2310:(KUFNCD), the mass organization that supported the state by organizing women, youths, workers, and religious groups. In 1987 there was only a single Buddhist order because the Thommayut order had not been revived. The organization of the clergy also had been simplified. The sangharaja (primate of the Buddhist clergy) had been replaced by a prathean (chairman). Communities that wanted wats had to apply to a local front committee for permission. The wat were administered by a committee of the local laity. Private funds paid for the restoration of the wats damaged during the war and the Khmer Rouge era, and they supported the restored wats. Monks were ordained by a hierarchy that has been reconstituted since an initial ordination in September 1979 by a delegation from the Buddhist community in Vietnam. The validity of this ordination continued to be questioned. In general, there are only two to four monks per wat, which is fewer than before 1975. In 1981 about 4,930 monks served in 740 wats in Cambodia. The Buddhist General Assembly reported 7,000 monks in 1,821 active wats a year later. In 1969 by contrast, observers estimated that 53,400 monks and 40,000 novice monks served in more than 3,000 wats. Vickery sums up his observations on the subject by noting that, "The government has kept its promise to allow freedom for traditional Buddhism, but does not actively encourage it."
1797:
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life is regulated by
Buddhist law, and life in the wat adheres to a rigid routine. A bhikkhu follows 227 rules of monastic discipline as well as the 10 basic precepts. These include the five precepts that all Buddhists should follow. The five precepts for monastic asceticism prohibit eating after noon, participating in any entertainment (singing, dancing, and watching movies or television), using any personal adornments, sleeping on a luxurious bed, and handling money. In addition, a monk also is expected to be celibate. Furthermore, monks supposedly avoid all involvement in political affairs. They are not eligible to vote or to hold any political office, and they may not witness a legal document or give testimony in court. Since the person of a monk is considered sacred, he is considered to be outside the normal civil laws and public duties that affect lay people. Some of these practices have changed in the modern period, however, and in the 1980s Buddhist monks have been active even in the PRK government.
2281:, or master of ceremonies; the monk's major function was to say prayers of blessing. They were often healers and, in traditional Khmer culture, they were the practitioners whose role was closest to that of modern psychiatrists. They might also have been skilled in astrology. The monk traditionally occupied a unique position in the transmission of Khmer culture and values. By his way of life, he provided a living model of the most meritorious behavior a Buddhist could follow. He also provided the laity with many opportunities for gaining merit. For centuries monks were the only literate people residing in rural communities; they acted as teachers to temple servants, to novices, and to newly ordained monks. Until the 1970s, most literate Cambodian males gained literacy solely through the instruction of the sangha.
1873:
Singhalese order to
Kampuchea. This particular event belied, however, the profound societal shift that was taking place from priestly class structure to a village-based monastic system in Theravada lands. While adhering to the monastic discipline, monks developed their wats, or temple-monasteries, not only into moral religious but also education, social-service, and cultural centers for the people. Wats became the main source of learning and popular education. Early western explorers, settlers, and missionaries reported widespread literacy among the male populations of Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam. Until the 19th century, literacy rates exceeded those of Europe in most if not all Theravada lands. In Kampuchea, Buddhism became the transmitter of Khmer language and culture.
1887:
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bhikkhus, a hall, a kitchen, quarters for nuns, and a pond. The number of monks varies according to the size of the local population. The sanctuary, which contains an altar with statues of the Buddha and, in rare cases, a religious relic, is reserved for major ceremonies and usually only for the use of bhikkhus. Other ceremonies, classes for monks and for laity, and meals take place in the hall. Stupas containing the ashes of extended family members are constructed near the sanctuary. Fruit trees and vegetable gardens tended by local children are also part of the local wat. The main entrance, usually only for ceremonial use, faces east; other entrances are at other points around the wall. There are no gates.
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enter and leave the sangha. Becoming a bhikkhu and leaving the sangha are matters of individual choice although, in theory, nearly all
Cambodian males over sixteen serve terms as bhikkhus. Most young men do not intend to become fully ordained bhikkhus (bhikkhu), and they remain as monks for less than a year. Even a son's temporary ordination as a bhikkhu brings great merit to his parents, however, and is considered so important that arrangements are made at a parent's funeral if the son has not undergone the process while the parent was living. There are two classes of bhikkhus at a wat: the novices (samani or nen) and the bhikkhu. Ordination is held from mid-April to mid-July, during the rainy season.
1807:(1181–1215), the most significant Khmer Buddhist king, worked tirelessly to establish Buddhism as the state religion of Angkor.Jayavarman VII was a Mahayana Buddhist, and he regarded himself to be a Dharma-king, a bodhisattva, whose duty was to "save the people" through service and merit-making, liberating himself in the process. Jayavarman withdrew his devotion from the old gods and began to identify more openly with Buddhist traditions. His regime marked a clear dividing line with the old Hindu past. Before 1200, art in the temples mostly portrayed scenes from the Hindu pantheon; after 1200, Buddhist scenes began to appear as standard motifs.
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its adoption by royalty and by the aristocracy, but its adherents were confined geographically to the Phnom Penh area. Among the few differences between the two orders is stricter observance by the
Thommayut bhikkhus (monks) of the rules governing the clergy. In 1961 the Mohanikay had more than 52,000 ordained monks in some 2,700 wats, whereas the Thommayut order had 1,460 monks in just over 100 wats. In 1967 more than 2,800 Mohanikay wats and 320 Thommayut wats were in existence in Cambodia. After Phnom Penh, the largest number of Thommayut wats were found in Batdambang, Stoeng Treng, Prey Veng, Kampot, and Kampong Thum provinces.
2058:(sangharaja)—has been closely connected with the Cambodian government since its re-establishment in the early-1980s High-ranking officials of the Maha Nikaya have often spoken out against criticism of the government and in favor of government policies, including calling for the arrest of monks espousing opposition positions. Officials from the Maha Nikaya hierarchy appoint members to lay committees to oversee the running of temples, who also act to ensure that temples do not become organizing points for anti-government activity by monks or lay supporters Nevertheless, divisions within the Maha Nikaya fraternity do exist.
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temples in and around Phnom Penh. Unlike the engaged modernists, their interest is not in using the authority of the sangha to aide social development programs, but rather to express direct opposition to government policies and corruption. Since the 1993 UN-monitored elections, monks have been permitted to vote in
Cambodia (a move opposed by some senior monks). While this has not resulted in any large-scale mobilization of the sangha as a political force, it has drawn some young monks farther into participation in parliamentary politics. Many of these young monks are associated with opposition figure
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the spirits over the province, and soldiers obtained magic cloths and amulets from mediums and shamans to protect them from the bullets of the enemy. Before embarking on a mission against enemy forces, a province chief might burn incense and call on a spirit for aid in defeating the enemy. Examples of
Brahman influences were various rituals concerned with the well-being of the nation carried out by the ruler and the baku (a Brahman priestly group attached to the royal court). These rituals were reportedly stopped after Sihanouk's ouster in 1970 (see The March 1970 Coup d'État, ch. 1).
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their traditional restrictions and had become involved in politics. At intervals during the colonial period, some monks had demonstrated or had rebelled against French rule, and in the 1970s monks joined pro- government demonstrations against the communists. Anticlerical feelings reached their highest point among the Khmer Rouge, who at first attempted to indoctrinate monks and to force them to pass anticlerical ideas on to the laity. Under the Khmer Rouge regime, monks were expelled forcibly from the wats and were compelled to do manual labor. Article 20 of the 1976 Constitution of
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both believed to be from
Vietnam. Venerable Tep Vong was concurrently the superior of the Buddhist clergy, vice president of the PRK's Khmer National Assembly, and vice president of the KUFNCD National Council. She quoted a refugee from Batdambang as having said, "During the meetings, the Khmer administrative authorities, accompanied by the Vietnamese experts, tell you, `Religion is like poison, it's like opium; it's better to give the money to the military, so they can fight'."
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such as one of
Lopburi, there were other signs that the religious venue of Suvannabhumi were changing. Tamalinda, the Khmer monk believed to be the son of Jayavarman VII, took part in an 1180 Burmese-led mission to Sri Lanka to study the Pali canon and on his return in 1190 had adepts of the Sinhala doctrine in his court. Chou Ta-Laun, who led a Chinese mission into Angkor in 1296-97 confirms the significant presence of Pali Theravada monks in the Khmer Capital."
782:
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4015:
6697:
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organized nationally in accordance with regulations formulated in 1943 and modified in 1948. During the monarchical period, the king led the
Buddhist clergy. Prince Sihanouk continued in this role even after he had abdicated and was governing as head of state. He appointed both the heads of the monastic orders and other high-ranking clergy. After the overthrow of Sihanouk in 1970, the new head of state, Lon Nol, appointed these leaders.
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1363:
2468:, they can cause trouble ranging from mischief to serious life-threatening illnesses. An important way for living people to show respect for the spirits of the dead is to provide food for the spirits. If this food is not provided, the spirit can cause trouble for the offending person. For example, if a child does not provide food for the spirit of its dead mother, that spirit can cause misfortunes to happen to the child.
26:
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1942:. The Vietnamese invaders attempted to suppress Theravada Buddhism and force the Khmer people to practice Mahayana Buddhism. The Siamese, on the other hand, would periodically invade Cambodia and attempt to drive out the "unbelievers" in an attempt to protect the Theravada religion. This power-struggle between the two ascendant powers continued until the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century.
2314:
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Tantric texts at the court of
Jayavarman II. In a Kamboja record of the 11th century there is a reference to the 'Tantras of the Paramis'; and images of Hevajra, definitely a tantric divinity, have been recovered from amidst the ruins of Angkor Thom. A number of Kamboja inscriptions refer to several kings who were initiated into the Great Secret (Vrah Guhya) by their
2083:. "Traditionalists", on the other hand, prefer to stick to the practices and teachings handed down through the monastic oral tradition, which have traditionally centered on the performance of merit-making ceremonies and the attainment of "heightened states" through concentration meditation. Traditionalists have tended to reject modern interest in
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twenty-one monks. In the 1980s, a Cambodian Buddhist wat was constructed near Washington, D.C., financed by a massive outpouring of donations from Cambodian Buddhists throughout North America. This wat is one of the few outside Southeast Asia that has the consecrated boundary within which ordinations may be performed.
