Pali Canon - Knowledge

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rapid development; that it doesn't include back written prophecies of the great Buddhist ruler King Ashoka (which Mahayana texts often do) suggesting that it predates his time; that in its descriptions of the political geography it presents India at the time of Buddha, which changed soon after his death; that it has no mention of places in South India, which would have been well known to Indians not long after Buddha's death; and various other lines of evidence dating the material back to his time.

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the 5th- or 6th-century AD, nearly a thousand years after the death of the Buddha. Further, this redacted Pali Canon of Sri Lanka itself mentions that it was previously redacted towards the end of 1st-century BC. According to Early Buddhism scholar Lars Fogelin, the Pali Canon of Sri Lanka is a modified Canon and "there is no good reason to assume that Sri Lankan Buddhism resembles Early Buddhism in the mainland, and there are numerous reasons to argue that it does not."

339: 987: 20: 8134: 8145: 1812: 5543: 5530: 2410:, 1895-, in progress, 43 volumes so far, Pali Text Society, Bristol; for details of these and other translations of individual books see the separate articles. In 1994, the then President of the Pali Text Society stated that most of these translations were unsatisfactory. Another former President said in 2003 that most of the translations were done very badly. The style of many translations from the Canon has been criticized as 1568: 5520: 38: 2552:. The rules are preceded by stories telling how the Buddha came to lay them down, and followed by explanations and analysis. According to the stories, the rules were devised on an ad hoc basis as the Buddha encountered various behavioral problems or disputes among his followers. This pitaka can be divided into three parts: 1736:. Some of those were later translated into Chinese (earliest dating to the late 4th century AD). The surviving Sri Lankan version is the most complete, but was extensively redacted about 1,000 years after Buddha's death, in the 5th or 6th century CE. The earliest textual fragments of canonical Pali were found in the 2788:

These Brahmanical motives are sometimes introduced in order to "establish a link with the deeds and beliefs of Brahmins", referencing "shared ideas" that were part of the culture of ancient India. In many other instances, they are introduced in order to establish unfavorable comparisons with Buddhist

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refers to the absolute teaching, while the suttas are adapted to the hearer. Most scholars describe the abhidhamma as an attempt to systematize the teachings of the suttas: Cousins says that where the suttas think in terms of sequences or processes the abhidhamma thinks in terms of specific events or

2161:

Scholars generally agree that the early books include some later additions. Aspects of these late additions are or may be from a much earlier period. Aspects of the Pali Canon, such as what it says about society and South Asian history, are in doubt because the Pali Canon was extensively redacted in

1989:

argues that the Pali Canon represents the teachings of the Buddha essentially unchanged apart from minor modifications. He argues that it also incorporates teachings that precede the Buddha, and that the later teachings were memorized by the Buddha's followers while he was still alive. His thesis is

1956:

languages of western India, and found substantial incompatibilities with the few preserved examples of Magadhi and other north-eastern prakrit languages. Linguistic research suggests that the teachings of the Buddha may have been recorded in an eastern Indian language originally, and transposed into

1708:

tradition existing until later periods, along with other sources, shows that oral tradition continued to exist side by side with written scriptures for many centuries to come. Thus, the so-called writing down of the scriptures was only the beginning of a new form of tradition, and the innovation was

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The idea that Buddhist texts were first written down in the first century bce has been widely current since the nineteenth century, but has never been much more than a guess. Its only basis is a short passage, two verses long, found in both the fourth or fifth-century Dīpavaṃsa and later Mahāvaṃsa,

2108:

Some scholars of later Indian Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism say that little or nothing goes back to the Buddha. Ronald Davidson has little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha. Geoffrey Samuel says the Pali Canon largely derives

1996:

and Bhikkhu Brahmali argue that it is likely that much of the Pali Canon dates back to the time period of the Buddha. They base this on many lines of evidence including the technology described in the canon (apart from the obviously later texts), which matches the technology of his day which was in

1902:

The relation of the scriptures to Buddhism as it actually exists among ordinary monks and lay people is, as with other major religious traditions, problematic: the evidence suggests that only parts of the Canon ever enjoyed wide currency, and that non-canonical works were sometimes much more widely

2186:

The general consensus seems to be that what Asoka calls Munigatha correspond to the Munisutta (Sn 207–221), Moneyasute is probably the second half of the Nalakasutta (Sn 699–723), and Upatisapasine may correspond to the Sariputtasutta (Sn 955–975). The identification of most of the other titles is

2141:

Opinions differ on what the earliest books of the Canon are. The majority of Western scholars consider the earliest identifiable stratum to be mainly prose works, the Vinaya (excluding the Parivāra) and the first four nikāyas of the Sutta Pitaka, and perhaps also some short verse works such as the

2892:

The Chinese and Tibetan canons are not translations of the Pali and differ from it to varying extents, but contain some recognizably similar early works. However, the Abhidharma books are fundamentally different works from the Pali Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Chinese and Tibetan canons also consist of

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to collect and preserve his teachings. The Theravada tradition states that the Canon was recited orally from the 5th century to the first century BC, when it was written down. The memorization was reinforced by regular communal recitations. The tradition holds that only a few later additions were

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said it would be "hypocritical" to assert that we can say nothing about the teachings of earliest Buddhism, arguing that "the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in

2170:

is that some combinations of characters are difficult to write in those scripts. Masefield says records in Thailand state that upon the third re-introduction of Theravada Buddhism into Sri Lanka (The Siyamese Sect), large number of texts were also taken. When monastic ordination died out in Sri

1972:

Theravada tradition generally treats the Canon as a whole as originating with the Buddha and his immediate disciples (with the exception of certain, generally Abhidhamma texts, that explicitly refer to events long after his death). Scholars differ in their views regarding the origin of the Pali

2067:

Alex Wynne said that some texts in the Pali Canon may go back to the very beginning of Buddhism, which perhaps include the substance of the Buddha's teaching, and in some cases, maybe even his words. He suggests the canon was composed soon after Buddha's paranirvana, but after a period of free

2050:

Other scholars are more cautious, and attribute part of the Pali canon to the Buddha's early followers. Peter Harvey states that "much" of the Pali Canon must derive from the Buddha's teaching, but also that "parts of the Pali Canon clearly originated after the time of the Buddha."

2365:, (1957–1993?), 58 volumes including parallel Sinhalese translations, searchable, free of charge (not yet fully proofread.) Available at Journal of Buddhist Ethics. The only accurate version of the Sri Lankan text available, in individual page images. Cannot be searched though. 2165:

Dr. Peter Masefield M.P.T.S. researched a form of Pali known as Indochinese Pali or "Kham Pali". It had been considered a degraded form of Pali, but Masefield states that further examination of texts will probably show it is an internally consistent Pali dialect. The reason for

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that states that the Tipiṭaka and commentaries were first written down at this time...however, it fairly clearly does not even intend to record the first time writing was ever used for Buddhist texts, but the first creation of a complete set of written scriptures in Sri Lanka.

1968:

texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period." A variety of factors suggest that the early Sri Lankan Buddhists regarded canonical literature as such and transmitted it conservatively.

1709:

probably opposed by the more conservative monks. As with many other innovations, it was only after some time that it was generally accepted. Therefore, it was much later that the records of this event were transformed into an account of a "council" (sangayana or

1990:

based on study of the processes of the first great council, and the methods for memorization used by the monks, which started during the Buddha's lifetime. It's also based on the capability of a few monks, to this day, to memorize the entire canon.

1915:

According to a late part of the Pali Canon, the Buddha taught the three pitakas. It is traditionally believed by Theravadins that most of the Pali Canon originated from the Buddha and his immediate disciples. According to the scriptures, a

2087:

Much of the Pali Canon is found also in the scriptures of other early schools of Buddhism, parts of whose versions are preserved, mainly in Chinese. Many scholars have argued that this shared material can be attributed to the period of

1887:. Even lay people usually know at least a few short texts by heart and recite them regularly; this is considered a form of meditation, at least if one understands the meaning. Monks are of course expected to know quite a bit more (see 3141:"If some of the material is so old, it might be possible to establish what texts go back to the very beginning of Buddhism, texts which perhaps include the substance of the Buddha's teaching, and in some cases, maybe even his words". 1973:

Canon, but generally believe that the Canon includes several strata of relatively early and late texts, but with little consensus regarding the relative dating of different sections of the Canon or which texts belong to which era.

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Most notably, a version of the Atanatiya Sutta (from the Digha Nikaya) is included in the tantra (Mikkyo, rgyud) divisions of the Taisho and of the Cone, Derge, Lhasa, Lithang, Narthang and Peking (Qianlong) editions of the

2672:), is a collection of texts which give a scholastic explanation of Buddhist doctrines particularly about mind, and sometimes referred to as the "systematic philosophy" basket. There are seven books in the Abhidhamma Pitaka: 1882:

Although the Canon has existed in written form for two millennia, its earlier oral nature has not been forgotten in Buddhist practice: memorization and recitation remain common. Among frequently recited texts are the

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teachings or practices- after identifying the fire sacrifice as the foremost of the Brahminist sacrifices, the Buddha goes on to explain how it is surpassed by the kindling of "inner light" that he practices as an

2104:

Some scholars see the Pali Canon as expanding and changing from an unknown nucleus. Arguments given for an agnostic attitude include that the evidence for the Buddha's teachings dates from long after his death.

3114:"I am saying that there was a person called the Buddha, that the preachings probably go back to him individually ... that we can learn more about what he meant, and that he was saying some very precise things." 4706:"In the fourth year of the Kaibao 開寶 reign (971), Emperor Taizu (r. 960-975) of the Song Dynasty 宋太祖 ordered the first carving of a set of woodblocks for the Chinese Buddhist Canon." (aka the Kaibao Canon) 1960:

Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically Theravādin, but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to

2357:, and therefore reflect the results of the council more accurately than some existing Sixth Council editions. Available for viewing online (registration required) at Tipiṭaka Quotation WebService. 2850:

but not found in Pali. The canon contains voluminous works of Abhidharma, especially from the Sarvāstivāda school. The Indian works preserved in the Chinese Canon were translated mostly from

2617:

152 medium-length discourses. Manné argues that this book was particularly intended to give a solid grounding in the teaching to converts, with a high proportion of sermons and consultations.

2269:

The first complete printed edition of the Canon was published in Burma in 1900, in 38 volumes. The following editions of the Pali text of the Canon are readily available in the West:

2569:, a basic code of rules for monks and nuns that is not as such included in the Canon. The monks' rules are dealt with first, followed by those of the nuns' rules not already covered. 2257:

of Theravāda countries is not conducive to the survival of manuscripts. Apart from brief quotations in inscriptions and a two-page fragment from the eighth or ninth century found in

3909: 3150:

Ronald Davidson states, "most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) that a relatively early community (disputed) maintained and transmitted."

