1035:"Shariputra, suppose that in a certain town in a certain country there was a very rich man. He was far along in years and his wealth was beyond measure. He had many fields, houses and menservants. His own house was big and rambling, but it had only one gate. A great many people—a hundred, two hundred, perhaps as many as five hundred—lived in the house. The halls and rooms were old and decaying, the walls crumbling, the pillars rotten at their base, and the beams and rafters crooked and aslant. At that time a fire suddenly broke out on all sides, spreading through the rooms of the house. The sons of the rich man, ten, twenty perhaps thirty, were inside the house. When the rich man saw the huge flames leaping up on every side, he was greatly alarmed and fearful and thought to himself, I can escape to safety through the flaming gate, but my sons are inside the burning house enjoying themselves and playing games, unaware, unknowing, without alarm or fear. The fire is closing in on them, suffering and pain threaten them, yet their minds have no sense of loathing or peril and they do not think of trying to escape!
1038:"Shariputra, this rich man thought to himself, I have strength in my body and arms. I can wrap them in a robe or place them on a bench and carry them out of the house. And then again he thought, this house has only one gate, and moreover it is narrow and small. My sons are very young, they have no understanding, and they love their games, being so engrossed in them that they are likely to be burned in the fire. I must explain to them why I am fearful and alarmed. The house is already in flames and I must get them out quickly and not let them be burned up in the fire! Having thought in this way, he followed his plan and called to all his sons, saying, 'You must come out at once!" But though the father was moved by pity and gave good words of instruction, the sons were absorbed in their games and unwilling to heed them. They had no alarm, no fright, and in the end no mind to leave the house. Moreover, they did not understand what the fire was, what the house was, what the danger was. They merely raced about this way and that in play and looked at their father without heeding him.
1041:"At that time the rich man had this thought: the house is already in flames from this huge fire. If I and my sons do not get out at once, we are certain to be burned. I must now invent some expedient means that will make it possible for the children to escape harm. The father understood his sons and knew what various toys and curious objects each child customarily liked and what would delight them. And so he said to them, 'The kind of playthings you like are rare and hard to find. If you do not take them when you can, you will surely regret it later. For example, things like these goat-carts, deer-carts and ox-carts. They are outside the gate now where you can play with them. So you must come out of this burning house at once. Then whatever ones you want, I will give them all to you!' "At that time, when the sons heard their father telling them about these rare playthings, because such things were just what they had wanted, each felt emboldened in heart and, pushing and shoving one another, they all came wildly dashing out of the burning house.
1061:"Shariputra, that rich man first used three types of carriages to entice his sons, but later he gave them just the large carriage adorned with jewels, the safest, most comfortable kind of all. Despite this, that rich man was not guilty of falsehood. The Tathagata does the same, and he is without falsehood. First he preaches the three vehicles to attract and guide living beings, but later he employs just the Great Vehicle to save them. Why? The Tathagata possesses measureless wisdom, power, freedom from fear, the storehouse of the Dharma. He is capable of giving to all living beings the Dharma of the Great Vehicle. But not all of them are capable of receiving it. Shariputra, for this reason you should understand that the Buddhas employ the power of expedient means. And because they do so, they make distinctions in the one Buddha vehicle and preach it as three."
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wear the robe of radiance and speak of the
Nirmanakaya Buddha. The realms of the Three Eyes depend on change. To explain it from the point of the Sutras and Treatises, the Dharmakaya is the fundamental. The Sambhogakaya and the Nirmanakaya are the functions. But as I see it, the Dharmakaya cannot expound (or comprehend) the Dharma. Thus an old master said: "The (Buddha's) bodies are set up with reference to meaning; The (Buddha's) realms are differentiated with reference to the bodies." The nature of the bodies and of the realms is clear; they are the temple of the Dharma, and so are only relative. "Yellow leaves in the empty fist to entice unweaned children." Spikes of water-chestnuts — what juice are you looking for in those dry bones? There is no Dharma outside the heart , nor anything to find inside. So what are you looking for?
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1049:"No, World-Honored One. This rich man simply made it possible for his sons to escape the peril of fire and preserve their lives. He did not commit a falsehood. Why do I say this? Because if they were able to preserve their lives, then they had already obtained a plaything of sorts. And how much more so when, through an expedient means, they are rescued from that burning house!"
