2357:
3384:
3342:
3286:
3272:
3258:
1797:
2098:
2083:
1782:
1993:
58:
2023:
1955:
3370:
2587:
3328:
3356:
2008:
1550:
3433:
3314:
2690:
1715:
2068:
3111:
2989:
1410:
1535:
3300:
2038:
3139:
3097:
3069:
3455:
3041:
1850:
1812:
2053:
2974:
2959:
3019:
2605:
3004:
871:". The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the "Son of Heaven" and held a mandate to rule over everyone else in the world; but only as long as he served the people well. If the quality of rule became questionable because of repeated natural disasters such as flood or famine, or for other reasons, then rebellion was justified. This important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties. This principle made it possible even for peasants to found new dynasties, as happened with the Han and Ming dynasties, and for the establishment of
520:
318:
2944:
2642:
1625:
854:) succeeded to the throne. In some cases when the empress did not bear any children, the emperor would have a child with another of his many wives (all children of the emperor were said also to be the children of the empress, regardless of birth mother). In some dynasties the succession of the empress' eldest son was disputed, and because many emperors had large numbers of progeny, there were wars of succession between rival sons. In an attempt to resolve after-death disputes, the emperor, while still living, often designated a crown prince (
1685:
2505:
1490:
2487:
1700:
2780:
3483:
3209:
1831:
1505:
1595:
1880:
826:
1610:
1424:
1396:
3083:
2720:
2847:
2675:
1895:
1475:
1460:
2135:
1925:
1910:
2907:
1580:
2120:
1655:
2802:
1974:
3398:
1670:
2327:
2892:
2862:
3223:
2172:
1940:
1340:
2387:
2832:
2660:
2222:
1640:
2537:
2417:
2282:
1368:
1865:
2817:
2735:
2157:
3195:
3167:
1520:
2447:
2252:
1445:
2750:
1767:
1565:
2765:
2705:
2402:
2237:
2922:
1730:
2877:
2620:
3237:
2312:
1382:
3153:
3412:
1745:
3469:
76:
3181:
2573:
2519:
2202:
2555:
2469:
2342:
1354:
2187:
2356:
2372:
2297:
2267:
738:
The usual method for widespread geographic power consolidation was to involve the whole family. From generation to generation, the bonds weakened between the branches of family established as local rulers in different areas. After a sufficient period of time, their loyalty could no longer be assured,
600:
Traditional political theory holds that there can only be one legitimate Son of Heaven at any given time. However, identifying the "legitimate" emperor during times of division is not always uncontroversial, and therefore the exact number of legitimate emperors depends on where one stands on a number
1124:, the sovereign conventionally changed the era name semi-regularly during his or her reign. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, emperors simply chose one era name for their entire reign, and people often referred to past emperors with that title. In earlier dynasties, the emperors were known with a
1254:), were often referred to by their order of birthβe.g. Eldest Prince or Third Princess. Princes were often given titles of peerage once they reached adulthood. The emperor's brothers and uncles served in court by law, and held equal status with other court officials (
924:
As the emperor had, by law, an absolute position not to be challenged by anyone else, his or her subjects were to show the utmost respect in his or her presence, whether in direct conversation or otherwise. When approaching the imperial throne, one was expected to
841:
was hereditary, traditionally passed on from father to son in each dynasty. There are also instances where the throne is assumed by a younger brother, should the deceased emperor have no male offspring. By convention in most dynasties, the eldest son born to the
712:). In theory, the emperor's orders were to be obeyed immediately. He was elevated above all commoners, nobility and members of the Imperial family. Addresses to the emperor were always to be formal and self-deprecatory, even by the closest of family members.
801:
had a significant role in the power structure, as emperors often relied on a few of them as confidants, which gave them access to many court documents. In a few places, eunuchs wielded vast power; one of the most powerful eunuchs in
Chinese history was
762:, would cycle through high government officials rapidly, or simply leave top-ranking posts vacant, such that no one could threaten their power. During other reigns, certain officials in the civil bureaucracy wielded more power than the emperor himself.
494:
dynasties were founded by successful invaders of different ethnic groups. As part of their rule over China, they also went through the culturally appropriate rituals of formally declaring a new dynasty and taking on the
Chinese title of
1242:) usually received the greatest respect in the palace and was the decision maker in most family affairs. At times, especially when a young emperor was on the throne, she was the de facto ruler. The emperor's children, the princes (
1200:, in which the Empress was supreme. Every dynasty had its set of rules regarding the numerical composition of the harem. During the Qing dynasty, for example, imperial convention dictated that at any given time there should be one
1992:
961:) by the use of synonyms, homophones, or leaving out the final stroke of the taboo character. This linguistic feature can sometimes be used to date historical texts, by noting which words in parallel texts are altered.
1796:
2432:
2097:
860:). Even such a clear designation, however, was often thwarted by jealousy and distrust, whether it was the crown prince plotting against the emperor, or brothers plotting against each other. Some emperors, like the
2082:
1322:
school, however, argues that the interaction between politics and ethnicity was far more complex and that elements of these dynasties differed from and altered "native
Chinese" traditions concerning imperial rule.
1781:
3383:
3341:
3285:
265:
gained sanction as the official political theory. The absolute authority of the emperor came with a variety of governing duties and moral obligations; failure to uphold these was thought to remove the dynasty's
436:
carried similar shades of meaning. Alternate
English translations of the word include "The August Ancestor", "The Holy Ruler", or "The Divine Lord". On that account, some modern scholars translate the title as
417:
kings. In the 3rd century BC, the two titles had not previously been used together. The emperor of China, like the Zhou kings before him, and the Shang kings before them, was most commonly referred to as
3271:
3257:
3721:
3055:
797:
during the Qing, who for a time ruled jointly as co-regents. Where
Empresses Dowager were too weak to assume power, or her family too strongly opposed, court officials often seized control. Court
3125:
2022:
460:, was the first to become emperor while his father yet lived. It was said he granted the title during his father's life because he would not be done obeisance to by his own father, a commoner.