1814:, the concept of monks. In former times, great effort and resources were invested into building temples for elite brahman priests and god-kings. Under Jayavarman, these resources were redirected to building libraries, monastic dwellings, public works, and more "earthly" projects accessible to the common people.
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Women are not ordained, but older women, especially widows, can become nuns. They live in wat and play an important role in the everyday life of the temple. Nuns shave their heads and eyebrows and generally follow the same precepts as monks. They may prepare the altars and do some of the housekeeping
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Two monastic orders constituted the clergy in Cambodia. The larger group, to which more than 90 percent of the clergy belonged, was the Mohanikay. The Thommayut order was far smaller. The Thommayut was introduced into the ruling circles of Cambodia from Thailand in 1864; it gained prestige because of
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Members of the young monks movement have participated in and organized public demonstrations in Phnom Penh, aimed at drawing attention to perceived government misdeeds. The Maha Nikaya hierarchy has condemned this form of political activism, calling for the arrest of some monks and defrocking others.
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Divisions within the sangha between "modernists" and "traditionalists" were recorded in Cambodia as early as 1918. Broadly speaking, "modernists" have attempted to respond to Western criticism of Buddhist institutions by re-interpreting Buddhist teachings—particularly those related to philosophy and
1973:
During the era of French rule, convulsions of violence, led by Buddhist holy men, would periodically break out against the French. Significant advances were made in the education of Cambodian monks, both in specifically Buddhist topics and more general studies. Primary education of Cambodian children
1763:
968) "studied Buddhism intensely. Although he decided to remain a Shivaist, he appointed a Buddhist, Kavindrarimathana, chief minister. Kavindrarimathana built shrines to Buddha and Shiva. Jayavarman V (son of Rajendravarman) also remained a devote of Shiva. He, too, permitted his own chief minister,
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Villagers are sensitive to the power and to the needs of the spirit world. According to observations by an American missionary in the early 1970s, villagers consulted the local guardian spirit to find out what the coming year would bring, a new province chief held a ceremony to ask the protection of
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Buddhism is still strong among the various Cambodian refugee groups throughout the world, although some younger monks, faced with the distractions of a foreign culture, have chosen to leave the clergy and have become laicized. In the United States in 1984, there were twelve Cambodian wats with about
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Martin offers another, more pessimistic, view of the religious situation in the late-1980s. In a 1986 study, she asserts that the PRK showed outsiders only certain aspects of religious freedom; she also states that the few wats that were restored had only two or three old monks in residence and that
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Buddhist monks traditionally were called upon to perform a number of functions in Cambodian life. They participated in all formal village festivals, ceremonies, marriages, and funerals. They also might have participated in ceremonies to name infants and in other minor ceremonies or rites of passage.
1993:
Estimates of the number of monks in Cambodia prior to the ascension of the Khmer Rouge vary, ranging between 65,000 and 80,000. By the time of the Buddhist restoration in the early-1980s, the number of Cambodian monks worldwide was estimated to be fewer than 3,000. The patriarchs of both Cambodian
1950:
Buddhism continued to flourish in Cambodia in the sixteenth century. King Ang Chan (1516–1566), a relative of King Dhammaraja, was a devout Buddhist. He built pagodas in his capital and many Buddhist shrines in different parts of Cambodia. In order to popularize Buddhism, King Satha (1576–1549), son
1786:
Indeed, inscriptions indicate he sought wisdom from wise Mahayanists and Hinayanists and at least somewhat disestablished the Sivakaivalya family's hereditary claims to being chief priests (purohitar). Surayvarman's posthumous title of Nirvanapada, 'the king who has gone to Nirvana' is the strongest
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Steinberg notes the striking ratio of bhikkhus to the total population of Cambodia. In the late-1950s, an estimated 100,000 bhikkhus (including about 40,000 novices) served a population of about five million. This high proportion undoubtedly was caused in large part by the ease with which one could
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The cornerstones of Cambodian Buddhism are the Buddhist bhikkhu and the wat. Traditionally, each village has a spiritual center, a wat, where from five to more than seventy bhikkhus reside. A typical wat in rural Cambodia consists of a walled enclosure containing a sanctuary, several residences for
1909:
Phnom Penh was founded when Lady Penh found a "four-faced Buddha" floating down the river on a Koki tree during the flooding season. She retrieved the Buddha image and had the Wat Phnom constructed to house the image. The four-faced Buddha is important in Khmer Buddhist iconography, signifying the
1894:
The Jinakalamali gives an account of the cultural connections between Cambodia and Sri Lanka in the fifteenth century. It states that 1967 years after the Mahaparinibbana of the Buddha, eight monks headed by Mahananasiddhi from Cambodia with 25 monks from Nabbispura in Thailand came to Sri Lanka to
1867:
every all level of society. Scholars struggle to account for this sudden and inexplicable transformation of Khmer civilization. Theravada Buddhism succeeded because it was inclusive and universal in its outreach, recruiting the disciples and monks from not only the elites and court, but also in the
1852:
Monastery in Sri Lanka (1180–1190), a new dynamic type of Theravada Buddhism was being preached as the "true faith" in Sri Lanka. This form of Buddhism was somewhat militant and highly disciplined in reaction to the wars with the Tamil that nearly destroyed Buddhism in Sri Lanka in the 9th and 10th
1727:
The prevalence of Tantrayana in Java, Sumatra and Kamboja , a fact now definitely established by modern researches into the character of Mahayana Buddhism and Saivism in these parts of the Indian Orient. Already in Kamboja inscription of the 9th century there is definite evidence of the teaching of
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The Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia seems to occupy a middle position between the Maha Nikaya modernists and traditionalists. Like the Dhammayuttika order in Thailand, they place a higher premium on scriptural study and knowledge of the Pali language than the monks of the traditionalist camp. At
1989:
The Khmer Rouge policies towards Buddhism—which included the forced disrobing of monks, the destruction of monasteries, and, ultimately, the execution of uncooperative monks—effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions. Monks who did not flee and avoided execution lived among the laity,
1954:
Each successive wave of European influence was accompanied by Catholic missionaries, but Theravada Buddhism proved surprisingly resistant to foreign attempts to convert the Khmer people. During the colonial period, the peace was periodically breached by outbreaks of religiously motivated violence,
1872:
The post-Angkor period saw the dramatic rise of the Pali Theravada tradition in Southeast Asia and concomitant decline of the Brahmanic and Mahayana Buddhist religious traditions. A 1423 Thai account of a mission to Sri Lanka mentions eight Khmer monks who again brought orthodox Mahavihara sect of
1821:
This Singhalese-based Theravada Buddhist orthodoxy was first propagated in Southeast Asia by Taling (Mon) monks in the 11th century and together with Islam in the 13th century in southern insular reaches of the region, spread as a popularly-based movement among the people. Apart from inscriptions,
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still were tolerated, but the state collected a 50 percent tax on donations. Martin believes that Buddhism was threatened externally by state repression and by nonsupport and internally by invalid clergy. She noted that the two Buddhist superiors, Venerable Long Chhim and Venerable Tep Vong, were
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and his own observations. He suggests that the Khmer Rouge was able to instill antireligious feelings in younger males because the latter were losing interest in becoming monks even during their teenage years, the traditional temporary period of service. The monks themselves had abandoned some of
2247:
Buddhist monks do not take perpetual vows to remain monks although some become monks permanently. Traditionally, they became monks early in life. It is possible to become a novice at age seven, but in practice thirteen is the earliest age for novices. A bhikkhu must be at least twenty. The monk's
2155:
Another division in the Cambodian sangha can be seen in what has been called the "young monks" movement, a small group of politically active monks (primarily Maha Nikaya) voicing public opposition to the current government. The "young monks" are primarily junior members of the clergy, drawn from
1778:
The origins of Suryavarman I are unclear but evidence suggests that he began his career in northeastern Cambodia. He came to the throne after a period of disputes between rival claims to the Khmer throne. Claim to the Khmer throne did not exclusively include paternal lines but also recognized the
1695:
The Bengal University of Nalanda in Megadha (now Behar) was the theological center of Mahayana Buddhism under the protection of the Pala Dynasty . Shivaist interpretations of Buddhism, tinged with Tantric mysticism (that may have revived portions of pre-Aryan northeastern Indian faith traditions)
2404:
and Brahman practices. Most Cambodians, whether or not they profess to be Buddhists (or Muslims), believe in a rich supernatural world. When ill, or at other times of crisis, or to seek supernatural help, Cambodians may enlist the aid of a practitioner who is believed to be able to propitiate or
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is a kind of sorcerer who prepares charms and amulets to protect the wearer from harm. He can cure illnesses, find lost objects, and prepare magic potions. Traditionally, Cambodians have held strong beliefs about protective charms. Amulets are worn routinely by soldiers to ward off bullets, for
2190:
In their attempt to separate the Khmer people from their cultural allegiance to the neighboring Theravada Kingdom of Siam, the French encouraged a sense of Khmer identity by emphasizing Khmer-language studies and Khmer Buddhist studies. They established Pali schools within Cambodia to keep the
2294:
permitted freedom of religion but banned all reactionary religions, that were "detrimental to the country". The minister of culture stated that Buddhism was incompatible with the revolution and was an instrument of exploitation. Under this regime, to quote the Finnish Inquiry Commission, "The
2210:
Cambodian Buddhism has no formal administrative ties with other Buddhist bodies, although Theravada monks from other countries, especially Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, may participate in religious ceremonies in order to make up the requisite number of clergy. Cambodian Buddhism is
2138:
monks also teach the efficacy of "group repentance" rituals, where, through the recitation of Pali texts, the karmic fruit of earlier misdeeds can be avoided or moderated. These rituals, which developed from New Years repentance ceremonies, have become very popular among certain segments of
2049:. The Maha Nikaya is by far the larger of the two monastic fraternities, claiming the allegiance of a large majority of Cambodian monks. The Dhammayuttika Nikaya, despite royal patronage, remains a small minority, isolated somewhat by its strict discipline and connection with Thailand.
