
2264:
674:
323:
20:
1043:
3493:
3247:
2143:
1514:) were monarchical titles adopted during the reign of monarchs or after their abdication. Due to
1351:
1039:
900:
2683:
2197:
952:
930:
915:
401:
120:
1046:. Sovereigns ruling the same regime, and descended from the same paternal line, constituted a
3266:
3168:
3090:
3054:
2451:
Emperor
Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing
1845:
1802:
1643:
1177:. Disputes over succession occurred regularly and have led to a number of civil wars. In the
925:
342:
967:
180:
49:
1169:. However, Emperors could elevate another more favoured child or the child of a favourite
8:
3331:
3316:
3110:
1382:
titles that they held. Even though exceptions exist, Chinese rulers until the end of the
132:
3439:
2982:
2692:
2332:
2116:
2038:
935:
115:
3341:
3326:
3276:
3085:
2977:
2915:
2896:
2881:
2856:
2829:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2379:
2359:
1880:
1735:
1274:
1250:
1086:
1035:
863:
431:
411:
186:
1497:
1273:, Chinese political theory allowed for dynastic change, based on the concept of the
3075:
3059:
2999:
2969:
2702:
2688:
2632:
2628:
1711:
1623:
1479:
1407:
1282:
1270:
1103:
1068:
1051:
542:
100:
92:
3346:
2640:
2440:
2305:
2258:
1387:
1185:
3236:
3231:
3173:
3105:
2987:
2961:
2929:
2804:
2224:
1982:
1355:
444:
361:
3482:
3311:
3009:
2741:
2433:
1873:
1542:
1442:
1366:
1278:
1263:
1244:
1220:
1208:
1166:
1158:
1090:
234:
201:
1650:
1081:(帝 dì "divine ruler") had been used separately and never consecutively (see
3392:
3241:
2460:
2244:
2163:
2109:
2002:
1916:
1743:
1739:
1697:
1616:
1515:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1313:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1259:
1212:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1108:
809:
785:
772:
759:
703:
662:
600:
314:
304:
281:
2033:) were accorded to Chinese monarchs after their death, for the purpose of
3417:
3201:
3080:
3026:
2636:
2406:
2386:
2352:
2190:
2170:
2136:
2016:
1975:
1677:
1670:
1562:
1399:
1383:
1302:
1286:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1123:
1115:
1101:: huáng dì) for himself in 221 BCE, which is commonly translated as
716:
587:
421:
389:
376:
210:
3372:
2413:
2325:
1838:
1596:
1411:
468:
257:
1231:
and, after that, the same term was used for (and translated as) royal
3115:
3100:
2510:; "emperor"), thus is used to refer to monarchs who were overthrown.
2424:
Emperor
Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang
1569:
1309:
1170:
2893:
Heritage of China: Contemporary
Perspectives on Chinese Civilization
3211:
3196:
1328:
1277:. The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the
2825:
Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618
2746:
1795:
1317:
1254:
1147:
611:
462:
456:
3095:
1775:
1362:
1154:
1107:
in English. This title continued in use until the fall of the
1098:
1050:. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout
3135:
1370:
1223:
is uncertain but possible: the character has been found upon
1205:
41:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
3140:
2891:
Dull, Jack (1990). "The Evolution of Government in China".
1359:
1281:. As the only legitimate ruler, his authority extended to "
16:
Ruler of a particular regime in ancient and imperial China
1346:
1249:"Son of Heaven" was a title of the Emperor based on the
2599:
2581:
2563:
2545:
2527:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2276:
2054:
2042:
2028:
1729:
1509:
1483:
1473:
1461:
1446:
1436:
1424:
1253:. The Son of Heaven is a universal emperor who rules
2787:
2785:
828:
750:
630:
563:
493:
367:
2770:
1293:or non-ethnic Han dynasties such as the Mongol-led
19:"Chinese monarch" redirects here. For a list, see
2782:
2468:
3480:
2959:
1688:Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao
1420:Name of regime + regnal/temple/posthumous name
52:to make improvements to the overall structure.