1954:
2586:
463:
Owing to political fragmentation, over the centuries, it has not been uncommon to have numerous claimants to the title of "Son of Heaven". The
Chinese political concept of the
1061:
In contrast to the
Western convention of using a regnal or personal name (e.g. George V) to refer to a sovereign, the emperor was referred to in the third person simply as
541:, who had reigned as the Xuantong Emperor, abdicated on 12 February 1912, ending the Qing dynasty as well as the imperial tradition altogether, after more than 2100 years.
875:
such as the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and Manchu-led Qing dynasty. It was moral integrity and benevolent leadership that determined the holder of the "Mandate of Heaven".
636:, there were a total 557 individuals who at one point or another claimed the title of Emperor, including several simultaneous claimants at various times. Some, such as
57:
3950:
373:, he adopted a new title to reflect his prestige as a ruler greater than the rulers before him. He called himself "Shi Huangdi", or the 'First Emperor'. Before this,
2641:
2037:
3432:
557:
for 12 days during a coup in 1917 but was overthrown again shortly after. Although permitted to remain in the palace, he absconded to the
Japanese concession in
4146:
3369:
2067:
2052:
652:
and founded their own empires as a rival government to challenge the legitimacy of and overthrow the existing emperor. Among the most famous emperors were
270:
and to justify its overthrow. In practice, emperors sometimes avoided the strict rules of succession and dynasties' purported "failures" were detailed in
4119:
743:, who disenfranchised and annihilated the nobilities of virtually all imperial relatives whose forebears had been enfeoffed by his own ancestor, Gaozu.
581:. He would be formally pardoned and released in 1959, working in a repair shop and as a researcher of literature and history until his death in 1967.
3873:"Volume I: The Early Years of the Han dynasty from 209 to 141 B.C. Part III: The Victor - The Basic Annals of Emperor Kao-tsu (Shih-chi 8)" p. 108-109.
2007:
625:. Adding the eight uncontroversial emperors that followed the Kangxi Emperor would give a grand total of 158 emperors from the First Emperor to Puyi.
867:
Unlike, for example, the
Japanese monarchy, Chinese political theory allowed for a change in the ruling house. This was based on the concept of the "
3327:
3355:
864:, after abolishing the position of Crown Prince, placed the succession papers in a sealed box, only to be opened and announced after his death.
955:'son', for a male emperor). The given names of all the emperor's deceased male ancestors were forbidden from being written, and were avoided (
746:
Apart from a few very energetic monarchs, the emperor usually delegated the majority of decision making to the civil bureaucracy (chiefly the
4557:
4418:
4325:
1549:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4582:
2689:
2201:
4453:
2988:
1714:
348:
3905:
2604:
929:
before the emperor. In a conversation with the emperor, it was considered a crime to compare oneself to the emperor in any way. It was
3749:
1534:
1083:'present emperor above'). Under the Qing, the emperor was usually styled 'His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of the Great Qing Dynasty,
4577:
4531:
4139:
1849:
1811:
1699:
1409:
1318:, and performed the traditional imperial obligations such as annual sacrifices to Heaven for rain and prosperity. The revisionist
3501:
365:
period, the regional lords overshadowed the king and began to usurp that title for themselves. In 221 BC, after the King of
3110:
3003:
2407:
1684:
578:
528:
4703:
4059:
3960:
3838:
3705:
3509:
3313:
2518:
2468:
347:
served a strong central monarch. Following a brutal succession crisis and relocation of the royal capital, the power of the
4481:
4466:
4216:
4132:
3505:
843:
3018:
3775:
3513:
3138:
4486:
3630:
3299:
2028:
1624:
621:. The Qing view, reported to Europe by the Jesuits, was that there had been 150 emperors from the First Emperor to the
546:
3096:
2973:
2958:
1286:, but there were also many Chinese emperors who were of non-Han ethnic origins. The most successful of these were the
1034:), the original Chinese first-person singular pronoun arrogated by Qin Shi Huang, functioning as an equivalent to the
4698:
4375:
4103:
3980:
3068:
2504:
1489:
2779:
2486:
553:
with himself as the
Hongxian Emperor, however he abdicated the throne on 22 March 1916 after only 83 days. Puyi was
4683:
4476:
3722:"German prince's coup attempt recalls China's last emperor Aisin-Gioro Puyi, who was reinstated and removed, twice"
2943:
2073:
2043:
1273:
1091:', though this varied considerably. In historical texts, the present emperor was almost universally referred to as
274:
written by their successful replacements or even later dynasties. The power of the emperor was also limited by the
243:
3668:
3040:
2058:
550:
483:. As with the First Emperor, it remained very common to grant posthumous titles to the ancestors of the victors.
467:
essentially legitimized those claimants who emerged victorious. The proper list was considered those made by the
809:
The actual area ruled by the emperor of China varied from dynasty to dynasty. In some cases, such as during the
4662:
4624:
4607:
4358:
3800:
2846:
2719:
2510:
1960:
1474:
1279:
558:
2221:
1830:
4708:
4642:
4572:
4516:
4228:
3594:
3576:
2578:
2013:
1973:
1594:
1579:
1504:
781:. In fact, the vast majority of female rulers throughout Chinese Imperial history came to power by ruling as
401:
2674:
2186:
1669:
1005:
933:
to refer to the emperor by his or her given name, even for the emperor's own mother, who instead was to use
4562:
4320:
3638:
3556:
3496:
2801:
2478:
2371:
2251:
1654:
1609:
1459:
1260:). The emperor was always elevated above all others despite any chronological or generational superiority.
475:
of the preceding dynasty was considered one of the hallmarks of legitimacy, along with symbols such as the
410:
3599:
3581:
2831:
2401:
2326:
1894:
1879:
499:, in addition to the titles of their respective people, especially in the case of the Yuan dynasty. Thus,
406:
2861:
2296:
2236:
1979:
1299:
592:. He has worked for various local councils on China, and has no interest in the restoration of monarchy.