2325:
public attendance was low. The monks were allowed to leave the wats only for an hour in the mornings, to collect their food, or during holy days. Lay people who practiced their faith were about the same ages as the monks, and they were allowed to visit the wats only in the evenings. A
2539:—haor teay—are important in Cambodian life. They are consulted about important decisions such as marriages, building a new house, or going on a long journey. They are believed to be able to foretell future events and to determine lucky or unlucky days for various activities.
1683:. Nevertheless, he was increasingly friendly to and supportive of Mahayana Buddhist influence throughout his kingdom. Mahayana Buddhism became increasingly established in his empire. The form of Mahayana Buddhism that was propagated in the Srivijaya lands was similar to the
1627:
800. Many Mahāyāna bodhisattva images also date from this period, often found alongside the predominantly Hindu images of Shiva and Vishnu. An inscription from Ta Prohm temple in Siem Reap province, dated about 625, states, that the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are flourishing.
1844:
scriptural traditions. Tamalinda then returned to Cambodia and promoted Buddhist traditions according to the Theravada training he had received, galvanizing and energizing the long-standing Theravada presence that had existed throughout the Angkor empire for centuries.
2013:, policies towards Buddhism began to ease starting in the summer of 1979. A group of monks who had been exiled and re-ordained in Vietnam during the Khmer Rouge period were sent to Cambodia, and in 1981 one of their number, Venerable Tep Vong, was elected the first
2306:, public observance of Buddhism and of Islam was reestablished, and government policies allowed Cambodians freedom to believe or not to believe in Buddhism. Vickery cites some differences in this reestablished Buddhism: religious affairs were overseen by the PRK's
1853:
centuries. As Theravada Buddhism struggled for survival in Sri Lanka, it developed a resiliency that generated a renaissance throughout the Buddhist world, and would eventually spread across Burma, Chang Mai, the Mon kingdoms, Lana, Sukothai, Laos, and Cambodia.
1748:, both deeply imbued with tantric influences, are to be seen often blending with one another during this period. The Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, consisting of Sanskrit versus explained by an Old Javanese commentary, professed to teach the Mahayana and Mantrayana.
2147:
the same time, they have not embraced the modernist, engaged notion of monks as agents of social development, preferring instead to stick closely to traditional monastic roles of study, meditation, and providing merit-making opportunities for lay supporters.
1859:
When Prince Tamalinda returned after ten years of ordination, he was a Thera, a senior monk, capable of administering ordination into this vigorous Theravada lineage, which insisted on orthodoxy and rejected Mahayana "innovations" such as tantric practices.
1937:
After 1431 when the Cambodian kings permanently abandoned Angkor due to a Siamese invasion, the royal court was located on Udon Mountain, a few miles north of Phnom Penh. Siamese incursions from the west and Vietnamese invasions from the east weakened the
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monks maintain that by sponsoring recitations of these verses, lay supporters can accrue great merit that will result in immediate, worldly benefits, such as financial or career success. A large number of senior Cambodian officials (including
2017:
of a new unified Cambodia sangha, officially abolishing the division between the Thommayut order and the Mohanikay. The ordination of new monks was sponsored by the government as a public show of piety and lifted restrictions on ordination.
2284:
After independence from France, young Cambodian intellectuals changed their attitude toward the clergy. In describing a general shift away from Buddhism in the late-1950s and early-1960s, Vickery cites the early work of anthropologist
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were worked out in Megadha and then were exported throughout insular and peninsular Southeast Asia, particularly to Java. Yashovarman I (889-910), who ruled from the vicinity of Rolous in the late ninth century, seems to have been a
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Direk Duangloi, Mallika Phumathon, Phrapalad Raphin Buddhisaro. (2019). THERAVADA BUDDHISM IN CAMBODIA: POST-ANGKOR PERIOD-พระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาทในกัมพูชา: สมัยหลังพระนคร.Buddhist Asean Studies Journal. Vol 4, No 1 (2019),34-54.
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example. The kru are believed to have the power to prepare an amulet and to establish a supernatural link between it and the owner. A kru may acquire considerable local prestige and power. Many kru are former Buddhist monks.
1877:
With the rise of Siam in the west and Vietnam in the east, the classical Angkor empire disappeared and the beginning of present-day Cambodia began. Cambodia became from this time forward a Theravada Buddhist nation.
1532:, the great Buddhist ruler. According to these sources, two monks, Sona and Uttara, were sent to propagate the doctrine of the Master in this region following the great council of 274 B.C. held in Asoka's capital
1462:
The history of Buddhism in Cambodia spans a number of successive kingdoms and empires. Buddhism entered Cambodia via two different streams. The earliest forms of Buddhism, along with Hindu influences, entered the
3980:
1986:". By the time of the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, nearly every monk and religious intellectual had been either murdered or driven into exile, and nearly every Buddhist temple and library had been destroyed.
1527:
Unconfirmed Singhalese sources state that Buddhism was introduced to Suvannaphum, or the 'Golden Peninsula', as mainland Southeast Asia was once referred to, in the 3rd century B.C. under the reign of King
3990:
2087:
meditation as a foreign affectation, and have focused on the rote memorization and recitation of Pali passages rather than attempts to study, translate, and interpret the contents of the Pali
1536:, India. Various Buddhist sects competed with Brahmanism and indigenous animistic religions over approximately the next millennium; during this period, Indian culture was highly influential.
2009:
Following the defeat of the Khmer Rouge by Vietnamese forces, Buddhism initially remained officially suppressed in Cambodia. Following challenges to the legitimacy of the Vietnamese-backed
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obtain help from various spirits. Local spirits are believed to inhabit a variety of objects, and shrines to them may be found in houses, in Buddhist temples, along roads, and in forests.
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1560:. Buddhism was already present in Funan as a secondary religion in this era. Buddhism began to assert its presence from about year 450 onward, and was observed by the Chinese traveler
3604:
1752:
The presence and growing influence of Buddhism continued as the Angkor empire increased in power. King Yosavarman built many Buddhist temples in 887–889, representing the mandala of
2994:
Every citizen of Kampuchea has the right to worship according to any religion and the right not to worship according to any religion. Reactionary religions which are detrimental to
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700. Buddhism was weakened in the Chenla period, but survived, as seen in the inscriptions of Sambor Prei Kuk (626) and those of Siem Reap dealing with the erection of statues of
2121:
movement do not typically possess a significant knowledge of Pali, instead focusing on the rote memorization and recitation of certain verses and scriptures considered powerful.
1966:
established a Dhammayuttika presence in Cambodia. The newly formed Thommayut order benefited from royal patronage, but frequently came into conflict with the existing Mohanikay (
3739:
2113:
High officials of the Cambodian government, by contrast, have tended to support the most conservative of the Maha Nikaya monks, particular the members of a segment known as the
1467:
with Hindu merchants. In later history, a second stream of Buddhism entered Khmer culture during the Angkor empire when Cambodia absorbed the various Buddhist traditions of the
3985:
2397:
marks the end of this season; celebrated in September, it features offerings, especially of robes, to the monks. The kathen was still celebrated in the PRK in the late 1980s.
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1958:
During the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, Thailand's involvement in Cambodian politics extended Thai influence into religious matters as well. On King
1498:. A variety of Buddhist traditions co-existed peacefully throughout Cambodian lands, under the tolerant auspices of Hindu kings and the neighboring Mon-Theravada kingdoms.
1704:
such as Vishnu and Brahma, as well as to Shiva, with whom they continued to be identified by hereditary families of priests. Rajendravarman II studied Buddhism intensely.
3954:
1982:
In 1975 when the communist Khmer Rouge took control of Cambodia, they tried to completely destroy Buddhism and very nearly succeeded, when considering this religion as "
2710:
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Cambodian Buddhism helped foment Khmer national identity and the independence movement in the 20th century, leading to Cambodian independence as a sovereign state.
1567:
Two Buddhist monks from Funan, named Mandrasena and Saṃghabara, took up residency in China in the 5th to 6th centuries, and translated several Buddhist sūtras from
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2408:
Several types of supernatural entities are believed to exist; they make themselves known by means of inexplicable sounds or happenings. Among these phenomena are
1796:
1856:
In the 13th century, wandering missionaries from the Mon-Khmer-speaking parts of Siam, Burma, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka played an important part in this process.
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regime. The status of Buddhism and of religion in general after the Vietnamese invasion was at least partially similar to its status in pre-Khmer Rouge times.
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Since 1855, the Buddhist monastic community in Cambodia has been split into two divisions, excepting a brief period of unification between 1981 and 1991: the
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2102:
program and other attempts to use the influence of the sangha to effect social change in Cambodian society, Maha Ghosananda brought to Cambodia a form of
4000:
3919:
3879:
3734:
2106:
not previously seen among Cambodian religious institutions. This form of modernist, engaged Buddhism has proved very popular with Western Buddhists and
1782:
A strong proponent of Mahayana Buddhism, he did not interfere or obstruct the growing presence and dissemination of Theravada Buddhism during his reign.
2117:, an ultra-conservative movement that touts the worldly efficacy of the rote recitation of various Pali and Khmer prayers and discourses. Monks in the
5751:
4226:
3759:
1756:, the mythical axis of the world. The largest of these temples is Phnom Kandal or "Central Mountain" which lies near the heart of the Angkor complex.
3627:
1914:, who is often identified with the Buddha-king of Cambodia. The type of Buddhism practiced in medieval Cambodia has been widely studied by professor
2393:
takes place in June or in July; it marks the beginning of a penitential season during which the monks must remain within the temple compounds. The
5755:
2025:
sought to align itself with the Buddhist sangha, declaring Buddhism to be Cambodia's "state religion" in a 1991 policy statement. In 1991, King
2191:
Cambodian monks from traveling to Siam for higher education. These Khmer language study centers became the birthplace of Cambodian nationalism.
5979:
1951:
and successor of King Barom Reachea, restored the great towers of the Angkor Wat, which had become a Buddhist shrine by the sixteenth century.
844:
2099:
2786:
1712:(750–850) in Java. Borobudur appears to have been the inspiration for the later fabulous Angkor building projects in Cambodia, particularly
4196:
3619:
1723:
The primary form of Buddhism practiced in Cambodia during Angkor times was Mahayana Buddhism, strongly influenced with Tantric tendencies.
