Early Buddhist schools

972:. The Pudgalavādins were also known as Vatsiputrīyas after their putative founder. Later this group became known as the Sammitīya school after one of its subdivisions. It died out around the 9th or 10th century CE. Nevertheless, during most of the early medieval period, the Sammitīya school was numerically the largest Buddhist group in India, with more followers than all the other schools combined. The Sarvāstivādin school was most prominent in the north-west of India and provided some of the doctrines that would later be adopted by the Mahāyāna. Another group linked to Sarvāstivāda was the Sautrāntika school, which only recognized the authority of the sutras and rejected the abhidharma transmitted and taught by the Vaibhāṣika wing of Sarvāstivāda. Based on textual considerations, it has been suggested that the Sautrāntikas were actually adherents of Mūlasarvāstivāda. The relation between Sarvāstivāda and the 3401:, pp. 21–22: "I would also argue that unintentional literalism has been a major force for change in the early doctrinal history of Buddhism. Texts have been interpreted with too much attention to the precise words used and not enough to the speaker's intention, the spirit of the text. In particular I see in some doctrinal developments what I call scholastic literalism, which is a tendency to take the words and phrases of earlier texts (maybe the Buddha's own words) in such a way as to read in distinctions which it was never intended to make." 122: 976:, however, is unclear. All of these early schools of Nikāya Buddhism eventually came to be known collectively as "the eighteen schools" in later sources. With the exception of the Theravāda, none of these early schools survived beyond the late medieval period by which time several were already long extinct, although a considerable amount of the canonical literature of some of these schools has survived, mainly in Chinese translation. Moreover, the origins of specifically 7702: 7713: 5111: 5098: 213: 25: 2578:. Therefore, Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. Paul Harrison clarifies that while Mahāyāna monastics belonged to a nikāya, not all members of a nikāya were Mahāyānists. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. Additionally, Isabella Onians notes that Mahāyāna works rarely used the term 5088: 2594:

Mahāsāṃghika nikāya, Sthavira, Mūlasarvāstivāda and Saṃmitīya nikāyas. Explaining their doctrinal affiliations, he then writes, "Which of the four schools should be grouped with the Mahāyāna or with the Hīnayāna is not determined." That is to say, there was no simple correspondence between a Buddhist monastic sect, and whether its members learn "Hīnayāna" or "Mahāyāna" teachings.

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enough to the speaker's intention, the spirit of the text. Some later doctrinal developments in the early Buddhist schools show scholastic literalism, which is a tendency to take the words and phrases of earlier texts (maybe the Buddha's own words) in such a way as to read-in distinctions which it was never intended to make.

1988:, and the Apara and Uttara (Purva) Saila. Warder says that these were the early Buddhist schools as of circa 50 BCE, about the same time that the Pali Canon was first committed to writing and the presumptive origin date of the Theravada sect, though the term 'Theravada' was not used before the fourth century CE. 2331:

Traditionally, it is believed (in Theravadin culture) that the Abhidhamma was taught by Buddha to his late mother who was living in Tavatimsa heaven. However, this is rejected by scholars, who believe that only small parts of the Abhidhamma literature may have been existent in a very early form. The

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One of them was faction of the Sthavira group which called themselves Vibhajjavādins. One part of this group was transmitted to Sri Lanka and to certain areas of southern India, such as Vanavasi in the south-west and the Kañci region in the south-east. This group later ceased to refer to themselves

3662:, p. 251: "It is evident that the Hinayanists, either to popularize their religion or to interest the laity more in it, incorporated in their doctrines the conception of Bodhisattva and the practice of paramitas. This was effected by the production of new literature: the Jatakas and Avadanas." 1014:

Some of these developments may be seen as later elaborations on the teachings. According to Gombrich, unintentional literalism was a major force for change in the early doctrinal history of Buddhism. This means that texts were interpreted paying too much attention to the precise words used and not

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wrote about relationship between the various "vehicles" and the early Buddhist schools in India. He wrote, "There exist in the West numerous subdivisions of the schools which have different origins, but there are only four principal schools of continuous tradition." These schools are namely the

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Williams (2000, pp. 6-7) writes: "As a matter of fact Buddhism in mainland India itself had all but ceased to exist by the thirteenth century CE, although by that time it had spread to Tibet, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia." (Originally 1958), "Chronology," p. xxix: "c. 1000-1200: Buddhism

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Some schools of Buddhism had important disagreements on subjects of Abhidhamma, while having a largely similar Sutta-pitaka and Vinaya-pitaka. The arguments and conflicts between them were thus often on matters of philosophical Abhidhammic origin, not on matters concerning the actual words and

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Only two ancient sources (the Dīpavaṃsa and Bhavya's third list) place the first schism before Aśoka, and none attribute the schism to a dispute on Vinaya practice. Lamotte and Hirakawa both maintain that the first schism in the Buddhist sangha occurred during the reign of Ashoka. According to

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The texts in the early stratum date from before the second council (earlier than 100 years after Buddha’s parinibbana), while the later stratum is from after the second council, which means they are definitely later additions to the Sutta Pitaka, and that they might not have been the original

1925:

observed even when the Mahāyāna were beginning to emerge from this era that monks of different schools would live side by side in dormitories and attend the same lectures. Only the books that they read were different. Secondly, no historical sources can agree what the names of these "eighteen

807:

Theravādin sources state that, in the 3rd century BCE, a third council was convened under the patronage of Aśoka. Some scholars argue that there are certain implausible features of the Theravādin account which imply that the third council was ahistorical. The remainder consider it a purely

2281:

is a strictly Theravada collection, and has little in common with the Abhidhamma works recognized by other Buddhist schools. The various Abhidhamma philosophies of the various early schools disagree on numerous key points and belong to the period of sectarian debates among the schools.

3707:, p. 2: "These similarities (between the Abhidhammas of the various schools) suggest either contact among the groups who composed and transmitted these texts, or a common ground of doctrinal exegesis and even textual material predating the emergence of the separate schools." 739:

The expansion of orally transmitted texts in early Buddhism, and the growing distances between Buddhist communities, fostered specialization and sectarian identification. One or several disputes did occur during Aśoka's reign, involving both doctrinal and disciplinary

1882:, and Yijing made pilgrimages to India and wrote accounts of their travels when they returned home. These Chinese travel records constitute extremely valuable sources of information concerning the state of Buddhism in India during the early medieval period. 744:) matters, although these may have been too informal to be called a "council". The Sthavira school had, by the time of Aśoka, divided into three sub-schools, doctrinally speaking, but these did not become separate monastic orders until later. 3765:

Cousins, L.S. (1996); Buswell (2003), Vol. I, p. 82; and, Keown & Prebish (2004), p. 107. See also, Gombrich (1988/2002), p. 32: “…he best we can say is that was probably Enlightened between 550 and 450, more likely later rather than

2328:, it soon led to new doctrinal and textual developments and became the focus of a new form of scholarly monastic life. The various Abhidharma works were starting to be composed from about 200 years after the passing away of the Buddha. 792:

or earlier, they could be based on doctrinal disagreement. Pre-sectarian Buddhism, however, did not have Abhidhammic scriptures, except perhaps for a basic framework, and not all of the early schools developed an Abhidhamma literature.

705:, reciting the teachings of the Buddha. The accounts of the council in the scriptures of the schools differ as to what was actually recited there. Purāṇa is recorded as having said: "Your reverences, well chanted by the elders are the 3719:, p. 34: "If I am right in thinking that the Buddha left no clear statement about the ontological status of the world – about what 'really' exists – this would explain how later Buddhists could disagree about this question." 2332:

Sarvastivadins also rejected this idea, and instead held that the Abhidharma was collected, edited, and compiled by the elders (sthaviras) after the Buddha's death (though they relied on the Buddha's words for this compilation).