3363:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
2945:
2605:
2587:
2569:
2551:
2533:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2453:
2444:
2426:
2417:
2399:
2390:
2372:
2363:
2345:
2336:
2318:
2309:
2270:
2237:
2228:
2210:
2201:
2183:
2174:
2156:
2147:
2129:
2120:
2102:
2093:
2060:
2048:
2022:
1995:
1986:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1909:
1901:
1893:
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1866:
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1823:
1815:
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1430:
1338:
1332:
1011:
2914:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2514:Examples of historiographical denominations
2952:
2938:
2912:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2498:; "deposed") and the abbreviated form of "
1018:
1004:
3337:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
2037:. Temple names consisted of two or three
1312:(624–705), who usurped the throne of the
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2708:List of recipients of tribute from China
1269:Unlike with over sovereigns such as the
2842:
2815:
1634:Emperor Yingtian Zundao Qinming Renxiao
3481:
2848:
2486:) is formed from the amalgamation of "
1751:to be referred to by their era names.
1347:Non-Han titles taken by Chinese rulers
2933:
2909:
2776:
2722:List of tributaries of Imperial China
1406:onwards are typically known by their
1376:
1343:, lit. Hegemon-King of Western Chu).
2890:
2791:
1580:Emperor Cishi Yuegu Jinlun Shengshen
1417:General format in Mandarin Chinese:
25:
3355:
1323:
1085:). The character was reserved for
1083:Three August Ones and Five Emperors
1057:
13:
2895:. University of California Press.
2821:
2252:
2041:, with the last word being either
1488:" refers to his rank as an emperor
14:
3515:
2910:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) .
2713:Succession to the Chinese throne
1386:are mainly referred to by their
1238:
1089:until the first emperor of Qin (
99:
30:
1077:(皇 huáng "august (ruler)") and
3164:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
2797:
2606:
2588:
2570:
2552:
2534:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2469:Historiographical denomination
2454:
2445:
2427:
2418:
2400:
2391:
2373:
2364:
2346:
2337:
2319:
2310:
2271:
2238:
2229:
2211:
2202:
2184:
2175:
2157:
2148:
2130:
2121:
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2049:
2023:
2010:
1996:
1987:
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1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1928:
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1867:
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1610:
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1574:
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1547:
1504:
1491:
1468:
1431:
1134:. The former nobility titles
1034:was the ruler of a particular
958:Science and technology history
1:
3378:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2758:
2285:Examples of posthumous names
1498:Regnal name § Sinosphere
1451:" was the posthumous name of
1398:are generally known by their
1227:. It was abolished under the
1038:in the historical periods of
328:
287:
263:
240:
216:
157:
3504:Chinese government officials
2763:
2652:Chinese emperors family tree
7:
2618:
2600:
2582:
2564:
2546:
2528:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2277:
2055:
2043:
2029:
1730:
1705:
1510:
1484:
1474:
1462:
1457:Era name + monarchical rank
1447:
1437:
1425:
1333:
1093:), who created a new title
10:
3520:
3489:Political history of China
3207:Bureau of Military Affairs
3131:Territorial administration
3015:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
2873:
2718:
2680:
2262:
2256:
2014:
1715:
1709:
1495:
1242:
1066:
1062:
18:
3438:
3425:Embroidered Uniform Guard
3405:
3304:
3257:
3222:
3189:
3151:
3068:
3042:
2968:
2069:Examples of temple names
1718:List of Chinese era names
1522:Examples of regnal names
1339:
832:
754:
634:
567:
497:
371:
3388:Administrative divisions
2855:. Universitetsforlaget.
2647:List of Chinese monarchs
2265:List of posthumous names
1478:" being the era name of
1402:, while rulers from the
1316:by establishing her own
1262:to justify deposing the
21:List of Chinese monarchs
3248:Secretariat-Chancellery
2519:Historiographical term
2455:同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝
1412:Chinese cultural sphere
1365:", after defeating the
1352:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1191:
2849:Sogner, Sølvi (2001).
