3077:, where all monks by definition and practice are Buddhist missionary monks, as the earliest texts of Buddhism calls for the spread of Buddhism. Bhikkhus have for centuries embraced this message by making travelling or wandering to places part of their duty to spread Buddha's teaching and thus helped to establish Buddhism far and wide. Various kings, such as King Asoka, have followed this mandate, spreading Buddhism in numerous places. The Thai Sangha has a long history of ties with other sanghas from Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar in the spread of Buddhism in other lands. The new international/overseas Buddhist missionary work was established in the mid-twentieth century, beginning through a declaration where the Thai Sangha built a temple in Bhodgaya, India in 1957, coinciding with the 2,500th year since Buddhism was founded. In 1966, the first Theravada temple in Europe was established in England under the patronage of King Bhumipol, the Thai Sangha, and the king's government. Buddhist temples in other places in Europe and North America were established afterwards. In 1969, the Sangha sent four missionary works in Indonesia to restore Theravada Buddhism in the country. In the 1970's, the United States became a focus for missionary work. Temples were built in New York, Los Angeles, Denver, Chicago, and the capital Washington DC. Contacts in Australia, India, Nepal, Indonesia, and the Philippines already occurred. In 1978, missionary works were sent to Australia. By the 1990's, around 50 Buddhism temples were established in the United States, growing to around 130 by the 2003 with 410 monks present. In 2001, missionary work was sent to Singapore, where the Council of Thai Buddhist Monks in Singapore was established. As of 2007, there are 233 Buddhist temples established by the Thai Sangha in 28 countries, other than Thailand. Despite these efforts, the number of monks who have trained to become Buddhist missionary monks have stagnated, where the annual number who finish their studies have never exceeded 81, the highest number of graduates in 2007. This number fell to 78 in 2008. Recent missionary work has largely focused on the United States according to a recent survey in 2008, while Theravada Buddhist numbers in fellow Southeast Asian countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste have dwindled.
1397:
1120:
2699:, those who refrains from worldly activities. They are thus needed to carefully conduct themselves in a peaceful and blameless manner, for their own sake and for the sake of their community. ... Seeking to represent the people in the House of Representatives is purely the business of the State and specifically the duty of the laity according to the laws. This is not the duty of monks and novices who must be above politics. They are therefore not entitled to elect or be elected. And, for this reason, any person who has been elected as a representative will lose his membership immediately after becoming a Buddhist monk or novice. This indicates that the monkhood and noviceship are not appropriate for politics in any respect.
1359:
1653:
1598:
1101:
3361:
1349:
2913:, particularly in basic reading and writing and the memorization of the scriptures chanted on ritual occasions. Prior to the creation of state-run primary schools in Thailand, village temples served as the primary form of education for most Thai boys. Service in a temple as a temple boy was a necessary prerequisite for attaining any higher education, and was the only learning available to most Thai peasants. Since the creation of a government-run educational apparatus in Thailand, the number of children living as temple boys has declined significantly. However, many government-run schools continue to operate on the premises of the local village temple.
2319:
3377:
924:
26:
1892:, a consecrated border). A survey conducted in 1900 reported 7,206 monasteries in Thailand (with only 117 royal monasteries). Ultimate responsibility for each monastery was granted to the abbot, who could punish offenders, mediate disputes and grant or refuse residence. The Sangha Act also required monks be assigned to a monastery (vagrant monks not belonging to a monastery were arrested) and to carry identification documents when traveling away from their monastery. Also, any establishment of new monasteries had to be approved by the state (Article 9).
3481:
1112:
2603:
Thai bhikkhunis emerging in Samut Sakhon, Chiang Mai and Rayong. The stance of the Thai sangha hierarchy has largely changed from one of denial of the existence of bhikkhunis to one of acceptance of them as of foreign (non-Thai) traditions. However
Thailand's two main Theravada Buddhist orders, the Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks. Despite substantial and growing support inside the religious hierarchy, some opposition to the ordination of women within the sangha remains.
3163:
2998:
partners for marriage; unordained men are euphemistically called "unripe", while those who have been ordained are said to be "ripe". A period as a monk is a prerequisite for many positions of leadership within the village hierarchy. Most village elders or headmen were once monks, as were most traditional doctors, spirit priests, and some astrologists and fortune tellers. Thai society also sees short ordination as an appropriate transition from life phases, like being discharged from the military and going back to civilian life.
1237:
2360:. Hinduism played a strong role in the early Thai institution of kingship, just as it did in Cambodia, and exerted influence in the creation of laws and order for Thai society as well as for Thai religion. Certain rituals practiced in modern Thailand, either by monks or by Hindu ritual specialists, are either explicitly identified as Hindu in origin, or are easily seen to be derived from Hindu practices. While the visibility of Hinduism in Thai society has been diminished substantially during the
2073:), to pass another Sangha Act in 1962. The act removed most democratic provisions from the sangha administration and centralized power around the sangharaja. It affirmed that "absolute rule" of the sangha by one leader was best and allowed the sangharaja to appoint from half to two thirds of the elders in the supreme council. The act also allowed for the removal of the sangharaja by the secular authority, practically subordinating the sangha to the state in the most direct manner possible.
2864:
2967:
135:
935:
11679:
9008:
1261:
3311:. The movement opposes traditional magical rituals, superstition, folk religious practices, fortune telling and giving lottery numbers, and focuses on an active style of propagating and practicing meditation. Features of the tradition include teaching meditation in a group, teaching meditation during ceremonies, teaching meditation simultaneously to monastics and lay people, teaching one main meditation method and an emphasis on lifelong ordination.
2154:
11690:
3495:
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9018:
1983:
9088:
2438:
9075:
2372:
3194:, was accused of fraud and embezzlement by the Thai media and later some government agencies when donations of land were found in his name. Wat Phra Dhammakaya denied this, stating that it was the intention of the donors to give the land to the abbot and not the temple, and that owning personal property is common and legal in the Thai Sangha. Widespread negative media coverage at this time was symptomatic of the temple being made the
912:
1793:
1669:
2095:
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banned from becoming ordained about eight centuries ago, "for fear that women entering monastic life instead of bearing children would be a disruption of social order", according to
Kittipong Narit, a Buddhist scholar at Bangkok's Thammasat University. Critics charge that the ban on female ordination is about patriarchy and power. The status quo benefits those in power and they refuse to share the perks with outsiders.
9065:
82:
1858:
2856:
2249:
2396:—forms the third major influence on Thai Buddhism. While Western observers (as well as Western-educated Thais) have often drawn a clear line between Thai Buddhism and folk religious practices, this distinction is rarely observed in more rural locales. Spiritual power derived from the observance of Buddhist precepts and rituals is employed in attempting to appease local nature spirits.
2779:. Although prosecutors did not charge Somdet, the incident postponed his appointment and led to a change in the law that allowed the Thai government to bypass the Sangha Supreme Council and appoint the supreme patriarch directly. This allowed the ruling junta to effectively handpick Thailand's supreme patriarch. In 2017, Somdet Chuang's appointment was withdrawn, with a monk from the
3330:") or Chao Asok ("People of Asoka") was established by Phra Bodhirak after he "declared independence from the Ecclesiastical Council (Sangha) in 1975". Santi Asoke has been described as "a transformation of the "forest monk" revival of " and "is more radical in its criticism of Thai society and in the details of its own vision of what constitutes a truly moral religious community."
3247:
with another six people who took part in importing the vintage car. In
February 2016, in a protest organized by the National Centre for the Protection of Thai Buddhism, a Red Shirt-oriented network, the example of Phra Phimontham was also cited as demands were made for the Thai government to no longer involve itself with the selection of the next leader of the Sangha.
3141:), referring to the political objective of disabling him as a candidate. After four years, when the country changed its government, Phra Phimontham was released from prison when a military court decided he had not collaborated with communists after all. Afterwards, he ordained again and eventually regained his former status, though he continued to be discredited.
2756:
control of
Buddhism, including requiring temples to open their finances to the public, ending short-term ordinations, requiring monks to carry smart cards to identify their legal and religious backgrounds, increasing control of temples bank accounts, increasing control of monastic disciplinarians, changing the abbots of all temples every five years, putting the
3034:. Public health experts attribute this to two factors. First, monks are required to accept and eat whatever is given to them on their daily alms rounds. Second, monks are not permitted to engage in cardiovascular exercise as it is undignified. Monks eat only two meals per day, breakfast and lunch. But the remainder of the day they are allowed to drink
1233:, "The Three Worlds According to King Ruang"), has been attributed to him, and is one of the oldest traditional works of Thai literature. During the reign of Mahathammaracha I, another group of monks arrived from Sri Lanka, led by Somdet Phra Mahasami (Sumana), who was associated with a Sri Lankan forest monastery named Udumbaragiri.
1967:. Because the prestigious state examinations relied mainly on Prince Wachirayan's works, his doctrinal interpretations became the orthodox doctrine of official Thai Buddhism. The new examinations and curriculum eventually spread throughout the provinces where the prince sent learned monks to promote the new education system.
3242:, which historically has always been the preferred choice of the Thai government and the monarchy. In fact, Somdet Chuang's nomination was postponed and eventually withdrawn after the Thai government changed the law in December 2016 to allow King Vajiralongkorn to appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly, with Prime Minister
2617:)—-a number of special rights are conferred upon Buddhist monks. They are granted free passage on public transportation, and most train stations and airports have special seating sections reserved for members of the clergy. Conversely, ordained monastics are forbidden from standing for office or voting in elections.
2558:. Overgrown for many centuries, the unique artistic, architectural, cultural and administrative styles were the highlights of the kingdom. Pagodas, stone inscriptions, Buddha images, potteries and artefacts were recovered in Sukhothai and associated historic towns reflect the height of craftsmanship and creativity.
3096:
handling between US$ 3 to 3.6 billion yearly in donations, mostly untraceable cash. In a case that received much media attention, Luang Pu Nen Kham
Chattiko was photographed in July 2013 wearing Ray-Ban sunglasses, holding a Louis Vuitton bag full of US dollars, and "...was later found to be a trafficker of
3276:. It remained a reform movement until passage of the Sangha Act of 1902, which formally recognized it as the lesser of Thailand's two Theravada denominations. Mongkut was a bhikkhu under the name of Vajirañāṇo for 27 years (1824–1851) before becoming King of Siam (1851–1868). In 1836 he became the first
2042:, there was a creation of a constitutional state. In parallel to these developments, a group of monks began to organize in an effort to democratize the sangha administration. In February 1935, two thousand monks from twelve provinces converged on the capital to petition for sangha administration reform.
3246:
countersigning, leading to the appointment of a monk from the
Dhammayuttika fraternity instead. The Thai government cited several reasons for this, including the car. At the end of the same year, however, prosecutors decided not to charge Somdet Chuang, but to charge his assistant abbot instead along
3225:
in
Bangkok, but has now been seized by police investigating possible tax evasion. Somdet reportedly transferred ownership of the vehicle to another monk after the scandal broke. He refused to answer police questions directly, insisting that written questions be sent to his lawyer. He did say that the
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traditionally used in recording religious texts). After this period of one to three years, most young monks return to secular life, going on to marry and start a family or going on to higher education or the military. Young men in
Thailand who have undergone ordination are seen as being more suitable
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days. Novices technically do not eat with the monks in their temple, but this typically only amounts to a gap in seating, rather than the separation observed between monks and the laity. Novices usually ordain during a break from secular schooling, but those intending on a religious life, may receive
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of the royal seal filed in 2017. Police did not state why he was then being arrested for charges filed as far back as four years. One observer described the arrest of Buddha Issara as trying to cover up the true motives or because Buddha Issara knew too much about the rulers and was seen as a threat.
2061:
Beginning in 1949, there was a major dispute in the Thai sangha between the
Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika orders. The sectarian conflict began during an attempt by Dhammayutika monasteries in the provinces to break off from the control of Mahanikaya officials. There was also long-standing resentment on
2045:
These pressures led to the Sangha Act of 1941, which introduced democratic elements into the sangha's administration. However, the act also provided for the appointment of a sangharaja (supreme patriarch of the community) by the king at the head of the Thai sangha. The sangharaja served for life. The
3446:
No one denies that men and women have an equal chance to attain enlightenment. In
Mahayana Buddhism, practised in Taiwan, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Tibet, female ordinations are common, but in countries that adhere to the Theravada tradition, such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar, women were
2144:
The forest tradition was heavily affected by the extensive deforestation that took place in Thailand in the closing of the 20th century. In the 1990s, Members of the Forestry Bureau deeded tracts of land to forest monasteries in an effort to preserve wilderness. These monasteries along with the land
1823:
During Mongkut's monastic years, numerous monks immigrating from Burma introduced the more rigorous monastic discipline of the Mon sangha. Influenced by this and his own understanding of the Tipitaka, Prince Mongkut (as a monk) began a reform Buddhist movement by founding a new monastic order at Wat
1180:
late 13th century) gave royal support to the Lankavong Theravāda monks in Nakon Sri Thammarath. He invited them to his capital, built monasteries for them, and subsequently sent more monks to Sri Lanka to study. This royal support increased the prestige and influence of Theravāda in Thailand. During
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Thai tradition supports lay men going into monasteries, following the monks' rules and studying while there. The time line is based on threes, staying as a monk for three days, or three weeks, or three months or three years, or three weeks and three days. This retreat is expected of all Thai males,
2602:
Since 2002, the Thai Senate has reviewed and revoked the secular law from 1928 banning women's full ordination in Buddhism as unconstitutional for being counter to laws protecting freedom of religion. More than 20 Thai women have since ordained in temples, monasteries and meditations centers led by
2496:
Dvaravati was an ancient Mon Kingdom, regarded as the first historic culture of present-day Thailand. Literary and archaeological evidence confirms that between the 6" to 11" centuries CE, Central Thailand was the homeland to this Buddhist Kingdom Chinese historians and pilgrims referred to it as a
2176:
The rival Thammayut order, led by Somdet Phra Mahawirawong, also promoted meditation in their monasteries. This led to the widespread celebration of the teachings of the forest tradition as well which had previously been an insignificant part of the Buddhist order in Thailand. As such, a broad slew
1623:
on the one hand and the king on the other hand. In Thailand, as in other Theravada Buddhist kingdoms, the king was in principle thought of as a patron and protector of the religion (sasana) and the sangha, while sasana ( teaching, practice, discipline and doctrine) and the Sangha were considered in
3450:
Most objections to the reintroduction of female monastics hinge on the fact that the monastic rules require that both five ordained monks and five ordained bhikkhunis be present for any new bhikkhuni ordination. Without such a quorum, critics say that it is not possible to ordain any new Theravada
2076:
Sarit Thanarat also saw the sangha as a way to promote national development. As such, the sangha's role was expanded into more secular realms, and this was welcomed by many monks who saw this as a way for the sangha to remain relevant in the modern age. One example of this was the expansion of the
1392:
Ayutthya kings continued to focus their royal patronage on the Lankavong Theravada sect. They saw themselves as defenders of the religion, which they advanced by supporting the sangha. During the reign of Indraraja I (c. 1422), a new sect of Sri Lankan Theravada, the Vanaratnavong (a.k.a. Pa-Kaeo)
3333:
The Sekhiya Dhamma Sangha are a group of activist monks focusing on modern issues in Thailand (i.e., deforestation, poverty, drug addiction, and AIDS). The group was founded in 1989 among a growth of Buddhist social activism in Thailand in the latter half of the 20th century. While criticized for
3001:
In a country where most males can be ordained as monks for even short periods of time, the experience can be profitable. Thai musician Pisitakun Kuantalaeng became a monk for a short period following the death of his father in order to make merit. He observed that, "Being a monk is good money,...
2810:
of four different temples to arrest several monks shortly after a crackdown on protesters on the anniversary of the coup. To the surprise of many officials, one of the monks arrested was Phra Buddha Issara. The right-wing monk was arrested on charges brought against him in 2014, including alleged
2625:
In 2007, calls were made by some Buddhist groups for Buddhism to be recognized in the new national constitution as the state religion. This suggestion was initially rejected by the committee charged with drafting the new constitution. This move prompted protests from supporters of the initiative,
2080:
From 1966 to 1970, monastic graduates from these universities were sent to the provinces to improve education in rural areas. They helped with local development projects as well as providing more traditional Buddhist guidance associated with scriptural study and meditation. Part of their role was
1974:
was used as the main textbook. It remains an influential textbook in Thai Buddhist doctrinal studies today. The examinations were divided into two levels, ordinary (which focused on doctrine, not Pali) and advanced (including knowledge of Pali). The textbooks of Wachirayan provided Thai monastics
1939:
dating system. The Thai Buddhist Era year of 2455 began on 1 April 1912. Prince Wachirayan Warorot (1860–1921) became the head of the Thammayut sect and the supreme patriarch of Thai Buddhism from 1910 to 1921. There were also further efforts to centralize the Thai sangha from the capital at this
1737:
Under Rama I, some new laws overseeing the Buddhist sangha were passed. Every abbot was required to prepare a register of the monks and novices under them. Furthermore, the king decreed that every monk had to carry a document of identification. Furthermore, the state reserved the right to defrock
1558:
and Thailand well into the modern era. An inscription from northern Thailand with esoteric elements has been dated to the Sukhothai Kingdom of the 16th century. Kate Crosby notes that this attestation makes the southern esoteric tradition earlier than "any other living meditation tradition in the
3064:
The Thai Sangha, with cooperation with the Thai government in many occasions, have led numerous missionary works to spread Theravada Buddhism within Thailand and outside of the country. As Buddhism is viewed as "a religion with committed missionary intent", the Sangha has sponsored two forms of
2755:
State influence over several aspects of Thai Buddhism increased under the NCPO, with the junta's new constitution stating that the Thai government is to directly support Theravada Buddhism specifically. In 2015, the junta's National Reform Council made several proposals to give the state greater
2164:
Since the 1950s, there has been an increased interest in the practice of Buddhist meditation throughout Thailand, especially among lay persons. Meditation is now practiced in monasteries throughout Thailand by Thai lay people, and this is one of the biggest changes in Theravada Buddhist practice
1853:
order which represented over 90 percent of monks. King Mongkut also reorganized and tightened the organization of the Sangha by establishing a new administrative system. A 1859 law which he formulated included eleven articles, such as requiring the registration of all monastic residents in royal
3419:. Unlike similar efforts in Sri Lanka, these efforts have been extremely controversial in Thailand. Women attempting to ordain have been accused of attempting to impersonate monks (a civil offense in Thailand), and their actions have been denounced by many members of the ecclesiastic hierarchy.