2891:
2816:
2734:
2171:
2134:
1924:
1909:
4688:
4401:
4209:
2906:
2546:
2528:
2386:
2311:
2266:
2212:
1939:
1855:
480:
62:
19:
3009:
2764:
2749:
2704:
2446:
2431:
2416:
2281:
2119:
1444:
4693:
4619:
4315:
3646:
3520:
2837:
2659:
2227:
2876:
2156:
1519:
383:'august', 'sovereign') was most commonly seen as a reverential epithet for a deceased ancestor, and
4353:
4244:
4199:
3725:
3525:
3116:
2994:
2852:
2822:
2740:
2725:
2695:
2452:
2362:
2332:
2257:
1864:
1639:
794:
739:
and the taxes they collected sapped the imperial coffers. This led to situations like the reign of
444:
On occasion, the father of the ascended emperor was still alive. Such an emperor was titled as the
207:
4074:
2572:
2341:
4442:
2807:
2785:
2770:
2755:
2710:
2680:
2619:
2592:
2536:
2377:
2302:
2242:
2192:
2177:
813:, political power in East Asia was effectively split among several governments; nonetheless, the
798:
673:
574:
532:
1766:
1564:
2882:
2867:
2610:
2554:
2437:
2422:
2392:
2347:
2317:
2287:
1998:
1585:
1310:, and the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty. The orthodox historical view sees these as dynasties as
903:
715:
In practice, however, the power of the emperor varied between different emperors and different
669:
472:
344:
3671:
in 1915, but abdicated after 83 days. Puyi was reinstated as Emperor for 12 days in 1917 in a
448:('grand imperial sire'). The practice was initiated by Qin Shi Huang, who gave the title as a
4461:
4363:
4285:
4249:
3822:
3082:
2665:
2162:
810:
766:
727:βexamples include Qin Shi Huang, emperors Gaozu and Guangwu of Han, Emperor Taizong of Tang,
468:
370:
340:
271:
247:
4094:
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
1729:
1423:
899:
2897:
1900:
1615:
1555:
1450:
1395:
661:
585:
3397:
3222:
3208:
3054:
2921:
777:, the emperor's mother, would usually possess significant political power, along with the
8:
4526:
4511:
4305:
2140:
2103:
1930:
1915:
1870:
1817:
1630:
1600:
1540:
1525:
1510:
1480:
1152:'collapse of the imperial chariot') and an emperor that had just died was referred to as
891:
765:
The emperor's position, unless deposed in a rebellion, was always hereditary, usually by
747:
317:
1339:
519:
290:
to his ancestors' policies and dynastic traditions, such as those first detailed in the
4634:
4177:
4029:
4021:
3830:
3672:
3194:
2125:
2088:
1885:
1836:
1802:
1465:
1088:
1038:. In front of subjects, the emperor may also refer to themselves self-deprecatingly as
1021:
872:
554:
239:
211:
3166:
1004:'Son of Heaven'). The emperor was also alluded to indirectly through reference to the
531:
was created to rule alongside the emperor, as part of an attempt to turn China into a
4536:
4521:
4471:
4280:
4189:
4172:
4099:
4092:
4055:
4047:
4033:
3976:
3956:
3834:
3701:
3642:
3634:
3319:
1787:
1772:
1744:
1690:
1570:
1495:
1315:
1232:. Although the emperor had the highest status by law, by tradition and precedent the
1197:
1117:
919:
868:
861:
740:
716:
665:
464:
429:
312:
279:
267:
3858:
3411:
1282:
to historical situations. Most Chinese emperors have been considered members of the
786:
4270:
4254:
4164:
4013:
3637:
and forming the first humans out of clay, as well as the invention of agriculture,
3541:
3417:
3375:
3361:
3333:
3236:
3228:
3200:
3152:
3144:
2912:
1319:
1269:
1105:
825:
295:
275:
251:
231:
189:
117:
3180:
3124:
723:, emperors founding a dynasty usually consolidated the empire through comparative
4541:
3818:
3814:
3779:
3633:, mythical godly rulers and culture heroes credited with feats like ordering the
3488:
3403:
3389:
3347:
3291:
3186:
3172:
3158:
3130:
3060:
3024:
2979:
1720:
1367:
1233:
1129:
895:
774:
566:
449:
181:
1381:
1353:
4431:
4426:
4368:
4300:
4182:
4156:
4124:
3551:
3546:
3535:
3474:
3305:
3242:
3102:
3088:
3074:
3046:
1345:
770:
759:
751:
732:
720:
685:
681:
677:
622:
610:
452:
to his own father, as was already common for monarchs of any stratum of power.
445:
283:
227:
215:
4017:
3772:
769:. As a result, many emperors ascended the throne while still children. During
238:. The lineage of emperors descended from a paternal family line constituted a
4677:
4506:
4204:
3993:
3975:"ηηεεΈδΈεζ·ε²", p.5, Publisher: Chung Hwa Book Company, Year: 2006, Author: ιΈιι«,
3530:
3214:
2625:
2596:
1983:
1283:
1084:
879:
814:
803:
653:
649:
414:
321:
235:
219:
140:
80:
3883:
2964:
1184:). In addition, the emperor would typically have several other consorts and
1132:
which was sometimes combined with the temple name (e.g. Emperor Shengzu Ren
601:
of succession disputes. The two most notable such controversies are whether
4587:
4436:
3460:
2651:
2647:
2524:
1429:
1415:
1303:
1291:
1121:
930:
907:
887:
633:
618:
614:
491:
487:
366:
362:
329:
287:
262:
3482:
4612:
4396:
4275:
4221:
3664:
3438:
2949:
2542:
1964:
1945:
1821:
1401:
1359:
1125:
778:
728:
657:
629:
589:
542:
500:
457:
395:
258:
4025:
4567:
3930:
Wilkinson, Endymion. (2018). Chinese History, a New Manual. Pp 9-8, 684
3277:
2564:
2496:
1387:
641:
637:
1140:
for the Kangxi Emperor). The passing of an emperor was referred to as
704:), and his written proclamations were called 'directives from above' (
4310:
4295:
2927:
2272:
2208:
1735:
1311:
1185:
883:
830:
806:
during the Ming. Occasionally, other nobles seized power as regents.