945:. Skillful means may theoretically be used by different buddhist groups to make many seemingly proscribed practices, such as violence, theft, and sexuality be employed as skillful. The use of harsh violence to one's disciples has occasionally been used as a way of opening their eyes to the nature of self and suffering; an example is the story of a
1087:, are simply expedient means to bring the hearer to the realization of emptiness. But because many people are afraid of emptiness or disdain the idea of emptiness, various upaya must be used to get the student's attention to focus on the essence of mind rather than upon the distractions of mind. Here's an example from the Record of Zen master
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and others have strongly rejected the mindfulness movement in the ways that it has become a commercialized version of the practice. Mindfulness-based interventions in schools and educational institutions have also been discussed within these contexts. Some argue that these programs must be grounded
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priest who ended a conversation with a disciple by slamming shut a door on the disciple's leg, fracturing the leg and, according to the story, causing a deep insight in the disciple. There are a number of other stories of
Buddhist saints and bodhisattvas taking part in fairly eccentric and unusual
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One asked: "What is the realm of the Three Eyes?" The master said: "I enter with you the realm of utter purity, wear the robe of purity and expound the
Dharmakaya Buddha. Or we enter the realm of non-differentiation and expound the Sambhogakaya Buddha. Or again, we enter the realm of deliverance,
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The doctrine of expedient means provided the main hermeneutical device by which
Chinese Buddhists systematically ordered the Buddha's teachings in their classificatory schemes. It enabled them to arrange the teachings in such a way that each teaching served as an expedient measure to overcome the
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into
English as 'skillful' or as 'expedient' is often difficult, because the connotations shift according to the context as (1) the teaching being something to marvel at — the fact that the Buddha can present these difficult truths in everyday language (thus, skillful), yet that (2) they are
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is that of "the empty fist". A father holds up his empty fist saying there is something inside it to get the attention of the crying children. Sometimes the fist is holding golden leaves to give the impression that something made of gold is held inside. This is a favorite image of
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particular shortcoming of the teaching that preceded it while, at the same time, pointing to the teaching that was to supersede it. In this fashion a hierarchical progression of teachings could be constructed, starting with the most elementary and leading to the most profound.
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practice to perform or view to hold; i.e., it may bring the practitioner closer to the true realization in a similar way. The exercise of skill to which it refers, the ability to adapt one's message to the audience, is of enormous importance in the
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can be viewed as having secularized the practice and hence having made it accessible to a population who would never think of trying it had it been rendered in
Buddhist terms. On the other hand, critics such as Glenn Wallis, Ron Purser,
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One consequence of this is that it is possible to endorse a form of
Buddhist practice as viable while simultaneously critiquing its premises or contrasting it unfavorably to another, higher practice. In some Mahayana texts, such as the
1198:"It is true that the term translated 'skill in means', upaya-kausalya , is post-canonical, but the exercise of skill to which it refers, the ability to adapt one's message to the audience, is of enormous importance in the Pali Canon."
1113:"It is true that the term translated 'expounding in means', upaya-kausalya, is post-canonical, but the exercise of expounding to which it refers, the ability to adapt one's message to the audience, is of enormous importance in the
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Buddhism are also often interpreted as a process of skillful means. They are understood to be means whereby practitioners use the very misconceptions and properties of mundane existence to help themselves reach enlightenment.
911:, says "'Skill in means' is the ability to bring out the spiritual potentialities of different people by statements or actions which are adjusted to their needs and adapted to their capacity for comprehension."
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The father subsequently presents each of his sons with a large bejeweled carriage drawn by a pure white ox. When the Buddha asks
Shariputra whether the father was guilty of falsehood, he answers.
1083:, all component things are empty. From the Zen point of view an essential teaching of Buddhism is that all assertions of any kind, even the highest concepts of Buddhism itself such as the
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teachings of a lower order as compared to the ultimate truth, and are far removed from reflecting reality, and are a kind of 'stopgap' measure (thus, expedient).
1145:-based interventions has led to debates as to just how much these short-termed programs convey the essence of the Buddhist path. On the one hand, scholars like
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who is like "a father to all the world", and the sons representing humans who are "born into the threefold world, a burning house, rotten, and old".
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Upaya-kaushalya is a concept emphasizing that practitioners may use their own specific methods or techniques that fit the situation in order to gain
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where a conscious, voluntary action "is driven by an incomplete reasoning" about its direction. Upaya is often used with
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changes his form to meet the needs of the student. If a monk is needed, the
Bodhisattva becomes a monk for example.