783:

by some schools. This literature was specific to each school, and arguments and disputes between the schools were often based on these Abhidhammic writings. However, actual splits were originally based on disagreements on

3683:"Although begun as a pragmatic method of elaborating the received teachings, this scholastic enterprise soon led to new doctrinal and textual developments and became the focus of a new form of scholarly monastic life." 1916:

It is commonly said that there were eighteen schools of Buddhism in this period. What this actually means is more subtle. First, although the word "school" is used, there was not yet an institutional split in the

764:. While the second council probably was a historical event, traditions regarding the Second Council are confusing and ambiguous. According to the Theravada tradition the overall result was the first schism in the 888:, some parts exist in Tibetan translations, and some fragments exist in Sanskrit manuscripts, while parts of various canons (sometimes unidentified), exist in Chinese and fragments in other Indian dialects as in 2481:

The original verses of the Jatakas are recognized as being amongst the earliest part of the Canon, but the accompanying (and more famous) Jataka Stories are commentaries likely composed at later dates.

815:

According to the Theravādin account, this council was convened primarily for the purpose of establishing an official orthodoxy. At the council, small groups raised questions about the specifics of the

829:, which was meant to refute these arguments. The council sided with Moggaliputta and his version of Buddhism as orthodox; it was then adopted by Emperor Aśoka as his empire's official religion. In 2387:

belong to the early stratum. The texts Khuddakapatha, Vimanavatthu, Petavatthu, Niddesa, Patisambhidamagga, Apadana, Buddhavamsa and Cariyapitaka can be categorized in the later stratum.

1885:

By the time the Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing visited India, there were five early Buddhist schools that they mentioned far more frequently than others. They commented that the

4240: 1033: 625:

and later also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separation of groups of monks. The original saṅgha split into the first early schools (generally believed to be the

5046: 4504:, vol. 1, A.L. Bashram, R.N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J.B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, and Andrew Yarrow (2nd ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, 3695:, p. 2: "Independent abhidharma treatises were composed over a period of at least seven hundred years (ca. third or second centuries B.C.E. to fifth century C.E.)." 717:

tradition, the teachings were divided into various parts and each was assigned to an elder and his pupils to commit to memory, and there was no conflict about what the

2536:. The later Mahayana schools may have preserved ideas which were abandoned by the "orthodox" Theravada, such as the Three Bodies doctrine, the idea of consciousness ( 2339:

One impetus for composing new scriptures like the Adhidhammas of the various schools, according to some scholars, was that Buddha left no clear statement about the

2551:), but rather to the set of ideals and doctrines for bodhisattvas. Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate 949:

specifically as "Vibhajjavādins", but reverted to calling themselves "Theriyas", after the earlier Theras (Sthaviras). Still later, at some point prior to the

3776:

disappears as organized religious force in India." See also, Robinson & Johnson (1970/1982), pp. 100-1, 108 Fig. 1; and, Harvey (1990/2007), pp. 139-40.

3647: 5852: 6767: 5242: 713:, but in that way that I heard it in the Lord's presence, that I received it in his presence, in that same way will I bear it in mind." . According to 3674:, p. 2: "several schools rejected the authority of abhidharma and claimed that abhidharma treatises were composed by fallible, human teachers." 2347:

exists. Subsequently, later Buddhists have themselves defined what exists and what not (in the Abhidhammic scriptures), leading to disagreements.

1769: 6771: 2203: 2023: 1472: 1367: 1245: 1080: 6995: 4082: 4041: 3458: 3442: 2198: 2035: 1765: 1755: 1485: 1361: 1258: 1181: 1092: 2249:

The new schools also developed new doctrines about important Buddhist topics. The Sarvastivadins for example were known for their doctrine of

3570: 2040: 1841: 1491: 1433: 1274: 1119: 1102: 2547:" in modern times, this is not necessarily accurate. According to Jan Nattier, Mahāyāna never referred to a separate sect of Buddhism (Skt. 1230:– First schism; referred to by Sarvāstivādins as "the original Sthavira School", but this school was only influential in the north of India. 5212: 3562: 1831: 1593: 4206: 989:, and sometimes over disagreement concerning the proper observance of vinaya. These ideologies became embedded in large works such as the 4661: 3418: 2530:

Between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, the terms "Mahāyāna" and "Hīnayāna" were first used in writing, in, for example, the

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Around the time of Aśoka that further divisions began to occur within the Buddhist movement and a number of additional schools emerged.

5320: 3744:, p. 493: "would throw the earliest phase of this literature (the Mahayana Sutras) back to about the beginning of the common era." 5055: 5077: 1068: 89: 4609:"'Dependent Origination = Emptiness' – Nāgārjuna's Innovation? An Examination of the Early and Mainstream Sectarian Textual Sources" 2226:(perfections) were codified and developed by these various schools in later sources. Though the actual ideas of these virtues (like 980:

doctrines may be discerned in the teachings of some of these early schools, in particular in the Mahāsānghika and the Sarvāstivāda.

4802: 593: 61: 752:, their actual separation did not occur until after his death." According to the Theravada tradition, the split took place at the 7587: 7039: 42: 5043: 840:

s) in the past, future and present. The version of the scriptures that had been established at the third council, including the

7738: 7242: 5222: 68: 4818: 4749: 4653: 4488: 4412: 4234: 4189: 3995: 2999: 5405: 5247: 7582: 4757: 75: 7479: 7029: 5124: 4858: 4785: 4731: 4571: 3728:"This work (the Parivara) is in fact a very much later composition, and probably the work of a Ceylonese Thera." from: 3350: 3197: 2990: 1553:– Third schism, according to Dipavamsa, but in the Mahavamsa it is said to have arisen from the Pannati and Bahussutaka 5325: 5017: 4995: 4977: 4925: 4907: 4885: 4836: 4769: 4598: 4550: 4526: 4509: 4470: 4433: 2301:, have no mention of (the texts of) the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Abhidhamma is also not mentioned at the report of the 108: 7572: 748:

scholar Collett Cox "most scholars would agree that even though the roots of the earliest recognized groups predate

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were a major source of dispute among the various schools. Abhidharma texts were not accepted as canonical by the

2250: 649:, eventually proliferating into—according to traditional accounts—18 (or, less-commonly, 20) different schools. 7594: 7247: 7049: 6940: 6885: 5458: 4723: 3754: 3330: 46: 7564: 7262: 6945: 5237: 5070: 2305:, directly after the death of the Buddha. This report of the first council does mention the existence of the 7753: 7147: 7019: 6990: 6692: 983:

The schools sometimes split over ideological differences concerning the "real" meaning of teachings in the

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The Khuddaka Nikaya can easily be divided into two strata, one being early and the other late. The texts

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The various splits within the monastic organization went together with the introduction and emphasis on

251: 7687: 7167: 6643: 6129: 5252: 5085: 5037: 4076: 4035: 2814: 6577: 4633:, vol. 1: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, translated by Paul Groner, Hawai'i University Press, 4559: 4394: 2355:

Oliver Abeynayake has the following to say on the dating of the various books in the Khuddaka Nikaya:

953:(4th century), the Pali name Theravāda was adopted and has remained in use ever since for this group. 7577: 7390: 7380: 7252: 6235: 5815: 5576: 5551: 125:

Map of the major geographical centers of major Buddhist schools in South Asia, at around the time of

5601: 2238:, etc) and the idea of the Buddha's past lives are drawn from early Buddhist sources (such as early 82: 7682: 7034: 6848: 6826: 6819: 6722: 6255: 5875: 5691: 5636: 5257: 5063: 3163: 3157: 2912: 1890: 656:

and these are an important source for understanding their doctrinal similarities and differences.

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identified the following eighteen early Buddhist schools (in approximate chronological order):

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A Few Good Men : The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)

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Early Mahayana came directly from "early Buddhist schools" and was a successor to them.