2712:
is therefore expected to stay impartial and take pity on every person...without discrimination. Moreover, the existence of both monks and the religion relies upon public respect. As a result, monks and novices ought to behave in ways that deserve the respect of the general public, not merely a
2274:
There are numerous traditional rites of passage in Thai Buddhism, such as the childbirth ritual, inviting Buddhist monks to bless the union before a marriage, and rites for the dead (which include chanting throughout the night). Entering the monkhood for a short period of time is also a common
3095:
The Thai media often reports on Buddhist monks behaving in ways that are considered inappropriate. There have been reports of sexual assault, embezzlement, drug-taking, extravagant lifestyles, even murder. Thailand's 38,000 temples, populated by 300,000 monks, are easy targets for corruption,
3005:
Monks who do not return to secular life typically specialize in either scholarship or meditation. Those who specialize in scholarship typically travel to regional education centers to begin further instruction in the Pāli language and the scriptures. In some cases, monks may learn the English
1978:
The new national examination system was influenced by the passing of the nation's first military service act, which included an exemption for "monks and novices knowledgeable of the Dhamma." Because of this, it was vital to have a proper legal definition for this statement. After the death of
2544:
Ayutthaya, also known as Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, is one of Thailand's historical and majestic highlights. This former capital of Thailand which used to be one of the biggest cities in Southeast Asia is renowned for its temple ruins and historical sites. Traces of the adornment and glory of
7840:, Prof. Phra Thepsophon, Rector of Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University. Speech at the International Conference on Buddhasasana in Theravada Buddhist countries: Issue and The Way Forward in Colombo, Sri Lanka, January 15, 2003, Buddhism in Thailand, Dhammathai – Buddhist Information Network
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that tied the legitimacy of the state to its protection and support for Buddhist institutions. This connection has been maintained into the modern era, with Buddhist institutions and clergy being granted special benefits by the government, as well as being subjected to a certain amount of
3120:
and jailed. In fact, the government persecuted him because of his political views and promotion of changes in the Sangha. Phra Phimontham had strong pro-democratic leanings, which did not comport well with the regime of the day nor the palace. Furthermore, Phra Phimontham was part of the
2654:, (the supervising body of Thai Buddhist communities), have ordered such prohibition on grounds of appropriateness, according to the Memorandum of the Cabinet's Administrative Department No. NW98/2501 dated 27 June 1958 and the Order of the Sangha Supreme Council dated 17 March 1995.
1448:(r. 1733–1758), who ruled during a peaceful time and was a great patron of Buddhism, founding numerous temples. During his reign, Thailand sent 25 monks to Sri Lanka to re-establish higher ordination (which had been lost due to warfare on the island). The Thai monks helped found the
1436:
that was administered to Buddhist monks to test their knowledge in the Pali language and in Buddhist doctrine. Those who could not pass were released from their monastic vows and returned to lay life. Those who excelled achieved high social status and officially recognized ranks
1428:
Bodhisattva, which combined Pali verse with Thai poetry. To this day, the Vessantara Jātaka is one of the most popular stories of one of Gautama Buddha's past lives. It tells the story of a very compassionate and generous prince, Vessantara, who gives away everything he owns.
1164:
Theravada sect (known as Lankavamsa/Lankavong in Thailand) lineage and to study the teachings. Lankavong monks also traveled to Thailand to teach Theravada Buddhism. Archeological evidence suggests that the most active region for the initial spread of Sinhalese Theravada was at
2978:, the higher ordination that establishes them as full bhikkhus. Novices are usually sponsored by their parents in their ordination, but in rural villages, the entire village participates by providing robes, alms bowls, and other items that monks need in their monastic lives.
2989:), three months or so. Those who remain monks beyond their first vassa typically remain monks for between one and three years, officiating at religious ceremonies in surrounding villages and possibly receiving further education in reading and writing (possibly including the
1872:
The act divided the religious administration of the kingdom into four main divisions: north, south, center, and Dhammayutika Nikaya (with further subdivisions). Each division was assigned one patriarch who also had a deputy under him. All these elders together formed the
2141:, a monastery built specifically for international monastics attracted various figures who would later go on to spread the Thai forest tradition to the west, founding their own monasteries in the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Italy and the United States.
2839:, yet were all defrocked before trial and stripped of decades of monastic seniority only for being accused of the crimes. The only royalist monk arrested was Buddha Issara. In July 2018, the junta passed a law giving the Thai king the ability to select members of the
2530:
sculptures and architecture in Cambodia, therefore, the 'Ancient Khmer Style of Thailand' is used as an alternative term for Lopburi Style. Nevertheless, the artworks of ancient Cambodia and those of the regions had their own distinctive features. Proceeding further,
1199:
Later Sukhothai kings would continue this policy of supporting Lankavong Theravāda, and numerous monasteries, Buddha images and stupas were built during the Sukhothai period. The study of Pali Buddhist texts was also promoted. Thai kings also inherited the concept of
2535:
is a religious sanctuary of Mahayana Buddhists and also one of the biggest and most important religious sanctuaries found in Thailand. It was built around the 11th-12 century CE. The rectangular complex of Phimai is completely surrounded by moats and outer walls.
1885:), the highest body of the Thai Sangha. The act created a graduated bureaucracy of monastic leaders, from abbot, to leaders of regional sub-divisions, all the way up to the president of the council of elders. There were also posts for professors and instructors.
1611:
The Thai capital was destroyed in 1767, leading to the loss of numerous historical records, literary and religious texts and marking the fall of the Ayutthya kingdom proper. As such, there is scant historical information about Thai religion during this period.
2590:
In addition to the ecclesiastical leadership of the sangha, a secular government ministry supervises Buddhist temples and monks. The legal status of Buddhist sects and reform movements has been an issue of contention in some cases, particularly in the case of
1748:
This examination system was further revised with nine grades of exams. It remains the standard up to this day. Rama II also sent various missions to Sri Lanka to spread the teaching, since he feared that, under British rule, it would begin to decline there.
2208:
The 21st century saw the rise of a few ultra-nationalist anti-Muslim Buddhist monks. This is mainly a phenomenon in southern Thailand, where there is much tension among Buddhists and Malay Muslims. Some even carry weapons and are known as "soldier monks"
5910:
3399:
lineage of women monastics was never established in Thailand. Women primarily participate in religious life either as lay participants in collective merit-making rituals or by doing domestic work around temples. A small number of women choose to become
1869:(Rama V, 1868–1910) who made the new sangha hierarchy formal and permanent through the Sangha Law of 1902, which remains the foundation of Sangha administration throughout the history of modern Thailand (though the law has been amended numerous times).
1298:
In the reign of Sam Fang Kaen (1411–1442), a controversy broke out between the Sri Lankan sect of Somdet Phra Mahasami and another Sri Lankan order newly arrived from Ayutthya, which criticized the old order for accepting money and owning rice lands.
2958:. Novices often are in closer contact with their families, spending more time in the homes of their parents than monks. Novices do not participate in the recitation of the monastic code (and the confessions of violations) that take place on the
5935:
2553:
The ancient capital, Sukhothai, which means "Dawn of Happiness" was founded in the 13th century and considered to be the first independent Thai kingdom and the prominent era in Thai history. It enjoyed a golden age under the great King
3002:
When you go and pray you get 300 baht even though you have no living expenses, and you can go four times a day. Too many monks in Thailand do it to get rich. If you become a monk for three months you have enough money for a scooter."
2085:
in the north, to Buddhism. However, studies by the anthropologist Charles F. Keyes argued that these efforts mostly transmitted fragments of overt behavior, such as how to give alms to monks, without teaching proper Buddhist doctrine.
2708:(one who has given up worldly life) and brought about disgrace to himself as well as to his community and religion. Such a monk or novice would be condemned by reasonable persons who are and are not the members of this religion. A
1536:
Though we know little of the practices of the Theravada forest monks during the Ayutthya period, it is possible that at this time monks were developing esoteric practices similar to those found in a later Sinhalese work called the
7487:
Udomsi, Sawaeng (2000). "รายงานการพิจารณาดำเนินการ กรณีวัดพระธรรมกาย ตามมติมหาเถรสมาคม ครั้งที่ ๓๒/๒๕๔๑" [Report of Evaluation of the Treatment of the Case Wat Phra Dhammakaya -- Verdict of the Supreme Sangha Council 32/2541
2426:
Buddhism. Early Buddhism in Thailand is thought to have been derived from an unknown Mahayana tradition. While Mahayana Buddhism was gradually eclipsed in Thailand, certain features of Thai Buddhism—such as the appearance of the
2196:
tradition. The most important aspect of this meditation is the focus on the center of the body, which leads to the attainment of the Dhammakāya, the Dhamma-body, found within every human being. Shanti Asoke (meaning "Peaceful
3018:
rich or poor, and often is scheduled after high school. Such retreats bring honor to the family and blessings (merit) to the young man. Thais also make allowances for men who follow this practice, such as holding open a job.
1306:(r. 1441–1487), who placed his support behind the new, more rigorous forest sect and allowed it to become the dominant sect in the kingdom. He is known for building several monasteries for the new Buddhist order, including
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1012:
style and may be influenced by it. It has been suggested that the original structure of the ancient Phra Pathom Stupa (which has been covered by restorations and a spire that was added later) was of similar design to the
2468:), a similar but different figure in Thai Buddhist folklore. Images of one or both can be found in many Thai Buddhist temples, and on amulets as well. Thai may pray to be reborn during the time of Maitreya, or dedicate
2204:
There is also a Buddhist environmental movement, which arose as a response to deforestation. One of their main forms of protecting their environment has been to "ordain" trees by wrapping a monk's robe around the tree.
1624:
turn the treasures of the polity and the signs of its legitimacy. Religion and polity, however, remained separate domains, and in ordinary times the organizational links between the Sangha and the king were not close.
6271:
3103:
There have been cases of influential monks persecuted and jailed by the Thai government, through verdicts later declared moot or controversial. A well-known case in Thailand is that of Phra Phimontham, then abbot of
3426:
became the first female monk to be ordained in Thailand in 2002. Some time after this, the secular law was revoked. On 28 February 2003, Dhammananda Bhikkhuni received full monastic ordination as a bhikkhuni of the
1733:
Furthermore, Pali examinations for monastics were revived under the auspices of the supreme patriarch Somdet Phra Sangkarat (1793–1816), which covered the oral translation of Pali Canon passages from Pali to Thai.
2713:
specific group of people. A monk or novice who is seen by the public as having failed to uphold this rule would then be shunned, disrespected and condemned in various manners, as could be seen from many examples.
2077:
curriculum of the Buddhist universities (Mahachulalongkon and Mahamakut) to include numerous departments focused on secular subjects like education, psychology, library science, mathematics and physical science.
8973:
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5902:
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sculptures and architecture found in the central, east and northeast regions of Thailand during the 11" to 13" centuries CE. There had been long cultural relations and interactions between the ancient states of
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with a DSI official. The DSI official was removed from office a few months later after religious groups called on the government to fire him because of his reform plans, but was reinstated after a few months.
6525:
3229:
Analysts from different news outlets have pointed out that the actions of the Thai government towards Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen may have reflected a political need to control who should be selected as the next
1895:
Aside from the need to reform the sangha's administration, the king and other Thais also felt that there was a need to standardize Buddhist doctrine and study. They addressed this in different ways. Prince
5728:
1828:("yoked to the Dhamma") Nikaya, which kept a stricter monastic discipline than the rest of the Thai sangha. Restrictions included not using money, not storing up food, and not taking milk in the evening.
6920:
6148:
2012:) and meditation, seeking to achieve awakening. They criticized the text-based approaches of city monks, and initially some tension existed between them and the official monks in the sangha hierarchy.
3292:, and superstitious elements which over the years had become part of Thai Buddhism. Dhammayuttika monks were expected to eat only one meal a day (not two) that was to be gathered during a traditional
1979:
Wachirayan in 1921, exams for lay persons were introduced in 1929. The Thai examination system remains widely influential in Thai Buddhism today, and are a matter of focus for many monks and novices.
1838:
As king, Mongkut promoted his religious reformation through the new Buddhist order and through state power. Dhammayuttika monks became the clerical vanguard of a movement promoting the king's form of
5943:
2479:
in Thai society. While some Chinese have "converted" to Thai-style Theravada Buddhism, many others maintain their own separate temples in the East Asian Mahayana tradition. The growing popularity of
2046:
ecclesiastical assembly was composed of 45 members, all of whom were elder monks of high rank. Another major event of the constitutional period was the translation of the entire Pali Canon into the
6555:
3010:. The scholarship route is also followed by monks who desire to rise in the ecclesiastic hierarchy, as promotions within the government-run system are contingent on passing examinations in Pāli and
8983:
2646:
No law directly prohibits a member of any Buddhist institution, such as a monk, a novice and a nun, from being a candidate in an examination for recruitment of government officers. Though both the
2610:
granting the applicant permission to travel abroad, a Buddhist monk identification card, a copy of house or temple registration and they must submit any previous Thai passport or a certified copy.
7054:
2638:, the Queen of Thailand, expressed her concern over the issue. She said, in her birthday speech, that Buddhism is beyond politics. Some Buddhist organizations halted their campaigns the next day.
1077:, depict numerous figures from Indian Mahāyāna. Archeological finds in Southern Thailand (such as at Phra Phim and Nakon Sri Thammaraj) attest to the practice of Mahāyāna Buddhism in this region.
2634:. The Constitution Drafting Committee later voted against the special status of Buddhism, provoking religious groups. They condemned the committee and the draft constitution. On 11 August 2007,
3415:
There have been efforts to attempt to introduce a bhikkhuni lineage in Thailand as a step towards improving the position of women in Thai Buddhism. The main proponent of this movement has been
1924:
1812:
himself for twenty-seven years and was a distinguished scholar of Buddhist scripture in the Pali language. He was also known for his study of western science and the humanities, having learned
1196:(leader of the monastic community) was created and tasked with the administration of the sangha, the orders of monks and nuns. Other monks were also given lower-level administrative positions.
2545:
Ayutthaya gives the grandeur and beauty of palaces, temples, fortresses, residences and the lives of Ayutthaya people in the past. These remnants are evidence of the greatness of the Kingdom.
1329:
Lan Na Buddhism reached its climax during the reign of Tilokaraja's grandson, Phra Mueang Kaeo (1495–1528). His reign saw great achievements in Pali literature, as attested by works like the
3455:
tradition (the only currently existing bhikkhuni ordination lineage) as valid Theravada ordinations, citing differences in philosophical teachings and, more critically, monastic discipline.
1272:(c. 1292–1775), Theravāda also flourished. Lan Na kings built unique wats (monasteries) which show a blend of Mon, Indian, Burmese and Khmer styles. Some important early Lan Na wats include
8942:
7600:
2271:
Meditation practice, which only became widespread in the 20th century, is also an important part of contemporary Thai Buddhism, and it is practiced by both monastics and by lay persons.
2062:
the part of Mahanikaya monks, since even though their sect constituted the overwhelming majority of monastics, the Dhammayutika monks controlled most of the high ecclesiastical offices.
1416:(1431–1488) was a golden era for Thai Buddhism. He encouraged the arts and literature, as well as building numerous monasteries in Ayutthya. He also ordained as monk for eight months at
6714:
1963:, the first Buddhist journal in Siam. Due to his extensive scholarly achievements, Prince Wachirayan has been called "the leading intellectual of his generation in Siam" by historian
5674:
7728:
2165:
since the second world war. This influential meditation movement (which grew rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s) was sparked by the introduction of the Burmese Vipassana tradition of
1396:
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and built Wat Li Chiang. His successor, Keu Na (1367–1385), invited the forest monk Somdet Phra Mahasami to Lan Na to introduce his Sri Lankan forest sect. Mahasami arrived with
8732:
2180:
From the 1970s onwards, there has been several new Buddhist movements in Thailand who are outside of the traditional Thai monastic orders. Some of the most influential ones are
985:(c. 6th to the 11th century) is likely to have received Buddhist missionaries during this era. This is because numerous archeological finds in the ancient Dvaravati cities like
8978:
6589:
6065:
1835:). They also stressed the rationalism of Buddhism and tried to return to the way it was understood during early Buddhism before heterodox popular beliefs had transformed it.
1189:, under which the Buddha attained enlightenment, which began the Thai tradition of venerating Bodhi trees. Sukhothai style Buddha statues also reflect Sri Lankan art styles.
8937:
6279:
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2058:(1946–2016) began. In 1956, the 2,500th Buddha Jayanti (anniversary of the Buddha's nirvana) celebrations were held throughout the nation and were subsidized by the state.
7458:
1582:) are spirits of buildings or territories, natural places, or phenomena; they are also ancestral spirits that protect people, and can also include malevolent spirits. The
7015:
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word Dvarati, meaning "which was gates." The Dvaravati Period has been marked as a period of cultural growth, social complexity, and incipient urbanization in Thailand.
1970:
A new national system of written exams for monks was introduced in 1911, known as the Mahamakut system to raise the standards of doctrinal learning. Prince Wachirayan's
6639:
5479:
6889:
2662:
Members of the Buddhist community and the communities of other religions are not entitled to elect or be elected as a holder of any government post. For instance, the
2333:
school, which arrived from Sri Lanka during the medieval era. Because of this, Thai Buddhism has close ties with the Buddhism of other Southeast Asian countries, like
1947:, which provided an easier way to learn Pali than the traditional grammar books. Wachirayan also wrote some other influential Thai Buddhist doctrinal works, including
7339:
3288:
and the actual practices of Thai bhikkhus and sought to upgrade monastic discipline to make it more orthodox. Mongkut also made an effort to remove all non-Buddhist,
2677:
The Sangha Supreme Council also declared the same prohibition, pursuant to its Order dated 17 March 1995. At the end of the Order was a statement of grounds given by
8183:
6517:
2509:
The term "Lopburi" derives from the town or state's name Lavapura or Lavapuri which emerged in Thailand in the 7" century CE. This term refers to a typical style of
6618:
8722:
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sect, was formed by a group of Thai monks who had ordained in Sri Lanka. It mainly differed from the older Lankavong sect in that it was stricter in its practice.
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Thai law states that monks cannot be jailed, therefore any monk taken into custody must be defrocked if denied release on bail, even before guilt is determined.
1831:
The Dhammayuttika movement was characterized by an emphasis on the original Pali Canon and a rejection of some postcanonical Buddhist literature (including the
8932:
6912:
6140:
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1221:(r. 1346–1368) was a Sukhothai king known as a great scholar and patron of Buddhism, who even became a monk for a brief period of four months. A treatise on
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7266:
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Common Thai Buddhist practices revolve around the monastic sangha. A major practice among lay persons is donating to the sangha, a practice that generates
1586:, which are guardian deities of places or towns, are celebrated at festivals with communal gatherings and offerings of food. They are an important part of
1340:
Even though Theravada was now becoming the dominant form of Buddhism in Thailand during this era, Mahayana and Brahmanism also continued to be practiced.