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Western scholarship suggests that the composition of the Abhidhamma Pitaka likely began around 300 BCE, but may have drawn on an earlier tradition of lists and rubrics known as "

2488:

A Chinese translation of the above-mentioned Japanese translation was undertaken between 1990–1998 and thereafter printed under the patronage of Kaoshiung's Yuan Heng Temple.

2838:

schools. It also includes the four major Āgamas, which are analogous to the Nikayas of the Pali Canon. Namely, they are the Saṃyukta Āgama, Madhyama Āgama, Dīrgha Āgama, and

2368:

Transcript in BudhgayaNews Pali Canon. In this version it is easy to search for individual words across all 16,000+ pages at once and view the contexts in which they appear.

2611:(dīghanikāya) 34 long discourses. Joy Manné argues that this book was particularly intended to make converts, with its high proportion of debates and devotional material. 1932:

The geographic setting of identifiable texts within the Canon generally corresponds to locations in the Ganges region of northeastern India, including the kingdoms of

1871:; the commentaries and subcommentaries sometimes include much speculative matter, but are faithful to its teachings and often give very illuminating illustrations. In 2113:

argues that it is not until the 5th to 6th centuries AD that we have any definite evidence about the contents of the Canon. This position was criticized by A. Wynne.

5401: 5434:(Based on 6th Council – Burmese version) (this site also offers a downloadable program which installs the entire Pali Tipitaka on your desktop for offline viewing) 2349:

Another transcript of this edition, produced under the patronage of the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand, World Tipitaka Edition, 2005, 40 volumes, published by the

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BUDSIR on Internet free with login; and electronic transcript by BUDSIR: Buddhist scriptures information retrieval, CD-ROM and online, both requiring payment.

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some of the developments in teachings may only reflect changes in teaching that the Buddha himself adopted, during the 45 years that the Buddha was teaching.

1803:. The Abhidhamma Pitaka, however, is a strictly Theravada collection and has little in common with the Abhidhamma works recognized by other Buddhist schools. 2645:) Thousands of short discourses arranged numerically from ones to elevens. It contains more elementary teaching for ordinary people than the preceding three. 2346:

electronic transcript by Vipāssana Research Institute available online in searchable database free of charge, or on CD-ROM (p&p only) from the institute.

6284: 3077: 3401:, Quote: "As of the Pali Canon of Sri Lanka, it was extensively redacted in the fifth or sixth century A.D. (Bechert 1978; Collins 1990; Trainor 1997)". 7199: 5674: 1856:

were written afterward, commenting further on the Canon and its commentaries. The traditional Theravādin interpretation is summarized in Buddhaghosa's

3993: 2889:) and parts of some other books. Due to the later compilation, it contains comparatively fewer early Buddhist texts than the Pali and Chinese canons. 5419: 5353: 7203: 7427: 2882:

for free distribution); although printing of individual Buddhist sutras and related materials may have started as early as the 7th century AD.

1049: 2187:

less certain, but Schmithausen, following Oldenberg before him, identifies what Asoka calls the Laghulovada with part of a prose text in the

5644: 3837:"The Oral Transmission of Early Buddhist Literature – Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies (Volume 27. No. 1 2004)" 2600:, following the former meaning) which consists primarily of accounts of the Buddha's teachings. The Sutta Pitaka has five subdivisions, or 2146:. However, some scholars, particularly in Japan, maintain that the Suttanipāta is the earliest of all Buddhist scriptures, followed by the 953: 3913: 3751: 2418:

for translations from Sanskrit. He describes it as "deplorable", "comprehensible only to the initiate, written by and for Buddhologists".

2072:

writes that while nothing can be definitively attributed to Gautama as a historical figure, some sayings or phrases must derive from him.

2925: 5752: 2878:

by imperial order in China in AD 971; the earliest dated printed Buddhist sutra was the Diamond Sutra printed in AD 868 (printed by an

2846:, the Udāna, the Itivuttaka, and Milindapanha. There are also additional texts, including early histories, that are preserved from the 5487: 2182:, the "Calcutta-Bairat edict", lists several works from the canon which Ashoka considered advantageous. According to Alexander Wynne: 2047:) are coherent and cogent, and must be the work of a single person: the Buddha himself, not a committee of followers after his death. 5509: 3521: 2059:

to suggest that the shared teaching of the early schools was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers.

3082: 3032: 3891: 2885:

The Tibetan Kangyur comprises about a hundred volumes and includes versions of the Vinaya Pitaka, the Dhammapada (under the title

8019: 7471: 4948: 3730: 7674: 5654: 2199:(304–232 BC), which means that some of the texts carried by the Buddhist missionaries at this time might also have been fixed. 4266: 2261:, the oldest manuscripts known are from late in the fifteenth century, and there is not very much from before the eighteenth. 2175:

the Sri Lankan Pali Canon had been translated first into Indo-Chinese Pali, and then, at least in part, back again into Pali.

5323: 5208: 5179: 5056: 4938: 4223: 4144: 3965: 3394: 3364: 3310: 2306: 56: 5224: 5837: 5679: 2249:, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers 3596:

Bones, Stones, And Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, And Texts Of Monastic Buddhism in India

1907:

suggests that the whole of Buddhist history may be regarded as a working out of the implications of the early scriptures.

8014: 5226:

How old is the Suttapiṭaka? The relative value of textual and epigraphical sources for the study of early Indian Buddhism

1964:, it contains material which is at odds with later Theravādin orthodoxy. He states that "the Theravādins, then, may have 303: 3159:"as the Buddha taught for 45 years, some signs of development in teachings may only reflect changes during this period." 7911: 7461: 5556: 1799:

The Vinaya Pitaka and the Sutta Pitaka are remarkably similar to the works of the early Buddhist schools, often termed

1598: 1044: 1001: 4438: 2987: 2031:

Several scholars of early Buddhism argue that the nucleus of the Buddhist teachings in the Pali Canon may derive from

1795:, treatises that elaborate Buddhist doctrines, particularly about mind; also called the "systematic philosophy" basket 428: 8185: 5757: 5293: 4808: 3981: 3689: 3609: 3132:"there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers." 8004: 3123:"While parts of the Pali Canon clearly originated after the time of the Buddha, much must derive from his teaching." 7689: 7434: 5109: 4456: 3797: 946: 3105:

additions, it is likely that the canon was composed somewhere in north India before its introduction to Sri Lanka.

1819:) or bamboo. The leaves are kept together by thin sticks, and the scripture is covered in cloth and kept in a box. 476: 8081: 8071: 5900: 2283:), published 1877–1927 (a few volumes subsequently replaced by new editions), in 57 volumes (including indexes). 2207: 5146: 2224:. Most scholars hold that little if anything was added to the Canon after this, though Schopen questions this. 1948:. While Theravada tradition has generally regarded Pali as being synonymous with the language of the kingdom of 1815:

In pre-modern times the Pali Canon was not published in book form, but written on thin slices of wood (called a

438: 8026: 7679: 7481: 7372: 7317: 5890: 2422: 5245: 4975: 4866: 4395: 8175: 7996: 7694: 7377: 5669: 5502: 5339: 5328:, Selangor, Malaysia: Burma Piṭaka Association. Editorial Committee, archived from the original on 2008-07-24 2411: 1527: 1222: 750: 5405: 4312: 3413:

Tracing Thoughts Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma

7579: 7451: 7422: 7124: 5315: 4783:

In Richard Gombrich and K. R. Norman (ed.): Dhammapala, Buddhist studies in honour of Hammalava Saddhatissa

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at Citizendium, mostly by Peter Jackson, has an extensive Bibliography and more detail about some things

2005:

The views of scholars concerning the authorship of the Pali Canon can be grouped into three categories:

363: 8119: 7599: 7075: 6561: 5684: 5517: 5358: 3632:"Moving Targets? Texts, Language, Archaeology and History in the Late Vedic and Early Buddhist Periods" 3072: 3057: 1853: 637: 561: 508: 7009: 2481:, was published in 65 volumes from 1935 to 1941 as The Mahātripiṭaka of the Southern Tradition (南伝大蔵経 8009: 7822: 7812: 7684: 6667: 6247: 6008: 5983: 4702:

Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia – The Formation and Transformation of The Chinese Buddhist Canon

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Details are given below. For more complete information, see standard references on Pali literature.

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Pāli Dictionary (Pāli to Chinese, Pāli to English, Pāli to Japanese, Pāli-Vietnamese, Pāli-Burmese)

2851: 1789:(Sutra/Sayings Basket), discourses and sermons of Buddha, some religious poetry; the largest basket 1352: 1302: 820: 627: 398: 2195:

This seems to be evidence that some of these texts were already fixed by the time of the reign of

244: 206: 8051: 8031: 7362: 7342: 7099: 6829: 6073: 2764:

includes an analogy, quoted in several other places in the Canon, where the Buddha describes the

2221: 1961: 1694: 1512: 900: 825: 700: 296: 3325: 121: 8190: 8061: 7901: 7569: 7539: 7312: 7263: 7104: 7052: 7047: 6809: 6630: 6527: 6279: 6274: 6023: 4976:"The art of reading and teaching Dhammapadas: reform, texts, contexts in Thai Buddhist history" 3297: 2871: 2847: 2808: 2126: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2017: 1952:

as spoken by the Buddha, linguists have identified Pali as being more closely related to other

1917: 1896: 1642: 1591: 1327: 1312: 1292: 1217: 1212: 1127: 1034: 488: 483: 458: 353: 8170: 6391: 3601: 604: 116: 8066: 8036: 7617: 7549: 7382: 7297: 7292: 7216: 7211: 7129: 5659: 5046: 4928: 3037: 3012: 2295: 2237: 1833:), though this is not intended in a literal sense, since it includes teachings by disciples. 1792: 1677:

present accepted the recitations, and henceforth, the teachings were preserved orally by the

1532: 1522: 1477: 905: 551: 388: 236: 6682: 5277: 5169: 4792:

Pali oral literature. In Denwood and Piatigorski, eds.: Buddhist Studies, ancient and modern

3593: 2822:, with a hundred major divisions, totaling over 80,000 pages. This includes Vinayas for the 2715:(-paññatti) Explanations of types of person, arranged numerically in lists from ones to tens 599: 8089: 8056: 8041: 7559: 7456: 7402: 7287: 7226: 7194: 7189: 7174: 7159: 7149: 7114: 7027: 6719: 6642: 5945: 5885: 5634: 5601: 5551: 3684:(1st Indian ed.). New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 4–5. 3027: 2971: 1816: 1800: 1762: 1701:. The claim that the texts were "spoken by the Buddha" is meant in this non-literal sense. 1631: 1542: 1502: 1497: 1462: 1307: 1187: 1095: 1080: 1024: 996: 845: 755: 647: 403: 393: 358: 259: 7929: 6544: 6413: 6339: 6215: 5953: 3677: 136: 27:

school generally only recognizes the Pali Tripitaka and rejects the authenticity of other

8: 7896: 7775: 7609: 7584: 7574: 7534: 7511: 7394: 7367: 7327: 7246: 7236: 7164: 7091: 6522: 6379: 6160: 6138: 6090: 5910: 5710: 5566: 5546: 2955: 2350: 2035:

himself, but that part of it also was developed after the Buddha by his early followers.

