3313:
5196:
2126:
6896:
4192:
5994:
2388:
3813:
3457:
3782:
6116:
2377:
7753:"In other words, once nontextual evidence is taken into account the picture changes dramatically. Rather than being datable to the beginning of the common era, this strand of Mahayana Buddhism, at least, appeared to have no visible impact on Indian Buddhist cult practice until the 2nd century, and even then what impact it had was extremely isolated and marginal, and had no lasting or long-term consequences – there were no further references to Amitabha in Indian image inscriptions. Almost exactly the same pattern occurs (concerning Mahayana) on an even broader scale when nontextual evidence is considered."
42:
20:
2917:
3433:. As such, according to Williams, "Mahāyāna is not as such an institutional identity. Rather, it is inner motivation and vision, and this inner vision can be found in anyone regardless of their institutional position." Thus, instead of a specific school or sect, Mahāyāna is a "family term" or a religious tendency, which is united by "a vision of the ultimate goal of attaining full Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings (the 'bodhisattva ideal') and also (or eventually) a belief that Buddhas are still around and can be contacted (hence the possibility of an ongoing revelation)."
5510:
7226:
7740:"What is particularly disconcerting here is the disconnect between expectation and reality: We know from Chinese translations that large numbers of Mahāyāna sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century. But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different – in fact seemingly older – ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.,
10199:"Though the Buddha had taught they were not in circulation in the world of men at all for many centuries, there being no competent teachers and no intelligent enough students: the sutras were however preserved in the Dragon World and other non-human circles, and when in the 2nd century AD adequate teachers suddenly appeared in India in large numbers the texts were fetched and circulated. ... However, it is clear that the historical tradition here recorded belongs to North India and for the most part to Nalanda (in Magadha)." AK Warder,
5055:, Madhyamaka claims that while one can speak of things existing in a conventional, relative sense, they do not exist inherently in an ultimate sense. Madhyamaka also argues that emptiness itself is also "empty", it does not have an absolute inherent existence of its own. It is also not to be understood as a transcendental absolute reality. Instead, the emptiness theory is merely a useful concept that should not be clung to. In fact, for Madhyamaka, since everything is empty of true existence, all things are just conceptualizations (
3798:
3442:
76:
3301:
2799:
5792:
2588:
7714:"The most important evidence – in fact the only evidence – for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema."
966:
3113:
19479:
14502:
2819:
14513:
4937:
2149:
19489:
2448:
11911:
11898:
2413:
8281:"One of the most frequent assertions about the Mahayana is that it was a lay-influenced, or even lay-inspired and dominated, movement that arose in response to the increasingly closed, cold, and scholastic character of monastic Buddhism. This, however, now appears to be wrong on all counts...much of its program being in fact intended and designed to allow laymen and women and donors the opportunity and means to make religious merit."
2454:
2425:
5495:
2336:
advocate mnemic/oral/aural practices more frequently than they do written ones." Regarding the forest hypothesis, he points out that only a few Mahāyāna sutras directly advocate forest dwelling, while the others either do not mention it or see it as unhelpful, promoting easier practices such as "merely listening to the sutra, or thinking of particular
Buddhas, that they claim can enable one to be reborn in special, luxurious '
2419:
1547:
2443:
2432:
6773:
11888:
2438:
3988:
5770:
4334:
1917:
7766:"There are, it seems, very few things that can be said with certainty about Mahayana Buddhism...But apart from the fact that it can be said with some certainty that the Buddhism embedded in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan is Mahayana Buddhism, it is no longer clear what else can be said with certainty about Mahayana Buddhism itself, and especially about its earlier, and presumably formative, period in India.",
4359:
3629:
6134:
2561:
4990:
6999:. However, historically, most temples, institutions and Buddhist practitioners usually did not belong to any single "sect" (as is common in Japanese Buddhism), but draw from the various different elements of Chinese Buddhist thought and practice. This non-sectarian and eclectic aspect of Chinese Buddhism as a whole has persisted from its historical beginnings into its modern practice.
4948:
2271:). Because of such evidence, scholars like Paul Harrison and Paul Williams argue that the movement was not sectarian and was possibly pan-buddhist. There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for aspiring bodhisattvas.
5374:, and therefore, they can be said to be the word of the Buddha in this sense. This idea that whatever is "well spoken" is the Buddha's word can be traced to the earliest Buddhist texts, but it is interpreted more widely in Mahāyāna. From the Mahāyāna point of view, a teaching is the "word of the Buddha" because it is in accord with the
2857:). According to Walser, "the fifth and sixth centuries appear to have been a watershed for the production of Mahāyāna manuscripts." Likewise it is only in the 4th and 5th centuries CE that epigraphic evidence shows some kind of popular support for Mahāyāna, including some possible royal support at the kingdom of
2328:, states that Mahāyāna arose among a number of loosely connected book worshiping groups of monastics, who studied, memorized, copied and revered particular Mahāyāna sūtras. Schopen thinks they were inspired by cult shrines where Mahāyāna sutras were kept. Schopen also argued that these groups mostly rejected
5349:
Indian Mahāyāna
Buddhists faced various criticisms from non-Mahāyānists regarding the authenticity of their teachings. The main critique they faced was that Mahāyāna teachings had not been taught by the Buddha, but were invented by later figures. Numerous Mahāyāna texts discuss this issue and attempt
4297:
explains it as "not grasping at form, not grasping at sensation, perception, volitions and cognition". This includes not grasping or taking up even correct
Buddhist ideas or mental signs (such as "not-self", "emptiness", bodhicitta, vows), since these things are ultimately all empty concepts as well.
7350:
population, as well as by other
Himalayan peoples in Bhutan, Ladakh and Nepal. Post-1980s though, Northern Buddhism has seen a revival in both Tibet and Mongolia due to more liberal government policies towards religious freedom. Northern Buddhism is also now practiced in the Western world by western
6371:
As noted by Paul
Williams, one feature of Mahāyāna sutras (especially earlier ones) is "the phenomenon of laudatory self-reference – the lengthy praise of the sutra itself, the immense merits to be obtained from treating even a verse of it with reverence, and the nasty penalties which will accrue in
6363:
The practice of meditation and visualization of
Buddhas has been seen by some scholars as a possible explanation for the source of certain Mahāyāna sutras which are seen traditionally as direct visionary revelations from the Buddhas in their pure lands. Paul Harrison has also noted the importance of
5353:
One idea that Mahāyāna texts put forth is that Mahāyāna teachings were taught later because most people were unable to understand the Mahāyāna sūtras at the time of the Buddha and that people were ready to hear the Mahāyāna only in later times. Certain traditional accounts state that Mahāyāna sutras
4174:
and the bodhisattva vehicle, which are accepted by all early
Buddhist schools), these actually are all skillful means which lead to the same place: Buddhahood. Therefore, there really are not three vehicles in an ultimate sense, but one vehicle, the supreme vehicle of the Buddhas, which is taught in
6631:
In the third turning, the Buddha taught similar teachings to the second turning, but for everyone in the three vehicles, including all the śravakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. These were meant to be completely explicit teachings in their entire detail, for which interpretations would not be
3561:
The idea that
Buddhas remain accessible is extremely influential in Mahāyāna and also allows for the possibility of having a reciprocal relationship with a Buddha through prayer, visions, devotion and revelations. Through the use of various practices, a Mahāyāna devotee can aspire to be reborn in a
3530:
Furthermore, Buddhas are active in the world, constantly devising ways to teach and help all sentient beings. According to Paul
Williams, in Mahāyāna, a Buddha is often seen as "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world", rather than simply a teacher who after his death "has completely
6340:
Regarding religious praxis, David Drewes outlines the most commonly promoted practices in Mahāyāna sutras were seen as means to achieve
Buddhahood quickly and easily and included "hearing the names of certain Buddhas or bodhisattvas, maintaining Buddhist precepts, and listening to, memorizing, and
6336:
and bodhisattvas, descriptions of powerful new religious practices, new ideas on the nature of the Buddha, and a range of new philosophical perspectives." These texts present stories of revelation in which the Buddha teaches Mahāyāna sutras to certain bodhisattvas who vow to teach and spread these
5988:
Those who, while walking, sitting, standing, or sleeping, recollect the moon-like Buddha, will always be in Buddha's presence and will attain the vast nirvāṇa. His pure body is the colour of gold, beautiful is the Protector of the World. Whoever visualizes him like this practises the meditation of
2733:
In spite of being a minority in India, Indian Mahāyāna was an intellectually vibrant movement, which developed various schools of thought during what Jan Westerhoff has been called "The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy" (from the beginning of the first millennium CE up to the 7th century).
2659:
Schopen, Harrison and Nattier also argue that these communities were probably not a single unified movement, but scattered groups based on different practices and sutras. One reason for this view is that Mahāyāna sources are extremely diverse, advocating many different, often conflicting doctrines
2651:
evidence, Gregory Schopen argues that Indian Mahāyāna remained "an extremely limited minority movement – if it remained at all – that attracted absolutely no documented public or popular support for at least two more centuries." Likewise, Joseph Walser speaks of Mahāyāna's "virtual invisibility in
2907:
c. 783 to 820) which were centers of various branches of scholarship, including Mahāyāna philosophy. The Nalanda complex eventually became the largest and most influential Buddhist center in India for centuries. Even so, as noted by Paul Williams, "it seems that fewer than 50 percent of the monks
2607:
Paul Harrison clarifies that while monastic Mahāyānists belonged to a nikāya, not all members of a nikāya were Mahāyānists. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. It is also possible that,
2335:
David Drewes has recently argued against all of the major theories outlined above. He points out that there is no actual evidence for the existence of book shrines, that the practice of sutra veneration was pan-Buddhist and not distinctly Mahāyāna. Furthermore, Drewes argues that "Mahāyāna sutras
7437:
The modern Theravāda school is usually described as belonging to Hīnayāna. Some authors have argued that it should not be considered such from the Mahāyāna perspective. Their view is based on a different understanding of the concept of Hīnayāna. Rather than regarding the term as referring to any
7374:
school, the goal of becoming a teaching Buddha in a future life is viewed as the aim of a small group of individuals striving to benefit future generations after the current Buddha's teachings have been lost, but in the current age there is no need for most practitioners to aspire to this goal.
7465:, Kalupahana holds that they endeavored to preserve the early teaching. The Theravādins too refuted the Sarvāstivādins and Sautrāntikas (and other schools) on the grounds that their theories were in conflict with the non-substantialism of the canon. The Theravāda arguments are preserved in the
6748:
Both the Mādhyamikas and the Yogācārins saw themselves as preserving the Buddhist Middle Way between the extremes of nihilism (everything as unreal) and substantialism (substantial entities existing). The Yogācārins criticized the Mādhyamikas for tending towards nihilism, while the Mādhyamikas
6708:
school of Mahāyāna philosophy. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the canon. In his eyes, the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system. Nāgārjuna also referred to a
5393:
similarly argued that while the Mahāyāna sūtras may not have been directly taught by the historical Buddha, the "spirit and central ideas" of Mahāyāna derive from the Buddha. According to Suzuki, Mahāyāna evolved and adapted itself to suit the times by developing new teachings and texts, while
4157:. This doctrine states that, out of compassion, the Buddha adapts his teaching to whomever he is teaching. Because of this, it is possible that the Buddha may teach seemingly contradictory things to different people. This idea is also used to explain the vast textual corpus found in Mahāyāna.
3226:
developed in Shaivism first and that it was then adopted into Buddhism. Davidson points to the difficulties of establishing a chronology for the Shaiva tantric literature and argues that both traditions developed side by side, drawing on each other as well as on local Indian tribal religion.
6623:
In the second turning, the Buddha taught the Mahāyāna teachings to the bodhisattvas, teaching that all phenomena have no-essence, no arising, no passing away, are originally quiescent, and essentially in cessation. This turning is also described as marvelous and wonderful, but requiring
6802:(Vajrayana Buddhism, mainly found in Tibet, Inner Mongolia and elsewhere in Western China, Mongolia, Bhutan, parts of India, Nepal and Russia, also known as "Northern Buddhism". According to Harvey "the number of people belonging to Northern Buddhism totals only around 18.2 million."
5289:, and some of these sutras admit that the use of the term 'Self' is partly done in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics (in other words, it is a skillful means). According to some scholars, the Buddha-nature discussed in some Mahāyāna sūtras does not represent a substantial self (
3045:) to bring back Buddhist teachings, especially Mahāyāna works. These figures also wrote about their experiences in India and their work remains invaluable for understanding Indian Buddhism. In some cases Indian Mahāyāna traditions were directly transplanted, as with the case of the
5303:) and represents the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices. Similarly, Williams thinks that this doctrine was not originally dealing with ontological issues, but with "religious issues of realising one's spiritual potential, exhortation, and encouragement."
3900:. However, these schools held that becoming a bodhisattva required a prediction of one's future Buddhahood in the presence of a living Buddha. In Mahāyāna, the term bodhisattva is applicable to any person from the moment they intend to become a Buddha (i.e. the moment in which
2351:(preachers, reciters of these sutras) in the early Mahāyāna sutras. This figure is widely praised as someone who should be respected, obeyed ('as a slave serves his lord'), and donated to, and it is thus possible these people were the primary agents of the Mahāyāna movement.
5306:
The Buddha-nature genre of sūtras can be seen as an attempt to state Buddhist teachings using positive language while also maintaining the middle way, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism. This is the position taken by the
7779:"It has become increasingly clear that Mahayana Buddhism was never one thing, but rather, it seems, a loosely bound bundle of many, and – like Walt Whitman – was large and could contain, in both senses of the term, contradictions, or at least antipodal elements."
5386:(8th century), who argues that an "inspired utterance" is the Buddha word if it is "connected with the truth", "connected with the Dharma", "brings about renunciation of kleshas, not their increase" and "it shows the laudable qualities of nirvana, not those of samsara".
3816:
The Lotus, especially the puṇḍarīka (white lotus), is used in Mahāyāna to symbolize the nature of bodhisattvas. The lotus is rooted in the earthly mud and yet flowers above the water in the open air. Similarly, the bodhisattva lives in the world but remains unstained by
3769:
and in the meantime, they will help countless beings. After reaching Buddhahood, they do pass on to nirvāṇa (after which they do not return). The second model is the idea that there are two kinds of nirvāṇa, the nirvāṇa of an arhat and a superior type of nirvāṇa called
8196:印順〈雜阿含經部類之整編〉:「宋譯《雜阿含經》,譯出的時代遲了些,而譯者求那跋陀羅,是 – 位唯心大乘師,所以譯文中偶有大乘的名義。......「菩薩摩訶薩」的稱呼,受到了大乘的影響。不過,每成立 – 部派,就有部派所審定集成的經典,在傳承的同 – 宗派中,是不可能大事更張的。《雜阿含經》的「修多羅」部分,與『攝事分』所依經本 – 致,即可以證明。當然,經典在長期流傳中,會因時因地而有多少差別的。求那跋陀羅為唯心大乘師,所譯《雜阿含經》,就偶有 – 二大乘名義,然如依此而說宋譯《雜阿含經》,是大乘佛教時代所完成的,那就誤謬不經了!」
7438:
school of Buddhism that has not accepted the Mahāyāna canon and doctrines, such as those pertaining to the role of the bodhisattva, these authors argue that the classification of a school as "Hīnayāna" should be crucially dependent on the adherence to a specific
2652:
the archaeological record until the fifth century". Schopen also sees this movement as being in tension with other Buddhists, "struggling for recognition and acceptance". Their "embattled mentality" may have led to certain elements found in Mahāyāna texts like
5280:
states that within the defilements is found "the tathagata's wisdom, the tathagata's vision, and the tathagata's body...eternally unsullied, and...replete with virtues no different from my own...the tathagatagarbhas of all beings are eternal and unchanging".
7700:
Warder: "The sudden appearance of large numbers of (Mahayana) teachers and texts (in North India in the second century AD) would seem to require some previous preparation and development, and this we can look for in the South." Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
5244:) is important in all modern Mahāyāna traditions, though it is interpreted in many different ways. Broadly speaking, Buddha-nature is concerned with explaining what allows sentient beings to become Buddhas. The earliest sources for this idea may include the
4182:
This doctrine was not accepted in full by all Mahāyāna traditions. The Yogācāra school famously defended an alternative theory that held that not all beings could become Buddhas. This became a subject of much debate throughout Mahāyāna Buddhist history.
9283:, "Introduction". Toh 113 Degé Kangyur, vol. 51 (mdo sde, ja), folios 1.b–180.b. Translated by Peter Alan Roberts under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. First published 2018. Current version v 1.14.15 (2021).
5954:) along with their Pure Land. This practice could lead the meditator to feel that they were in the presence of the Buddha and in some cases it was held that it could lead to visions of the Buddhas, through which one could receive teachings from them.
7394:. Like perhaps some of the early Mahāyāna forest hermit monks, or the later Buddhist Tantrics, they have become people of power through their meditative achievements. They are widely revered, worshipped, and held to be arhats or (note!) bodhisattvas.
4277:
states that "all phenomena are empty, that is, without characteristic, unproduced, unceased, stainless, not stainless, undiminished, unfilled". The Prajñāpāramitā texts also use various metaphors to describe the nature of things, for example, the
6624:
interpretation and occasioning controversy. Doctrine of the second turning is established in the Prajñāpāramitā teachings, first put into writing around 100 BCE. In Indian philosophical schools, it is exemplified by the Mādhyamaka school of
2635:
describes Huviṣka as having "set forth in the Mahāyāna." Evidence of the name "Mahāyāna" in Indian inscriptions in the period before the 5th century is very limited in comparison to the multiplicity of Mahāyāna writings transmitted from
8609:
3710:. High level bodhisattvas (with eons of practice) are seen as extremely powerful supramundane beings. They are objects of devotion and prayer throughout the Mahāyāna world. Popular bodhisattvas which are revered across Mahāyāna include
3351:
is Mahāyāna Buddhism. Mahāyāna can be described as a loosely bound collection of many teachings and practices (some of which are seemingly contradictory). Mahāyāna constitutes an inclusive and broad set of traditions characterized by
4205:("Transcendent Knowledge" or "Perfection of Wisdom") texts, which are some of the earliest Mahāyāna works. Prajñāpāramitā is a deep knowledge of reality which Buddhas and bodhisattvas attain. It is a transcendent, non-conceptual and
7727:"Certainly, we have for this period an extensive body of inscriptions from virtually all parts of India. ... But nowhere in this extensive body of material is there any reference, prior to the fifth century, to a named Mahāyāna.",
7630:"The Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle' or 'Great Carriage' (for carrying all beings to nirvana), is also, and perhaps more correctly and accurately, known as the Bodhisattvayana, the bodhisattva's vehicle." Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
7345:
As with Eastern Buddhism, the practice of northern Buddhism declined in Tibet, China and Mongolia during the communist takeover of these regions (Mongolia: 1924, Tibet: 1959). Tibetan Buddhism continued to be practiced among the
5365:
to a select number of individuals (often through visions or dreams). Some scholars have seen a connection between this idea and Mahāyāna meditation practices which involve the visualization of Buddhas and their Buddha-lands.
3759:
that being who has taken the vow to be reborn, no matter how many times this may be necessary, in order to attain the highest possible goal, that of Complete and Perfect Buddhahood. This is for the benefit of all sentient
5334:
teach an affirmative vision of an eternal, indestructible Buddhic Self. Shenpen Hookham, a western scholar and lama sees Buddha-nature as a True Self that is real and permanent. Similarly, C. D. Sebastian understands the
2173:
The origins of Mahāyāna are still not completely understood and there are numerous competing theories. The earliest Western views of Mahāyāna assumed that it existed as a separate school in competition with the so-called
7030:
in the late 20th century saw a particularly significant increase in the number of converts to Chinese Buddhism, a growth which has been called "extraordinary". Outside of mainland China, Chinese Buddhism is practiced in
7159:
An estimate of the Japanese Mahāyāna Buddhist population is given by Harvey as 52 million and a recent 2018 survey puts the number at 84 million. It should also be noted that many Japanese Buddhists also participate in
5284:
The ideas found in the Buddha-nature literature are a source of much debate and disagreement among Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophers as well as modern academics. Some scholars have seen this as an influence from Brahmanic
3764:
There are two models for the nature of the bodhisattvas, which are seen in the various Mahāyāna texts. One is the idea that a bodhisattva must postpone their awakening until full Buddhahood is attained. This could take
3832:("incalculable eons"), requiring a huge number of lifetimes of practice to complete. However, certain practices are sometimes held to provide shortcuts to Buddhahood (these vary widely by tradition). According to the
1962:(which had earlier been used simply as an epithet for Buddhism itself) was therefore adopted at an early date as a synonym for the path and the teachings of the bodhisattvas. Since it was simply an honorary term for
5369:
Another argument that Indian Buddhists used in favor of the Mahāyāna is that its teachings are true and lead to awakening since they are in line with the Dharma. Because of this, they can be said to be "well said"
7939:
In the centuries before the Arab conquests Buddhism was spread throughout the eastern Iranian world. Buddhist sites have been found in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, as well as within Iran
4321:) is "one of the most distinctive virtues of the Mahāyānistic saint." The Prajñāpāramitā texts also claim that this training is not just for Mahāyānists, but for all Buddhists following any of the three vehicles.
6058:
There are also numerous meditative practices that are generally considered to be part of a separate category rather than general or mainstream Mahāyāna meditation. These are the various practices associated with
3422:
Paul Williams refers to the main impulse behind Mahāyāna as the vision which sees the motivation to achieve Buddhahood for sake of other beings as being the supreme religious motivation. This is the way that
6259:
are often given greater authority than the Āgamas. The first of these Mahāyāna-specific writings were written probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st-century CE. Some influential Mahāyāna sutras are the
5435:
There is also a tendency in Mahāyāna sūtras to regard adherence to these sūtras as generating spiritual benefits greater than those that arise from being a follower of the non-Mahāyāna approaches. Thus the
2117:, though scholars like Yin Shun argue that this is a later addition. Some Chinese scholars also argue that the meaning of the term in these earlier texts is different from later ideas of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
9517:
11136:
Bingenheimer, Marcus (2007). "Some Remarks on the Usage of Renjian Fojiao 人間佛教 and the Contribution of Venerable Yinshun to Chinese Buddhist Modernism". In Hsu, Mutsu; Chen, Jinhua; Meeks, Lori (eds.).
4969:
3104:, which is mostly dominated by various branches of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Paul Williams has noted that in this tradition in the Far East, primacy has always been given to the study of the Mahāyāna sūtras.
3509:
An important feature of Mahāyāna is the way that it understands the nature of a Buddha, which differs from non-Mahāyāna understandings. Mahāyāna texts not only often depict numerous Buddhas besides
2884:(635–713 CE) were traveling to India, and their writings do describe monasteries which they label 'Mahāyāna' as well as monasteries where both Mahāyāna monks and non-Mahāyāna monks lived together.
8624:
3312:
3419:
described the broad range and doctrinal liberality of Mahāyāna as "a vast ocean where all kinds of living beings are allowed to thrive in a most generous manner, almost verging on a chaos".
2872:
Still, even after the 5th century, the epigraphic evidence which uses the term Mahāyāna is still quite small and is notably mainly monastic, not lay. By this time, Chinese pilgrims, such as
3175:
and Buddha-nature. Tantric Buddhism generally deals with new forms of meditation and ritual which often makes use of the visualization of Buddhist deities (including Buddhas, bodhisattvas,
6883:
Most of the major forms of contemporary Mahāyāna Buddhism are also practiced by Asian immigrant populations in the West and also by western convert Buddhists. For more on this topic see:
5482:
Greatness of attainment (prāpti): because of the attainment of immeasurable and uncountable powers (bala), confidences (vaiśāradya), and dharmas unique to Buddhas ( āveṇika-buddhadharma);
11242:
4579:
7018:"Buddhism for the Human World") has also been influential on Chinese Buddhist leaders and institutions. Chinese Buddhists may also practice some form of religious syncretism with other
2887:
After the fifth century, Mahāyāna Buddhism and its institutions slowly grew in influence. Some of the most influential institutions became massive monastic university complexes such as
5195:
5842:(compiled c. 4th century), which is the most comprehensive Indian treatise on Mahāyāna practice, discusses classic Buddhist numerous meditation methods and topics, including the four
3539:
as a "mere appearance", his death is a show, while in actuality he remains out of compassion to help all sentient beings. Similarly, Guang Xing describes the Buddha in Mahāyāna as an
2631:, ... for the Blessed One, the Buddha Amitābha." There is also some evidence that the Kushan Emperor Huviṣka himself was a follower of Mahāyāna. A Sanskrit manuscript fragment in the
10085:
8556:
5168:
also mentions this doctrine, stating: "whatever belongs to this triple world is nothing but thought . Why is that? It is because however I imagine things, that is how they appear".
8298:
2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."
7251:
not found in East Asian Mahāyāna, Northern Buddhism still considers itself as part of Mahāyāna Buddhism (albeit as one which also contains a more effective and distinct vehicle or
3926:
state. This compassionate commitment to help others is the central characteristic of the Mahāyāna bodhisattva. These vows may be accompanied by certain ethical guidelines called
2261:
The Mahāsāṃghika origins theory has also slowly been shown to be problematic by scholarship that revealed how certain Mahāyāna sutras show traces of having developed among other
10592:
10684:
5525:
Mahāyāna Buddhist practice is quite varied. A common set of virtues and practices which is shared by all Mahāyāna traditions are the six perfections or transcendent virtues (
2125:
2220:
and Paul Williams who argue that at least some Mahāyāna elements developed among Mahāsāṃghika communities (from the 1st century BCE onwards), possibly in the area along the
8581:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 3: The Western Ch'in in Kansu in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and Inter-relationships with the Buddhist Art of Gandh?ra
5078:"mind only") is another important doctrine promoted by some Mahāyāna sutras which later became the central theory of a major philosophical movement which arose during the
10542:
Zhang, Shengyen; Dan Stevenson (2002). Hoofprint of the Ox: Principles of the Chan Buddhist Path as Taught by a Modern Chinese Master. Oxford University Press, pp. 27–28.
8429:
Boucher, Daniel, Bodhisattvas of the Forest and the Formation of the Mahāyāna: A Study and Translation of the.Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-sūtra. University of Hawaii Press, 2008
6269:
4293:
4261:). This emptiness or lack of real existence applies even to the apparent arising and ceasing of phenomena. Because of this, all phenomena are also described as unarisen (
3506:("the Illuminator"). In Mahāyāna, a Buddha is seen as a being that has achieved the highest kind of awakening due to his superior compassion and wish to help all beings.
3368:
25:
8176:
2679:
practices, propounds the possibility of rebirth in a pure land, and enthusiastically recommends the cult of the book, yet seems to know nothing of emptiness theory, the
2202:, which praise lay figures at the expense of monastics. This theory is no longer widely accepted since numerous early Mahāyāna works promote monasticism and asceticism.
6614:
vehicle. It is described as marvelous and wonderful, but requires interpretation and occasioning controversy. The doctrines of the first turning are exemplified in the
6015:
in Japanese) can lead to rebirth in a Buddha's Pure Land, as well as other positive outcomes. In East Asian Buddhism, the most popular Buddha used for this practice is
3908:
promote the bodhisattva path as being universal and open to everyone. Other texts disagree with this and state that only some beings have the capacity for Buddhahood.
2729:. We must be prepared, in other words, to encounter a multiplicity of Mahayanas flourishing even in India, not to mention those that developed in East Asia and Tibet.
5701:
falls under all six. Bhikkhu Bodhi states that the correlations between the two sets show there was a shared core before the Theravada and Mahayana schools split.
7427:
The Mahāvihāravāsins reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the
7390:
in Thailand have often been famous outside scholarly circles as well, among the wider populace, as Buddhist meditation masters and sources of miracles and sacred
5541:
Another important class of Mahāyāna Buddhist practice are textual practices that deal with listening to, memorizing, reciting, preaching, worshipping and copying
9514:
4284:
compares phenomena to: "A shooting star, a clouding of the sight, a lamp, an illusion, a drop of dew, a bubble, a dream, a lightning's flash, a thunder cloud."
7953:
6398:
Another feature of some Mahāyāna sutras, especially later ones, is increasing sectarianism and animosity towards non-Mahāyāna practitioners (sometimes called
4114:
is reached once one attains "direct, nonconceptual and nondual insight into emptiness in meditative absorption", which is associated with the path of seeing (
3936:(transcendent or supreme virtues). Sometimes six are outlined: giving, ethical discipline, patient endurance, diligence, meditation and transcendent wisdom.