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6119:
5780:
4562:
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; Barbara Leitch LePoer, ed. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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In March 2016, Thai police formally summoned then Acting Supreme Patriarch Somdet Chuang Varapunno, after he refused to answer direct questions about his
2613:
In addition to state support and recognition — in the form of formal gifts to monasteries made by government officials and the royal family (for example,
1849:
During Mongkut's reign (1851–1868), the new order also spread into Laos and Cambodia, though it remained a minority sect in comparison to the larger Thai
8993:
8912:
8872:
8727:
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6462:
5751:
2630:, claimed that the movement to declare Buddhism the national religion is motivated by political gain, manipulated by supporters of ousted prime minister
2626:
including a number of marches on the capital and a hunger strike by twelve Buddhist monks. Some critics of the plan, including scholar and social critic
2595:, which was legally forbidden from calling itself a Buddhist denomination, and in the case of the ordination of women attempting to revive the Theravada
7085:
10744:
9219:
8752:
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2022:
Rama VII was also the last absolute monarch of Thailand, which transformed into a constitutional monarchy in 1932. During this period, the Thai writer
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trying to consolidate royalist power by eliminating non-royalist high-ranking monks. Taylor pointed out that the suspects of the investigations were
2704:
When a monk or novice is involved in or supports the election of any person..., the monk or novice is deemed to have breached the usual conduct of a
2415:
and charms also play a prominent role in Buddhism as practiced by the average Thai, practices that are censured by the Buddha in Buddhist texts (see
1725:(which is known as the 9th council as per the Thai tradition). It was attended by over 250 monks. A new edition of the Pali Canon was published, the
3846:
3284:. After the then 20-year-old prince entered monastic life in 1824, he noticed what he saw as serious discrepancies between the rules given in the
2434:
in some Thai religious architecture, and the belief that the king of Thailand is a bodhisattva himself—reveal the influence of Mahayana concepts.
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7294:
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3334:
being too concerned and involved with worldly issues, Buddhist social activists cite duty to the community as justification for participation in
8069:
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7590:
6035:
2909:"). Temple boys are traditionally no younger than eight and do minor housework. The primary reason for becoming a temple boy is to gain a basic
2278:
There are also various holidays that lay persons take part in (usually at a Buddhist temple), these include specifically Buddhist holidays like
10972:
8407:
7521:
8015:
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1149:(13th-15th century), which was founded in 1238. At first, both Theravāda and Mahāyāna were practiced in this new Thai realm, as well as Khmer
8119:
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for most of Thai history, Buddhism's connection to the Thai state would increase in the middle of the 19th century following the reforms of
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7430:
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749:
5969:[Dhammakaya responds to issues that threaten [Buddhist] religion] (in Thai). Thai News Agency. 3 June 2016. Archived from
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1943:
Wachirayan also led a reform in Buddhist education, mainly by writing new textbooks for the study of Pali (in six volumes), known as the
7992:
7674:
7543:
6346:
5704:
3795:
3720:
2329:
Various major forces have influenced the development of Buddhism in Thailand. By far the most dominant and influential tradition is the
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1080:
Starting at around the 11th century, Sinhalese Theravada monks gradually led the conversion of most of Southeast Asia to the Sinhalese
9032:
6974:
6799:
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1820:. Mongkut had also spent his early monastic years at Wat Samorai, a forest monastery renowned for meditation and spiritual practices.
1389:
was a major center of Buddhism, with many temples and monasteries. There, Buddhist culture adopted both Sukhothai and Khmer elements.
9054:
5819:
3767:
3563:
3443:, the only temple in Thailand where there are bhikkhunis. It was founded by her mother, Voramai, a Mahayana bhikkhuni, in the 1960s.
6408:
3412:. Maechi do not receive the level of support given to bhikkhu and their position in Thai society is the subject of some discussion.
1024:. The spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia may have arrived with merchant ships traveling the key maritime trade routes with India.
7833:
6581:
6057:
3090:
2740:(NCPO), set up the National Reform Council with a religious committee led by former Thai senator Paiboon Nititawan and former monk
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11016:
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6881:
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6371:
3155:. Luang Por Pothirak was eventually charged of altering the Vinaya and defrocked. A recent example is Phra Prajak Kuttajitto, an
1994:), outside of the elite and royal circles of Bangkok. This back-to-the-forest movement of strict monasticism became known as the
794:
7466:
7005:
5843:
5304:
1713:
of Thai Buddhism which has the authority to oversee the Thai Buddhist sangha. Rama I also encouraged the translation of ancient
11219:
9199:
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Young men typically do not live as novices for longer than one or two years. At the age of 20, they become eligible to receive
1513:
remained as Theravada Buddhism throughout its history, many elements of the political and social system were incorporated from
4440:
1861:
King Chulalongkorn's extensive Sangha Act of 1902 led to a more hierarchically organized and centrally controlled Thai sangha.
8295:
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7881:
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5471:
5334:
5165:
5144:
4997:
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4024:
2795:
5879:[A statement of grounds attached to the 1995 Order of the Sangha Supreme Council] (in Thai). Sanook!. Archived from
4846:
2137:
Ajahn Chah's tradition was particularly influential in the dissemination of Thai Buddhist monasticism to the western world.
1119:
9382:
9224:
8897:
8647:
8492:
7343:
3548:
3027:
2737:
2115:
1687:
8172:
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2213:). Some of these extremist nationalist monks, like Phra Apichart Punnajanto (who called for the burning down of mosques—a
11559:
7622:
7595:
6610:
2764:
2749:
2744:. Calls for reform were spearheaded by right-wing activist monk Phra Buddha Issara, who had close ties with junta leader
1145:
and adopting the practice of Buddhism which had existed in the conquered regions. The first ethnic Thai kingdom was the
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11006:
9101:
8400:
6310:
4510:
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which were enshrined at the newly built Wat Suan Dauk. This wat became the headquarters of the Sri Lankan forest sect.
1208:(the universal law and the Buddha's teaching which points to it), particularly the ten kingly virtues mentioned in the
7295:"Trouble in Nirvana: Facing charges over his controversial methods, a Thai abbot sparks debate over Buddhism's future"
5994:
2019:(1925–1935). This council saw a new edition of the Pali Canon published which was distributed throughout the country.
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for every Thai man and its close interconnection with the Thai state and Thai culture. The two official branches, or
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6737:
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Temporary ordination is the norm among Thai Buddhists. Most young men traditionally ordain for the term of a single
11234:
10979:
8482:
8145:
6821:
5964:
802:
742:
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1927:
Prince Wachirayan Warorot, a leading Buddhist scholar of the modern era who revolutionized Thai Buddhist education
272:
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11616:
9445:
8602:
8571:
2220:
Beginning in 2023, there has been renewed movement to bring Buddhism to ethnic minorities and hill tribes by the
1990:
During the early 20th century, a new Thai Buddhist tradition was beginning to take in northern Thailand (mainly
1842:, one that sought to modernize the religion by removing irrational folk beliefs and returning to the Pali Canon.
876:
that would lead to the development of a royally-backed sect of Buddhism and increased centralization of the Thai
821:, with which Thailand shares cultural and historical heritages. Thai Buddhism also shares many similarities with
7696:
Tanakasempipat, Patpicha; Kittisilpa, Juarawee; Thepgumpanat, Panarat (2016-04-22). Lefevre, Amy Sawitta (ed.).
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on ceremonial occasions, as well as being responsible for preserving and conveying the teachings of the Buddha.
234:
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11026:
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3129:, which the government and monarchy historically have preferred. Phra Phimontham was likely to become the next
3116:, he was accused of collaboration with communist rebels and being a threat to national security, and was fully
3030:
in 2017 of 200 Bangkok temples found that 60 percent of monks suffer from high cholesterol and 50 percent from
2757:
2576:
1846:
in Bangkok became the administrative center of the Thammayut order and the center of Pali studies in Thailand.
1123:
869:
6470:
6199:
5759:
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established a new modern ecclesiastical education system for studying Theravada doctrine and the Pali language
1619:
has suggested a general pattern for that era, at least with respect to the relations between Buddhism and the
1420:. During his reign, the Vanaratnavong group also grew in prominence. A major literary work of this era is the
11730:
11715:
11541:
11239:
10922:
9214:
9047:
8612:
8539:
8509:
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Julian Gearing (1999) Buddhist Scapegoat?: One Thai abbot is taken to task, but the whole system is to blame
7077:
3568:
3538:
3231:
3130:
3073:(international/overseas Buddhist missionaries). Like all Buddhist organizations, the Thai Sangha believes in
2812:
2776:
2682:
2663:
2584:
2221:
2170:
1917:
1760:. More than 50 temples were built and repaired in his reign. These include the first Chinese style temple at
1710:
1652:
1530:
1288:
546:
6847:
4467:
3026:
Rising obesity among monks and concerns for their well-being have become issues in Thailand. A study by the
2268:), which is a beneficial and protective force that leads to good results in this life and in lives to come.
2169:, by figures such as Phra Phimolatham, who was the ecclesiastical minister of the interior and the abbot of
1204:
from the tradition. This was based on the idea that the Buddhist "Dhamma king" ruled in conformity with the
1100:
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7902:
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2836:
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of all accusations when Luang Por Dhammajayo agreed to put all of the disputed land in his temple's name.
3038:, which includes the juice of fruit less than fist-sized, often high in sugar. To combat the high rate of
1761:
10815:
10724:
10194:
9839:
9352:
9247:
8842:
7279:"'I Will Never Be Disrobed' says Thai abbot of Dhammakaya Temple", and "Between Faith and Fund-Raising",
6913:"Health Charter for Buddhist Monks, established healthy monks, temples and happy communities in 10 years"
3440:
3199:
3133:. For this reason, his treatment has been described by Thai scholars as a "struggle between patriarchs" (
2799:
2723:
2323:
735:
352:
10359:
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159:
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3011:
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nations, Buddhism in Thailand is represented primarily by the presence of Buddhist monks, who serve as
2193:
2039:
1417:
1276:(Temple of the Golden Chedi, c. 1288) and Wat Chiang Man (c. 1297) both built by the first Lan Na king
1059:
433:
357:
304:
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7302:
7215:
Monks, Meditation and Missing Links: Continuity, 'Orthodoxy' and the Vijja Dhammakaya in Thai Buddhism
6111:
3086:
1738:
monks who were not following the monastic rules. 128 corrupt monks were known to have been defrocked.
1597:
1455:
Numerous major Thai literary compositions were composed during the late Ayutthya era. One of these is
930:, one of the earliest Buddhist stupas in Thailand, possibly dating to the time of the Ashokan missions
11554:
11367:
11357:
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8502:
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6027:
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3435:, making her the first modern Thai woman to receive full ordination as a Theravada bhikkhuni. She is
2886:
During the latter half of the 20th century, most monks in Thailand began their careers by serving as
1348:
1150:
9578:
5938:[Controversy regarding the Dhammakaya Buddhist temple: A religious and political standoff].
5158:
Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand,
1888:
The act recognized three types of monasteries: royal, common, and monastic residences (which lack a
1539:
770:
259:
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New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke
5327:
Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand
4589:
4549:
Tuchrello, William P. "The Society and Its Environment" (Religion: Historical Background section).
3039:
2318:
2294:. Thai lay persons may also go to a temple or practice Buddhism during the four monthly holy days (
2229:
1913:
1908:
at the time and was promoted by the king. Rama V also promoted the publishing of the Pali Canon in
1608:
1503:
1370:
860:. Since then, Buddhism has played a significant role in Thai culture and society. Buddhism and the
616:
423:
194:
8111:
7627:[Live interview with Chao Khun Prasarn and S. Sivaraksa about amending the Monastic Act].
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2843:, the governing body of Thai monks, instead of the monks themselves. The alleged scandals of the
2678:
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696:
621:
496:
7707:
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3238:. Selecting him would mean a Supreme Patriarch from the Maha Nikaya fraternity, rather than the
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11114:
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10808:
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8902:
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8772:
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6302:สั่งไม่ฟ้อง "หลวงพี่แป๊ะ" คดีรถโบราณหรูสมเด็จช่วง ชี้ไม่มีหลักฐานรู้เห็นเอกชนเสียภาษีไม่ถูกต้อง
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Another said that the junta may regard him as a loose cannon politically and that the junta is
2768:
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Ram Khamhaeng's reign, stupas were built, reflecting the Sri Lankan influence. One of these is
284:
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149:
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7953:
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3368:, they can choose to take part in quasi-monastic practices at temples and practice centers as
2760:
in charge of controlling all temple assets, controlling monastic education, and taxing monks.
2003:
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7241:[Phra Phimontham Confronts the Devil: A Historical Case in the World of the Sangha].
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sect of Theravāda. This was supported by powerful Southeast Asian kings, such as the Burmese
810:
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104:
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Environmental and Climate Change in South and Southeast Asia: How are Local Cultures Coping?
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2943:
1865:
The administrative and sangha reforms that Mongkut started were continued by his successor,
395:
11634:
11601:
11586:
11104:
11001:
10947:
10832:
10739:
10734:
10719:
10704:
10694:
10659:
10572:
10264:
10187:
9490:
9430:
9179:
9146:
9096:
8837:
8817:
8807:
8707:
8561:
8451:
8446:
8416:
7222:
6791:
5936:"Controverse autour du temple bouddhique Dhammakaya: un bras de fer religieux et politique"
5618:
4826:
3508:
3422:
In 1928, a secular law was passed in Thailand banning women's full ordination in Buddhism.
3257:
3239:
3211:
3187:
3126:
2780:
2457:
2189:
1825:
1362:
896:
861:
641:
551:
443:
199:
154:
11474:
10089:
9958:
9884:
9760:
9498:
5809:
3409:
2177:
of meditation methods and teachings developed during the second half of the 20th century.
1425:
8:
11441:
11320:
11154:
11129:
11119:
11079:
11056:
10939:
10912:
10872:
10791:
10781:
10709:
10636:
10067:
9924:
9705:
9683:
9635:
9455:
9255:
9111:
9091:
8962:
8907:
8822:
8802:
8687:
8677:
8633:
8576:
7010:
6400:
3588:
3558:
3300:
3191:
2647:
2334:
2291:
2237:
2181:
1691:
1601:
1432:
During the late 17th century, French visitors described a state examination system under
1413:
1352:
1249:
1215:
which include giving alms, morality, liberality, gentleness, non-anger, and non-harming.
1166:
849:
822:
174:
134:
9415:
9342:
7830:
4610:
3210:). In 2006, the Thai National Office for Buddhism cleared the Dhammakaya Foundation and
2224:
Headquarter in Thailand. Such efforts has give rise to 300 hill tribes families and 300
2134:(all students of the now famous Ajahn Mun) developing influential monastic communities.
25:
11720:
11504:
11409:
11251:
11214:
11209:
11139:
11089:
11036:
11031:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10882:
10867:
10852:
10847:
10786:
10766:
10729:
10654:
10459:
10160:
10084:
9962:
9904:
9745:
9645:
9573:
9548:
9194:
9124:
8952:
8887:
8852:
8787:
8757:
8702:
8697:
8347:
8339:
7849:
7644:
7515:
7357:
7260:
7167:
6221:
4822:
3376:
3144:
2917:
2527:
2055:
1900:(Pali: Vajirañāṇavarorasa, 1860–1921) wrote a basic textbook of Buddhist doctrine (the
1897:
1839:
1405:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1105:
938:
927:
916:
892:
626:
561:
491:
414:
405:
342:
337:
116:
11303:
7114:
Nirvana for Sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakāya Temple in Contemporary Thailand
5844:"Section 100 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Buddhist Era 2550 (2007)"
5814:[Announcement of the National Security Council Office dated 21 November 2013]
2583:) to vow to be a "defender of the faith" in front of a chapter of monks including the
2279:
923:
769:
school, which is followed by roughly 93.4 percent of the population. Thailand has the
531:
11682:
11644:
11340:
11325:
11288:
11273:
11046:
10962:
10877:
10714:
10679:
10664:
10391:
10381:
10062:
9909:
9894:
9765:
9688:
9608:
9543:
9475:
9362:
9119:
9017:
8847:
8827:
8762:
8737:
8712:
8586:
8581:
8566:
8351:
8291:
8272:
8253:
8231:
8212:
7929:
7877:
7801:
7501:
7171:
7159:
7117:
6955:
6000:
5847:
5651:'The Indo-Siam Connect: Tracing the Indian Heritage in Thai Art and Living traditions
5558:
5533:
5520:
Militant Buddhism: The Rise of Religious Violence in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand,
5507:
Militant Buddhism: The Rise of Religious Violence in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand,
5385:
5364:
5330:
5161:
5140:
4993:
4836:
4789:
4620:
4506:
4269:
4020:
3967:
3347:
3243:
2994:
2745:
2631:
2571:
2399:
Many restrictions observed by rural Buddhist monks are derived not from the orthodox
2357:
1936:
1722:
1620:
1544:
1522:
1378:
1295:(c. 1385) is another example of classic Buddhist architecture of the Lan Na kingdom.
1283:
King Pha Yu (r. 1345–1367), continued promoting Buddhism. He shifted the capital to
1241:
1205:
1201:
1146:
1074:
671:
646:
506:
463:
453:
319:
294:
179:
164:
10626:
9420:
9320:
6944:"Missionary Intent and Monastic Networks: Thai Buddhism as a Transnational Religion"
2951:
2431:
2214:
2070:
1008:(or at least a non-Mahayana) Buddhism. The Dvaravati style has been compared to the
11330:
11283:
11278:
11134:
11099:
11074:
11069:
10820:
10776:
10689:
10364:
10020:
10013:
9797:
9787:
9673:
9337:
9209:
8832:
8797:
8747:
8656:
8329:
7769:
7412:
De Villkorligt Frigivna: Relationen mellan munkar och lekfolk i ett nutida Thailand
7151:
4606:
4432:
3335:
3327:
3156:
3097:
2832:
2817:
2741:
2483:, a form of Avalokiteśvara, may be attributed to the Chinese presence in Thailand.
2476:
2469:
2261:
2138:
1923:
1817:
1672:
1632:
1236:
1111:
997:
774:
666:
651:
636:
631:
249:
169:
10409:
7757:
5880:
2811:
robbery and detaining officials, however, his most serious charge was a charge of
2599:
lineage have been prosecuted for attempting to impersonate members of the clergy.