833:, this school of thought was termed Vibhajjavāda, literally "thesis of a distinction". 698: 246: 7527: 7432: 7274: 7237: 7232: 7162: 7112: 7059: 7054: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6890: 6875: 6870: 6809: 6789: 6752: 6677: 6482: 6183: 6107: 5985: 5927: 5768: 5668: 5596: 5571: 5217: 5147: 4421: 3956: 3090: 2273:

school and several other schools. Another school included most of their version of the

2253:. Meanwhile the Mahasamghika school was known for its doctrine of "transcendentalism" ( 2227: 2028: 1733: 1567:

lists the following six schools without identifying the schools from which they arose:

1477: 1438: 1250: 1225: 1124: 1085: 820: 444: 7326: 1902: 769: 626: 547: 497: 461: 7705: 7667: 7363: 7348: 7311: 7296: 7069: 6985: 6900: 6737: 6702: 6687: 6414: 6404: 6085: 5932: 5917: 5788: 5711: 5631: 5566: 5498: 5385: 5142: 5013: 5006: 4991: 4973: 4921: 4903: 4896: 4881: 4854: 4832: 4814: 4781: 4765: 4745: 4727: 4649: 4616: 4594: 4567: 4546: 4522: 4505: 4484: 4466: 4429: 4408: 4230: 4185: 4158: 3991: 3948: 3335: 2708: 2428: 1886: 1053: 991: 957: 924: 854: 765: 614: 389: 384: 145: 6649: 5443: 5343: 4389: 2543:

Although the various early schools of Buddhism are sometimes loosely classified as "

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The following books of the Khuddaka Nikaya can thus be regarded as later additions:

540: 522: 490: 256: 7353: 7306: 7301: 7157: 7122: 7097: 7092: 6843: 6799: 6712: 6387: 6043: 6036: 5820: 5810: 5696: 5360: 5232: 4704: 4673: 4634: 4222: 3375: 3365: 3035: 2880: 2575: 2123: 1871: 1646: 1597: 973: 517: 439: 281: 6432: 4847:

The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory

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scriptures, although the greater part of the Sarvāstivādin canon also survives in

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Cousins, L.S. (1996). "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" in

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https://web.archive.org/web/20210413104729/https://indology.info/papers/cousins/

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were the principal early Buddhist schools still extant in India, along with the

1670: 969: 909: 809: 646: 529: 173: 7672: 7375: 7225: 7007: 6587: 6567: 6487: 6176: 6166: 6100: 5937: 5423: 5286: 4965: 4497: 3176: 2508: 2465: 1945: 941: 686: 637:. Later, these first early sects were further divided into schools such as the 307: 4708: 3490: 2117: 1794: 1446: 1302: 512: 163: 7732: 7442: 7291: 6600: 6502: 6360: 6161: 6139: 6075: 5746: 5541: 5536: 5428: 5097: 4677: 4620: 3952: 3880: 3546: 3474: 3410: 3138: 3047: 2590: 2571: 2495: 2404: 2324:

began as a kind of commentarial supplement upon the earlier teachings in the

2321: 2184: 2109: 2078: 1981: 1969: 1906: 1851: 1782: 1740: 1702: 1641: 1530: 1458: 1349: 1288: 1166: 1063: 961: 859: 842: 642: 554: 504: 352: 236: 135: 5900: 5890: 5262: 5012:, translated by Thurman, Robert A. F., Pennsylvania State University Press, 4162: 875: 7532: 7517: 7487: 7437: 7427: 7269: 7064: 6557: 6392: 6270: 6058: 6053: 5880: 5751: 5626: 5087: 4519:

Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

3639: 3514: 3506: 3426: 3075: 2983: 2471: 2459: 2446: 2410: 2384: 2360: 2286: 2270: 2239: 2151: 2142: 2088: 2047: 2010: 1999: 1953: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1816: 1807: 1745: 1724: 1681: 1665: 1634: 1607: 1544: 1515: 1466: 1421: 1406: 1402: 1325: 1316: 1239: 1233: 1215: 1201: 1137: 1075: 1048: 1038: 985: 848: 776:, although it is not agreed upon by all what the cause of this split was. 727: 638: 481: 266: 212: 121: 6315: 6300: 6260: 5957: 5621: 5197: 2555:

or ordination lineage from the early Buddhist schools, and therefore each

2540:) as a continuum, and devotional elements such as the worship of saints. 2143: 1808: 1682: 1516: 1498: 1317: 1265: 1138: 920: 312: 276: 7502: 7331: 6472: 6457: 6240: 6048: 5976: 5756: 5586: 5488: 5335: 5207: 4715: 3643: 3538: 3434: 3065: 2931: 2532: 2440: 2340: 2325: 2314: 2298: 2243: 2178: 2129: 2004: 1965: 1929: 1846: 1750: 1660: 1536: 1343: 1161: 904:

divided the mainstream Buddhist schools into three main doctrinal types:

825: 761: 702: 682: 611: 466: 327: 7492: 5952: 4454:, Series 3, 6.1 (1996): 57–63. Retrieved 29 Nov 2008 from "Indology" at 4178:

Buddhism: An Introduction to the Buddha's Life, Teachings, and Practices

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Some scholars argue that the first council actually did not take place.

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Pali Language and Literature: A Systematic Survey and Historical Survey

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The textual material shared by the early schools is often termed the

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Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000), "Early Buddhist schools",

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3rd rev. ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000), chapters 8 and 9).

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Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition

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And the following three which are included in the Burmese Canon:

2434: 2422: 2242:), they were developed further into specific doctrines about the 2192: 1985: 1821: 1550: 1355: 1176: 819:

and the interpretation of doctrine. The chairman of the council,

701:, one of his most senior disciples, and with the support of king 451: 374: 287: 271: 241: 6144: 5912: 5040:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891. pp. 409–422

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The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master

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Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture

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were offshoots of the Sarvastivadins, but are grouped under the

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adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school.

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schools" were. The origin of this saying is therefore unclear.

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The distinction involved was as to the existence of phenomena (

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teachings by the Buddha, but later compositions by disciples.

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An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

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History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era

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Timeline: Development and propagation of Buddhist traditions

2257:), the view that the Buddha was a fully transcendent being. 1717:

Twenty schools according to Mahayana scriptures in Chinese:

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Lindtner, Christian (1999), "From Brahmanism to Buddhism",

4315: 4004: 871: 830: 4279: 3967: 7205: 5741: 4338:(D.Phil. dissertation). Oxford, Trinity Term. p. 72. 4021: 4019: 999:

of various sects shows evidence that ideologies from the

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and commentaries. Comparison of existing versions of the

760:, approximately one hundred years after Gautama Buddha's 4500:; Hay, Stephen N.; de Bary, Wm. Theodore, eds. (1988) , 4336:

Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm

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A textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya

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nikāya in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda nikāya in

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Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800

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As the third major division of the various canons, the

870:. There it was eventually committed to writing in the 4463:

Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence

4016: 3916: 621:. The divisions were originally due to differences in 4990:, translated by Wing, Yeung H., Wisdom Publications, 4943:

Jong, J. W. de (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism",

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Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka

3638:, p. 632: "Theravada Buddhism, in texts such as 788:(monastic discipline), though later on, by about 100 4342: 4267: 4255: 4134: 4104: 4089: 3904: 3892: 3841: 4644:Keown, Damien and Charles S Prebish (eds.) (2004). 4303: 3868: 3795: 3793: 3791: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5005: 4895: 4588: 4366: 4048: 3835: 3817: 2320:Although the literature of the various Abhidharma 1991:A hypothetical combined list would be as follows: 4936:Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma 4517:Gombrich, Richard F. (1988; 6th reprint, 2002). 4442:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013), 3805: 1395:(5th century CE), discern the following schools. 7730: 5008:Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture 4762:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 3788: 3769: 3759: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 2601: 2518:) of Theravada and other early Buddhist schools. 2246:path and how exactly the Buddha undertook it. 4760:and Willard L. Johnson (1970; 3rd ed., 1982). 2570:, or monastic sects, continues today with the 5071: 4826: 4465:, Tokyo: The Institute for Buddhist Studies, 4321: 3732:, vol. VI, p. ix (translators' introduction). 3597: 940:Prajñaptivādins, and possibly non-Abhidharma 587: 5853:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 4483:(2nd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 4441: 4010: 2498:, is a later addition to the Vinaya Pitaka. 2293:), together with the first four (and early) 796: 693:) by some of his disciples who had attained 659: 3650:, postulates the following ten perfections" 2351:Late texts in the Theravada Khuddaka Nikaya 2217: 878:remains the most complete set of surviving 5078: 5064: 4849:, Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, 4152: 4081:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4040:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2285:The earliest texts of the Pali Canon (the 2277:within their Abhidharma Pitaka. Also, the 1007:s to support the statements made in those 1003:s sometimes found their way back into the 610:are those schools into which the Buddhist 594: 580: 4545:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1041:history, which gives the following list: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 4878:The Illustrated Guide to World Religions 4801: 4694: 4659: 4626: 4531: 4402: 4297: 4273: 4261: 4211:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 3922: 3874: 3847: 3716: 3398: 2522: 120: 7040:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 4827:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000), 4775: 4744:, Pennsylvania State University Press, 4739: 4714: 4606: 4420: 4285: 4140: 3973: 3898: 3887:Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica 1998 3859: 3823: 3741: 3704: 3692: 3671: 3635: 3513:) was split into 9 sects. There were: 2501: 1913:and Central Asia, along the Silk Road. 1208:(d. 124 BCE) gives the following list: 1018: 7731: 7243:List of Buddhist architecture in China 4793: 4662:"The Problem of Precanonical Buddhism" 4540: 4496: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4333: 4227:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 4175: 3910: 2589:The Chinese Buddhist monk and pilgrim 866:by Emperor Aśoka's son, the Venerable 5059: 4764:(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing). 4579: 4243:from the original on 19 February 2019 4157:. Colombo: Karunaratne. p. 113. 4113: 4098: 3985: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3174: 3169: 3081: 3044: 2973: 2970: 2947: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2891: 2886: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2820: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2732: 2727: 2714: 2222:The classic sets of ten, six or four 4916:Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola (2002), 4844: 4558: 4478: 4452:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 4444:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 4309: 4204: 4054: 3934: 3811: 3659: 3614:According to Buswell and Lopez, the 2507:all literature of the Mahayana (the 895: 664: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 4460: 3799: 13: 7030:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4868: 4615:, vol. 11, pp. 175–228, 4176:Oliver, Joan Duncan (April 2019). 4125: 3351:Index of Buddhism-related articles 1583:Aparaseliya (Sanskrit: Aparaśaila) 14: 7770: 5027: 4740:Prebish, Charles S., ed. (2010), 4205:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). 2343:status of the world – about what 689:, a council was held at Rajagaha 681:XI.1 ff), three months after the 7711: 7701: 7700: 7258:Thai temple art and architecture 7003:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5243:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5109: 5096: 5086: 4876:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (2003), 1600:monk, gives the following list: 1571:Hemavatika (Sanskrit: Haimavata) 1037:("Questions of Śāriputra") is a 908:The "personalists", such as the 211: 129:'s visit in the seventh century. 23: 5110: 4564:The Heart of Buddha's Teachings 4327: 4198: 4169: 4146: 4119: 4060: 3979: 3928: 3747: 3735: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3629: 3580: 3500: 3404: 3392: 1960:, Dharmottariya, Bhadrayaniya, 633:) during or after the reign of 34:needs additional citations for 16:Early Buddhist monastic schools 7248:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7050:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6130:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 5321:Places where the Buddha stayed 4742:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 4405:South Asian Buddhism: A Survey 3990:. Facts on File. p. 419. 3853: 3836:Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000 3755:Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga 3590:(2012); see also A.K. Warder, 3331:Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga 2279:Pali version of the Abhidhamma 2120:(between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) 858:s (collectively known as the " 1: 7739:Timelines of Buddhist history 7263:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 4778:A Concise History of Buddhism 4532:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), 4403:Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2009), 3782: 3626:as "non-sarvastivada" groups. 3266: 2394: 2260: 2007:('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE) 1993: 1718: 1601: 1396: 1209: 1042: 912:Vātsīputrīyas and Saṃmittīyas 675:According to the scriptures ( 7020:Buddhism and the Roman world 6996:Decline of Buddhism in India 6991:History of Buddhism in India 5091: Topics in 4918:Mindfulness in Plain English 4660:Lindtner, Christian (1997), 4446:, Princeton University Press 7: 6218:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5958: 5004:Vimalakirtinirdesa (1976), 4938:, Columbia University Press 4902:, Oxford University Press, 4880:, Oxford University Press, 4724:University of Hawai'i Press 4153:Abeynayake, Oliver (1984). 4130:. Vol. 5. p. 398. 3986:Irons, Edward, ed. (2008). 3324: 2597: 2582:, typically using the term 2485: 2144: 1874:, monks from China such as 1809: 1683: 1517: 1499: 1383:The Sri Lankan chronicles, 1318: 1266: 1139: 10: 7775: 7168:The unanswerable questions 5034:The Sects of the Buddhists 4780:, Windhorse Publications, 4630:History of Indian Buddhism 4591:Students' Britannica India 4381: 4180:(1st ed.). New York: 3265: 3204: 3147: 2954: 2870: 2799: 2698: 2604: 2396: 2050:(prior to 240 BCE; during 1995: 1720: 1603: 1398: 1211: 1198:Samayabhedo Paracana Cakra 1044: 956:Other groups included the 800: 668: 7696: 7648: 7563: 7478: 7253:Buddhist temples in Korea 7176: 7078: 6961: 6658: 6586: 6413: 6286: 6226: 5861: 5816:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5727: 5719:Three planes of existence 5667: 5512: 5404: 5334: 5326:Buddha in world religions 5188: 5133: 5105: 5044:Sources on early Buddhism 4709:10.1080/09552369908575487 4580:Hazra, Kanai Lal (1994), 4479:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978), 4334:Onians, Isabelle (2001). 