2684:Chinese historiography
2293:(Surname + given name)
2077:(Surname + given name)
1763:(Surname + given name)
1755:Examples of era names
1530:(Surname + given name)
3322:Imperial Commissioner
3267:Ministry of Personnel
3169:Three Ducal Ministers
3091:Imperial examinations
3055:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
1443:Northern Zhou dynasty
1215:. Its use during the
1150:for court officials.
823:(mainland, 1912–1949)
3430:Qing Imperial Guards
3413:Tang Imperial Guards
1390:, monarchs from the
3332:Imperial Clan Court
3317:Remonstrance Bureau
3287:Ministry of Justice
3272:Ministry of Revenue
3126:Historical capitals
3111:Academies (Shuyuan)
2822:Lü, Zongli (2003).
2515:
2441:Aisin Gioro Zaitian
2428:配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝
2286:
2070:
2053:; "progenitor") or
1756:
1523:
1426:Běi Zhōu Xiàomǐn Dì
1297:and the Manchu-led
1087:mythological rulers
50:editing the article
2513:
2284:
2269:Posthumous names (
2225:Aisin Gioro Xuanye
2068:
2039:Chinese characters
1754:
1521:
1377:Monarchical titles
1036:monarchical regime
838:
648:Five Dynasties and
640:
575:Southern dynasties
503:
402:Chu–Han Contention
394:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
3499:Emperors of China
3476:
3475:
3401:
3400:
3342:Viceroys in China
3327:Grand Secretariat
3300:
3299:
3292:Ministry of Works
3277:Ministry of Rites
3224:Three Departments
3181:Translated titles
3086:Five Directorates
2921:978-0-521-12433-1
2902:978-0-520-06441-6
2886:978-1-4490-0605-1
2756:
2755:
2737:Monarchy of China
2732:Taiping Rebellion
2727:Mandate of Heaven
2616:
2615:
2466:
2465:
2250:
2249:
2008:
2007:
1736:Emperor Wu of Han
1703:
1702:
1275:Mandate of Heaven
1251:Mandate of Heaven
1173:to the status of
1161:, as endorsed by
1032:Chinese sovereign
1028:
1027:
985:Transport history
911:Education history
883:
882:
878:
877:
864:Republic of China
846:People's Republic
819:Republic of China
798:
797:
747:
746:
742:
741:
627:
626:
560:
559:
555:
554:
491:
490:
324:Spring and Autumn
187:Liao civilization
78:
77:
70:
43:layout guidelines
3511:
3353:
3352:
3220:
3219:
3121:Tributary system
3076:Nine-rank system
3060:Scholar-official
3050:Grand Chancellor
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2906:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2840:
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2819:
2813:
2801:
2795:
2789:
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2774:
2703:Chinese nobility
2689:History of China
2629:Emperor of China
2623:
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2367:
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2340:
2339:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2297:Posthumous name
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2287:
2283:
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2274:
2273:
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2240:
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2205:
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2035:ancestor worship
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2026:
2025:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1942:Tianyouchuisheng
1940:
1939:
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1930:
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1912:
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1712:Chinese era name
1694:
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1506:
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1471:
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1465:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1388:posthumous names
1342:
1341:
1336:
1324:Self-made titles
1283:all under heaven
1271:Emperor of Japan
1069:Emperor of China
1058:Sovereign titles
1020:
1013:
1006:
948:Military history
906:Economic history
894:Related articles
871:
853:
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830:
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543:Sixteen Kingdoms
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93:History of China
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53:
34:
33:
26:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3434:
3406:Imperial guards
3397:
3351:
3347:Mandarin square
3296:
3282:Ministry of War
3253:
3218:
3190:Middle Imperial
3185:
3147:
3064:
3038:
2964:
2958:
2928:
2922:
2903:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2820:
2816:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2641:Posthumous name
2621:
2604:
2586:
2568:
2550:
2532:
2471:
2452:
2443:
2425:
2416:
2398:
2389:
2371:
2362:
2344:
2335:
2317:
2308:
2292:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2259:Posthumous name
2255:
2253:Posthumous name
2236:
2227:
2209:
2200:
2182:
2173:
2155:
2146:
2128:
2119:
2101:
2092:
2076:
2075:
2065:; "ancestor").