2497:
Buddhist kingdom To-lo-po-ti, which they also believed to be a translation of the
959:
11694:
11639:
11591:
11519:
11389:
11187:
11167:
11109:
11021:
10684:
10582:
10429:
10165:
10148:
10133:
10111:
9663:
9533:
9367:
9347:
7856:
7837:
7434:
7191:
Religious Propensity of Urban Communities: A Case Study of Phra Dhammakaya Temple
7155:
5300:
5222:
When Did the Buddha Live?: The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha
4830:
4558:
4017:
Theravāda Buddhism : a social history from ancient Benares to modern Colombo
3850:
3500:
3480:
3472:
3273:
2868:
2666:
disfranchises "a Buddhist monk, a Buddhist novice, a priest or a clergy member" (
2627:
2606:
To obtain a passport for travel abroad, a monk must have an official letter from
2023:
1773:
1545:
Southern Esoteric Buddhism, also known as Borān kammaṭṭhāna ('ancient practices')
1315:
1161:
1081:
1009:
706:
606:
526:
511:
438:
212:
10439:
9593:
9583:
3047:
2475:
In modern times, additional Mahayana influence has stemmed from the presence of
2379:
chants evening prayers inside a monastery located near the town of Kantharalak,
1729:
Rama I also issued several royal decrees which governed the conduct of monastics
1020:
Later finds at Nakon Pathom and nearby cities also include Buddha images in the
813:
of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, particularly
11649:
11352:
11202:
10984:
10564:
10544:
10464:
10153:
10143:
10077:
9914:
9400:
9263:
6375:
3815:'Lamphun's Little-Known Animal Shrines' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David,
3593:
3583:
3307:
in the early 20th century. The tradition is revivalist in nature and practices
2990:
2821:
2784:
2422:
Additionally, more minor influences can be observed stemming from contact with
2361:
2233:
2166:
2119:
2066:
2051:
1964:
1703:
1683:
1386:
1319:
1292:
1273:
1138:
1028:
975:
946:
880:
under the state, with state control over Buddhism increasing further after the
596:
581:
7876:(Pbk. ed., 2. . ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 668.
7142:
McCargo, Duncan (2012). "The Changing Politics of Thailand's Buddhist Order".
5649:
5445:
Meditation in Modern Buddhism - Renunciation and Change in Thai Monastic Life,
5432:
Meditation in Modern Buddhism - Renunciation and Change in Thai Monastic Life,
5419:
Meditation in Modern Buddhism - Renunciation and Change in Thai Monastic Life,
5406:
Meditation in Modern Buddhism - Renunciation and Change in Thai Monastic Life,
3162:
2880:
2787:, who chose the name from five given to him by NCPO leader Prayut Chan-o-cha.
2691:
2275:
practice for Thai boys as it prepares them for adulthood and generates merit.
2192:. It's a practice of meditation that may have been influenced by the esoteric
1550:
This esoteric Theravada tradition remained a mainstream Buddhist tradition in
51:
11709:
11419:
11268:
10577:
10479:
10337:
10138:
10116:
10052:
9723:
9518:
9513:
9405:
9074:
9011:
7764:
7243:
7163:
6959:
6278:(in French). Information Agency for Foreign Missions of Paris. Archived from
6208:(in Thai). 17 June 2015. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2016-10-25
6204:[Listening to the Sangha's opinion about 6 ways to reform Buddhism].
5942:(in French). Information Agency for Foreign Missions of Paris. Archived from
5217:
4581:
4569:
3959:
3523:
3452:
3319:
3289:
3261:
3198:
for commercial malpractice in the Thai Buddhist community in the wake of the
3134:
3105:
3042:
among monks, the National Health Commission Office (NHCO) issued a pamphlet,
3031:
2950:
but are not required to follow the full range of monastic rules found in the
2935:
2921:
2891:
2772:
2667:
2580:
2555:
2461:
2387:
2313:
2107:
2103:
2047:
1920:
providing higher education in Buddhist doctrine along with secular subjects.
1878:
1866:
1699:
1657:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1575:
1491:
1479:
1463:
1182:
1173:
1089:
986:
786:
681:
676:
541:
390:
244:
100:
30:
9877:
9867:
9239:
6300:
3518:
3285:
2342:
1718:
1323:
1039:(c. 450–1388 CE), were influenced by Indian Buddhist trends, which included
521:
11509:
11494:
11464:
11414:
11404:
11246:
11041:
10534:
10369:
10247:
10035:
10030:
9857:
9728:
9603:
9064:
8607:
7489:
7027:
6272:"La Thaïlande se déchire à propos de la nomination du chef des bouddhistes"
5903:"Thai Buddhist monk wants to clean up his country's religious institutions"
3603:
3533:
3167:
3109:
2966:
2863:
2416:
2225:
1661:
1471:
1377:
During the 14th century, Thai power shifted south with the founding of the
1311:
1307:
1253:
1142:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1014:
993:
971:
864:
have often been intertwined, with Thai kings historically seen as the main
798:
656:
591:
566:
468:
448:
299:
289:
239:
10292:
10277:
10237:
9934:
9598:
9174:
7698:"Devotees at Thai temple give alms to tens of thousands of Buddhist monks"
5059:
Autobiography: The life of Prince-Patriarch Vajiranana of Siam, 1860-1921,
4563:
4551:
2368:, continue to be seen in and around Buddhist institutions and ceremonies.
1975:
with the means to understand the Buddhist doctrine in their own language.
1452:, which remains one of the main monastic orders in Sri Lanka to this day.
1322:. During his reign, in c. 1477, a Buddhist council convened to review the
415:
406:
11479:
11308:
10449:
10434:
10217:
10025:
9953:
9733:
9563:
9465:
9312:
9184:
9021:
8461:
8441:
7591:"Thailand's head monk to be summoned by police over luxury Mercedes-Benz"
4053:
3528:
3486:
3315:
3218:
3152:
3122:
2592:
2428:
2185:
2127:
2016:
1909:
1850:
1792:
1567:
1499:
1449:
1130:
962:, a historical chronicle of Sri Lanka, mentions that during the reign of
900:
716:
686:
661:
516:
501:
11469:
9929:
8149:
7247:. The Nation Group. 2009-12-11. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21
6943:
6463:"Thailand's Buddhism chief removed after pressure from religious groups"
5970:
4515:
3404:, non-ordained religious specialists who permanently observe either the
3147:
was subject to similar allegations from the Thai government, and so was
2820:—deserving continued political power—to the new Thai monarch, King Maha
2390:—attempts to propitiate and attract the favor of local spirits known as
2188:. Wat Phra Dhammakaya is a new Buddhist sect which developed out of the
1982:
934:
888:
576:
11424:
11382:
11258:
11064:
10989:
10603:
10587:
10549:
10529:
10424:
10399:
10307:
10242:
10222:
9968:
9899:
9770:
9653:
9623:
9558:
9508:
9166:
9156:
9129:
8385:
8343:
8286:
Tossa, Wajupp; Nattavong, Kongdeuane; MacDonald, Margaret Read (2008).
8016:"Socially Engaged Buddhism in Thailand: Ordination of Thai Women Monks"
7392:[Announcement 2/2541-Phrarajbhavanavisudh and land ownership].
6341:
6274:[Thailand is torn about the appointment of a Buddhist leader].
4990:
Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000
4786:
The Golden Peninsula: Culture and Adaptation in Mainland Southeast Asia
2975:
2887:
2825:
2775:, the most senior member of the council who was next in line to become
2408:
2158:
2123:
2099:
1932:
1781:
1458:
1445:
1284:
1260:
1193:
1186:
868:
of Buddhism in Thailand. Although politics and religion were generally
853:
711:
611:
601:
428:
375:
229:
219:
10444:
9440:
7797:"Thai monks protest against state interference in Buddhist governance"
7414:(Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International) p.137 ISSN 1653-6355
5559:"The WFB's Dhammaduta Activity in Om-koi District, Chiangmai Province"
3451:
bhikkhuni. The Thai hierarchy refuses to recognize ordinations in the
3159:
monk critical of government policies, who was arrested and defrocked.
2153:
1543:. These esoteric Theravada practices would produce a tradition called
1326:. It is considered the eighth Buddhist council in the Thai tradition.
1004:
inscriptions. Thus, Dvaravati Buddhism was probably an Indian form of
11399:
11372:
10539:
10414:
10126:
10042:
9919:
9809:
9782:
9775:
9738:
9695:
9658:
9425:
9390:
9357:
9332:
9287:
8433:
7806:
7631:(in Thai). 27 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-02-10
6822:"Noise As Abstraction: Fuzzing The Limits Of Free Speech In Thailand"
3432:
3428:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3365:
3206:
declared that Luang Por Dhammajayo had not broken any monastic rule (
3195:
3117:
3100:, an abuser of women and the lover of a pregnant fourteen-year-old."
2876:
2596:
2539:
2404:
2330:
2290:
Festivals (mid-October to mid-November) as well as holidays like the
2131:
1999:
1905:
1769:
1303:
1245:
1157:
1085:
1070:
1021:
1005:
982:
865:
838:
766:
586:
536:
314:
309:
124:
85:
11172:
10008:
9862:
9628:
9410:
9279:
9271:
8334:
8317:
7695:
7045:"Thai TV anchor turned monk fights for women's right to be ordained"
7006:"Hardliner tries to reform Thailand's Buddhist monks behaving badly"
6640:"Thailand arrests senior monks in temple raids to clean up Buddhism"
6548:"Thailand raids temples, arrest monks in fight to clean up Buddhism"
6430:"Thai junta replaces director of Buddhism department with policeman"
5729:"Gulf Times- Qatar's top-selling English daily newspaper - Homepage"
2954:. There are a few other significant differences between novices and
2728:
Buddhism in Thailand came under greater state control following the
2437:
2371:
380:
11689:
11529:
11484:
11429:
11394:
11298:
10957:
10524:
10519:
10469:
10404:
10322:
10287:
10282:
9943:
9814:
9802:
9713:
9372:
9069:
8625:
8477:
5494:
The Ordination of a Tree: The Thai Buddhist Environmental Movement.
3494:
3113:
2959:
2847:
and the resulting arrests were cited as the reason for the change.
2828:
shortly after being taken into custody, and detained before trial.
2523:
2519:
2514:
2498:
2449:
2423:
2380:
2353:
2349:
2300:
2201:") is a movement which focuses on simplicity and self-sufficiency.
2008:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1690:. Under Rama I, new temples were constructed at the new capital of
1551:
1510:
1063:
1040:
911:
830:
826:
814:
790:
782:
778:
88:
10514:
10504:
10489:
10312:
10182:
9450:
2548:
2504:
2094:
2065:
The struggle for power continued for years, and led a disgruntled
1668:
11434:
11377:
11362:
10509:
10499:
10474:
10349:
10344:
10302:
10272:
10204:
10170:
10057:
9998:
9993:
9847:
9750:
9588:
9538:
9325:
9151:
7859:, Buddhism in Thailand, Dhammathai – Buddhist Information Network
7702:
7389:เอกสารชี้แจงฉบับที่ 2/2541-พระราชภาวนาวิสุทธิ์กับการถือครองที่ดิน
6461:
Tanakasempipat, Patpicha; Niyomyat, Aukkarapon (29 August 2017).
6434:
3269:
3007:
2955:
2871:, Chiang Mai, for Chan Kusalo, the patriarch of northern Thailand
2635:
2480:
2376:
2287:
2015:
Another Buddhist council was held in Bangkok during the reign of
1809:
1805:
1797:
1777:
1741:
1695:
1686:(which remains the current royal family of Thailand) founded the
1563:
1518:
1277:
1141:. They eventually began conquering Southeast Asian kingdoms like
1055:
942:
873:
834:
721:
691:
556:
38:
10121:
9889:
6707:"Thailand's junta renews corruption crackdown on Buddhist monks"
5361:"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices",
4503:
Traditional Theravada Meditation and its Modern-Era Suppression.
3091:
Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen § Appointment as Sangharaja stalled
11514:
11499:
11335:
11197:
11177:
10952:
10614:
10494:
10484:
10419:
10047:
10003:
9988:
9978:
9948:
9872:
9755:
9523:
9395:
9139:
9134:
8514:
8097:, ศูนย์ส่งเสริมและพัฒนาพลังแผ่นดินเชิงคุณธรรม, 1999, page 45-6
3436:
3401:
3369:
3234:, since Somdet had already been proposed as a candidate by the
3207:
2614:
2532:
2510:
2412:
2400:
2365:
2198:
2145:
surrounding them, have turned into sort of "forested islands".
1857:
1717:
Buddhist texts. Furthermore, under Rama I, the Buddhist canon (
1679:
1636:
1628:
1521:. The kingdom was also home to religious minorities practicing
1382:
1366:
1269:
1031:
kingdoms that ruled over parts of modern Thailand, such as the
963:
877:
857:
473:
81:
5811:ประกาศสำนักงานสภาความมั่นคงแห่งชาติ ลงวันที่ 21 พฤศจิกายน 2556
5736:
5534:"Declaration of Becoming Buddhists of 300 Hilltribes Families"
2767:(DSI) investigate the assets of Thailand's leading monks, the
1185:. Thai travelers to Sri Lanka also brought back the root of a
1095:
887:
Thai Buddhism is distinguished for its emphasis on short-term
11654:
11489:
11347:
11313:
11293:
11263:
11192:
10609:
10454:
10332:
10327:
10297:
10252:
10099:
10094:
9973:
9678:
9503:
9470:
9460:
7762:[First hearing vintage car Somdet Chuang postponed].
7323:
Yasmin Lee Arpon (2002) Scandals Threaten Thai Monks' Future
6494:"Pongporn returns as National Buddhism Office head after row"
5781:"Buddhist groups, monks halt campaigns against draft charter"
4586:
Sculptures from Thailand: 16.10.82–12.12.82, Hong Kong Museum
3388:
3277:
2982:
2902:
2855:
2491:
2453:
2441:
2283:
2248:
1813:
1721:) was collected and reviewed within the framework of another
1526:
1514:
1433:
1333:(a historical chronicle, c. 1517), and the great commentary,
1134:
806:
385:
7666:"Somdet Phra Maha Muneewong appointed new supreme patriarch"
7396:(in Thai). Patumthani: Dhammakaya Foundation. Archived from
6848:"In Thailand, 'Obesity in Our Monks Is a Ticking Time Bomb'"
5522:
p. 218. Springer International Publishing Palgrave Macmillan
5509:
p. 194. Springer International Publishing Palgrave Macmillan
3221:, one of only 65 made. The car was part of a museum kept at
2403:, but from actions derived from the practice of folk magic.
2157:
Laypersons practicing meditation at Dhammadrops Foundation,
2102:
with the senior representative of the tradition in England,
1424:(Thai: มหาชาติคำหลวง), an epic poem of the "Great Birth" of
11524:
10317:
9983:
9480:
7273:
5472:"Thailand's Santi Asoke Flourishes by Promoting Simplicity"
5329:, p. 139. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
3952:
3293:
3006:
language and continue on to a major monastic university in
2831:
Anthropologist Jim Taylor argues that the arrests were the
2338:
2006:(1861–1941), forest tradition monks focused on asceticism (
1991:
1714:
1555:
1001:
842:
818:
571:
6141:"Thai junta seeks to force temples to open their finances"
5400:
5398:
5348:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
5137:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
4490:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
4287:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
4253:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
4219:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
3364:
Although women in Thailand traditionally cannot ordain as
2771:. This resulted in an alleged tax evasion scandal against
2106:(front right), the senior representative in North America
1660:
Royal Temple complex viewed from outside the walls of the
11182:
9718:
8487:
8228:
Buddhist Fury: Religion and Violence in Southern Thailand
8095:นักบวชสตรีไทยในพระพุทธศาสนา พลังขับเคลื่อนคุณธรรมสู่สังคม
6518:"Buddha Issara Followers Fume at Defrocked Monk's Arrest"
6201:เปิดรับฟังความเห็นคณะสงฆ์ ประเด็นปฏิรูปพุทธศาสนา 6 แนวทาง
6058:"5 Things to Know About Thailand's Proposed Constitution"
5846:. Asian Legal Information Institute. 2007. Archived from
5818:(in Thai). Bangkok: National Security Council. Dec 2013.
5749:
5160:
p. 137. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
5040:
5038:
3964:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
3768:"Intersections Between Buddhism and Hinduism in Thailand"
2906:
2448:
The only other bodhisattva prominent in Thai religion is
1935:(1910–1925), the king introduced the official use of the
1474:
in 1737. Other Buddhist pieces from this era include the
34:
7928:(Paper, 2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 84.
6372:"Thai junta restores law allowing king to pick top monk"
5694:
5224:. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. p. 135.
2217:
offence), have been forced to leave the monastic order.
1647:
8306:
Thai Buddhism, Thai Buddhists and the southern conflict
8285:
7187:ศาสนาทัศน์ของชุมชนเมืองสมัยใหม่: ศึกษากรณีวัดพระธรรมกาย
6028:"Can Thailand tolerate more than one form of Buddhism?"
5733:
Gulf Times- Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper
5395:
4521:
4148:
4146:
970:
268 to 232 BCE), monks were sent to spread Buddhism to
8244:
6460:
5035:
4096:
The Ascendancy of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia
3949:
pp. 30-32. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
3356:
Bhikkhunī § Concerns about lineage and legitimacy
3108:, known in Thailand for having introduced the Burmese
2579:
includes the king proceeding to the chapel royal (the
1092:, which included parts of Thailand that he conquered.
4315:
p. 45-48. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4140:
p. 37-38. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
2570:, it inherited a strong Southeast Asian tradition of
2487:
The Indian Influence: A Look at the Different Periods
1787:
1627:
After the fall of Ayutthya, Thailand was reunited by
8269:
Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand
7985:"Bhikkhuni says she is glum on future of ordination"
7565:"Thailand | Thai court spares founder of Dhammakaya"
7358:"Frequently Asked Questions – Dhammakaya Foundation"
5750:
Osathanon, Prapasri; Nerisa Nerykhiew (2007-07-01).
5599:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5586:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5288:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5275:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5262:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5249:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5236:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5205:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5192:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5124:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5111:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5098:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5085:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5072:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5046:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
5030:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4941:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4925:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4912:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4899:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4886:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4868:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4773:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4760:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4729:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4698:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4685:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4672:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4407:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4394:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4368:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4339:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4193:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4143:
4125:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
3462:
2783:
appointed instead. The appointment was made by King
2364:, Hindu influences, particularly shrines to the god
1058:
was also a Buddhist realm, with famous temples like
953:
7498:
Analysis of Disciplinary Transactions of Dhammakaya
6948:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
6055:
5181:
p. 102. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
3268:) began in 1833 as a reform movement led by Prince
3112:meditation method to Thailand. In 1962, during the
7872:Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott, eds. (1994).
7385:
6698:
5697:"Thai Buddhists call for top status 'unnecessary'"
5671:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs – required documents"
5016:p. 98. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4718:p. 77. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4643:p. 73. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4422:p. 64. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4383:p. 50. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4237:p. 42. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4208:p. 38. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4085:p. 36. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
4005:p. 25. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
3923:p. 33. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
3866:p. 24. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
3713:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
3303:is a Thai Buddhist tradition which was started by
3177:
1808:(r. 1851–1868) ascended the throne. He had been a
1192:Under the reign of Ram Khamhaeng, the position of
845:are countries with Theravada Buddhist majorities.