6372:
accordance with karma to those who denigrate the scripture." Some Mahāyāna sutras also warn against the accusation that they are not the word of the Buddha (
4976:
2303:
which promote ascetic practice in the wilderness as a superior and elite path. These texts criticize monks who live in cities and denigrate the forest life.
11184:
Carter J. Eckert (Author), Ki-Baik Lee, Young Ick Lew, Michael Robinson, Edward W. Wagner (1991). Korea Old And New: A History. Ilchokak Publishers. p. 94.
3859:), which is the wish to become a Buddha in order to help all beings. This is achieved in different ways, such as the meditation taught by the Indian master
6675:
12652:
2829:(dark orange) starting 5th century BCE, to Buddhist majority realm (orange), and historical extent of Buddhism influences (yellow). Mahāyāna (red arrow),
7085:
government remains repressive and ambivalent towards religion, at least 11 percent of the population is considered to be Buddhist according to Williams.
5803:
Mahāyāna Buddhism teaches a vast array of meditation practices. These include meditations which are shared with the early Buddhist traditions, including
2343:
Drewes states that the evidence merely shows that "Mahāyāna was primarily a textual movement, focused on the revelation, preaching, and dissemination of
6895:
2347:, that developed within, and never really departed from, traditional Buddhist social and institutional structures." Drewes points out the importance of
15946:
13567:
12042:
6248:(profound) sutras. These were also not recognized by some individuals in the early Buddhist schools. In other cases, Buddhist communities such as the
3893:, when great compassion and bodhicitta arises in a person's heart, they cease to be an ordinary person and become a "son or daughter of the Buddhas".
3568:), where they can strive towards Buddhahood in the best possible conditions. Depending on the sect, liberation into a buddha-field can be obtained by
8205:
7217:, there has been a revival of the religion since the liberalization period following 1986. There are about 43 million Vietnamese Mahāyāna Buddhists.
5317:(which sounds similar to an atman) in order to help those beings who are attached to the idea of anatman. However, the sutra goes on to say that the
5438:
402:
18432:
3591:) of a Buddha developed to make sense of the transcendental nature of the Buddha. This doctrine holds that the "bodies of magical transformation" (
2254:
as having ties to the Mahāsāṃghika tradition of Āndhra. However, other scholars have also pointed to different regions as being important, such as
1747:). Mahāyāna Buddhism generally sees the goal of becoming a Buddha through the bodhisattva path as being available to all and sees the state of the
932:
18281:
13571:
11689:
8067:
8054:
7559:
5326:
5252:
4191:
409:
19338:
13795:
11224:
6191:. "Āgama" is the term used by those traditional Buddhist schools in India who employed Sanskrit for their basic canon. These correspond to the
4240:
or inherent nature), and therefore have "no fundamentally real existence". These empty phenomena are also said to be conceptual constructions.
3415:
thought. However, Mahāyāna also adds numerous Mahāyāna texts and doctrines, which are seen as definitive and in some cases superior teachings.
1028:
49:
in Shishoin Temple (Tokyo). A unique feature of Mahāyāna is the belief that there are multiple Buddhas which are currently teaching the Dharma.
10018:, Biblotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VI, The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, pp. 82–83
6422:
like later sutras do. Regarding the bodhisattva path, some Mahāyāna sutras promote it as a universal path for everyone, while others like the
6063:(also termed Mantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Buddhist Tantra, and Esoteric Buddhism). This family of practices, which include such varied forms as
5485:
Greatness of deeds (karma): because of willing the performance of the deeds of a Buddha until the end of Saṃsāra by displaying awakening, etc.
5476:
Greatness of energy (vīrya): from devotion to many hundreds of thousands of difficult tasks during three incalculable great aeons (mahākalpa);
3846:, the central defining feature of a bodhisattva's path is the universal aspiration to end suffering for themselves and all other beings, i.e.
11827:
7916:
7175:
is strongly influenced by the Chinese tradition. It is a synthesis of numerous practices and ideas. Vietnamese Mahāyāna draws practices from
5324:
A different view is defended by various modern scholars like Michael Zimmermann. This view is the idea that Buddha-nature sutras such as the
4423:
6406:' (the 'inferior way') who refuse to accept the 'superior way' of the Mahāyāna. As noted by Paul Williams, earlier Mahāyāna sutras like the
5203:(wish fulfilling jewel). Buddha nature texts often use the metaphor of a jewel (i.e. buddha-nature) which all beings have but are unaware of
19290:
16643:
12012:
10013:
5021:. This philosophical tradition focuses on refuting all theories which posit any kind of substance, inherent existence or intrinsic nature (
2387:
8520:
5993:
11031:
Analayo "The Luminous Mind in Theravāda and Dharmaguptaka Discourses" Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 2017, 13: 10–51;
9011:
6594:
is a classification of the corpus of Buddhism into three categories, based on ways of understanding the nature of reality, known as the "
5975:
states that through mindfulness of the Buddha meditation one may be able to meet this Buddha in a vision or a dream and learn from them.
5538:, the universal currency of the Buddhist world, a vast quantity of which was believed to be necessary for the attainment of Buddhahood".
5416:
According to disciples' grades, the Dharma is classified as inferior and superior. For example, the inferior was taught to the merchants
3855:
The bodhisattva's spiritual path is traditionally held to begin with the revolutionary event called the "arising of the Awakening Mind" (
3156:(8th century–12th century CE), during which it grew to dominate Indian Buddhism. Possibly led by groups of wandering tantric yogis named
2340:' where one will be able to make easy and rapid progress on the bodhisattva path and attain Buddhahood after as little as one lifetime."
5950:
A very popular Mahāyāna practice from very early times involved the visualization of a Buddha while practicing mindfulness of a Buddha (
2508:. These are some of the earliest known Mahāyāna texts. Study of these texts by Paul Harrison and others show that they strongly promote
18326:
18253:
15471:
14572:
12120:
11788:
8080:
6387:(the evil tempter). Some of these Mahāyāna sutras also warn those who would denigrate Mahāyāna sutras or those who preach it (i.e. the
5827:, these five practices are known as the "five methods for stilling or pacifying the mind" and support the development of the stages of
5059:), including the theory of emptiness, and all concepts must ultimately be abandoned in order to truly understand the nature of things.
3826:
In most classic Mahāyāna sources (as well as in non-Mahāyāna sources on the topic), the bodhisattva path is said to take three or four
2608:
formally, Mahāyāna would have been understood as a group of monks or nuns within a larger monastery taking a vow together (known as a "
11855:
11645:
11581:
10740:
10718:
10573:
2786:(30–375 CE), a period that saw great missionary and literary activities by Buddhists. This is supported by the works of the historian
2234:) nature of the Buddha is sometimes seen as a precursor to Mahāyāna views of the Buddha. Some scholars also see Mahāyāna figures like
1743:
striving to become a fully awakened Buddha for the benefit of all sentient beings, and is thus also called the "Bodhisattva Vehicle" (
75:
18131:
14550:
11877:
10513:
3136:(c. 3rd century CE–575 CE) period a new movement began to develop which drew on previous Mahāyāna doctrine as well as new Pan-Indian
18577:
10679:
6283:
5958:
3975:(transcendent knowledge or wisdom) is arguably the most important virtue of the bodhisattva. This refers to an understanding of the
1868:, and other Himalayan regions. It has also been traditionally present elsewhere in Asia as a minority among Buddhist communities in
19518:
18417:
18291:
18276:
7474:
Some contemporary Theravādin figures have indicated a sympathetic stance toward the Mahāyāna philosophy found in texts such as the
3774:(non-abiding, not-established) that allows a Buddha to remain forever engaged in the world. As noted by Paul Williams, the idea of
2285:) wing of the Buddhist Order", who were attempting to imitate the Buddha's forest living. This has been defended by Paul Harrison,
2018:) dating between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE. Seishi Karashima has suggested that the term first used in an earlier
6933:. This group is the largest population of Buddhists in the world. There are between 228 and 239 million Mahāyāna Buddhists in the
6723:(MA 190). A passage there (which the discourse itself emphasizes) is often quoted in later Yogācāra texts as a true definition of
3547:"endowed with numerous supernatural attributes and qualities". Mahayana Buddhologies have often been compared to various types of
3183:) and the use of mantras. Most of these practices are esoteric and require ritual initiation or introduction by a tantric master (
2955:, indicating the importance of this region for the spread of Mahāyāna. Central Asian Mahāyāna scholars were very important in the
14387:
13839:
6860:
which are strongly influenced by Mahāyāna Buddhism, though they may not be considered as being "Buddhist" per se. These include:
3812:
3523:
famously describes the lifespan of the Buddha as immeasurable and states that he actually achieved Buddhahood countless of eons (
1970:
and its application to Bodhisattvayāna did not represent a significant turning point in the development of a Mahāyāna tradition.
9812:"Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra",
6662:
school, regard the second turning as the highest teaching, because of their particular interpretation of Yogācāra doctrine. The
14042:
12022:
9864:"Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra"
9851:"Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra"
5473:
Greatness of understanding (jñāna): from understanding the absence of self in persons and phenomena (pudgala-dharma-nairātmya);
3258:. Esoteric elements are also an important part of East Asian Buddhism where it is referred to by various terms. These include:
10067:
6198:
The surviving Āgamas in Chinese translation belong to at least two schools. Most of the Āgamas were never translated into the
19528:
18437:
11782:
11473:
11432:
11372:
11146:
11113:
10910:
10586:
10492:
10465:
10435:
10411:
10378:
10237:
10090:. In: Jamie Hubbard (ed.), Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism, Univ of Hawaii Press 1997, pp. 174–179.
9732:
9501:
9415:
9259:
9228:
9148:
9117:
9049:
9005:
8589:
8550:
8494:
7926:
7891:
6595:
5159:
418:
190:
8665:
Harrison, Paul 'Who Gets to Ride in the Great Vehicle? Self-image and Identity Among the Followers of Early Mahayana.' 1987.
4175:
different ways depending on the faculties of individuals. Even those beings who think they have finished the path (i.e. the
3741:, the term "bodhisattva" can technically refer to those who follow any of the three vehicles, since all are working towards
19538:
18902:
15941:
12205:
12047:
9276:
4962:
1714:
but also recognizes various doctrines and texts that are not accepted by Theravada Buddhism as original. These include the
925:
6719:, the other prominent Mahāyāna school in dialectic with the Mādhyamaka school, gave a special significance to the canon's
6620:. This turning represents the earliest phase of the Buddhist teachings and the earliest period in the history of Buddhism.
5030:
In his writings, Nagarjuna attempts to show that any theory of intrinsic nature is contradicted by the Buddha's theory of
4153:, and refers to any effective method or technique that is conducive to spiritual growth and leads beings to awakening and
19020:
18301:
17902:
14382:
6504:
Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition also relies on numerous non-Mahayana commentaries (śāstra), a very influential one being the
7198:(Tiantai). New Mahāyāna movements have also developed in the modern era, perhaps the most influential of which has been
19230:
18960:
18842:
18296:
16881:
14835:
14279:
13829:
11924:
8057:, Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 4, p. 170 (note 115)
7590:
7546:
2956:
2822:
1577:
1023:
980:
11725:
10355:
Drewes, David, Mahayana Sutras, forthcoming in Blackwell Companion to South and Southeast Asian Buddhism, Updated 2016
8333:"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
8135:
7446:
school, which was the primary object of Mahāyāna criticism, the Theravāda does not claim the existence of independent
455:
19280:
18106:
15356:
12125:
11712:
11639:
11189:
10888:
10862:
10095:
9700:
9651:
9172:
9090:
8650:
8021:
6236:
as valid, Mahāyāna Buddhism maintains large collections of sūtras that are not recognized as authentic by the modern
4729:
3877:
beings have been our close relatives or friends in past lives. This contemplation leads to the arising of deep love (
3738:
1634:
14372:
8152:
7962:
6638:
as early as the 1st or 2nd century CE. In the Indian philosophical schools, the third turning is exemplified by the
6021:
East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism also teaches numerous unique meditation methods, including the Chan (Zen) practices of
5136:
When this flow of mentality is seen as being empty of the subject-object duality we impose upon it, one reaches the
19333:
16891:
14057:
13802:
7687:("inferior knowledge")." Karashima, Seishi (2001). Some features of the Language of the Saddharma-puṇḍarīka-sūtra,
6837:
which either see themselves as Mahāyāna or are strongly influenced by Mahāyāna Buddhism. Examples of these include
5673:, who describes it as a categorization of the same ten perfections of Theravada Buddhism. According to Dhammapala,
5470:
Greatness of practice (pratipatti): the comprehensive practice for the benefit of self and others (sva-para-artha);
3323:
Few things can be said with certainty about Mahāyāna Buddhism in general other than that the Buddhism practiced in
3230:
Whatever the case, this new tantric form of Mahāyāna Buddhism became extremely influential in India, especially in
774:
4799:
3904:
arises in their mind) and without the requirement of a living Buddha being present. Some Mahāyāna sūtras like the
3100:
Forms of Mahāyāna Buddhism which are mainly based on the doctrines of Indian Mahāyāna sutras are still popular in
2845:"Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".
234:
19295:
19190:
18316:
18311:
18267:
17897:
16741:
16000:
14990:
14449:
14439:
12268:
7066:, with a rough population of about 10.9 million Buddhists. There are also some minor Korean schools, such as the
6356:
and knowledge necessary to become a Buddha in as little as one lifetime." Another widely recommended practice is
5967:
5164:
4317:
the highest spiritual wisdom. According to Edward Conze, the "patient acceptance of the non-arising of dharmas" (
4048:
associate the beginning of the bodhisattva practice with what is called the "path of accumulation" or equipment (
3555:) by different scholars, though there is disagreement among scholars regarding this issue as well on the general
1751:
as incomplete. Mahāyāna also includes numerous Buddhas and bodhisattvas that are not found in Theravada (such as
918:
5712:
5552:
affiliated with Mahayana groups tend to focus on the importance of "the concepts of reincarnation and nirvana".
3930:. Numerous sutras also state that a key part of the bodhisattva path is the practice of a set of virtues called
338:
19150:
18975:
18248:
17267:
17208:
17095:
16974:
16906:
15334:
14972:
14891:
14394:
14047:
13849:
13740:
13685:
12258:
11717:
Schopen, G. "The inscription on the Kusan image of Amitabha and the character of the early Mahayana in India",
8098:
7240:
in 2004. Due to his charisma, the Dalai Lama has become the international face of contemporary Tibetan Buddhism
6877:
17387:
17262:
8070:, Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 18, 163–196
3781:
19300:
18715:
18452:
18116:
17965:
17887:
17309:
16351:
15904:
14543:
14364:
14062:
13745:
12037:
11870:
6424:
6408:
5442:
claims that the Buddha said that devotion to Mahāyāna is inherently superior in its virtues to following the
5260:
refers to "a sacred nature that is the basis for becoming buddhas", and it also describes it as the 'Self' (
3456:
3317:
3161:
2295:
1506:
1201:
11843:
8700:
Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 115
8068:
Vehicle (yāna) and Wisdom (jñāna) in the Lotus Sutra – the Origin of the Notion of yāna in Mahayāna Buddhism
6465:
Mahāyāna Buddhism also developed a massive commentarial and exegetical literature, many of which are called
6115:
5361:
Similarly, some sources also state that Mahāyāna teachings were revealed by other Buddhas, bodhisattvas and
5309:
4147:) is another important virtue and doctrine in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The idea is most famously expounded in the
3171:
Philosophically, Vajrayāna Buddhist thought remained grounded in the Mahāyāna Buddhist ideas of Madhyamaka,
363:
150:
19358:
19160:
16373:
15123:
13947:
13819:
13790:
13492:
11849:
7247:
derives from the Indian Vajrayana Buddhism that was adopted in medieval Tibet. Though it includes numerous
6206:
or Āgamas. However, these basic doctrines are contained in Tibetan translations of later works such as the
5463:
Greatness of support (ālambana): the path of the bodhisatva is supported by the limitless teachings of the
4882:
4466:
4342:
3015:
2755:
2691:) propounds the ten bhumis and focuses exclusively on the path of the bodhisattva, but never discusses the
1785:
1451:
1226:
1186:
17397:
7097:
6506:
6207:
2704:
2615:
The earliest stone inscription containing a recognizably Mahāyāna formulation and a mention of the Buddha
469:
19368:
19080:
19075:
18847:
17370:
17331:
16886:
16800:
16368:
14740:
13638:
13547:
13017:
12662:
12175:
12070:
11238:
6961:
6899:
6846:
6317:
5421:
3869:
called "equalising self and others and exchanging self and others". Other Indian masters like Atisha and
3865:
2489:. Instead, Nattier writes that in the earliest sources, "Mahāyāna" referred to the rigorous emulation of
2376:
448:
395:
284:
17402:
17392:
13182:
10339:
Werner, Karel; Samuels, Jeffrey; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Skilling, Peter; Bhikkhu Anālayo, McMahan, David (2013)
3527:) ago and has been teaching the Dharma through his numerous avatars for an unimaginable period of time.
2949:
2193:
2001:
can be deceptive, as the two terms were not actually formed in relation to one another in the same era.
1796:
thrived between the 7th and 12th centuries. In the course of its history, Mahāyāna Buddhism spread from
18146:
18091:
17787:
16527:
16044:
14735:
14677:
14487:
13967:
13443:
12929:
12052:
11885:
11623:
8973:
Snellgrove, David. (1987) Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors. pp 125.
6616:
6039:
method). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism also includes numerous unique forms of Mahāyāna contemplations, such as
5272:
explains this concept as the base or support for the practice of the path, and thus it is the "cause" (
5246:
5144:), which is nirvana. This doctrine is developed through various theories, the most important being the
4209:
kind of knowledge into the true nature of things. This wisdom is also associated with insight into the
4029:
2485:
use the term "Mahāyāna", yet there is no doctrinal difference between Mahāyāna in this context and the
2314:
path as a 'supremely difficult enterprise' of elite monastic forest asceticism. Boucher's study on the
16125:
13377:
11682:
10039:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, pp. 103, 108.
7199:
4912:
4897:
3896:
The idea of the bodhisattva is not unique to Mahāyāna Buddhism and it is found in Theravada and other
2196:
were particularly important in the development of Mahāyāna and is partly based on some texts like the
1784:
While initially a small movement in India, Mahāyāna eventually grew to become an influential force in
819:
19523:
19393:
19182:
19040:
18492:
17380:
17159:
16790:
16420:
15985:
15117:
14869:
14706:
14661:
14377:
14190:
14180:
14052:
13035:
12615:
12376:
12351:
11768:
Karel Werner; Jeffrey Samuels; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Peter Skilling; Bhikkhu Anālayo; David McMahan (2013).
11040:
Harvey, Peter (1989). Consciousness Mysticism in the Discourses of the Buddha. In Werner, Karel ed.,
9274:(Saddharmapuṇḍarīkanāmamahāyānasūtra, dam pa'i chos pad ma dkar po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo)
7439:
7290:
6996:
6930:
6202:, which according to Hirakawa, only contains a few translations of early sutras corresponding to the
6096:
5408:
5137:
4206:
4001:
3743:
3478:(beings on their way to Buddhahood) are central elements of Mahāyāna. Mahāyāna has a vastly expanded
3260:
2960:
2948:
became heavily influenced by Mahāyāna and it was a major source for Chinese Buddhism. Mahāyāna works
2541:
adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to one of the early Buddhist schools. Membership in these
2516:, and do not show any attempt to establish a new sect or order. A few of these texts often emphasize
2501:
2213:
1326:
584:
17498:
12401:
9960:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, pp. 85, 91.
8208:《印度大乘佛教思想的特色》:「『阿含經』用「大乘」之名,大扺指佛的教法,而含有尊崇之意。這「大乘」自不同於爾後大乘佛教的「大乘」,但亦非全不相通。大乘佛教自有其發展,但其基本教理,並不遠離佛的本意。」
5129:) and that seemingly "external" objects (or "internal" subjects) do not really exist apart from the
2908:
encountered by Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang; c. 600–664) on his visit to India actually were Mahāyānists."
2019:
1136:
135:
18897:
18857:
18812:
18602:
18592:
18397:
18151:
17976:
17912:
17882:
17772:
17537:
17446:
17414:
17375:
17287:
16194:
15451:
15387:
14857:
14842:
14536:
14482:
13834:
13648:
13626:
13619:
13522:
13055:
12675:
12491:
12436:
12057:
11863:
9951:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, pp. 89–91.
7457:
Adherents of Mahāyāna Buddhism disagreed with the substantialist thought of the Sarvāstivādins and
7248:
6976:
6064:
5935:
5918:
5591:
4053:
3407:
3402:
3054:
2945:
2721:
1331:
1281:
15894:
6972:
6563:
5479:
Greatness of resourcefulness (upāyakauśalya): because of not taking a stand in Saṃsāra or Nirvāṇa;
4764:
3046:
125:
19348:
19285:
19235:
19195:
19140:
18775:
18770:
18660:
18607:
18497:
18427:
18223:
18034:
17949:
17154:
17132:
16931:
16753:
16278:
15936:
15863:
15547:
14918:
14718:
14627:
14419:
14399:
13730:
13710:
13467:
13197:
12441:
9243:
8610:"The Inscription on the Kuṣān Image of Amitābha and the Charakter of the Early Mahāyāna in India"
8532:
7837:
7271:
7027:
6792:
6324:
According to David Drewes, Mahāyāna sutras contain several elements besides the promotion of the
5880:), and classic Buddhist meditations such as the contemplation of unattractiveness, impermanence (
4902:
4774:
4476:
3778:
may have taken some time to develop and is not obvious in some of the early Mahāyāna literature.
3677:). Mahāyāna Buddhists generally hold that pursuing only the personal release from suffering i.e.
3486:, with various Buddhas and powerful bodhisattvas residing in different worlds and buddha-fields (
3211:
2842:
1702:
onwards). It is considered one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism, the others being
1491:
769:
41:
11402:
10048:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, p. 109.
7423:), and the monks of the Abhayagiri Vihara as the "Mahāyāna Sthaviras". Xuanzang further writes:
6095:, are very important in Tibetan Buddhism as well as in some forms of East Asian Mantrayāna like
5534:
A central practice advocated by numerous Mahāyāna sources is focused around "the acquisition of
5184:
4378:
2041:(great knowing). At a later stage when the early Prakrit word was converted into Sanskrit, this
1715:
19:
19215:
19110:
19070:
19050:
18907:
18882:
18787:
18760:
18710:
18680:
18670:
18587:
18552:
18537:
18522:
18477:
18412:
18086:
18017:
17922:
17917:
17658:
17581:
17343:
17225:
17149:
16946:
16936:
16795:
16763:
16701:
16672:
16189:
16184:
15881:
15841:
15626:
14967:
14962:
14942:
14938:
14429:
14269:
13937:
13907:
13680:
13631:
13472:
13420:
13415:
13177:
12998:
12895:
12647:
12642:
12391:
10557:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1
9041:
7524:
7203:
7137:
6834:
6233:
6199:
6188:
5816:
5499:
5130:
5031:
4769:
4501:
4481:
4287:
Prajñāpāramitā is also associated with not grasping, not taking a stand on or "not taking up" (
4166:). This teaching states that even though the Buddha is said to have taught three vehicles (the
3970:
3897:
3386:
2916:
2620:
2486:
2355:
1711:
1570:
1306:
1291:
1271:
1196:
1191:
1106:
1013:
12759:
11823:
8993:
8875:
4749:
4428:
2849:
The Mahāyāna movement (or movements) remained quite small until it experienced much growth in
1684:
744:
370:
19456:
19401:
19318:
19270:
19245:
19045:
18867:
18862:
18730:
18720:
18542:
18218:
18161:
17981:
17927:
17348:
17326:
17245:
17186:
16852:
16291:
16152:
15314:
14913:
14825:
14434:
14404:
13985:
13917:
13750:
13665:
13660:
13584:
13579:
13497:
12027:
11422:
11404:
Buddhism in Its Connexion with Brāhmanism and Hindūism: And in Its Contrast with Christianity
10370:
8579:
8541:
7832:
7149:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6704:(SA 301) by name, and may be an extended commentary on that work. Nāgārjuna systematized the
6634:
6590:
6311:
6249:
6172:
6076:
5428:
were taught to bodhisattvas, and are superior in eliminating conceptually imagined forms. -
5154:
5145:
5098:
5088:
4724:
4654:
4071:) on the path to Buddhahood. The various texts disagree on the number of stages however, the
4017:
3328:
2225:
2209:
2153:
1511:
1501:
1456:
899:
684:
434:
385:
16172:
16120:
13050:
9140:
9033:
8084:
6760:
also use language parallel to passages in the canon containing the Buddha's description of "
5843:
5828:
5652:
4171:
3673:
3576:. Faith-based devotional practices focused on rebirth in pure lands are common in East Asia
3215:
734:
19446:
19436:
19421:
19328:
19255:
19225:
19200:
19165:
19125:
19120:
19095:
18965:
18887:
18837:
18817:
18807:
18695:
18642:
18617:
18467:
18462:
18442:
18407:
18392:
18336:
18111:
18044:
18012:
17892:
17827:
17693:
17571:
17424:
17304:
17203:
17115:
17083:
17078:
16926:
16658:
15953:
15537:
15297:
14908:
14852:
14803:
14788:
14641:
14457:
14424:
14409:
13927:
13824:
13770:
13655:
13594:
13562:
13557:
13542:
13527:
13517:
13482:
13395:
13087:
13010:
12313:
12253:
12002:
11969:
11919:
11818:
11617:
11589:
11364:
10737:
10715:
8486:
7486:
7176:
6945:
6937:. This does not include the Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhists who practice Tibetan Buddhism.
6884:
6873:
6857:
6733:
6696:
6688:
6481:
6433:
6214:
6152:
5997:
An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts a monk generating a tantric visualization
5911:
5902:
5837:
5623:
5509:
5455:
5417:
4817:
4077:
3927:
3593:
3411:(aids to awakening). Mahāyāna Buddhism further accepts some of the ideas found in Buddhist
3394:
3361:
3255:
2904:
2496:
Some important evidence for early Mahāyāna Buddhism comes from the texts translated by the
2481:
2310:(2003) argues that this sutra represents the earliest form of Mahāyāna, which presents the
2178:" schools. Some of the major theories about the origins of Mahāyāna include the following:
1521:
1481:
1476:
1441:
1286:
1166:
1074:
1059:
1003:
975:
904:
894:
889:
546:
160:
15150:
14297:
12912:
12781:
12707:
12583:
12321:
10508:
10484:
The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries
10457:
The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries
9799:"Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor
7225:
6240:
school. The earliest of these sutras do not call themselves 'Mahāyāna', but use the terms
5820:
5341:
view of this topic as a transcendental self that is "the unique essence of the universe".
5337:
3834:
3429:
2050:
8:
19451:
19426:
19406:
19383:
19310:
19260:
19240:
19155:
19145:
19100:
19060:
19015:
19010:
19000:
18990:
18985:
18980:
18970:
18955:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18935:
18912:
18822:
18797:
18675:
18665:
18627:
18597:
18582:
18567:
18557:
18547:
18512:
18507:
18457:
18402:
18377:
18321:
18178:
18166:
18054:
18049:
18039:
17907:
17708:
17621:
17566:
17542:
17429:
17314:
17272:
17067:
16916:
16544:
16336:
16221:
16017:
15819:
15704:
15632:
15522:
15443:
15270:
14923:
14747:
14593:
14264:
14143:
13977:
13952:
13942:
13902:
13879:
13762:
13735:
13695:
13614:
13604:
13532:
13459:
12890:
12747:
12528:
12506:
12458:
12278:
12078:
11934:
11914:
11769:
7580:
7541:
7514:
7447:
7387:
7172:
7003:
6788:
6777:
6180:
5579:
5269:
5105:
5052:
5034:, since anything that has an independent existence cannot be dependently originated. The
4917:
4526:
4521:
4350:
4257:
3556:
3495:
3353:
3332:
3101:
3090:
2853:. Very few manuscripts have been found before the fifth century (the exceptions are from
2725:) may delve into the particulars of the trikaya doctrine while eschewing the doctrine of
2110:
1892:
1688:
1531:
1486:
1424:
1364:
1301:
1246:
1241:
996:
985:
864:
354:
345:
130:
19533:
12238:
12165:
11738:
9578:, forthcoming in Blackwell Companion to South and Southeast Asian Buddhism, Updated 2016
6940:
Harvey gives the East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhist population in other countries as follows:
6710:
6184:
5402:
Mahāyāna often sees itself as penetrating further and more profoundly into the Buddha's
5291:
5262:
4167:
4109:
4099:
4066:
4065:
as well as other texts also outline a series of bodhisattva levels or spiritual stages (
3667:
3599:
3378:
2680:
2114:
279:
170:
19431:
19411:
19378:
19275:
19265:
19210:
19205:
19135:
19115:
19105:
19090:
19085:
19065:
19035:
19030:
19005:
18995:
18927:
18892:
18877:
18782:
18755:
18745:
18705:
18690:
18685:
18637:
18632:
18572:
18527:
18487:
18382:
18369:
18156:
18081:
17954:
17777:
17451:
17409:
17250:
17218:
17193:
17120:
17100:
16921:
16869:
16857:
16835:
16427:
16385:
16258:
16093:
16088:
16083:
15914:
15698:
15674:
15053:
14977:
14725:
14671:
14327:
14232:
14074:
14037:
14032:
13962:
13912:
13859:
13854:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13705:
13690:
13675:
13670:
13609:
13589:
13552:
13477:
13282:
12983:
12907:
12785:
12727:
12568:
12468:
12396:
12371:
12017:
11947:
9345:
9239:
7955:
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
7575:
7535:
6988:
6941:
6918:
6329:
6297:
6160:
6144:
6002:
5808:
4574:
4556:
4551:
4491:
4398:
4013:
3692:
3678:
3577:
3479:
3344:
3074:
2952:
2632:
2624:
2596:
2557:. Therefore, Mahāyāna was never a separate monastic sect outside of the early schools.