748:
2295:
practice of religion was forbidden and the pagodas were systematically destroyed." Observers estimated that 50,000 monks died during the
2218:
Each order has its own superior and is organized into a hierarchy of eleven levels. The seven lower levels are known collectively as the
2033:
for each of the Thommayut and Mohanikay orders, effectively marking the end of the unified system created under Vietnamese rule in 1981.
1663:
kingdom exercised suzerainty over Cambodia as a vassal state during the end of the eighth and the beginning of the ninth centuries. King
2648:
1919:
4304:
1482:
For the first thousand years of Khmer history, Cambodia was ruled by a series of Hindu kings with an occasional Buddhist king, such as
4039:
4061:
2906:
6571:
6023:
3929:
6226:
4206:
1898:
As Angkor collapsed under the advancing jungles, the center of power of the Theravada Cambodia moved south toward present day
1886:
3557:
1974:
continued to take place at temple schools. Monks were also encouraged to become involved in community development projects.
2702:
4389:
4231:
3904:
3654:
6566:
2001:
Due to their association with the Thai monarchy, monks of the Thommayut order may have been singled out for persecution.
1970:) lineage. The Thommayut were sometimes accused of holding loyalty to the Thai court, rather than to the Khmer nation.
6463:
6013:
4108:
1810:
During Jayavarman VII's reign, there was a shift away from the concept of devaraja god-king, toward the concept of the
1393:
839:
796:
3594:
1744:
But it was in Java and Sumatra that Tantrayana seems to have attained greater importance. There Mahayana Buddhism and
223:
4309:
3579:
3539:
3520:
3435:
3371:
2886:
2855:
2686:
2303:
2010:
6556:
2377:(New Year Festival) takes place in mid-April; it was one of the few festivals allowed under the Khmer Rouge regime.
2236:; the Thommayut has twenty-one. Each monk must serve for at least twenty years to be named to these highest levels.
6241:
5986:
1451:
of the country. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century (except during the
741:
271:
6633:
6623:
4452:
1817:
While Jayavarman VII himself was Mahayana Buddhist, the presence of Theravada Buddhism was increasingly evident.
1507:
2982:
233:
6578:
6231:
6033:
5924:
5869:
4442:
6722:
6548:
6246:
5929:
4221:
4054:
2587:
2107:
2054:
1779:
royal maternal line, giving prominence to whichever line successfully supported the legitimacy of the claim.
1322:
1017:
545:
6727:
6131:
6003:
5974:
5676:
2582:
2329:
had also instructed civil servants to stop celebrating the traditional New Year Festival. Some traditional
1267:
1042:
1002:
457:
3445:
2456:(elf-like guardians of animals). All spirits must be shown proper respect, and, with the exception of the
2389:, in April or in May, is the triple anniversary of the birth, death, and enlightenment of the Buddha. The
1700:
Buddhist influenced by Nalanda syncretism. His successors (notably Jayavarman IV) dedicated themselves to
5822:
5731:
5201:
4846:
4359:
4254:
3849:
2424:(particularly nasty demons, the spirits of people who have died violent, untimely, or unnatural deaths),
2381:, celebrated in September or in October, is a memorial day for deceased ancestors and for close friends.
2022:
734:
351:
5366:
1619:(791). Some pre-Angkorean statuary in the Mekong Delta region indicate the existence of Sanskrit-based
158:
6671:
6151:
5627:
5113:
4236:
4069:
432:
356:
303:
5561:
3615:
6561:
6374:
6364:
6236:
5219:
4799:
4560:
4535:
3404:
3362:
2110:, who have lent their support and funding to efforts by Maha Ghosananda and other modernist leaders.
1142:
4585:
1775:(1006–1050) is considered the greatest of the Buddhist kings, with the exception of Jayavarman VII.
1422:
952:
258:
6666:
6018:
5832:
5810:
5803:
5706:
5239:
4859:
4675:
4620:
4241:
4047:
3899:
3864:
3819:
3671:
3647:
3405:"Progress of Buddhist Studies in Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China and Japan"
2523:
are mediums who can be possessed by supernatural beings and communicate with the spirit world. The
1147:
1097:
615:
422:
193:
2878:
6603:
6583:
5914:
5894:
5651:
5381:
4625:
3789:
3784:
3679:
3482:
2780:
2678:
1307:
695:
620:
495:
2400:
Cambodian Buddhism exists side-by-side with, and to some extent intermingles with, pre-Buddhist
6613:
6453:
6121:
6091:
5864:
5815:
5656:
5604:
5599:
5361:
5182:
5079:
4831:
4826:
4575:
3909:
3884:
3799:
3779:
3699:
2517:
and as a specialist in conducting spirit worship rituals connected with life-cycle ceremonies.
1432:
1386:
1122:
1107:
1087:
1012:
1007:
922:
829:
283:
278:
253:
148:
4943:
2134:
temples, providing for extensive expansions and rich decoration of the most popular temples.
2098:
remained the most visible and recognizable figure of the Maha Nikaya modernists. Through his
1998:
perished sometime during the period 1975–1978, though the cause of their deaths is not known.
399:
6618:
6588:
6169:
6101:
5934:
5849:
5844:
5768:
5763:
5681:
4211:
3995:
3874:
3869:
3749:
3623:
3495:
2644:
2597:
1864:
1640:
god-king to Mahayana bodhisattva-king was probably gradual and imperceptible. The prevailing
1327:
1317:
1272:
700:
346:
183:
103:
5234:
394:
6641:
6608:
6593:
6111:
6008:
5954:
5839:
5778:
5746:
5741:
5726:
5711:
5701:
5579:
5271:
5194:
4497:
4437:
4186:
4153:
4103:
3889:
3844:
3824:
3814:
2995:
2291:
2046:
1963:
1902:. Phnom Penh was originally a small riverside market center where the Mekong River and the
1452:
1337:
1297:
1292:
1102:
982:
890:
875:
819:
791:
640:
550:
442:
198:
188:
6481:
5096:
4965:
4891:
4767:
4505:
2373:
Most of the major Cambodian annual festivals are connected with Buddhist observances. The
8:
6448:
6327:
6161:
6136:
6126:
6086:
6063:
5946:
5919:
5879:
5798:
5788:
5716:
5643:
5074:
4931:
4712:
4690:
4642:
4462:
4262:
4118:
4098:
3969:
3914:
3829:
3809:
3694:
3684:
3640:
2326:
1347:
1302:
1240:
1180:
1117:
1062:
1057:
812:
801:
173:
133:
4422:
4349:
2872:
2845:
6511:
6416:
6258:
6221:
6216:
6146:
6096:
6043:
6038:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5889:
5874:
5859:
5854:
5793:
5773:
5736:
5661:
5466:
5167:
5091:
4969:
4911:
4752:
4652:
4580:
4555:
4201:
4131:
3959:
3894:
3859:
3794:
3764:
3709:
3704:
3467:
3424:
3411:, Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, pp. 370–83
3390:
See The Kampuchean, or Khmer, United Front for National Construction and Defense, ch. 4
2903:
2374:
2363:
1444:
1332:
1312:
1252:
1247:
1135:
1037:
1030:
957:
947:
854:
625:
560:
490:
413:
404:
341:
336:
115:
6310:
530:
6689:
6651:
6347:
6332:
6295:
6280:
6053:
5969:
5884:
5721:
5686:
5671:
5398:
5388:
5069:
4916:
4901:
4772:
4695:
4615:
4550:
4482:
4369:
4126:
4024:
3854:
3834:
3769:
3744:
3719:
3575:
3553:
3535:
3516:
3471:
3431:
2882:
2851:
2682:
2330:
2286:
1931:
1811:
1620:
1379:
1277:
1262:
1067:
942:
885:
849:
834:
765:
670:
645:
505:
462:
452:
318:
293:
178:
163:
5633:
4427:
4327:
1915:
1616:
1596:
1431:) has existed since at least the 5th century. In its earliest form it was a type of
6337:
6290:
6285:
6141:
6106:
6081:
6076:
5827:
5783:
5696:
5371:
5027:
5020:
4804:
4794:
4680:
4344:
4216:
3839:
3804:
3754:
3663:
3457:
2161:
2103:
1572:
1545:
1487:
1464:
1342:
1287:
1217:
1207:
1072:
665:
650:
635:
630:
248:
168:
5416:
2139:
Cambodian society, and have been conducted by the current Maha Nikaya sangharaja,
2066:
1512:
6701:
6646:
6598:
6526:
6396:
6194:
6174:
6116:
6028:
5691:
5589:
5436:
5172:
5155:
5140:
5118:
4670:
4540:
4374:
4354:
3609:
3478:
3375:
2989:
2910:
2622:
2511:, a specialist in ritual. He may function as a kind of master of ceremonies at a
2095:
1903:
1890:
Life of Gautama Buddha painting. Cambodia. 18th century. Toulon Asian Art Museum.
1833:
After the 13th century Theravada Buddhism became the state religion of Cambodia.
1367:
1282:
1082:
992:
937:
705:
605:
525:
510:
437:
211:
5446:
4600:
4590:
1868:
villages and among the peasants, enhancing its popularity among the Khmer folk.
1840:
to be ordained as a Buddhist monk and study Theravada Buddhism according to the
932:
6656:
6359:
6209:
5991:
5571:
5551:
5471:
5160:
5150:
5084:
4921:
4407:
4270:
3567:
3380:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2451:
2277:
Monks did not lead the ceremonies, however, because that role was given to the
2204:
2176:
2075:
meditation—in light of both modern secular knowledge and the textual source of
1804:
1653:
1649:
1577:
1561:
1491:
1448:
1414:
1227:
1157:
1112:
970:
595:
580:
95:
2199:
1591:
46:
6716:
6426:
6275:
5584:
5486:
5344:
5145:
5123:
5059:
4730:
4525:
4520:
4412:
4081:
4018:
3462:
2874:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800
2847:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800
2557:
1895:
receive the umpasampada ordination at the hands of the Sinhalese Mahatheras.