8034:
7039:
7037:
6875:
6873:
6676:"What's behind the 'purging' of the Thai sangha?"
6175:"Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong new Supreme Patriarch"
2337:They not only share the same religious language (
2089:
848:Buddhism is believed to have come to what is now
11707:
8266:
8109:
7924:Cantwell, Cathy; Kawanami, Hiroko, eds. (2001).
7923:
7649:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7265:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7137:
7135:
7133:
7107:
7105:
7103:
6789:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6263:
6226:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6192:
5061:p. xiii. Athens, Ohio: University of Ohio Press.
4605:
4505:Hong Kong: Buddhist Dharma Centre of Hong Kong.
4495:
4455:
2526:. The style was comparable with those styles of
1517:traditions and numerous rites were conducted by
1156:During the 13th century, Thai monks traveled to
1069:The religious arts of the Indonesian Kingdom of
8132:She had to be ordained in Colombo, Sri Lanka...
7624:สัมภาษณ์สด เจ้าคุณประสาร-ส.ศิวรักษ์ แก้พรบ.สงฆ์
7217:. London: Department of the Study of Religions
7208:
7206:
7204:
6169:
6167:
6165:
5929:
5927:
4601:
4599:
3681:"Population by religion, region and area, 2015"
3675:
3673:
3646:"Population by religion, region and area, 2015"
2824:. All the monks arrested in the May raids were
2763:In 2016, Phra Buddha Issara requested that the
2348:The second major influence on Thai Buddhism is
7116:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
7034:
6870:
6704:
4019:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 3.
3819:Volume 1. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
3352:Criticism of Buddhism § Women in Buddhism
2110:(rear and left of Sumedho) and other monastics
1959:(Entrance to the Vinaya). He also established
1912:for the first time (c. 1893). He also founded
1343:
9048:
8641:
8401:
8368:The Chulalongkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies
8315:
8211:. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 830–836.
8061:
8040:
7896:
7130:
7100:
7078:"Thailand tackles its bad boy Buddhist monks"
6839:
6792:"King to appoint, oversee new Sangha council"
6324:
5995:"Tense times for Thai junta, Buddhist clergy"
3876:
3874:
3872:
3844:Buddhism in Thailand Its Past and Its Present
2689:Members of the Buddhist community are called
743:
9830:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
7871:
7201:
7184:
6917:National Health Commission Office (Thailand)
6491:
6162:
6056:Chaichalearmmongkol, Nopparat (2016-08-04).
5924:
5752:"Drafters reject Buddhism as State Religion"
4821:
4596:
3670:
3640:
3638:
2859:A Buddhist monk reciting prayers in Thailand
1607:From the 16th to 19th centuries, there were
8143:
5991:
4835:. Princeton University Press. p. 696.
3794:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-02-08.
2620:
2081:also to convert rural peoples, such as the
1498:, c. 1657) by Phra Maha Raja-Kru. Both are
1096:The first Thai states: Sukhothai and Lan Na
777:, with approximately 64 million Buddhists.
9055:
9041:
8648:
8634:
8408:
8394:
7947:
7945:
7794:
7520:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7500:] (in Thai). Bangkok. pp. 81–85.
7197:: Buddhist Studies Center. pp. 101–2.
6973:Sanyanusin, Patcharawalai (30 July 2018).
6972:
6879:
6545:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5695:Charoensuthipan, Penchan (18 April 2007).
5277:, pp. 136-137. University of Hawaii Press.
5251:, pp. 115-119. University of Hawaii Press.
5238:, pp. 107-113. University of Hawaii Press.
4300:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture,
4195:, pp. 150-151. University of Hawaii Press.
4109:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture,
4041:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture,
3990:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture,
3882:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture,
3869:
3171:
2549:Sukhothai Period (13" - 14th centuries CE)
2492:Dvaravati Period (6th - 11th centuries CE)
2256:(alms round) receiving food from villagers
895:, of Thai Buddhism are the royally backed
750:
736:
8358:
8333:
7615:
6845:
5957:
5723:
5721:
4580:
4461:
4268:, pp. 77-81. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
3734:
3635:
3564:Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University
2148:
2050:. This was completed during the reign of
1609:numerous wars between Thailand and Burma.
1115:Stupa in the Sukhothai period Wat Sorasak
8415:
8318:"A Model for the Study of Thai Buddhism"
8225:
7588:
7379:
7292:
6941:
6790:Theppajorn, Khanittha; Chanwanpen, Kas.
6735:
6582:"Buddha Issara Accused of Royal Forgery"
6369:
6087:"Government plans smart cards for monks"
5872:
5469:
4674:, pp. 83-84. University of Hawaii Press.
4014:
3375:
3359:
3161:
2965:
2942:). In some localities, girls may become
2862:
2854:
2850:
2845:2017–18 Thai temple fraud investigations
2540:Ayutthaya Period (14" -18" centuries CE)
2436:
2370:
2317:
2247:
2152:
2093:
2054:(1935–1946). In 1946, the long reign of
1981:
1922:
1856:
1791:
1667:
1651:
1596:
1395:
1357:
1347:
1259:
1252:, Thailand, 13th century. Attributed to
1235:
1118:
1110:
1099:
1088:, who promoted Theravada throughout the
1073:(c. 650–1377), which controlled part of
933:
922:
910:
793:from millennia of Indian influence, and
11017:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
8209:"Thailand", in Encyclopedia of Buddhism
8206:
8170:
8070:"Ordained at Last by Kristin Barendson"
8018:. Warren Wilson College. Archived from
7942:
7867:
7865:
7759:เลื่อนสั่งคดีครั้งแรก รถโบราณสมเด็จช่วง
7386:PR Department Team (19 December 1998).
7238:พระพิมลฯผจญมารคดีประวัติศาสตร์วงการสงฆ์
7141:
7075:
7003:
6819:
6705:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (26 June 2018).
6242:"The perplexing case of Wat Dhammakaya"
5861:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5580:
5578:
5216:
5139:pp. 84-88. Cambridge University Press.
4612:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
4522:Tossa, Nattavong & MacDonald (2008)
4425:
2444:, Wat Don Phra Chao, Yasothon, Thailand
2345:), but they also share many practices.
2116:Thai forest tradition continued to grow
1904:) which became a sort of Thai Buddhist
1756:(reigned 1824–1851), was also a devout
11708:
11220:List of Buddhist architecture in China
8112:"Bhikkhunis: Ordaining Buddhist Women"
7951:
7486:
7219:School of Oriental and African Studies
7212:
6880:Pisuthipan, Arusa (3 September 2018).
6762:"Phra Buddha Isara disrobed, detained"
6673:
6669:
6667:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6365:
6363:
6337:"NLA passes Sangha Act amendment bill"
5718:
5688:
5024:
5022:
5008:
5006:
4992:, p. 166. Ithaca: Cornell University.
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4933:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4119:
4117:
3984:
3982:
3958:
3744:. Pew Research Center. December 2012.
3579:International Buddhist Studies College
2724:Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen § History
2356:, particularly during the time of the
2069:(a general who seized power in a 1957
1470:), a Buddhist epic composed by Prince
9036:
8629:
8389:
8173:"Perpetuating sexism through prayers"
7111:
7076:Ehrlich, Richard S (14 August 2018).
6611:"Buddha Issara Arrested in Dawn Raid"
6269:
5933:
5601:, p. 134. University of Hawaii Press.
5588:, p. 132. University of Hawaii Press.
5363:pp. 443. Cambridge University Press.
5290:, p. 140. University of Hawaii Press.
5264:, p. 135. University of Hawaii Press.
5207:, p. 102. University of Hawaii Press.
5194:, p. 101. University of Hawaii Press.
4804:
4802:
4775:, p. 159. University of Hawaii Press.
4762:, p. 156. University of Hawaii Press.
4731:, p. 155. University of Hawaii Press.
4710:
4708:
4706:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4545:
4543:
4443:from the original on 29 December 2020
4349:
4347:
4341:, p. 152. University of Hawaii Press.
4229:
4227:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3748:from the original on 26 December 2018
3693:from the original on 10 December 2017
3658:from the original on 10 December 2017
3087:Buddhism and violence § Thailand
2641:
2505:Lopburi Period (11"-13" centuries CE)
2472:from worship activities to that end.
2173:(the center of the Mahanikai order).
1648:Early Rattanakosin period (1782–1851)
989:point to an early Buddhist presence.
915:Dvaravati period stone dharma wheel,
906:
8655:
7982:
7862:
7795:Wongcha-um, Panu (5 February 2016).
7088:from the original on 16 January 2023
6985:from the original on 16 January 2023
6892:from the original on 16 January 2023
6738:"Senior monks defrocked after raids"
5635:
5604:
5575:
5126:, p. 92. University of Hawaii Press.
5113:, p. 88. University of Hawaii Press.
5100:, p. 89. University of Hawaii Press.
5087:, p. 90. University of Hawaii Press.
5074:, p. 91. University of Hawaii Press.
5048:, p. 77. University of Hawaii Press.
5032:, p. 87. University of Hawaii Press.
4943:, p. 76. University of Hawaii Press.
4927:, p. 74. University of Hawaii Press.
4914:, p. 70. University of Hawaii Press.
4901:, p. 75. University of Hawaii Press.
4888:, p. 69. University of Hawaii Press.
4870:, p. 71. University of Hawaii Press.
4832:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
4700:, p. 84. University of Hawaii Press.
4687:, p. 65. University of Hawaii Press.
4409:, p. 64. University of Hawaii Press.
4396:, p. 83. University of Hawaii Press.
4370:, p. 63. University of Hawaii Press.
4127:, p. 60. University of Hawaii Press.
3549:History of the Thai Forest Tradition
3341:
2738:National Council for Peace and Order
2575:governmental oversight. Part of the
1570:continued to be performed by Thais.
856:, in the time of the Indian Emperor
65:Regions with significant populations
8361:"Administration of the Thai Sangha"
7596:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
6664:
6569:
6510:
6492:Cheunprasang, Paisal (2017-09-27).
6393:
6360:
5900:
5876:หมายเหตุคำสั่งมหาเถรสมาคม พ.ศ. 2538
5350:p. 133. Cambridge University Press.
5307:from the original on March 29, 2016
5293:
5019:
5003:
4962:
4946:
4930:
4873:
4747:
4464:"Buddhism in Ayutthaya (1350–1767)"
4240:
4114:
4101:
4098:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2010.
3979:
3250:
3050:alike about healthy eating habits.
2765:Department of Special Investigation
2695:, those who are pacified, and also
2118:, with charismatic figures such as
1824:Samorai. This order was called the
1635:, but he was overthrown in 1782 by
1562:Furthermore, numerous pre-Buddhist
1444:Another later influential king was
13:
11007:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8310:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
8200:
8013:
6975:"Crisis of faith within Buddhism?"
6736:Ngamkham, Wassayos (25 May 2018).
6370:Constant, Max (29 December 2016).
5556:
5531:
5346:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
5135:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
4799:
4703:
4646:
4540:
4492:p. 70. Cambridge University Press.
4488:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
4344:
4302:pp. 151-152. Abhinav Publications.
4289:p. 68. Cambridge University Press.
4285:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
4255:p. 67. Cambridge University Press.
4251:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
4224:
4221:p. 66. Cambridge University Press.
4217:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
3884:pp. 149-150. Abhinav Publications.
3822:
3053:
2561:
1788:Early 20th century: The reform era
945:, constructed during the reign of
771:second largest Buddhist population
14:
11747:
8171:Ekachai, Sanitsuda (2019-04-29).
8110:Gemma Tulud Cruz (May 14, 2003).
7954:"Building a Place for the Theris"
7831:Buddhism in Contemporary Thailand
7340:"Bangkok's Independent Newspaper"
6846:Suhartono, Muktita (2018-08-12).
6270:Dubus, Arnaud (18 January 2016).
3992:pp. 150-51. Abhinav Publications.
3069:(home Buddhist missionaries) and
3044:National Health Charter for Monks
2794:, a controversial section in the
2790:In February 2017, the junta used
2717:
2341:) and same scriptural canon (the
2030:(Facing Sin), a religious novel.
1642:
954:Buddhism in the pre-Thai kingdoms
805:are characterized by tall golden
11688:
11678:
11677:
11235:Thai temple art and architecture
10980:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
9220:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
9086:
9073:
9063:
9016:
9007:
9006:
8483:Thai temple art and architecture
8207:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
8164:
8137:
8103:
8087:
8007:
7976:
7917:
7890:
7843:
7824:
7788:
7750:
7721:
7689:
7657:
7582:
7567:. Buddhist Channel. 2006-08-23.
7557:
7528:
7480:
7451:
7439:
7417:
7404:
7350:
7332:
7317:
7293:Liebhold, David (28 July 1999).
7286:
7229:
7213:Newell, Catherine Sarah (2008).
7178:
7069:
6997:
6966:
6935:
6904:
6813:
6783:
6754:
6729:
6632:
6603:
6539:
6485:
6454:
6422:
6293:
6234:
6133:
6104:
6079:
6049:
6020:
5992:Tan Hui Yee (25 February 2016).
5985:
5894:
5836:
5802:
5773:
5743:
5663:
5591:
5550:
5525:
5512:
5499:
5486:
5482:from the original on 2021-01-23.
5463:
5450:
5437:
5424:
5411:
5374:
5353:
5340:
4977:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4957:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4810:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4742:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4659:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4466:. Ceylon Journey. Archived from
4355:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4326:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4180:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4167:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
4154:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3934:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3908:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3895:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3742:"The Global Religious Landscape"
3616:
3493:
3479:
3465:
3226:car was a gift from a follower.
3080:
3046:, designed to educate monks and
3021:
2946:. Novices live according to the
2748:, and was known for leading the
2672:"ภิกษุ สามเณร นักบวช หรือนักพรต"
1709:Rama I also appointed the first
785:has also become integrated with
133:
80:
24:
9087:
8186:from the original on 2023-01-16
8122:from the original on 2015-03-30
7995:from the original on 2015-09-23
7964:from the original on 2015-04-27
7813:from the original on 2016-08-31
7776:from the original on 2016-12-25
7739:from the original on 2016-08-20
7677:from the original on 2017-02-08
7603:from the original on 2016-03-29
7571:from the original on 2016-09-03
7546:from the original on 2016-09-03
7368:from the original on 2016-12-20
7342:. July 13, 2007. Archived from
7057:from the original on 2015-05-18
7018:from the original on 2015-05-22
6923:from the original on 2018-09-03
6910:
6858:from the original on 2018-09-03
6802:from the original on 2018-07-25
6772:from the original on 2018-07-27
6717:from the original on 2018-06-26
6686:from the original on 2018-06-12
6653:from the original on 2018-05-24
6621:from the original on 2018-05-24
6592:from the original on 2018-05-24
6558:from the original on 2018-05-25
6546:Wongcha-um, Panu (2018-05-25).
6528:from the original on 2018-05-25
6411:from the original on 2016-12-30
6382:from the original on 2016-12-30
6349:from the original on 2016-12-30
6313:from the original on 2017-09-11
6252:from the original on 2017-03-08
6216:– via Matichon E-library.
6151:from the original on 2017-09-11
6122:from the original on 2023-01-16
6068:from the original on 2017-11-21
6038:from the original on 2017-09-11
6008:from the original on 2016-11-16
5913:from the original on 2017-09-11
5825:from the original on 2013-12-07
5707:from the original on 2007-05-09
5677:from the original on 2015-07-09
5319:
5280:
5267:
5254:
5241:
5228:
5210:
5197:
5184:
5171:
5150:
5129:
5116:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5064:
5051:
4982:
4917:
4904:
4891:
4860:
4849:from the original on 2023-01-14
4815:
4778:
4765:
4744:pp. 38-39. Abhinav Publications
4734:
4721:
4690:
4677:
4664:
4633:
4574:
4527:
4482:
4412:
4399:
4386:
4373:
4360:
4357:pp. 35-36. Abhinav Publications
4331:
4318:
4305:
4292:
4279:
4264:Ongsakul, Sarassawadee (2005).
4258:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4182:pp. 34-35. Abhinav Publications
4172:
4159:
4130:
4088:
4075:
4064:from the original on 2012-12-04
4054:"Seated Buddha in "Maravijaya""
4046:
4033:
4008:
3995:
3939:
3936:pp. 21-22. Abhinav Publications
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3798:from the original on 2021-06-10
3723:from the original on 2021-06-10
2806:In May 2018, the NCPO launched
2322:Detail of the entrance gate of
1559:contemporary Theravada world."
1385:(r. 1351–1369). Its capital of
981:Thai scholars believe that the
11225:Japanese Buddhist architecture
11027:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
10107:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
9298:Places where the Buddha stayed
8974:British Indian Ocean Territory
8271:. Cambridge University Press.
7185:Fuengfusakul, Apinya (1998).
5934:Dubus, Arnaud (22 June 2016).
5623:www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in
4788:. University of Hawaii Press.
4043:pp. 151. Abhinav Publications.
3856:
3809:
3792:"CIA World Factbook: Thailand"
3784:
3760:
3705:
3554:Forest Tradition of Ajahn Chah
3071:phra thammathut sai tang prath
3067:phra thammathut sai nai prathe
2963:secular schooling at the wat.
2577:coronation of the Thai monarch
2456:form, and often confused with
2090:Growth of the forest tradition
1951:(Selected Buddhist proverbs),
1264:The Maha chedi of Wat Chet Yot
1129:Beginning in the 7th century,
1124:Si Satchanalai Historical Park
1:
11240:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
8226:Jerryson, Michael K. (2012).
7983:Kurz, Sopaporn (2007-07-22).
7926:Religions in the Modern World
7589:Cochrane, Liam (2016-03-29).
6882:"The robes are getting tight"
6820:Watling, Eve (3 March 2018).
5492:Darlington, Susan M. (2012),
4975:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4955:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4808:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4740:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4657:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4353:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4324:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4178:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4165:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4152:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
4111:p. 152. Abhinav Publications.
4015:Gombrich, Richard F. (2006).
3932:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
3906:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
3893:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
3629:
3569:Mahamakut Buddhist University
3539:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
3166:Thai Buddhist flag (i.e. the
2916:Boys now typically ordain as
2798:, to replace the head of the
2664:2007 constitution of Thailand
2585:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
2307:
2240:province becoming Buddhists.
2222:World Fellowship of Buddhists
2114:During the 20th century, the
2033:
1302:Sam Fang Kaen was deposed by
1035:(c. 802–1431 CE) and the Mon
941:, a Khmer Mahayana Temple in
10997:Buddhism and the Roman world
10973:Decline of Buddhism in India
10968:History of Buddhism in India
9068: Topics in
8359:Na-rangsi, Sunthorn (2002).