2337:
2134:
1516:
1496:
1436:
1431:
1319:
1221:
1214:
1141:
1131:
1038:
884:
849:
511:
441:
16539:
16098:
15726:
15456:
14126:
11767:
2979:
seems to have been a particularly important place for the study of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
2189:
1728:. Vajrayāna or Mantra traditions are a subset of Mahāyāna which makes use of numerous
46:
19513:
19488:
19482:
19416:
19373:
19363:
19353:
19343:
19250:
19170:
19130:
19055:
19025:
18917:
18872:
18852:
18827:
18802:
18765:
18750:
18725:
18700:
18612:
18562:
18517:
18502:
18482:
18472:
18447:
18387:
18331:
18096:
17872:
17468:
17439:
17363:
17358:
17319:
17257:
17213:
17198:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17110:
16845:
16731:
16497:
16467:
16447:
16268:
16073:
16054:
16049:
15995:
15958:
15679:
15594:
15517:
15415:
15405:
15373:
15361:
15329:
15306:
15288:
15184:
15039:
14947:
14933:
14896:
14884:
14713:
14632:
14584:
14505:
14467:
14163:
14148:
14111:
14096:
13869:
13785:
13700:
13537:
13502:
13487:
13214:
13204:
12885:
12732:
12717:
12588:
12511:
12431:
12366:
12298:
12185:
11942:
11778:
11708:
11635:
11469:
11428:
11368:
11185:
11142:
11119:
11109:
10906:
10884:
10858:
10653:
10582:
10488:
10461:
10431:
10407:
10374:
10243:
10233:
10091:
9728:
9696:
9647:
9497:
9349:
9255:
9224:
9168:
9144:
9134:
9113:
9086:
9045:
9034:
9001:
8646:
8585:
8546:
8490:
8460:
8270:
7922:
7897:
7887:
7529:
7509:
7412:
7113:
7101:
7093:
7019:
6603:
6580:
Later Tibetan and Chinese Buddhists continued the tradition of writing commentaries.
6392:
6290:
6176:
6156:
6052:
5980:
5412:, gives a classification of teachings according to the capabilities of the audience:
4952:
4872:
4511:
4021:
3687:"), because it lacks the wish and resolve to liberate all other sentient beings from
3569:
3398:
3390:
3348:
3094:
2197:
1659:
1647:
1563:
1461:
1446:
1251:
1126:
1069:
1033:
1018:
949:
874:
859:
854:
837:
516:
427:
377:
57:
16951:
16549:
16209:
15963:
13449:
12243:
12143:
11488:
Swearer, Donald (2006). Theravada Buddhist Societies. In: Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.)
8028:; in: "Gems of Buddhist Wisdom", Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
6806:
There are also some minor Mahāyāna traditions practiced by minority groups, such as
6632:
necessary, and controversy would not occur. These teachings were established by the
4383:
3889:) for others, and thus bodhicitta is generated. According to the Indian philosopher
3734:, but they reject this goal and remain in saṃsāra to help others out of compassion.
3711:
3632:
254:
19441:
19323:
19220:
18832:
18792:
18740:
18735:
18652:
18622:
18532:
18422:
18286:
18238:
18233:
17797:
17762:
17735:
17493:
17478:
17353:
17277:
17127:
17105:
17013:
16874:
16653:
16616:
16472:
16457:
16405:
16199:
16179:
16147:
16142:
16113:
16108:
16032:
16022:
15851:
15815:
15807:
15778:
15691:
15611:
15606:
15569:
15559:
15485:
15423:
15265:
15102:
14952:
14610:
14153:
14106:
14101:
13957:
13922:
13897:
13892:
13643:
13599:
13512:
13187:
12843:
12836:
12620:
12610:
12496:
12160:
12032:
11627:
10649:
10071:
9335:
8994:"The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period"
8536:
8456:
8296:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
8266:
7663:) had stood in these places ... I have assumed, further, that the Mahāyānist terms
7605:
7585:
7347:
7244:
7117:
7036:
7007:
6910:
6869:
6799:
6670:
6658:
to be the third turning of the Dharma Wheel. Tibetan teachers, particularly of the
6651:
6353:
6304:
6100:
5824:
5706:
5535:
4877:
4719:
4609:
4536:
4105:
4083:
4061:
3941:
3483:
3461:
3340:
3324:
3281:
3265:
3247:
3222:. However, other scholars such as Ronald M. Davidson question the idea that Indian
3199:
3165:
3121:
3062:
2554:
2550:
2066:
1596:
1526:
1471:
1401:
1391:
1256:
869:
842:
709:
526:
506:
330:
294:
17090:
13232:
11838:
11568:
The Madman's Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel.
11358:
6540:
is also credited with numerous highly influential commentaries. In East Asia, the
4739:
4403:
4271:), "beyond coming and going" in the Prajñāpāramitā literature. Most famously, the
3797:
3441:
2767:
2229:
574:
19492:
18121:
18101:
17591:
17483:
17473:
17142:
16810:
16601:
16581:
16512:
16477:
16410:
16130:
16103:
16078:
16027:
16005:
15798:
15741:
15512:
15029:
14830:
14756:
14696:
14651:
14620:
14517:
14462:
14414:
14342:
14212:
14010:
13990:
13932:
13844:
13507:
13405:
13252:
12988:
12971:
12956:
12934:
12486:
12356:
12190:
12170:
11693:
11139:
Development and Practice of Humanitarian Buddhism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
10850:
10744:
10722:
10688:
10517:
10482:
10455:
10425:
9521:
9280:
9107:
8025:
7565:
7233:
7164:
practices, such as visiting shrines, collecting amulets and attending festivals.
7082:
7047:
6791:
traditions of China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, also known as "Eastern Buddhism".
6663:
6573:
6414:
6256:
6227:
5924:
5876:
5738:
5732:
5542:
5362:
5002:
4941:
4922:
4907:
4847:
4754:
4471:
4219:
4123:
4091:
4045:
3953:
3912:
3870:
3719:
3653:
3357:
3336:
3243:
3086:
3050:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2810:, a major center for the study of Mahāyāna Buddhism from the fifth century CE to
2397:
2344:
2325:
2130:
1551:
1466:
1266:
1176:
1121:
814:
749:
589:
307:
289:
274:
165:
145:
13262:
12416:
12406:
9373:
The Three Bodies of the Buddha: The Origin and Development of the Trikaya Theory
9310:
The Three Bodies of the Buddha: The Origin and Development of the Trikaya Theory
9270:
9036:
The holy land reborn: pilgrimage & the Tibetan reinvention of Buddhist India
7595:
6724:
4644:
4506:
4373:
4210:
3976:
3611:
2709:
1765:
1116:
609:
18243:
18136:
18076:
17792:
17767:
17552:
17456:
17338:
17282:
17235:
16648:
16596:
16492:
16462:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16415:
16311:
16231:
16214:
16167:
16157:
15201:
14864:
14847:
14666:
14646:
14615:
14472:
14175:
14025:
13807:
13387:
13367:
13287:
12976:
12966:
12900:
12737:
12223:
12086:
9000:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 144–145.
7375:
Theravada texts do, however, hold that this is a more perfectly virtuous goal.
7320:
7214:
7062:. Korean Seon also includes some Pure Land practice. It is mainly practiced in
6807:
6728:
6554:
6450:
6262:
6121:
5894:
5856:
5745:
5661:
5598:
5447:
5379:
4867:
4842:
4827:
4694:
4201:
3959:
3827:
3532:
3510:
3300:
3206:
and that it developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and
3180:
2826:
2798:
2735:
2497:
2490:
2235:
2185:
1928:
1881:
1805:
1723:
1411:
1341:
1296:
1154:
879:
794:
551:
315:
214:
115:
16204:
15466:
11123:
10967:
Dharma Publishing: p. 322. Lindtner says that Nāgārjuna is referencing the DN.
10559:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, pp. 51, 60 - 230.
10247:
9879:
Philosophy East and West Vol.3 (1953) pp. 117-129, University of Hawaii Press.
9827:, Philosophy East and West Vol.3 (1953) PP.117-129, University of Hawaii Press
9340:
9323:
7643:
Karashima: "I have assumed that, in the earliest stage of the transmission of
6838:
6687:
Scholars have noted that many key Mahāyāna ideas are closely connected to the
6519:
4388:
3793:, c. 1340. The three carts at the top which are symbolic of the three vehicles
3688:
2479:. Jan Nattier has noted that some of the earliest Mahāyāna texts, such as the
2243:
1993:
is comparatively rare in the earliest sources. The presumed dichotomy between
19507:
18171:
17725:
17606:
16998:
16993:
16941:
16778:
16716:
16611:
16502:
16400:
16331:
16263:
16253:
16226:
16162:
16059:
16037:
15975:
15871:
15834:
15753:
15661:
15112:
15063:
14768:
14242:
14091:
13400:
13302:
13160:
12961:
12939:
12875:
12546:
12341:
12336:
12228:
11897:
11698:
Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology
11103:
10926:
Genealogies of Mahayana Buddhism: Emptiness, Power and the question of Origin
10681:
The Treasury of Blessings: A Practice of Buddha Śākyamuni by Mipham Rinpoche.
10640:
Drewes, David (2010). "Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives".
10569:
9525:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
7901:
7882:
Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher Hugh; Kawanami, Hiroko, eds. (2016).
7504:
7429:
7129:
7105:
6992:
6914:
6761:
6757:
6139:
5566:
5527:
5223:
5208:
5149:
4892:
4852:
4794:
4779:
4759:
4546:
4280:
4224:
3931:
3499:
3219:
3125:
3078:
2896:
2881:
2783:
2747:
2692:
2546:
2533:
or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each
2405:
2268:
2263:
2221:
2138:
1812:. Various Mahāyāna traditions are the predominant forms of Buddhism found in
1777:
1692:
1236:
1231:
1171:
779:
764:
704:
536:
496:
239:
180:
120:
105:
16840:
12700:
12690:
12062:
6005:, it is widely held that the practice of reciting the Buddha's name (called
5791:
5187:
which also criticized Madhyamaka, in effect claiming it fell into nihilism.
4744:
4629:
3885:
3804:(Avalokiteśvara) with multiple arms symbolizing upaya and great compassion,
3605:
1376:
1181:
18306:
18208:
18069:
17757:
17752:
17730:
17720:
17601:
17033:
16968:
16911:
16896:
16862:
16487:
16395:
15433:
15324:
15319:
15170:
15140:
15014:
14982:
14730:
14701:
14688:
14332:
14317:
14287:
14237:
14227:
14069:
13864:
13357:
13192:
13070:
12858:
12853:
12680:
12551:
12426:
11887:
11424:
Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
10510:
A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts
10057:
Shiro Matsumoto, Critiques of Tathagatagarbha Thought and Critical Buddhism
8131:
7827:
7443:
7263:
7237:
7121:
7071:
6842:
6811:
6558:
6515:
6498:
6384:
6374:
5929:
5882:
5867:
5784:
5443:
5390:
5121:
5079:
4862:
4822:
4659:
4599:
3766:
3658:
3636:
3616:
3416:
3239:
3133:
3042:
2929:
2900:
2892:
2672:
2637:
2587:
2290:
1793:
1759:). Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy also promotes unique theories, such as the
1276:
1161:
1079:
965:
804:
789:
629:
16534:
15221:
13115:
13100:
13060:
12757:
12421:
11997:
8016:
5631:
5564:
genre, teach the practice of the six transcendent virtues or perfections (
5215:
4649:
4104:
systems are merged and this is the progressive path model that is used in
1849:
1707:
1703:
619:
415:
383:
351:
328:
18228:
18203:
18027:
17995:
17986:
17932:
17862:
17847:
17740:
17631:
17292:
17240:
17028:
16746:
16726:
16566:
16507:
16245:
16241:
16064:
15584:
15532:
15502:
15339:
15193:
15085:
15009:
14874:
14810:
14761:
14302:
14131:
13272:
13257:
13040:
12848:
12776:
12556:
12386:
12288:
12135:
12007:
9078:
8148:
7552:
7476:
7467:
7458:
7286:
7210:
7145:
7078:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
6850:
6568:
6541:
6325:
6276:
6151:
Mahāyāna Buddhism takes the basic teachings of the Buddha as recorded in
5804:
5171:
The most influential thinkers in this tradition were the Indian brothers
4639:
4624:
4619:
4393:
4273:
4149:
3996:
3979:
of all phenomena, arising from study, deep consideration and meditation.
3786:
3747:(awakening) and hence the technical term for a Mahāyāna bodhisattva is a
3707:
3640:
3540:
3519:
3475:
3235:
3153:
3027:
2921:
2850:
2676:
2653:
2648:
2592:
2565:
2520:
practices, forest dwelling, and deep states of meditative concentration (
2509:
2311:
2286:
2251:
2228:
region of southern India. The Mahāsāṃghika doctrine of the supramundane (
2217:
2161:
2157:
2010:
1975:
1951:
1939:
1921:
1837:
1740:
1346:
664:
639:
624:
321:
264:
207:
90:
17547:
17488:
16591:
16012:
15846:
15395:
14292:
12752:
8483:
Buddhism: An Introduction to the Buddha's Life, Teachings, and Practices
7419:. He refers to the monks of the Mahāvihara as the "Hīnayāna Sthaviras" (
7258:
Contemporary Northern Buddhism is traditionally practiced mainly in the
6865:
6328:
ideal, including "expanded cosmologies and mythical histories, ideas of
6016:
4229:) without exception have "no essential unchanging core" (i.e. they lack
4075:
giving ten for example (and mapping each one to the ten paramitas), the
3992:
3755:. According to Paul Williams, a Mahāyāna bodhisattva is best defined as:
3491:
3446:
3112:
3041:(c. 337–422 CE) had also begun to travel to India (now dominated by the
2616:
2581:
2247:
2049:, possibly because of what may have been a double meaning in the famous
1752:
219:
18194:
18189:
18064:
18059:
18022:
18000:
17857:
17837:
17832:
17673:
17663:
17626:
17230:
17008:
16956:
16696:
16341:
16321:
15899:
15824:
15763:
15527:
15507:
15428:
15080:
15048:
15019:
14798:
14793:
14778:
14247:
14205:
14081:
13887:
13812:
13426:
13410:
13372:
13352:
13247:
13222:
13130:
13065:
13045:
12791:
12722:
12593:
12476:
12446:
12381:
12331:
11989:
11979:
11952:
11730:
11631:
7408:
7230:
6823:
6753:
6742:
6705:
6643:
6525:
6511:
6494:
6490:
6457:, which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas.
6333:
6035:
5906:
5796:
5670:
5587:
5571:
5459:
gives the following seven reasons for the "greatness" of the Mahayana:
5383:
5176:
5010:
4998:
4887:
4784:
4664:
4604:
4541:
4516:
4486:
4413:
4025:
3911:
The generation of bodhicitta may then be followed by the taking of the
3901:
3890:
3860:
3848:
3702:
3471:
3412:
3382:
3157:
2775:
2739:
2717:
2696:
2623:, and dated to around 180 CE. Remains of a statue of a Buddha bear the
2619:(an important Mahāyāna figure) was found in the Indian subcontinent in
2517:
2476:
2278:
1955:
1797:
1760:
1733:
1351:
1111:
1008:
784:
694:
679:
604:
599:
476:
224:
203:
100:
95:
17038:
15919:
13267:
12263:
11466:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal
9416:
The Perfection of Wisdom in eight thousand lines and its verse summary
7378:
Paul Williams writes that some modern Theravada meditation masters in
4634:
4162:
4116:
2779:
2726:
2148:
2109:. The term appeared in some of the earliest Mahāyāna texts, including
1887:
As of 2010, the Mahāyāna tradition was the largest major tradition of
614:
155:
18141:
17937:
17852:
17842:
17713:
17668:
17653:
17586:
17434:
16901:
16823:
16783:
16773:
16736:
16711:
16691:
16586:
16452:
16306:
16296:
16068:
15926:
15736:
15721:
15686:
15669:
15651:
15564:
15344:
15260:
15239:
15234:
15211:
15206:
15165:
15160:
15097:
15034:
14957:
14928:
14879:
14820:
14773:
14222:
14195:
13362:
13237:
12949:
12865:
12742:
12632:
12605:
12598:
12561:
12518:
12481:
12248:
12213:
12180:
12155:
12110:
11006:
Routledge, 2002, p. 44, note 5. Lusthaus draws attention to Rahula's
8119:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
8004:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
7991:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
7570:
7416:
7371:
7360:
7259:
7125:
6819:
6795:
estimates that there are about 360 million Eastern Buddhists in Asia.
6692:
6679:
which they use to organize the sometimes bewildering array of texts.
6655:
6639:
6625:
6529:
6486:
6475:(commentaries). Philosophical texts were also written in verse form (
6349:
6342:
6237:
6072:
6060:
5617:
5514:
5503:
5295:) which the Buddha critiqued; rather, it is a positive expression of
5200:
5180:
5083:
5018:
4994:
4857:
4589:
4418:
4247:(things, phenomena), even the Buddha's Teaching, the Buddha himself,
4195:
Prajñāpāramitā is often personified by a female deity in Buddhist art
4037:
3919:) to "lead to Nirvana the whole immeasurable world of beings" as the
3715:
3564:
3552:
3503:
3465:
3450:
3305:
3195:
3141:
2941:
2937:
2838:
2830:
2818:
2787:
2759:
2713:
2700:
2666:
2577:
2573:
2538:
2447:
2412:
1900:
1896:
1877:
1841:
1829:
1809:
1801:
1771:
1756:
1396:
1371:
809:
569:
521:
259:
249:
244:
229:
175:
15616:
15145:
13995:
12831:
12685:
12451:
12233:
12102:
12094:
11813:
11529:
Abhidhamma Studies: Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time.
9801:, Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol. 2, 2016.
8451:
Drewes, David, Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives,
6673:
traditions have different schemes of doctrinal periodization called
6203:
6192:
6125:
Manuscript. Prajñaparamita and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (top),
5812:
5017:'the emptiness theory') was founded by the second-century figure of
4496:
4179:) are actually not done, and they will eventually reach Buddhahood.
3879:
3373:
3285:
2472:
739:
669:
17944:
17688:
17678:
17533:
17023:
17003:
16830:
16706:
16561:
16135:
15889:
15829:
15748:
15643:
15621:
15601:
15579:
15574:
15554:
15494:
15461:
15400:
15244:
15229:
15107:
15068:
15024:
14815:
14752:
14656:
14559:
14512:
14352:
14307:
14252:
14217:
14121:
13780:
13347:
13342:
13292:
13227:
13145:
13110:
13105:
12766:
12637:
12625:
12195:
11892:
10026:
10024:
9970:
9968:
9966:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9710:
9708:
7519:
7404:
7379:
7334:
7326:
7314:
7296:
7153:
7141:
7096:
is divided into numerous traditions which include various sects of
7067:
6967:
Chinese Buddhism can be divided into various different traditions (
6716:
6666:
teachings are normally included in the third turning of the wheel.
6611:
6607:
6466:
6403:
6345:
6168:
6126:
6068:
5603:, and a large number of other Mahāyāna texts list six perfections:
5549:
5494:
5296:
5286:
5237:
5045:
5039:
5023:
4936:
4837:
4679:
4669:
4594:
4584:
4531:
4448:
4309:
4263:
4231:
4033:
4005:
3723:
3683:
3544:
3536:
3207:
3203:
3172:
3117:
3058:
3034:, and eventually, Indonesian Mahāyāna traditions made it to China.
3031:
3011:
2976:
2877:
2858:
2763:
2743:
2628:
2600:
2569:
2505:
2453:
2424:
2418:
2401:
2396:
Inscribed pedestal with the first known occurrence of the name of "
2255:
2175:
1989:
1932:
1924:
1888:
1873:
1861:
1845:
1775:("the doctrine of consciousness" also called "mind-only"), and the
1680:
1406:
1386:
1261:
957:
729:
654:
579:
531:
481:
269:
34:
13337:
13327:
13312:
13135:
13005:
12273:
11819:
Comparison of Buddhist Traditions (Mahayana – Therevada – Tibetan)
11762:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.
9494:
The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic,
9221:
Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma: The Lotus Sutra
9066:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
8183:者,我無此辯說。禪智解脫辯,憶本天眼通,能盡苦原本,我無此辯說。』爾時,須深女人便說此偈:『善逝有此智,質直無瑕穢,勇猛有所伏,求於
7133:
6501:
wrote commentaries on this work as well as their own verse works.
6418:
do not present any antagonism towards the hearers or the ideal of
5957:
This meditation is taught in numerous Mahāyāna sūtras such as the
5737:: vow, resolution, aspiration, determination, this related to the
5643:
5350:
to defend the truth and authenticity of Mahāyāna in various ways.
5086:. The primary sutra associated with this school of thought is the
4734:
4714:
4709:
4136:
4095:
3843:
3424:
3308:
which depicts his body as being composed of numerous other Buddhas
2437:
2113:'s translation of the Lotus Sutra. It also appears in the Chinese
759:
724:
714:
674:
18213:
17817:
17782:
17703:
17616:
17557:
17461:
17164:
17018:
16768:
16721:
16606:
16482:
16301:
15768:
15731:
15542:
15092:
15058:
14901:
14602:
14257:
14200:
14185:
13332:
13322:
13297:
13172:
13167:
13125:
13095:
13027:
12993:
12880:
12821:
12816:
12670:
12573:
12411:
12361:
12148:
11974:
11527:
Nyanaponika, Nyaponika Thera, Nyanaponika, Bhikkhu Bodhi (1998).
11516:
Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought.
8949:
Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism
8863:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8850:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8834:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8779:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8766:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8750:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8724:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8711:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition
8370:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
7462:
6980:
6922:
6772:
6738:
6550:
6446:
6164:
6155:
as the starting point of its teachings, such as those concerning
6092:
6084:
6041:
6022:
5943:
5862:
5849:
5630:
4789:
4433:
4303:
4248:
4237:
4154:
3801:
3706:
and someone who engages in this path to complete buddhahood is a
3700:
This wish to help others by entering the Mahāyāna path is called
3584:
3231:
3066:
3007:
3003:
2987:
2888:
2866:
2803:
2684:
2534:
2522:
2442:
2431:
2239:
2142:
2022:
1833:
1789:
1086:
719:
649:
644:
541:
486:
185:
140:
30:
12944:
12712:
11748:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture
11104:
Charles S. Prebish; Kenneth Ken'ichi Tanaka (15 November 2023).
10855:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
10021:
9963:
9777:
9705:
8617:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
8113:
8111:
8109:
8107:
6402:, "hearers") which are sometimes depicted as being part of the '
5774:
5769:
5608:
5355:
3987:
2529:
Indian Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate
1916:
18126:
18005:
17990:
17809:
17698:
17683:
17641:
17419:
17297:
16571:
16326:
16316:
15970:
15931:
15773:
15381:
15351:
15075:
14337:
14322:
14158:
14020:
14000:
13775:
13437:
13317:
13307:
13242:
12870:
12826:
12811:
12801:
12771:
12695:
12578:
12346:
12218:
11962:
11957:
11833:
11719:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10
11389:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna.
10769:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993).
8528:
7600:
7391:
7386:
Cholvijarn observes that prominent figures associated with the
7338:
7308:
7282:
7278:
7161:
7109:
7032:
7023:
7011:
6984:
6926:
6903:
6827:
6537:
6536:(conscious construction only). The Yogacara school philosopher
6438:
6104:
6080:
6047:
6007:
5888:
5779:
5403:
5375:
5172:
4699:
4689:
4674:
4614:
4438:
4358:
4333:
4160:
A closely related teaching is the doctrine of the One Vehicle (
3805:
3790:
3628:
3573:
3548:
3289:
3251:
3223:
3176:
3137:
3070:
3038:
3023:
2991:
2873:
2862:
2854:
2834:
2771:
2530:
2475:("discourses", scriptures) originating around the beginning of
2080:
1865:
1853:
1825:
1729:
1546:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1054:
754:
689:
659:
594:
491:
16517:
11834:
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra: complete text and analysis
11619:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
10738:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
10716:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
10427:
The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character
10132:. State University of New York Press: p. 104, p. 353
8803:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993.
8320:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993.
8217:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993.
8042:
Buddhism. Vol. 3. The origins and nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
7245:
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism or "Northern" Buddhism
6749:
criticized the Yogācārins for tending towards substantialism.
6360:, or rejoicing in the good deeds of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
6133:
5795:
Zen master Bodhidharma meditating, Ukiyo-e woodblock print by
3198:
remain a subject of debate among scholars. Some scholars like
2560:
2512:(contra the lay origin theory), acknowledge the legitimacy of
2045:, being phonetically ambivalent, may have been converted into
17822:
17596:
17576:
17561:
17137:
16963:
16758:
16621:
16576:
16556:
15758:
15155:
15001:
14783:
14477:
14312:
14170:
14136:
14116:
14086:
14015:
13432:
13277:
13155:
13150:
13120:
13075:
12922:
12917:
12796:
12501:
12326:
12293:
12283:
11677:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11319:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11306:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11267:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11212:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11173:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11092:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11079:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11066:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
8104:
7884:
Religions in the modern world: traditions and transformations
7302:
6934:
6815:
6659:
6598:". According to this view, there were three such "turnings":
6419:
6088:
5755:
5722:
5518:
5358:
or bodhisattvas until the time came for their dissemination.
5115:
4989:
4832:
4704:
4684:
4176:
4143:
4009:
3965:
3947:
3731:
3662:
3369:
accept the classic Buddhist doctrines found in early Buddhism
2999:
2995:
2983:
2933:
2807:
2641:
2513:
2504:
in the 2nd century CE, who came to China from the kingdom of
2329:
2277:
meanwhile states that Mahāyāna arose mainly among "hard-core
1869:
1857:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1748:
1620:
1605:
1336:
799:
699:
634:
110:
10763:
8407:
Drewes, David, The Forest Hypothesis in Paul Harrison, ed.,
6577:, which was a commentary and reworking of the Dignaga text.
6453:. Asaṅga classifies the Mahāyāna sūtras as belonging to the
6428:
see it as something for a small elite of hardcore ascetics.
5048:(against protestations to the contrary by their opponents).
1788:. Large scholastic centers associated with Mahāyāna such as
17747:
17636:
15589:
14528:
14347:
13140:
12806:
12303:
11449:
Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravāda Buddhism
11141:. Hua-lien (Taiwan): Tzuchi University Press. pp. 141–161.
10404:
The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries,
10341:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana,
10280:
The Buddha speaks of Amitabha Sutra: A General Explanation.
10188:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.
10172:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.
8314:
8211:
7985:
7983:
7330:
7209:
Though Vietnamese Buddhism suffered extensively during the
6026:
5378:, not because it was spoken by a specific individual (i.e.
5062:
4313:) in an intuitive, non-conceptual manner is said to be the
3661:
by Mahāyānists, over and above the paths of those who seek
3610:
which is none other than the ultimate reality itself, i.e.
3188:
3019:
1626:
1611:
11771:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana
10881:
The Scripture on the Explication of the Underlying Meaning
10153:
10151:
10145:. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications: p. 151; cf. also p. 110
9922:
9920:
9838:
The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries
7961:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 36. Archived from
6964:: 2.3 million. Most of these are Han Chinese populations.