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1001:"vehicles; carts" drawn by goats, deer, and oxen, which is a Mahayanist wordplay upon classifying the Sutrayana
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Ergas, Oren (2017) Reconstructing 'education' through mindful attention. London: Palgrave
Macmillan.
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This doctrine is sometimes used to explain some of the otherwise strange or unorthodox behavior or '
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941:' (Tib.: yeshe chölwa) engaged in by some Buddhists and exemplified in the conduct of the Tibetan
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gave them various upayas rather than revealing the ultimate truth, for which they were not ready.
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teachers as it eloquently expresses in image the reason behind the necessity for upaya, that is,
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The concept of skillfulness is prominent in Mahayana Buddhism with regards to the actions of a
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Tatz, M., trans. (1994). The Skill in Means (Upayakausalya) Sutra. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
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can also mean "go to the toilet" (e.g., literal "large" and "small" conveniences are
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to rescue children from a burning building. Note that this parable describes three
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Gombrich, Richard F. (1997). ''How Buddhism Began''. Munshiram Manoharlal: p. 17
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1302:. Columbia University Press, New York. Translations from the Asian Classics.
1281:. Columbia University Press, New York. Translations from the Asian Classics.
1260:. Columbia University Press, New York. Translations from the Asian Classics.
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The Buddha explains his similes of the father representing a compassionate
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concept through illustrations such as a burning house and an empty fist.
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1512:(2 volumes). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
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Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors
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1452:"Literal means and hidden meanings: a new analysis of skillful means"
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The most important concept in skill in means is the use, guided by
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1202:, Richard F. Gombrich, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997, p. 17.
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946:
886:判教 "doctrinal classification") as an "expedient means:"
1137:
Contemporary mindfulness-based interventions and upaya
125:
118:
1486:
The concept of upāya in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy
1355:
Thus Have I Heard: the Long Discourses of the Buddha
1488:, Japanese Journal of Buddhist Studies 1 (1), 51–72
1242:
Chinese Cultural Studies: Doctrinal Classification.
1621:Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma
1011:Solitary Conqueror's Vehicle (Pratyekabuddhayana)
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1533:Skillful Means: The Heart of Buddhist Compassion
1380:
1378:
1324:. Shambhala Publications, Inc. pp. 34–35.
976:
1493:Skilful Means - A concept in Mahayana Buddhism
103:
92:
52:
1985:
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1375:
950:behaviors in the practice of skillful means.
845:
214:
77:
66:
2767:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
880:classification of Buddhist schools (Chinese
930:, the Buddha describes how the Bodhisattva
1992:
1978:
1571:
1557:
1495:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.
1155:in the origins of the practice's ethics.
852:
838:
26:For methods of diplomacy described in the
1384:
1247:(unpaginated), accessed: January 28, 2008
991:story about using the expedient means of
1449:
1319:
3954:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1413:"Can Mindfulness Change a Corporation?"
4648:
4157:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1366:
961:
206:notes that rendering the Chinese term
19:For the Zen center in New Mexico, see
1973:
1552:
1484:Matsunaga, Daigan and Alicia (1974).
1125:does occur in the Pāli Canon, in the
171:) is an aspect of guidance along the
1100:
1407:
1229:"Linguistic Advice in the Lavatory"
13:
3944:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
303:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
298:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
4667:
1065:
4625:
4615:
4614:
4172:Thai temple art and architecture
3917:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2157:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2023:
2010:
2000:
1637:
922:, or help them on their road to
819:
238:
4656:Buddhist philosophical concepts
2024:
1578:
1423:
1401:
1360:
4162:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3964:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3044:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2235:Places where the Buddha stayed
1794:Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra
1628:Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra
1535:. University of Hawaii Press.
1347:
1338:
1313:
1292:
1271:
1250:
1234:
1205:
1192:
1007:Hearer's Vehicle (Sravakayana)
204:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
1:
4177:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1443:
1367:Wallis, Glenn (3 July 2011).
953:The practices and rituals of
3934:Buddhism and the Roman world
3910:Decline of Buddhism in India
3905:History of Buddhism in India
2005: Topics in
1298:Watson, Burton, tr. (1993).
1277:Watson, Burton, tr. (1993).
1256:Watson, Burton, tr. (1993).
1070:Another common metaphor for
977:Parable of the burning house
501:Buddhist Paths to liberation
173:Buddhist paths to liberation
7:
3132:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2872:
1371:. Speculative Non-Buddhism.