7899:"The Man behind Santi Asoke"
7156:10.1080/14672715.2012.738544
7004:Fifield, Anna (2015-05-15).
5787:. 2007-08-12. Archived from
5619:"National Museum, New Delhi"
3125:fraternity, rather than the
2837:innocent until proven guilty
2657:
2243:
1996:Kammaṭṭhāna Forest Tradition
852:as early as the 3rd century
803:Buddhist temples in Thailand
7:
10195:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
9935:
8230:. Oxford University Press.
6674:Taylor, Jim (8 June 2018).
5177:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
5057:Reynolds, Craig J. (1979).
5012:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4979:p. 40. Abhinav Publications
4959:p. 39. Abhinav Publications
4812:p. 38. Abhinav Publications
4714:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4661:p. 37. Abhinav Publications
4639:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4433:"Background Note: Thailand"
4418:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4379:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4328:p. 35. Abhinav Publications
4311:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4233:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4204:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4169:p. 34. Abhinav Publications
4156:p. 33. Abhinav Publications
4136:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4081:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
4001:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3945:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3919:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3910:p. 23. Abhinav Publications
3897:p. 22. Abhinav Publications
3862:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3458:
3441:Songdhammakalyani Monastery
3200:1997 Asian financial crisis
3186:In 1999 and again in 2002,
3178:
2800:National Office of Buddhism
2732:. After seizing power, the
2324:Wat Phra That Lampang Luang
2056:Rama IX, Bhumibol Adulyadej
2002:Bhuridatto (1870–1949) and
1682:(reigned 1782–1809) of the
1344:Ayutthya period (1351–1767)
1268:Further north, in the Thai
1160:to ordain in the Sinhalese
1045:Sanskrit Buddhist tradition
416:
407:
353:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
10:
11752:
11145:The unanswerable questions
8374:(2): 59–74. Archived from
8316:Terwiel, B.J. (May 1976).
8116:National Catholic Reporter
7952:Willis, Jan (2013-01-21).
7112:Scott, Rachelle M (2009).
6942:Kitiarsa, Pattana (2010).
6112:"Monk reform no easy task"
4617:Cambridge University Press
4552:Thailand: A Country Study.
4094:Prapod Assavavirulhakarn.
3841:Karuna Kusalasaya (2006).
3574:Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies
3345:
3084:
3060:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
3057:
2721:
2311:
2040:Siamese revolution of 1932
1955:(Life of the Buddha), and
1752:The third Chakri monarch,
1698:), such as the royal wat,
358:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
11673:
11625:
11540:
11455:
11230:Buddhist temples in Korea
11153:
11055:
10938:
10635:
10563:
10390:
10263:
10203:
9838:
9793:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
9704:
9696:Three planes of existence
9644:
9489:
9381:
9311:
9303:Buddha in world religions
9165:
9110:
9082:
9002:
8961:
8921:
8663:
8595:
8527:
8470:
8432:
8423:
8267:Tambiah, Stanley (1970).
7494:วิเคราะห์นิคหกรรม ธรรมกาย
7150:(4). Routledge: 627–642.
6552:The Sydney Morning Herald
5470:Whitaker, Justin (2019).
5380:Schuler, Barbara (2014).
5301:"Biography of Ajahn Chah"
3966:, Santipada, p. 72,
3599:Buddha images in Thailand
3323:
3265:
3172:
3138:
3040:non-communicable diseases
2939:
2925:
2895:
2671:
2465:
1998:. Led by figures such as
1931:During the reign of king
1800:spent his life as a monk.
1615:Anthropologist-historian
1579:
1495:
1483:
1467:
1314:. The king also enlarged
1104:Seated Sukhothai Buddha,
99:
94:
79:
74:
69:
64:
50:
45:
33:, one of the most sacred
23:
11012:Persecution of Buddhists
10233:Four stages of awakening
9614:Three marks of existence
9200:Physical characteristics
8723:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
8322:Journal of Asian Studies
8014:Sommer, Jeanne Matthew.
7991:. The Buddhist Channel.
7874:Fundamentalisms Observed
7758:
7623:
7493:
7410:Wiktorin, Pierre (2005)
7388:
7237:
7195:Chulalongkorn University
7186:
7050:South China Morning Post
6401:"Sangha Act set to pass"
6301:
6200:
5965:
5875:
5810:
5456:Mackenzie, Rory (2007).
5179:The History of Thailand,
5014:The History of Thailand,
4784:Charles F. Keyes (1997)
4716:The History of Thailand,
4641:The History of Thailand,
4590:University of California
4437:U.S. Department of State
4420:The History of Thailand,
4381:The History of Thailand,
4313:The History of Thailand,
4235:The History of Thailand,
4206:The History of Thailand,
4138:The History of Thailand,
4083:The History of Thailand,
4003:The History of Thailand,
3947:The History of Thailand,
3921:The History of Thailand,
3864:The History of Thailand,
3609:
3240:Dhammayuttika fraternity
3127:Dhammayuttika fraternity
3065:missionary work, namely
2621:Calls for state religion
2352:beliefs which came from
1918:Mahāmakuṭa Royal Academy
1914:Chulalongkorn University
1875:Sangha Council of Elders
1780:, the site of the first
1727:Tipitaka Chabab Tongyai.
1133:gradually migrated from
983:Mon kingdom of Dvaravati
974:, which is somewhere in
10375:Ten principal disciples
9258:(aunt, adoptive mother)
8984:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
8290:. Libraries Unlimited.
8146:"Who's Who in Buddhism"
6309:(in Thai). 2017-01-12.
6062:The Wall Street Journal
5873:Matichon (2007-06-16).
4462:Indobhasa, Sao (2009).
4298:Upendra Thakur (1986).
4107:Upendra Thakur (1986).
4039:Upendra Thakur (1986).
3988:Upendra Thakur (1986).
3880:Upendra Thakur (1986).
3424:Varanggana Vanavichayen
3305:Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro
3223:Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen
2970:Child monks in Thailand
2568:constitutional monarchy
1509:Though Ayutthya's main
697:Varanggana Vanavichayen
434:Seven Aids to Awakening
11085:Buddhism and democracy
10598:Tibetan Buddhist canon
10593:Chinese Buddhist canon
9825:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
9820:Early Buddhist schools
8555:Thailand Bible Society
8250:Thai Women in Buddhism
8246:Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn
7144:Critical Asian Studies
5359:Harvey, Peter (2013).
5325:Taylor, J. L. (1993).
5156:Taylor, J. L. (1993).
4058:The Walters Art Museum
3514:Early Buddhist schools
3384:
3373:
3236:Sangha Supreme Council
3204:Sangha Supreme Council
3183:
2985:or rainy season (Thai
2971:
2872:
2860:
2841:Sangha Supreme Council
2833:"ruling palace regime"
2769:Sangha Supreme Council
2752:that led to the coup.
2715:
2701:
2685:. The statement said:
2652:Sangha Supreme Council
2608:Sangha Supreme Council
2445:
2411:, and the creation of
2384:
2326:
2257:
2161:
2149:New Buddhist movements
2111:
1987:
1928:
1862:
1801:
1772:, the Metal Temple at
1768:, the Golden Mount at
1676:
1665:
1604:
1409:
1374:
1355:
1265:
1257:
1126:
1116:
1108:
1106:The Walters Art Museum
950:
931:
920:
280:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
255:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
11736:Buddhism in East Asia
11095:Eight Consciousnesses
9205:Life of Buddha in art
8381:on February 27, 2012.
7362:Dhammakaya Foundation
5443:Cook, Joanna (2010).
5430:Cook, Joanna (2010).
5417:Cook, Joanna (2010).
5404:Cook, Joanna (2010).
5303:. Wat Nong Pah Pong.
4535:On Siamese Literature
4501:Crosby, Kate (2013).
3544:Thai Forest Tradition
3417:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
3379:
3363:
3309:Dhammakaya meditation
3282:Wat Bowonniwet Vihara
3165:
2969:
2931:, often shortened to
2866:
2858:
2851:Ordination and clergy
2702:
2687:
2440:
2374:
2321:
2251:
2156:
2097:
1986:Portaint of Ajahn Mun
1985:
1949:Phuttasasana Suphasit
1926:
1860:
1844:Wat Bowonniwet Vihara
1795:
1671:
1655:
1600:
1488:Samutta-Kōt Kham Chan
1402:Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon
1399:
1361:
1351:
1263:
1239:
1169:(in South Thailand).
1122:
1114:
1103:
1086:Anawratha (1044–1077)
1000:, crouching deer and
937:
926:
914:
811:Buddhist architecture
702:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
348:Thai Forest Tradition
11731:Religion in Thailand
11716:Buddhism in Thailand
11572:East Asian religions
11002:Buddhism in the West
10573:Early Buddhist texts
10188:Four Right Exertions
9654:Ten spiritual realms
9147:Noble Eightfold Path
8898:United Arab Emirates
8417:Religion in Thailand
7772:. 25 November 2016.
7394:www.dhammakaya.or.th
7223:University of London
6407:. 29 December 2016.
6345:. 29 December 2016.
5966:ธรรมกายแจงปมภัยศาสนา
5701:The Buddhist Channel
5597:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5584:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5286:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5273:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5260:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5247:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5234:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5203:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5190:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5122:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5109:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5096:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5083:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5070:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5044:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
5028:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4939:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4923:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4910:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4897:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4884:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4866:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4771:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4758:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4727:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4696:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4683:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4670:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4405:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4392:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4366:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4337:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4191:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
4123:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
3509:Early Buddhist Texts
3258:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
3212:Luang Por Dhammajayo
3190:, the then abbot of
3188:Luang Por Dhammajayo
2920:or novitiate monks (
2867:The funeral pyre at
2796:interim constitution
2781:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
2648:Council of Ministers
2566:While Thailand is a
2452:, often depicted in
2190:Dhammakaya tradition
2098:Thai Forest teacher
1688:Rattanakosin Kingdom
1231:Trai Phum Phra Ruang
1167:Nakon Sri Thammarath
1054:with its capital at
992:These finds include
897:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
773:in the world, after
763:Buddhism in Thailand
552:Anagarika Dharmapala
459:Enlightenment Stages
444:Noble Eightfold Path
19:Buddhism in Thailand
11726:Buddhism by country
11695:Religion portal
11442:Temple of the Tooth
11321:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
10360:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
9853:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
9636:Two truths doctrine
9456:Mahapajapati Gotamī
9256:Mahapajapati Gotamī
8925:limited recognition
8603:Freedom of religion
8304:McCargo, D (2009).
8152:on January 11, 2009
8049:on February 6, 2004
8041:Kristin Barendsen.
7897:Sanitsuda Ekachai.
7673:. 7 February 2017.
7011:The Washington Post
6473:on 12 November 2020
5907:The Washington Post
5883:on February 2, 2014
5557:Studio, Zubvector.
5532:Studio, Zubvector.
5518:Lehr, Peter (2019)
5505:Lehr, Peter (2019)
4988:Eade, J.C. (1989).
4533:Low, James (1836).
3589:Mahasati meditation
3559:Dhamma Society Fund
3301:Dhammakaya Movement
3192:Wat Phra Dhammakaya
3149:Luang Por Phothirak
2758:Ministry of Culture
2750:protests in Bangkok
2182:Wat Phra Dhammakaya
2004:Ajahn Sao Kantasīlo
1796:From 1824 to 1851,
1633:Kingdom of Thonburi
1602:Wat Phra Si Sanphet
1540:Yogāvacara's manual
1486:, c. 1657) and the
1422:Mahachat Kham Luang
1414:Borommatrailokkanat
1379:Kingdom of Ayutthya
1353:Wat Chaiwatthanaram
1250:Chiang Mai Province
1050:The Mon Kingdom of
823:Sri Lankan Buddhism
260:Yogāvacara's manual
225:Paracanonical texts
70:Throughout Thailand
20:
11617:Western philosophy
11215:Dzong architecture
11037:Vipassana movement
11032:Buddhist modernism
10460:Emperor Wen of Sui
10228:Pratyekabuddhayāna
10161:Threefold Training
9963:Vipassana movement
9679:Hungry Ghost realm
9499:Avidyā (Ignorance)
9446:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
9195:Great Renunciation
9190:Eight Great Events
9072:
8252:. Parallax Press.
8093:สุวิดา แสงสีหนาท,
8043:"Ordained at Last"
8022:on 4 December 2008
7855:2015-05-21 at the
7850:Ratanakosin Period
7836:2015-04-01 at the
7433:2009-06-25 at the
6911:Saeiew, Khanitta.
6852:The New York Times
6282:on 23 January 2017
5946:on 23 January 2017
4557:2007-11-14 at the
3849:2021-02-10 at the
3817:Ancient Chiang Mai
3385:
3374:
3184:
3145:Buddhadasa Bhikkhu
2995:Tai Tham alphabets
2972:
2873:
2861:
2808:simultaneous raids
2642:Government service
2632:Thaksin Shinawatra
2446:
2385:
2327:
2258:
2252:Buddhist monks on
2162:
2112:
2026:(1905–1974) wrote
1988:
1929:
1898:Wachirayan Warorot
1883:Mahāthera Samāgama
1867:King Chulalongkorn
1863:
1840:Buddhist modernism
1802:
1677:
1666:
1605:
1412:The reign of king
1410:
1406:Naresuan the Great
1375:
1356:
1266:
1258:
1223:Buddhist cosmology
1127:
1117:
1109:
951:
932:
921:
907:Pre-modern History
765:is largely of the
627:K. Sri Dhammananda
562:Vajirananavarorasa
492:Moggaliputta-Tissa
449:Four Divine Abodes
343:Vipassana movement
338:Buddhist modernism
126:Theravāda Buddhism
18:
11703:
11702:
11341:Om mani padme hum
11047:Women in Buddhism
10963:Buddhist councils
10833:Western countries
10621:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
10382:Shaolin Monastery
9959:Samatha-vipassanā
9569:Pratītyasamutpāda
9373:Metteyya/Maitreya
9291:
9283:
9275:
9267:
9259:
9251:
9243:
9120:Four Noble Truths
9030:
9029:
8967:other territories
8657:Buddhism in Asia
8623:
8622:
8587:Yao folk religion
8582:Tai folk religion
8523:
8522:
8510:Supreme Patriarch
8297:978-1-59158-345-5
8237:978-0-19-979329-7
8144:David N. Snyder.
7935:978-0-415-45891-7
7883:978-0-226-50878-8
7802:Channel News Asia
7448:24 June 2001 p.11
7427:30 December 1999
7400:on 12 March 2005.
7283:17 September 1999
7193:] (in Thai).
7123:978-1-4416-2410-9
6498:Asia News Network
6181:. 7 February 2017
6001:The Straits Times
5739:on June 16, 2007.
5335:978-981-3016-49-1
5166:978-981-3016-49-1
5145:978-0-521-27787-7
4998:978-0-87727-704-0
4842:978-0-691-15786-3
4470:on 25 August 2009
4266:History of Lan Na
4026:978-0-415-36509-3
3348:Women in Buddhism
3342:Position of women
3244:Prayut Chan-o-cha
3232:Supreme Patriarch
3151:, the founder of
3131:supreme patriarch
2875:As in most other
2777:supreme patriarch
2746:Prayut Chan-o-cha
2683:Supreme Patriarch
2572:Buddhist kingship
2515:Mahayana Buddhist
2358:Sukhothai Kingdom
1711:Supreme Patriarch
1566:practices called
1523:Mahayana Buddhism
1335:Mangalatthadipani
1219:Mahathammaracha I
1202:Buddhist kingship
1147:Sukhothai Kingdom
1075:Southern Thailand
1041:Mahāyāna Buddhism
998:Buddha footprints
928:Phra Pathom Chedi
917:Phra Pathom Chedi
795:Chinese religions
760:
759:
454:Four Noble Truths
320:Pali Text Society
295:Buddhist councils
110:
109:
11743:
11693:
11692:
11681:
11680:
11520:Sacred languages
11368:Maya Devi Temple
11331:Mahabodhi Temple
11135:Secular Buddhism
11100:Engaged Buddhism
9940:
9788:Tibetan Buddhism
9739:Vietnamese Thiền
9338:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
9289:
9281:
9273:
9265:
9257:
9249:
9241:
9090:
9089:
9077:
9067:
9057:
9050:
9043:
9034:
9033:
9020:
9010:
9009:
8979:Christmas Island
8665:Sovereign states
8650:
8643:
8636:
8627:
8626:
8430:
8429:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8380:
8365:
8355:
8337:
8301:
8282:
8263:
8241:
8222:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8177:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8148:. Archived from
8141:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8072:. Archived from
8065:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8045:. Archived from
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7949:
7940:
7939:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7901:. Archived from
7894:
7888:
7887:
7869:
7860:
7847:
7841:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7770:The Nation Group
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7706:. Archived from
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7668:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7648:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7519:
7511:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7465:. Archived from
7455:
7449:
7443:
7437:
7421:
7415:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7336:
7330:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7301:. Archived from
7290:
7284:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7264:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7210:
7199:
7198:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7139:
7128:
7127:
7109:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7041:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6877:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6671:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6644:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6578:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6469:. Archived from
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6438:. Archived from
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6333:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6171:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5997:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5870:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5824:
5817:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5758:. Archived from
5747:
5741:
5740:
5735:. Archived from
5725:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5646:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5615:
5602:
5595:
5589:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5529:
5523:
5516:
5510:
5503:
5497:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5467:
5461:
5454:
5448:
5441:
5435:
5428:
5422:
5415:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5378:
5372:
5357:
5351:
5344:
5338:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5278:
5271:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5245:
5239:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5214:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5154:
5148:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5094:
5088:
5081:
5075:
5068:
5062:
5055:
5049:
5042:
5033:
5026:
5017:
5010:
5001:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4921:
4915:
4908:
4902:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4827:Lopez, Donald S.
4819:
4813:
4806:
4797:
4782:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4756:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4719:
4712:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4655:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4607:Nicholas Tarling
4603:
4594:
4593:
4578:
4572:
4547:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4524:, p. 75–89.