6783:
The main contemporary traditions of Mahāyāna in Asia are:
6441:
refers to the collection which contains the āgamas as the
6341:
copying sutras, that they claim can enable rebirth in the
4186:
4108:. According to Paul Williams, in these systems, the first
17646:
17611:
16286:
15665:
14005:
12541:
9410:
9408:
9223:(Rev. ed.), p. 239. New York: Columbia university press,
9109:
The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists
8919:
8309:
Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.
7881:
7610:
7454:); in this it maintains the attitude of early Buddhism.
7370:
In the early Buddhist texts, and as taught by the modern
6861:
6364:
dream revelations in certain Mahāyāna sutras such as the
6232:
In addition to accepting the essential scriptures of the
5669:
This list is also mentioned by the Theravāda commentator
5639:: patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
5517:
Buddhist monk meditating and begging for alms at Oigawa,
4443:
3246:
and to East Asia. Vajrayāna remains the dominant form of
3148:), Mantrayāna, and Esoteric Buddhism or "Secret Mantra" (
3082:
2758:
as the last and most recent. Major early figures include
1946:("Great Vehicle") was originally an honorary synonym for
1617:
501:
10839:
Abhidharma Samuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching.
10751:
10668:
Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, 2nd edition
10613:
10611:
9434:
9432:
9250:; in: Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse; eds.
7980:
6352:, where it is said to be possible to easily acquire the
5574:. Special attention is given to transcendent knowledge (
5424:
because they were at the stage of saints; the eightfold
4251:
and all living beings, are like "illusions" or "magic" (
4090:
In later Mahāyāna scholasticism, such as in the work of
1856:
form of Mahāyāna, Mahāyāna Buddhism is also dominant in
1710:. Mahāyāna accepts the main scriptures and teachings of
10903:
Hermeneutics and tradition in the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra
10148:
9917:
9272:
The Mahāyāna Sūtra "The White Lotus of the Good Dharma"
8962:
The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism
8224:
4307:) through the insight into the true nature of reality (
3535:'s life and death on earth are then usually understood
3360:, ideas and philosophical treatises in addition to the
2928:
Over time Indian Mahāyāna texts and philosophy reached
2627:
inscription: "Made in the year 28 of the reign of King
2471:
The earliest textual evidence of "Mahāyāna" comes from
14571:
11850:
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice
10989:
Nagao, Gadjin M.; Kawamura, Leslie S., trans. (1991).
10976:
Nagao, Gadjin M.; Kawamura, Leslie S., trans. (1991).
10190:
pp. 89-90, 211-212, 227. Buddhist Publication Society.
9405:
5657:: one-pointed concentration, contemplation, meditation
5313:, which states that the Buddhas teach the doctrine of
3202:
argue that Vajrayāna derives its tantric content from
3140:
ideas. This came to be known by various names such as
2712:
without ever mentioning the bodhisattva path, while a
10608:
9429:
7442:
position. They point out that unlike the now-extinct
7144:. Many of these new religions are lay movements like
4130:
2782:. Mahāyāna Buddhists seem to have been active in the
1635:
1623:
1599:
10837:
Boin-Webb, Sara (tr). Rahula, Walpola (tr). Asanga.
10833:
10831:
10315:
Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism.
10087:
The Doctrine of Buddha-Nature is impeccably Buddhist
9912:
Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction
9693:
Skillful Means – A concept in Mahayana Buddhism
9556:
8263:
Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship
6682:
5354:
were hidden away or kept safe by divine beings like
4217:) of dharmas (phenomena) and their illusory nature (
4199:
Some of the key Mahāyāna teachings are found in the
3873:
also teach a meditation in which we contemplate how
3603:) are emanations from the ultimate Buddha body, the
2994:, which (along with Korea) would later spread it to
2004:
Among the earliest and most important references to
10875:
10873:
10871:
10008:
10006:
9515:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
6129:
and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (bottom), c. 1075
5578:), which is seen as a primary virtue. According to
5465:
Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Verses
3517:) beings with great powers and huge lifetimes. The
3268:: 真言, literally "true word", referring to mantra),
2612:") to memorize and study a Mahāyāna text or texts.
1614:
1608:
1602:
11295:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 109.
9939:, Bury St. Edmunds, England: Routledge, pp. 78–81.
9665:
9663:
9606:
9604:
9545:
9543:
9475:
9473:
9459:
9457:
6252:school were divided along these doctrinal lines.
6183:have traditionally studied these teachings in the
3513:, but see them as transcendental or supramundane (
3490:). Buddhas unique to Mahāyāna include the Buddhas
2293:. This theory is based on certain sutras like the
2208:, which argues that Mahāyāna developed within the
11566:Lopez, Donald S. and Dge-ʼdun-chos-ʼphel (2006).
10828:
9987:, Second Edition, Routledge, Oxford, 2009, p. 317
9947:
9945:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9533:
9531:
9291:
9289:
9254:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–61,
9167:p. 90. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
9105:
9040:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
7823:
7821:
6767:
6731:, the thought presented in the Yogācāra school's
5321:is empty and is not actually a substantial self.
4121:). At this point, a bodhisattva is considered an
3737:According to eighth-century Mahāyāna philosopher
3210:. Sanderson argues that Vajrayāna works like the
2591:Photograph of three bodhisattva statues found at
1958:for the benefit of all sentient beings. The term
19505:
11501:Hoffman, Frank J. and Mahinda, Deegalle (1996).
10868:
10691:Translated by Rigpa Translations. Lotsawa House.
10003:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9451:, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 53.
9210:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 136-137, 185-186.
9083:The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights
7918:Religions of Iran:From Prehistory to the Present
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7054:school (i.e. Zen), primarily represented by the
6913:is practiced through many varied forms, such as
6654:consider the teachings of Esoteric Buddhism and
5622:: virtue, discipline, proper conduct (see also:
4223:). This amounts to the idea that all phenomena (
4012:, is regarded as a representative work of early
3280:(唐密; "Tang (Dynasty) Esoterica") in Chinese and
2545:, or monastic orders, continues today, with the
2212:tradition. This is defended by scholars such as
1954:Vehicle"), the vehicle of a bodhisattva seeking
11400:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11052:
11050:
10351:
10349:
10182:
10180:
10159:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
9660:
9617:
9601:
9540:
9470:
9454:
9396:
8844:
8842:
8737:Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks.
8348:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
8324:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 253, 263, 268
8257:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8036:
8034:
6752:Key Mahāyāna texts introducing the concepts of
5420:because they were ordinary men; the middle was
5038:philosophers were adamant that their denial of
5005:(noble) bodhisattva or even the "second Buddha"
2924:depicting the Buddha surrounded by bodhisattvas
2318:(2008) is another recent work on this subject.
2053:, which talks of three vehicles or carts (Skt:
11670:Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese
10449:
10447:
10430:. Oxford University Press. pp. contents.
10143:Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism
9942:
9581:
9528:
9286:
8760:
8758:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8353:
7818:
7802:
7800:
7403:In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk
5809:mindfulness of the unattractivenes of the body
5590:" as well as "that which has gone beyond" or "
5103:) of the Buddha. Instead, the ultimate truth (
2708:) may enthusiastically deploy the rhetoric of
1732:methods Vajrayānists consider to help achieve
14544:
11871:
11839:Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism
11463:
11345:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
11217:
10823:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10810:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10797:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10784:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10460:. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 300.
9899:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9772:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9671:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9630:
9612:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9596:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9551:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9481:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9465:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9315:
9297:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
8888:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations:
8676:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations:
8396:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
8383:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
8301:
7886:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
7867:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
7852:
7002:The modern development of an ideology called
6764:" and appear to have evolved from this idea.
5344:
4970:
4141:Skillful means or Expedient techniques (Skt.
3681:is a smaller or inferior aspiration (called "
3665:or "solitary buddhahood" for their own sake (
2911:
2141:period, 1st – 3rd century CE. Indian Museum,
2104:
2098:
2088:
2070:
1571:
926:
12653:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
11416:
11414:
11047:
10905:, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 4–11,
10894:
10487:. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 44.
10346:
10177:
9985:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
9506:
9132:
9099:
8839:
8815:
8813:
8792:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy
8689:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8236:
8031:
7206:, which also draws from Theravada Buddhism.
7136:). There are also various Mahāyāna oriented
6602:In the first turning, the Buddha taught the
6431:In the 4th-century Mahāyāna Abhidharma work
6368:which lists and interprets 108 dream signs.
5382:). This idea can be seen in the writings of
3065:led to new Chinese Buddhist traditions like
11755:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundation
11459:
11457:
11293:Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction
10844:
10444:
10217:. Berkeley, California: BDK. pp. 23–4.
9570:
9568:
9375:, Routledge Curzon, Oxford, 2005, p. 1
8865:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 40–41.
8781:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 16–17.
8755:
8465:
8432:
8327:
7951:
7797:
6691:. The seminal work of Mahāyāna philosophy,
6532:texts on the philosophical theory known as
6381:Astasāhasrikā (8,000 verse) Prajñāpāramitā,
5185:interpretation of the doctrine of emptiness
4301:Attaining a state of fearless receptivity (
3945:) give a list of ten, with the addition of
2656:, such as a concern with preserving texts.
1664:
14551:
14537:
11878:
11864:
11760:Williams, Paul (with Anthony Tribe) (2002)
11734:Volume 24, Issue 4, 1914, pp. 565–581
10068:"The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha' --"
9695:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.
7877:
7875:
7675:("the inferior vehicle") meant originally
7407:describes the concurrent existence of the
7365:
6391:) that this action can lead to rebirth in
5665:: transcendent wisdom, spiritual knowledge
5199:A Kamakura period reliquary topped with a
5109:) is said to be the view that all things (
5013:(Middle theory or Centrism, also known as
4977:
4963:
4052:), which is the first path of the classic
3037:By the fourth century, Chinese monks like
2192:and Akira Hirakawa. This view states that
1578:
1564:
933:
919:
11464:LeVine, Sarah; Gellner, David N. (2005).
11411:
11241:, Government of Japan. 2019. p. 35.
10748:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, p. 74.
10726:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, p. 74.
10227:
10174:pp. 89, 93. Buddhist Publication Society.
10015:A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra
9727:, pp. 37-40. Princeton University Press,
9339:
8991:
8810:
8540:
8503:
8288:
7952:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013).
7398:
6737:is undeniably closer to that of the Pali
6549:Another influential tradition is that of
5560:Mahāyāna sūtras, especially those of the
5389:The modern Japanese Zen Buddhist scholar
5070:("the doctrine of consciousness", a.k.a.
5009:The Mahāyāna philosophical school termed
3557:relationship between Buddhism and Theism.
3356:and the adoption of a vast number of new
3124:, which also adopted new deities such as
3085:). These traditions would then spread to
1973:The earliest Mahāyāna texts, such as the
17066:
11622:, Edited and translated by Paul Groner,
11615:
11579:
11468:. Harvard University Press. p. 14.
11454:
11420:
10501:
10232:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 90.
10230:Tāranātha's History of Buddhism in India
9814:University of Hong Kong, 2012, page 233.
9565:
9321:
8982:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 195, 198.
8874:The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji
8726:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 114.
8645:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 492.
8525:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
8230:
8164:南傳對應經文「凡越渡海洋、湖泊者,他們造橋離沼澤,人們綁桴,有智慧的人已橫渡。」
7382:are popularly regarded as bodhisattvas.
7224:
7070:(i.e. Korean Tiantai), and the esoteric
6894:
6771:
6383:which states that such claims come from
6132:
6114:
5992:
5790:
5768:
5508:
5493:
5397:
5194:
5063:Vijñānavāda (The Consciousness doctrine)
4988:
4324:
4190:
3986:
3811:
3796:
3780:
3627:
3531:'gone beyond' the world and its cares".
3455:
3440:
3311:
3299:
3152:). This new movement continued into the
3111:
3014:. Mahāyāna spread from Sumatra to other
2915:
2817:
2797:
2586:
2559:
2549:nikāya being used in East Asia, and the
2147:
2124:
1915:
1739:Mahāyāna also refers to the path of the
40:
18:
18358:
13840:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
11490:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
10000:, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 207
9926:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 70, 141.
9646:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 59.
9641:
9562:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 177-178.
9438:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 188-189.
9393:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 136-137.
9384:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 172-175.
9183:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 101-102.
8938:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 192-194.
8852:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 34.
8836:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 29.
8768:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 18.
8752:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 14.
8640:
8607:
8603:
8601:
8372:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 25.
7872:
6528:is also the author of various Mahāyāna
6514:, which is written from a non-Mahayana
5923:also discuss meditation topics such as
4187:Prajñāpāramitā (Transcendent Knowledge)
3821:
3572:, meditation, or sometimes even by the
3238:. It eventually also spread north into
3164:and also promoted new texts called the
23:An illustration in a manuscript of the
19506:
14043:List of Buddhist architecture in China
11726:"The Development of Mahayana Buddhism"
11356:
10900:
10639:
10617:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 109-110
10568:
10423:
9914:, Oxford University Press, pp. 12, 25.
9866:, University of Hong Kong, p. 180-181.
9077:
8542:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638
8480:
8265:, Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65,
5394:maintaining the spirit of the Buddha.
5097:is not the final definitive teaching (
2060:
18357:
17515:
17065:
14570:
14532:
11859:
11334:. Cambridge University Press: p. 123.
10553:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
10480:
10453:
10364:
10326:Hookham, Dr. Shenpen, trans. (1998).
9312:. Oxford: Routledge Curzon: pp. 1, 85
9031:
8807:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 8–9
8559:from the original on 19 February 2019
8221:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: p. 260.
7921:. Oneworld Publications. p. 95.
7914:
7487:Fundamental Stanzas on the Middle Way
7461:, and in emphasizing the doctrine of
7190:(Mantrayana) and its philosophy from
6479:), such as in the case of the famous
4993:A statue of the Mahāyāna philosopher
3982:
3785:Illustrated Korean manuscript of the
3367:Broadly speaking, Mahāyāna Buddhists
3107:
2660:and positions, as Jan Nattier writes:
2103:). There is also the transliteration
1891:, with 53% of Buddhists belonging to
1658:
11401:Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1889).
10773:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: p. 252
10343:p. 97. Buddhist Publication Society.
10330:. Oxford: Longchen Foundation: p. 27
10110:Parajna Press, Boulder, 1978, pp.69.
9112:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 410.
8598:
8584:. BRILL. p. xxxvii, Fig 6.17a.
8577:
8518:
8179:·勸請品·八經》:「爾時,尊者拘絺羅便說此偈:『種種果不同,眾生趣亦然,
7220:
6833:Furthermore, there are also various
6029:, and silent illumination (Chinese:
5001:school. Considered by some to be an
3583:The influential Mahāyāna concept of
3562:Buddha's pure land or buddha field (
2920:Recreation of a cave mural from the
2332:worship, or worshiping holy relics.
2308:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra, A few good men
1911:
11700:, Soka University, vol. XVI (2013).
11570:University of Chicago Press: p. 24.
11347:Taylor & Francis, 1989, p. 328.
11278:Prebish, Charles. Tanaka, Kenneth.
11022:Cambridge University Press: p. 106.
9877:The Ontology of the Prajnaparamita,
9623:Nagarjuna, B. Dharmamitra (trans),
9496:p. 1. Boston: Wisdom Publications,
9139:. Asian Humanities Press. pp.
8571:
7354:
6485:(Root Verses on the Middle Way) by
6460:
5648:: energy, diligence, vigour, effort
5276:) for the fruit of Buddhahood. The
3623:
2891:(established by the 5th-century CE
2734:Some major Mahāyāna traditions are
2354:Early Mahayana came directly from "
1920:Mahāyāna Buddhist triad, including
13:
18327:Religions and spiritual traditions
14573:Religious groups and denominations
13830:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
11844:Arahants, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
11582:"Tricycle Q & A: Gil Fronsdal"
11555:Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.
11542:Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.
11518:Edinburgh University Press: p. 86.
11421:Gombrich, Richard Francis (2006).
11332:An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics
10939:Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.
10758:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
10702:The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.
10531:The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.
10212:
10119:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 164.
10070:. October 23, 2007. Archived from
10030:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 162.
9974:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 160.
9888:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 136.
9853:, University of Hong Kong, p. 201.
9825:The Ontology of the Prajnaparamita
9788:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 135.
9761:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 134.
9743:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 131.
9714:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 169.
9682:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 179.
9537:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 176.
9426:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 138.
9362:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 171.
9201:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 103.
9192:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 102.
8481:Oliver, Joan Duncan (April 2019).
8283:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7781:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7768:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7755:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7742:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7729:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7716:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7591:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
7547:Index of Buddhism-related articles
7213:(1955-1975) and during subsequent
6596:Three Turnings of the Dharma Wheel
6583:
6337:sutras after the Buddha's death.
6270:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
6221:
6140:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
6033:which developed into the Japanese
5716:, four more pāramitās are listed:
5498:Tibetan Buddhist prayer festival (
4294:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
4131:Skillful means and the One Vehicle
4081:giving seven and thirteen and the
3730:reach the personal nirvana of the
3272:(Chinese: 密教; Esoteric Teaching),
2957:Silk Road Transmission of Buddhism
2281:, members of the forest dwelling (
1029:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
1024:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
26:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
14:
19550:
11807:
11687:Compiled in Gandhāra in Gandhārī?
11648:from the original on 8 March 2021
11580:Fronsdal, Gil (8 November 2007).
11280:The Faces of Buddhism in America.
9165:Studies in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra,
8998:Genesis and Development of Tantra
8519:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018).
6683:Relationship with the early texts
5183:philosophers developed their own
5160:third turning of the dharma wheel
3635:, the bodhisattva of compassion.
3218:texts show direct borrowing from
2756:school of Dignaga and Dharmakirti
2361:
2152:Cave complex associated with the
1679:) is a term for a broad group of
37:, an important figure in Mahāyāna
19487:
19478:
19477:
19291:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
18433:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14511:
14501:
14500:
14058:Thai temple art and architecture
13803:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
12043:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
11909:
11896:
11886:
11777:. Buddhist Publication Society.
11573:
11560:
11547:
11534:
11521:
11508:
11495:
11482:
11441:
11427:. Psychology Press. p. 83.
11394:
11381:
11350:
11337:
11324:
11311:
11298:
11285:
11272:
11259:
11204:
11195:
11178:
11165:
11152:
11130:
11106:The Faces of Buddhism in America
11097:
11084:
11071:
11034:
11025:
11012:
10996:
10983:
10970:
10957:
10944:
10931:
10918:
10815:
10802:
10789:
10776:
10729:
10707:
10694:
10673:
10660:
10654:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x
10633:
10620:
10562:
10545:
10536:
10523:
10520:, The Buddhist Academy of China.
10474:
10417:
10396:
10387:
10358:
10333:
10320:
10307:
10294:
10285:
10272:
10263:
10254:
10221:
10206:
10193:
10164:
10135:
10122:
10113:
10100:
10078:
10060:
10051:
10042:
10033:
9990:
9977:
9954:
9929:
9904:
9891:
9882:
9869:
9856:
9843:
9830:
9817:
9804:
9791:
9764:
9755:
9746:
9737:
9717:
9685:
9676:
9642:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
9625:Nagarjuna on the Six Perfections
9598:Routledge, 2008, pp. 29, 36, 43.
9486:
9441:
9420:
9322:Zappulli, Davide Andrea (2022).
9163:Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro (1998).
8794:, p. 5. Oxford University Press.
8641:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
8461:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x
8346:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W.
8271:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x
6709:passage in the canon regarding "
5190:
4946:
4935:
4357:
4332:
3840:A Lamp for the Path to Awakening
3657:) is seen as being the superior
3460:The monumental sculpture of the
3194:The source and early origins of
2959:. They include translators like
2664:Thus we find one scripture (the
2452:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2386:
2375:
2267:or monastic orders (such as the
1595:
1545:
964:
74:
19519:Buddhist philosophical concepts
17898:Evolutionary origin of religion
11910:
11794:from the original on 2023-04-01
11387:Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul.
11360:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
11248:from the original on 2020-12-25
11008:Zen and the Taming of the Bull.
10598:from the original on 2018-11-23
10300:Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1907).
10157:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
9998:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide
9862:Orsborn, Matthew Bryan (2012).
9849:Orsborn, Matthew Bryan (2012).
9402:Williams (2008), pp. 27-30, 46.
9387:
9378:
9365:
9356:
9302:
9264:
9233:
9213:
9204:
9195:
9186:
9177:
9157:
9126:
9071:
9058:
9025:
9014:from the original on 2021-03-11
8985:
8976:
8967:
8954:
8941:
8932:
8906:
8893:
8880:
8868:
8855:
8826:
8797:
8784:
8771:
8742:
8729:
8716:
8703:
8694:
8681:
8668:
8659:
8634:
8423:
8414:
8401:
8388:
8375:
8362:
8340:
8275:
8199:
8190:
8169:
8155:from the original on 2021-02-08
8138:from the original on 2020-11-23
8124:
8091:
8073:
8060:
8047:
8009:
7996:
7773:
7760:
7747:
7734:
7721:
7708:
7694:
7637:
7215:communist takeover of the south
6858:East Asian religious traditions
6741:than is that of the Theravadin
6181:Mahāyāna Buddhists in East Asia
5868:four foundations of mindfulness
4172:the vehicle of solitary Buddhas
3647:The Mahāyāna bodhisattva path (
2841:(blue arrow). The overland and
2358:" and was a successor to them.
18249:Separation of church and state
16907:Polytheistic reconstructionism
14048:Japanese Buddhist architecture
13850:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
12930:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
12121:Places where the Buddha stayed
11814:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
10628:A Concise History of Buddhism.
9449:The Silk Road in World History
8901:The Buddhist Conquest of China
7945:
7908:
7843:
7809:
7624:
7560:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
7016:rénjiān fójiào, more literally
6878:Chinese salvationist religions
6778:three major Buddhist divisions
6768:Contemporary Mahāyāna Buddhism
6195:used by the Theravāda school.
5854:, the development of insight (
5406:. An Indian commentary on the
5253:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
3597:) and the "enjoyment bodies" (
3436:
3276:(密宗; "Esoteric Tradition") or
3250:, in surrounding regions like
3160:, this movement developed new
3061:). Later, new developments in
2982:Mahāyāna spread from China to
2936:through trade routes like the
2206:The Mahāsāṃghika origin theory
1927:, the Buddha, and Bodhisattva
1:
15905:Traditional Sabahan religions
14063:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
10581:, Santipada, pp. 363–4,
10551:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor),
10481:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01).
10454:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01).
10402:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1988).
10302:Outlines of Mahaŷâna Buddhism
10215:Lives of Great Monks and Nuns
9673:Routledge, 2008, pp. 200–201.
9553:Routledge, 2008, pp. 195–196.
9492:Reeves, Gene, trans. (2008).
9085:. Lantern Books. p. 45.
8055:Who composed the Lotus Sutra?
8018:Theravada – Mahayana Buddhism
7790:
7262:and in some regions of North
7167:
6721:Lesser Discourse on Emptiness
5764:
5613:: generosity, charity, giving
4291:) anything in the world. The
2940:, later spreading throughout
2825:, from Buddhist heartland in
2369:Earliest Mahayana inscription
2301:Mahāyāna Rāṣṭrapālapaṛiprcchā
1696:
1691:, and practices developed in
19529:History of religion in India
14558:
13820:Buddhism and the Roman world
13796:Decline of Buddhism in India
13791:History of Buddhism in India
11891: Topics in
11750:, Columbia University Press.
11740:Outline of Mahayana Buddhism
11685:Așțasāhasrikā Prajñāparamitā
11363:. Sarup & Sons. p.
11108:. Univ of California Press.
11020:An Introduction to Buddhism.
10963:Lindtner, Christian (1997).
10950:Lindtner, Christian (1997).
10771:A History of Indian Buddhism
10424:Wright, Dale Stuart (2009).
10269:Williams, (2008), pp. 41-42.
10260:Williams, (2008), pp. 40–41.
10012:Zimmermann, Michael (2002),
9725:The Lotus Sutra: A Biography
9614:Routledge, 2008, p. 56, 200.
9248:Interpreting the Lotus Sutra
8805:A History of Indian Buddhism
8409:Setting Out on the Great Way
8322:A History of Indian Buddhism
8219:A History of Indian Buddhism
7277:North and North-east India (
7028:reform and opening up period
6617:Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra
6588:Dating back at least to the
6137:Frontispiece of the Chinese
6110:
5892:), and contemplation death (
5133:flow of mental experiences.
4467:Buddhist logico-epistemology
4046:Mahāyāna Buddhist scriptures
3995:Descending with Twenty-five
3445:Tibetan depiction of Buddha
3304:A Ming bronze of the Buddha
3295:
2998:. Mahāyāna also spread from
2051:Parable of the Burning House
2008:are those that occur in the
1906:
1227:Buddhist Paths to liberation
33:, depicting the bodhisattva
7:
19539:History of Buddhism in Asia
18107:National religiosity levels
17332:Nauruan Indigenous religion
16887:Hellenism (modern religion)
13018:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
12758:
11557:Motilal Banarsidass: p. 24.
11531:Wisdom Publications: p. 42.
11239:Agency for Cultural Affairs
10993:Albany: SUNY Press: p. 200.
10928:Routledge, 2018, chapter 2.
10786:Routledge, 2008, pp. 40–41.
10393:Williams (2008), pp. 50-51.
9324:"Towards a Buddhist theism"
9252:Readings of the Lotus Sutra
9064:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004)
8623:(2): 99–138. Archived from
8420:Williams (2008), pp. 33-34.
7815:Harvey (2013), pp. 108-109.
7497:
7088:
7050:is dominated by the Korean
6900:Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum
6847:Triratna Buddhist Community
6493:philosophy. Numerous later
6489:, the foundational text of
6445:and associates it with the
6045:("sending and receiving"),
5632:
5555:
5489:
5439:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
5430:Vivṛtaguhyārthapiṇḍavyākhyā
5422:taught to the group of five
4038:Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss
3574:repetition of Buddha's name
3464:contains a giant statue of
3162:tantric spiritual practices
2461:Bu-ddha-sya A-mi-tā-bha-sya
2322:The cult of the book theory
2306:Jan Nattier's study of the
1966:, the adoption of the term
416:
384:
352:
329:
10:
19555:
17516:
13968:The unanswerable questions
11624:University of Hawaii Press
11608:
11553:Kalupahana, David (2006).
11544:Motilal Banarsidass: p. 6.
11540:Kalupahana, David (2006).
10980:Albany: SUNY Press: p. 53.
10954:Dharma Publishing: p. 324.
10941:Motilal Banarsidass: p. 5.
10937:Kalupahana, David (2006).
10367:A Day in the Life of China
10365:Cohen, David, ed. (1989).
9752:Williams (2008) pp. 49-50.
9106:Kenneth W. Morgan (1986).
8996:. In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).
8992:Sanderson, Alexis (2009).
8485:(1st ed.). New York:
8066:Karashima, Seishi (2015),
8053:Karashima, Seishi (2000),
7358:
7249:tantric Buddhist practices
6935:People's Republic of China
6890:
6856:Lastly, there are various
6713:" in two different works.
6689:earliest texts of Buddhism
6255:In Mahāyāna Buddhism, the
6225:
5586:can mean "excellence" or "
5345:Arguments for authenticity
5206:
4502:Interdependent origination
4134:
2912:Expansion outside of India
2823:Buddhist expansion in Asia
2316:Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-sūtra
2120:
1718:and their emphasis on the
19473:
19392:
19309:
19181:
18926:
18651:
18368:
18364:
18353:
18262:
18187:
17963:
17871:
17808:
17526:
17522:
17511:
17074:
17061:
16986:
16809:
16791:Transcendental Meditation
16684:
16671:
16636:
16384:
16361:
16350:
16277:
16240:
15984:
15880:
15862:
15806:
15797:
15714:
15642:
15493:
15484:
15442:
15414:
15372:
15305:
15296:
15287:
15253:
15220:
15192:
15183:
15133:
15000:
14687:
14601:
14592:
14583:
14579:
14566:
14496:
14448:
14363:
14278:
14053:Buddhist temples in Korea
13976:
13878:
13761:
13458:
13386:
13213:
13086:
13026:
12661:
12616:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
12527:
12519:Three planes of existence
12467:
12312:
12204:
12134:
12126:Buddha in world religions
11988:
11933:
11905:
10991:Madhyamika and Yogachara.