1828:
1772:
1664:
1495:
1052:
1047:
987:
680:
675:
540:
389:
243:
99:
4884:
4874:
4246:
2552:
2357:
2346:
1192:
997:
520:
6516:
6501:
6471:
6421:
6411:
6253:
6048:
5541:
5376:
5254:
5042:
5037:
4864:
4735:
4610:
4071:
2617:
2567:
1939:
1684:
1483:
1092:
977:
895:
781:
655:
590:
565:
467:
447:
298:
288:
238:
5299:
5284:
5244:
4941:
4605:
4181:
3599:
3366:
2577:
1990:
sometimes secretly performing Buddhist rituals for the sick or afflicted.
414:
405:
6486:
6315:
5456:
5441:
5224:
5032:
4960:
4740:
4570:
4472:
4319:
4191:
4028:
2670:
2562:
2296:
2042:
1983:
1967:
1863:
The mass conversion of Khmer society to Theravada Buddhism amounted to a
1717:
1641:
1599:
1582:
1476:
1162:
715:
685:
660:
515:
500:
6476:
4936:
2308:
Kampuchean (or Khmer) United Front for National Construction and Defense
1708:
The Sailendra dynasty also built the fantastic Mahayana Buddhist temple
575:
6431:
6389:
6265:
6071:
5996:
5610:
5594:
5556:
5536:
5431:
5406:
5314:
5249:
5229:
4975:
4906:
4777:
4660:
4630:
4565:
4515:
4173:
4163:
4136:
2592:
2536:
2532:
2382:
2157:
2080:
2030:
2021:
Following the withdrawal of the Vietnamese military, the newly renamed
2014:
1899:
1849:
1713:
1623:
Buddhism. Khmer-style Buddha images are abundant from the period of 600
1468:
1455:). As of 2019 it was estimated that 97.1 percent of the population are
1167:
927:
824:
710:
610:
600:
427:
374:
228:
218:
32:
5451:
4447:
2385:, in January or February, commemorates the last sermon of the Buddha.
6406:
6379:
5546:
5421:
5133:
5049:
4926:
4816:
4789:
4782:
4745:
4702:
4665:
4432:
4397:
4364:
4339:
4294:
2612:
2378:
2181:
2088:
2084:
2076:
1923:
1837:
1709:
1660:
1516:
1472:
1456:
1212:
1187:
585:
535:
313:
308:
123:
80:
6179:
5015:
4869:
4635:
4417:
4286:
4278:
1764:
Kirtipandita, to foster Mahayana Buddhist learning and divination."
379:
6696:
6536:
6491:
6436:
6401:
6305:
5964:
5531:
5526:
5476:
5411:
5329:
5294:
5289:
4950:
4821:
4809:
4720:
4379:
4076:
3632:
3618:, high teachings from the most famous and leading Khmer Layteacher
2607:
2602:
2302:
According to Michael Vickery, who has written positively about the
2140:
2026:
1927:
1911:
1745:
1701:
1697:
1645:
1585:
1568:
1440:
1436:
1222:
1202:
1197:
1077:
773:
83:
5521:
5511:
5496:
5319:
5189:
4457:
2260:
6441:
6384:
6369:
5516:
5506:
5481:
5356:
5351:
5309:
5279:
5211:
5177:
5064:
5005:
5000:
4854:
4757:
4595:
4545:
4332:
4158:
2572:
2401:
2394:
2265:
2127:
1959:
1732:
1688:
902:
720:
690:
555:
25:
5128:
4896:
3489:, Bangkok: Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University, pp. 78–82
2320:
commemorates the birth, enlightenment and passing of the Buddha.
6521:
6506:
6342:
6204:
6184:
5959:
5621:
5501:
5491:
5426:
5054:
5010:
4995:
4985:
4955:
4879:
4762:
4530:
4402:
4146:
4141:
1995:
1753:
1736:
1672:
1553:
1529:
1362:
917:
912:
907:
870:
472:
76:
2751:
Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism,"
6661:
6496:
6354:
6320:
6300:
6270:
6199:
5616:
5461:
5339:
5334:
5304:
5259:
5106:
5101:
4980:
4685:
4510:
4477:
4467:
3365:. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Role of Buddhism in Cambodian Life".
2763:
2761:
2415:
2390:
2386:
2317:
2307:
2269:
1729:
1680:
1676:
1637:
1557:
1549:
1533:
1152:
384:
3026:
3024:
2471:
Aid in dealing with the spirit world may be obtained from a
2313:
6531:
5324:
4990:
4487:
1841:
570:
3550:
History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia
3493:
Université Buddhique Preah Sihanouk Raj; Chau Séng (ed.);
2758:
1910:
establishment of the kingdom of the Buddha of the Future,
1829:
Decline of Angkor and the emergence of a Theravada kingdom
6189:
4725:
3021:
2799:
1611:
The Kingdom of Chenla replaced Funan and endured from 500
1581:. This text was separately translated by both monks. The
2782:
The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T 232)
3282:
3280:
3188:
3186:
2272:
Temple, Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia (January 2005).
1447:. It is enshrined in the Cambodian constitution as the
3141:
3139:
3137:
2965:
2963:
2675:
Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present
1548:
Kingdom that flourished between 100 BC and 500 CE was
3042:
3040:
2768:
T'oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies.
2255:
3277:
3183:
2904:
http://ojs.mcu.ac.th/index.php/BAS/article/view/6678
2639:
2637:
1552:, with the kings of Funan sponsoring the worship of
3483:"A Doubtful Fate of Laotian and Cambodian Buddhism"
3172:
3170:
3168:
3134:
3071:
3069:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2960:
2936:
2934:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2409:
2231:
2230:. The Mohanikay order has thirty-five monks in the
2225:
2219:
2150:
1426:
3456:(I), UK Association for Buddhist Studies: 73–106,
3423:
3037:
2804:
2802:
2436:(tutelary spirits residing in inanimate objects),
1836:King Jayavarman VII had sent his son Tamalinda to
1800:Naga-enthroned Buddha statue, 12th century, Angkor
2634:
2224:; the four higher levels together are called the
2171:
2061:
2052:The Maha Nikaya monastic hierarchy—headed by the
1735:gurus; the Saiva records make obvious records to
6714:
3605:Buddhism and the making of democracy in Cambodia
3165:
3066:
3003:
2931:
2647:. Central Intelligence Agency. October 4, 2022.
1848:During the time Tamalinda studied at the famous
1648:faith traditions gave way to the worship of the
3548:Marston, John Amos; Guthrie, Elizabeth (2004).
3547:
2998:and Kampuchean people are absolutely forbidden
4055:
3648:
3515:. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 105–110.
3402:
2703:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"
1930:elements in this tradition and thus call it "
1387:
742:
4837:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3477:
3031:
2970:
2505:Another kind of magical practitioner is the
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
2180:Mural painting depicting Gautama Buddha at
4062:
4048:
3655:
3641:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
1578:Mahāprajñāpāramitā Mañjuśrīparivarta Sūtra
1522:
1394:
1380:
749:
735:
3461:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2747:
2745:
2743:
1564:toward the close of the seventh century.
2920:
2918:
2312:
2259:
2198:
2194:
2175:
2065:
2029:returned from exile and appointed a new
1955:including periodic millenarian revolts.
1885:
1795:
1590:
1511:
31:Monks and nuns praying in a pagoda near
6024:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3510:
3319:
2870:
2843:
2669:
2036:
2004:
1881:
1671:869), the first real Khmer king of the
6715:
6227:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3610:List of Vinaya-Monasteries in Cambodia
3529:
3443:
3421:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3177:
3159:
3146:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3060:
3047:
3015:
2954:
2941:
2877:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2815:
2809:
2740:
1739:doctrines that had crept into Saivism.
4043:
3636:
3566:
2915:
2731:
2489:(witch, sorcerer or sorceress), or a
1679:god-king and identified himself with
3662:
3574:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
3403:Bapat, P.V.; Takasaki, J.N. (1959),
2477:(shaman or spirit practitioner), an
1588:is a prominent figure in this text.
1575:. Among these texts is the Mahāyāna
60:Regions with significant populations
3513:Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Cambodia)
3487:Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World
2529:are sorcerers who cause illnesses.
1962:'s invitation, monks from the Thai
13:
6014:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3504:
3496:Organisation buddhique au Cambodge
3479:Rajavaramuni, Phra Prayudh Payutto
3378:Research completed December 1987.
2651:from the original on June 10, 2021
2256:Role of Buddhism in Cambodian life
1977:
845:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
840:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
6739:
3588:
1791:
1787:evidence that he was a Buddhist."
1435:. Today, the predominant form of
1428:Preăh Pŭtthôsasânéa noŭ Kâmpŭchéa
6695:
6685:
6684:
6242:Thai temple art and architecture
5987:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4227:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4093:
4080:
4070:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3511:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
2983:Cambodian Constitution 1975-1979
2871:Tarling, Nicholas (1992-01-01).
2844:Tarling, Nicholas (1992-01-01).
2430:(evil spirits, usually female),
2356:
2345:
1920:École française d'Extrême-Orient
1767:
1361:
780:
132:
75:
24:
4094:
3534:, University of Hawai'i Press,
3384:
3306:
3293:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3152:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3053:
2976:
2947:
2895:
2864:
2837:
2789:from the original on 2019-11-25
2713:from the original on 2018-11-16
1945:
1687:Buddhism of Bengal, and of the
1508:History of Buddhism in Cambodia
1494:, who became a mahayanist, and
6232:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6034:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5114:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4305:Places where the Buddha stayed
3981:British Indian Ocean Territory
3600:Wats of Sihanoukville Cambodia
3552:. University of Hawaii Press.
3446:"Sangha Groupings in Cambodia"
2850:. Cambridge University Press.
2773:
2725:
2695:
2663:
2304:People's Republic of Kampuchea
2172:Khmer nationalism and Buddhism
2062:Modernists and traditionalists
2011:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1691:University in northern India.
1:
6247:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2588:Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
2160:and his political party, the
6004:Buddhism and the Roman world
5980:Decline of Buddhism in India
5975:History of Buddhism in India
4075: Topics in
2583:Buddhist Institute, Cambodia
2495:(medium, usually male). The
2070:Adolescent monks in Cambodia
1602:. Sandstone, 7th century CE.