4519:
4513:
4499:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4238:
4231:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4012:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3839:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3623:
3620:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3336:engaged Buddhism
3325:
3267:
3251:Reform movements
3181:
3175:
3174:
3157:environmentalist
3140:
3098:methamphetamines
3032:high blood sugar
2941:
2927:
2897:
2818:virtue signaling
2813:unauthorized use
2742:Mano Laohavanich
2730:2014 coup d'état
2673:
2477:Overseas Chinese
2467:
2139:Wat Pah Nanachat
1723:Buddhist Council
1673:Reclining Buddha
1581:
1497:
1485:
1476:Sue-ko Kham Chan
1469:
1404:, built by King
1179:
969:
882:2014 coup d'état
752:
745:
738:
637:Asoka Weeraratna
632:Narada Mahathera
419:
410:
250:Abhidhammavatara
235:Sub-commentaries
137:
127:
112:
111:
84:
59:
46:Total population
28:
21:
17:
11751:
11750:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11741:
11740:
11706:
11705:
11704:
11699:
11687:
11669:
11621:
11536:
11451:
11188:Ordination hall
11149:
11051:
11022:Buddhist crisis
10934:
10631:
10583:Mahayana sutras
10559:
10555:Thích Nhất Hạnh
10386:
10259:
10199:
10149:Bodhisattva vow
9834:
9700:
9640:
9599:Taṇhā (Craving)
9534:Five hindrances
9485:
9377:
9307:
9161:
9106:
9078:
9061:
9031:
9026:
8998:
8966:
8957:
8938:Northern Cyprus
8924:
8917:
8659:
8654:
8624:
8619:
8591:
8528:Other religions
8519:
8493:List of temples
8466:
8419:
8414:
8378:
8363:
8335:10.2307/2053271
8298:
8279:
8260:
8238:
8219:
8203:
8201:Further reading
8198:
8189:
8187:
8175:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8142:
8138:
8125:
8123:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8088:
8079:
8077:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8039:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8012:
8008:
7998:
7996:
7981:
7977:
7967:
7965:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7906:
7905:on 12 July 2012
7895:
7891:
7884:
7870:
7863:
7857:Wayback Machine
7848:
7844:
7838:Wayback Machine
7829:
7825:
7816:
7814:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7742:
7740:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7713:
7711:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7663:
7662:
7658:
7642:
7641:
7634:
7632:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7606:
7604:
7587:
7583:
7574:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7549:
7547:
7540:23 August 2006"
7534:
7533:
7529:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7495:
7485:
7481:
7472:
7470:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7435:Wayback Machine
7422:
7418:
7409:
7405:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7371:
7369:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7322:
7318:
7308:
7306:
7291:
7287:
7278:
7274:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7248:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7211:
7202:
7188:
7183:
7179:
7140:
7131:
7124:
7110:
7101:
7091:
7089:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7043:
7042:
7035:
7021:
7019:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6971:
6967:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6924:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6878:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6828:
6818:
6814:
6805:
6803:
6788:
6784:
6775:
6773:
6768:. 24 May 2018.
6760:
6759:
6755:
6746:
6744:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6672:
6665:
6656:
6654:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6624:
6622:
6615:Khaosod English
6609:
6608:
6604:
6595:
6593:
6586:Khaosod English
6580:
6579:
6570:
6561:
6559:
6544:
6540:
6531:
6529:
6522:Khaosod English
6516:
6515:
6511:
6502:
6500:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6414:
6412:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6383:
6368:
6361:
6352:
6350:
6335:
6334:
6325:
6316:
6314:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6285:
6283:
6268:
6264:
6255:
6253:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6219:
6218:
6211:
6209:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6163:
6154:
6152:
6147:. 16 Jun 2017.
6139:
6138:
6134:
6125:
6123:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6096:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6071:
6069:
6054:
6050:
6041:
6039:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5949:
5947:
5932:
5925:
5916:
5914:
5901:Fifield, Anna.
5899:
5895:
5886:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5794:
5792:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5765:
5763:
5748:
5744:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5710:
5708:
5693:
5689:
5680:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5636:
5627:
5625:
5617:
5616:
5605:
5596:
5592:
5583:
5576:
5567:
5565:
5555:
5551:
5542:
5540:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5513:
5504:
5500:
5491:
5487:
5468:
5464:
5455:
5451:
5442:
5438:
5429:
5425:
5416:
5412:
5403:
5396:
5379:
5375:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5285:
5281:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5229:
5215:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5172:
5155:
5151:
5134:
5130:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5091:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5056:
5052:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5004:
4987:
4983:
4974:
4963:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4905:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4861:
4852:
4850:
4843:
4823:Buswell, Robert
4820:
4816:
4807:
4800:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4748:
4739:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4691:
4682:
4678:
4669:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4604:
4597:
4579:
4575:
4559:Wayback Machine
4548:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4500:
4496:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4413:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4306:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3851:Wayback Machine
3840:
3823:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3501:Religion portal
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3473:Thailand portal
3471:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3358:
3344:
3274:Rama II of Siam
3253:
3179:Thong Dhammacak
3093:
3083:
3062:
3056:
3054:Missionary work
3028:Health Ministry
3024:
2869:Wat Chedi Luang
2853:
2726:
2720:
2660:
2644:
2628:Sulak Sivaraksa
2623:
2564:
2562:Government ties
2551:
2542:
2507:
2494:
2316:
2310:
2246:
2230:Galyani Vadhana
2151:
2092:
2036:
2024:Kulap Saipradit
1790:
1774:Wat Ratchanadda
1764:, the stupa at
1650:
1645:
1500:kham chan poems
1496:สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์
1346:
1316:Wat Chedi Luang
1098:
1060:Wat Haripunchai
1029:Southeast Asian
1015:Stupa of Sanchi
967:
956:
919:National Museum
909:
899:and the larger
797:from the large
756:
727:
726:
707:Ayya Tathaaloka
607:Maha Ghosananda
547:Sumangala Thera
532:Sāriputta Thera
527:Parakramabahu I
487:
479:
478:
371:
363:
362:
333:
325:
324:
275:
265:
264:
215:
205:
204:
145:
125:
105:other languages
54:
41:
12:
11:
5:
11749:
11739:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11685:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11631:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11552:
11546:
11544:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11534:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11461:
11459:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11386:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11317:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11252:Greco-Buddhist
11244:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11206:
11205:
11203:Burmese pagoda
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11159:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11061:
11059:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10985:Greco-Buddhism
10982:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10944:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10918:United Kingdom
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10863:Czech Republic
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10823:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10742:
10737:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10641:
10639:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10629:
10627:Abhidharmadīpa
10624:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10545:B. R. Ambedkar
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10465:Songtsen Gampo
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10341:
10340:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10269:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10209:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10197:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10180:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10144:Eight precepts
10141:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10023:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9932:
9922:
9917:
9915:Five Strengths
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9855:
9850:
9844:
9842:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9780:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9710:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9698:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9638:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9554:Mental factors
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9495:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9406:Mahamoggallāna
9403:
9398:
9393:
9387:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9321:Avalokiteśvara
9317:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9285:
9277:
9269:
9261:
9253:
9245:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9171:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9143:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9122:
9116:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9060:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9037:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9014:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8970:
8968:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8929:
8927:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8653:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8630:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8610:
8605:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8413:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8356:
8328:(3): 391–403.
8313:
8302:
8296:
8283:
8277:
8264:
8258:
8242:
8236:
8223:
8217:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8163:
8136:
8102:
8086:
8060:
8033:
8006:
7975:
7941:
7934:
7916:
7889:
7882:
7861:
7842:
7823:
7787:
7749:
7735:. 2016-04-02.
7720:
7688:
7656:
7614:
7581:
7556:
7527:
7506:
7479:
7450:
7446:Bangkokbiznews
7438:
7416:
7403:
7378:
7349:
7346:on 2007-07-13.
7331:
7316:
7285:
7272:
7228:
7200:
7177:
7129:
7122:
7099:
7068:
7053:. 2015-05-10.
7033:
6996:
6965:
6954:(1): 109–132.
6934:
6903:
6869:
6838:
6812:
6782:
6753:
6728:
6697:
6663:
6631:
6617:. 2018-05-24.
6602:
6588:. 2018-05-24.
6568:
6538:
6524:. 2018-05-25.
6509:
6484:
6453:
6421:
6392:
6376:Anadolu Agency
6359:
6323:
6292:
6276:Églises d'Asie
6262:
6248:. 2017-03-06.
6233:
6191:
6161:
6132:
6118:. 7 Jun 2016.
6103:
6078:
6048:
6034:. 2016-12-01.
6019:
5984:
5956:
5940:Églises d'Asie
5923:
5893:
5860:
5835:
5801:
5772:
5742:
5717:
5687:
5662:
5634:
5603:
5590:
5574:
5549:
5524:
5511:
5498:
5485:
5462:
5449:
5436:
5423:
5410:
5394:
5384:p. 64. Brill.
5373:
5352:
5339:
5318:
5292:
5279:
5266:
5253:
5240:
5227:
5218:Bechert, Heinz
5209:
5196:
5183:
5170:
5149:
5128:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5076:
5063:
5050:
5034:
5018:
5002:
4981:
4961:
4945:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4890:
4872:
4859:
4841:
4814:
4798:
4777:
4764:
4746:
4733:
4720:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4663:
4645:
4632:
4625:
4595:
4573:
4568:2012-07-10 at
4539:
4537:. pp. 162–174.
4526:
4514:
4511:978-9881682024
4494:
4481:
4454:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4385:
4372:
4359:
4343:
4330:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4257:
4239:
4223:
4210:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4158:
4142:
4129:
4113:
4100:
4087:
4074:
4045:
4032:
4025:
4007:
3994:
3978:
3972:
3960:Sujato, Bhante
3951:
3938:
3925:
3912:
3899:
3886:
3868:
3855:
3821:
3808:
3783:
3759:
3733:
3704:
3669:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Knowing Buddha
3591:
3586:
3584:Luang Pu Thuat
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3490:
3476:
3460:
3457:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3312:
3297:
3290:folk religious
3272:, son of King
3252:
3249:
3082:
3079:
3075:phra thammathu
3055:
3052:
3023:
3020:
3012:Dhamma studies
2852:
2849:
2822:Vajiralongkorn
2734:military junta
2719:
2718:Under the NCPO
2716:
2659:
2656:
2643:
2640:
2622:
2619:
2563:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2506:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2466:พระสังกัจจายน์
2458:Phra Sangkajai
2362:Chakri Dynasty
2309:
2306:
2245:
2242:
2167:Mahasi Sayadaw
2150:
2147:
2120:Ajahn Maha Bua
2091:
2088:
2067:Sarit Thanarat
2035:
2032:
1965:David K. Wyatt
1833:Traibhumikatha
1804:In 1851, King
1789:
1786:
1706:is enshrined.
1704:Emerald Buddha
1684:Chakri Dynasty
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Modern history
1641:
1504:Paññāsa Jātaka
1468:พระมาลัยคำหลวง
1457:The Legend of
1365:and statue of
1345:
1342:
1320:Emerald Buddha
1293:Wat Phra Singh
1270:Lan Na Kingdom
1139:Southeast Asia
1097:
1094:
976:Southeast Asia
955:
952:
947:Jayavarman VII
908:
905:
758:
757:
755:
754:
747:
740:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:Walpola Rahula
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Mun Bhuridatta
594:
589:
584:
582:Mahasi Sayadaw
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
412:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
130:
129:
121:
120:
108:
107:
97:
96:
92:
91:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
43:
42:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11748:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11684:
11676:
11675:
11672:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11624:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11557:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11543:
11539:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11522:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11458:
11457:Miscellaneous
11454:
11448:
11447:Vegetarianism
11445:
11443:
11440:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11412:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11269:Buddha in art
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11245:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11204:
11201:
11200:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11058:
11054:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10974:
10971:
10970:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10941:
10937:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10923:United States
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10814:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10750:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10634:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10562:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10480:Padmasambhava
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10392:Major figures
10389:
10383:
10380:
10376:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10339:
10338:Western tulku
10336:
10335:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10262:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10181:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10159:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10139:Five precepts
10137:
10136:
10135:
10132:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10117:Dhamma vicaya
10115:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9885:Buddhābhiṣeka
9883:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9837:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9781:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9703:
9697:
9694:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9643:
9637:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9529:Enlightenment
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9519:Dhamma theory
9517:
9515:
9514:Buddha-nature
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9384:
9380:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9353:Samantabhadra
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9278:
9276:
9270:
9268:
9262:
9260:
9254:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9058:
9053:
9051:
9046:
9044:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9005:
9004:
9001:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8948:South Ossetia
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8920:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8651:
8646:
8644:
8639:
8637:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8545:Protestantism
8543:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8498:Buddha images
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8447:Dhammayuttika
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8404:
8399:
8397:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8288:Lao Folktales
8284:
8280:
8278:0-521-09958-7
8274:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8259:0-938077-84-8
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8220:
8218:0-02-865718-7
8214:
8210:
8205:
8204:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8126:September 25,
8121:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8096:
8090:
8076:on 2004-02-06
8075:
8071:
8064:
8048:
8044:
8037:
8021:
8017:
8010:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7979:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7946:
7937:
7931:
7927:
7920:
7904:
7900:
7893:
7885:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7851:
7846:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7827:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7765:Kom Chad Luek
7761:
7753:
7738:
7734:
7733:The Economist
7730:
7729:"Men-at-alms"
7724:
7710:on 2016-11-14
7709:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7692:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7646:
7630:
7626:
7618:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7585:
7570:
7566:
7560:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7517:
7509:
7507:974-7078-11-2
7503:
7499:
7491:
7483:
7469:on 2007-09-28
7468:
7464:
7463:19 July 2003"
7462:
7454:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7420:
7413:
7407:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7382:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7327:11 July 2002
7326:
7320:
7305:on 2009-06-25
7304:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7268:
7262:
7246:
7245:
7244:Kom Chad Luek
7240:
7232:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7196:
7192:
7181:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7029:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6874:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6827:
6823:
6816:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6635:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6513:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6442:on 2017-03-24
6441:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6229:
6223:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6093:. 6 June 2016
6092:
6088:
6082:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5988:
5973:on 2017-03-18
5972:
5968:
5960:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5928:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5882:
5878:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5850:on 2012-05-15
5849:
5845:
5839:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5791:on 2007-09-29
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5762:on 2007-09-29
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5564:
5563:www.wfbhq.org
5560:
5553:
5539:
5538:www.wfbhq.org
5535:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5508:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5391:
5390:9789004273221
5387:
5383:
5377:
5370:
5369:9780521859424
5366:
5362:
5356:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5289:
5283:
5276:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5180:
5174:
5167:
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5159:
5153:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5086:
5080:
5073:
5067:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4869:
4863:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4794:9780824816964
4791:
4787:
4781:
4774:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4693:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4667:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4636:
4628:
4626:0-521-35505-2
4622:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4592:. p. 33.
4591:
4587:
4583:
4582:Urban Council
4577:
4571:
4570:archive.today
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4442:
4439:. July 2009.
4438:
4434:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4369:
4363:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4275:
4274:974-9575-84-9
4271:
4267:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3973:9781921842085
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3689:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Mangala Sutta
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3453:Dharmaguptaka
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:tradition in
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:Wat Mahadhatu
3101:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3081:Controversies
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:Health issues
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:Somdet Chuang
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:Wat Phra Kaew
2578:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2546:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:Folk religion
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:Thai folklore
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2292:Thai new year
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:district and
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2108:Ajahn Pasanno
2105:
2104:Ajahn Sumedho
2101:
2096:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Thai language
2043:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:Phutthaprawat
1950:
1946:
1945:Bali Waiyakon
1941:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:Dhammayuttika
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1785:
1784:in Thailand.
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:Wat Phra Kaew
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1658:Wat Phra Kaew
1654:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:S. J. Tambiah
1613:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:folk religion
1589:
1588:Thai folklore
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1502:based on the
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:เสือโคคำฉันท์
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:Wat Chulamani
1415:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:to house the
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:(1238–1311).
1279:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:Tribhumikatha
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1211:Aggañña Sutta
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:Wat Chang Lom
1175:
1174:Ram Khamhaeng
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1090:Bagan Kingdom
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Wat Chamadevi
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Dharma wheels
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
965:
961:
949:(c.1181–1218)
948:
944:
940:
939:Prang Sam Yot
936:
929:
925:
918:
913:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Thai monarchy
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:folk religion
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
734:
733:
731:
730:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Ajahn Sumedho
680:
678:
677:Bhikkhu Bodhi
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Ram Khamhaeng
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
418:
413:
411:
409:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Five precepts
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Early schools
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
269:
268:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Visuddhimagga
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Pāli Tipiṭaka
218:
217:
214:
209:
208:
201:
200:Western world
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
141:
140:
136:
132:
131:
128:
123:
122:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
87:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
60:(95%) in 2015
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:Wat Phra Kaew
27:
22:
16:
11635:Bodhisattvas
11555:Christianity
11550:Baháʼí Faith
11415:Dharmachakra
11405:Prayer wheel
11395:Prayer beads
11163:Architecture
11042:969 Movement
10826:Saudi Arabia
10804:Central Asia
10797:South Africa
10771:
10619:
10602:
10535:Panchen Lama
10440:Buddhapālita
10036:Satipatthana
10031:Mindful Yoga
9944:Recollection
9858:Brahmavihara
9729:Japanese Zen
9724:Chinese Chan
9684:Animal realm
9491:Key concepts
9313:Bodhisattvas
9125:Three Jewels
8963:Dependencies
8893:Turkmenistan
8882:
8858:Saudi Arabia
8613:
8608:Spirit house
8596:Other topics
8535:Christianity
8471:Other topics
8424:
8376:the original
8371:
8367:
8325:
8321:
8312:40 (1), 1-10
8309:
8287:
8268:
8249:
8227:
8208:
8188:. Retrieved
8180:Bangkok Post
8179:
8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8150:the original
8139:
8131:
8124:. Retrieved
8115:
8105:
8094:
8089:
8078:. Retrieved
8074:the original
8067:archive.org:
8063:
8051:. Retrieved
8047:the original
8036:
8024:. Retrieved
8020:the original
8009:
7997:. Retrieved
7988:
7978:
7966:. Retrieved
7957:
7925:
7919:
7907:. Retrieved
7903:the original
7892:
7873:
7845:
7826:
7815:. Retrieved
7800:
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7763:
7752:
7741:. Retrieved
7732:
7723:
7712:. Retrieved
7708:the original
7701:
7691:
7679:. Retrieved
7670:
7659:
7633:. Retrieved
7628:
7617:
7605:. Retrieved
7594:
7584:
7573:. Retrieved
7559:
7548:. Retrieved
7538:Bangkok Post
7537:
7530:
7497:
7482:
7471:. Retrieved
7467:the original
7460:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7424:
7419:
7411:
7406:
7398:the original
7393:
7381:
7370:. Retrieved
7361:
7352:
7344:the original
7334:
7324:
7319:
7307:. Retrieved
7303:the original
7298:
7288:
7280:
7275:
7249:. Retrieved
7242:
7231:
7214:
7190:
7180:
7147:
7143:
7113:
7090:. Retrieved
7081:
7071:
7059:. Retrieved
7048:
7028:The Guardian
7026:– via
7020:. Retrieved
7009:
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6979:Bangkok Post
6978:
6968:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6925:. Retrieved
6916:
6906:
6894:. Retrieved
6886:Bangkok Post
6885:
6860:. Retrieved
6851:
6841:
6829:. Retrieved
6825:
6815:
6804:. Retrieved
6795:
6785:
6774:. Retrieved
6766:Bangkok Post
6765:
6756:
6745:. Retrieved
6742:Bangkok Post
6741:
6731:
6719:. Retrieved
6711:The Guardian
6710:
6700:
6688:. Retrieved
6679:
6655:. Retrieved
6646:
6634:
6623:. Retrieved
6614:
6605:
6594:. Retrieved
6585:
6560:. Retrieved
6551:
6541:
6530:. Retrieved
6521:
6512:
6501:. Retrieved
6497:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6471:the original
6466:
6456:
6444:. Retrieved
6440:the original
6433:
6424:
6413:. Retrieved
6404:
6395:
6384:. Retrieved
6351:. Retrieved
6340:
6315:. Retrieved
6306:
6295:
6284:. Retrieved
6280:the original
6275:
6265:
6254:. Retrieved
6245:
6236:
6210:. Retrieved
6205:
6194:
6183:. Retrieved
6179:Bangkok Post
6178:
6153:. Retrieved
6144:
6135:
6124:. Retrieved
6116:Bangkok Post
6115:
6106:
6095:. Retrieved
6091:Bangkok Post
6090:
6081:
6070:. Retrieved
6061:
6051:
6040:. Retrieved
6031:
6022:
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5944:the original
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5881:the original
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5838:
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5760:the original
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5562:
5552:
5541:. Retrieved
5537:
5527:
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5295:
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4851:. Retrieved
4831:
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4468:the original
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4436:
4427:
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4401:
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4388:
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4108:
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4066:. Retrieved
4048:
4040:
4035:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3963:
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3811:
3800:. Retrieved
3786:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3736:
3725:. Retrieved
3716:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3660:. Retrieved
3618:
3604:Thai funeral
3534:Ratana Sutta
3449:
3445:
3421:
3414:
3410:Ten Precepts
3386:
3266:ธรรมยุตนิกาย
3228:
3216:
3185:
3143:
3110:Satipatthana
3102:
3094:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3043:
3035:
3025:
3016:
3004:
3000:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2948:Ten Precepts
2932:
2928:
2915:
2898:
2885:
2874:
2830:
2805:
2789:
2762:
2754:
2727:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2679:Nyanasamvara
2676:
2661:
2645:
2624:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2565:
2556:Ramkhamhaeng
2552:
2543:
2508:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2447:
2421:
2417:Digha Nikaya
2398:
2391:
2386:
2347:
2328:
2299:
2295:
2284:Wisakhabucha
2282:(February),
2277:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2236:district in
2228:families in
2219:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2186:Shanti Asoke
2179:
2175:
2171:Wat Mahathat
2163:
2143:
2136:
2113:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2044:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1937:Buddhist Era
1930:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1871:
1864:
1854:monasteries.