10978:Madhyamika and Yogachara.
10128:Hookham, Shenpen (1991).
9836:Lopez, Donald S. (1988).
9341:10.1017/S0034412522000725
8912:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
8819:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
8608:Schopen, Gregory (1987).
8578:Rhie, Marylin M. (2010).
7120:and three major sects of
7042:
6143:, the oldest known dated
6097:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5848:, the different kinds of
5821:mindfulness of the Buddha
5570:) as part of the path to
5140:cognition of "Thusness" (
4319:anutpattika-dharmakshanti
4098:, the five paths and ten
3220:Shaiva tantric literature
2793:
2168:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2071:
2016:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
1651:
18418:Central African Republic
15452:Vietnamese folk religion
14843:Charismatic Christianity
13835:Persecution of Buddhists
13056:Four stages of awakening
12437:Three marks of existence
12023:Physical characteristics
11824:Introduction to Mahayana
11707:, Boston: Little Brown,
11705:The Vision of the Buddha
11703:Lowenstein, Tom (1996).
11616:Hirakawa, Akira (1990),
11505:Routledge Press: p. 192.
11357:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
11201:Williams (2008), p. 412.
11042:The Yogi and the Mystic.
10575:A History of Mindfulness
10291:Williams, (2008), p. 41.
10141:Sebastian, C.D. (2005),
10108:The 'Lankavatara Sutra',
9910:Westerhoff, Jan (2009).
9810:Orsborn, Matthew Bryan.
9644:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
9627:, Kalavinka Press, 2009.
8790:Westerhoff, Jan (2018).
8643:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
8132:"北傳:雜阿含769經南傳:相應部45相應4經"
7833:A Dictionary of Buddhism
7683:("great knowledge") and
7667:("the Buddha-vehicle"),
7647:, the Middle Indic forn
7617:
5874:), the five hindrances (
5805:mindfulness of breathing
5783:, depicted as six small
5258:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa
5158:calls its doctrine the '
3427:defines Mahāyāna in his
3403:Three marks of existence
3234:and in the lands of the
2722:Madhyanta-vibhaga-bhasya
2465:"Of the Buddha Amitabha"
18312:New religious movements
17950:Theories about religion
17903:Evolutionary psychology
16932:Modern Finnish paganism
14919:Independent Catholicism
13198:Ten principal disciples
12081:(aunt, adoptive mother)
11753:Williams, Paul (2009).
11746:Walser, Joseph (2025).
11662:Encyclopædia Britannica
11447:Collins, Steven. 1990.
11231:Religious Yearbook 2019
11004:Buddhist Phenomenology.
10851:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo
10825:Routledge, 2008, p. 23.
10812:Routledge, 2008, p. 38.
10799:Routledge, 2008, p. 46.
10106:Daisetz T. Suzuki, tr.
9935:Williams, Paul (2004),
9901:Routledge, 2008, p. 63.
9774:Routledge, 2008, p. 52.
9483:Routledge, 2008, p. 55.
9467:Routledge, 2008, p. 60.
9299:Routledge, 2008, p. 27.
9244:Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse
8925:Williams, Paul (1989).
8533:Oxford University Press
8487:St. Martin's Essentials
8398:Routledge, 2008, p. 16.
8311:Routledge, 2009, p. 47.
8044:Routledge. 2004. p. 50.
7915:Foltz, Richard (2013).
7869:Routledge, 2008, p. 21.
7838:Oxford University Press
7671:("the great vehicle"),
7366:Role of the Bodhisattva
7272:Tibet autonomous region
7035:and wherever there are
7026:. In modern China, the
6835:new religious movements
6700:, mentions the canon's
6332:and great, 'celestial'
6244:(extensive) sutras, or
5815:; the contemplation of
5074:"perceptions only" and
4903:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
4569:Pre-modern philosophers
4477:Buddhism and psychology
3939:Other sutras (like the
3842:) by the Indian master
3695:) by becoming a Buddha.
3498:("the Imperturbable"),
3462:Longmen Buddha Grottoes
3316:The female bodhisattva
3120:was one new feature of
2975:(385–433). The site of
2950:have also been found in
2493:'s path to Buddhahood.
2275:The "forest hypothesis"
2137:, from Loriyan Tangai.
1247:Philosophical reasoning
419:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
18961:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16947:Erzyan native religion
16796:Unitarian Universalism
16185:Native American Church
14963:Oneness Pentecostalism
13908:Buddhism and democracy
13421:Tibetan Buddhist canon
13416:Chinese Buddhist canon
12648:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
12643:Early Buddhist schools
11675:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11514:King, Richard (1999).
11330:Harvey, Peter (2000).
11317:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11304:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11265:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11210:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11171:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11090:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11077:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11064:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11018:Harvey, Peter (1993).
10328:The Shrimaladevi Sutra
10186:Werner et al. (2013).
10170:Werner et al. (2013).
9723:Lopez, Donald (2016),
9219:Hurvitz, Leon (2009),
8899:Zürcher, Erik (1972).
8886:Williams, Paul (2008)
8709:Williams, Paul (2000)
8687:Williams, Paul (2008)
8674:Williams, Paul (2008)
8385:Routledge, 2008, p. 6.
8350:SUNY Press 2008, p. 1.
7849:Harvey (2013), p. 111.
7806:Harvey (2013), p. 189.
7679:("buddha-knowledge"),
7525:Early Buddhist schools
7435:
7399:Theravāda and Hīnayāna
7396:
7241:
7204:Plum Village Tradition
7138:Japanese new religions
6906:
6872:, Syncretized Shinto (
6800:Indo-Tibetan tradition
6780:
6711:nirvanic consciousness
6557:whose work focused on
6546:was also influential.
6318:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
6234:early Buddhist schools
6189:Chinese Buddhist canon
6148:
6130:
6051:("mind training") and
5998:
5991:
5800:
5788:
5677:is classified as both
5522:
5506:
5453:The commentary on the
5433:
5204:
5131:dependently originated
5006:
4482:Buddhist vegetarianism
4196:
4041:
3963:(spiritual power) and
3898:early Buddhist schools
3818:
3809:
3794:
3762:
3644:
3502:("Medicine guru") and
3468:
3453:
3362:earlier Buddhist texts
3320:
3309:
3129:
2946:Central Asian Buddhism
2925:
2846:
2815:
2731:
2705:Mulamadhyamika-karikas
2671:) that advocates both
2604:
2584:
2356:early Buddhist schools
2184:was first proposed by
2182:The lay origins theory
2165:
2145:
1935:
1931:. 2nd–3rd century CE,
1700: 1st century BCE
1014:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
449:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra
396:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
50:
38:
19281:Saint Kitts and Nevis
18578:São Tomé and Príncipe
18438:Republic of the Congo
16644:Aboriginal Australian
15315:Chinese folk religion
13918:Eight Consciousnesses
12028:Life of Buddha in art
11743:, Open Court, Chicago
11737:Suzuki, D.T. (1999).
11724:Suzuki, D.T. (1918).
11291:Kapstein, Matthew T.
10901:Powers, John (1993),
10879:Keenan, John (2000).
9691:Pye, Michael (1978).
9133:N. Ross Reat (1994).
8117:Nattier, Jan (2003),
8002:Nattier, Jan (2003),
7989:Nattier, Jan (2003),
7482:Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya
7425:
7384:
7228:
6950:Singaporean Buddhists
6898:
6775:
6642:school of Asaṅga and
6635:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
6591:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
6482:Mūlamadhyamika-karikā
6312:Sandhinirmocana Sutra
6173:dependent origination
6136:
6118:
6077:Six Dharmas of Nāropa
5996:
5986:
5936:37 wings to awakening
5817:dependent origination
5794:
5772:
5600:Prajñapāramitā sūtras
5512:
5497:
5414:
5398:Claims of superiority
5332:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
5278:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
5247:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
5230:Buddha-nature, matrix
5198:
5146:eight consciousnesses
5089:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
5032:dependent origination
4992:
4953:Philosophy portal
4655:Dharmapala of Nalanda
4325:Madhyamaka (Centrism)
4243:Because of this, all
4194:
4087:outlining 40 stages.
3990:
3815:
3800:
3784:
3757:
3631:
3459:
3444:
3387:Dependent origination
3315:
3303:
3132:Beginning during the
3115:
2919:
2821:
2806:(Great Monastery) in
2801:
2687:, while another (the
2662:
2590:
2563:
2553:nikāya being used in
2400:" in the "year 26 of
2258:and northwest India.
2188:and then defended by
2151:
2128:
2069:, Mahāyāna is called
2033:but the Prakrit word
1979:, often use the term
1919:
1899:, compared to 36% to
1763:theory of emptiness (
1660:[mɐɦaːˈjaːnɐ]
1282:Aids to Enlightenment
1107:Dependent Origination
410:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
387:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
331:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra
316:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
44:
22:
18903:United Arab Emirates
17694:Religious experience
17068:Historical religions
15472:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
14804:Schwenkfelder Church
14395:East Asian religions
13825:Buddhism in the West
13396:Early Buddhist texts
13011:Four Right Exertions
12477:Ten spiritual realms
11970:Noble Eightfold Path
11681:Karashima, Seishi, "
11044:Curzon Press: p. 97.
9840:, p. 19. SUNY Press.
9032:Huber, Toni (2008).
8630:on December 7, 2019.
7689:Indo-Iranian Journal
7492:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
7074:and Chinŏn schools.
6958:Indonesian Buddhists
6885:Buddhism in the West
6734:Abhidharma-samuccaya
6697:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
6409:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
6215:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
6079:, the recitation of
5968:Pratyutpanna Samādhi
5839:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
5624:Bodhisattva precepts
4818:Anagarika Dharmapala
3928:bodhisattva precepts
3822:The Bodhisattva Path
3776:apratiṣṭhita nirvāṇa
3494:("Infinite Light"),
3449:in his Pure Land of
3395:Noble Eightfold Path
3047:East Asian Madhymaka
2689:P'u-sa pen-yeh ching
2482:Ugraparipṛccha Sūtra
2296:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
1252:Devotional practices
1075:Noble Eightfold Path
161:Bodhisattva Precepts
121:Transcendent Virtues
19296:Trinidad and Tobago
19191:Antigua and Barbuda
18359:Religion by country
17420:Cult of Magna Mater
15942:Philippine Dayawism
15523:Nimbarka Sampradaya
15271:Chinese Manichaeism
14943:Jehovah's Witnesses
14748:Proto-Protestantism
14518:Religion portal
14265:Temple of the Tooth
14144:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
13183:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
12676:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
12459:Two truths doctrine
12279:Mahapajapati Gotamī
12079:Mahapajapati Gotamī
11592:on 25 February 2008
10406:p. 21, SUNY Press.
10213:Li, Rongxi (2002).
10203:, 3rd edition, 1999
9308:Guang Xing (2005).
9136:Buddhism: A History
8916:, pp. 35-36. Delhi.
8823:, pp. 16-27. Delhi.
8521:"Maritime Buddhism"
8455:4/2 (2010): 66–74,
8015:W. Rahula, (1996).
7581:Schools of Buddhism
7542:History of Buddhism
7515:Creator in Buddhism
7351:convert Buddhists.
7173:Vietnamese Buddhism
7100:(the largest being
7004:Humanistic Buddhism
6946:Malaysian Buddhists
6942:Taiwanese Buddhists
6789:East Asian Mahāyāna
6650:Some traditions of
6434:Abhidharmasamuccaya
6366:Arya-svapna-nirdesa
5912:Abhidharmasamuccaya
5901:Other works of the
5860:) and tranquility (
5797:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
5713:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
5580:Donald S. Lopez Jr.
5456:Abhidharmasamuccaya
5418:Trapuṣa and Ballika
5338:Ratnagotravibhāga's
5270:David Seyfort Ruegg
4942:Religion portal
4812:Modern philosophers
4522:Two truths doctrine
4351:Buddhist philosophy
3957:(vow, resolution),
3318:Prajñaparamita Devi
3102:East Asian Buddhism
3055:East Asian Yogacara
2903:(established under
2833:(green arrow), and
2408:in the inscription:
2111:Emperor Ling of Han
2077:dàshèng, or dàchéng
2061:Chinese translation
1893:East Asian Mahāyāna
1552:Buddhism portal
1425:Buddhism by country
1187:Sanskrit literature
832:Regional traditions
371:Lalitavistara Sūtra
346:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra
339:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
235:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
151:Non-abiding Nirvana
116:Transcendent Wisdom
19231:Dominican Republic
18277:Abrahamic prophets
17371:Proto-Indo-Iranian
15915:Aliran Kepercayaan
15118:Non-denominational
15040:Modernist Salafism
14726:Oriental Orthodoxy
14440:Western philosophy
14038:Dzong architecture
13860:Vipassana movement
13855:Buddhist modernism
13283:Emperor Wen of Sui
13051:Pratyekabuddhayāna
12984:Threefold Training
12786:Vipassana movement
12502:Hungry Ghost realm
12322:Avidyā (Ignorance)
12269:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
12018:Great Renunciation
12013:Eight Great Events
11895:
11692:2018-09-03 at the
11160:Chinese Religions,
10924:Walser, Joseph G.
10743:2021-03-08 at the
10721:2021-03-08 at the
10687:2021-06-12 at the
10516:2013-05-08 at the
10228:Tārānātha (2010).
9520:2021-03-05 at the
9279:2021-06-02 at the
9240:Teiser, Stephen F.
8947:Ray, Reginald A.;
8024:2019-01-24 at the
7968:on 20 October 2013
7536:Golden Light Sutra
7484:) and Nāgārjuna's
7339:Russian Federation
7274:(PRC): 5.4 million
7242:
7140:that arose in the
7098:Pure Land Buddhism
6907:
6876:) and some of the
6781:
6561:. He produced the
6543:Satyasiddhi śāstra
6497:philosophers like
6298:Golden Light Sutra
6149:
6131:
6003:Pure Land Buddhism
5999:
5801:
5789:
5773:The Japanese monk
5693:are classified as
5523:
5507:
5205:
5165:Pratyutpanna sutra
5125:) or perceptions (
5119:), consciousness (
5093:which claims that
5007:
4575:Moggaliputta-Tissa
4557:Buddhist modernism
4197:
4168:disciples' vehicle
4042:
4014:Pure Land Buddhist
3983:Bodhisattva levels
3951:(skillful means),
3883:) and compassion (
3819:
3810:
3795:
3674:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3645:
3578:Pure Land Buddhism
3469:
3454:
3321:
3310:
3130:
3108:Later developments
3016:Indonesian islands
2926:
2847:
2816:
2804:Nalanda Mahavihara
2633:Schøyen Collection
2605:
2597:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2585:
2564:Painting from the
2166:
2146:
1936:
1039:Buddhist modernism
456:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
442:Golden Light Sutra
355:Vimalakirtinirdeśa
171:Bodhisattva stages
136:Consciousness-only
51:
39:
16:Branch of Buddhism
19501:
19500:
19469:
19468:
19465:
19464:
18453:Equatorial Guinea
18349:
18348:
18345:
18344:
17888:Cognitive science
17507:
17506:
17440:Mysteries of Isis
17214:Frankish paganism
17057:
17056:
17053:
17052:
17049:
17048:
16801:White Brotherhood
16667:
16666:
16632:
16631:
15976:Sundanese Wiwitan
15793:
15792:
15789:
15788:
15518:Brahma Sampradaya
15480:
15479:
15283:
15282:
15279:
15278:
15261:Assianism/Uatsdin
15179:
15178:
14948:British Israelism
14934:Nontrinitarianism
14897:Plymouth Brethren
14892:Nondenominational
14826:Congregationalism
14714:Eastern Orthodoxy
14662:Reconstructionist
14526:
14525:
14164:Om mani padme hum
13870:Women in Buddhism
13786:Buddhist councils
13656:Western countries
13444:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
13205:Shaolin Monastery
12782:Samatha-vipassanā
12392:Pratītyasamutpāda
12196:Metteyya/Maitreya
12114:
12106:
12098:
12090:
12082:
12074:
12066:
11943:Four Noble Truths
11852:by Jeffrey Samuel
11784:978-955-24-0396-5
11475:978-0-674-04012-0
11434:978-0-415-07585-5
11374:978-81-7625-152-5
11162:p. 205. Springer.
11158:J. Ching (2016).
11147:978-986-7625-08-3
11115:978-0-520-92065-1
10965:Master of Wisdom.
10952:Master of Wisdom.
10912:978-90-04-09826-8
10883:. Numata Center.
10841:2001. pp. 199–200
10735:Hirakawa, Akira,
10713:Hirakawa, Akira,
10626:Skilton, Andrew.
10588:978-1-921842-10-8
10507:Ven. Dr. Yuanci,
10494:978-955-24-0052-0
10467:978-955-24-0052-0
10437:978-0-19-538201-3
10412:978-0-88706-589-7
10380:978-0-00-215321-8
10369:. San Francisco:
10239:978-81-208-0696-2
10130:The Buddha Within
9937:Mahayana Buddhism
9733:978-0-691-15220-2
9502:978-0-86171-571-8
9328:Religious Studies
9260:978-0-231-14288-5
9229:978-0-231-14895-5
9150:978-0-87573-001-1
9119:978-81-208-0030-4
9051:978-0-226-35648-8
9007:978-5-88134-784-0
8927:Mahayana Buddhism
8914:Mahāyāna Buddhism
8821:Mahāyāna Buddhism
8591:978-90-04-18400-8
8552:978-0-19-934037-8
8496:978-1-250-31368-3
8087:on June 18, 2008.
7928:978-1-78074-309-7
7893:978-0-415-85880-9
7530:Faith in Buddhism
7510:Buddhist holidays
7291:Jammu and Kashmir
7260:Himalayan regions
7221:Northern Buddhism
7186:(Pure Land), and
7114:Nichiren Buddhism
7094:Japanese Buddhism
7020:Chinese religions
6909:Contemporary Han
6822:practiced by the
6810:practiced by the
6610:for those in the
6604:Four Noble Truths
6455:Bodhisattvapiṭaka
6291:Vimalakirti Sutra
6187:preserved in the
6177:Four Noble Truths
6147:book in the world
6087:, and the use of
6053:samatha-vipasyana
5989:the bodhisattvas.
5981:Samādhirāja Sūtra
5916:and Vasubandhu's
5750:: spiritual power
5310:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
5113:) are only mind (
5053:two truths theory
5044:is not a kind of
4997:, founder of the
4987:
4986:
4873:K. N. Jayatilleke
4770:Acariya Anuruddha
4150:White Lotus Sutra
4127:(a noble being).
4062:Daśabhūmika Sūtra
4054:five paths schema
4022:Japanese Buddhism
4002:National Treasure
3835:Bodhipathapradīpa
3520:White Lotus Sutra
3430:Bodhipathapradipa
3408:bodhipakṣadharmas
3391:Four Noble Truths
3248:Buddhism in Tibet
2851:the fifth century
2199:Vimalakirti Sūtra
2029:was not the term
1983:as a synonym for
1912:Original Sanskrit
1880:and regions with
1810:Himalayan regions
1588:
1587:
1070:Four Noble Truths
943:
942:
428:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
403:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
378:Samādhirāja Sūtra
101:Mind of Awakening
67:Mahāyāna Buddhism
19546:
19524:Culture of India
19491:
19481:
19480:
19359:Papua New Guinea
19334:Marshall Islands
19161:Northern Ireland
18366:
18365:
18355:
18354:
18239:Secular theology
18234:Secular humanism
17524:
17523:
17513:
17512:
17388:Ancestral Pueblo
17063:
17062:
16682:
16681:
16359:
16358:
15804:
15803:
15560:Shaiva Siddhanta
15491:
15490:
15424:Korean shamanism
15303:
15302:
15294:
15293:
15190:
15189:
15103:Mahdawi movement
14973:Swedenborgianism
14953:Christadelphians
14599:
14598:
14590:
14589:
14581:
14580:
14568:
14567:
14553:
14546:
14539:
14530:
14529:
14516:
14515:
14504:
14503:
14343:Sacred languages
14191:Maya Devi Temple
14154:Mahabodhi Temple
13958:Secular Buddhism
13923:Engaged Buddhism
12763:
12611:Tibetan Buddhism
12562:Vietnamese Thiền
12161:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
12112:
12104:
12096:
12088:
12080:
12072:
12064:
11913:
11912:
11900:
11890:
11880:
11873:
11866:
11857:
11856:
11846:by Bhikkhu Bodhi
11828:Kagyu Samye Ling
11802:
11800:
11799:
11793:
11776:
11665:
11656:
11655:
11653:
11602:
11601:
11599:
11597:
11588:. Archived from
11577:
11571:
11564:
11558:
11551:
11545:
11538:
11532:
11525:
11519:
11512:
11506:
11499:
11493:
11486:
11480:
11479:
11461:
11452:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11418:
11409:
11408:
11398:
11392:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11354:
11348:
11341:
11335:
11328:
11322:
11315:
11309:
11302:
11296:
11289:
11283:
11276:
11270:
11263:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11253:
11247:
11236:
11221:
11215:
11208:
11202:
11199:
11193:
11182:
11176:
11169:
11163:
11156:
11150:
11134:
11128:
11127:
11101:
11095:
11088:
11082:
11075:
11069:
11062:
11045:
11038:
11032:
11029:
11023:
11016:
11010:
11000:
10994:
10987:
10981:
10974:
10968:
10961:
10955:
10948:
10942:
10935:
10929:
10922:
10916:
10915:
10898:
10892:
10877:
10866:
10848:
10842:
10835:
10826:
10821:Williams, Paul,
10819:
10813:
10808:Williams, Paul,
10806:
10800:
10795:Williams, Paul,
10793:
10787:
10782:Williams, Paul,
10780:
10774:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10749:
10733:
10727:
10711:
10705:
10698:
10692:
10677:
10671:
10666:Williams, Paul.
10664:
10658:
10657:
10642:Religion Compass
10637:
10631:
10624:
10618:
10615:
10606:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10597:
10580:
10566:
10560:
10549:
10543:
10540:
10534:
10527:
10521:
10505:
10499:
10498:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10451:
10442:
10441:
10421:
10415:
10400:
10394:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10362:
10356:
10353:
10344:
10337:
10331:
10324:
10318:
10311:
10305:
10298:
10292:
10289:
10283:
10276:
10270:
10267:
10261:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10210:
10204:
10197:
10191:
10184:
10175:
10168:
10162:
10155:
10146:
10139:
10133:
10126:
10120:
10117:
10111:
10104:
10098:
10084:King, Sallie B.
10082:
10076:
10075:
10064:
10058:
10055:
10049:
10046:
10040:
10037:
10031:
10028:
10019:
10010:
10001:
9994:
9988:
9981:
9975:
9972:
9961:
9958:
9952:
9949:
9940:
9933:
9927:
9924:
9915:
9908:
9902:
9897:Williams, Paul,
9895:
9889:
9886:
9880:
9873:
9867:
9860:
9854:
9847:
9841:
9834:
9828:
9821:
9815:
9808:
9802:
9797:Shi Huifeng, Is
9795:
9789:
9786:
9775:
9770:Williams, Paul,
9768:
9762:
9759:
9753:
9750:
9744:
9741:
9735:
9721:
9715:
9712:
9703:
9689:
9683:
9680:
9674:
9669:Williams, Paul,
9667:
9658:
9657:
9639:
9628:
9621:
9615:
9610:Williams, Paul,
9608:
9599:
9594:Williams, Paul,
9592:
9579:
9572:
9563:
9560:
9554:
9549:Williams, Paul,
9547:
9538:
9535:
9526:
9510:
9504:
9490:
9484:
9479:Williams, Paul,
9477:
9468:
9463:Williams, Paul,
9461:
9452:
9445:
9439:
9436:
9427:
9424:
9418:
9412:
9403:
9400:
9394:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9376:
9371:Dr. Guang Xing,
9369:
9363:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9343:
9319:
9313:
9306:
9300:
9295:Williams, Paul,
9293:
9284:
9268:
9262:
9237:
9231:
9217:
9211:
9208:
9202:
9199:
9193:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9175:
9161:
9155:
9154:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9075:
9069:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9039:
9029:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9019:
8989:
8983:
8980:
8974:
8971:
8965:
8958:
8952:
8945:
8939:
8936:
8930:
8923:
8917:
8910:
8904:
8897:
8891:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8861:Walser, Joseph,
8859:
8853:
8848:Walser, Joseph,
8846:
8837:
8832:Walser, Joseph,
8830:
8824:
8817:
8808:
8801:
8795:
8788:
8782:
8777:Walser, Joseph,
8775:
8769:
8764:Walser, Joseph,
8762:
8753:
8748:Walser, Joseph,
8746:
8740:
8733:
8727:
8722:Walser, Joseph,
8720:
8714:
8707:
8701:
8698:
8692:
8685:
8679:
8672:
8666:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8614:
8605:
8596:
8595:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8544:
8516:
8501:
8500:
8478:
8463:
8453:Religion Compass
8449:
8430:
8427:
8421:
8418:
8412:
8411:. Equinox, 2018.
8405:
8399:
8394:Williams, Paul,
8392:
8386:
8381:Williams, Paul,
8379:
8373:
8368:Walser, Joseph,
8366:
8360:
8359:Karashima, 2013.
8357:
8351:
8344:
8338:
8331:
8325:
8318:
8312:
8307:Williams, Paul.
8305:
8299:
8292:
8286:
8279:
8273:
8259:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8188:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8128:
8122:
8115:
8102:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8083:. Archived from
8077:
8071:
8064:
8058:
8051:
8045:
8040:Williams, Paul.
8038:
8029:
8013:
8007:
8000:
7994:
7987:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7967:
7960:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7879:
7870:
7865:Williams, Paul,
7863:
7850:
7847:
7841:
7825:
7816:
7813:
7807:
7804:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7764:
7758:
7751:
7745:
7738:
7732:
7725:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7698:
7692:
7641:
7635:
7628:
7606:Tibetan Buddhism
7586:Secular Buddhism
7440:phenomenological
7388:Self perspective
7355:Theravāda school
7348:Tibetan diaspora
7323:(PRC): 5 million
7150:Risshō Kōsei Kai
7037:Chinese diaspora
6931:mantra practices
6911:Chinese Buddhism
6870:Yellow shamanism
6776:Map showing the
6671:Chinese Buddhist
6652:Tibetan Buddhism
6564:Pramānasamuccaya
6461:Other literature
6305:Avatamsaka Sutra
6284:Pure Land sutras
6153:early scriptures
5984:for states that:
5959:Pure Land sutras
5919:Madhyāntavibhāga
5905:school, such as
5825:Chinese Buddhism
5739:bodhisattva vows
5727:: skillful means
5707:Ten Stages Sutra
5635:
5467:and other texts;
5409:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
5222:Tathāgata womb (
5213:The doctrine of
5106:paramārtha-satya
4979:
4972:
4965:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4878:David Kalupahana
4537:Buddhist atomism
4361:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4255:) and "dreams" (
4106:Tibetan Buddhism
4078:Bodhisattvabhūmi
4000:(13th century),
3913:bodhisattva vows
3866:Bodhicaryavatara
3624:The Bodhisattvas
3585:the three bodies
3533:Buddha Sakyamuni
3466:Vairocana Buddha
3200:Alexis Sanderson
3166:Buddhist Tantras
3122:Tantric Buddhism
3063:Chinese Mahāyāna
2813:
2555:Tibetan Buddhism
2551:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2456:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2390:
2379:
2108:
2107:
2102:
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2092:
2091:
2074:
2073:
2037:in the sense of
1701:
1698:
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1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1550:
1549:
1277:Sublime abidings
968:
945:
944:
935:
928:
921:
710:Hongzhi Zhengjue
527:Tibetan Buddhism
435:Ghanavyūha sūtra
423:
391:
364:Pure Land Sutras
359:
334:
295:Wrathful deities
78:
68:
53:
52:
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19549:
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19461:
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19369:Solomon Islands
19305:
19177:
19081:North Macedonia
18922:
18647:
18360:
18341:
18302:Mass gatherings
18270:
18265:
18258:
18197:
18192:
18183:
18122:Religiocentrism
18102:National church
17970:
17967:
17959:
17874:
17867:
17804:
17726:Bodies of water
17518:
17503:
17288:Jamaican Maroon
17070:
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16805:
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16674:
16663:
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16602:Trinidad Orisha
16387:
16380:
16353:
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16236:
15987:
15980:
15876:
15858:
15785:
15759:Srilankan Vedda
15710:
15638:
15513:Sri Vaishnavism
15476:
15438:
15410:
15368:
15275:
15249:
15216:
15175:
15129:
15054:Twelver Shi'ism
14996:
14858:Neo-charismatic
14831:Presbyterianism
14683:
14575:
14562:
14557:
14527:
14522:
14510:
14492:
14444:
14359:
14274:
14011:Ordination hall
13972:
13874:
13845:Buddhist crisis
13757:
13454:
13406:Mahayana sutras
13382:
13378:Thích Nhất Hạnh
13209:
13082:
13022:
12972:Bodhisattva vow
12657:
12523:
12463:
12422:Taṇhā (Craving)
12357:Five hindrances
12308:
12200:
12130:
11984:
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11694:Wayback Machine
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11343:Paul Williams,
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10373:. p. 193.