1043:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
5202:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4942:
3444:Harris, Ian (August 2001),
2546:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2232:
2226:
2220:
1759:King Rajendravarman II (944
1675:Empire, proclaimed himself
1427:
415:
406:
352:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
10:
6744:
6152:The unanswerable questions
3396:
3368:Cambodia: A Country Study.
2442:(guardians of the house),
1918:and his colleagues at the
1654:Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara
1505:
1501:
357:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
6680:
6632:
6547:
6462:
6237:Buddhist temples in Korea
6160:
6062:
5945:
5642:
5570:
5397:
5270:
5210:
4845:
4800:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4711:
4703:Three planes of existence
4651:
4496:
4388:
4318:
4310:Buddha in world religions
4172:
4117:
4089:
4009:
3968:
3928:
3670:
3572:Thailand: A Short History
3426:The Art of Southeast Asia
3363:Federal Research Division
2448:(ancestral spirits), and
1631:
1606:
1517:Wat Preah Chedey Borapaut
1418:
94:
89:
74:
69:
64:
59:
45:
40:
23:
6019:Persecution of Buddhists
5240:Four stages of awakening
4621:Three marks of existence
4207:Physical characteristics
3730:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3626:, Tour 2000, written by
3622:and his teacher, Acharn
3463:10.1558/bsrv.v18i1.14469
3407:, in Bapat, V.P. (ed.),
2628:
2023:Cambodian People's Party
1539:
5382:Ten principal disciples
4265:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3991:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3450:Buddhist Studies Review
3430:, Thames & Hudson,
3422:Rawson, Philip (1990),
2679:Oxford University Press
1922:. They have identified
1523:Possible early missions
1419:ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅកម្ពុជា
1063:Philosophical reasoning
696:Varanggana Vanavichayen
433:Seven Aids to Awakening
6092:Buddhism and democracy
5605:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5600:Chinese Buddhist canon
4832:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4827:Early Buddhist schools
3409:2500 Years of Buddhism
2753:Radical Conservativism
2321:
2273:
2207:
2203:Buddha at a temple in
2184:
2151:"Young Monks" movement
2071:
1891:
1875:
1824:
1801:
1789:
1750:
1741:
1706:
1603:
1519:
830:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
279:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
254:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
6102:Eight Consciousnesses
4212:Life of Buddha in art
3624:Sujin Boriharnwanaket
2598:Preah Maha Ghosananda
2316:
2263:
2202:
2195:Cambodian adaptations
2179:
2069:
1889:
1870:
1865:nonviolent revolution
1819:
1799:
1784:
1742:
1725:
1693:
1594:
1515:
1098:Aids to Enlightenment
923:Dependent Origination
701:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
347:Thai Forest Tradition
6723:Buddhism in Cambodia
6579:East Asian religions
6009:Buddhism in the West
5580:Early Buddhist texts
5195:Four Right Exertions
4661:Ten spiritual realms
4154:Noble Eightfold Path
3905:United Arab Emirates
3595:Buddhism in Cambodia
3530:Harris, Ian (2005),
2996:Democratic Kampuchea
2926:The Golden Peninsula
2734:France on the Mekong
2732:Tully, John (2002).
2659:– via CIA.gov.
2292:Democratic Kampuchea
2047:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
2037:The Cambodian sangha
2005:Post-Khmer Rouge era
1964:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
1882:Buddhist Middle Ages
1636:The transition from
1595:Cambodian statue of
1407:Buddhism in Cambodia
1068:Devotional practices
891:Noble Eightfold Path
551:Anagarika Dharmapala
458:Enlightenment Stages
443:Noble Eightfold Path
19:Buddhism in Cambodia
6728:Buddhism by country
6702:Religion portal
6449:Temple of the Tooth
6328:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5367:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4860:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4643:Two truths doctrine
4463:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4263:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3932:limited recognition
2830:O'Murray, Stephen.
2707:Pew Research Center
2327:government circular
1368:Buddhism portal
1241:Buddhism by country
1003:Sanskrit literature
259:Yogāvacara's manual
224:Paracanonical texts
65:Throughout Cambodia
20:
6624:Western philosophy
6222:Dzong architecture
6044:Vipassana movement
6039:Buddhist modernism
5467:Emperor Wen of Sui
5235:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5168:Threefold Training
4970:Vipassana movement
4686:Hungry Ghost realm
4506:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4453:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4202:Great Renunciation
4197:Eight Great Events
4079:
3616:Dhamma in Cambodia
3532:Cambodian Buddhism
3374:2011-04-06 at the
3290:, pp. 99–101)
3274:, pp. 98–101)
3196:, pp. 96–101)
2988:2021-09-23 at the
2909:2022-08-09 at the
2364:Cambodian New Year
2331:Buddhist festivals
2322:
2274:
2208:
2185:
2130:) have patronized
2072:
1892:
1802:
1604:
1520:
1453:Khmer Rouge period
1445:Theravada Buddhism
855:Buddhist modernism
626:K. Sri Dhammananda
561:Vajirananavarorasa
491:Moggaliputta-Tissa
448:Four Divine Abodes
342:Vipassana movement
337:Buddhist modernism
125:Theravāda Buddhism
18:
6710:
6709:
6348:Om mani padme hum
6054:Women in Buddhism
5970:Buddhist councils
5840:Western countries
5628:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5389:Shaolin Monastery
4966:Samatha-vipassanā
4576:Pratītyasamutpāda
4380:Metteyya/Maitreya
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4127:Four Noble Truths
4037:
4036:
3974:other territories
3664:Buddhism in Asia
3559:978-0-8248-2868-4
3222:, pp. 79–83)
3149:, pp. 88–92)
3034:, pp. 78–82)
3032:Rajavaramuni 1984
2971:Rajavaramuni 1984
2287:May Mayko Ebihara
1932:Tantric Theravada
1449:official religion
1433:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1404:
1403:
886:Four Noble Truths
759:
758:
453:Four Noble Truths
319:Pali Text Society
294:Buddhist councils
109:
108:
6735:
6700:
6699:
6688:
6687:
6527:Sacred languages
6375:Maya Devi Temple
6338:Mahabodhi Temple
6142:Secular Buddhism
6107:Engaged Buddhism
4947:
4795:Tibetan Buddhism
4746:Vietnamese Thiền
4345:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4097:
4096:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4027:
4017:
4016:
3986:Christmas Island
3672:Sovereign states
3657:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3612:, on sangham.net
3584:
3563:
3544:
3526:
3490:
3474:
3465:
3440:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3360:
3317:
3316:, pp. 91–2)
3310:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3248:, pp. 96–7)
3242:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3174:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3132:
3131:, pp. 92–6)
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3050:, pp. 75–6)
3044:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3012:
3001:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2957:, pp. 83–4)
2951:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2924:Keyes, Charles.
2922:
2913:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2756:
2749:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2360:
2349:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2104:Engaged Buddhism
2094:For many years,
1465:Kingdom of Funan
1430:
1420:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1093:Sublime abidings
784:
761:
760:
751:
744:
737:
636:Asoka Weeraratna
631:Narada Mahathera
418:
409:
249:Abhidhammavatara
234:Sub-commentaries
136:
126:
111:
110:
79:
54:
41:Total population
28:
21:
17:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6694:
6676:
6628:
6543:
6458:
6195:Ordination hall
6156:
6058:
6029:Buddhist crisis
5941:
5638:
5590:Mahayana sutras
5566:
5562:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5393:
5266:
5206:
5156:Bodhisattva vow
4841:
4707:
4647:
4606:Taṇhā (Craving)
4541:Five hindrances
4492:
4384:
4314:
4168:
4113:
4085:
4068:
4038:
4033:
4005:
3973:
3964:
3945:Northern Cyprus
3931:
3924:
3666:
3661:
3628:Nina Van Gorkum
3591:
3582:
3560:
3542:
3523:
3507:
3505:Further reading
3438:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3376:Wayback Machine
3361:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2992:- Article 20: "
2990:Wayback Machine
2981:
2977:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2916:
2911:Wayback Machine
2900:
2896:
2889:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2816:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:. p. 375.
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2623:Smot (chanting)
2549:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2258:
2197:
2174:
2153:
2096:Maha Ghosananda
2079:teachings, the
2064:
2039:
2007:
1980:
1978:Khmer Rouge era
1948:
1904:Tonle Sap River
1884:
1831:
1794:
1770:
1634:
1609:
1542:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1400:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1033:
1023:
1022:
993:Mahayana Sutras
973:
963:
962:
903:Five Aggregates
881:
880:
860:
859:
850:Later Buddhists
815:
755:
726:
725:
706:Ayya Tathaaloka
606:Maha Ghosananda
546:Sumangala Thera
531:Sāriputta Thera
526:Parakramabahu I
486:
478:
477:
370:
362:
361:
332:
324:
323:
274:
264:
263:
214:
204:
203:
144:
124:
104:other languages
55:(97.1%) in 2024
49:
36:
12:
11:
5:
6741:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6692:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6259:Greco-Buddhist
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6210:Burmese pagoda
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5992:Greco-Buddhism
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5925:United Kingdom
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5870:Czech Republic
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5749:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5634:Abhidharmadīpa
5631:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5552:B. R. Ambedkar
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5472:Songtsen Gampo
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Eight precepts
5148:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4922:Five Strengths
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:Mental factors
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Mahamoggallāna
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4328:Avalokiteśvara
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3613:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3589:External links
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3564:
3558:
3545:
3540:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3503:
3502:
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3441:
3436:
3419:
3398:
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3392:
3383:
3318:
3305:
3292:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3182:
3164:
3151:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3065:
3052:
3036:
3020:
3002:
2975:
2959:
2946:
2930:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2863:
2856:
2836:
2814:
2798:
2772:
2757:
2739:
2724:
2709:. 2015-04-02.