1879:, "official" Buddhism has in large part adopted the interpretations of Western scholars. 1552: 1507: 1445: 1385: 1322: 1267: 1262: 1017: 1006: 378: 338: 5870: 5797: 5300: 2802: 1852:

4th–5th century AD) and later monks, mainly on the basis of earlier materials now lost.

274: 191: 7959: 7864: 7706: 7669: 7664: 7594: 7544: 7491: 7486: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7337: 7322: 7307: 7302: 7241: 7221: 7184: 7109: 6914: 6615: 6539: 6417: 6359: 6200: 6100: 6028: 6003: 5649: 5579: 5362: 3895: 3659: 3651: 3067: 2982: 2867: 2855: 1868: 1537: 1517: 1457: 1452: 1340: 1242: 1235: 1162: 1152: 1059: 830: 765: 695: 618: 609: 546: 541: 320: 289: 7758: 4963: 4654: 2633:, in his translation, says this nikaya has the most detailed explanations of doctrine. 2075: 735: 176: 129: 111: 8137: 8099: 7795: 7780: 7743: 7728: 7501: 7417: 7332: 7169: 7134: 7119: 6846: 6836: 6517: 6364: 6349: 6220: 6143: 6063: 5998: 5930: 5817: 5574: 5333: 5289: 5285: 5204: 5175: 5052: 4934: 4867:"Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists" 4804: 4275:, p. 12 (as noted there and elsewhere, the 1893 Siamese edition was incomplete). 4140: 3961: 3685: 3663: 3647: 3631: 3605: 3594: 3530: 3390: 3360: 3306: 3101:

If the language of the Pāli canon is north Indian in origin, and without substantial

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improvisation, and then the core teachings were preserved nearly verbatim by memory.

1781: 1777: 1710: 1670: 1584: 1482: 1467: 1272: 1147: 1090: 1054: 1039: 970: 875: 850: 710: 667: 657: 523: 498: 383: 368: 211: 106: 74: 66: 7081: 5875: 5775: 4734:

Allon, Mark (1997), "An Assessment of the Dhammakaya CD-ROM: Palitext Version 1.0",

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Applies to 10 topics a procedure involving converse questions (e.g. Is X Y? Is Y X?)

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of other major Buddhist schools in India. They were however written down in various

1693:

was initially preserved orally and was later written down on palm leaves during the

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Jiang, Wu; Chia, Lucille; Chen, Zhichao (2016). Jiang, Wu; Chia, Lucille (eds.).

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Sacrifices have the agnihotra as foremost; of meter the foremost is the Sāvitrī.

2709:(dhātukathā) Deals with interrelations between ideas from the previous two books 2703:) Analysis of 18 topics by various methods, including those of the Dhammasangani 1137: 161: 8104: 7807: 7657: 7439: 7019: 6999: 6919: 6608: 6598: 6532: 6369: 5855: 5718: 5472: 5386: 2940: 2769: 2666:(literally "beyond the dhamma", "higher dhamma" or "special dhamma", Sanskrit: 2467: 2340: 2291: 2032: 2010: 1993: 1941: 1892: 1698: 1650: 1432: 1362: 1317: 1175: 800: 785: 23:

The structure of the books considered canonical within the Pali Tripitaka. The

3272: 1705: 264: 8164: 7874: 7723: 7032: 6934: 6792: 6593: 6571: 6507: 6178: 5973: 5968: 5860: 5529: 5411: 5393: 4747: 3519:

Pandharipande, R. V. (2006). "South Asia: Religions". In Brown, Keith (ed.).

3293: 2935: 2823: 2676: 2630: 2556: 2534: 2500: 2471: 2444: 2433: 2040: 1904: 1857: 1257: 1252: 1192: 885: 880: 745: 594: 448: 221: 28: 6332: 6322: 5694: 2966: 2629:) Thousands of short discourses in fifty-odd groups by subject, person etc. 1397: 1202: 725: 7964: 7949: 7919: 7869: 7859: 7701: 7496: 6989: 6824: 6702: 6490: 6485: 6312: 6183: 6058: 5519: 4442: 3052: 2875: 2835: 2827: 2608: 2592: 2512: 2377: 2280: 2060: 2044: 1926: 1829: 1635: 1297: 1182: 1100: 986: 860: 795: 770: 672: 652: 503: 493: 443: 249: 196: 156: 6747: 6732: 6692: 6389: 6053: 5629: 2898: 2734: 2698: 2686: 2680: 2640: 2624: 2560: 2504: 2211: 1755: 619: 610: 7934: 7763: 6904: 6889: 6672: 6480: 6408: 6188: 6018: 5920: 5767: 5639: 5449: 5310: 2945: 2718: 2322: 2318: 2143: 2052: 1925:

made. The Theravādin pitakas were first written down in Sri Lanka in the

1921: 1845: 1646: 1367: 920: 890: 865: 720: 705: 7924: 6384: 5367: 5115: 4515: 4460: 3655: 3415:. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 25. 3352: 780: 84: 7879: 7837: 7713: 7519: 7444: 7058: 7004: 6984: 6879: 6854: 6762: 6697: 6677: 6423: 6354: 6225: 6108: 6078: 6013: 5963: 5621: 5611: 5584: 5066: 4481: 3042: 2960: 2919: 2843: 2831: 2706: 2566: 2395: 2385: 2300:

PALITEXT version 1.0: CD-ROM Database of the Entire Buddhist Pali Canon

2147: 2109:

from the work of Buddhaghosa and his colleagues in the 5th century AD.

1888: 1841: 1837: 1372: 1132: 1029: 915: 815: 805: 632: 579: 433: 171: 166: 151: 141: 19: 6899: 5895: 5440:

Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels (Multiple Languages)

4711: 2879: 2455:

were published by Wisdom Publications in 2003 and 2012, respectively.

181: 7854: 7827: 6994: 6869: 6581: 6497: 6374: 6264: 6237: 6230: 6193: 6150: 6113: 5880: 5845: 5812: 5787: 5742: 5460: 5154: 4756:

The world of buddhism: buddhist monks and nuns in society and culture

2807:

The other two main Buddhist canons in use in the present day are the

2765: 2572: 2217: 2203: 2130: 2080:

Most scholars agree there was a rough body of sacred literature that

1872: 1867:

states that the Canon contains everything needed to show the path to

1824: 1811: 1768: 1686: 1620: 1616: 1417: 1392: 790: 740: 518: 513: 328: 79: 24: 7627: 6463: 6317: 6083: 5865: 5734: 5726: 5022:, London: Pali Text Society: Distributed by Routledge and Kegan Paul 4785:, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka: University of Sri Jayawardenapura, p. 56 4161: 3002: 2459: 2286:

The Pali scriptures and some Pali commentaries were digitized as an

2026: 584: 8144: 7984: 7939: 7884: 7849: 7753: 7412: 6979: 6974: 6924: 6859: 6777: 6742: 6737: 6398: 6269: 6257: 6168: 5827: 5524: 4399: 3440: 2863: 2757: 2730: 2694: 2596:(literally "basket of threads", or of "the well spoken"; Sanskrit: 2578: 2076:

Views concerning authorship in the period of pre-sectarian Buddhism

1876: 1733: 1682: 1623: 1427: 1407: 1402: 1282: 978: 6969: 6959: 6944: 6767: 6637: 5905: 2151: 2129:

and attribute differences in form and style to its composition by

2125:". Traditional accounts include it among the texts recited at the 1957:

the west Indian precursor of Pali sometime before the Asokan era.

146: 7889: 7832: 7817: 6964: 6954: 6929: 6804: 6799: 6757: 6727: 6659: 6625: 6512: 6453: 6448: 6302: 6205: 6043: 5993: 5780: 5606: 5452:(Translated into Sinhala by a Government of Sri Lanka initiative) 5380: 4320: 2997: 2976: 2859: 2818:

The standard modern edition of the Chinese Buddhist Canon is the

2812: 2254: 2242: 2122: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1884: 1849: 1741: 1725: 1107: 925: 895: 760: 201: 6576: 6344: 2963:, one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures 1627: 7969: 7954: 7790: 7652: 7632: 7407: 7069: 6949: 6939: 6874: 6502: 6458: 6443: 6433: 6403: 6327: 6210: 5978: 5850: 5594: 5589: 5482: 4803:, New York: Indian Esoteric BuddhismColumbia University Press, 4187: 2901: 2724: 2601: 2287: 2196: 1933: 1780:("Discipline Basket"), dealing with rules or discipline of the 1749: 1678: 1658: 1654: 1567: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1075: 677: 269: 5203:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 4655:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" 4424: 4073: 1761:, meaning "basket", referring to the receptacles in which the 1720:

Textual fragments of similar teachings have been found in the

8109: 7944: 7802: 7768: 7748: 7718: 7647: 7064: 6909: 6787: 6782: 6752: 6707: 6554: 6549: 6428: 6133: 5958: 5925: 5915: 5455: 4930:

Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs and Practices

4597: 4595: 4374: 4025: 3804: 2790: 2581:(parivāra) Analysis of the rules from various points of view. 2325:(1925–35), 45 volumes, with fewer variant readings than PTS; 2258: 1864: 1690: 1674: 1666: 1357: 589: 5437: 5250:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

4980:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

4871:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

4580: 2463: 2000: 37: 7979: 6772: 6438: 5935: 5431: 5129: 4893:

In: Cultural Department of the German Embassy in India, ed.

4353: 4252: 3980:

Dī.A. (sumaṅgala.1) Sumaṅgalavilāsinī dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathā

2545: 2353:, claims to include the full extent of changes made at the 1840:) interpretation of the Pali Canon is given in a series of 1747:

The Pāli Canon falls into three general categories, called

1729: 775: 5048:

Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism

4592: 4556: 4503:

History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia

4230: 3862: 3860: 3858: 2264: 1765:

were kept). Thus, the canon is traditionally known as the

7637: 6173: 5477: 5402:

Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

4612: 4610: 3464: 2549: 5443: 5246:"The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature" 4015: 4013: 3770: 3500: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 2796: 5354:

Sayadaw U Vicittasara Mingun Sayadaw: A Fabulous Memory

4829: 4278: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3855: 3573: 3488: 3446: 3404: 3348: 3346: 3259:

Drewes, David (2015). "Oral Texts in Indian Mahayana".