1848:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1803:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1708:
1702:, where the
1692:Rattanakosin
1678:
1662:Grand Palace
1626:
1614:
1606:
1583:
1571:
1561:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1508:
1487:
1475:
1472:Thammathibet
1456:
1454:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1391:
1376:
1371:Wat Mahathat
1339:
1334:
1331:Jinakalamali
1330:
1328:
1312:Wat Pa Daeng
1308:Wat Chet Yot
1301:
1297:
1282:
1267:
1254:King Mangrai
1242:Ashok pillar
1230:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1198:
1191:
1171:
1155:
1143:Hariphunchai
1128:
1079:
1068:
1052:Hariphunchai
1049:
1037:Lavo Kingdom
1033:Khmer Empire
1026:
1019:
991:
987:Nakon Pathom
980:
972:Suvannabhumi
957:
886:
874:King Mongkut
847:
801:population.
799:Thai Chinese
762:
761:
657:U Dhammaloka
592:S. N. Goenka
567:Ledi Sayadaw
469:Three Jewels
300:Vibhajjavada
240:Vimuttimagga
230:Commentaries
189:
56:
15:
11480:Dharma talk
11309:Asalha Puja
11105:Eschatology
10908:Switzerland
10888:New Zealand
10816:Middle East
10725:Philippines
10645:Afghanistan
10450:Bodhidharma
10435:Buddhaghosa
10355:Householder
10265:Monasticism
10218:Bodhisattva
10073:Prostration
10026:Mindfulness
9954:Anapanasati
9937:Kammaṭṭhāna
9734:Korean Seon
9674:Asura realm
9669:Human realm
9609:Ten Fetters
9564:Parinirvana
9466:Uppalavanna
9431:Mahākaccana
9416:Mahākassapa
9348:Kṣitigarbha
9343:Ākāśagarbha
9240:Suddhodāna
9185:Four sights
9112:Foundations
9022:Asia portal
8923:States with
8843:Philippines
8783:South Korea
8778:North Korea
8673:Afghanistan
8540:Catholicism
8503:Art history
8462:Santi Asoke
8457:Kammaṭṭhāna
8442:Maha Nikaya
7958:Lion's Roar
7780:25 December
6927:3 September
6896:3 September
6862:3 September
6826:The Quietus
6680:New Mandala
6643:(Editorial)
6246:New Mandala
6032:New Mandala
6012:16 November
5977:15 November
5496:SUNY Press.
4474:22 December
3717:www.cia.gov
3529:Metta Sutta
3487:Asia portal
3316:Santi Asoke
3219:vintage car
3168:dhammacakka
3153:Santi Asoke
3123:Maha Nikaya
2888:temple boys
2593:Santi Asoke
2429:bodhisattva
2286:(May), and
2211:thahan phra
2128:Ajahn Thate
2083:hill tribes
2071:coup d'état
2028:Phajon Barb
1961:Dhammacakṣu
1910:Thai Script
1629:King Taksin
1568:Satsana Phi
1531:Catholicism
1450:Siam Nikaya
1373:, Ayutthaya
1274:Wat Ku Kham
1240:Replica of
1131:Thai people
1062:(1040) and
1022:Gupta style
901:Maha Nikaya
717:Kee Nanayon
687:Ajahn Brahm
672:Nyanaponika
662:Nyanatiloka
647:Jayatilleke
622:Pragyananda
517:Buddhadatta
512:Buddhaghoṣa
502:Sanghamitta
486:Key figures
439:Mindfulness
401:Kammaṭṭhāna
11710:Categories
11597:Psychology
11577:Gnosticism
11565:Comparison
11560:Influences
11542:Comparison
11425:Bhavacakra
11383:Kushinagar
11358:Pilgrimage
11304:Māgha Pūjā
11259:Bodhi Tree
11075:Buddhology
11065:Abhidharma
11057:Philosophy
10990:Menander I
10858:Costa Rica
10809:Uzbekistan
10650:Bangladesh
10604:Dhammapada
10588:Pali Canon
10550:Ajahn Chah
10530:Dalai Lama
10430:Kumārajīva
10425:Vasubandhu
10400:The Buddha
10308:Zen master
10243:Sakadagami
10223:Buddhahood
10154:Pratimokṣa
9969:Shikantaza
9925:Meditation
9900:Deity yoga
9771:Madhyamaka
9664:Deva realm
9559:Mindstream
9509:Bodhicitta
9421:Aṅgulimāla
9288:Devadatta
9264:Yaśodharā
9167:The Buddha
9157:Middle Way
8903:Uzbekistan
8878:Tajikistan
8793:Kyrgyzstan
8773:Kazakhstan
8693:Bangladesh
8683:Azerbaijan
8452:Dhammakaya
8190:2019-04-29
8080:2010-11-19
8026:6 December
7989:The Nation
7817:2016-08-28
7743:2016-08-20
7714:2016-08-20
7681:8 February
7671:The Nation
7635:4 February
7599:. Sydney.
7575:2016-05-01
7550:2015-04-21
7473:2015-04-21
7372:2016-12-11
7082:Asia Times
6806:2018-07-25
6796:The Nation
6776:2018-05-26
6747:2018-05-26
6657:2018-05-25
6625:2018-05-25
6596:2018-05-25
6562:2018-05-26
6532:2018-05-26
6503:2018-06-14
6415:2016-12-31
6405:The Nation
6386:2016-12-31
6353:2016-12-31
6342:The Nation
6317:2017-09-11
6286:2017-09-11
6256:2018-02-08
6212:24 January
6185:2017-02-09
6155:2017-09-11
6126:2017-09-11
6097:2017-09-11
6072:2017-09-11
6042:2017-09-11
5950:2017-09-11
5917:2017-09-11
5887:2014-01-22
5854:2014-01-22
5829:2021-02-11
5795:2007-08-18
5785:The Nation
5766:2007-08-18
5756:The Nation
5711:2007-04-18
5681:2015-07-07
5657:2023-04-13
5628:2023-04-13
5568:2024-01-12
5543:2024-01-12
5434:pp. 30-31.
4853:2022-10-06
4447:8 November
4068:2021-02-09
3802:2007-03-07
3777:2023-09-27
3752:5 November
3727:2017-12-04
3697:12 October
3662:10 January
3630:References
3519:Pāli Canon
3387:Unlike in
3380:Prayer in
3346:See also:
3326:"Peaceful
3286:Pāli Canon
3173:ธงธรรมจักร
3085:See also:
3058:See also:
3048:lay people
2976:upasampada
2952:Pātimokkha
2881:officiants
2792:Article 44
2722:See also:
2409:numerology
2343:Pāli Canon
2312:See also:
2308:Influences
2280:Makhabucha
2238:Chiang Mai
2194:Yogavacara
2159:Chiang Mai
2124:Ajahn Chah
2100:Ajahn Chah
2038:After the
2034:Since 1932
1851:Mahanikaya
1782:university
1770:Wat Sraket
1719:Pāli Canon
1675:at Wat Pho
1631:under the
1590:and local
1459:Phra Malai
1434:King Narai
1426:Vessantara
1324:Pali Canon
1285:Chiang Mai
1194:sangharaja
1187:Bodhi tree
1162:Mahavihara
1151:Brahmanism
1082:Mahavihara
889:ordination
809:, and the
712:Ayya Khema
652:Kalupahana
617:Mahapragya
612:Kripasaran
602:Ajahn Chah
522:Dhammapāla
429:Middle Way
424:Meditation
376:Abhidhamma
305:Mahāvihāra
150:Bangladesh
57:64 million
11721:Theravada
11665:Festivals
11645:Buddhists
11607:Theosophy
11410:Symbolism
11400:Hama yumi
11373:Bodh Gaya
11140:Socialism
11115:Evolution
11090:Economics
10928:Venezuela
10843:Australia
10838:Argentina
10762:Sri Lanka
10757:Singapore
10675:Indonesia
10637:Countries
10578:Tripiṭaka
10540:Ajahn Mun
10415:Nagarjuna
10410:Aśvaghoṣa
10293:Anagārika
10288:Śrāmaṇerī
10283:Śrāmaṇera
10278:Bhikkhunī
10238:Sotāpanna
10127:Passaddhi
10068:Offerings
10043:Nekkhamma
9920:Iddhipada
9840:Practices
9810:Theravada
9783:Vajrayana
9776:Yogachara
9746:Pure Land
9659:Six Paths
9646:Cosmology
9426:Anuruddha
9401:Sāriputta
9391:Kaundinya
9383:Disciples
9358:Vajrapāṇi
9210:Footprint
9175:Tathāgata
8989:Hong Kong
8943:Palestine
8868:Sri Lanka
8863:Singapore
8743:Indonesia
8550:Orthodoxy
8434:Theravada
8352:162810180
8176:(Opinion)
8099:(in Thai)
7809:Pte Ltd.
7807:Mediacorp
7645:cite news
7516:cite book
7299:Time Asia
7261:cite news
7251:20 August
7172:143745165
7164:1467-2715
7092:15 August
6960:0217-9520
6477:29 August
6222:cite news
5311:March 18,
3433:Sri Lanka
3429:Theravada
3397:bhikkhuni
3393:Sri Lanka
3382:Wat Saket
3366:bhikkhuni
3324:สันติอโศก
3196:scapegoat
3139:ศึกสมเด็จ
3118:defrocked
2911:education
2877:Theravada
2826:defrocked
2710:pabbajita
2706:pabbajita
2697:pabbajita
2658:Elections
2597:bhikkhuni
2432:Lokeśvara
2413:talismans
2405:Astrology
2331:Theravada
2296:wan phra,
2254:piṇḍapāta
2244:Practices
2132:Ajahn Lee
2052:Rama VIII
2000:Ajahn Mun
1972:Nawakowat
1957:Winayamuk
1906:catechism
1902:Nawakowat
1664:, Bangkok
1446:Boromakot
1400:Chedi of
1304:Tilokaraj
1246:Wat Umong
1158:Sri Lanka
1071:Srivijaya
1010:Amaravati
1006:Theravada
960:Mahāvaṃsa
870:separated
839:Sri Lanka
767:Theravada
587:U Ba Khin
537:Anawrahta
315:Mahavamsa
310:Dipavamsa
290:Sthaviras
185:Sri Lanka
144:Countries
95:Languages
86:Theravada
75:Religions
11683:Category
11612:Violence
11582:Hinduism
11530:Sanskrit
11485:Hinayana
11470:Amitābha
11430:Swastika
11299:Uposatha
11289:Holidays
11274:Calendar
11120:Humanism
10958:Kanishka
10948:Timeline
10772:Thailand
10740:Kalmykia
10735:Buryatia
10720:Pakistan
10705:Mongolia
10700:Maldives
10695:Malaysia
10660:Cambodia
10525:Shamarpa
10520:Nichiren
10470:Xuanzang
10405:Nagasena
10323:Rinpoche
10053:Pāramitā
9895:Devotion
9815:Navayana
9803:Dzogchen
9766:Nichiren
9714:Mahayana
9706:Branches
9584:Saṅkhāra
9333:Mañjuśrī
9290:(cousin)
9282:(cousin)
9250:(mother)
9242:(father)
9230:Miracles
9180:Birthday
9097:Glossary
9070:Buddhism
9012:Category
8933:Abkhazia
8883:Thailand
8838:Pakistan
8818:Mongolia
8813:Maldives
8808:Malaysia
8708:Cambodia
8562:Hinduism
8478:Mahayana
8425:Buddhism
8248:(1991).
8184:Archived
8120:Archived
7993:Archived
7962:Archived
7853:Archived
7834:Archived
7811:Archived
7774:Archived
7737:Archived
7675:Archived
7607:30 March
7601:Archived
7569:Archived
7544:Archived
7492:].
7461:Matichon
7431:Archived
7425:Asiaweek
7366:Archived
7281:Asiaweek
7086:Archived
7055:Archived
7016:Archived
6983:Archived
6921:Archived
6890:Archived
6856:Archived
6800:Archived
6770:Archived
6715:Archived
6684:Archived
6651:Archived
6619:Archived
6590:Archived
6556:Archived
6526:Archived
6446:24 March
6409:Archived
6380:Archived
6347:Archived
6311:Archived
6307:Thai PBS
6250:Archived
6206:Matichon
6149:Archived
6120:Archived
6066:Archived
6036:Archived
6006:Archived
5911:Archived
5820:Archived
5705:Archived
5675:Archived
5480:Archived
5305:Archived
5220:(1995).
4847:Archived
4829:(2013).
4796:, p. 104
4609:(1999).
4566:Archived
4555:Archived
4441:Archived
4062:Archived
3962:(2012),
3847:Archived
3796:Archived
3746:Archived
3721:Archived
3688:Archived
3653:Archived
3459:See also
3114:Cold War
3036:nam pana
2960:uposatha
2956:bhikkhus
2944:sāmaṇerī
2918:sāmaṇera
2903:children
2650:and the
2524:Cambodia
2520:Thailand
2499:Sanskrit
2450:Maitreya
2424:Mahayana
2419:2, ff).
2381:Thailand
2354:Cambodia
2301:Uposatha
2266:tham bun
2215:pārājika
2017:Rama VII
2009:dhutanga
1916:and the
1766:Wat Arun
1762:Rajorasa
1758:Buddhist
1754:Rama III
1694:(modern
1552:Cambodia
1519:Brahmins
1511:religion
1387:Ayutthya
1381:by King
1066:(1218).
1043:and the
1027:Various
850:Thailand
831:Cambodia
827:Thailand
815:Cambodia
791:Hinduism
783:Thailand
779:Buddhism
667:Nanamoli
577:U Nārada
464:Precepts
370:Doctrine
190:Thailand
155:Cambodia
117:a series
115:Part of
89:Buddhism
11660:Temples
11640:Buddhas
11602:Science
11592:Judaism
11587:Jainism
11505:Lineage
11465:Abhijñā
11435:Thangka
11378:Sarnath
11363:Lumbini
11284:Funeral
11279:Cuisine
11155:Culture
11130:Reality
11080:Creator
11070:Atomism
10940:History
10913:Ukraine
10873:Germany
10792:Senegal
10782:Vietnam
10710:Myanmar
10510:Shinran
10500:Karmapa
10475:Shandao
10445:Dignāga
10370:Śrāvaka
10350:Donchee
10345:Kappiya
10303:Sayadaw
10273:Bhikkhu
10248:Anāgāmi
10205:Nirvana
10171:Samadhi
10058:Paritta
9999:Tonglen
9994:Mandala
9949:Smarana
9930:Mantras
9878:Upekkha
9848:Bhavana
9798:Shingon
9751:Tiantai
9604:Tathātā
9594:Śūnyatā
9589:Skandha
9579:Saṃsāra
9574:Rebirth
9549:Kleshas
9539:Indriya
9441:Subhūti
9326:Guanyin
9280:Ānanda
9272:Rāhula
9152:Nirvana
9092:Outline
8908:Vietnam
8823:Myanmar
8803:Lebanon
8733:Georgia
8688:Bahrain
8678:Armenia
8577:Sikhism
8572:Judaism
8344:2053271
8156:May 17,
8053:May 17,
7909:13 July
7703:Reuters
7309:6 March
6989:30 July
6831:6 March
6721:27 June
6690:10 June
6647:Reuters
6467:Reuters
6435:Reuters
6145:Reuters
3686:. NSO.
3651:. NSO.
3270:Mongkut
3008:Bangkok
2929:samanen
2905:of the
2899:dek wat
2896:เด็กวัด
2636:Sirikit
2481:Guanyin
2377:bhikkhu
2288:Kathina
1933:Rama VI
1818:English
1806:Mongkut
1798:Mongkut
1778:Wat Pho
1742:Rama II
1696:Bangkok
1564:animist
1408:in 1592
1278:Mangrai
1056:Lamphun
943:Lopburi
893:Nikayas
866:patrons
835:Myanmar
789:(Bon),
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