2019:
2013:
1994:
1985:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:Fushengchengdao
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1787:
1778:
1762:
1761:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1680:
1678:Borjigin Kublai
1662:
1661:Emperor Tianyou
1653:
1635:
1626:
1608:
1599:
1581:
1572:
1554:
1545:
1529:
1528:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1458:
1455:
1421:
1379:
1349:
1331:styled himself
1326:
1247:
1241:
1194:
1186:San Huang Wu Di
1073:The characters
1071:
1065:
1060:
1052:Chinese history
1024:
995:
994:
990:Women's history
896:
895:
886:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:
856:
851:
847:
827:
822:
813:
812:
801:
800:
799:
794:
789:
781:
776:
768:
763:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
725:
720:
712:
707:
699:
693:
688:
678:
666:
658:
653:
649:
629:
628:
623:
614:
604:
596:
591:
583:
578:
574:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
538:
535:
529:
524:
514:
492:
487:
482:
474:
448:
440:
435:
425:
415:
405:
393:
385:
380:
365:
364:
353:
352:
345:
335:
331:
326:
318:
308:
294:
290:
285:
277:
270:
266:
261:
248: 1046 BCE
247:
243:
238:
230:
224: 1600 BCE
223:
219:
214:
205:
204:
193:
192:
165: 2000 BCE
164:
160:
155:
147:
136:
135:
74:
63:
57:
54:
48:Please help by
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Heads of state
3491:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3259:Six Ministries
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3237:Zhongshu Sheng
3234:
3232:Shangshu Sheng
3228:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:Nine Ministers
3171:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3152:Early Imperial
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Hanlin Academy
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2962:Imperial China
2960:Government of
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2841:
2834:
2828:. Peter Lang.
2814:
2805:Zizhi Tongjian
2796:
2781:
2779:, p. 179.
2768:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2661:Warring States
2649:
2644:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2370:Emperor Xiaohe
2368:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2257:Main article:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2021:Temple names (
2015:Main article:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1710:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1607:Emperor Yingwu
1605:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1502:Regnal names (
1496:Main article:
1493:
1490:
1459:
1456:
1422:
1419:
1378:
1375:
1348:
1345:
1325:
1322:
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1193:
1190:
1122:could also be
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1044:imperial China
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
987:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
955:
950:
945:
944:
943:
933:
928:
923:
921:Jewish history
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
893:
892:
891:
888:
887:
881:
880:
876:
875:
873:
872:
859:
857:
855:
854:
852:(1949–present)
841:
839:
833:
826:
825:
814:
808:
807:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
793:
792:
780:
779:
767:
766:
755:
745:
744:
740:
739:
737:
736:
726:
723:
713:
710:
700:
696:
694:
692:
691:
681:
670:
669:
657:
656:
643:
641:
635:
625:
624:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
595:
594:
582:
581:
568:
558:
557:
553:
552:
550:
549:
539:
536:
532:
530:
528:
527:
517:
506:
504:
498:
489:
488:
486:
485:
473:
472:
452:
451:
445:Three Kingdoms
439:
438:
428:
418:
408:
397:
396:
384:
383:
372:
366:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:Warring States
340:
336: 476 BCE
311:
309:(1046–771 BCE)
300:
299:
295: 256 BCE
276:
275:
253:
252:
229:
228:
206:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
170:
169:
146:
145:
137:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
121:Historiography
118:
113:
105:
104:
96:
95:
89:
88:
76:
75:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3516:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Grand Council
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Three Bureaus
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:Late Imperial
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Son of Heaven
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2864:
2862:9788215001067
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2835:9783906769561
2831:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2794:, p. 59.