2691:) Enumeration, definition and classification of dhammas 2206:, the Pali Canon was written down in the reign of King 2136: 2039:

says that the main preachings of the Buddha (as in the

5192:, London: Published for the Pali Text Society by Luzac 4607: 4061: 4037: 3998: 3843: 3452: 3288: 3286: 2651:

A miscellaneous collection of works in prose or verse.

2458:

In 2018, new translations of the entirety of the five

2116: 1981: 4681: 4669: 4290: 4010: 3932: 3872: 3816: 3537: 3419: 3200: 3198: 3196: 2862:. The Chinese generally referred to these simply as " 2496:

As noted above, the Canon consists of three pitakas.

2343:; with fewer variant readings than the Thai edition; 1773:("three baskets"). The three pitakas are as follows: 1697:

in 29 BC, approximately 454 years after the death of

5011:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes

4817:

De Jong, J.W. (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism",

4704:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 145. 4634: 4622: 4532: 4177: 4175: 4114: 4085: 3920: 3549: 3476: 3343: 3210: 3181: 2294:

compatible database through cooperation between the

2191:, the Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta (M no. 61). 1899:(again according to the usual Theravada numbering). 5018:Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu; Warder, Anthony Kennedy (1982), 4398:. Dhammasociety.org. 29 August 2007. Archived from 4199: 4102: 3698: 3353:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). 3283: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3078:

Tipitakadhara Tipitakakovida Selection Examinations

2392:

The Complete Collection of Chinese Pattra Scripture

2096:separated in about the fourth or third century BC. 4568: 4049: 3710: 3193: 2241:Burmese-Pali manuscript copy of the Buddhist text 1744:dating only to the mid 5th to mid 6th century CE. 4659:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 4172: 3378: 3376: 2027:Views concerning authorship of the Buddha himself 8162: 4920:Councils, Buddhist. In: Encyclopedia of religion 4334: 3237: 4746: 4031: 3745: 3743: 3592:Schopen, Gregory; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1997). 2721:(kathā-) Over 200 debates on points of doctrine 2477:A Japanese translation of the Canon, edited by 2470:, the translations were also released into the 2099: 1895:even learned the entire Canon by heart for the 5017: 4193: 4079: 3949: 3947: 3373: 3292: 2904:, which have few parallels in the Pali Canon. 2751: 2440:was published by Wisdom Publications in 1995. 1903:used; the details varied from place to place. 16:Buddhist scriptures of the Theravada tradition 5503: 4699: 3518: 2777:aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham. 1863:A spokesman for the Buddha Sasana Council of 1844:covering nearly the whole Canon, compiled by 1806: 1592: 947: 297: 6285:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 4995:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press 4830:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), "Buddhism", 4247: 4245: 4132: 3953: 3740: 3591: 3525:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 564–579. 3382: 3299:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2575:Other rules grouped by topic in 22 chapters. 2538:, is mostly concerned with the rules of the 1891:below for an example). A Burmese monk named 1823:The Canon is traditionally described by the 5167: 4884:Der buddhistische Kanon: eine Bibliographie 4842:, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press 4586: 4236: 3944: 3731:"The Pali Canon: What a Buddhist Must Know" 3676: 3359:. Princeton University Press. p. 924. 2760:terminology and concepts. For example, the 5510: 5496: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3522:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 2462:were made freely available on the website 1599: 1585: 954: 940: 304: 290: 4990: 4949:"Categories of sutta in the Pali Nikayas" 4864: 4562: 4307: 4305: 4242: 3506: 3410: 2001:Authorship according to academic scholars 1630:language. It is the most complete extant 5099: 5008: 4973: 4881: 4855: 4798: 4717: 4272: 4067: 3866: 3849: 3776: 3494: 3470: 3458: 3434: 3187: 3033:Paracanonical texts (Theravada Buddhism) 2491: 2236: 1810: 1713:) which was held under the patronage of 36: 18: 7472:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5383:has many suttas translated into English 5374: 5174:, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 5095:, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press 5090: 4926: 4816: 4789: 4780: 4762: 4640: 4108: 4019: 3992:Saṅgaṇi.A. (aṭṭhasālinī) Dhammasaṅgiṇī 3938: 3878: 3822: 3618: 3216: 2265:Printed editions and digitized editions 41:Standard edition of the Thai Pali Canon 8163: 7675:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5321: 5196: 5187: 5102:Mahasutras, volume I, Parts I & II 5081: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5020:Introduction to Path of Discrimination 4999: 4913:, New York: Cambridge University Press 4908: 4899: 4846: 4837: 4687: 4675: 4652: 4646: 4628: 4601: 4574: 4538: 4302: 4296: 4205: 4120: 4096: 4055: 4043: 4004: 3960:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 3926: 3894:. Fairfield University. Archived from 3810: 3704: 3629: 3600:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 3579: 3555: 3482: 3258: 3204: 5491: 5260: 5243: 5222: 4946: 4917: 4794:, London: Curzon Press, pp. 1–11 4733: 4616: 4284: 4222:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarvey ( 4181: 4159: 3716: 3585: 3543: 3246: 3108: 2922:, Pali commentaries on the Pali Canon 2797:Comparison with other Buddhist canons 2298:and the Pali Text Society in 1996 as 5461:Theravada Buddhism Tipitaka Download 5425: 4890: 4771: 4505:, p. 77. University of Hawaii Press. 4340: 3982:sīlakkhandhavaggavaṇṇanā nidānakathā 3749: 3356:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 3228: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3083:Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda 2655: 2137:The earliest books of the Pali Canon 5232:, St John's College, archived from 3728: 3326:"THE MAHAVAMSA c.33: The Ten Kings" 3095: 2739:) Analysis of 24 types of condition 2339:, Rangoon (1954–56), 40 volumes in 2245:, showing three different types of 2117:Authorship of the Abhidhamma Pitaka 1982:Authorship according to Theravadins 13: 7462:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5466: 5271: 5153:, VRI Publications, archived from 4217: 2768:as the foremost sacrifice and the 2363:Sinhalese (Buddha Jayanti) edition 2171:Lanka, many texts were lost also. 1634:canon. It derives mainly from the 1050:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 1045:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 8202: 5347: 5318:, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 3rd ed. 2008. 5263:The origin of Buddhist meditation 5093:Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks 4860:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge 4377:. Vri.dhamma.org. 8 February 2009 3994:Abhidhamma-Atthakathā Nidānakathā 3834: 2743:The traditional position is that 2408:Pali Canon in English Translation 1929:Temple no earlier than 29–17 BC. 8143: 8133: 8132: 7690:Thai temple art and architecture 7435:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5675:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5541: 5528: 5518: 5314:, The Wheel Publication No 217, 5305:, volume I, Trubner, London 1931 4956:Journal of the Pali Text Society 4736:Buddhist Studies (Bukkyō Kenkyū) 4551:Journal of the Pali Text Society 3648:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859 2527: 2321:, published during the reign of 2092:. This is the period before the 1566: 985: 337: 55: 5542: 5389:of Nibbana.com. Burma (Myanmar) 4693: 4544: 4516:"《中国贝叶经全集》新闻发布会暨出版座谈会_华人佛教_凤凰网" 4508: 4495: 4474: 4449: 4431: 4413: 4388: 4367: 4346: 4313:"Welcome to BUDSIR on Internet" 4153: 4126: 3986: 3974: 3902: 3884: 3828: 3782: 3722: 3670: 3561: 3512: 3231:The Heart of Buddha's Teachings 2988:List of Sāsana Azani recipients 2585: 2402: 2013:himself and his early followers 1626:tradition, as preserved in the 7680:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7482:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6562:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 5753:Places where the Buddha stayed 5473:Online Pali-English Dictionary 5147:"Vipassana Research Institute" 5031:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 4991:Mendelson, E. Michael (1975), 4922:, Detroit: Macmillan Reference 4886:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 4849:The Buddha's Path to Awakening 4441:. 15 June 2010. Archived from 4423:. 5 March 2009. Archived from 4375:"Vipassana Research Institute" 3531:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00767-7 3318: 3222: 2926:Aṭṭhakavagga and Pārāyanavagga 2423:List of Pali Canon anthologies 2380:. Edited and published by the 2232: 1615:is the standard collection of 1: 7695:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 5282:A Handbook of Pāli Literature 5171:A Handbook of Pāli Literature 5051:. Routledge. pp. 75–76. 4720:, p. 84n, 553ff, 617ff.. 4253:"Pali Text Society Home Page" 4136:Archaeology of Early Buddhism 3753:Interview by Kathleen Gregory 3682:A Handbook of Pali Literature 3386:Archaeology of Early Buddhism 3175: 2866:" (Ch. 梵語, Fànyǔ). The first 2016:Attribution to the period of 1976: 7452:Buddhism and the Roman world 7428:Decline of Buddhism in India 7423:History of Buddhism in India 5523: Topics in 5432:Vipassana Research Institute 5414:of selected suttas from the 5316:Buddhist Publication Society 5104:. Oxford: Pali Text Society. 5084:Introducing Tibetan Buddhism 5040:, Bristol: Pali Text Society 5013:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 4974:McDaniel, Justin T. (2005), 4856:Gombrich, Richard F (2006), 4799:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), 4482:"Pali Canon Online Database" 4439:"Journal of Buddhist Ethics" 4139:. AltaMira. pp. 37–38. 3447:Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 3296:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2951:Buddhist Publication Society 2202:According to the Sri Lankan 2100:Views concerning agnosticism 2084:maintained and transmitted. 1836:The traditional Theravādin ( 1248:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 6650:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6390: 5359:Beginnings: The Pali Suttas 5168:von Hinüber, Oskar (2000), 5038:Collected Papers, volume VI 5000:Morgan, Kenneth W. (1956), 4865:Griffiths, Paul J. (1981), 4776:, Oxford: Pali Text Society 4758:, London: Thames and Hudson 4032:Bechert & Gombrich 1984 3048:Rerukane Chandawimala Thero 2907: 2752:Use of Brahmanical language 2735: 2699: 2687: 2681: 2641: 2625: 2590:The second category is the 2561: 2505: 2212: 1827:as the Word of the Buddha ( 1756: 620: 611: 557:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition 10: 8207: 7600:The unanswerable questions 5400:are made available by the 5396:of selected suttas of the 5311:Analysis of the Pali Canon 5302:History of Pali Literature 5100:Skilling, P., ed. (1997). 5068:Pali Canon Online Database 4774:Dictionary of Pali, vol. I 4767:, USA: Macmillan Reference 4763:Buswell, Robert E (2004), 4726: 4653:Shults, Brett (May 2014). 4194:Ñāṇamoli & Warder 1982 4080:Ñāṇamoli & Warder 1982 3411:Stargardt, Janice (2000). 3073:Thomas William Rhys Davids 3058:Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies 2800: 1910: 1807:The Canon in the tradition 562:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 8128: 8080: 7995: 7910: 7685:Buddhist temples in Korea 7608: 7510: 7393: 7090: 7018: 6845: 6718: 6658: 6293: 6248:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 6159: 6151:Three planes of existence 6099: 5944: 5836: 5766: 5758:Buddha in world religions 5620: 5565: 5537: 5338:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5261:Wynne, Alexander (2007), 5244:Wynne, Alexander (2004). 5223:Wynne, Alexander (2003), 5091:Schopen, Gregory (1997), 5082:Samuel, Geoffrey (2012), 5009:Nakamura, Hajime (1999), 4993:Sangha and State in Burma 4882:Grönbold, Günter (1984), 3273:10.1163/15728536-05800051 3229:Hahn, Thich Nhat (2015). 2979:, library in Thai Temples 2756:The Pali Canon uses many 2412:"Buddhist Hybrid English" 1689:during the reign of King 1645:, three months after the 8186:Theravada Buddhist texts 7467:Persecution of Buddhists 6688:Four stages of awakening 6069:Three marks of existence 5655:Physical characteristics 5410:English translations by 5392:English translations by 5004:, New York: Ronald Press 4911:Introduction to Buddhism 4801:Indian Esoteric Buddhism 4765:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4553:, Volume XXIX, page 102. 3957:A Dictionary of Buddhism 3892:"Dr. Ronald M. Davidson" 3630:Witzel, Michael (2009). 3389:. AltaMira. p. 13. 3089: 2852:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit 2842:. Also included are the 2820:Taishō Revised Tripiṭaka 2660:The third category, the 2532:The first category, the 2227: 1685:that was transmitted to 6830:Ten principal disciples 5713:(aunt, adoptive mother) 4962:: 29–88, archived from 4918:Jones, Lindsay (2005), 4847:Gethin, Rupert (1992), 4840:Foundations of Buddhism 4838:Gethin, Rupert (1998), 4832:Encyclopædia Britannica 4790:Cousins, L. S. (1982), 4781:Cousins, L. S. (1984), 4772:Cone, Margaret (2001), 4457:"Sri Lankan Pāḷi Texts" 4396:"Society worldtipitaka" 3794:Buddhist Ethics Network 2772:as the foremost meter: 2222:Fourth Buddhist council 2216:) (1st century BCE) in 1920:was held shortly after 1695:Fourth Buddhist Council 1268:Philosophical reasoning 901:Varanggana Vanavichayen 638:Seven Aids to Awakening 7540:Buddhism and democracy 7053:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7048:Chinese Buddhist canon 6280:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6275:Early Buddhist schools 5478:Pāli Dictionary Online 5188:Warder, A. K. (1963), 4933:, Simon and Schuster, 4927:Maguire, Jack (2001), 4909:Harvey, Peter (1990), 4904:, Surrey: Curzon Press 4900:Harvey, Peter (1995), 4501:Marston, John (2004). 