1369:"The Elixer of Mindfulness"
1158:
969:metaphorically explain the
909:A Short History Of Buddhism
157:
126:
104:
78:
10:
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4082:The unanswerable questions
1614:Innumerable Meanings Sūtra
1353:Walshe, M. trans. (1987).
1322:The Zen Teaching of Rinzai
1320:Schloegl, Irmgard (1976).
215:Role and function of Upaya
183:meaning "skill in means".
25:
18:
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4392:
4167:Buddhist temples in Korea
4090:
3992:
3875:
3572:
3500:
3327:
3200:
3140:
2775:
2730:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2641:
2633:Three planes of existence
2581:
2426:
2318:
2248:
2240:Buddha in world religions
2102:
2047:
2019:
1932:
1769:Abundant Treasures Buddha
1692:
1646:
1635:
1597:
1591:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
1588:
1417:Buddhist Peace Fellowship
1240:Gregory, Peter N. (1999)
134:
119:
112:
93:
86:
67:
60:
53:
46:
39:
3949:Persecution of Buddhists
3170:Four stages of awakening
2551:Three marks of existence
2137:Physical characteristics
1459:Philosophy East and West
1185:
1015:Great Vehicle (Mahayana)
179:(कौशल्य, "cleverness"),
3312:Ten principal disciples
2195:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1531:Schroeder, John (2001)
1450:Federman, Asaf (2009),
926:. In chapter 25 of the
521:Philosophical reasoning
4022:Buddhism and democracy
3535:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3530:Chinese Buddhist canon
2762:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2757:Early Buddhist schools
1391:"Beyond McMindfulness"
1119:
1098:
1063:
1051:
1043:
893:
288:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4032:Eight Consciousnesses
2142:Life of Buddha in art
1889:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī
1836:who becomes a Buddha)
1607:Threefold Lotus Sutra
1491:Pye, Michael (1978).
1411:(February 19, 2013).
1223:小便 "urination"). See
1211:In colloquial usage,
1111:
1093:
1059:
1047:
1033:
888:
556:Aids to Enlightenment
381:Dependent Origination
4509:East Asian religions
3939:Buddhism in the West
3510:Early Buddhist texts
3125:Four Right Exertions
2591:Ten spiritual realms
2084:Noble Eightfold Path
1832:(daughter of Sāgara
1219:大便 "defecation" and
526:Devotional practices
349:Noble Eightfold Path
136:Glossary of Buddhism
4632:Religion portal
4379:Temple of the Tooth
4258:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3297:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2790:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2573:Two truths doctrine
2393:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2193:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1779:Majestic Voice King
1755:Never Disrespectful
1141:The recent rise of
1003:Schools of Buddhism
962:Images and examples
876:Gregory frames the
826:Buddhism portal
699:Buddhism by country
461:Sanskrit literature
4554:Western philosophy
4152:Dzong architecture
3974:Vipassana movement
3969:Buddhist modernism
3397:Emperor Wen of Sui
3165:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3098:Threefold Training
2900:Vipassana movement
2616:Hungry Ghost realm
2436:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2383:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
2132:Great Renunciation
2127:Eight Great Events
2009:
1899:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1884:Maha-Maudgalyayana
1750:Unlimited Practice
1471:10.1353/pew.0.0050
1200:How Buddhism Began
987:contains a famous
313:Buddhist modernism
32:Upayas (diplomacy)
4640:
4639:
4278:Om mani padme hum
3984:Women in Buddhism
3900:Buddhist councils
3770:Western countries
3558:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3319:Shaolin Monastery
2896:Samatha-vipassanā
2506:Pratītyasamutpāda
2310:Metteyya/Maitreya
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2057:Four Noble Truths
1967:
1966:
1938:Nichiren Buddhism
1745:Superior Practice
1506:Snellgrove, David
1435:978-1-137-58782-4
1101:In the Pali Canon
862:
861:
344:Four Noble Truths
141:
140:
4663:
4630:
4629:
4618:
4617:
4457:Sacred languages
4305:Maya Devi Temple
4268:Mahabodhi Temple
4072:Secular Buddhism
4037:Engaged Buddhism
2877:
2725:Tibetan Buddhism
2676:Vietnamese Thiền
2275:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1945:Tiantai Buddhism
1784:Śākyamuni Buddha
1641:
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1566:
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1550:
1549:
1481:
1456:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1389:(July 1, 2013).