2694:
2687:
2662:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2533:Fortunetellers
2465:mrenh kongveal
2452:mrenh kongveal
2387:Vissakh bochea
2362:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2257:
2254:
2205:Ream, Cambodia
2196:
2193:
2173:
2170:
2152:
2149:
2063:
2060:
2038:
2035:
2006:
2003:
1979:
1976:
1947:
1944:
1916:François Bizot
1883:
1880:
1830:
1827:
1805:Jayavarman VII
1793:
1792:Jayavarman VII
1790:
1769:
1766:
1650:Gautama Buddha
1633:
1630:
1617:Avalokiteśvara
1608:
1605:
1597:Avalokiteśvara
1541:
1538:
1524:
1521:
1506:Main article:
1503:
1500:
1492:Jayavarman VII
1411:Khmer Buddhism
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Pratyekabuddha
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Buddhist chant
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
971:Buddhist texts
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
899:
898:
888:
882:
879:
878:
873:
867:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
786:
785:
777:
776:
770:
769:
757:
756:
754:
753:
746:
739:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:Walpola Rahula
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Mun Bhuridatta
593:
588:
583:
581:Mahasi Sayadaw
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
411:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
119:
107:
106:
92:
91:
87:
86:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
38:
37:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6740:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6691:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6464:Miscellaneous
6461:
6455:
6454:Vegetarianism
6452:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:Buddha in art
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:United States
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Padmasambhava
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5399:Major figures
5396:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5345:Western tulku
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5146:Five precepts
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Dhamma vicaya
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Buddhābhiṣeka
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Enlightenment
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Dhamma theory
4524:
4522:
4521:Buddha-nature
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Samantabhadra
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:South Ossetia
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3583:
3581:0-300-08475-7
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3541:0-8248-2765-1
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3522:0-02-865718-7
3518:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3437:0-500-20060-2
3433:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3303:, p. 87)
3302:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3261:, p. 97)
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3235:, p. 80)
3234:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3209:, p. 79)
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3180:, p. 78)
3179:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3162:, p. 95)
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3118:, p. 77)
3117:
3111:
3105:, p. 76)
3104:
3098:
3092:, p. 93)
3091:
3085:
3079:, p. 75)
3078:
3072:
3070:
3063:, p. 84)
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3018:, p. 74)
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2944:, p. 83)
2943:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2888:9780521355056
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2857:9780521355056
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2690:
2688:9780195160765
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Mangala Sutta
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2483:(ritualist),
2481:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2459:mneang phteah
2454:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:mneang phteah
2434:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:Suryavarman I
1768:Suryavarman I
1765:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1702:Hindu trinity
1699:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Jayavarman II
1662:
1659:The Buddhist
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1496:Suryavarman I
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:Vegetarianism
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Recollections
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Five precepts
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Chinese canon
1011:
1009:
1008:Tibetan canon
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
967:
966:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
809:
808:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
783:
779:
778:
775:
772:
771:
767:
763:
762:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
732:
730:
729:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Ajahn Sumedho
679:
677:
676:Bhikkhu Bodhi
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:Ram Khamhaeng
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
482:
481:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
417:
412:
410:
408:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Five precepts
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
366:
365:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
328:
327:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Early schools
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
268:
267:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Visuddhimagga
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Pāli Tipiṭaka
217:
216:
213:
208:
207:
200:
199:Western world
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
127:
122:
121:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
82:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
35:
34:
27:
22:
16:
6642:Bodhisattvas
6562:Christianity
6557:Baháʼí Faith
6422:Dharmachakra
6412:Prayer wheel
6402:Prayer beads
6170:Architecture
6049:969 Movement
5833:Saudi Arabia
5811:Central Asia
5804:South Africa
5666:
5626:
5609:
5542:Panchen Lama
5447:Buddhapālita
5043:Satipatthana
5038:Mindful Yoga
4951:Recollection
4865:Brahmavihara
4736:Japanese Zen
4731:Chinese Chan
4691:Animal realm
4498:Key concepts
4320:Bodhisattvas
4132:Three Jewels
3970:Dependencies
3900:Turkmenistan
3865:Saudi Arabia
3714:
3571:
3568:Wyatt, David
3549:
3531:
3512:
3494:
3486:
3453:
3449:
3425:
3413:, retrieved
3408:
3386:
3379:
3367:
3308:
3295:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3214:
3201:
3154:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3055:
2993:
2978:
2949:
2925:
2897:
2873:
2866:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2791:, retrieved
2781:
2775:
2770:1958. p. 185
2767:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2674:
2671:Kiernan, Ben
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2618:Dhammayietra
2568:Ratana Sutta
2541:
2531:
2504:
2470:
2407:
2399:
2372:
2366:celebrations
2336:
2323:
2318:Visak Bochea
2301:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2189:
2186:
2166:
2154:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2093:
2073:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2020:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:Colonial era
1940:Khmer Empire
1936:
1908:
1897:
1893:
1876:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1847:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1726:
1722:
1707:
1694:
1685:Pala Dynasty
1668:
1658:
1635:
1624:
1621:Sarvāstivāda
1612:
1610:
1576:
1566:
1543:
1526:
1484:Jayavarman I
1481:
1471:kingdoms of
1461:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1257:
1073:Merit making
1038:Three Jewels
978:Buddhavacana
908:Impermanence
896:Dharma wheel
656:U Dhammaloka
591:S. N. Goenka
566:Ledi Sayadaw
468:Three Jewels
299:Vibhajjavada
239:Vimuttimagga
229:Commentaries
153:
52:16.6 million
51:
30:
15:
6487:Dharma talk
6316:Asalha Puja
6112:Eschatology
5915:Switzerland
5895:New Zealand
5823:Middle East
5732:Philippines
5652:Afghanistan
5457:Bodhidharma
5442:Buddhaghosa
5362:Householder
5272:Monasticism
5225:Bodhisattva
5080:Prostration
5033:Mindfulness
4961:Anapanasati
4944:Kammaṭṭhāna
4741:Korean Seon
4681:Asura realm
4676:Human realm
4616:Ten Fetters
4571:Parinirvana
4473:Uppalavanna
4438:Mahākaccana
4423:Mahākassapa
4355:Kṣitigarbha
4350:Ākāśagarbha
4247:Suddhodāna
4192:Four sights
4119:Foundations
4029:Asia portal
3930:States with
3850:Philippines
3790:South Korea
3785:North Korea
3680:Afghanistan
3500:Phnom Penh
3314:Harris 2001
3301:Harris 2001
3288:Harris 2001
3272:Harris 2001
3259:Harris 2001
3246:Harris 2001
3233:Harris 2001
3220:Harris 2001
3207:Harris 2001
3194:Harris 2001
3178:Harris 2001
3160:Harris 2001
3147:Harris 2001
3129:Harris 2001
3116:Harris 2001
3103:Harris 2001
3090:Harris 2001
3077:Harris 2001
3061:Harris 2001
3048:Harris 2001
3016:Harris 2001
2955:Harris 2001
2942:Harris 2001
2832:Angkor Life
2810:Rawson 1990
2655:January 24,
2563:Metta Sutta
2537:astrologers
2383:Meak bochea
2297:Khmer Rouge
2221:thananukram
2100:Dhammayatra
2043:Maha Nikaya
1984:reactionary
1968:Maha Nikaya
1718:Angkor Thom
1642:Vaishnavite
1600:Bodhisattva
1583:bodhisattva
1534:Pataliputta
1477:Haripunchai
1308:New Zealand
1163:Bodhisattva
1148:Four Stages
1103:Monasticism
1083:Mindfulness
1053:Perfections
983:Early Texts
716:Kee Nanayon
686:Ajahn Brahm
671:Nyanaponika
661:Nyanatiloka
646:Jayatilleke
621:Pragyananda
516:Buddhadatta
511:Buddhaghoṣa
501:Sanghamitta
485:Key figures
438:Mindfulness
400:Kammaṭṭhāna
6717:Categories
6604:Psychology
6584:Gnosticism
6572:Comparison
6567:Influences
6549:Comparison
6432:Bhavacakra
6390:Kushinagar
6365:Pilgrimage
6311:Māgha Pūjā
6266:Bodhi Tree
6082:Buddhology
6072:Abhidharma
6064:Philosophy
5997:Menander I
5865:Costa Rica
5816:Uzbekistan
5657:Bangladesh
5611:Dhammapada
5595:Pali Canon
5557:Ajahn Chah
5537:Dalai Lama
5437:Kumārajīva
5432:Vasubandhu
5407:The Buddha
5315:Zen master
5250:Sakadagami
5230:Buddhahood
5161:Pratimokṣa
4976:Shikantaza
4932:Meditation
4907:Deity yoga
4778:Madhyamaka
4671:Deva realm
4566:Mindstream
4516:Bodhicitta
4428:Aṅgulimāla
4295:Devadatta
4271:Yaśodharā
4174:The Buddha
4164:Middle Way
3910:Uzbekistan
3885:Tajikistan
3800:Kyrgyzstan
3780:Kazakhstan
3700:Bangladesh
3690:Azerbaijan
3620:But Sovung
3415:2007-06-29
2793:2013-12-31
2645:"Cambodia"
2593:Choun Nath
2553:Pāli Canon
2414:(ghosts),
2391:chol vossa
2375:chol chnam
2158:Sam Rainsy
2081:Pali Canon
2055:sanghreach
2031:sangharaja
2015:sangharaja
1906:converge.