755:
724:
562:
476:
3803:
John Wiley & Sons (Chichester), 2012. Accessed 22 December 2013.
4406:
4391:
2492:
1840:
1750:
1660:
1295:
1035:
645:
570:
453:
291:
223:
978:'bottom of the steps'), corresponding to "Your Imperial Majesty",
3263:
2650:, posthumously made emperor by his son, the first emperor of the
2560:
2474:
1705:
1675:
1373:
1307:
1287:
606:
602:
508:
438:
185:
1170:
The imperial family was made up of the emperor and the empress (
573:
as a prisoner of war, where he was held in the Siberian city of
218:. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was the "
4290:
3812:
3750:"The legacy of Yuan Shikai, China's disastrous first president"
1645:
926:
894:. Many women, however, did become de facto leaders, usually as
782:
504:
197:
75:
4330:
3825:; Manley, Bill; Manuel, Mark (2009). Harrison, Thomas (ed.).
3869:
Sima Qian (author) & Burton Watson (translator) (1971).
4335:
3939:
Intorcetta, Prospero. (1687). Confucius Sinarum Philosophus
790:
758:. Paranoid emperors, like Emperor Wu of Han and the Ming's
538:
150:
1758:
286:
during some dynasties. An emperor was also constrained by
1128:
given after their death. Most emperors were also given a
577:. In 1950, he was extradited to China and imprisoned in
4075:
Sinicization vs. Manchuness: The Success of Manchu Rule
4054:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 4β102.
3593:
3575:
400:
378:
369:
completed the conquest of the various kingdoms of the
3906:"Just call me Jin, says the man who would be emperor"
913:
3450:
785:
on behalf of their sons; prominent examples include
617:
ceased to be the legitimate dynasty in favor of the
1278:Recent scholarship is wary of applying present-day
1176:) as the primary consort and Mother of the Nation (
696:
The emperor's words were considered sacred edicts (
4091:
3797:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
1314:polities as they adopted Han culture, claimed the
409:) was an apical ancestor, originally referring to
4052:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China
4675:
4154:
561:in 1924. In 1934 he was installed as emperor of
234:. Emperors were worshiped posthumously under an
3773:Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction
1436:
4558:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
4140:
3624:
3614:
3441:as the Hongxian Emperor of China (1915β1916)
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1171:
1157:
1096:
1066:
1053:
1043:
1029:
999:
973:
956:
938:
855:
817:that there was but one ruler was maintained.
569:puppet state.In 1945, he was captured by the
514:
423:
388:
39:
4006:East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine
3667:was installed as Emperor in the short-lived
789:of the Han, as well as the empress dowagers
588:and hypothetical claimant to the throne is
4147:
4133:
1331:
1008:. Servants often addressed the emperor as
820:
4532:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
3955:. Harvard University Press. p. 594.
964:The emperor was never to be addressed as
754:), the military, and in some periods the
3744:
3742:
2793:
2633:
1165:
910:, and Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing.
824:
518:
339: – 771 BC), Chinese
316:
206:) was the superlative title held by the
4089:
3871:Records of the Grand Historian of China
3813:Harrison, Thomas; Blanshard, Alastair;
3791:
3789:
1759:Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties
1104:Generally, emperors also ruled with an
1024:'). The emperor referred to himself as
324:escaping assassination (3rd century AD)
4676:
4046:
3912:. Nine Entertainment. 27 November 2004
3827:The Great Empires of the Ancient World
3695:
1116:). Since the adoption of era names by
579:Fushun War Criminals Management Centre
529:Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
4128:
3992:
3969:
3948:
3764:
3739:
1162:'the emperor of the great journey').
523:Imperial standard of the Qing Emperor
306:
246:in most cases theoretically followed
3786:
3538:β an honorific for a retired emperor
648:, declared themselves the emperors,
4550:
13:
4083:
3631:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
3424:
2046:(July or August 440 β 20 June 465)
2029:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
914:Styles, names and forms of address
833:, the only female emperor of China
547:President of the Republic of China
18:For the volcano in Indonesia, see
14:
4720:
4113:
3821:; Jenner, W. J. F.; Kaizer, Ted;
3629:) were also terms applied to the
2460:
2061:(October 13, 467 β April 26, 499)
3481:
3467:
3453:
3431:
3410:
3396:
3382:
3368:
3354:
3340:
3326:
3312:
3298:
3284:
3270:
3256:
3235:
3221:
3207:
3193:
3179:
3165:
3151:
3137:
3123:
3109:
3095:
3081:
3067:
3053:
3039:
3017:
3002:
2987:
2972:
2957:
2942:
2920:
2905:
2890:
2875:
2860:
2845:
2830:
2815:
2800:
2778:
2763:
2748:
2733:
2718:
2703:
2688:
2673:
2658:
2640:
2618:
2603:
2585:
2571:
2553:
2535:
2517:
2503:
2485:
2467:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2310:
2295:
2280:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2220:
2200:
2185:
2170:
2155:
2133:
2118:
2096:
2081:
2074:Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei
2066:
2051:
2044:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
2036:
2021:
2006:
2001:(19 September 430 β 12 July 464)
1991:
1972:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1878:
1863:
1848:
1829:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1743:
1728:
1713:
1698:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1608:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1443:
1422:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1366:
1352:
1338:
1274:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
1048:'the morally-deficient one') or
779:male members of her birth family
74:
56:
4098:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
4068:
4040:
3986:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3898:
3876:
3863:
3847:
3806:
3698:Encyclopedia of Chinese History
3249:
3032:
2935:
2148:
2059:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
1708:(243 β January or February 284)
1196:), ranked by importance into a
878:There has been only one lawful
87:
4359:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
3855:Records of the Grand Historian
3714:
3689:
3658:
3604:
3587:
3569:
2511:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
2111:
1220:, plus an unlimited number of
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1113:
1109:
1080:
1076:
1071:'His Majesty the Emperor') or
1017:
1013:
991:
987:
952:
948:
851:
847:
709:
705:
701:
697:
595:
357:
250:. The emperor of China was an
202:
127:
1:
4573:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3996:(2016). "Mapping Time in the
3783:. 2011. Accessed 22 Dec 2013.