2793:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Heavenly King
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2462:
2459:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:Southern Ming
2432:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2397:Prince Wuyuan
2396:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2290:Personal name
2289:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2246:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2074:Personal name
2073:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2018:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1760:Personal name
1759:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1699:
1696:
1692:憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝
1687:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:Northern Song
1642:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1527:Personal name
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Son of Heaven
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1264:Shang dynasty
1261:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:Son of Heaven
1239:Son of Heaven
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:head of state
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:heir apparent
1164:
1160:
1159:primogeniture
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Qin Shi Huang
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:ancient China
1037:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
954:
953:Naval history
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:Music history
934:
932:
931:Media history
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Legal history
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
890:
889:
870:1949–present)
866:
865:
861:
860:
858:
850:
849:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
831:
821:
820:
816:
815:
811:
805:
804:
788:
787:
783:
782:
775:
774:
770:
769:
762:
761:
757:
756:
753:
732:
731:
727:
724:
719:
718:
714:
711:
706:
705:
701:
698:
697:
695:
687:
686:
685:Southern Song
682:
677:
676:
675:Northern Song
672:
671:
665:
664:
660:
659:
652:
651:
645:
644:
642:
639:
638:
633:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
603:
602:
598:
597:
590:
589:
585:
584:
577:
576:
570:
569:
566:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
533:
531:
523:
522:
518:
513:
512:
508:
507:
505:
502:
501:
496:
481:
480:
476:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
458:
454:
453:
447:
446:
442:
441:
434:
433:
429:
424:
423:
419:
414:
413:
409:
406:(206–202 BCE)
404:
403:
399:
398:
392:
391:
387:
386:
381:(221–207 BCE)
379:
378:
374:
373:
370:
363:
357:
356:
346:(475–221 BCE)
344:
341:
325:
322:
321:
319:(771–256 BCE)
317:
316:
312:
307:
306:
302:
301:
284:
283:
279:
278:
260:
259:
255:
254:
237:
236:
232:
231:
213:
212:
208:
207:
203:
197:
196:
189:
188:
183:
182:
177:
176:
172:
171:
154:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
134:
128:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
98:
97:
94:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
72:
69:
61:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3393:Zongli Yamen
3242:Menxia Sheng
3069:Institutions
2994:
2911:
2892:
2851:
2844:
2824:
2817:
2803:
2799:
2772:
2594:"Abdicated"
2472:
2387:Qifu Qiangui
2268:
2198:Wanyan Sheng
2110:Northern Wei
2081:Temple name
2020:
1934:Yansiningguo
1917:Southern Han
1846:Xiao Fangzhi
1767:Era name(s)
1749:
1721:
1671:Western Liao
1617:Northern Han
1534:Regnal name
1516:naming taboo
1501:
1480:Zhu Jianshen
1441:" being the
1416:
1404:Ming dynasty
1400:temple names
1396:Yuan dynasty
1392:Tang dynasty
1380:
1354:was crowned
1350:
1334:Xīchǔ Bàwáng
1327:
1314:Tang dynasty
1307:
1299:Qing dynasty
1295:Yuan dynasty