1382:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:. Wisdom: p. 486
1351:
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1311:
1296:
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1275:
1269:
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1232:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1107:Richard Gombrich
1027:to his disciple
854:
847:
840:
824:
823:
551:Sublime abidings
242:
219:
218:
160:
129:
122:
121:
107:
96:
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81:
70:
69:
56:
55:
37:
36:
21:Upaya Zen Center
4671:
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4636:
4624:
4606:
4558:
4473:
4388:
4125:Ordination hall
4086:
3988:
3959:Buddhist crisis
3871:
3568:
3520:Mahayana sutras
3496:
3492:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3323:
3196:
3136:
3086:Bodhisattva vow
2771:
2637:
2577:
2536:Taṇhā (Craving)
2471:Five hindrances
2422:
2314:
2244:
2098:
2043:
2015:
1998:
1968:
1963:
1928:
1688:
1642:
1633:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1406:
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1395:Huffington Post
1383:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1318:
1314:
1300:The Lotus Sutra
1297:
1293:
1279:The Lotus Sutra
1276:
1272:
1258:The Lotus Sutra
1255:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1180:Lie-to-children
1161:
1139:
1103:
1068:
979:
964:
858:
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810:
701:
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641:
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491:
481:
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451:Mahayana Sutras
431:
421:
420:
361:Five Aggregates
339:
338:
318:
317:
308:Later Buddhists
273:
217:
181:upaya-kaushalya
163:expedient means
123:
97:
71:
41:
40:Translations of
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4189:Greco-Buddhist
4181:
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4140:Burmese pagoda
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3922:Greco-Buddhism
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3564:Abhidharmadīpa
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3482:B. R. Ambedkar
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3402:Songtsen Gampo
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3095:
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3083:
3081:Eight precepts
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2852:Five Strengths
2849:
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2491:Mental factors
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2343:Mahamoggallāna
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2258:Avalokiteśvara
2254:
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2159:
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2100:
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2031:
2020:
2017:
2016:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1933:
1930:
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1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
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1879:Mahā-Kātyāyana
1876:
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1705:Avalokiteśvara
1702:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1684:Ten suchnesses
1681:
1679:Skillful Means
1676:
1671:
1669:Eternal Buddha
1666:
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1489:
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1465:(2): 125–141,
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1359:
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1312:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1147:Jon Kabat-Zinn
1138:
1135:
1121:The Pāli term
1102:
1099:
1067:
1066:The empty fist
1064:
1021:Gautama Buddha
978:
975:
967:Buddhist texts
963:
960:
932:Avalokitesvara
860:
859:
857:
856:
849:
842:
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629:
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623:
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616:Pratyekabuddha
613:
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584:
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571:Buddhist chant
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486:
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429:Buddhist texts
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4408:
4405:
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4399:
4397:
4395:
4394:Miscellaneous
4391:
4385:
4384:Vegetarianism
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
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4229:
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4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Buddha in art
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:United States
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Padmasambhava
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3329:Major figures
3326:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:Western tulku
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Five precepts
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Dhamma vicaya
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Buddhābhiṣeka
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Enlightenment
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Dhamma theory
2454:
2452:
2451:Buddha-nature
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Samantabhadra
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Pure Practice
1738:
1736:
1735:Firm Practice
1733:
1731:
1730:Samantabhadra
1728:
1726:
1725:Medicine King
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Six Pāramitās
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Buddha-nature
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1541:0-8248-2442-3
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:0-87773-379-1
1523:
1520:(v. 1) &
1519:
1518:0-87773-311-2
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:0-7156-1266-2
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:Purser, Ron;
1381:
1379:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1333:
1331:0-87773-087-3
1327:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:Sangiti Sutta
1124:
1123:upāya-kosalla
1118:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1105:According to
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
986:
985:
974:
972:
968:
959:
956:
951:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
887:
885:
884:
879:
878:hermeneutical
874:
872:
868:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
816:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
700:
695:
694:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
590:
589:
582:
581:Vegetarianism
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:Recollections
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:Five precepts
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
471:Chinese canon
469:
467:
466:Tibetan canon
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
430:
425:
424:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
272:
267:
266:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
212:
209:
205:
200:
198:
193:
189:
188:enlightenment
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
150:
146:
137:
133:
128:
117:
115:
111:
106:
101:
91:
89:
85:
80:
75:
65:
63:
59:
51:
49:
45:
38:
33:
29:
22:
16:Buddhist term
4642:
4572:Bodhisattvas
4492:Christianity
4487:Baháʼí Faith
4352:Dharmachakra
4342:Prayer wheel
4332:Prayer beads
4100:Architecture
3979:969 Movement
3763:Saudi Arabia
3741:Central Asia
3734:South Africa
3556:
3539:
3472:Panchen Lama
3377:Buddhapālita
2973:Satipatthana
2968:Mindful Yoga
2881:Recollection
2795:Brahmavihara
2666:Japanese Zen
2661:Chinese Chan
2621:Animal realm
2428:Key concepts
2250:Bodhisattvas
2062:Three Jewels
1955:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1874:Mahā-Kāśyapa
1793:
1699:Bodhisattvas
1678:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1590:
1580:
1532:
1509:
1492:
1462:
1458:
1425:
1403:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1299:
1294:
1278:
1273:
1268:, pp. 56-57.