1900:Phnom Penh
1850:Mahavihara
1754:Mount Meru
1714:Angkor Wat
1181:Traditions
1118:Pilgrimage
1058:Meditation
1018:Post-canon
998:Pāli Canon
928:Middle Way
825:The Buddha
711:Ayya Khema
651:Kalupahana
616:Mahapragya
611:Kripasaran
601:Ajahn Chah
521:Dhammapāla
428:Middle Way
423:Meditation
375:Abhidhamma
304:Mahāvihāra
149:Bangladesh
33:Phnom Penh
6672:Festivals
6652:Buddhists
6614:Theosophy
6417:Symbolism
6407:Hama yumi
6380:Bodh Gaya
6147:Socialism
6122:Evolution
6097:Economics
5935:Venezuela
5850:Australia
5845:Argentina
5769:Sri Lanka
5764:Singapore
5682:Indonesia
5644:Countries
5585:Tripiṭaka
5547:Ajahn Mun
5422:Nagarjuna
5417:Aśvaghoṣa
5300:Anagārika
5295:Śrāmaṇerī
5290:Śrāmaṇera
5285:Bhikkhunī
5245:Sotāpanna
5134:Passaddhi
5075:Offerings
5050:Nekkhamma
4927:Iddhipada
4847:Practices
4817:Theravada
4790:Vajrayana
4783:Yogachara
4753:Pure Land
4666:Six Paths
4653:Cosmology
4433:Anuruddha
4408:Sāriputta
4398:Kaundinya
4390:Disciples
4365:Vajrapāṇi
4217:Footprint
4182:Tathāgata
3996:Hong Kong
3950:Palestine
3875:Sri Lanka
3870:Singapore
3750:Indonesia
3472:247890925
2717:13 August
2613:Pchum Ben
2578:Vipassanā
2379:Pchum Ben
2182:Wat Botum
2089:tripitaka
2085:vipassana
2077:Theravada
1838:Sri Lanka
1710:Borobudur
1661:Sailendra
1473:Dvaravati
1457:Buddhists
1328:Sri Lanka
1318:Singapore
1273:Indonesia
1213:Vajrayāna
1188:Theravāda
1143:Awakening
1031:Practices
988:Tripiṭaka
958:Cosmology
933:Emptiness
913:Suffering
586:U Ba Khin
536:Anawrahta
314:Mahavamsa
309:Dipavamsa
289:Sthaviras
184:Sri Lanka
143:Countries
90:Languages
81:Theravada
70:Religions
6690:Category
6619:Violence
6589:Hinduism
6537:Sanskrit
6492:Hinayana
6477:Amitābha
6437:Swastika
6306:Uposatha
6296:Holidays
6281:Calendar
6127:Humanism
5965:Kanishka
5955:Timeline
5779:Thailand
5747:Kalmykia
5742:Buryatia
5727:Pakistan
5712:Mongolia
5707:Maldives
5702:Malaysia
5667:Cambodia
5532:Shamarpa
5527:Nichiren
5477:Xuanzang
5412:Nagasena
5330:Rinpoche
5060:Pāramitā
4902:Devotion
4822:Navayana
4810:Dzogchen
4773:Nichiren
4721:Mahayana
4713:Branches
4591:Saṅkhāra
4340:Mañjuśrī
4297:(cousin)
4289:(cousin)
4257:(mother)
4249:(father)
4237:Miracles
4187:Birthday
4104:Glossary
4077:Buddhism
4019:Category
3940:Abkhazia
3890:Thailand
3845:Pakistan
3825:Mongolia
3820:Maldives
3815:Malaysia
3715:Cambodia
3570:(2003),
3481:(1984),
3372:Archived
2986:Archived
2907:Archived
2787:archived
2711:Archived
2673:(2017).
2649:Archived
2608:Bour Kry
2603:Tep Vong
2547:See also
2520:Rup arak
2492:rup arak
2252:chores.
2233:rajagana
2227:rajagana
2141:Tep Vong
2045:and the
2027:Sihanouk
1928:esoteric
1912:Maitreya
1746:Shaivism
1652:and the
1646:Shaivite
1586:Mañjuśrī
1569:Sanskrit
1441:Cambodia
1437:Buddhism
1338:Thailand
1298:Mongolia
1293:Malaysia
1258:Cambodia
1223:Navayana
1203:Hinayana
1198:Mahāyāna
1108:Lay life
938:Morality
918:Not-self
876:Concepts
835:Councils
820:Timeline
792:Glossary
774:Buddhism
766:a series
764:Part of
666:Nanamoli
576:U Nārada
463:Precepts
369:Doctrine
189:Thailand
154:Cambodia
116:a series
114:Part of
84:Buddhism
6667:Temples
6647:Buddhas
6609:Science
6599:Judaism
6594:Jainism
6512:Lineage
6472:Abhijñā
6442:Thangka
6385:Sarnath
6370:Lumbini
6291:Funeral
6286:Cuisine
6162:Culture
6137:Reality
6087:Creator
6077:Atomism
5947:History
5920:Ukraine
5880:Germany
5799:Senegal
5789:Vietnam
5717:Myanmar
5517:Shinran
5507:Karmapa
5482:Shandao
5452:Dignāga
5377:Śrāvaka
5357:Donchee
5352:Kappiya
5310:Sayadaw
5280:Bhikkhu
5255:Anāgāmi
5212:Nirvana
5178:Samadhi
5065:Paritta
5006:Tonglen
5001:Mandala
4956:Smarana
4937:Mantras
4885:Upekkha
4855:Bhavana
4805:Shingon
4758:Tiantai
4611:Tathātā
4601:Śūnyatā
4596:Skandha
4586:Saṃsāra
4581:Rebirth
4556:Kleshas
4546:Indriya
4448:Subhūti
4333:Guanyin
4287:Ānanda
4279:Rāhula
4159:Nirvana
4099:Outline
3915:Vietnam
3830:Myanmar
3810:Lebanon
3740:Georgia
3695:Bahrain
3685:Armenia
3397:Sources
2573:Samatha
2433:neak ta
2402:animism
2266:donchee
2128:Hun Sen
1996:nikayas
1960:Norodom
1924:tantric
1737:Tantric
1733:Brahmin
1698:Shivite
1689:Nalanda
1573:Chinese
1502:History
1348:Vietnam
1303:Myanmar
1218:Tibetan
1208:Chinese
1136:Nirvāṇa
953:Saṃsāra
948:Rebirth
813:History
802:Outline
721:Dipa Ma
691:Analayo
556:Mongkut
496:Mahinda
416:Nibbāna
407:Saṃsāra
331:Schools
272:History
194:Vietnam
174:Myanmar
50:
6662:Sutras
6657:Suttas
6522:Siddhi
6507:Koliya
6482:Brahmā
6397:Poetry
6343:Mantra
6333:Kasaya
6205:Pagoda
6185:Kyaung
6180:Vihāra
6175:Temple
6117:Ethics
5960:Ashoka
5910:Sweden
5905:Poland
5900:Norway
5890:Mexico
5875:France
5860:Canada
5855:Brazil
5794:Africa
5774:Taiwan
5737:Russia
5662:Bhutan
5622:Vinaya
5502:Naropa
5492:Saraha
5427:Asanga
5183:Prajñā
5092:Refuge
5055:Nianfo
5016:Tertön
5011:Tantra
4996:Ganana
4986:Tukdam
4912:Dhyāna
4880:Mudita
4875:Karuṇā
4768:Risshū
4763:Huayan
4696:Naraka
4636:Anattā
4631:Dukkha
4626:Anicca
4531:Dharma
4483:Channa
4418:Ānanda
4403:Assaji
4370:Skanda
4273:(wife)
4242:Family
4222:Relics
4147:Sangha
4142:Dharma
4137:Buddha
3960:Taiwan
3895:Turkey
3860:Russia
3795:Kuwait
3775:Jordan
3765:Israel
3725:Cyprus
3710:Brunei
3705:Bhutan
3578:
3556:
3538:
3519:
3470:
3434:
2885:
2881:-192.
2854:
2685:
2421:besach
2411:khmaoc
2395:kathen
2264:Khmer
1812:Sangha
1673:Angkor
1632:Angkor
1607:Chenla
1562:Yijing
1554:Vishnu
1530:Ashoka
1423:UNGEGN
1333:Taiwan
1313:Russia
1253:Brazil
1248:Bhutan
1168:Buddha
1088:Wisdom
871:Dharma
473:Vinaya
380:Anattā
6634:Lists
6502:Kalpa
6497:Iddhi
6360:Music
6355:Mudra
6321:Vassa
6301:Vesak
6271:Budai
6217:Candi
6200:Stupa
6132:Logic
5885:Italy
5784:Tibet
5722:Nepal
5692:Korea
5687:Japan
5677:India
5672:China
5617:Sutra
5572:Texts
5522:Dōgen
5512:Hōnen
5497:Atiśa
5462:Zhiyi
5372:Achar
5340:Tulku
5335:Geshe
5320:Rōshi
5305:Ajahn
5260:Arhat
5220:Bodhi
5190:Vīrya
5107:Sacca
5102:Satya
5097:Sādhu
5085:Music
5028:Merit
5021:Terma
4981:Zazen
4917:Faith
4870:Mettā
4551:Karma
4511:Bardo
4478:Asita
4468:Khema
4458:Upāli
4443:Nanda
4281:(son)
4255:Māyā
4232:Films
4109:Index
4001:Macau
3920:Yemen
3880:Syria
3855:Qatar
3835:Nepal
3770:Japan
3745:India
3735:Egypt
3720:China
3468:S2CID
2629:Notes
2526:thmup
2508:achar
2486:thmup
2480:achar
2279:achar
2270:Bayon
2136:Boran
2132:boran
2123:Boran
2119:boran
2115:boran
1730:Hindu
1681:Shiva
1677:Hindu
1638:Hindu
1571:into
1558:Shiva
1550:Hindu
1546:Funan
1540:Funan
1488:Funan
1415:Khmer
1343:Tibet
1283:Korea
1278:Japan
1268:India
1263:China
1228:Newar
1153:Arhat
943:Karma
797:Index
506:Tissa
395:Jhana
385:Arhat
212:Texts
179:Nepal
164:India
159:China
96:Khmer
6532:Pāḷi
6517:Māra
6427:Flag
5828:Iran
5752:Tuva
5697:Laos
5325:Lama
5173:Śīla
5141:Śīla
5129:Pīti
5119:Sati
5070:Puja
4991:Koan
4897:Dāna
4488:Yasa
4375:Tārā
3840:Oman
3805:Laos
3760:Iraq
3755:Iran
3576:ISBN
3554:ISBN
3536:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3432:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2719:2018
2683:ISBN
2657:2021
2535:and
2462:and
2445:meba
2427:arak
2418:and
2416:pret
2108:NGOs
1926:and
1842:Pali
1716:and
1667:(802
1644:and
1556:and
1544:The
1475:and
1288:Laos
1193:Pāli
571:U Nu
169:Laos
102:and
100:Pali
6254:Art
6190:Wat
4726:Zen
3972:and
3458:doi
2879:191
2514:wat
2498:kru
2474:kru
2162:SRP
1934:".
1486:of
1469:Mon
1443:is
1439:in
1409:or
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5756:ru
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3448:,
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