3910:"Prof Geoffrey Samuel" 3813:, p. inside flap. 3568:Book of the Discipline 3233:. Harmony. p. 16. 2872:Chinese Buddhist Canon 2848:early Buddhist schools 2809:Chinese Buddhist Canon 2786: 2250: 2193: 2127:First Buddhist Council 2090:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 2018:pre-sectarian Buddhism 1820: 1643:First Buddhist Council 1035:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 484:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 459:Abhidhammattha-sangaha 42: 32: 7550:Eight Consciousnesses 5660:Life of Buddha in art 5265:, New York: Routledge 5197:Warder, A.K. (2000), 5111:Sri Lankan Pāḷi Texts 5086:, New York: Routledge 5045:Norman, K.R. (2005). 5036:Norman, K.R. (1996), 5027:Norman, K.R. (1983), 4851:, Leiden: E. J. Brill 4133:Lars Fogelin (2006). 3954:Damien Keown (2004). 3383:Lars Fogelin (2006). 3038:Pariyatti (bookstore) 3013:Nyanatiloka Mahathera 2774: 2492:Contents of the Canon 2414:, a term invented by 2296:Dhammakaya Foundation 2240: 2184: 1814: 1763:palm-leaf manuscripts 1704:The existence of the 1303:Aids to Enlightenment 1128:Dependent Origination 906:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni 552:Thai Forest Tradition 40: 22: 8176:1st-century BC books 8027:East Asian religions 7457:Buddhism in the West 7028:Early Buddhist texts 6643:Four Right Exertions 6109:Ten spiritual realms 5602:Noble Eightfold Path 5375:English translations 5308:Russell Webb (ed.), 5190:Introduction to Pali 4819:The Eastern Buddhist 4752:Gombrich, Richard F. 4421:"Tipiṭaka Quotation" 3636:Indo-Iranian Journal 3261:Indo-Iranian Journal 3028:Palm-leaf manuscript 2972:Early Buddhist Texts 2874:was done during the 2565:) Commentary on the 2394:as preserved by the 2057:there is no evidence 1922:the Buddha's passing 1817:palm-leaf manuscript 1801:Early Buddhist Texts 1273:Devotional practices 1096:Noble Eightfold Path 756:Anagarika Dharmapala 663:Enlightenment Stages 648:Noble Eightfold Path 237:3. Abhidhamma Piṭaka 8150:Religion portal 7897:Temple of the Tooth 7776:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 6815:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6308:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6091:Two truths doctrine 5911:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5711:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5420:Wisdom Publications 5406:Wisdom Publications 5322:Ko Lay, U. (2003), 5130:"The Pali Tipitaka" 4947:Manné, Joy (1990), 4354:"The Pali Tipitaka" 4162:"Indo-Chinese Pali" 3750:Gombrich, Richard, 3305:, Chroniker Press, 2956:Dhamma Society Fund 2858:, or from regional 2382:Institut Bouddhique 2351:Dhamma Society Fund 2009:Attribution to the 1573:Buddhism portal 1446:Buddhism by country 1208:Sanskrit literature 464:Yogāvacara's manual 429:Paracanonical texts 122:4. Aṅguttara Nikāya 8072:Western philosophy 7670:Dzong architecture 7492:Vipassana movement 7487:Buddhist modernism 6915:Emperor Wen of Sui 6683:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6616:Threefold Training 6418:Vipassana movement 6134:Hungry Ghost realm 5954:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5901:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5650:Great Renunciation 5645:Eight Great Events 5527: 5363:Samanera Bodhesako 5278:Hinüber, Oskar von 5002:Path of the Buddha 4858:Theravada Buddhism 4317:BUDSIR on Internet 4287:, pp. 109–29. 4160:Masefield, Peter. 3678:Von Hinüber, Oskar 3570:, vol. VI, p. 123. 3068:Theravada Buddhism 3063:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu 2983:Karl Eugen Neumann 2868:woodblock printing 2856:Classical Sanskrit 2515:or Suttanta Pitaka 2466:by the Australian 2374:Cambodian Tipiṭaka 2251: 2082:an early community 1821: 1060:Buddhist modernism 831:K. Sri Dhammananda 766:Vajirananavarorasa 696:Moggaliputta-Tissa 653:Four Divine Abodes 547:Vipassana movement 542:Buddhist modernism 330:Theravāda Buddhism 260:4. Puggalapaññatti 130:5. Khuddaka Nikāya 117:3. Saṃyutta Nikāya 112:2. Majjhima Nikāya 43: 33: 8158: 8157: 7796:Om mani padme hum 7502:Women in Buddhism 7418:Buddhist councils 7288:Western countries 7076:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 6837:Shaolin Monastery 6414:Samatha-vipassanā 6024:Pratītyasamutpāda 5828:Metteyya/Maitreya 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5575:Four Noble Truths 5426:Pali Canon online 5381:Access to Insight 5325:Guide to Tipiṭaka 5286:Walter de Gruyter 5210:978-81-208-1741-8 5181:978-3-11-016738-2 5058:978-1-135-75154-8 4940:978-0-671-04188-5 4902:The Selfless Mind 4619:, pp. 29–88. 4589:, pp. 24–26. 4565:, pp. 17–32. 4146:978-0-7591-0750-2 3967:978-0-19-157917-2 3582:, pp. 75–76. 3396:978-0-7591-0750-2 3366:978-1-4008-4805-8 3312:978-1-312-91150-5 3023:Pali Text Society 3008:Nyanaponika Thera 2915:Access to Insight 2669:Abhidharma Pitaka 2663:Abhidhamma Pitaka 2656:Abhidhamma Pitaka 2519:Abhidhamma Pitaka 2428:A translation by 2307:978-974-8235-87-5 2275:Pali Text Society 2064:fixed formulas." 1793:Abhidhamma Piṭaka 1609: 1608: 1091:Four Noble Truths 964: 963: 658:Four Noble Truths 524:Pali Text Society 499:Buddhist councils 314: 313: 207:Paṭisambhidāmagga 8198: 8148: 8147: 8136: 8135: 7975:Sacred languages 7823:Maya Devi Temple 7786:Mahabodhi Temple 7590:Secular Buddhism 7555:Engaged Buddhism 6395: 6243:Tibetan Buddhism 6194:Vietnamese Thiền 5793:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 5744: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5545: 5544: 5532: 5522: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5450:Sinhala Tipitaka 5416:Anguttara Nikaya 5343: 5337: 5329: 5266: 5257: 5240: 5238: 5231: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5193: 5184: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5114:, archived from 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5062: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4943: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4826: 4813: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4743: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4587:von Hinüber 2000 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4512: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4459:. Archived from 4453: 4447: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4319:. Archived from 4309: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4249: 4240: 4237:von Hinüber 2000 4234: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4196:, p. xxxix. 4191: 4185: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4046:, pp. 42ff. 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3951: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3912:. Archived from 3906: 3900: 3899: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3796:. Archived from 3786: 3780: 3779:, pp. 20ff. 3774: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3756:, archived from 3747: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3642:(2/3): 287–310. 3627: 3616: 3615: 3599: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3473:, p. 153-4. 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3332:. 8 October 2011 3322: 3316: 3315: 3304: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3099: 2993:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu 2811:and the Tibetan 2803:Āgama (Buddhism) 2784: 2738: 2702: 2690: 2684: 2644: 2637:Anguttara Nikaya 2628: 2564: 2508: 2479:Takakusu Junjiro 2453:Anguttara Nikaya 2443:Translations by 2430:Bhikkhu Nanamoli 2421:Selections: see 2215: 2180:edicts of Ashoka 2174: 2169: 2157: 2058: 2037:Richard Gombrich 1759: 1715:King Vattagamani 1601: 1594: 1587: 1571: 1570: 1298:Sublime abidings 989: 966: 965: 956: 949: 942: 841:Asoka Weeraratna 836:Narada Mahathera 623: 614: 454:Abhidhammavatara 439:Sub-commentaries 341: 331: 316: 315: 306: 299: 292: 245:1. Dhammasaṅgaṇī 75:1. Suttavibhaṅga 67:1. Vinaya Piṭaka 59: 45: 44: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8181:Magahi language 8161: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8142: 8124: 8076: 7991: 7906: 7643:Ordination hall 7604: 7506: 7477:Buddhist crisis 7389: 7086: 7038:Mahayana sutras 7014: 7010:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6841: 6714: 6654: 6604:Bodhisattva vow 6289: 6155: 6095: 6054:Taṇhā (Craving) 5989:Five hindrances 5940: 5832: 5762: 5616: 5561: 5533: 5516: 5469: 5467:Pali dictionary 5456:Tipitaka Online 5428: 5398:Majjhima Nikaya 5387:Tipitaka Online 5377: 5350: 5331: 5330: 5274: 5272:Further reading 5269: 5236: 5229: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5200:Indian Buddhism 5182: 5160: 5158: 5145: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5108: 5074: 5072: 5071:, Bodhgaya News 5065: 5059: 5029:Pali Literature 4966: 4951: 4941: 4811: 4729: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4299:, pp. 382. 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4239:, pp. 4–5. 4235: 4231: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4086: 4082:, p. xxix. 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4011: 4007:, p. viii. 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3729:Payutto, P. A. 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3675: 3671: 3628: 3619: 3612: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546:, p. 103f. 3542: 3538: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3420: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3351: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3302: 3291: 3284: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3018:Pali Literature 2931:Bhikkhu Analayo 2910: 2895:Mahāyāna sūtras 2805: 2799: 2785: 2782: 2762:Sundarika Sutta 2754: 2713:Puggalapannatti 2658: 2649:Khuddaka Nikaya 2621:Samyutta Nikaya 2615:Majjhima Nikaya 2588: 2530: 2494: 2483:Nanden daizōkyō 2449:Samyutta Nikaya 2438:Majjhima Nikaya 2405: 2267: 2235: 2230: 2189:Majjhima Nikaya 2172: 2167: 2155: 2139: 2119: 2111:Gregory Schopen 2102: 2078: 2070:Hajime Nakamura 2056: 2029: 2003: 1987:Prayudh Payutto 1984: 1979: 1913: 1854:Subcommentaries 1809: 1738:Pyu city-states 1605: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1448: 1438: 1437: 1388: 1378: 1377: 1343: 1333: 1332: 1238: 1228: 1227: 1198:Mahayana Sutras 1178: 1168: 1167: 1108:Five Aggregates 1086: 1085: 1065: 1064: 1055:Later Buddhists 1020: 960: 931: 930: 911:Ayya Tathaaloka 811:Maha Ghosananda 751:Sumangala Thera 736:Sāriputta Thera 731:Parakramabahu I 691: 683: 682: 575: 567: 566: 537: 529: 528: 479: 469: 468: 419: 409: 408: 349: 329: 310: 281: 280: 279: 239: 229: 228: 227: 226: 133: 132: 107:1. Dīgha Nikāya 101: 99:2. Sutta Piṭaka 91: 90: 89: 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8204: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8140: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7707:Greco-Buddhist 7699: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7658:Burmese pagoda 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7440:Greco-Buddhism 7437: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7399: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7373:United Kingdom 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7318:Czech Republic 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7082:Abhidharmadīpa 7079: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7000:B. R. Ambedkar 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6920:Songtsen Gampo 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6599:Eight precepts 6596: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6387: 6377: 6372: 6370:Five Strengths 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6009:Mental factors 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5861:Mahamoggallāna 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5776:Avalokiteśvara 5772: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5446:(Thai version) 5444:Thai Tripitaka 5441: 5435: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5408: 5390: 5384: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5356: 5349: 5348:External links 5346: 5345: 5344: 5319: 5306: 5297: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5258: 5241: 5220: 5209: 5194: 5185: 5180: 5165: 5151:Vri.dhamma.org 5143: 5126: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5063: 5057: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4971: 4944: 4939: 4924: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4827: 4814: 4809: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4748:Bechert, Heinz 4744: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4710: 4692: 4690:, p. 123. 