3696:Dillon, Michael, ed. (2017).
3682:
2579:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou
2014:Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
898:. Prominent examples include
829:An 18th century depiction of
333:
83:, the first emperor of China
4704:Government of Imperial China
3557:Emperor at home, king abroad
3497:Chinese emperors family tree
1263:
719:. Generally, in the Chinese
7:
3778:September 27, 2013, at the
3446:
1437:Han, Xin and Three Kingdoms
886:, who briefly replaced the
469:official dynastic histories
210:who ruled various imperial
10:
4725:
4402:Bureau of Military Affairs
4326:Territorial administration
4210:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
3857:, "Gaozu's Basic Annals",
3770:Baxter, William & al.
3700:. Routledge. p. 182.
1856:Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
1676:Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han
1326:
1267:
917:
609:had legitimacy during the
515:End of the imperial system
481:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
428:'Son of Heaven'), who was
379:
310:
94:Mid 19th century depiction
63:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
20:Emperor of China (volcano)
17:
4633:
4620:Embroidered Uniform Guard
4600:
4499:
4452:
4417:
4384:
4346:
4263:
4237:
4163:
4018:10.1163/26669323-04301004
3625:
3615:
3521:Tributary system of China
2838:Emperor Guangzong of Song
2228:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1172:
1158:
1097:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1030:
1006:imperial dragon symbology
1000:
974:
957:
939:
856:
432:to rule. The appellation
424:
389:
352:
193:
167:
156:
146:
136:
122:
112:
107:
103:
99:
73:
69:
55:
48:
40:
37:
29:
4699:Deified Chinese monarchs
4583:Administrative divisions
3726:South China Morning Post
3562:
3526:List of Chinese monarchs
3117:Emperor Yingzong of Ming
2995:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
2853:Emperor Ningzong of Song
2823:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
2741:Emperor Shenzong of Song
2726:Emperor Yingzong of Song
2696:Emperor Zhenzong of Song
2453:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
2408:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
2363:Emperor Jingzong of Tang
2333:Emperor Xianzong of Tang
2258:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
1661:Emperor Da of Eastern Wu
691:
613:, and at what point the
584:The current head of the
473:compilation of a history
361:) waned, and during the
4684:Chinese-language titles
4443:Secretariat-Chancellery
3949:BarmΓ©, Geremie (2008).
3010:Jayaatu Khan Tugh TemΓΌr
2808:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2786:Emperor Qinzong of Song
2771:Emperor Huizong of Song
2756:Emperor Zhezong of Song
2711:Emperor Renzong of Song
2681:Emperor Taizong of Song
2378:Emperor Wenzong of Tang
2303:Emperor Daizong of Tang
2243:Emperor Ruizong of Tang
2193:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
2178:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2076:(392 β 24 December 423)
1721:King Wushun of Huaiyang
1332:Early dynasties and Qin
1300:Jin dynasty (1115β1234)
821:Heredity and succession
674:Emperor Taizong of Tang
628:By one count, from the
533:constitutional monarchy
278:, which was staffed by
4120:PRC Qin Shi Huang site
3823:Llewellen-Jones, Lloyd
2883:Emperor Duzong of Song
2868:Emperor Lizong of Song
2611:Wang Jian (Former Shu)
2438:Emperor Xizong of Tang
2423:Emperor Yizong of Tang
2393:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
2348:Emperor Muzong of Tang
2318:Emperor Dezong of Tang
2288:Emperor Suzong of Tang
2273:Emperor Shengwu of Yan
1999:Emperor Xiaowu of Song
1946:Emperor Houzhu of Chen
1693:(79 β 13 February 106)
1586:Emperor Guangwu of Han
1302:, who later ruled the
1230:Second Class Attendant
1206:Imperial Noble Consort
834:
527:In 1911, the title of
524:
511:and emperor of China.
456:, who established the
343:with power over their
325:
301:Ancestral Instructions
171:12 February 1912
4517:Imperial Commissioner
4462:Ministry of Personnel
4364:Three Ducal Ministers
4286:Imperial examinations
4250:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
4090:Paludan, Ann (1998).
4012:(43). Brill: 61β122.
3910:Sydney Morning Herald
2794:Southern Song dynasty
2666:Emperor Taizu of Song
2634:Northern Song dynasty
2163:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
1226:First Class Attendant
1166:Consorts and children
918:Further information:
828:
811:Southern Song dynasty
767:agnatic primogeniture
731:of the Yuan, and the
684:of the Ming, and the
551:restore dynastic rule
522:
411:the deified ancestors
371:Warring States period
320:
248:agnatic primogeniture
162:(2244β2245 years ago)
4709:Chinese royal titles
4625:Qing Imperial Guards
4608:Tang Imperial Guards
2898:Emperor Gong of Song
2613:(847 β July 11, 918)
1901:Emperor Xuan of Chen
1706:Emperor Mo of Sun Wu
1616:Emperor Zhang of Han
1556:Emperor Cheng of Han
1451:Emperor Gaozu of Han
994:'holy highness') or
968:. Instead, one used
882:in Chinese history,
586:House of Aisin-Gioro
276:imperial bureaucracy
4527:Imperial Clan Court
4512:Remonstrance Bureau
4482:Ministry of Justice
4467:Ministry of Revenue
4321:Historical capitals
4306:Academies (Shuyuan)
3795:Nadeau, Randall L.
3673:failed coup attempt
2141:Emperor Yang of Sui
2104:Emperor Huai of Jin
1931:Emperor Fei of Chen
1916:Emperor Wen of Chen
1871:Emperor Wu of Liang
1631:Emperor Xian of Han
1601:Emperor Ming of Han
1541:Emperor Yuan of Han
1526:Emperor Xuan of Han
1511:Emperor Zhao of Han
1481:Emperor Jing of Han
752:Central Secretariat
503:was simultaneously
345:particular fiefdoms
4048:Hucker, Charles O.