4322:Williams & Tribe 2000 3937:"The Date of Kathāvatthu" 3860:Lamotte, Étienne (1988). 3574: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3534: 3526: 3518: 3510: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3454: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3313: 3302: 3291: 3280: 3272: 3249: 3235: 3228: 3214: 3154: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3074: 3071: 3060: 3053: 3031: 3024: 3013: 2961: 2877: 2825: 2806: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2737: 2705: 2682: 2668: 2661: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2618: 2612:(c. 450 BCE – c. 1300 CE) 2452: 2397: 2139: 1996: 1909:continued to be found in 1804: 1721: 1678: 1604: 1512: 1399: 1389:(3rd–4th century CE) and 1313: 1212: 1134: 1045: 797:Third council under Aśoka 660:Formation and development 7035:Persecution of Buddhists 6256:Four stages of awakening 5637:Three marks of existence 5223:Physical characteristics 4776:Skilton, Andrew (2004), 4678:10.1558/bsrv.v14i2.14851 4646:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4627:Hirakawa, Akira (1990), 4426:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4011:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3988:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 3386: 3310: 3299: 3288: 3277: 3269: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2514:all commentarial works ( 2218:Innovations of the sects 2195:(mid-first century BCE) 2187:(late third century BCE) 2181:(late third century BCE) 58:"Early Buddhist schools" 6398:Ten principal disciples 5281:(aunt, adoptive mother) 4920:, Wisdom Publications, 4898:Foundations of Buddhism 4894:Gethin, Rupert (1998), 4794:Walser, Joseph (2005), 4666:Buddhist Studies Review 4481:Buddhist Sects in India 4395:Encyclopædia Britannica 4219:Oxford University Press 4182:St. Martin's Essentials 4069:Encyclopædia Britannica 4028:Encyclopædia Britannica 2494:, the last book of the 2126:(3rd and 4th centuries) 1921:. The Chinese traveler 823:, compiled a book, the 754:Second Buddhist council 728:Divergence between the 7744:Early Buddhist schools 7108:Buddhism and democracy 6621:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6616:Chinese Buddhist canon 5848:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5843:Early Buddhist schools 4970:What the Buddha Taught 4934:Hurvitz, Leon (1976), 4648:(London: Routledge). 4541:Harvey, Peter (1990), 4536:, Munshiram Manoharlal 4422:Buswell, Robert E. Jr. 4128:Book of the Discipline 3730:Book of the Discipline 3003:contact from India to 2977:Early Buddhist schools 2748:Early Buddhist schools 2389: 2303:First Buddhist Council 2267:Abhidharma collections 803:Third Buddhist council 781:Abhidhammic literature 756:, which took place at 671:First Buddhist council 608:early Buddhist schools 413:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 404:Early Buddhist schools 367:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 184: 7118:Eight Consciousnesses 5228:Life of Buddha in art 4831:, London: Routledge, 4607:Huifeng, Shi (2013), 4593:, Popular Prakashan, 4521:(London: Routledge). 4461:Cox, Collett (1995), 4026:"Abhidhamma Pitaka". 3314:= Various / syncretic 2523:Hinayana and Mahāyāna 2357: 2336:teachings of Buddha. 1026:The Eighteen Schools 124: 7595:East Asian religions 7025:Buddhism in the West 6596:Early Buddhist texts 6211:Four Right Exertions 5677:Ten spiritual realms 5170:Noble Eightfold Path 4960:, Motilal Banarsidas 4945:The Eastern Buddhist 4845:Xing, Guang (2004), 4758:Robinson, Richard H. 3935:Dube, S. N. (1972). 3381:Timeline of Buddhism 3341:Early Buddhist Texts 2566:Membership in these 2502:Other later writings 1976:, Haimavata (a.k.a. 1019:The eighteen schools 654:early Buddhist texts 286:Tibetan EBTs in the 231:Early Buddhist Texts 43:improve this article 7754:Schools of Buddhism 7718:Religion portal 7465:Temple of the Tooth 7344:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 6383:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 5876:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5659:Two truths doctrine 5479:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5279:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4207:"Maritime Buddhism" 3976:, pp. 175–228. 3648:Dhammapadatthakatha 3588:"What Is Theravada" 3586:See Ajahn Sucitto, 3371:Schools of Buddhism 3346:History of Buddhism 2815:Southeast Asia 2251:temporal eternalism 1948:, Gokulika (a.k.a. 1034:Śāriputraparipṛcchā 886:Chinese translation 697:, presided over by 619:history of Buddhism 617:split early in the 323:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī 7640:Western philosophy 7238:Dzong architecture 7060:Vipassana movement 7055:Buddhist modernism 6483:Emperor Wen of Sui 6251:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6184:Threefold Training 5986:Vipassana movement 5702:Hungry Ghost realm 5522:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5469:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5218:Great Renunciation 5213:Eight Great Events 5095: 5049:2014-11-29 at the 5038:Rhys Davids. T. W. 4986:Shun, Yin (1998), 4534:How Buddhism Began 4498:Embree, Ainslie T. 4390:"Buddhist Council" 4288:, p. 193–194. 3198:Silk Road Buddhism 1200:, composed by the 821:Moggaliputta Tissa 375:Kingdom of Magadha 185: 172:non-Dharmaguptaka 7726: 7725: 7364:Om mani padme hum 7070:Women in Buddhism 6986:Buddhist councils 6856:Western countries 6644:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 6405:Shaolin Monastery 5982:Samatha-vipassanā 5592:Pratītyasamutpāda 5396:Metteyya/Maitreya 5314: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5143:Four Noble Truths 4956:Nakamura (1989), 4820:978-0-415-35653-4 4807:Mahayana Buddhism 4751:978-0-271-03803-2 4654:978-0-415-31414-5 4490:978-0-89684-043-0 4414:978-0-415-45248-9 4363:, pp. 41–42. 4236:978-0-19-934037-8 4191:978-1-250-31368-3 4077:cite encyclopedia 4036:cite encyclopedia 3997:978-0-8160-5459-6 3336:Buddhist Councils 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3158:Central Asia 2479: 2478: 2429:Patisambhidamagga 2289:and parts of the 2215: 2214: 2105:(after 232 BCE)) 2074:(after 232 BCE)) 1865: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1712: 1711: 1647:Mūlasarvāstivādin 1598:Mūlasarvāstivādin 1563:In addition, the 1561: 1560: 1378: 1377: 1191: 1190: 896:Further divisions 862:"), was taken to 855:Abhidhamma Pitaka 665:The first council 604: 603: 390:Buddhist councils 385:Moggaliputtatissa 119: 118: 111: 93: 7766: 7716: 7715: 7704: 7703: 7543:Sacred languages 7391:Maya Devi Temple 7354:Mahabodhi Temple 7158:Secular Buddhism 7123:Engaged Buddhism 5963: 5811:Tibetan Buddhism 5762:Vietnamese Thiền 5361:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 5312: 5304: 5296: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5113: 5112: 5100: 5090: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5022: 5011: 5000: 4982: 4961: 4952: 4939: 4930: 4912: 4901: 4890: 4863: 4841: 4823: 4798: 4790: 4754: 4736: 4711: 4697:Asian Philosophy 4691: 4690: 4689: 4680:, archived from 4641: 4623: 4603: 4585: 4576: 4560:Hanh, Thich Nhat 4555: 4537: 4514: 4493: 4475: 4447: 4438: 4417: 4399: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4071:. Chicago. 2008. 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4031: 4030:. Chicago. 2008. 