4680: 4678:, p. 120. 4668: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4606: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4563:Griffiths 1981 4555: 4543: 4541:, pp. 80. 4531: 4507: 4494: 4484:. BodhgayaNews 4473: 4448: 4445:on 2010-06-15. 4430: 4427:on 2009-03-05. 4412: 4387: 4366: 4356:. Tipitaka.org 4345: 4333: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4255:. Palitext.com 4241: 4229: 4220:, p. 3, . 4210: 4198: 4186: 4171: 4152: 4145: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3966: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3916:on 2014-08-13. 3901: 3898:on 2013-07-19. 3883: 3871: 3869:, p. 147. 3854: 3842: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3800:on 2013-04-15. 3790:"Peter Harvey" 3781: 3769: 3739: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3690: 3669: 3617: 3610: 3584: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3511: 3509:, p. 266. 3507:Mendelson 1975 3499: 3497:, p. 302. 3487: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3418: 3403: 3395: 3372: 3365: 3342: 3317: 3311: 3294:Sujato, Bhante 3282: 3251: 3236: 3221: 3209: 3192: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2941:Bhikkhu Sujato 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2870:of the entire 2840:Ekottara Āgama 2798: 2795: 2780: 2770:Gayatri mantra 2753: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2692: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2646: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2493: 2490: 2468:Bhikkhu Sujato 2416:Paul Griffiths 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2347: 2341:Burmese script 2331: 2330: 2329: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2292:extended ASCII 2266: 2263: 2247:Burmese script 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2138: 2135: 2118: 2115: 2101: 2098: 2077: 2074: 2033:Gautama Buddha 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2002: 1999: 1994:Bhikkhu Sujato 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1912: 1909: 1808: 1805: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1699:Gautama Buddha 1651:Gautama Buddha 1632:early Buddhist 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363:Pratyekabuddha 1360: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1318:Buddhist chant 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1176:Buddhist texts 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 991: 990: 982: 981: 975: 974: 962: 961: 959: 958: 951: 944: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 846:Walpola Rahula 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 801:Mun Bhuridatta 798: 793: 788: 786:Mahasi Sayadaw 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 616: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 480: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 334: 333: 325: 324: 312: 311: 309: 308: 301: 294: 286: 283: 282: 278: 277: 272: 267: 265:5. Kathāvatthu 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 128: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 103: 102: 97: 96: 93: 92: 88: 87: 82: 77: 71: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8203: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7912:Miscellaneous 7909: 7903: 7902:Vegetarianism 7900: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7724:Buddha in art 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7378:United States 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6935:Padmasambhava 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6847:Major figures 6844: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6793:Western tulku 6791: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6594:Five precepts 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572:Dhamma vicaya 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6340:Buddhābhiṣeka 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 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5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:Samantabhadra 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438:Sutta Central 5436: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5412:Bhikkhu Bodhi 5409: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5394:Bhikkhu Bodhi 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5341: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5294:3-11-016738-7 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5239:on 2015-03-09 5235: 5228: 5227: 5221: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5157:on 2012-10-14 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5118:on 2012-11-24 5117: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4969:on 2014-09-01 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4891:Hamm (1973), 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4810:0-231-12618-2 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4718:Skilling 1997 4714: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4631:, p. 44. 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4463:on 2012-11-24 4462: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4402:on 2007-03-17 4401: 4397: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4323:on 2012-12-08 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4273:Grönbold 1984 4269: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4123:, p. 48. 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4099:, p. 83. 4098: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4070:, p. 27. 4069: 4068:Nakamura 1999 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4034:, p. 78. 4033: 4028: 4022:, p. 56. 4021: 4016: 4014: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3950: 3948: 3941:, p. 24. 3940: 3935: 3929:, p. 48. 3928: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3881:, p. 10. 3880: 3875: 3868: 3867:Davidson 2003 3863: 3861: 3859: 3852:, p. 57. 3851: 3850:Nakamura 1999 3846: 3838: 3835:Wynne, Alex. 3831: 3825:, p. 25. 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3777:Gombrich 2006 3773: 3760:on 2016-01-24 3759: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3744: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3693: 3691:81-215-0778-2 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3613: 3611:0-8248-1748-6 3607: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3564: 3558:, p. 43. 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3495:McDaniel 2005 3491: 3485:, p. 71. 3484: 3479: 3472: 3471:Gombrich 2006 3467: 3461:, p. 20. 3460: 3459:Gombrich 2006 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3435:Gombrich 2006 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3347: 3331: 3330:mahavamsa.org 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3225: 3219:, p. 69. 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3188:Gombrich 2006 3184: 3180: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2936:Bhikkhu Bodhi 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:Dharmaguptaka 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2746: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 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1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1328:Vegetarianism 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1283:Recollections 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1253:Five precepts 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1218:Chinese canon 1216: 1214: 1213:Tibetan canon 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 988: 984: 983: 980: 977: 976: 972: 968: 967: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 937: 935: 934: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886:Ajahn Sumedho 884: 882: 881:Bhikkhu Bodhi 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 746:Ram Khamhaeng 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 687: 686: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 622: 617: 615: 613: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 595:Five precepts 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 571: 570: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 533: 532: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 489:Early schools 487: 485: 482: 481: 478: 473: 472: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 449:Visuddhimagga 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 424:Pāli Tipiṭaka 422: 421: 418: 413: 412: 405: 404:Western world 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 345: 344: 340: 336: 335: 332: 327: 326: 322: 318: 317: 307: 302: 300: 295: 293: 288: 287: 285: 284: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 255:3. Dhātukathā 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 238: 233: 232: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 212:Nettipakaraṇa 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 137:Khuddakapāṭha 135: 134: 131: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 100: 95: 94: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 68: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 39: 35: 30: 26: 21: 8090:Bodhisattvas 8010:Christianity 8005:Baháʼí Faith 7870:Dharmachakra 7860:Prayer wheel 7850:Prayer beads 7618:Architecture 7497:969 Movement 7281:Saudi Arabia 7259:Central Asia 7252:South Africa 7074: 7057: 7042: 6990:Panchen Lama 6895:Buddhapālita 6491:Satipatthana 6486:Mindful Yoga 6399:Recollection 6313:Brahmavihara 6184:Japanese Zen 6179:Chinese Chan 6139:Animal realm 5946:Key concepts 5768:Bodhisattvas 5580:Three Jewels 5324: 5309: 5301: 5281: 5262: 5256:(1): 97–128. 5253: 5249: 5234:the original 5225: 5214:, retrieved 5199: 5189: 5170: 5159:, retrieved 5155:the original 5150: 5137:, retrieved 5134:Tipitaka.org 5133: 5120:, retrieved 5116:the original 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5073:, retrieved 5067: 5047: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4986:(2): 299–336 4983: 4979: 4964:the original 4959: 4955: 4929: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4643:, p. 7. 4641:Cousins 1982 4636: 4624: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4534: 4523:. Retrieved 4520:Fo.ifeng.com 4519: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4486:. Retrieved 4476: 4465:. Retrieved 4461:the original 4451: 4443:the original 4433: 4425:the original 4415: 4404:. Retrieved 4400:the original 4390: 4379:. Retrieved 4369: 4358:. Retrieved 4348: 4336: 4325:. Retrieved 4321:the original 4316: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4257:. Retrieved 4232: 4213: 4208:, p. 8. 4201: 4189: 4165: 4155: 4135: 4128: 4116: 4109:Cousins 1982 4104: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4020:Cousins 1984 4000: 3988: 3976: 3956: 3939:Schopen 1997 3934: 3922: 3914:the original 3904: 3896:the original 3886: 3879:Buswell 2004 3874: 3845: 3830: 3823:De Jong 1993 3818: 3806: 3798:the original 3793: 3784: 3772: 3762:, retrieved 3758:the original 3752: 3724: 3719:, p. 4. 3712: 3707:, p. 9. 3700: 3681: 3672: 3639: 3635: 3595: 3587: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3520: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3437:, p. 4. 3412: 3406: 3385: 3355: 3334:. Retrieved 3329: 3320: 3298: 3276: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3230: 3224: 3217:Maguire 2001 3212: 3207:, p. 3. 3190:, p. 3. 