1257:
1252:
1241:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1140:
1131:Digha Nikāya
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1094:
1089:Linji Yixuan
1071:
1069:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1019:
996:
988:
982:
980:
970:
965:
952:
939:crazy wisdom
936:
913:
908:
905:Edward Conze
894:
889:
881:
875:
863:
531:Merit making
496:Three Jewels
436:Buddhavacana
366:Impermanence
354:Dharma wheel
207:
201:
191:
185:
180:
176:
166:
162:
148:
142:
28:Arthashastra
4417:Dharma talk
4246:Asalha Puja
4042:Eschatology
3845:Switzerland
3825:New Zealand
3753:Middle East
3662:Philippines
3582:Afghanistan
3387:Bodhidharma
3372:Buddhaghosa
3292:Householder
3202:Monasticism
3155:Bodhisattva
3010:Prostration
2963:Mindfulness
2891:Anapanasati
2874:Kammaṭṭhāna
2671:Korean Seon
2611:Asura realm
2606:Human realm
2546:Ten Fetters
2501:Parinirvana
2403:Uppalavanna
2368:Mahākaccana
2353:Mahākassapa
2285:Kṣitigarbha
2280:Ākāśagarbha
2177:Suddhodāna
2122:Four sights
2049:Foundations
1845:Dhṛtarāṣṭra
1693:Key figures
1654:Bodhisattva
1581:Lotus Sūtra
1225:Victor Mair
1143:mindfulness
1023:elucidates
984:Lotus Sutra
928:Lotus Sutra
916:bodhisattva
867:Lotus Sutra
766:New Zealand
621:Bodhisattva
606:Four Stages
561:Monasticism
541:Mindfulness
511:Perfections
441:Early Texts
4534:Psychology
4514:Gnosticism
4502:Comparison
4497:Influences
4479:Comparison
4362:Bhavacakra
4320:Kushinagar
4295:Pilgrimage
4241:Māgha Pūjā
4196:Bodhi Tree
4012:Buddhology
4002:Abhidharma
3994:Philosophy
3927:Menander I
3795:Costa Rica
3746:Uzbekistan
3587:Bangladesh
3541:Dhammapada
3525:Pali Canon
3487:Ajahn Chah
3467:Dalai Lama
3367:Kumārajīva
3362:Vasubandhu
3337:The Buddha
3245:Zen master
3180:Sakadagami
3160:Buddhahood
3091:Pratimokṣa
2906:Shikantaza
2862:Meditation
2837:Deity yoga
2708:Madhyamaka
2601:Deva realm
2496:Mindstream
2446:Bodhicitta
2358:Aṅgulimāla
2225:Devadatta
2201:Yaśodharā
2104:The Buddha
2094:Middle Way
1840:Vaiśravaṇa
1826:daughters)
1822:(with ten
1598:Components
1444:References
1409:Loy, David
1387:Loy, David
1308:0231081618
1287:0231081618
1266:0231081618
1165:Mindstream
1115:Pali Canon
1029:Shariputra
1013:, and the
993:white lies
943:Mahasiddha
901:compassion
639:Traditions
576:Pilgrimage
516:Meditation
476:Post-canon
456:Pāli Canon
386:Middle Way
283:The Buddha
197:Pali Canon
4602:Festivals
4582:Buddhists
4544:Theosophy
4347:Symbolism
4337:Hama yumi
4310:Bodh Gaya
4077:Socialism
4052:Evolution
4027:Economics
3865:Venezuela
3780:Australia
3775:Argentina
3699:Sri Lanka
3694:Singapore
3612:Indonesia
3574:Countries
3515:Tripiṭaka
3477:Ajahn Mun
3352:Nagarjuna
3347:Aśvaghoṣa
3230:Anagārika
3225:Śrāmaṇerī
3220:Śrāmaṇera
3215:Bhikkhunī
3175:Sotāpanna