4023: 4014: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3633: 3627: 3612: 3595: 3592:Indian Buddhism, 3584: 3578: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3480: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3376:Secular Buddhism 3366:Rhinoceros Sutra 3267: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3143: 3127: 3094: 3051: 3040: 3008: 2986: 2979: 2899: 2881:Tibetan Buddhism 2849: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2725: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2613: 2610: 2602: 2576:Tibetan Buddhism 2395: 2147: 2124:Mūlasarvāstivāda 2112:(after 232 BCE)) 2098:(after 232 BCE)) 2081:(after 232 BCE)) 2067:(after 232 BCE)) 2032: 1994: 1891:Mūlasarvāstivāda 1872:first millennium 1812: 1737: 1719: 1686: 1602: 1596:(c. 645–715), a 1520: 1502: 1481: 1442: 1430:– Fourth schism 1397: 1321: 1305:– Seventh schism 1285:– Fourth schism 1269: 1254: 1242:– Second schism 1229: 1210: 1142: 1128: 1089: 1043: 1023: 1022: 974:Mūlasarvāstivāda 596: 589: 582: 518:Mulasarvastivada 282:Śālistamba Sūtra 215: 198: 192: 187: 186: 144:non-Pudgalavāda 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7710: 7692: 7644: 7559: 7474: 7211:Ordination hall 7172: 7074: 7045:Buddhist crisis 6957: 6654: 6606:Mahayana sutras 6582: 6578:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6409: 6282: 6222: 6172:Bodhisattva vow 5857: 5723: 5663: 5622:Taṇhā (Craving) 5557:Five hindrances 5508: 5400: 5330: 5184: 5129: 5101: 5084: 5051:Wayback Machine 5030: 5025: 5020: 5003: 4998: 4985: 4980: 4972:, Grove Press, 4966:Rahula, Walpola 4964: 4958:Indian Buddhism 4955: 4942: 4933: 4928: 4915: 4910: 4893: 4888: 4875: 4871: 4869:Further reading 4866: 4861: 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2745: 2720: 2715: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2525: 2509:Mahayana Sutras 2504: 2488: 2353: 2275:Khuddaka Nikaya 2263: 2220: 2026: 1964:, Sannagarika, 1867: 1731: 1618:Mahaviharavasin 1615:Abhayagirivasin 1586:Apararajagirika 1539:– Second schism 1533:– Second schism 1527:– First schism 1504:– Second schism 1494:– Second schism 1488:– Second schism 1482:– Second schism 1475: 1469:– First schism 1443:– Fifth schism 1436: 1424:– Third schism 1418:– First schism 1370:– Fourth schism 1364:– Fourth schism 1358:– Fourth schism 1346:– Second schism 1248: 1236:– First schism 1223: 1122: 1083: 1021: 902:Etienne Lamotte 898: 805: 799: 770:Sthavira nikāya 737: 673: 667: 662: 600: 571: 570: 569: 568: 406: 396: 395: 394: 369: 359: 358: 357: 302: 294: 293: 292: 225: 196: 190: 167: 158: 149: 139: 130: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7772: 7762: 7761: 7759:Early Buddhism 7756: 7751: 7749:Nikaya schools 7746: 7741: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7708: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7275:Greco-Buddhist 7267: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7226:Burmese pagoda 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7182: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7008:Greco-Buddhism 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6941:United Kingdom 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6886:Czech Republic 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6650:Abhidharmadīpa 6647: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6568:B. R. Ambedkar 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6488:Songtsen Gampo 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6167:Eight precepts 6164: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5955: 5945: 5940: 5938:Five Strengths 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5577:Mental factors 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Mahamoggallāna 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5344:Avalokiteśvara 5340: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5028:External links 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5001: 4996: 4983: 4978: 4962: 4953: 4940: 4931: 4926: 4913: 4908: 4891: 4886: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4860:978-0415333443 4859: 4842: 4837: 4824: 4819: 4803:Williams, Paul 4799: 4791: 4787:978-0904766929 4786: 4773: 4755: 4750: 4737: 4733:978-0824830038 4732: 4712: 4692: 4657: 4642: 4624: 4604: 4599: 4586: 4577: 4573:978-0767903691 4572: 4556: 4551: 4538: 4529: 4515: 4510: 4494: 4489: 4476: 4471: 4458: 4448: 4439: 4434: 4424:, ed. (2003), 4418: 4413: 4400: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4326: 4314: 4312:, p. 115. 4302: 4300:, p. 4–5. 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4235: 4197: 4190: 4168: 4145: 4133: 4126:Horner, I. B. 4118: 4116:, p. 412. 4103: 4101:, p. 415. 4088: 4059: 4047: 4015: 4013:, p. 859. 4003: 3996: 3978: 3966: 3947:(1/2): 79–86. 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3852: 3840: 3838:, p. 264. 3828: 3816: 3804: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3768: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3628: 3596: 3579: 3499: 3403: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3301: 3298: 3290: 3287: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177:Greco-Buddhism 3173: 3168: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3030: 3027:Nara (Rokushū) 3023: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3010: 2972: 2969: 2965:East Asia 2959: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2885: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2810:Sri Lanka 2804: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2713: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2599: 2596: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2500: 2487: 2484: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2466:Nettippakarana 2462: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2352: 2349: 2262: 2259: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2099: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2068: 2061: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2021: 2017:) later name: 1946:Ekavyavaharika 1907:Dharmaguptakas 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1827:Lokottaravādin 1824: 1819: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1547:– First schism 1542: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1461:– Third schism 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1449:– Sixth schism 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1352:– Third schism 1347: 1341: 1340:– First schism 1335: 1334:– First schism 1329: 1328:– First schism 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1299:– Sixth schism 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291:– Fifth schism 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277:– Third schism 1272: 1271:– Third schism 1262: 1261:– Third schism 1256: 1255:– Third schism 1231: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1017: 962:Dharmaguptakas 946: 945: 942:Sthaviravadins 930: 919:", namely the 913: 897: 894: 874:language. The 801:Main article: 798: 795: 768:, between the 736: 726: 687:Gautama Buddha 669:Main article: 666: 663: 661: 658: 647:Vibhajyavādins 643:Dharmaguptakas 639:Sarvāstivādins 602: 601: 599: 598: 591: 584: 576: 573: 572: 567: 566: 565: 564: 563: 562: 561: 560: 559: 558: 544: 537: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 509: 508: 494: 487: 479: 478: 477: 472: 459: 458: 457: 454: 449: 448: 447: 442: 432: 431: 430: 423:Ekavyāvahārika 409: 408: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 393: 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 370: 365: 364: 361: 360: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 318:Mahāmoggallāna 315: 310: 308:Gautama Buddha 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 291: 290: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 252:Gandhāran EBTs 249: 244: 239: 234: 227: 226: 221: 220: 217: 216: 208: 207: 200: 199: 178:(ancestral to 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7771: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7480:Miscellaneous 7477: 7471: 7470:Vegetarianism 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:Buddha in art 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6946:United States 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Padmasambhava 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6415:Major figures 6412: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6361:Western tulku 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:Five precepts 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Dhamma vicaya 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Buddhābhiṣeka 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5552:Enlightenment 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Dhamma theory 5540: 5538: 5537:Buddha-nature 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5376:Samantabhadra 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 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4084: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4057:, p. 58. 4056: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941:East and West 3938: 3931: 3925:, p. 45. 