3183: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3097: 3053:Sacca-kiriya 2891: 2886: 2884: 2876:Song dynasty 2836:Mahāsaṃghika 2828:Sarvāstivāda 2817: 2806: 2787: 2776: 2775: 2761: 2755: 2744: 2742: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2609:Digha Nikaya 2598:Sutra Pitaka 2597: 2593:Sutta Pitaka 2591: 2589: 2586:Sutta Pitaka 2539: 2533: 2531: 2523: 2513:Sutta Pitaka 2506:vinayapiṭaka 2495: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2464:suttacentral 2457: 2442: 2427: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2403:Translations 2391: 2381: 2378:Khmer script 2373: 2362: 2333: 2314: 2299: 2281:Roman script 2273: 2268: 2252: 2201: 2194: 2185: 2177: 2164: 2160: 2140: 2120: 2107: 2103: 2086: 2079: 2066: 2061:J.W. de Jong 2055:stated that 2049: 2045:Sutta Pitaka 2030: 2004: 1992: 1985: 1971: 1965: 1962:Peter Harvey 1959: 1931: 1927:Alu Viharaya 1914: 1901: 1881: 1862: 1842:commentaries 1835: 1830:buddhavacana 1828: 1822: 1798: 1787:Sutta Piṭaka 1767: 1766: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1719: 1703: 1669:recited the 1663:Sutta Pitaka 1661:recited the 1640: 1636:Tamrashatiya 1612: 1610: 1278:Merit making 1243:Three Jewels 1183:Buddhavacana 1113:Impermanence 1101:Dharma wheel 861:U Dhammaloka 796:S. N. Goenka 771:Ledi Sayadaw 673:Three Jewels 504:Vibhajjavada 444:Vimuttimagga 434:Commentaries 423: 222:Milindapañha 217:Peṭakopadesa 192:Cariyāpiṭaka 162:Vimānavatthu 80:2. Khandhaka 48: 34: 7935:Dharma talk 7764:Asalha Puja 7560:Eschatology 7363:Switzerland 7343:New Zealand 7271:Middle East 7180:Philippines 7100:Afghanistan 6905:Bodhidharma 6890:Buddhaghosa 6810:Householder 6720:Monasticism 6673:Bodhisattva 6528:Prostration 6481:Mindfulness 6409:Anapanasati 6392:Kammaṭṭhāna 6189:Korean Seon 6129:Asura realm 6124:Human realm 6064:Ten Fetters 6019:Parinirvana 5921:Uppalavanna 5886:Mahākaccana 5871:Mahākassapa 5803:Kṣitigarbha 5798:Ākāśagarbha 5695:Suddhodāna 5640:Four sights 5567:Foundations 5299:B. C. Law, 4688:Shults 2014 4676:Shults 2014 4629:Gethin 1998 4604:, appendix. 4602:Harvey 1990 4575:Norman 1983 4539:Norman 1996 4297:Warder 1963 4206:Gethin 1992 4121:Gethin 1992 4097:Harvey 1990 4056:Gethin 1992 4044:Gethin 1992 4005:Warder 1963 3927:Samuel 2012 3811:Warder 2000 3705:Harvey 1995 3580:Norman 2005 3556:Gethin 1998 3483:Morgan 1956 3205:Harvey 1990 2946:Buddhaghosa 2758:Brahmanical 2748:occasions. 2719:Kathavatthu 2319:Thai script 2243:Mahaniddesa 2233:Manuscripts 2213:Vaṭṭagāmiṇi 2208:Vattagāmini 2178:One of the 2168:the changes 2144:Suttanipata 2053:A.K. Warder 2022:Agnosticism 1893:Vicittasara 1846:Buddhaghosa 1838:Mahavihārin 1753:(from Pali 1732:as well as 1728:other than 1647:parinibbana 1641:During the 1513:New Zealand 1368:Bodhisattva 1353:Four Stages 1308:Monasticism 1288:Mindfulness 1258:Perfections 1188:Early Texts 921:Kee Nanayon 891:Ajahn Brahm 876:Nyanaponika 866:Nyanatiloka 851:Jayatilleke 826:Pragyananda 721:Buddhadatta 716:Buddhaghoṣa 706:Sanghamitta 690:Key figures 643:Mindfulness 605:Kammaṭṭhāna 275:7. Paṭṭhāna 250:2. Vibhaṅga 187:Buddhavaṃsa 157:Suttanipāta 85:3. Parivāra 8171:Pāli Canon 8165:Categories 8052:Psychology 8032:Gnosticism 8020:Comparison 8015:Influences 7997:Comparison 7880:Bhavacakra 7838:Kushinagar 7813:Pilgrimage 7759:Māgha Pūjā 7714:Bodhi Tree 7530:Buddhology 7520:Abhidharma 7512:Philosophy 7445:Menander I 7313:Costa Rica 7264:Uzbekistan 7105:Bangladesh 7059:Dhammapada 7043:Pali Canon 7005:Ajahn Chah 6985:Dalai Lama 6885:Kumārajīva 6880:Vasubandhu 6855:The Buddha 6763:Zen master 6698:Sakadagami 6678:Buddhahood 6609:Pratimokṣa 6424:Shikantaza 6380:Meditation 6355:Deity yoga 6226:Madhyamaka 6119:Deva realm 6014:Mindstream 5964:Bodhicitta 5876:Aṅgulimāla 5743:Devadatta 5719:Yaśodharā 5622:The Buddha 5612:Middle Way 5368:Pali Canon 5284:. Berlin: 5216:2021-05-29 5161:2012-10-14 5139:2012-10-14 5122:2013-01-15 5075:2012-10-14 4877:(2): 17–32 4617:Manné 1990 4525:2012-10-14 4488:2012-10-14 4467:2013-01-15 4406:2012-10-14 4381:2012-10-14 4360:2012-10-14 4327:2012-10-14 4285:Allon 1997 4259:2012-10-14 4182:Wynne 2004 3764:2011-05-29 3717:Wynne 2007 3544:Manné 1990 3336:2020-12-24 3267:(2): 131. 3247:Wynne 2003 3176:References 3043:Pitakataik 2967:Dhammapāla 2961:Dhammapada 2920:Atthakatha 2887:Udanavarga 2844:Dhammapada 2832:Mahīśāsaka 2801:See also: 2745:abhidhamma 2707:Dhatukatha 2642:aṅguttara- 2567:Patimokkha 2396:Dai people 2388:(1931–69). 2386:Phnom Penh 2148:Itivuttaka 1977:Authorship 1889:Dhammapada 1617:scriptures 1613:Pāli Canon 1386:Traditions 1323:Pilgrimage 1263:Meditation 1223:Post-canon 1203:Pāli Canon 1133:Middle Way 1030:The Buddha 916:Ayya Khema 856:Kalupahana 821:Mahapragya 816:Kripasaran 806:Ajahn Chah 726:Dhammapāla 633:Middle Way 628:Meditation 580:Abhidhamma 509:Mahāvihāra 354:Bangladesh 177:Therīgāthā 172:Theragāthā 167:Petavatthu 152:Itivuttaka 142:Dhammapada 49:Pāli Canon 8191:Tripiṭaka 8120:Festivals 8100:Buddhists 8062:Theosophy 7865:Symbolism 7855:Hama yumi 7828:Bodh Gaya 7595:Socialism 7570:Evolution 7545:Economics 7383:Venezuela 7298:Australia 7293:Argentina 7217:Sri Lanka 7212:Singapore 7130:Indonesia 7092:Countries 7033:Tripiṭaka 6995:Ajahn Mun 6870:Nagarjuna 6865:Aśvaghoṣa 6748:Anagārika 6743:Śrāmaṇerī 6738:Śrāmaṇera 6733:Bhikkhunī 6693:Sotāpanna 6582:Passaddhi 6523:Offerings 6498:Nekkhamma 6375:Iddhipada 6295:Practices 6265:Theravada 6238:Vajrayana 6231:Yogachara 6201:Pure Land 6114:Six Paths 6101:Cosmology 5881:Anuruddha 5856:Sāriputta 5846:Kaundinya 5838:Disciples 5813:Vajrapāṇi 5665:Footprint 5630:Tathāgata 4341:Hamm 1973 3664:154283219 3103:Sinhalese 2899:Vajrayāna 2766:Agnihotra 2626:saṃyutta- 2573:Khandhaka 2562:-vibhaṅga 2220:, at the 2218:Sri Lanka 2204:Mahavamsa 2173:Therefore 2131:Sariputra 1873:Sri Lanka 1825:Theravada 1687:Sri Lanka 1621:Theravada 1533:Sri Lanka 1523:Singapore 1478:Indonesia 1418:Vajrayāna 1393:Theravāda 1348:Awakening 1236:Practices 1193:Tripiṭaka 1163:Cosmology 1138:Emptiness 1118:Suffering 791:U Ba Khin 741:Anawrahta 519:Mahavamsa 514:Dipavamsa 494:Sthaviras 389:Sri Lanka 348:Countries 270:6. Yamaka 31:versions. 29:Tripitaka 25:Theravāda 8138:Category 8067:Violence 8037:Hinduism 7985:Sanskrit 7940:Hinayana 7925:Amitābha 7885:Swastika 7754:Uposatha 7744:Holidays 7729:Calendar 7575:Humanism 7413:Kanishka 7403:Timeline 7227:Thailand 7195:Kalmykia 7190:Buryatia 7175:Pakistan 7160:Mongolia 7155:Maldives 7150:Malaysia 7115:Cambodia 6980:Shamarpa 6975:Nichiren 6925:Xuanzang 6860:Nagasena 6778:Rinpoche 6508:Pāramitā 6350:Devotion 6270:Navayana 6258:Dzogchen 6221:Nichiren 6169:Mahayana 6161:Branches 6039:Saṅkhāra 5788:Mañjuśrī 5745:(cousin) 5737:(cousin) 5705:(mother) 5697:(father) 5685:Miracles 5635:Birthday 5552:Glossary 5525:Buddhism 5334:citation 5280:(2000). 4754:(1984), 4742:: 109–29 4166:Academia 3680:(1997). 3656:24664702 3169:Kangyur. 2908:See also 2864:Sanskrit 2860:Prakrits 2781:— 2736:paṭṭhāna 2731:Patthana 2700:vibhaṅga 2695:Vibhanga 2688:-saṅgaṇī 2682:-saṅgaṇi 2579:Parivara 2451:and the 2337:Tipiṭaka 2323:Rama VII 2156:However, 1877:Thailand 1769:Tipiṭaka 1734:Sanskrit 1726:Prakrits 1683:Tipitaka 1638:school. 1624:Buddhist 1543:Thailand 1503:Mongolia 1498:Malaysia 1463:Cambodia 1428:Navayana 1408:Hinayana 1403:Mahāyāna 1313:Lay life 1143:Morality 1123:Not-self 1081:Concepts 1040:Councils 1025:Timeline 997:Glossary 979:Buddhism 971:a series 969:Part of 871:Nanamoli 781:U Nārada 668:Precepts 574:Doctrine 394:Thailand 359:Cambodia 321:a series 319:Part of 8115:Temples 8095:Buddhas 8057:Science 8047:Judaism 8042:Jainism 7960:Lineage 7920:Abhijñā 7890:Thangka 7833:Sarnath 7818:Lumbini 7739:Funeral 7734:Cuisine 7610:Culture 7585:Reality 7535:Creator 7525:Atomism 7395:History 7368:Ukraine 7328:Germany 7247:Senegal 7237:Vietnam 7165:Myanmar 6965:Shinran 6955:Karmapa 6930:Shandao 6900:Dignāga 6825:Śrāvaka 6805:Donchee 6800:Kappiya 6758:Sayadaw 6728:Bhikkhu 6703:Anāgāmi 6660:Nirvana 6626:Samadhi 6513:Paritta 6454:Tonglen 6449:Mandala 6404:Smarana 6385:Mantras 6333:Upekkha 6303:Bhavana 6253:Shingon 6206:Tiantai 6059:Tathātā 6049:Śūnyatā 6044:Skandha 6034:Saṃsāra 6029:Rebirth 6004:Kleshas 5994:Indriya 5896:Subhūti 5781:Guanyin 5735:Ānanda 5727:Rāhula 5607:Nirvana 5547:Outline 4825:(2): 25 4727:Sources 2998:Niddesa 2977:Ho trai 2902:tantras 2880:upāsaka 2813:Kangyur 2602:nikayas 2544:, both 2460:Nikayas 2447:of the 2436:of the 2277:edition 2255:climate 2123:matrika 1954:prakrit 1950:Magadhi 1946:Magadha 1918:council 1911:Origins 1885:Paritta 1869:nirvāna 1711:sangiti 1706:bhanaka 1619:in the 1553:Vietnam 1508:Myanmar 1423:Tibetan 1413:Chinese 1341:Nirvāṇa 1158:Saṃsāra 1153:Rebirth 1018:History 1007:Outline 926:Dipa Ma 896:Analayo 761:Mongkut 701:Mahinda 621:Nibbāna 612:Saṃsāra 536:Schools 477:History 399:Vietnam 379:Myanmar 202:Niddesa 182:Apadāna 8110:Sutras 8105:Suttas 7970:Siddhi 7955:Koliya 7930:Brahmā 7845:Poetry 7791:Mantra 7781:Kasaya 7653:Pagoda 7633:Kyaung 7628:Vihāra 7623:Temple 7565:Ethics 7408:Ashoka 7358:Sweden 7353:Poland 7348:Norway 7338:Mexico 7323:France 7308:Canada 7303:Brazil 7242:Africa 7222:Taiwan 7185:Russia 7110:Bhutan 7070:Vinaya 6950:Naropa 6940:Saraha 6875:Asanga 6631:Prajñā 6540:Refuge 6503:Nianfo 6464:Tertön 6459:Tantra 6444:Ganana 6434:Tukdam 6360:Dhyāna 6328:Mudita 6323:Karuṇā 6216:Risshū 6211:Huayan 6144:Naraka 6084:Anattā 6079:Dukkha 6074:Anicca 5979:Dharma 5931:Channa 5866:Ānanda 5851:Assaji 5818:Skanda 5721:(wife) 5690:Family 5670:Relics 5595:Sangha 5590:Dharma 5585:Buddha 5292: 5207: 5178: 5055: 4937: 4807: 4665:: 119. 4218:Harvey 4143: 3964: 3688: 3662: 3654: 3608: 3393: 3363: 3309: 3003:Nikāya 2834:, and 2725:Yamaka 2541:sangha 2305: 2288:MS-DOS 2197:Ashoka 2041:Vinaya 2011:Buddha 1944:, and 1934:Kosala 1782:sangha 1757:piṭaka 1750:pitaka 1681:. The 1679:Sangha 1675:Arhats 1673:. The 1665:, and 1659:Ananda 1655:Rajgir 1538:Taiwan 1518:Russia 1458:Brazil 1453:Bhutan 1373:Buddha 1293:Wisdom 1076:Dharma 678:Vinaya 585:Anattā 197:Jātaka 8082:Lists 7950:Kalpa 7945:Iddhi 7808:Music 7803:Mudra 7769:Vassa 7749:Vesak 7719:Budai 7665:Candi 7648:Stupa 7580:Logic 7333:Italy 7232:Tibet 7170:Nepal 7140:Korea 7135:Japan 7125:India 7120:China 7065:Sutra 7020:Texts 6970:Dōgen 6960:Hōnen 6945:Atiśa 6910:Zhiyi 6820:Achar 6788:Tulku 6783:Geshe 6768:Rōshi 6753:Ajahn 6708:Arhat 6668:Bodhi 6638:Vīrya 6555:Sacca 6550:Satya 6545:Sādhu 6533:Music 6476:Merit 6469:Terma 6429:Zazen 6365:Faith 6318:Mettā 5999:Karma 5959:Bardo 5926:Asita 5916:Khema 5906:Upāli 5891:Nanda 5729:(son) 5703:Māyā 5680:Films 5557:Index 5237:(PDF) 5230:(PDF) 4967:(PDF) 4952:(PDF) 3734:(PDF) 3660:S2CID 3652:JSTOR 3303:(PDF) 3090:Notes 2791:arhat 2546:monks 2259:Nepal 2228:Texts 2152:Udāna 1966:added 1942:Vajji 1865:Burma 1742:Burma 1722:agama 1691:Asoka 1667:Upali 1548:Tibet 1488:Korea 1483:Japan 1473:India 1468:China 1433:Newar 1358:Arhat 1148:Karma 1002:Index 711:Tissa 600:Jhana 590:Arhat 417:Texts 384:Nepal 369:India 364:China 147:Udāna 7980:Pāḷi 7965:Māra 7875:Flag 7276:Iran 7200:Tuva 7145:Laos 6773:Lama 6621:Śīla 6589:Śīla 6577:Pīti 6567:Sati 6518:Puja 6439:Koan 6345:Dāna 5936:Yasa 5823:Tārā 5340:link 5290:ISBN 5205:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5053:ISBN 4935:ISBN 4805:ISBN 4224:help 4141:ISBN 3962:ISBN 3686:ISBN 3606:ISBN 3391:ISBN 3361:ISBN 3307:ISBN 2897:and 2550:nuns 2548:and 2432:and 2303:ISBN 2279:(in 2253:The 2150:and 2043:and 1938:Kasi 1875:and 1730:Pali 1628:Pāli 1611:The 1493:Laos 1398:Pāli 776:U Nu 374:Laos 7702:Art 7638:Wat 6174:Zen 5418:at 5404:at 5361:by 3644:doi 3527:doi 3269:doi 2685:or 2485:). 2384:in 2376:in 2317:in 1850:fl. 1740:in 1653:in 1649:of 8167:: 7204:ru 5336:}} 5332:{{ 5288:. 5254:27 5252:. 5248:. 5149:, 5132:, 4984:28 4982:, 4978:, 4960:XV 4958:, 4954:, 4873:, 4869:, 4823:26 4821:, 4750:; 4740:26 4738:, 4661:. 4657:. 4609:^ 4594:^ 4518:. 4315:. 4304:^ 4244:^ 4174:^ 4164:. 4087:^ 4012:^ 3946:^ 3857:^ 3792:. 3742:^ 3658:. 3650:. 3640:52 3638:. 3634:. 3620:^ 3604:. 3602:27 3421:^ 3375:^ 3345:^ 3328:. 3285:^ 3275:. 3265:58 3263:. 3239:^ 3195:^ 2854:, 2830:, 2826:, 2815:. 2793:. 2604:: 2474:. 2425:. 2154:. 2133:. 1940:, 1936:, 1860:. 1717:. 1657:, 1528:US 973:on 323:on 7206:) 7202:( 6420:) 6416:( 5511:e 5504:t 5497:v 5342:) 5296:. 5061:. 4875:4 4663:6 4577:. 4528:. 4491:. 4470:. 4409:. 4384:. 4363:. 4343:. 4330:. 4262:. 4226:) 4184:. 4168:. 4149:. 4111:. 4058:. 3970:. 3839:. 3736:. 3694:. 3666:. 3646:: 3614:. 3533:. 3529:: 3449:. 3399:. 3369:. 3339:. 3271:: 3249:. 2733:( 2697:( 2679:( 2639:( 2623:( 2559:( 2509:) 2503:( 2398:. 2309:. 2290:/ 2210:( 1848:( 1600:e 1593:t 1586:v 955:e 948:t 941:v 305:e 298:t 291:v

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