1291:Ming dynasty
1268:
1260:Zhou dynasty
1248:
1232:
1225:oracle bones
1213:Zhou dynasty
1201:
1197:
1195:
1183:
1179:Qing dynasty
1175:Crown Prince
1163:Confucianism
1152:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1118:, the title
1113:
1109:Qing dynasty
1102:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1031:
1029:
926:LGBT history
862:
844:
817:
784:
771:
758:
728:
715:
702:
683:
673:
661:
650:Ten Kingdoms
646:
599:
586:
573:Northern and
571:
541:
519:
509:
477:
467:
461:
455:
449:(220–280 CE)
443:
430:
420:
410:
400:
388:
375:
315:Eastern Zhou
313:
305:Western Zhou
303:
280:
256:
233:
209:
185:
179:
173:
150:
140:
64:
55:
40:
3418:Shence Army
3202:Jimi system
3081:Nine Courts
3027:Consort kin
2637:Temple name
2407:Western Qin
2380:Eastern Han
2343:King Kaolie
2171:Wang Jipeng
2017:Temple name
2011:Temple name
1976:Western Xia
1924:Li Liangzuo
1722:Era names (
1553:Shi Huangdi
1492:Regnal name
1463:Chénghuà Dì
1384:Sui dynasty
1303:Sinocentric
1287:Han dynasty
1211:during the
1146:(仕) became
1124:abbreviated
1116:Han dynasty
973:Discoveries
968:Cartography
963:Archaeology
901:Art history
790:(1644–1912)
777:(1368–1644)
764:(1271–1368)
734:(1115–1234)
721:(1038–1227)
717:Western Xia
689:(1127–1279)
521:Eastern Jin
511:Western Jin
436:(25–220 CE)
432:Eastern Han
412:Western Han
291: 1046
271: 1046
267: 1250
244: 1600
220: 2070
161: 8500
142:Paleolithic
133:Prehistoric
58:August 2024
3483:Categories
3373:Lifan Yuan
2777:Ebrey 2010
2759:References
2576:"Deposed"
2414:Zhu Yujian
2263:See also:
2090:Yuan Ziyou
1983:Zhu Zhanji
1839:Former Qin
1716:See also:
1651:Yelü Dashi
1638:應天尊道欽明仁孝皇帝
1597:Liu Jiyuan
1584:慈氏越古金輪聖神皇帝
1543:Ying Zheng
1448:Xiàomǐn Dì
1356:Tian Kehan
1204:) was the
978:Inventions
708:(916–1125)
679:(960–1127)
667:(960–1279)
334: – c.
332: 770
293: – c.
269: – c.
258:Late Shang
246: – c.
222: – c.
163: – c.
3440:Dynasties
3116:Censorate
3101:Guozijian
2792:Dull 1990
2764:Citations
2695:) & (
2693:dynasties
2633:Era names
2316:Duke Huan
2117:Yang Jian
1624:Zhao Heng
1482:, while "
1453:Yuwen Jue
1445:, while "
1408:era names
1358:天可汗, or "
1320:dynasty.
1310:Wu Zetian
1171:concubine
1142:(大夫) and
1114:From the
1111:in 1912.
654:(907–979)
615:(690–705)
605:(618–907)
592:(581–618)
579:(420–589)
547:(304–439)
525:(317–420)
515:(266–316)
483:(266–420)
426:(9–23 CE)
152:Neolithic
116:Dynasties
3212:Shumishi
3197:Jiedushi
2978:Monarchy
2970:Nobility
2810:vol. 249
2697:timeline
2619:See also
2612:"Final"
2558:"Young"
2540:"Young"
2522:Meaning
2360:Liu Zhao
2300:Dynasty
2181:Kangzong
2100:Jingzong
2084:Dynasty
2030:miào hào
1891:Qianheng
1829:Jianyuan
1813:Yongxing
1786:Huangchu
1770:Dynasty
1731:nián hào
1706:Era name
1683:孛兒只斤·忽必烈
1537:Dynasty
1475:Chénghuà
1438:Běi Zhōu
1367:Gokturks
1360:heavenly
1329:Xiang Yu
1289:and the
1148:synonyms
941:Timeline
868:(Taiwan,
848:of China
362:Imperial
111:Timeline
85:a series
83:Part of
3043:Offices
3022:Empress
3000:Emperor
2983:Dynasty
2874:Sources
2747:Gurkhan
2657:Ancient
2501:huángdì
2446:愛新覺羅·載湉
2278:shì hào
2235:Shengzu
2230:愛新覺羅·玄燁
2208:Taizong
2154:Ruizong
1966:Gonghua
1899:Bailong
1881:Liu Yan
1864:Taiping
1856:Shaotai
1803:Fu Jian
1796:Cao Wei
1590:Wu Zhou
1570:Wu Zhao
1511:zūn hào
1394:to the
1318:Wu Zhou
1255:tianxia
1233:princes
1206:Chinese
1184:Of the
1155:eunuchs
1120:Huangdi
1104:Emperor
1097:(皇帝 in
1095:Huangdi
1063:Emperor
1048:dynasty
612:Wu Zhou
202:Ancient
181:Yangtze
3096:Taixue
2995:Titles
2918:
2899:
2884:
2859:
2832:
2669:Middle
2333:Mi Wan
2306:Ji Yun
2144:Li Dan
1993:Xuande
1776:Cao Pi
1363:Khagan
1099:pinyin
810:Modern
466:, and
184:, and
175:Yellow
87:on the
3383:Ranks
3136:Yamen
3034:Harem
2988:Cycle
2665:Early
2477:Fèidì
2127:Gaozu
1958:Duodu
1907:Dayou
1874:Liang
1821:Ganlu
1460:E.g.