3924: 3923:Berkwitz 2009 3919: 3913:, p. 74. 3912: 3907: 3901:, p. 47. 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3875:Hirakawa 1990 3871: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3848:Williams 1989 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3814:, p. 16. 3813: 3808: 3802:, p. 23. 3801: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3772: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3717:Gombrich 1997 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3572: 3564: 3556: 3548: 3547:Prajñaptivāda 3540: 3532: 3524: 3523:Lokottaravāda 3516: 3508: 3503: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3475:Dharmaguptaka 3468: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3412: 3411:Sarvāstivādin 3407: 3400: 3399:Gombrich 1997 3395: 3391: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3308: 3307: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2991:the silk road 2985: 2978: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2743: 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2152:Ekavyahārikas 2150: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2110:Dharmaguptaka 2107: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2091:(c. 237 BCE) 2090: 2087: 2080: 2079:Dharmaguptaka 2076: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2024:Dharmottarīya 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1982:Dharmaguptaka 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Prajnaptivada 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:Lokottaravāda 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1853: 1852:Prajñaptivāda 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783:Dharmaguptaka 1781: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741:Sarvāstivādin 1739: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1704: 1703:Prajñaptivāda 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1671:Vibhajyavadin 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657:Dharmaguptaka 1656: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642:Sarvastivadin 1640: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545:Ekavyahārikas 1543: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531:Prajñaptivāda 1529: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1473:Dharmottarīya 1471: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1459:Dharmaguptaka 1457: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350:Prajñaptivāda 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332:Lokottaravāda 1330: 1327: 1326:Ekavyahārikas 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877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856: 851: 850: 845: 844: 839: 834: 832: 828: 827: 822: 818: 813: 811: 804: 794: 791: 787: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 745: 743: 735: 731: 725: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679: 672: 657: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 613: 609: 597: 592: 590: 585: 583: 578: 577: 575: 574: 556: 555:Dharmaguptaka 552: 551: 549: 545: 542: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 506: 505:Dharmaguptaka 502: 501: 499: 495: 492: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 476: 473: 470: 469: 468: 465: 464: 463: 460: 455: 453: 450: 446: 445:Prajñaptivāda 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 433: 429: 428:Lokottaravāda 426: 425: 424: 421: 420: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411: 410: 405: 400: 399: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 368: 363: 362: 354: 353:Anāthapiṇḍika 351: 349: 346: 344: 343:Mahākātyāyana 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 298: 297: 289: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 224: 219: 218: 214: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 195: 189: 188: 183: 181: 175: 171: 165: 162: 156: 153: 147: 143: 137: 136:Dharmaguptaka 134: 128: 123: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 7658:Bodhisattvas 7578:Christianity 7573:Baháʼí Faith 7438:Dharmachakra 7428:Prayer wheel 7418:Prayer beads 7186:Architecture 7065:969 Movement 6849:Saudi Arabia 6827:Central Asia 6820:South Africa 6642: 6625: 6558:Panchen Lama 6463:Buddhapālita 6059:Satipatthana 6054:Mindful Yoga 5967:Recollection 5881:Brahmavihara 5842: 5752:Japanese Zen 5747:Chinese Chan 5707:Animal realm 5514:Key concepts 5336:Bodhisattvas 5148:Three Jewels 5007: 4987: 4969: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4917: 4897: 4877: 4846: 4828: 4806: 4795: 4777: 4761: 4741: 4719: 4716:Nattier, Jan 4700: 4696: 4686:, retrieved 4682:the original 4669: 4665: 4645: 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Retrieved 4210: 4200: 4177: 4171: 4154: 4148: 4143:, p. 1. 4141:Buswell 2003 4136: 4127: 4121: 4068: 4067:"Buddhism". 4062: 4050: 4027: 4006: 3987: 3981: 3974:Huifeng 2013 3969: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3899:Skilton 2004 3894: 3882: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3850:, p. 6. 3843: 3831: 3824:Prebish 2010 3819: 3807: 3771: 3761: 3749: 3742:Buswell 2003 3737: 3729: 3724: 3712: 3705:Buswell 2003 3700: 3693:Buswell 2003 3688: 3679: 3672:Buswell 2003 3667: 3655: 3640:Cariyapitaka 3636:Buswell 2003 3631: 3624:Vibhajjavāda 3623: 3619: 3615: 3591: 3582: 3515:Ekavyahārika 3507:Mahāsāṃghika 3502: 3459:Channagirika 3443:Bhadrayānīya 3427:Vatsīputrīya 3406: 3394: 3304: 3293: 3282: 3273: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3205: 3196: 3189: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3097: 3089: 3083: 3054: 3046: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3014: 2976: 2974: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2924: 2905: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2764: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2607: 2605: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2565: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2489: 2480: 2472:Petakopadesa 2460:Milindapanha 2453: 2447:Cariyapitaka 2411:Vimanavatthu 2398: 2390: 2385:Jataka tales 2361:Sutta Nipata 2358: 2354: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2319: 2287:Sutta Nipata 2284: 2271:Mahasanghika 2264: 2248: 2221: 2204:Uttara Śaila 2145:Mahāsāṃghika 2089:Sarvāstivāda 2060:(c. 240 BCE) 2048:Vibhajjavāda 2036:Bhadrayānīya 2011:Vatsīputrīya 2000:Sthaviravāda 1990: 1954:Sarvastivada 1942:Vatsiputriya 1938:Mahasamghika 1934:Sthaviravada 1928: 1918: 1915: 1895:Mahāsāṃghika 1887:Sarvāstivāda 1884: 1869: 1866: 1817:Ekavyahārika 1810:Mahāsāṃghika 1766:Channagirika 1756:Bhadrayānīya 1746:Vatsīputrīya 1725:Sthaviravāda 1699:Lottaravadin 1684:Mahāsāṃghika 1635:Vatsīputrīya 1628:Kaurukullaka 1608:Sthaviravāda 1577:Siddhatthaka 1562: 1518:Mahāsāṃghika 1486:Bhadrayānīya 1467:Vatsīputrīya 1422:Sarvāstivāda 1407:Vibhajjavāda 1403:Sthaviravāda 1390: 1384: 1368:Uttara Śaila 1319:Mahāsāṃghika 1259:Bhadrayānīya 1240:Vatsīputrīya 1234:Sarvāstivāda 1216:Sthaviravāda 1197: 1182:Uttarashaila 1140:Mahāsāṃghika 1093:Bhadrayaniya 1076:Vatsīputrīya 1054:Sarvāstivāda 1049:Sthaviravāda 1032: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 986:Sutta Piṭaka 984: 982: 958:Sarvāstivāda 955: 947: 938:Mahāsāṃghika 936:", e.g. the 925:Sarvāstivāda 910:Pudgalavādin 899: 879: 853: 847: 841: 837: 835: 824: 816: 814: 810:Vibhajjavāda 806: 778: 774:Mahāsāṃghika 746: 741: 738: 734:Mahāsāṃghika 733: 730:Sthaviravāda 729: 723: 676: 674: 651: 631:Mahāsāṃghika 607: 605: 530:Vibhajyavāda 482:Sarvāstivāda 471:Vātsīputrīya 418:Mahāsāṃghika 403: 301:Early sangha 177: 174:Vibhajyavāda 169: 160: 155:Mahāsāṃghika 151: 146:Sarvāstivāda 141: 132: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 7503:Dharma talk 7332:Asalha Puja 7128:Eschatology 6931:Switzerland 6911:New Zealand 6839:Middle East 6748:Philippines 6668:Afghanistan 6473:Bodhidharma 6458:Buddhaghosa 6378:Householder 6288:Monasticism 6241:Bodhisattva 6096:Prostration 6049:Mindfulness 5977:Anapanasati 5960:Kammaṭṭhāna 5757:Korean Seon 5697:Asura realm 5692:Human realm 5632:Ten Fetters 5587:Parinirvana 5489:Uppalavanna 5454:Mahākaccana 5439:Mahākassapa 5371:Kṣitigarbha 5366:Ākāśagarbha 5263:Suddhodāna 5208:Four sights 5135:Foundations 4703:(1): 5–37, 4639:10125/23030 4566:, Harmony, 4373:Embree 1988 4361:Walser 