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10201:Indian Buddhism
10198:
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9996:Kevin Trainor,
9995:
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9983:Paul Williams,
9982:
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9883:
9875:Conze, Edward;
9874:
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9835:
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9823:Conze, Edward.
9822:
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9576:Mahayana Sutras
9574:Drewes, David,
9573:
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9522:Wayback Machine
9512:Drewes, David,
9511:
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9414:Conze, Edward,
9413:
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8747:
8743:
8735:Neelis, Jason.
8734:
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8708:
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8345:
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8335:Indian Buddhism
8332:
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8315:
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8302:
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8289:
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8276:
8261:Drewes, David,
8260:
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8026:Wayback Machine
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7709:
7703:Indian Buddhism
7699:
7695:
7645:the Lotus Sūtra
7642:
7638:
7632:Indian Buddhism
7629:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7566:Mahayana sutras
7500:
7401:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7223:
7200:Thích Nhất Hạnh
7170:
7142:post-war period
7091:
7048:Korean Buddhism
7045:
6962:The Philippines
6956:, 0.7 million;
6952:, 1.5 million;
6948:, 5.5 million;
6893:
6874:shinbutsu-shūgō
6770:
6727:. According to
6702:Katyāyana Sūtra
6685:
6586:
6584:Classifications
6574:Pramānavārttikā
6507:Abhidharmakosha
6471:(treatises) or
6463:
6451:pratyekabuddhas
6415:Ajitasena sutra
6257:Mahāyāna sūtras
6230:
6228:Mahayana sutras
6224:
6222:Mahāyāna sutras
6113:
6027:koan meditation
6011:in Chinese and
6001:In the case of
5978:Similarly, the
5813:loving-kindness
5767:
5662:Prajñā pāramitā
5558:
5543:Mahāyāna sūtras
5492:
5426:Prajñāpāramitās
5400:
5347:
5327:Mahāparinirvāṇa
5319:tathāgatagarbha
5315:tathāgatagarbha
5224:Tathāgatagarbha
5211:
5193:
5155:Saṃdhinirmocana
5072:vijñapti-mātra,
5065:
5057:prajñapti-matra
4983:
4947:
4945:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4923:14th Dalai Lama
4908:Jamgon Kongtrul
4898:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4848:Keiji Nishitani
4813:
4805:
4804:
4755:Abhayakaragupta
4570:
4562:
4561:
4472:Buddhist ethics
4462:
4454:
4453:
4369:
4327:
4315:prajñāpāramitā,
4189:
4139:
4133:
4030:sentient beings
3985:
3857:bodhicittotpāda
3824:
3726:. Bodhisattvas
3712:Avalokiteshvara
3626:
3439:
3381:), such as the
3298:
3244:Tibetan plateau
3146:rdo rje theg pa
3110:
3057:(especially by
2914:
2811:
2796:
2752:Tathāgatagarbha
2582:Amitabha Buddha
2572:, illustrating
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2435:
2428:
2416:
2409:
2398:Amitabha Buddha
2393:
2392:
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2382:
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2371:
2370:
2364:
2345:Mahāyāna sutras
2326:Gregory Schopen
2190:Étienne Lamotte
2171:
2131:Avalokiteshvara
2123:
2063:
2025:version of the
1987:, but the term
1985:Bodhisattvayāna
1964:Bodhisattvayāna
1948:Bodhisattvayāna
1914:
1909:
1786:Indian Buddhism
1745:Bodhisattvayāna
1716:Mahāyāna sūtras
1699:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1655:
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1636:
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1367:
1357:
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1322:
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1217:
1207:
1206:
1177:Mahayana Sutras
1157:
1147:
1146:
1087:Five Aggregates
1065:
1064:
1044:
1043:
1034:Later Buddhists
999:
939:
910:
909:
833:
825:
824:
820:Thích Nhất Hạnh
815:14th Dalai Lama
750:Abhayākaragupta
565:
557:
556:
472:
462:
461:
310:
308:Mahayana sutras
300:
299:
210:
196:
195:
166:Bodhisattva vow
86:
66:
47:Five Tathāgatas
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19151:United Kingdom
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18263:
18260:
18259:
18257:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18244:Secularization
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18224:Deconstruction
18221:
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18084:
18079:
18077:Fundamentalism
18074:
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18057:
18047:
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18008:
18003:
17998:
17984:
17979:
17973:
17971:
17964:
17961:
17960:
17958:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17941:
17940:
17930:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17879:
17877:
17869:
17868:
17866:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17845:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17820:
17814:
17812:
17806:
17805:
17803:
17802:
17801:
17800:
17795:
17790:
17780:
17775:
17770:
17765:
17760:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17744:
17743:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17718:
17717:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17696:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17650:
17649:
17644:
17639:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17604:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17555:
17553:Call to prayer
17550:
17545:
17540:
17538:Disaffiliation
17530:
17528:
17520:
17519:
17509:
17508:
17505:
17504:
17502:
17501:
17496:
17491:
17486:
17481:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17465:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17444:
17443:
17442:
17437:
17432:
17427:
17422:
17412:
17407:
17406:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17385:
17384:
17383:
17378:
17368:
17367:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17341:
17336:
17335:
17334:
17324:
17323:
17322:
17317:
17307:
17302:
17301:
17300:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17254:
17253:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17236:Greco-Buddhism
17233:
17223:
17222:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17196:
17191:
17190:
17189:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17168:
17167:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17146:
17145:
17140:
17130:
17125:
17124:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17103:
17098:
17093:
17088:
17087:
17086:
17075:
17072:
17071:
17059:
17058:
17055:
17054:
17051:
17050:
17047:
17046:
17044:
17043:
17042:
17041:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17016:
17011:
17006:
17001:
16996:
16990:
16988:
16984:
16983:
16981:
16980:
16979:
16978:
16966:
16961:
16960:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16878:
16877:
16867:
16866:
16865:
16860:
16850:
16849:
16848:
16843:
16833:
16828:
16827:
16826:
16817:
16815:
16807:
16806:
16804:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16787:
16786:
16781:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16750:
16749:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16688:
16686:
16679:
16669:
16668:
16665:
16664:
16662:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16640:
16638:
16634:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16627:
16626:
16625:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16597:Tambor de Mina
16594:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16559:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16523:
16522:
16521:
16520:
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16485:
16480:
16475:
16470:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16425:
16424:
16423:
16418:
16408:
16403:
16398:
16392:
16390:
16382:
16381:
16379:
16378:
16377:
16376:
16374:Guanche church
16365:
16363:
16356:
16348:
16347:
16345:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16283:
16281:
16279:Tibeto-Burmese
16275:
16274:
16272:
16271:
16266:
16261:
16256:
16250:
16248:
16238:
16237:
16235:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16218:
16217:
16212:
16202:
16197:
16195:Nuu-chah-nulth
16192:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16176:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16139:
16138:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16117:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16104:Muscogee Creek
16101:
16096:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16009:
16008:
15998:
15992:
15990:
15982:
15981:
15979:
15978:
15973:
15971:Sumbese Marapu
15968:
15967:
15966:
15961:
15951:
15950:
15949:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15923:
15922:
15917:
15909:
15908:
15907:
15902:
15892:
15890:Batak Parmalim
15886:
15884:
15878:
15877:
15875:
15874:
15868:
15866:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15856:
15855:
15854:
15849:
15839:
15838:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15812:
15810:
15801:
15795:
15794:
15791:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15783:
15782:
15781:
15776:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15745:
15744:
15739:
15729:
15724:
15718:
15716:
15712:
15711:
15709:
15708:
15701:
15696:
15695:
15694:
15684:
15683:
15682:
15677:
15672:
15654:
15648:
15646:
15640:
15639:
15637:
15636:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15598:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15552:
15551:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15499:
15497:
15488:
15482:
15481:
15478:
15477:
15475:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15448:
15446:
15440:
15439:
15437:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15420:
15418:
15412:
15411:
15409:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15392:
15391:
15378:
15376:
15370:
15369:
15367:
15366:
15365:
15364:
15359:
15349:
15348:
15347:
15342:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15311:
15309:
15300:
15291:
15285:
15284:
15281:
15280:
15277:
15276:
15274:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15257:
15255:
15251:
15250:
15248:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15226:
15224:
15218:
15217:
15215:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15202:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
15198:
15196:
15187:
15181:
15180:
15177:
15176:
15174:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15130:
15128:
15127:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15089:
15088:
15078:
15073:
15072:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15046:
15045:
15044:
15043:
15042:
15037:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15006:
15004:
14998:
14997:
14995:
14994:
14987:
14986:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14939:Bible Students
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14909:Restorationism
14906:
14905:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14888:
14887:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14865:Evangelicalism
14862:
14861:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14840:
14839:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14807:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14776:
14766:
14765:
14764:
14759:
14745:
14744:
14743:
14738:
14728:
14723:
14722:
14721:
14711:
14710:
14709:
14704:
14693:
14691:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14681:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14638:
14637:
14636:
14635:
14625:
14624:
14623:
14607:
14605:
14596:
14587:
14577:
14576:
14564:
14563:
14556:
14555:
14548:
14541:
14533:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14520:
14508:
14497:
14494:
14493:
14491:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14454:
14452:
14446:
14445:
14443:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14391:
14390:
14385:
14375:
14369:
14367:
14361:
14360:
14358:
14357:
14356:
14355:
14350:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14284:
14282:
14276:
14275:
14273:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14261:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14209:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14167:
14166:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14140:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14078:
14077:
14075:Greco-Buddhist
14067:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14029:
14028:
14026:Burmese pagoda
14018:
14013:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13982:
13980:
13974:
13973:
13971:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13884:
13882:
13876:
13875:
13873:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13816:
13815:
13808:Greco-Buddhism
13805:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13767:
13765:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13755:
13754:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13741:United Kingdom
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13686:Czech Republic
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13653:
13652:
13651:
13646:
13636:
13635:
13634:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13617:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13576:
13575:
13565:
13560:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13464:
13462:
13456:
13455:
13453:
13452:
13450:Abhidharmadīpa
13447:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13384:
13383:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13368:B. R. Ambedkar
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13288:Songtsen Gampo
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13219:
13217:
13211:
13210:
13208:
13207:
13202:
13201:
13200:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13164:
13163:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13092:
13090:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13032:
13030:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13015:
13014:
13013:
13003:
13002:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12967:Eight precepts
12964:
12954:
12953:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12927:
12926:
12925:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12904:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12856:
12846:
12841:
12840:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12755:
12745:
12740:
12738:Five Strengths
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12704:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12678:
12673:
12667:
12665:
12659:
12658:
12656:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12603:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12565:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12533:
12531:
12525:
12524:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12515:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12479:
12473:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12456:
12455:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12377:Mental factors
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12318:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12229:Mahamoggallāna
12226:
12221:
12216:
12210:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12152:
12151:
12144:Avalokiteśvara
12140:
12138:
12132:
12131:
12129:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12117:
12116:
12108:
12100:
12092:
12084:
12076:
12068:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11994:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11945:
11939:
11937:
11931:
11930:
11928:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11883:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11860:
11854:
11853:
11847:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11821:
11816:
11809:
11808:External links
11806:
11804:
11803:
11783:
11765:
11758:
11751:
11744:
11735:
11722:
11715:
11701:
11679:
11673:
11672:China, Trübner
11666:
11657:
11640:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11572:
11559:
11546:
11533:
11520:
11507:
11503:Pali Buddhism.
11494:
11481:
11474:
11453:
11440:
11433:
11410:
11407:. John Murray.
11393:
11380:
11373:
11349:
11336:
11323:
11321:, pp. 414-416.
11310:
11297:
11284:
11271:
11258:
11216:
11214:, pp. 404-406.
11203:
11194:
11177:
11164:
11151:
11129:
11114:
11096:
11094:, pp. 213-218.
11083:
11070:
11046:
11033:
11024:
11011:
11002:Dan Lusthaus,
10995:
10982:
10969:
10956:
10943:
10930:
10917:
10911:
10893:
10867:
10843:
10827:
10814:
10801:
10788:
10775:
10762:
10760:(2004): p. 293
10750:
10728:
10706:
10700:Luk, Charles.
10693:
10672:
10670:, 2009, p. 40.
10659:
10632:
10619:
10607:
10587:
10570:Sujato, Bhante
10561:
10544:
10535:
10529:Luk, Charles.
10522:
10500:
10493:
10473:
10466:
10443:
10436:
10416:
10395:
10386:
10379:
10357:
10345:
10332:
10319:
10306:
10293:
10284:
10271:
10262:
10253:
10238:
10220:
10205:
10192:
10176:
10163:
10147:
10134:
10121:
10112:
10099:
10077:
10074:on 2007-10-23.
10059:
10050:
10041:
10032:
10020:
10002:
9989:
9976:
9962:
9953:
9941:
9928:
9916:
9903:
9890:
9881:
9868:
9855:
9842:
9829:
9816:
9803:
9790:
9776:
9763:
9754:
9745:
9736:
9716:
9704:
9684:
9675:
9659:
9652:
9629:
9616:
9600:
9580:
9564:
9555:
9539:
9527:
9505:
9485:
9469:
9453:
9440:
9428:
9419:
9404:
9395:
9386:
9377:
9364:
9355:
9334:(4): 762–774.
9314:
9301:
9285:
9263:
9232:
9212:
9203:
9194:
9185:
9176:
9156:
9149:
9125:
9118:
9098:
9091:
9070:
9068:, pp. 206-214.
9057:
9050:
9024:
9006:
8984:
8975:
8966:
8960:Wayman, Alex.
8953:
8940:
8931:
8918:
8905:
8892:
8879:
8867:
8854:
8838:
8825:
8809:
8796:
8783:
8770:
8754:
8741:
8728:
8715:
8702:
8693:
8680:
8667:
8658:
8651:
8633:
8597:
8590:
8570:
8551:
8502:
8495:
8489:. p. xi.
8464:
8431:
8422:
8413:
8400:
8387:
8374:
8361:
8352:
8339:
8326:
8313:
8300:
8287:
8285:(2004): p. 494
8274:
8235:
8233:, p. 271.
8223:
8210:
8198:
8189:
8168:
8123:
8103:
8090:
8072:
8059:
8046:
8030:
8008:
7995:
7979:
7944:
7927:
7907:
7892:
7871:
7851:
7842:
7817:
7808:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:(2004): p. 492
7772:
7770:(2004): p. 492
7759:
7757:(2004): p. 493
7746:
7744:(2004): p. 494
7733:
7731:(2004): p. 493
7720:
7718:(2004): p. 492
7707:
7693:
7655:(Pkt < Skt
7636:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7400:
7397:
7367:
7364:
7359:Main article:
7356:
7353:
7343:
7342:
7341:): 0.7 million
7324:
7321:Inner Mongolia
7318:
7312:
7311:: 0.49 million
7306:
7300:
7299:: 0.16 million
7294:
7293:): 0.4 million
7275:
7222:
7219:
7169:
7166:
7090:
7087:
7044:
7041:
6892:
6889:
6808:Newar Buddhism
6804:
6803:
6796:
6769:
6766:
6729:Walpola Rahula
6684:
6681:
6669:The different
6648:
6647:
6629:
6621:
6585:
6582:
6555:Buddhist logic
6534:vijñapti-matra
6462:
6459:
6425:Ugraparipṛcchā
6263:Prajñaparamita
6226:Main article:
6223:
6220:
6209:Abhidharmakośa
6122:Prajñaparamita
6120:Astasahasrika
6112:
6109:
5963:Akṣobhya-vyūha
5930:smṛtyupasthāna
5886:), suffering (
5872:smṛtyupasthāna
5787:Buddha figures
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5751:
5741:
5728:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5627:
5614:
5576:prajñāpāramitā
5562:Prajñāpāramitā
5557:
5554:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5448:pratyekabuddha
5399:
5396:
5346:
5343:
5228:also known as
5207:Main article:
5192:
5189:
5064:
5061:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4918:Gendün Chöphel
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4868:Mahasi Sayadaw
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:Kitaro Nishida
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:B. R. Ambedkar
4825:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Ratnākaraśānti
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Guifeng Zongmi
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Katyāyāniputra
4577:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4323:
4202:Prajñāpāramitā
4188:
4185:
4135:Main article:
4132:
4129:
4050:saṃbhāra-mārga
3984:
3981:
3921:Prajñaparamita
3823:
3820:
3791:Goryeo Dynasty
3751:(great being)
3691:(the round of
3659:spiritual path
3651:) or vehicle (
3633:Avalokiteśvara
3625:
3622:
3488:buddha kshetra
3438:
3435:
3297:
3294:
3181:fierce deities
3109:
3106:
2971:(c. 401), and
2967:(c. 265–313),
2963:(c. 167–186),
2913:
2910:
2876:(337–422 CE),
2861:as well as in
2827:northern India
2795:
2792:
2736:Prajñāpāramitā
2644:at that time.
2491:Gautama Buddha
2477:the common era
2451:
2429:
2422:
2410:
2404:" (153 CE) In
2395:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:Early Mahāyāna
2360:
2349:dharmabhanakas
2324:, defended by
2186:Jean Przyluski
2170:
2167:
2122:
2119:
2079:), which is a
2062:
2059:
1929:Avalokiteśvara
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1882:Asian diaspora
1806:Southeast Asia
1725:Prajñāpāramitā
1712:early Buddhism
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:Pratyekabuddha
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Buddhist chant
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1155:Buddhist texts
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
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1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
995:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
970:
969:
961:
960:
954:
953:
941:
940:
938:
937:
930:
923:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
845:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
775:Rangjung Dorje
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
745:Ratnākaraśānti
742:
737:
735:Śaṅkaranandana
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
685:Shāntarakshita
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
552:Chung Tai Shan
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
473:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
413:
406:
399:
392:
381:
374:
367:
360:
349:
342:
335:
326:
319:
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
255:Avalokiteśvara
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
191:Three Turnings
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
146:Three vehicles
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
111:Skillful Means
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
62:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19551:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19511:
19509:
19494:
19490:
19486:
19484:
19476:
19475:
19472:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19403:
19400:
19399:
19397:
19395:
19394:South America
19391:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19316:
19314:
19312:
19308:
19302:
19301:United States
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19188:
19186:
19184:
19183:North America
19180:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19153:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19041:Liechtenstein
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18933:
18931:
18929:
18925:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18844:
18841:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18809:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18768:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18658:
18656:
18654:
18650:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18629:
18626:
18624:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18609:
18606:
18604:
18601:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18493:Guinea-Bissau
18491:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18416:
18414:
18411:
18409:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18396:
18394:
18391:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18375:
18373:
18371:
18367:
18363:
18356:
18352:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18317:Organizations
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18261:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18180:
18177:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18159:
18158:
18155:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18147:Vegetarianism
18145:
18143:
18140:
18138:
18135:
18133:
18130:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18103:
18100:
18098:
18095:
18093:
18092:Homosexuality
18090:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18052:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18015:
18014:
18011:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17993:
17992:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17975:
17974:
17972:
17969:
17962:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17939:
17936:
17935:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17913:Neurotheology
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17880:
17878:
17876:
17870:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17819:
17816:
17815:
17813:
17811:
17807:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17785:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17723:
17722:
17719:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17701:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17638:
17635:
17634:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17607:Folk religion
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17535:
17532:
17531:
17529:
17525:
17521:
17514:
17510:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17449:
17448:
17445:
17441:
17438:
17436:
17433:
17431:
17430:Imperial cult
17428:
17426:
17423:
17421:
17418:
17417:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17390:
17389:
17386:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17373:
17372:
17369:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17346:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17333:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17325:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17299:
17296:
17295:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17228:
17227:
17224:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17201:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17188:
17185:
17184:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17166:
17163:
17162:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17135:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17108:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17085:
17082:
17081:
17080:
17077:
17076:
17073:
17069:
17064:
17060:
17040:
17037:
17036:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16999:Discordianism
16997:
16995:
16994:Anthroposophy
16992:
16991:
16989:
16985:
16977:
16976:
16972:
16971:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16942:Mari religion
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16924:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16876:
16873:
16872:
16871:
16868:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16855:
16854:
16851:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16838:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16825:
16822:
16821:
16819:
16818:
16816:
16814:
16808:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16779:Neo-Theosophy
16777:
16776:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16748:
16745:
16744:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16717:New Acropolis
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16687:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16670:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16641:
16639:
16635:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16537:
16536:
16533:
16532:
16531:
16529:
16525:
16524:
16519:
16516:
16515:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16413:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16393:
16391:
16389:
16383:
16375:
16372:
16371:
16370:
16367:
16366:
16364:
16362:North African
16360:
16357:
16355:
16349:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16284:
16282:
16280:
16276:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16251:
16249:
16247:
16243:
16239:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16155:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16137:
16134:
16133:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16126:Kwakwakaʼwakw
16124:
16122:
16119:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16025:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16007:
16004:
16003:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15993:
15991:
15989:
15983:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15956:
15955:
15952:
15948:
15945:
15944:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15912:
15910:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15897:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15887:
15885:
15883:
15879:
15873:
15870:
15869:
15867:
15865:
15864:Austroasiatic
15861:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15844:
15843:
15840:
15836:
15835:Vattisen Yaly
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15822:
15821:
15817:
15814:
15813:
15811:
15809:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15796:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15771:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15754:Kirat Mundhum
15752:
15750:
15747:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15719:
15717:
15713:
15707:
15706:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15693:
15690:
15689:
15688:
15685:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15667:
15663:
15660:
15659:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15647:
15645:
15641:
15635:
15634:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15557:
15556:
15553:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15505:
15504:
15501:
15500:
15498:
15496:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15483:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15445:
15441:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15421:
15419:
15417:
15413:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15390:
15389:
15385:
15384:
15383:
15380:
15379:
15377:
15375:
15371:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15354:
15353:
15350:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15337:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15312:
15310:
15308:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15286:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15258:
15256:
15252:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15225:
15223:
15219:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15199:
15197:
15195:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15182:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15138:
15136:
15132:
15126:
15125:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15113:Milah Abraham
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15087:
15084:
15083:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15051:
15050:
15047:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15012:
15011:
15008:
15007:
15005:
15003:
14999:
14993:
14992:
14988:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14940:
14937:
14936:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14886:
14883:
14882:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14845:
14844:
14841:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14823:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14781:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14771:
14770:
14769:Protestantism
14767:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14754:
14751:
14750:
14749:
14746:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14733:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14720:
14717:
14716:
14715:
14712:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14699:
14698:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14690:
14686:
14680:
14679:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14629:
14626:
14622:
14619:
14618:
14617:
14614:
14613:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14604:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14582:
14578:
14574:
14569:
14565:
14561:
14554:
14549:
14547:
14542:
14540:
14535:
14534:
14531:
14519:
14514:
14509:
14507:
14499:
14498:
14495:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14447:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14366:
14362:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14285:
14283:
14281:
14280:Miscellaneous
14277:
14271:
14270:Vegetarianism
14268:
14266:
14263:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14235:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14114:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14092:Buddha in art
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14076:
14073:
14072:
14071:
14068:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13987:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13979:
13975:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13885:
13883:
13881:
13877:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13814:
13811:
13810:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13797:
13794:
13793:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13760:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13746:United States
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13658:
13657:
13654:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13640:
13637:
13633:
13630:
13629:
13628:
13625:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13573:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13461:
13457:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13428:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13385:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13303:Padmasambhava
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13215:Major figures
13212:
13206:
13203:
13199:
13196:
13195:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13162:
13161:Western tulku
13159:
13158:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13089:
13085:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13058:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13025:
13019:
13016:
13012:
13009:
13008:
13007:
13004:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12986:
12985:
12982:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12962:Five precepts
12960:
12959:
12958:
12955:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12940:Dhamma vicaya
12938:
12936:
12933:
12932:
12931:
12928:
12924:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12888:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12851:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12750:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12708:Buddhābhiṣeka
12706:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12683:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12664:
12660:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12608:
12607:
12604:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12544:
12543:
12540:
12539:
12538:
12535:
12534:
12532:
12530:
12526:
12520:
12517:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12460:
12457:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12352:Enlightenment
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12342:Dhamma theory
12340:
12338:
12337:Buddha-nature
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12315:
12311:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12203:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12176:Samantabhadra
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12115:
12109:
12107:
12101:
12099:
12093:
12091:
12085:
12083:
12077:
12075:
12069:
12067:
12061:
12060:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11987:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11932:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11908:
11907:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11881:
11876:
11874:
11869:
11867:
11862:
11861:
11858:
11851:
11848:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11829:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11790:
11786:
11780:
11773:
11772:
11766:
11763:
11759:
11756:
11752:
11749:
11745:
11742:
11741:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11727:
11723:
11720:
11716:
11714:
11713:1-903296-91-9
11710:
11706:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11680:
11678:
11674:
11671:
11668:Beal (1871).
11667:
11663:
11658:
11647:
11643:
11641:0-8248-1203-4
11637:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11621:
11620:
11614:
11613:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11576:
11569:
11563:
11556:
11550:
11543:
11537:
11530:
11524:
11517:
11511:
11504:
11498:
11491:
11485:
11477:
11471:
11467:
11460:
11458:
11450:
11444:
11436:
11430:
11426:
11425:
11417:
11415:
11406:
11405:
11397:
11390:
11384:
11376:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11361:
11353:
11346:
11340:
11333:
11327:
11320:
11314:
11307:
11301:
11294:
11288:
11281:
11275:
11268:
11262:
11244:
11240:
11232:
11228:
11227:
11220:
11213:
11207:
11198:
11191:
11190:0-9627713-0-9
11187:
11181:
11174:
11168:
11161:
11155:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11133:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11111:
11107:
11100:
11093:
11087:
11080:
11074:
11067:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11043:
11037:
11028:
11021:
11015:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10992:
10986:
10979:
10973:
10966:
10960:
10953:
10947:
10940:
10934:
10927:
10921:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10897:
10890:
10889:1-886439-10-9
10886:
10882:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10864:
10863:0-7007-1762-5
10860:
10857:. Routledge.
10856:
10852:
10847:
10840:
10834:
10832:
10824:
10818:
10811:
10805:
10798:
10792:
10785:
10779:
10772:
10766:
10759:
10754:
10747:
10746:
10742:
10739:
10732:
10725:
10724:
10720:
10717:
10710:
10703:
10697:
10690:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10676:
10669:
10663:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10623:
10614:
10612:
10594:
10590:
10584:
10577:
10576:
10571:
10565:
10558:
10554:
10548:
10539:
10532:
10526:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10504:
10496:
10490:
10486:
10485:
10477:
10469:
10463:
10459:
10458:
10450:
10448:
10439:
10433:
10429:
10428:
10420:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10399:
10390:
10382:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10361:
10352:
10350:
10342:
10336:
10329:
10323:
10316:
10313:Hamar, Imre.