1432:北周孝閔帝
1423:E.g.
1371:Tujue
1221:Shang
1140:Daifu
1138:(卿),
1128:huang
1075:Huang
235:Shang
3468:Qing
3463:Yuan
3458:Liao
3453:Tang
3356:Qing
3159:King
3141:Tusi
3005:List
2916:ISBN
2897:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2673:Late
2529:Shào
2461:Qing
2392:乞伏乾歸
2374:孝和皇帝
2245:Qing
2164:Tang
2056:zōng
2003:Ming
1954:福聖承道
1946:天祐垂聖
1938:延嗣寧國
1744:Qing
1742:and
1740:Ming
1698:Yuan
1665:天祐皇帝
1656:耶律大石
1611:英武皇帝
1472:), "
1435:), "
1340:西楚霸王
1219:and
1202:wáng
1200:(王,
1198:king
1196:The
1192:King
1136:Qing
1042:and
1030:The
786:Qing
773:Ming
760:Yuan
704:Liao
663:Song
601:Tang
282:Zhou
273:BCE)
3448:Han
2583:Xùn
2565:Fèi
2547:Yòu
2504:" (
2492:" (
2489:fèi
2480:" (
2419:朱聿鍵
2401:武元王
2353:Chu
2347:考烈王
2218:Jin
2203:完顏晟
2191:Min
2176:王繼鵬
2137:Sui
2095:元子攸
1988:朱瞻基
1929:李諒祚
1851:蕭方智
1629:劉繼元
1602:劉繼元
1563:Qin
1557:始皇帝
1469:成化帝
1373:).
1369:, (
1229:Qin
1217:Xia
1144:Shi
1130:or
1126:to
730:Jin
588:Sui
479:Jin
463:Shu
457:Wei
422:Xin
390:Han
377:Qin
211:Xia
3485::
2808:,
2784:^
2671:–
2667:–
2663:–
2659:–
2639:,
2635:,
2601:Mò
2507:皇帝
2483:廢帝
2365:劉肇
2338:芈完
2326:Lu
2320:桓公
2311:姬允
2275:;
2272:謚號
2239:聖祖
2212:太宗
2185:康宗
2158:睿宗
2149:李旦
2131:高祖
2122:楊堅
2104:敬宗
2044:zǔ
2027:;
2024:廟號
1997:宣德
1970:拱化
1962:奲都
1911:大有
1903:白龍
1895:乾亨
1886:劉龑
1868:太平
1860:紹泰
1833:建元
1825:甘露
1817:永興
1808:苻堅
1790:黃初
1781:曹丕
1728:;
1725:年號
1575:武曌
1548:嬴政
1508:;
1505:尊號
1485:Dì
1414:.
1132:di
1079:Di
1054:.
469:Wu
460:,
329:c.
288:c.
264:c.
241:c.
217:c.
178:,
158:c.
3250:)
3246:(
2953:e
2946:t
2939:v
2924:.
2905:.
2865:.
2838:.
2812:.
2699:)
2691:(
2643:)
2631:(
2607:末
2589:遜
2571:廢
2553:幼
2535:少
2495:廢
2062:宗
2059:(
2050:祖
2047:(
1466:(
1429:(
1337:(
1019:e
1012:t
1005:v
338:)
327:(
297:)
286:(
262:(
250:)
239:(
226:)
215:(
167:)
156:(
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
46:.
23:.
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