3952:The Forbidden City
3831:Getty Publications
2493:Emperor Zhuangzong
2126:Emperor Wen of Sui
2089:Emperor Min of Jin
1886:Emperor Wu of Chen
1803:Emperor Hui of Jin
1646:Emperor Wen of Wei
1466:Emperor Wen of Han
1248:) and princesses (
1089:Ten Thousand Years
1073:Dangjin Huangshang
1022:ten thousand years
900:Empress Dowager LΓΌ
873:conquest dynasties
835:
525:
430:divinely appointed
326:
307:Origin and history
288:filial obligations
272:official histories
137:First monarch
4689:Emperors of China
4671:
4670:
4596:
4595:
4537:Viceroys in China
4522:Grand Secretariat
4495:
4494:
4487:Ministry of Works
4472:Ministry of Rites
4419:Three Departments
4376:Translated titles
4281:Five Directorates
4061:978-957-638-285-7
3962:978-0-674-02779-4
3840:978-0-89236-987-4
3707:978-0-415-42699-2
3320:Yongzheng Emperor
1788:Emperor An of Jin
1773:Emperor Wu of Jin
1691:Emperor He of Han
1571:Emperor Ai of Han
1496:Emperor Wu of Han
1316:Mandate of Heaven
1280:ethnic categories
1120:and up until the
1118:Emperor Wu of Han
920:Chinese sovereign
869:Mandate of Heaven
862:Yongzheng Emperor
815:political fiction
741:Emperor Wu of Han
676:of the Tang, the
465:Mandate of Heaven
399:
313:Chinese sovereign
280:scholar-officials
268:Mandate of Heaven
178:
177:
147:Last monarch
92:221β210 BC).
4716:
4694:Chinese monarchs
4548:
4547:
4415:
4414:
4316:Tributary system
4271:Nine-rank system
4255:Scholar-official
4245:Grand Chancellor
4149:
4142:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4109:
4097:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4044:
4038:
4037:
3990:
3984:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3819:Coningham, Robin
3810:
3804:
3793:
3784:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3676:
3662:
3650:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3573:
3542:Celestial Empire
3491:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3435:
3418:Xuantong Emperor
3414:
3400:
3386:
3376:Xianfeng Emperor
3372:
3362:Daoguang Emperor
3358:
3344:
3334:Qianlong Emperor
3330:
3316:
3302:
3288:
3274:
3260:
3239:
3229:Taichang Emperor
3225:
3211:
3201:Longqing Emperor
3197:
3183:
3169:
3155:
3145:Chenghua Emperor
3141:
3127:
3113:
3099:
3085:
3071:
3057:
3043:
3021:
3006:
2991:
2976:
2961:
2946:
2924:
2913:Emperor Duanzong
2909:
2894:
2879:
2864:
2849:
2834:
2819:
2804:
2782:
2767:
2752:
2737:
2722:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2644:
2622:
2607:
2593:Emperor Yuanzong
2589:
2575:
2557:
2539:
2521:
2507:
2489:
2471:
2449:
2434:
2419:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2359:
2344:
2329:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2269:
2254:
2239:
2224:
2204:
2189:
2174:
2159:
2137:
2122:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1976:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1833:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1769:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1702:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1627:
1612:
1597:
1582:
1567:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1483:(188 BC β141 BC)
1477:
1462:
1447:
1426:
1412:
1398:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1342:
1320:New Qing History
1270:Conquest dynasty
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1003:
1002:
993:
989:
977:
976:
960:
959:
954:
950:
942:
941:
859:
858:
853:
849:
711:
707:
703:
699:
555:briefly restored
427:
426:
408:
405:
394:
392:
391:
382:
381:
359:
354:
338:
335:
296:Huang-Ming Zuxun
252:absolute monarch
232:all under Heaven
204:
195:
174:
163:
132:
129:
124:
118:Imperial Majesty
93:
91:
89:
78:
60:
44:
43:
42:
33:
27:
26:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4629:
4601:Imperial guards
4592:
4546:
4542:Mandarin square
4491:
4477:Ministry of War
4448:
4413:
4385:Middle Imperial
4380:
4342:
4259:
4233:
4159:
4153:
4116:
4106:
4086:
4084:Further reading
4081:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4045:
4041:
3991:
3987:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:. p. 254.
3829:. Los Angeles:
3811:
3807:
3794:
3787:
3780:Wayback Machine
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3752:. China Project
3748:
3747:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3669:Empire of China
3663:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3609:
3605:
3592:
3588:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3489:Monarchy portal
3487:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3425:Empire of China
3420:
3415:
3406:
3404:Guangxu Emperor
3401:
3392:
3390:Tongzhi Emperor
3387:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3350:
3348:Jiaqing Emperor
3345:
3336:
3331:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3303:
3294:
3292:Shunzhi Emperor
3289:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3231:
3226:
3217:
3212:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3187:Jiajing Emperor
3184:
3175:
3173:Zhengde Emperor
3170:
3161:
3159:Hongzhi Emperor
3156:
3147:
3142:
3133:
3131:Jingtai Emperor
3128:
3119:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3091:
3086:
3077:
3072:
3063:
3061:Jianwen Emperor
3058:
3049:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3025:Rinchinbal Khan
3022:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1977:
1968:
1961:Emperor Wenxuan
1958:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1276:
1266:
1234:empress dowager
1168:
1154:Daixing Huangdi
1130:posthumous name
1058:'lonely one').