10310:
10303:
10297:
10288:
10281:
10275:
10266:
10257:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10235:
10231:
10224:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10196:
10189:
10183:
10181:
10173:
10167:
10160:
10154:
10152:
10144:
10138:
10131:
10125:
10116:
10109:
10103:
10097:
10096:0-8248-1949-7
10093:
10089:
10088:
10081:
10073:
10069:
10063:
10054:
10045:
10036:
10027:
10025:
10017:
10016:
10009:
10007:
9999:
9993:
9986:
9980:
9971:
9969:
9967:
9957:
9948:
9946:
9938:
9932:
9923:
9921:
9913:
9907:
9900:
9894:
9885:
9878:
9872:
9865:
9859:
9852:
9846:
9839:
9833:
9826:
9820:
9813:
9807:
9800:
9794:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9773:
9767:
9758:
9749:
9740:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9720:
9711:
9709:
9702:
9701:0-7156-1266-2
9698:
9694:
9688:
9679:
9672:
9666:
9664:
9655:
9653:0-02-865718-7
9649:
9645:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9626:
9620:
9613:
9607:
9605:
9597:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9577:
9571:
9569:
9559:
9552:
9546:
9544:
9534:
9532:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9516:
9509:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9482:
9476:
9474:
9466:
9460:
9458:
9450:
9444:
9435:
9433:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9409:
9399:
9390:
9381:
9374:
9368:
9359:
9351:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9311:
9305:
9298:
9292:
9290:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9207:
9198:
9189:
9180:
9174:
9173:81-215-0833-9
9170:
9166:
9160:
9152:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9137:
9129:
9121:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9102:
9094:
9092:1-59056-069-8
9088:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9067:
9061:
9053:
9047:
9043:
9038:
9037:
9028:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8988:
8979:
8970:
8963:
8957:
8950:
8944:
8935:
8928:
8922:
8915:
8909:
8902:
8896:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8864:
8858:
8851:
8845:
8843:
8835:
8829:
8822:
8816:
8814:
8806:
8800:
8793:
8787:
8780:
8774:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8751:
8745:
8738:
8732:
8725:
8719:
8712:
8706:
8697:
8690:
8684:
8677:
8671:
8662:
8654:
8652:0-02-865718-7
8648:
8644:
8637:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8602:
8593:
8587:
8583:
8582:
8574:
8558:
8554:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8498:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8426:
8417:
8410:
8404:
8397:
8391:
8384:
8378:
8371:
8365:
8356:
8349:
8343:
8336:
8330:
8323:
8317:
8310:
8304:
8297:
8291:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8232:
8231:Hirakawa 1990
8227:
8220:
8214:
8207:
8202:
8193:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8165:
8154:
8150:
8137:
8133:
8127:
8121:: pp. 193–194
8120:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8100:
8094:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8069:
8063:
8056:
8050:
8043:
8037:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7999:
7992:
7986:
7984:
7964:
7957:
7956:
7948:
7941:
7930:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7876:
7868:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7846:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7822:
7812:
7803:
7801:
7796:
7782:
7776:
7769:
7763:
7756:
7750:
7743:
7737:
7730:
7724:
7717:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7633:
7627:
7623:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7505:Buddha-nature
7503:
7502:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7381:
7376:
7373:
7362:
7352:
7349:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7317:: 2.7 million
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7305:: 2.9 million
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7266:, including:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7235:
7234:Tenzin Gyatso
7232:
7227:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7194:(Huayan) and
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7174:
7165:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7040:
7039:communities.
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6960:, 4 million,
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6944:, 8 million;
6943:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6765:
6763:
6762:luminous mind
6759:
6758:Buddha nature
6755:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6664:Buddha Nature
6661:
6657:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6522:perspective.
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6443:Śrāvakapiṭaka
6440:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6389:dharmabhanaka
6386:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6271:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6200:Tibetan canon
6196:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6135:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6117:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5952:buddhānusmṛti
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5798:
5793:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5777:reciting the
5776:
5771:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5592:transcendence
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5210:
5209:Buddha-nature
5202:
5197:
5191:Buddha-nature
5188:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:three natures
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:P. A. Payutto
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Hajime Tanabe
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:Sakya Chokden
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Je Tsongkhapa
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Sakya Pandita
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Jñanasrimitra
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Buddha-nature
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Dharma theory
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Lokottaravāda
4402:
4400:
4399:Prajñaptivāda
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:Diamond Sutra
4276:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4032:aspire to be
4031:
4027:
4024:, one of the
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:(knowledge).
3968:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:and almighty
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:Bhaiṣajyaguru
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3306:Mahāvairocana
3302:
3293:
3292:in Japanese.
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3126:Chakrasamvara
3123:
3119:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:Chan Buddhism
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:. Over time,
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Kumaragupta I
2894:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2802:Ruins of the
2800:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:Kushan Empire
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:Buddha-nature
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:archeological
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:Dharmaguptaka
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:early schools
2484:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2406:Brahmi script
2403:
2399:
2389:
2378:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:Dharmaguptaka
2266:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:bodhisattva.
2132:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2096:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:According to
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:communities.
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1778:Buddha-nature
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1693:ancient India
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:Great Vehicle
1661:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1631:
1592:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1307:Vegetarianism
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Recollections
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Five precepts
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Chinese canon
1195:
1193:
1192:Tibetan canon
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
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1156:
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1143:
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1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
993:
992:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
967:
963:
962:
959:
956:
955:
951:
947:
946:
936:
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
916:
914:
913:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
835:
829:
828:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
765:Sakya Pandita
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Dahui Zonggao
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
561:
560:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:Fo Guang Shan
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:Major schools
466:
465:
458:
457:
453:
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:
439:
437:
436:
432:
430:
429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
414:
412:
411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
382:
380:
379:
375:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
358:
357:
356:
350:
348:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
327:
325:
324:
320:
318:
317:
313:
312:
309:
304:
303:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Samantabhadra
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:Bhaiṣajyaguru
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
205:
200:
199:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Luminous mind
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:Buddha-nature
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
69:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
48:
43:
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
18898:Turkmenistan
18858:Saudi Arabia
18603:South Africa
18593:Sierra Leone
18398:Burkina Faso
18307:Names of God
18254:Unaffiliated
18209:Antireligion
18070:Universalism
18018:Assimilation
17883:Anthropology
17758:Supernatural
17753:Spirituality
17721:Sacred space
17709:Purification
17582:Denomination
17536: /
17344:Paleo-Balkan
17310:Mesopotamian
17150:Cook Islands
17121:Old Prussian
17034:UFO religion
16973:
16969:Zalmoxianism
16897:Neoshamanism
16754:Spiritualism
16637:Other ethnic
16526:
16352:Traditional
16312:Bongthingism
16210:Acoma Pueblo
16153:Mesoamerican
15882:Austronesian
15703:
15699:Neo-Buddhism
15656:
15631:
15627:Neo-Hinduism
15548:Swaminarayan
15386:
15335:Salvationist
15320:Confucianism
15171:Samaritanism
15141:Ali-Illahism
15122:
14989:
14983:Unitarianism
14924:Old Catholic
14731:Nestorianism
14689:Christianity
14676:
14642:Conservative
14458:Bodhisattvas
14378:Christianity
14373:Baháʼí Faith
14238:Dharmachakra
14228:Prayer wheel
14218:Prayer beads
13986:Architecture
13865:969 Movement
13649:Saudi Arabia
13627:Central Asia
13620:South Africa
13442:
13425:
13358:Panchen Lama
13263:Buddhapālita
12859:Satipatthana
12854:Mindful Yoga
12767:Recollection
12681:Brahmavihara
12552:Japanese Zen
12547:Chinese Chan
12536:
12507:Animal realm
12314:Key concepts
12136:Bodhisattvas
11948:Three Jewels
11796:. Retrieved
11770:
11761:
11757:, Routledge.
11754:
11747:
11739:
11729:
11718:
11704:
11697:
11684:
11676:
11669:
11661:
11660:"Mahayana".
11650:, retrieved
11618:
11594:. Retrieved
11590:the original
11585:
11575:
11567:
11562:
11554:
11549:
11541:
11536:
11528:
11523:
11515:
11510:
11502:
11497:
11489:
11484:
11465:
11448:
11443:
11423:
11403:
11396:
11391:2007. p. 121
11388:
11383:
11359:
11352:
11344:
11339:
11331:
11326:
11318:
11313:
11305:
11300:
11292:
11287:
11282:1998. p. 134
11279:
11274:
11266:
11261:
11250:. Retrieved
11230:
11225:
11219:
11211:
11206:
11197:
11180:
11172:
11167:
11159:
11154:
11138:
11132:
11105:
11099:
11091:
11086:
11078:
11073:
11065:
11041:
11036:
11027:
11019:
11014:
11007:
11003:
10998:
10990:
10985:
10977:
10972:
10964:
10959:
10951:
10946:
10938:
10933:
10925:
10920:
10902:
10896:
10880:
10854:
10846:
10838:
10822:
10817:
10809:
10804:
10796:
10791:
10783:
10778:
10770:
10765:
10757:
10753:
10736:
10731:
10714:
10709:
10701:
10696:
10680:
10675:
10667:
10662:
10648:(2): 66–74.
10645:
10641:
10635:
10630:1997. p. 104
10627:
10622:
10600:, retrieved
10574:
10564:
10556:
10552:
10547:
10538:
10533:1964. p. 125
10530:
10525:
10509:
10503:
10483:
10476:
10456:
10426:
10419:
10403:
10398:
10389:
10366:
10360:
10340:
10335:
10327:
10322:
10314:
10309:
10304:, pp. 13-16.
10301:
10296:
10287:
10279:
10274:
10265:
10256:
10229:
10223:
10214:
10208:
10200:
10195:
10187:
10171:
10166:
10161:2008. p. 68.
10158:
10142:
10137:
10129:
10124:
10115:
10107:
10102:
10086:
10080:
10072:the original
10062:
10053:
10044:
10035:
10014:
9997:
9992:
9984:
9979:
9956:
9936:
9931:
9911:
9906:
9898:
9893:
9884:
9876:
9871:
9863:
9858:
9850:
9845:
9837:
9832:
9824:
9819:
9811:
9806:
9798:
9793:
9771:
9766:
9757:
9748:
9739:
9724:
9719:
9692:
9687:
9678:
9670:
9643:
9624:
9619:
9611:
9595:
9575:
9558:
9550:
9513:
9508:
9493:
9488:
9480:
9464:
9448:
9443:
9422:
9398:
9389:
9380:
9372:
9367:
9358:
9331:
9327:
9317:
9309:
9304:
9296:
9271:
9266:
9251:
9247:
9235:
9220:
9215:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9179:
9164:
9159:
9135:
9128:
9108:
9101:
9082:
9079:Phelps, Norm
9073:
9065:
9060:
9035:
9027:
9016:. Retrieved
8997:
8987:
8978:
8969:
8964:, 2013, p 3.
8961:
8956:
8948:
8943:
8934:
8926:
8921:
8913:
8908:
8900:
8895:
8887:
8882:
8870:
8862:
8857:
8849:
8833:
8828:
8820:
8804:
8799:
8791:
8786:
8778:
8773:
8765:
8749:
8744:
8739:2010. p. 141
8736:
8731:
8723:
8718:
8710:
8705:
8696:
8688:
8683:
8675:
8670:
8661:
8642:
8636:
8625:the original
8620:
8616:
8580:
8573:
8561:. Retrieved
8524:
8482:
8452:
8425:
8416:
8408:
8403:
8395:
8390:
8382:
8377:
8369:
8364:
8355:
8347:
8342:
8334:
8329:
8321:
8316:
8308:
8303:
8295:
8294:Guang Xing.
8290:
8282:
8277:
8262:
8226:
8218:
8213:
8201:
8192:
8184:
8180:
8171:
8163:
8157:. Retrieved
8140:. Retrieved
8126:
8118:
8093:
8085:the original
8075:
8062:
8049:
8041:
8017:
8011:
8003:
7998:
7990:
7970:. Retrieved
7963:the original
7954:
7947:
7938:
7932:. Retrieved
7917:
7910:
7883:
7866:
7845:
7831:
7828:Damien Keown
7811:
7780:
7775:
7767:
7762:
7754:
7749:
7741:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7715:
7710:
7702:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7677:buddha-jñāna
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7631:
7626:
7558:
7551:
7534:
7491:
7485:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7466:
7459:Sautrāntikas
7456:
7451:
7444:Sarvāstivāda
7436:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7402:
7385:
7377:
7369:
7344:
7264:Central Asia
7257:
7252:
7243:
7238:Desmond Tutu
7208:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7182:(Chan/Zen),
7178:
7171:
7158:
7092:
7083:totalitarian
7076:
7046:
7015:
7001:
6968:
6966:
6939:
6908:
6882:
6868:, Mongolian
6855:
6843:Won Buddhism
6832:
6812:Newar people
6805:
6793:Peter Harvey
6782:
6751:
6747:
6732:
6720:
6715:
6701:
6695:
6686:
6674:
6668:
6649:
6633:
6615:
6589:
6587:
6579:
6572:
6567:, and later
6562:
6559:epistemology
6548:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6516:Sarvastivada
6505:
6503:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6464:
6454:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6423:
6413:
6407:
6399:
6397:
6388:
6380:
6379:such as the
6375:buddhavacana
6373:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6339:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6267:such as the
6261:
6254:
6250:Mahāsāṃghika
6245:
6241:
6231:
6213:
6208:
6197:
6150:
6138:
6119:
6057:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5987:
5979:
5977:
5973:Pratyutpanna
5972:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5917:
5910:
5900:
5895:maraṇasaṃjñā
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5829:
5802:
5778:
5754:
5744:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5642:
5629:
5616:
5607:
5599:
5596:
5583:
5575:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5407:
5401:
5391:D. T. Suzuki
5388:
5371:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5242:Buddha-dhātu
5241:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5214:
5212:
5170:
5163:
5153:
5141:
5135:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5080:Gupta period
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5050:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5008:
4933:
4863:D. T. Suzuki
4823:Ledi Sayadaw
4725:Śāntarakṣita
4660:Chandrakirti
4645:Buddhapālita
4610:Saṃghabhadra
4408:
4374:Vibhajyavāda
4318:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4242:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4200:
4198:
4181:
4161:
4159:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4040:of Amitābha.
3997:Bodhisattvas
3991:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3856:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3775:
3772:apratiṣṭhita
3771:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3682:
3672:
3666:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3637:Ajaṇṭā Caves
3615:
3604:
3600:saṃbhogakāya
3598:
3594:nirmāṇakāyas
3592:
3588:
3582:
3565:buddhakṣetra
3563:
3560:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3487:
3476:bodhisattvas
3470:
3428:
3421:
3406:
3399:Three Jewels
3372:
3366:
3322:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3240:Central Asia
3229:
3193:
3184:
3170:
3149:
3145:
3131:
3099:
3036:
3018:, including
2981:
2930:Central Asia
2927:
2901:Vikramashila
2886:
2871:
2848:
2751:
2732:
2720:
2718:Vasubandhu's
2703:
2688:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2638:Central Asia
2614:
2609:
2606:
2568:(Cave 217),
2542:
2528:
2521:
2498:Indoscythian
2495:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2291:Reginald Ray
2282:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2260:
2230:
2214:Hendrik Kern
2210:Mahāsāṃghika
2205:
2204:
2198:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2154:Mahāsāṃghika
2094:
2084:
2076:
2064:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1886:
1794:Vikramashila
1783:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1744:
1738:
1724:
1719:
1689:philosophies
1683:traditions,
1590:
1589:
1381:
1257:Merit making
1222:Three Jewels
1162:Buddhavacana
1092:Impermanence
1080:Dharma wheel
805:D. T. Suzuki
610:Buddhapālita
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
417:
408:
401:
394:
386:
376:
369:
362:
353:
344:
337:
322:
314:
208:Bodhisattvas
141:Three bodies
65:
24:
19349:New Zealand
19286:Saint Lucia
19236:El Salvador
19141:Switzerland
19076:Netherlands
18848:Philippines
18776:South Korea
18771:North Korea
18661:Afghanistan
18608:South Sudan
18498:Ivory Coast
18282:Deification
18229:Objectivism
18204:Agnosticism
18162:Persecution
18152:Video games
18117:Populations
18028:Proselytism
17996:Monasticism
17987:Clericalism
17977:Agriculture
17968:and society
17933:Soteriology
17893:Comparative
17863:Transtheism
17848:Panentheism
17632:Monasticism
17425:Gallo-Roman
17327:Micronesian
17293:Manichaeism
17241:Hermeticism
17209:Continental
17204:Anglo-Saxon
17084:Paleolithic
17079:Prehistoric
17029:Scientology
16892:Italo-Roman
16747:Radha Soami
16727:New Thought
16567:Espiritismo
16508:Waaqeffanna
16448:Fon and Ewe
16386:Sub-Saharan
16269:Satsana Phi
16065:Ghost Dance
16023:Californian
16001:Anishinaabe
15932:Karo Pemena
15911:Indonesian
15585:Lingayatism
15533:Mahanubhava
15503:Vaishnavism
15434:Jeungsanism
15357:Folk Taoism
15340:Xiantiandao
15194:Zoroastrian
14853:Charismatic
14848:Pentecostal
14811:Anglicanism
14762:Waldensians
14697:Catholicism
14303:Dharma talk
14132:Asalha Puja
13928:Eschatology
13731:Switzerland
13711:New Zealand
13639:Middle East
13548:Philippines
13468:Afghanistan
13273:Bodhidharma
13258:Buddhaghosa
13178:Householder
13088:Monasticism
13041:Bodhisattva
12896:Prostration
12849:Mindfulness
12777:Anapanasati
12760:Kammaṭṭhāna
12557:Korean Seon
12497:Asura realm
12492:Human realm
12432:Ten Fetters
12387:Parinirvana
12289:Uppalavanna
12254:Mahākaccana
12239:Mahākassapa
12171:Kṣitigarbha
12166:Ākāśagarbha
12063:Suddhodāna
12008:Four sights
11935:Foundations
11632:10125/23030
10704:1964. p. 83
10317:2007. p. 94
10278:Hsuan Hua.
9447:Xinru Liu,
8101:》、《远东汉英大辞典》
7972:2 September
7691:44: 207–230
7665:buddha-yānā
7553:Lotus Sutra
7477:Heart Sūtra
7468:Kathāvatthu
7287:West Bengal
7211:Vietnam war
7177:Vietnamese
7146:Sōka Gakkai
7079:North Korea
7064:South Korea
7060:Taego Order
7056:Jogye Order
6971:), such as
6851:Sōka Gakkai
6693:Nāgārjuna's
6569:Dharmakirti
6520:Sautrantika
6499:Candrakirti
6326:bodhisattva
6277:Lotus Sutra
5925:mindfulness
5760:: knowledge
5582:, the term
5076:citta-mātra
5068:Vijñānavāda
4800:Mikyö Dorje
4720:Jñānagarbha
4640:Dharmakirti
4625:Buddhadatta
4620:Buddhaghosa
4424:Pramāṇavāda
4394:Pudgalavada
4389:Sautrāntika
4289:aparigṛhīta
4274:Heart Sutra
4267:), unborn (
4092:Kamalashila
4073:Daśabhūmika
3942:Daśabhūmika
3906:Lotus Sutra
3871:Kamalashila
3829:asaṃkheyyas
3787:Lotus Sutra
3753:bodhisattva
3708:bodhisattva
3668:Śrāvakayāna
3641:Maharashtra
3551:(including
3537:docetically
3437:The Buddhas
3417:D.T. Suzuki
3284:, Tomitsu,
3236:Pala Empire
3216:Guhyasamaja
3158:mahasiddhas
3150:Guhyamantra
3116:The use of
3028:Philippines
3006:, and then
2973:Dharmakṣema
2965:Dharmarakṣa
2922:Mogao Caves
2880:(602–664),
2754:), and the
2701:Nagarjuna's
2677:bodhisattva
2654:Lotus sutra
2593:Jamal Garhi
2578:buddhafield
2566:Mogao Caves
2510:monasticism
2312:bodhisattva
2287:Jan Nattier
2283:aranyavasin
2252:Bhavaviveka
2244:Candrakīrti
2222:Kṛṣṇa River
2218:A.K. Warder
2158:Karla Caves
2027:Lotus Sūtra
2011:Lotus Sūtra
1976:Lotus Sūtra
1952:Bodhisattva
1942:, the term
1940:Jan Nattier
1922:Bodhisattva
1838:Philippines
1772:Vijñānavāda
1741:bodhisattva
1720:bodhisattva
1492:New Zealand
1347:Bodhisattva
1332:Four Stages
1287:Monasticism
1267:Mindfulness
1237:Perfections
1167:Early Texts
843:Han Chinese
665:Amoghavajra
640:Bodhidharma
630:Candrakīrti
625:Dharmakīrti
620:Bhāvaviveka
575:Ashvaghosha
564:Key figures
323:Lotus Sūtra
280:Ākāśagarbha
275:Kṣitigarbha
265:Vajrasattva
156:One Vehicle
91:Bodhisattva
19508:Categories
19339:Micronesia
19216:Costa Rica
19111:San Marino
19071:Montenegro
19051:Luxembourg
18908:Uzbekistan
18883:Tajikistan
18788:Kyrgyzstan
18761:Kazakhstan
18711:East Timor
18681:Bangladesh
18671:Azerbaijan
18588:Seychelles
18553:Mozambique
18538:Mauritania
18523:Madagascar
18413:Cape Verde
18195:irreligion
18190:Secularism
18097:Minorities
18065:Toleration
18060:Syncretism
18045:Fanaticism
18035:Disability
18023:Missionary
18013:Conversion
18001:Ordination
17923:Psychology
17918:Philosophy
17858:Polytheism
17838:Monotheism
17833:Henotheism
17674:Orthopraxy
17664:Ordination
17627:Meditation
17622:Indigenous
17587:Entheogens
17572:Conversion
17398:Pueblo III
17315:Babylonian
17305:Melanesian
17231:Gnosticism
17116:Lithuanian
17009:Fourth Way
16863:Circassian
16841:Dievturība
16764:Tensegrity
16697:Falun Gong
16342:Sanamahism
16322:Donyi-Polo
15954:Polynesian
15900:Kaharingan
15825:Burkhanism
15764:Ravidassia
15742:Śvetāmbara
15528:Pushtimarg
15508:Krishnaism
15444:Vietnamese
15429:Cheondoism
15362:Yao Taoism
15298:East Asian
15064:Isma'ilism
15020:Maturidism
14799:Mennonites
14794:Hutterites
14779:Anabaptism
14672:Humanistic
14420:Psychology
14400:Gnosticism
14388:Comparison
14383:Influences
14365:Comparison
14248:Bhavacakra
14206:Kushinagar
14181:Pilgrimage
14127:Māgha Pūjā
14082:Bodhi Tree
13898:Buddhology
13888:Abhidharma
13880:Philosophy
13813:Menander I
13681:Costa Rica
13632:Uzbekistan
13473:Bangladesh
13427:Dhammapada
13411:Pali Canon
13373:Ajahn Chah
13353:Dalai Lama
13253:Kumārajīva
13248:Vasubandhu
13223:The Buddha
13131:Zen master
13066:Sakadagami
13046:Buddhahood
12977:Pratimokṣa
12792:Shikantaza
12748:Meditation
12723:Deity yoga
12594:Madhyamaka
12487:Deva realm
12382:Mindstream
12332:Bodhicitta
12244:Aṅgulimāla
12111:Devadatta
12087:Yaśodharā
11990:The Buddha
11980:Middle Way
11830:'s website
11798:2023-03-21
11764:Routledge.
11731:The Monist
11652:17 January
11596:10 October
11252:2020-10-08
11226:宗教年鑑 令和元年版
11124:1224277904
10602:2021-07-05
10282:2003. p. 2
10248:1073573698
9018:2020-10-27
8159:2019-06-28
8142:2019-06-28
8081:"容易讀錯的字和詞"
7934:2017-12-18
7791:References
7415:Vihara in
7413:Abhayagiri
7409:Mahāvihara
7231:Dalai Lama
7196:Thiên Thai
7192:Hoa Nghiêm
7168:Vietnamese
7022:, such as
6824:Bai people
6754:bodhicitta
6743:Abhidhamma
6706:Mādhyamaka
6644:Vasubandhu
6571:wrote the
6526:Vasubandhu
6512:Vasubandhu
6495:Madhyamika
6491:Madhyamika
6343:pure lands
6175:, and the
6065:Deity Yoga
6036:shikantaza
5765:Meditation
5733:Praṇidhāna
5699:Adhiṭṭhāna
5671:Dhammapala
5588:perfection
5572:Buddhahood
5384:Shantideva
5372:subhasita)
5177:Vasubandhu
5051:Using the
5015:śūnyavāda,
5011:Madhyamaka
4999:Madhyamaka
4888:Buddhadasa
4785:Longchenpa
4745:Ratnakīrti
4730:Haribhadra
4665:Shantideva
4630:Dhammapāla
4605:Vasubandhu
4600:Harivarman
4517:Middle Way
4487:Abhidharma
4414:Madhyamaka
4384:Vaibhāṣika
4368:Traditions
4084:Avatamsaka
4026:Ten realms
3954:praṇidhāna
3917:praṇidhāna
3902:bodhicitta
3891:Shantideva
3861:Shantideva
3849:bodhicitta
3749:mahāsattva
3739:Haribhadra
3703:bodhicitta
3606:Dharmakaya
3541:omnipotent
3413:Abhidharma
3383:Middle Way
3371:(i.e. the
3185:vajracarya
3144:(Tibetan:
3128:(pictured)
3051:Kumārajīva
2969:Kumārajīva
2905:Dharmapala
2776:Vasubandhu
2740:Mādhyamaka
2716:treatise (
2699:treatise (
2697:Madhyamika
2681:ten bhumis
2610:kriyākarma
2338:pure lands
2194:laypersons
2162:Mahārāṣtra
1956:buddhahood
1895:and 6% to
1798:South Asia
1781:teaching.
1761:Madhyamaka
1734:Buddhahood
1656:pronounced
1365:Traditions
1302:Pilgrimage
1242:Meditation
1202:Post-canon
1182:Pāli Canon
1112:Middle Way
1009:The Buddha
785:Longchenpa
780:Tsongkhapa
695:Mazu Daoyi
680:Shāntideva
605:Sthiramati
600:Vasubandhu
590:Kumārajīva
547:Fa Gu Shan
477:Mādhyamaka
225:Adi-Buddha
215:Shakyamuni
176:Pure Lands
131:Two truths
96:Buddhahood
19457:Venezuela
19402:Argentina
19319:Australia
19271:Nicaragua
19246:Guatemala
19046:Lithuania
18868:Sri Lanka
18863:Singapore
18843:Palestine
18731:Indonesia
18721:Hong Kong
18543:Mauritius
18264:Overviews
18219:Criticism
18167:Terrorism
18142:Theocracy
18087:Happiness
18055:Pluralism
18040:Education
17966:Religion
17938:Salvation
17928:Sociology
17873:Religious
17853:Pantheism
17843:Nontheism
17736:Mountains
17714:Sacrifice
17669:Orthodoxy
17659:Mythology
17654:Mysticism
17543:Behaviour
17452:Canaanite
17435:Mithraism
17403:Pueblo IV
17393:Pueblo II
17298:Mazdakism
17273:Hungarian
17246:Mysteries
17155:Dravidian
16937:Hungarian
16853:Caucasian
16824:Godianism
16784:Agni Yoga
16774:Theosophy
16737:Rastafari
16712:Modekngei
16692:Brahmoism
16685:Syncretic
16677:movements
16675:religious
16587:Quimbanda
16535:Candomblé
16528:Diasporic
16307:Bathouism
16297:Benzhuism
16222:Tsimshian
16173:Purépecha
16094:Longhouse
16069:Sun Dance
16018:Blackfoot
15937:Malaysian
15927:Kapitayan
15737:Digambara
15722:Ayyavazhi
15687:Vajrayana
15652:Theravada
15565:Ganapatya
15538:Ramanandi
15467:Hoahaoism
15345:Yiguandao
15240:Yarsanism
15235:Shabakism
15222:Yazdânism
15212:Zurvanism
15207:Mazdaznan
15166:Rastafari
15161:Mandaeism
15035:Wahhabism
15015:Ash'arism
14978:Tolstoyan
14968:Spiritual
14958:Mormonism
14929:Judaizers
14902:Quakerism
14880:Methodist
14870:Irvingism
14821:Calvinism
14774:Adventism
14757:Moravians
14594:Abrahamic
14488:Festivals
14468:Buddhists
14430:Theosophy
14233:Symbolism
14223:Hama yumi
14196:Bodh Gaya
13963:Socialism
13938:Evolution
13913:Economics
13751:Venezuela
13666:Australia
13661:Argentina
13585:Sri Lanka
13580:Singapore
13498:Indonesia
13460:Countries
13401:Tripiṭaka
13363:Ajahn Mun
13238:Nagarjuna
13233:Aśvaghoṣa
13116:Anagārika
13111:Śrāmaṇerī
13106:Śrāmaṇera
13101:Bhikkhunī
13061:Sotāpanna
12950:Passaddhi
12891:Offerings
12866:Nekkhamma
12743:Iddhipada
12663:Practices
12633:Theravada
12606:Vajrayana
12599:Yogachara
12569:Pure Land
12482:Six Paths
12469:Cosmology
12249:Anuruddha
12224:Sāriputta
12214:Kaundinya
12206:Disciples
12181:Vajrapāṇi
12033:Footprint
11998:Tathāgata
11308:, p. 414.
11269:, p. 408.
11175:, p. 410.
11081:, p. 413.