3064:Passaddhi
3005:Offerings
2980:Nekkhamma
2857:Iddhipada
2777:Practices
2747:Theravada
2720:Vajrayana
2713:Yogachara
2683:Pure Land
2596:Six Paths
2583:Cosmology
2363:Anuruddha
2338:Sāriputta
2328:Kaundinya
2320:Disciples
2295:Vajrapāṇi
2147:Footprint
2112:Tathāgata
1924:Yaśodharā
1909:Śāriputra
1869:Kauṇḍinya
1864:Aniruddha
1830:Nāgakanya
1789:Vairocana
1774:Akshobhya
1664:Emptiness
1152:David Loy
1055:Tathāgata
1005:into the
955:Vajrayana
786:Sri Lanka
776:Singapore
731:Indonesia
671:Vajrayāna
646:Theravāda
601:Awakening
489:Practices
446:Tripiṭaka
416:Cosmology
391:Emptiness
371:Suffering
192:expedient
177:kaushalya
4650:Category
4620:Category
4549:Violence
4519:Hinduism
4467:Sanskrit
4422:Hinayana
4407:Amitābha
4367:Swastika
4236:Uposatha
4226:Holidays
4211:Calendar
4057:Humanism
3895:Kanishka
3885:Timeline
3709:Thailand
3677:Kalmykia
3672:Buryatia
3657:Pakistan
3642:Mongolia
3637:Maldives
3632:Malaysia
3597:Cambodia
3462:Shamarpa
3457:Nichiren
3407:Xuanzang
3342:Nagasena
3260:Rinpoche
2990:Pāramitā
2832:Devotion
2752:Navayana
2740:Dzogchen
2703:Nichiren
2651:Mahayana
2643:Branches
2521:Saṅkhāra
2270:Mañjuśrī
2227:(cousin)
2219:(cousin)
2187:(mother)
2179:(father)
2167:Miracles
2117:Birthday
2034:Glossary
2007:Buddhism
1957:Cheontae
1852:Śrāvakas
1834:Nāgaraja
1720:Mañjuśrī
1715:Maitreya
1647:Concepts
1508:(1987).
1310:, p. 60.
1289:, p. 58.
1244:Source:
1221:xiaobian
1213:fangbian
1159:See also
796:Thailand
756:Mongolia
751:Malaysia
716:Cambodia
681:Navayana
661:Hinayana
656:Mahāyāna
566:Lay life
396:Morality
376:Not-self
334:Concepts
293:Councils
278:Timeline
250:Glossary
232:Buddhism
224:a series
222:Part of
208:fāngbiàn
168:pedagogy
155:: उपाय,
153:Sanskrit
145:Buddhism
88:Japanese
79:fāngbiàn
48:Sanskrit
4597:Temples
4577:Buddhas
4539:Science
4529:Judaism
4524:Jainism
4442:Lineage
4402:Abhijñā
4372:Thangka
4315:Sarnath
4300:Lumbini
4221:Funeral
4216:Cuisine
4092:Culture
4067:Reality
4017:Creator
4007:Atomism
3877:History
3850:Ukraine
3810:Germany
3729:Senegal
3719:Vietnam
3647:Myanmar
3447:Shinran
3437:Karmapa
3412:Shandao
3382:Dignāga
3307:Śrāvaka
3287:Donchee
3282:Kappiya
3240:Sayadaw
3210:Bhikkhu
3185:Anāgāmi
3142:Nirvana
3108:Samadhi
2995:Paritta
2936:Tonglen
2931:Mandala
2886:Smarana
2867:Mantras
2815:Upekkha
2785:Bhavana
2735:Shingon
2688:Tiantai
2541:Tathātā
2531:Śūnyatā
2526:Skandha
2516:Saṃsāra
2511:Rebirth
2486:Kleshas
2476:Indriya
2378:Subhūti
2263:Guanyin
2217:Ānanda
2209:Rāhula
2089:Nirvana
2029:Outline
1914:Subhūti
1824:rākṣasī
1762:Buddhas
1709:Guanyin
1175:Trikaya
1129:of the
1085:Trikaya
1081:sunyata
924:nirvana
883:pànjiào
806:Vietnam
761:Myanmar
676:Tibetan
666:Chinese
594:Nirvāṇa
411:Saṃsāra
406:Rebirth
271:History