922:
916:
896:Empress Dowager
892:Wu Zhou dynasty
844:Empress consort
823:
775:Empress Dowager
771:minority reigns
694:
598:
549:, attempted to
517:
450:posthumous name
336:
315:
309:
216:Chinese empires
182:Chinese history
173:(112 years ago)
172:
161:
120:
95:
86:
84:
65:
51:
38:
31:
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4454:Six Ministries
4450:
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4434:
4432:Zhongshu Sheng
4429:
4427:Shangshu Sheng
4423:
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4412:
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4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4388:
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4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:Nine Ministers
4366:
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4350:
4348:
4347:Early Imperial
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Hanlin Academy
4298:
4293:
4288:
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4160:
4157:Imperial China
4155:Government of
4152:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4114:External links
4112:
4111:
4110:
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4082:
4079:
4078:
4067:
4060:
4039:
3994:Nylan, Michael
3985:
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3552:Khan of Heaven
3549:
3547:Chinese Empire
3544:
3539:
3536:Taishang Huang
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3493:
3492:
3478:
3475:History portal
3464:
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3306:Kangxi Emperor
3304:
3297:
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3290:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3248:
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3243:Tianqi Emperor
3241:
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3220:
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3213:
3206:
3204:
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3150:
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3134:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3103:Xuande Emperor
3101:
3094:
3092:
3089:Hongxi Emperor
3087:
3080:
3078:
3075:Yongle Emperor
3073:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3047:Hongwu Emperor
3045:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3008:
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2999:
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2461:Five dynasties
2459:
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2206:
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2176:
2169:
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2139:
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2117:
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2110:
2109:
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2102:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1890:
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1786:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1757:
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1755:
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1742:
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1738:(45 BCE-23 CE)
1734:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1697:
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1400:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1346:Yellow Emperor
1344:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1265:
1262:
1167:
1164:
915:
912:
822:
819:
787:Empress LΓΌ Zhi
760:Hongwu Emperor
733:Kangxi Emperor
721:dynastic cycle
693:
690:
686:Kangxi Emperor
682:Yongle Emperor
678:Hongwu Emperor
623:Kangxi Emperor
611:Three Kingdoms
597:
594:
516:
513:
446:Taishang Huang
337: 1046 BC
308:
305:
230:right to rule
228:divine mandate
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
79:
71:
70:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4721:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
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4682:
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4563:Grand Council
4561:
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4549:
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4528:
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4518:
4515:
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4510:
4508:
4507:Three Bureaus
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:Late Imperial
4498:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
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4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
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4400:
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4377:
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4370:
4367:
4365:
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4360:
4357:
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4337:
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4332:
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4328:
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4319:
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4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
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4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
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4282:
4279:
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4269:
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4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Son of Heaven
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
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4158:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4105:0-500-05090-2
4101:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3981:962-8885-12-X
3978:
3972:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3911:
3907:
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3885:
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3872:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3850:
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3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:Bryce, Trevor
3809:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3782:
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3644:
3640:
3636:
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3612:
3607:
3596:
3590:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Dragon Throne
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3465:
3462:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3215:Wanli Emperor
3210:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:Wang Yanzheng
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2597:Southern Tang
2594:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:Emperor Taizu
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:Emperor Gaozu
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:Emperor Gaozu
2520:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:Emperor Taizu
2470:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1984:Northern Zhou
1981:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1805:(259/260-307)
1804:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1468:(202 β157 BC)
1467:
1461:
1456:
1453:(256 β195 BC)
1452:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Han ethnicity
1281:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Noble Consort
1207:
1203:
1199:
1187:
1163:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Son of Heaven
1074:
1064:
1063:Huangdi Bixia
1059:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1011:
1007:
997:
985:
981:
971:
967:
962:
946:
943:), or simply
936:
932:
928:
921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:with her own
889:
885:
881:
880:queen regnant
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
845:
840:
837:The title of
832:
827:
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
804:Wei Zhongxian
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
736:
735:of the Qing.
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
689:
688:of the Qing.
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Qin Shi Huang
651:
650:Son of Heaven
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
593:
591:
587:
582:
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397:
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350:
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342:
341:vassal rulers
331:
323:
322:Qin Shi Huang
319:
314:
304:
302:
298:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
255:
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249:
245:
241:
237:
236:imperial cult
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Son of Heaven
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
191:
187:
183:
170:
166:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
141:Qin Shi Huang
139:
135:
130:
119:
115:
111:
106:
102:
98:
82:
81:Qin Shi Huang
77:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
47:
36:
28:
25:
21:
16:
4588:Zongli Yamen
4437:Menxia Sheng
4264:Institutions
4194:
4093:
4070:
4051:
4042:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3971:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3909:
3900:
3890:19 September
3888:. Retrieved
3886:. Britannica
3878:
3870:
3865:
3854:
3849:
3826:
3808:
3796:
3771:
3766:
3756:19 September
3754:. Retrieved
3731:19 September
3729:. Retrieved
3716:
3697:
3691:
3660:
3620:
3610:
3606:
3589:
3571:
3461:China portal
3250:Qing dynasty
3033:Ming dynasty
2936:Yuan dynasty
2652:Song dynasty
2648:Zhao Hongyin
2213:Zhou dynasty
2149:Tang dynasty
1818:Emperor Yuan
1588:(5 BCβ57 AD)
1498:(156 β87 BC)
1430:Qin Shihuang
1416:Emperor Shun
1304:Qing dynasty
1292:Liao dynasty
1277:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1169:
1153:
1141:
1122:Ming dynasty
1103:
1092:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1039:
1025:
1009:
995:
983:
979:
969:
965:
963:
944:
934:
923:
902:of the Han,
888:Tang dynasty
877:
866:
838:
836:
808:
764:
745:
737:
714:
695:
672:of the Han,
634:Qing dynasty
627:
619:Yuan dynasty
615:Song dynasty
599:
583:
537:
526:
496:
485:
462:
443:
433:
419:
384:
374:
363:Eastern Zhou
356:
330:Western Zhou
327:
300:
294:
263:Confucianism
256:
201:
179:
160:221 BC
126:
24:
15:
4613:Shence Army
4397:Jimi system
4276:Nine Courts
4222:Consort kin
3853:Sima Qian,
3665:Yuan Shikai
3439:Yuan Shikai
3027:(1326β1332)
3012:(1304β1332)
2997:(1285β1320)
2982:(1281β1311)
2967:(1265β1307)
2952:(1215β1294)
2950:Kublai Khan
2930:(1272β1279)
2915:(1270β1278)
2900:(1271β1323)
2885:(1240β1274)
2870:(1205β1264)
2855:(1168β1224)
2840:(1147β1200)
2825:(1127β1194)
2810:(1104β1187)
2788:(1100β1161)
2773:(1082β1135)
2758:(1077β1100)
2743:(1048β1085)
2728:(1032β1067)
2713:(1010β1063)
2479:Later Liang
2112:Sui dynasty
1965:Northern Qi
1822:Eastern Jin
1603:(28β 7 5AD)
1543:(75 β33 BC)
1528:(91 β49 BC)
1513:(94 β74 BC)
1402:Emperor Yao
1360:Yan Emperor
1126:temple name
904:Empress Liu
748:chancellery
729:Kublai Khan
668:as well as
660:, emperors
658:Qin dynasty
630:Qin dynasty
596:Enumeration
590:Jin Yuzhang
543:Yuan Shikai
501:Kublai Khan
458:Han dynasty
328:During the
259:Han dynasty
257:During the
180:Throughout
30:Emperor of
4678:Categories
4568:Lifan Yuan
3801:pp. 54 ff.