11068:, p. 403.
9350:254354100
8876:p. 133 sq
8691:: pp. 4–5
8337:: p. 335.
7902:916409066
7705:: p. 335.
7685:hīnajñāna
7681:mahājñāna
7571:Pure land
7463:emptiness
7430:Tripiṭaka
7417:Sri Lanka
7372:Theravada
7361:Theravada
7229:The 14th
6989:Pure Land
6954:Hong Kong
6919:Pure land
6820:Azhaliism
6725:emptiness
6656:Vajrayāna
6626:Nāgārjuna
6487:Nagarjuna
6420:arhatship
6358:anumodana
6350:Sukhavati
6330:purelands
6238:Theravāda
6169:emptiness
6111:Scripture
6073:Mahamudra
6061:Vajrayāna
6017:Amitabha.
5857:vipaśyanā
5550:preachers
5548:Buddhist
5513:Japanese
5504:Bodh Gaya
5297:emptiness
5234:principle
5216:Tathāgata
5201:cintamani
5095:śūnyavāda
5036:śūnyavāda
5019:Nagarjuna
4995:Nagarjuna
4913:Ju Mipham
4883:Ñāṇananda
4858:Masao Abe
4650:Bhāviveka
4590:Nagarjuna
4542:Suffering
4507:Emptiness
4429:Vajrayana
4419:Yogachara
4379:Theravāda
4211:emptiness
4028:in which
3977:emptiness
3933:pāramitās
3716:Manjushri
3663:arhatship
3612:emptiness
3553:pantheism
3515:lokuttara
3511:Sakyamuni
3504:Vairocana
3480:cosmology
3451:Sukhavati
3354:plurality
3329:Indonesia
3296:Worldview
3196:Vajrayāna
3142:Vajrayāna
3075:Pure Land
2961:Lokakṣema
2942:East Asia
2938:Silk Road
2895:emperor,
2859:Shan shan
2839:Vajrayāna
2831:Theravāda
2788:Taranatha
2768:Aśvaghoṣa
2760:Nagarjuna
2710:emptiness
2693:paramitas
2683:, or the
2647:Based on
2574:Sukhavati
2514:arhatship
2502:Lokakṣema
2236:Nāgārjuna
2231:lokottara
2135:Gandharan
2097:(vehicle
2039:mahājñāna
1907:Etymology
1901:Theravada
1897:Vajrayāna
1878:Indonesia
1850:Vajrayāna
1842:Indonesia
1830:Singapore
1802:East Asia
1757:Vairocana
1722:path and
1708:Vajrayāna
1704:Theravāda
1512:Sri Lanka
1502:Singapore
1457:Indonesia
1397:Vajrayāna
1372:Theravāda
1327:Awakening
1215:Practices
1172:Tripiṭaka
1142:Cosmology
1117:Emptiness
1097:Suffering
900:Indonesia
810:Sheng-yen
585:Lokakṣema
570:Nāgārjuna
522:Vajrayāna
512:Pure Land
260:Vajrapāṇi
245:Vairocana
230:Akshobhya
126:Emptiness
85:Teachings
19514:Mahayana
19483:Category
19447:Suriname
19437:Paraguay
19422:Colombia
19329:Kiribati
19256:Honduras
19226:Dominica
19201:Barbados
19166:Scotland
19126:Slovenia
19121:Slovakia
19096:Portugal
18966:Bulgaria
18888:Thailand
18838:Pakistan
18818:Mongolia
18813:Maldives
18808:Malaysia
18696:Cambodia
18643:Zimbabwe
18618:Tanzania
18468:Ethiopia
18463:Eswatini
18443:Djibouti
18408:Cameroon
18393:Botswana
18337:Timeline
18332:Scholars
18292:Founders
18157:Violence
18112:Politics
17982:Business
17945:Theology
17689:Prophecy
17679:Paganism
17567:Covenant
17534:Apostasy
17469:Scythian
17410:Rapa Nui
17364:Thracian
17359:Illyrian
17349:Albanian
17320:Sumerian
17263:Harappan
17199:Germanic
17194:Georgian
17187:Selk'nam
17172:Etruscan
17160:Egyptian
17138:Druidism
17101:Armenian
17024:Satanism
17004:Eckankar
16927:Estonian
16912:Romanian
16902:Ossetian
16882:Germanic
16831:Armenian
16820:African
16813:paganism
16742:Sant Mat
16732:Rajneesh
16707:Meivazhi
16702:Japanese
16659:Siberian
16592:Santería
16562:Convince
16428:Bushongo
16332:Kiratism
16259:Hmongism
16136:Wocekiye
16121:Jivaroan
16089:Iroquois
16084:Ho-Chunk
16045:Cherokee
15988:American
15959:Hawaiian
15872:Sarnaism
15842:Tungusic
15830:Tengrism
15820:Mongolic
15749:Sarnaism
15680:Nichiren
15657:Mahayana
15644:Buddhism
15622:Sant Mat
15612:Sauraism
15607:Smartism
15602:Shaktism
15595:Balinese
15580:Kaumaram
15575:Kapalika
15570:Kashmiri
15555:Shaivism
15495:Hinduism
15462:Caodaism
15406:Ryukyuan
15401:Tenrikyo
15396:Shugendō
15374:Japanese
15245:Yazidism
15230:Ishikism
15108:Quranism
15081:Khawarij
15030:Salafism
15025:Atharism
14914:Esoteric
14885:Holiness
14875:Lutheran
14836:Reformed
14816:Baptists
14789:Brethren
14753:Hussites
14741:Assyrian
14657:Haymanot
14611:Orthodox
14560:Religion
14506:Category
14435:Violence
14405:Hinduism
14353:Sanskrit
14308:Hinayana
14293:Amitābha
14253:Swastika
14122:Uposatha
14112:Holidays
14097:Calendar
13943:Humanism
13781:Kanishka
13771:Timeline
13595:Thailand
13563:Kalmykia
13558:Buryatia
13543:Pakistan
13528:Mongolia
13523:Maldives
13518:Malaysia
13483:Cambodia
13348:Shamarpa
13343:Nichiren
13293:Xuanzang
13228:Nagasena
13146:Rinpoche
12876:Pāramitā
12718:Devotion
12638:Navayana
12626:Dzogchen
12589:Nichiren
12537:Mahayana
12529:Branches
12407:Saṅkhāra
12156:Mañjuśrī
12113:(cousin)
12105:(cousin)
12073:(mother)
12065:(father)
12053:Miracles
12003:Birthday
11920:Glossary
11893:Buddhism
11789:Archived
11690:Archived
11683:Was the
11646:archived
11586:Tricycle
11243:Archived
10853:(2002).
10741:Archived
10719:Archived
10685:Archived
10593:archived
10572:(2012),
10514:Archived
9518:Archived
9277:Archived
9246:(2009),
9081:(2004).
9012:Archived
8929:: p. 103
8903:, p. 23.
8557:Archived
8153:Archived
8136:Archived
8022:Archived
8006:: p. 172
7993:: p. 174
7830:(2003),
7673:hīnayāna
7669:mahāyāna
7634:: p. 338
7520:Dzogchen
7498:See also
7448:entities
7411:and the
7405:Xuanzang
7380:Thailand
7335:Kalmykia
7327:Buryatia
7315:Mongolia
7297:Pakistan
7188:Mật Tông
7154:Agon Shū
7089:Japanese
7068:Cheontae
7058:and the
7010:: 人間佛教;
6866:Shugendo
6717:Yogācāra
6640:Yogācāra
6608:Varanasi
6530:Yogacara
6447:śrāvakas
6412:and the
6404:hīnayāna
6400:sravakas
6346:Abhirati
6315:and the
6246:gambhira
6242:vaipulya
6212:and the
6127:Maitreya
6093:mandalas
6085:dharanis
6069:Dzogchen
6013:nembutsu
5965:and the
5903:Yogācāra
5877:nivaraṇa
5780:nembutsu
5758:pāramitā
5748:pāramitā
5735:pāramitā
5725:pāramitā
5710:and the
5655:pāramitā
5646:pāramitā
5637:pāramitā
5620:pāramitā
5611:pāramitā
5584:pāramitā
5567:pāramitā
5556:Pāramitā
5528:pāramitā
5515:Sōtō Zen
5490:Practice
5330:and the
5287:Hinduism
5250:and the
5181:Yogācāra
5148:and the
5138:non-dual
5127:vijñapti
5100:nītārtha
5084:Yogācāra
5046:nihilism
5041:svabhāva
5024:svabhāva
4838:Yin Shun
4680:Xuanzang
4670:Sengzhao
4595:Aryadeva
4585:Nagasena
4532:Svabhava
4497:Not-self
4449:Dzogchen
4444:Zen/Chán
4409:Mahayana
4343:a series
4341:Part of
4310:Dharmatā
4264:anutpāda
4232:svabhāva
4207:non-dual
4044:Various
4006:Chion-in
3993:Amitābha
3724:Maitreya
3684:hinayana
3617:Thusness
3545:divinity
3496:Akṣobhya
3492:Amitābha
3484:theology
3447:Amitāyus
3405:and the
3345:Mongolia
3290:Taimitsu
3256:Mongolia
3224:tantrism
3204:Shaivism
3173:Yogacara
3154:Pala era
3118:mandalas
3059:Xuanzang
3032:Cambodia
3012:Malaysia
2977:Dunhuang
2953:Gandhāra
2878:Xuanzang
2843:maritime
2764:Āryadeva
2744:Yogācāra
2714:Yogacara
2667:Aksobhya
2617:Amitābha
2601:Pakistan
2570:Dunhuang
2539:bhikṣuṇī
2506:Gandhāra
2402:Huvishka
2299:and the
2279:ascetics
2256:Gandhara
2248:Āryadeva
2176:Hīnayāna
2143:Calcutta
2047:mahāyāna
2043:mahājāna
2035:mahājāna
2031:mahāyāna
2020:Gandhāri
2006:Mahāyāna
1999:Hīnayāna
1995:Mahāyāna
1990:Hīnayāna
1981:Mahāyāna
1968:Mahāyāna
1960:Mahāyāna
1944:Mahāyāna
1933:Gandhāra
1925:Maitreya
1889:Buddhism
1874:Malaysia
1862:Mongolia
1848:. Since
1846:Malaysia
1808:and the
1753:Amitābha
1681:Buddhist
1648:Sanskrit
1591:Mahāyāna
1522:Thailand
1482:Mongolia
1477:Malaysia
1442:Cambodia
1407:Navayana
1387:Hinayana
1382:Mahāyāna
1292:Lay life
1122:Morality
1102:Not-self
1060:Concepts
1019:Councils
1004:Timeline
976:Glossary
958:Buddhism
950:a series
948:Part of
895:Malaysia
890:Mongolia
730:Nichiren
655:Xuanzang
580:Āryadeva
532:Dzogchen
517:Nichiren
482:Yogācāra
270:Maitreya
250:Mañjuśrī
220:Amitabha
58:a series
56:Part of
35:Maitreya
19534:Nāstika
19452:Uruguay
19427:Ecuador
19407:Bolivia
19384:Vanuatu
19311:Oceania
19261:Jamaica
19241:Grenada
19196:Bahamas
19156:England
19146:Ukraine
19101:Romania
19061:Moldova
19021:Ireland
19016:Iceland
19011:Hungary
19001:Germany
18991:Finland
18986:Estonia
18981:Denmark
18976:Czechia
18971:Croatia
18956:Belgium
18951:Belarus
18946:Austria
18941:Andorra
18936:Albania
18913:Vietnam
18823:Myanmar
18798:Lebanon
18716:Georgia
18676:Bahrain
18666:Armenia
18628:Tunisia
18598:Somalia
18583:Senegal
18568:Nigeria
18558:Namibia
18548:Morocco
18513:Liberia
18508:Lesotho
18458:Eritrea
18428:Comoros
18403:Burundi
18378:Algeria
18322:Outline
18287:Deities
18214:Atheism
18132:Science
18050:Freedom
17908:History
17875:studies
17828:Dualism
17818:Animism
17783:Worship
17763:Symbols
17704:Liturgy
17617:Goddess
17577:Deities
17558:Laicism
17548:Beliefs
17527:Aspects
17499:Zapotec
17494:Vainakh
17462:Yahwism
17447:Semitic
17376:Iranian
17278:Hurrian
17268:Hittite
17258:Guanche
17251:Orphism
17182:Fuegian
17177:Finnish
17165:Atenism
17111:Latvian
17096:Arabian
17039:Raëlism
17019:Jediism
17014:Goddess
16987:De novo
16875:Druidry
16769:Thelema
16722:New Age
16607:Umbanda
16498:Tumbuka
16483:Odinala
16468:Lugbara
16388:African
16354:African
16302:Bimoism
16292:Burmese
16148:Mapuche
16114:Wyandot
16074:Guarani
16055:Choctaw
16050:Chilote
15996:Abenaki
15947:Tagalog
15920:Kejawèn
15769:Sikhism
15732:Jainism
15692:Tibetan
15675:Amidism
15543:Warkari
15457:Đạo Mẫu
15307:Chinese
15289:Eastern
15266:Roshani
15185:Iranian
15093:Alevism
15086:Ibadism
15059:Zaydism
14736:Ancient
14707:Eastern
14667:Renewal
14652:Karaite
14633:Zionist
14621:Hasidic
14603:Judaism
14585:Western
14483:Temples
14463:Buddhas
14425:Science
14415:Judaism
14410:Jainism
14328:Lineage
14288:Abhijñā
14258:Thangka
14201:Sarnath
14186:Lumbini
14107:Funeral
14102:Cuisine
13978:Culture
13953:Reality
13903:Creator
13893:Atomism
13763:History
13736:Ukraine
13696:Germany
13615:Senegal
13605:Vietnam
13533:Myanmar
13333:Shinran
13323:Karmapa
13298:Shandao
13268:Dignāga
13193:Śrāvaka
13173:Donchee
13168:Kappiya
13126:Sayadaw
13096:Bhikkhu
13071:Anāgāmi
13028:Nirvana
12994:Samadhi
12881:Paritta
12822:Tonglen
12817:Mandala
12772:Smarana
12753:Mantras
12701:Upekkha
12671:Bhavana
12621:Shingon
12574:Tiantai
12427:Tathātā
12417:Śūnyatā
12412:Skandha
12402:Saṃsāra
12397:Rebirth
12372:Kleshas
12362:Indriya
12264:Subhūti
12149:Guanyin
12103:Ānanda
12095:Rāhula
11975:Nirvana
11915:Outline
11664:. 2002.
11609:Sources
11492:: p. 83
11451:. p. 21
10891:: p. 49
10865:: p. 80
10371:Collins
8713:: p. 97
8149:"長阿含2經"
7940:itself.
7840:, p. 38
7596:Śūnyatā
7576:Rebirth
7452:dharmas
7392:amulets
7279:Sikkhim
7184:Tịnh độ
7118:Shingon
7008:Chinese
6997:Zhenyan
6981:Tiantai
6977:Faxiang
6923:Tiantai
6917:(Zen),
6891:Chinese
6839:Hòa Hảo
6739:Nikayas
6676:panjiao
6660:Gelugpa
6612:śravaka
6551:Dignāga
6477:karikās
6473:vrittis
6334:Buddhas
6204:Nikāyas
6193:Nikāyas
6165:anātman
6161:rebirth
6145:printed
6101:Shingon
6081:mantras
6042:tonglen
6031:mòzhào,
5944:samadhi
5921:-bhāsya
5866:), the
5863:śamatha
5851:samādhi
5845:dhyānas
5704:In the
5691:Upekkhā
5450:paths.
5444:śrāvaka
5380:Gautama
5301:śūnyatā
5162:'. The
5142:tathatā
5122:vijñāna
5111:dharmas
5082:called
4790:Gorampa
4775:Dolpopa
4765:Rongzom
4635:Dignāga
4552:Nirvana
4434:Tiāntāi
4249:Nirvāṇa
4245:dharmas
4238:essence
4226:dharmas
4215:śūnyatā
4163:ekayāna
4155:nirvana
4117:darśana
4036:is the
4016:art in
3863:in his
3808:, China
3802:Guanyin
3760:beings.
3693:rebirth
3689:saṃsāra
3679:nirvāṇa
3643:, India
3589:trikāya
3472:Buddhas
3333:Vietnam
3282:Shingon
3266:Chinese
3261:Zhēnyán
3254:and in
3232:Kashmir
3212:Samvara
3208:Saivism
3177:dakinis
3138:tantric
3091:Vietnam
3067:Tiantai
3008:Sumatra
3004:Myanmar
2988:Vietnam
2889:Nalanda
2867:Mathura
2863:Bamiyan
2855:Bamiyan
2835:Tantric
2814:1200 CE
2780:Dignaga
2727:ekayana
2685:trikaya
2673:srávaka
2629:Huviṣka
2621:Mathura
2543:nikāyas
2523:samadhi
2518:ascetic
2264:nikāyas
2240:Dignaga
2224:in the
2164:, India
2129:Seated
2121:History
2087:(great
2067:Chinese
2023:Prakrit
1854:tantric
1834:Vietnam
1790:Nalanda
1769:), the
1766:śūnyatā
1730:tantric
1668:
1532:Vietnam
1487:Myanmar
1402:Tibetan
1392:Chinese
1320:Nirvāṇa
1137:Saṃsāra
1132:Rebirth
997:History
986:Outline
870:Tibetan
865:Vietnam
795:Hanshan
770:Dolpopa
720:Shinran
650:Shandao
645:Huineng
615:Dignāga
542:Tzu Chi
507:Shingon
487:Tiantai
204:Buddhas
186:Dharani
31:Nalanda
19493:Portal
19432:Guyana
19412:Brazil
19379:Tuvalu
19276:Panama
19266:Mexico
19211:Canada
19206:Belize
19136:Sweden
19116:Serbia
19106:Russia
19091:Poland
19086:Norway
19066:Monaco
19036:Latvia
19031:Kosovo
19006:Greece
18996:France
18928:Europe
18893:Turkey
18878:Taiwan
18783:Kuwait
18756:Jordan
18746:Israel
18706:Cyprus
18691:Brunei
18686:Bhutan
18638:Zambia
18633:Uganda
18573:Rwanda
18528:Malawi
18488:Guinea
18478:Gambia
18383:Angola
18370:Africa
18179:Wealth
18127:Schism
18082:Growth
18006:Priest
17991:Clergy
17810:Theism
17793:Nature
17788:Astral
17731:Groves
17699:Ritual
17684:Prayer
17642:Novice
17592:Ethnic
17517:Topics
17489:Urartu
17484:Tongan
17479:Somali
17474:Slavic
17354:Dacian
17133:Celtic
17128:Basque
17106:Baltic
16957:Udmurt
16922:Uralic
16917:Slavic
16870:Celtic
16858:Abkhaz
16846:Romuva
16836:Baltic
16811:Modern
16654:Papuan
16617:Voodoo
16572:Kumina
16513:Yoruba
16503:Urhobo
16473:Maasai
16458:Lotuko
16406:Baluba
16396:Akamba
16369:Berber
16327:Heraka
16317:Dongba
16205:Pueblo
16200:Pawnee
16190:Navajo
16180:Muisca
16143:Lenape
16131:Lakota
16109:Seneca
16099:Mohawk
16033:Ohlone
16013:Apache
16006:Ojibwe
15986:Native
15852:Manchu
15847:Evenki
15808:Altaic
15799:Ethnic
15774:Khalsa
15727:Kalash
15617:Śrauta
15486:Indian
15416:Korean
15382:Shinto
15352:Taoism
15325:Luoism
15151:Baháʼí
15146:Bábism
15098:Ahmadi
15076:Sufism
15069:Alawis
14719:Church
14647:Reform
14628:Modern
14616:Haredi
14478:Sutras
14473:Suttas
14338:Siddhi
14323:Koliya
14298:Brahmā
14213:Poetry
14159:Mantra
14149:Kasaya
14021:Pagoda
14001:Kyaung
13996:Vihāra
13991:Temple
13933:Ethics
13776:Ashoka
13726:Sweden
13721:Poland
13716:Norway
13706:Mexico
13691:France
13676:Canada
13671:Brazil
13610:Africa
13590:Taiwan
13553:Russia
13478:Bhutan
13438:Vinaya
13318:Naropa
13308:Saraha
13243:Asanga
12999:Prajñā
12908:Refuge
12871:Nianfo
12832:Tertön
12827:Tantra
12812:Ganana
12802:Tukdam
12728:Dhyāna
12696:Mudita
12691:Karuṇā
12584:Risshū
12579:Huayan
12512:Naraka
12452:Anattā
12447:Dukkha
12442:Anicca
12347:Dharma
12299:Channa
12234:Ānanda
12219:Assaji
12186:Skanda
12089:(wife)
12058:Family
12038:Relics
11963:Sangha
11958:Dharma
11953:Buddha
11781:
11721:, 1990
11711:
11638:
11472:
11431:
11371:
11233:]
11188:
11145:
11122:
11112:
10909:
10887:
10861:
10585:
10491:
10464:
10434:
10410:
10377:
10246:
10236:
10094:
9731:
9699:
9650:
9500:
9348:
9258:
9227:
9171:
9147:
9116:
9089:
9048:
9004:
8951:, 2000
8890:p. 44.
8678:p. 30.
8649:
8588:
8563:30 May
8549:
8529:Oxford
8493:
8099:现代汉语词典
7925:
7900:
7890:
7601:Tendai
7490:(Skt.
7480:(Skt.
7421:Theras
7309:Bhutan
7283:Ladakh
7162:Shinto
7130:Rinzai
7110:Tendai
7077:While
7072:Jingak
7043:Korean
7033:Taiwan
7024:Taoism
7012:pinyin
6995:, and
6985:Huayan
6973:Sanlun
6927:Huayan
6904:Taiwan
6828:Yunnan
6818:) and
6538:Asanga
6468:śāstra
6439:Asaṅga
6265:sutras
6185:Āgamas
6105:Tendai
6103:, and
6089:mudras
6075:, the
6048:lojong
6023:huatou
6008:nianfo
5971:. The
5961:, the
5907:Asaṅga
5889:duḥkha
5883:anitya
5830:dhyana
5819:; and
5799:, 1887
5697:, and
5695:Dhyāna
5683:Prajñā
5653:Dhyāna
5633:Kṣānti
5500:monlam
5404:Dharma
5376:Dharma
5256:. The
5218:embryo
5173:Asanga
5152:. The
4700:Wonhyo
4690:Fazang
4675:Jizang
4615:Asanga
4492:Ahimsa
4461:Themes
4439:Huayan
4304:ksanti
4258:svapna
4177:arhats
4119:-mārga
4068:bhūmis
4034:reborn
3972:Prajñā
3924:sutras
3886:karuṇā
3880:maitrī
3806:Leshan
3732:arhats
3549:theism
3525:kalpas
3425:Atisha
3401:, the
3397:, the
3393:, the
3389:, the
3379:Āgamas
3374:Nikāya
3358:sutras
3288:, and
3286:Mikkyo
3278:Tángmì
3274:Mìzōng
3270:Mìjiao
3252:Bhutan
3242:, the
3179:, and
3071:Huayen
3053:) and
3043:Guptas
3039:Faxian
3026:, the
3024:Borneo
2992:Taiwan
2990:, and
2899:) and
2882:Yijing
2874:Faxian
2794:Growth
2778:, and
2772:Asanga
2669:-vyuha
2625:Brāhmī
2576:, the
2535:bhikṣu
2531:Vinaya
2473:sūtras
2250:, and
2226:Āndhra
2169:Origin
2156:sect.
2139:Kushan
2115:Āgamas
2081:calque
2014:(Skt.
1866:Bhutan
1826:Taiwan
1652:महायान
1517:Taiwan
1497:Russia
1437:Brazil
1432:Bhutan
1352:Buddha
1272:Wisdom
1055:Dharma
885:Bhutan
850:Taiwan
790:Hakuin
760:Atisha
755:Nāropā
740:Virūpa
690:Wohnyo
670:Saichō
660:Fazang
595:Asanga
497:Huayan
492:Tendai
19417:Chile
19374:Tonga
19364:Samoa
19354:Palau
19344:Nauru
19251:Haiti
19171:Wales
19131:Spain
19056:Malta
19026:Italy
18918:Yemen
18873:Syria
18853:Qatar
18828:Nepal
18803:Macau
18766:Korea
18751:Japan
18726:India
18701:China
18613:Sudan
18563:Niger
18518:Libya
18503:Kenya
18483:Ghana
18473:Gabon
18448:Egypt
18388:Benin
18297:Index
18268:lists
18137:State
17955:Women
17823:Deism
17798:Place
17778:Water
17773:Truth
17741:Trees
17597:Faith
17562:Laity
17457:Punic
17415:Roman
17381:Vedic
17339:Olmec
17226:Greek
17219:Norse
17143:Irish
16964:Wicca
16759:Subud
16649:Inuit
16622:Winti
16612:Vodou
16577:Obeah
16557:Comfa
16540:Bantu
16493:Serer
16478:Mbuti
16438:Dogon
16433:Dinka
16416:Kongo
16411:Bantu
16337:Qiang
16168:Olmec
16158:Aztec
16079:Haida
16028:Miwok
15964:Māori
15895:Dayak
15816:Turko
15779:Sects
15715:Other
15670:Thiền
15254:Other
15156:Druze
15134:Other
15010:Sunni
15002:Islam
14784:Amish
14702:Latin
14450:Lists
14318:Kalpa
14313:Iddhi
14176:Music
14171:Mudra
14137:Vassa
14117:Vesak
14087:Budai
14033:Candi
14016:Stupa
13948:Logic
13701:Italy
13600:Tibet
13538:Nepal
13508:Korea
13503:Japan
13493:India
13488:China
13433:Sutra
13388:Texts
13338:Dōgen
13328:Hōnen
13313:Atiśa
13278:Zhiyi
13188:Achar
13156:Tulku
13151:Geshe
13136:Rōshi
13121:Ajahn
13076:Arhat
13036:Bodhi
13006:Vīrya
12923:Sacca
12918:Satya
12913:Sādhu
12901:Music
12844:Merit
12837:Terma
12797:Zazen
12733:Faith
12686:Mettā
12367:Karma
12327:Bardo
12294:Asita
12284:Khema
12274:Upāli
12259:Nanda
12097:(son)
12071:Māyā
12048:Films
11925:Index
11792:(PDF)
11775:(PDF)
11246:(PDF)
11235:(PDF)
11229:[
10596:(PDF)
10579:(PDF)
9346:S2CID
9141:19–20
9044:–95.
8628:(PDF)
8613:(PDF)
8177:增一阿含經
7966:(PDF)
7959:(PDF)
7657:jñāna
7618:Notes
7303:Nepal
7236:with
7179:Thiền
7134:Obaku
6816:Nepal
6354:merit
6157:karma
5823:. In
5785:Amida
5756:Jñāna
5723:Upāya
5687:Mettā
5675:Sacca
5644:Vīrya
5536:merit
5519:Kyoto
5502:) at
5363:devas
5356:Nagas
5292:ātman
5263:atman
5116:citta
4833:Taixu
4735:Atiśa
4715:Dōgen
4710:Kūkai
4705:Jinul
4685:Zhiyi
4512:Karma
4269:ajata
4144:upāya
4137:upāya
4111:bhūmi
4101:bhūmi
4096:Atiśa
4020:. In
4018:Japan
4010:Kyoto
3966:Jñāna
3948:upāya
3844:Atiśa
3744:bodhi
3728:could
3649:mārga
3570:faith
3349:Japan
3341:Tibet
3337:Korea
3325:China
3187:) or
3134:Gupta
3095:Japan
3087:Korea
3000:India
2996:Japan
2984:Korea
2934:China
2893:Gupta
2808:Bihar
2642:China
2500:monk
2330:stupa
1870:Nepal
1858:Tibet
1852:is a
1822:Japan
1818:Korea
1814:China
1749:arhat
1685:texts
1527:Tibet
1467:Korea
1462:Japan
1452:India
1447:China
1412:Newar
1337:Arhat
1127:Karma
981:Index
880:Newar
875:Nepal
860:Korea
855:Japan
838:China
800:Taixu
725:Dōgen
715:Hōnen
700:Jinul
675:Kūkai
635:Zhiyi
29:from
19442:Peru
19324:Fiji
19221:Cuba
18833:Oman
18793:Laos
18741:Iraq
18736:Iran
18653:Asia
18623:Togo
18533:Mali
18423:Chad
18266:and
18193:and
17768:Text
17748:Soul
17637:Monk
17602:Fire
17283:Inca
17091:Ainu
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