260:Outline
114:Tibetan
62:Chinese
4592:Sutras
4587:Suttas
4452:Siddhi
4437:Koliya
4412:Brahmā
4327:Poetry
4273:Mantra
4263:Kasaya
4135:Pagoda
4115:Kyaung
4110:Vihāra
4105:Temple
4047:Ethics
3890:Ashoka
3840:Sweden
3835:Poland
3830:Norway
3820:Mexico
3805:France
3790:Canada
3785:Brazil
3724:Africa
3704:Taiwan
3667:Russia
3592:Bhutan
3552:Vinaya
3432:Naropa
3422:Saraha
3357:Asanga
3113:Prajñā
3022:Refuge
2985:Nianfo
2946:Tertön
2941:Tantra
2926:Ganana
2916:Tukdam
2842:Dhyāna
2810:Mudita
2805:Karuṇā
2698:Risshū
2693:Huayan
2626:Naraka
2566:Anattā
2561:Dukkha
2556:Anicca
2461:Dharma
2413:Channa
2348:Ānanda
2333:Assaji
2300:Skanda
2203:(wife)
2172:Family
2152:Relics
2077:Sangha
2072:Dharma
2067:Buddha
1951:Tendai
1904:Rāhula
1859:Ānanda
1820:Hārītī
1815:Brahmā
1539:
1528:(v. 2)
1524:
1516:
1499:
1479:574336
1477:
1433:
1328:
1306:
1285:
1264:
1217:dabian
1170:Prajna
920:dharma
897:wisdom
871:Buddha
791:Taiwan
771:Russia
711:Brazil
706:Bhutan
626:Buddha
546:Wisdom
329:Dharma
100:Rōmaji
74:Pinyin
30:, see
4564:Lists
4432:Kalpa
4427:Iddhi
4290:Music
4285:Mudra
4251:Vassa
4231:Vesak
4201:Budai
4147:Candi
4130:Stupa
4062:Logic
3815:Italy
3714:Tibet
3652:Nepal
3622:Korea
3617:Japan
3607:India
3602:China
3547:Sutra
3502:Texts
3452:Dōgen
3442:Hōnen
3427:Atiśa
3392:Zhiyi
3302:Achar
3270:Tulku
3265:Geshe
3250:Rōshi
3235:Ajahn
3190:Arhat
3150:Bodhi
3120:Vīrya
3037:Sacca
3032:Satya
3027:Sādhu
3015:Music
2958:Merit
2951:Terma
2911:Zazen
2847:Faith
2800:Mettā
2481:Karma
2441:Bardo
2408:Asita
2398:Khema
2388:Upāli
2373:Nanda
2211:(son)
2185:Māyā
2162:Films
2039:Index
1954:, K.
1919:Upāli
1894:Nanda
1810:Śakra
1803:Devas
1475:S2CID
1455:(PDF)
1186:Notes
1072:upaya
1025:upaya
989:upaya
971:upaya
907:, in
801:Tibet
741:Korea
736:Japan
726:India
721:China
686:Newar
611:Arhat
401:Karma
255:Index
158:upāya
149:upaya
127:thabs
105:hōben
42:Upaya
4462:Pāḷi
4447:Māra
4357:Flag
3758:Iran
3682:Tuva
3627:Laos
3255:Lama
3103:Śīla
3071:Śīla
3059:Pīti
3049:Sati
3000:Puja
2921:Koan
2827:Dāna
2418:Yasa
2305:Tārā
1948:(J.
1791:(in
1537:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1262:ISBN
998:yana
981:The
899:and
746:Laos
651:Pāli
202:The
54:उपाय
4184:Art
4120:Wat
2656:Zen
1467:doi
1227:'s
1077:Zen
947:Zen
143:In
120:ཐབས
4652::
4643:`
3686:ru
1611::
1473:,
1463:59
1461:,
1457:,
1415:.
1393:.
1377:^
1133:.
1117:."
1109::
1091::
1031:.
1017:.
1009:,
781:US
226:on
199:.
165:,
161:,
147:,
102::
94:方便
76::
68:方便
3688:)
3684:(
2902:)
2898:(
1993:e
1986:t
1979:v
1960:)
1797:)
1711:)
1707:(
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1469::
1419:.
1397:.
1334:.
1231:.
853:e
846:t
839:v
151:(
130:)
124:(
108:)
98:(
82:)
72:(
34:.
23:.
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