3683:References
3278:Hong Taiji
2980:KΓΌlΓΌg Khan
2965:TemΓΌr Khan
2698:(968β1022)
2628:(died 951)
2565:Later Zhou
2497:Later Tang
2275:(703β757)
1980:Emperor Wu
1837:Emperor Wu
1558:(51 β7 BC)
1388:Emperor Ku
1268:See also:
1222:Noble Lady
1186:concubines
1087:, Lord of
984:Shengshang
980:Huangshang
642:Huang Chao
638:Li Zicheng
349:Zhou kings
311:See also:
244:succession
4635:Dynasties
4311:Censorate
4296:Guozijian
4034:171943719
4004:Tables".
3916:2 October
3643:astrology
2928:Zhao Bing
2683:(939β997)
2668:(927β976)
2547:Later Han
2529:Later Jin
2455:(867β904)
2440:(862β888)
2425:(833β873)
2410:(810β859)
2395:(814β846)
2380:(809β840)
2365:(809β827)
2350:(795β824)
2335:(778β820)
2320:(742β805)
2305:(727β779)
2290:(711β762)
2260:(685β762)
2245:(662β716)
2230:(656β710)
2215:(690β705)
2209:Wu Zetian
2195:(628β683)
2180:(598β649)
2165:(566β635)
2143:(569β618)
2128:(541β604)
2106:(284-313)
2091:(300-318)
2031:(507-531)
2016:(371β409)
1986:(543β578)
1967:(526β559)
1948:(553β604)
1933:(554β570)
1918:(522β566)
1903:(530β582)
1888:(503β559)
1873:(464β549)
1858:(427β482)
1843:(363β422)
1824:(276-323)
1790:(382-419)
1775:(236β290)
1753:(207-271)
1736:Wang Mang
1723:(died 25)
1678:(162β223)
1663:(182β252)
1648:(187β226)
1633:(181β234)
1573:(27 β1BC)
1312:sinicized
1264:Ethnicity
1218:Concubine
1020:'lord of
884:Wu Zetian
831:Wu Zetian
756:censorate
725:autocracy
717:dynasties
563:Manchukuo
545:, former
477:Nine Ding
332:dynasty (
226:with the
212:dynasties
168:Abolition
157:Formation
4407:Shumishi
4392:Jiedushi
4173:Monarchy
4165:Nobility
4050:(1985).
4026:90006244
3776:Archived
3639:clothing
3447:See also
2207:Empress
1841:Liu Song
1751:Liu Shan
1618:(56β 88)
1296:Jurchens
1216:and six
1106:era name
1036:royal we
1010:Wansuiye
750:and the
666:Han Wudi
646:Yuan Shu
571:Red Army
567:Japanese
454:Liu Bang
292:Ming-era
224:autocrat
208:monarchs
50:Imperial
4238:Offices
4217:Empress
4195:Emperor
4178:Dynasty
3597:
3579:
3502:Ancient
3264:Nurhaci
2211:of the
1374:Zhuanxu
1327:Gallery
1308:Manchus
1306:as the
1298:of the
1290:of the
1288:Khitans
1214:Consort
1212:, four
1202:Empress
1142:Jiabeng
935:Huangdi
906:of the
839:emperor
799:eunuchs
783:regents
670:Guangwu
656:of the
632:to the
607:Shu Han
603:Cao Wei
559:Tianjin
509:Mongols
507:of the
497:Huangdi
479:or the
439:thearch
434:Huangdi
413:of the
404:
284:eunuchs
240:dynasty
203:HuÑngdì
190:Chinese
186:Emperor
108:Details
90:
4291:Taixue
4190:Titles
4102:
4058:
4032:
4024:
4002:Hanshu
3979:
3959:
3884:"Puyi"
3837:
3704:
3649:, etc.
3619:) and
3510:Middle
1294:, the
1208:, two
1204:, one
1040:Guaren
996:Tianzi
927:kowtow
773:, the
644:, and
505:khagan
471:; the
420:Tianzi
282:, and
242:, and
222:", an
200::
198:pinyin
192::
4578:Ranks
4331:Yamen
4229:Harem
4183:Cycle
4030:S2CID
4022:JSTOR
3998:Shiji
3647:music
3611:Huang
3600:Ι’Κ·Λ€aΕ
3563:Notes
3506:Early
1198:harem
1138:θη₯δ»ηεΈ
1134:ε£η₯δ»ηεΈ
1093:Shang
970:Bixia
931:taboo
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375:Huang
128:BΓ¬xiΓ
113:Style
32:China
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4336:Tusi
4200:List
4100:ISBN
4056:ISBN
4000:and
3977:ISBN
3957:ISBN
3918:2022
3892:2024
3835:ISBN
3758:2024
3733:2024
3702:ISBN
3582:Ι’Κ·aΕ
3514:Late
1272:and
1228:and
1159:倧θ‘ηεΈ
1081:ηΆδ»ηδΈ
1077:ε½δ»ηδΈ
1068:ηεΈιδΈ
1026:zhen
908:Song
793:and
791:Cixi
680:and
565:, a
539:Puyi
492:Qing
490:and
488:Yuan
486:The
358:wΓ ng
151:Puyi
116:His
4643:Han
4014:doi
3635:sky
2595:of
2563:of
2545:of
2527:of
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1982:of
1963:of
1839:of
1820:of
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966:you
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