2005 4349:Walser 2005 3911:Harvey 1990 3644:Buddhavamsa 3571:Uttaraśaila 3539:Bahuśrutīya 3491:Sautrāntika 3435:Dharmottara 3164:Tarim Basin 2812: & 2584:Śrāvakayāna 2533:Lotus Sutra 2441:Buddhavamsa 2341:ontological 2326:Suttapitaka 2315:Suttapitaka 2299:Suttapitaka 2244:bodhisattva 2199:Apara Śaila 2179:Bahuśrutīya 2118:Sautrāntika 2041:Sannāgarika 2027: [ 2005:Pudgalavāda 1966:Bahusrutiya 1930:A.K. Warder 1870:During the 1847:Bahuśrutīya 1842:Uttaraśaila 1795:Sautrāntika 1770:Sannāgarika 1751:Dharmottara 1732: [ 1666:Tamrasatiya 1661:Bahuśrutīya 1580:Pubbaseliya 1537:Bahuśrutīya 1492:Sannāgarika 1476: [ 1447:Sautrāntika 1437: [ 1434:Sankrantika 1362:Apara Śaila 1344:Bahuśrutīya 1303:Sautrāntika 1275:Sannāgarika 1249: [ 1224: [ 1162:Bahuśrutīya 1123: [ 1120:Samkrantika 1103:Sannagarika 1084: [ 1009:Abhidhammas 1005:Suttapiṭaka 997:Suttapiṭaka 992:Abhidhammas 934:nominalists 826:Kathavatthu 762:parinirvāṇa 699:Mahākāśyapa 695:arahantship 683:parinirvana 513:Sautrāntika 486:(Haimavata) 467:Pudgalavada 456:(Haimavata) 440:Bahuśrutīya 328:Mahakasyapa 164:Pudgalavāda 7733:Categories 7620:Psychology 7600:Gnosticism 7588:Comparison 7583:Influences 7565:Comparison 7448:Bhavacakra 7406:Kushinagar 7381:Pilgrimage 7327:Māgha Pūjā 7282:Bodhi Tree 7098:Buddhology 7088:Abhidharma 7080:Philosophy 7013:Menander I 6881:Costa Rica 6832:Uzbekistan 6673:Bangladesh 6627:Dhammapada 6611:Pali Canon 6573:Ajahn Chah 6553:Dalai Lama 6453:Kumārajīva 6448:Vasubandhu 6423:The Buddha 6331:Zen master 6266:Sakadagami 6246:Buddhahood 6177:Pratimokṣa 5992:Shikantaza 5948:Meditation 5923:Deity yoga 5794:Madhyamaka 5687:Deva realm 5582:Mindstream 5532:Bodhicitta 5444:Aṅgulimāla 5311:Devadatta 5287:Yaśodharā 5190:The Buddha 5180:Middle Way 4688:2022-11-05 4114:Hazra 1994 4099:Hazra 1994 3783:References 3620:Mahīśāsaka 3563:Aparaśaila 3467:Mahisasaka 3361:Pyrrhonism 2516:atthakatha 2417:Petavatthu 2377:Theragatha 2373:Therigatha 2369:Dhammapada 2365:Itivuttaka 2261:Abhidhamma 2130:Vaibhāṣika 2103:Mahīśāsaka 2072:Mahīśāsaka 1974:Mahisasaka 1905:sect. The 1832:Aparaśaila 1778:Mahisasaka 1693:Aparasaila 1690:Purvasaila 1654:Mahisasaka 1612:Jetavaniya 1594:Vinitadeva 1574:Rajagiriya 1416:Mahīśāsaka 1283:Mahīśāsaka 1115:Sutravadin 1059:Mahisasaka 1001:Abhidhamma 968:, and the 876:Pāli Canon 812:council. 808:Theravāda- 703:Ajātasattu 678:Cullavagga 645:, and the 548:Mahīśāsaka 523:Vaibhāṣika 498:Mahīśāsaka 262:Abhidharma 257:Prātimokṣa 223:Scriptures 99:April 2009 69:newspapers 7688:Festivals 7668:Buddhists 7630:Theosophy 7433:Symbolism 7423:Hama yumi 7396:Bodh Gaya 7163:Socialism 7138:Evolution 7113:Economics 6951:Venezuela 6866:Australia 6861:Argentina 6785:Sri Lanka 6780:Singapore 6698:Indonesia 6660:Countries 6601:Tripiṭaka 6563:Ajahn Mun 6438:Nagarjuna 6433:Aśvaghoṣa 6316:Anagārika 6311:Śrāmaṇerī 6306:Śrāmaṇera 6301:Bhikkhunī 6261:Sotāpanna 6150:Passaddhi 6091:Offerings 6066:Nekkhamma 5943:Iddhipada 5863:Practices 5833:Theravada 5806:Vajrayana 5799:Yogachara 5769:Pure Land 5682:Six Paths 5669:Cosmology 5449:Anuruddha 5424:Sāriputta 5414:Kaundinya 5406:Disciples 5381:Vajrapāṇi 5233:Footprint 5198:Tathāgata 4851:Routledge 4811:Routledge 4621:1391-8443 4310:Xing 2004 4055:Dutt 1978 3953:0012-8376 3812:Hanh 1999 3766:earlier." 3753:See also 3660:Dutt 1978 3616:Kāśyapīya 3483:Kāśyapīya 3451:Sammitīya 3419:Haimavata 3306:Vajrayana 3284:Theravada 2846:Theravāda 2766:Vajrayāna 2586:instead. 2224:paramitas 2096:Kāśyapīya 2065:Kāśyapīya 2058:Theravāda 2019:Saṃmitīya 1978:Kasyapiya 1962:Sammitiya 1952:, etc.), 1950:Kukkutika 1899:Saṃmitīya 1790:Kāśyapīya 1761:Sammitīya 1729:Haimavata 1696:Haimavata 1651:Kasyapiya 1624:Sammatiya 1565:Dipavamsa 1500:Saṃmitīya 1428:Kāśyapīya 1411:Theravāda 1392:Mahavamsa 1386:Dipavamsa 1297:Kāśyapīya 1267:Saṃmitīya 1221:Haimavata 1206:Vasumitra 1147:Vyavahara 1110:Kāśyapīya 1098:Sammatiya 966:Saṃmitīya 951:Dipavamsa 921:Theravāda 864:Sri Lanka 860:Tripiṭaka 715:Theravāda 541:Kāśyapīya 535:Theravāda 491:Kāśyapīya 475:Saṃmitīya 462:Sthaviras 348:Devadatta 313:Sāriputta 277:Mahāvastu 237:Tripiṭaka 180:Theravada 166:school(s) 7706:Category 7635:Violence 7605:Hinduism 7553:Sanskrit 7508:Hinayana 7493:Amitābha 7453:Swastika 7322:Uposatha 7312:Holidays 7297:Calendar 7143:Humanism 6981:Kanishka 6971:Timeline 6795:Thailand 6763:Kalmykia 6758:Buryatia 6743:Pakistan 6728:Mongolia 6723:Maldives 6718:Malaysia 6683:Cambodia 6548:Shamarpa 6543:Nichiren 6493:Xuanzang 6428:Nagasena 6346:Rinpoche 6076:Pāramitā 5918:Devotion 5838:Navayana 5826:Dzogchen 5789:Nichiren 5737:Mahayana 5729:Branches 5607:Saṅkhāra 5356:Mañjuśrī 5313:(cousin) 5305:(cousin) 5273:(mother) 5265:(father) 5253:Miracles 5203:Birthday 5120:Glossary 5093:Buddhism 5047:Archived 4968:(1974), 4805:(1989), 4718:(2003), 4672:(2): 2, 4562:(1999), 4241:Archived 4163:70908931 3961:29755746 3800:Cox 1995 3531:Gokulika 3325:See also 3295:Mahayana 3139:Jōdo-shū 3123:Nichiren 2984:Mahāyāna 2757:Mahāyāna 2598:Timeline 2580:Hīnayāna 2561:bhikṣuṇī 2545:Hīnayāna 2492:Parivara 2486:Parivara 2313:(of the 2171:(during 2169:Gokulika 2154:(during 2013:(during 1923:Xuanzang 1911:Gandhāra 1903:Sthavira 1880:Xuanzang 1837:Gokulika 1727:, later 1631:Avantaka 1525:Gokulika 1338:Gokulika 1172:Mahadeva 1157:Gokulika 978:Mahāyāna 917:realists 890:Gāndhārī 852:and the 772:and the 758:Vaishali 732:and the 721:taught. 629:and the 627:Sthavira 612:monastic 435:Gokulika 272:Avadanas 205:Buddhism 194:a series 176:schools 127:Xuanzang 7683:Temples 7663:Buddhas 7625:Science 7615:Judaism 7610:Jainism 7528:Lineage 7488:Abhijñā 7458:Thangka 7401:Sarnath 7386:Lumbini 7307:Funeral 7302:Cuisine 7178:Culture 7153:Reality 7103:Creator 7093:Atomism 6963:History 6936:Ukraine 6896:Germany 6815:Senegal 6805:Vietnam 6733:Myanmar 6533:Shinran 6523:Karmapa 6498:Shandao 6468:Dignāga 6393:Śrāvaka 6373:Donchee 6368:Kappiya 6326:Sayadaw 6296:Bhikkhu 6271:Anāgāmi 6228:Nirvana 6194:Samadhi 6081:Paritta 6022:Tonglen 6017:Mandala 5972:Smarana 5953:Mantras 5901:Upekkha 5871:Bhavana 5821:Shingon 5774:Tiantai 5627:Tathātā 5617:Śūnyatā 5612:Skandha 5602:Saṃsāra 5597:Rebirth 5572:Kleshas 5562:Indriya 5464:Subhūti 5349:Guanyin 5303:Ānanda 5295:Rāhula 5175:Nirvana 5115:Outline 4382:Sources 3569:), and 3555:Caitika 3274:Legend: 3259:1200 CE 3224:250 BCE 3217:450 BCE 3085:Tiantai 3036:Shingon 3005:Vietnam 2896:Nyingma 2692:1200 CE 2657:250 BCE 2650:450 BCE 2568:nikāyas 2538:vijnana 2435:Apadana 2423:Niddesa 2322:Pitakas 2311:Nikayas 2297:of the 2295:Nikayas 2240:jatakas 2193:Caitika 1986:Caitika 1822:Caitika 1551:Caitika 1356:Caitika 1177:Caitika 1069:Suvarsa 868:Mahinda 452:Caitika 288:Kangyur 267:Jatakas 242:Nikayas 191:Part of 170:Orange: 152:Yellow: 148:schools 83:scholar 7678:Sutras 7673:Suttas 7538:Siddhi 7523:Koliya 7498:Brahmā 7413:Poetry 7359:Mantra 7349:Kasaya 7221:Pagoda 7201:Kyaung 7196:Vihāra 7191:Temple 7133:Ethics 6976:Ashoka 6926:Sweden 6921:Poland 6916:Norway 6906:Mexico 6891:France 6876:Canada 6871:Brazil 6810:Africa 6790:Taiwan 6753:Russia 6678:Bhutan 6638:Vinaya 6518:Naropa 6508:Saraha 6443:Asanga 6199:Prajñā 6108:Refuge 6071:Nianfo 6032:Tertön 6027:Tantra 6012:Ganana 6002:Tukdam 5928:Dhyāna 5896:Mudita 5891:Karuṇā 5784:Risshū 5779:Huayan 5712:Naraka 5652:Anattā 5647:Dukkha 5642:Anicca 5547:Dharma 5499:Channa 5434:Ānanda 5419:Assaji 5386:Skanda 5289:(wife) 5258:Family 5238:Relics 5163:Sangha 5158:Dharma 5153:Buddha 5016: 4994: 4976: 4924: 4906: 4884: 4857: 4835: 4817: 4784: 4768: 4748: 4730: 4652: 4619: 4597: 4570: 4549: 4525: 4508: 4487: 4469: 4432: 4411: 4398:, 1998 4247:30 May 4233: 4215:Oxford 4188: 4161: 3994: 3959: 3951: 3646:, and 3311: 3300: 3289: 3278: 3270: 3252:800 CE 3245:700 CE 3238:500 CE 3231:100 CE 3212: 3206: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3161:& 3149: 3132: 3116: 3110: 3105:Tendai 3098: 3091:Jìngtǔ 3072: 3055: 3016:Tangmi 2998:, and 2971: 2956: 2949:Jonang 2945: 2925: 2906: 2888: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2721:Sangha 2700: 2685:800 CE 2678:700 CE 2671:500 CE 2664:100 CE 2645: 2591:Yijing 2557:bhikṣu 2553:vinaya 2549:nikāya 2383:, and 2345:really 2307:Vinaya 2291:Jataka 2236:prajña 2228:dhyana 1919:saṅgha 1897:, and 1876:Faxian 964:, the 960:, the 881:Nikāya 843:Vinaya 838:dhamma 817:vinaya 786:vinaya 766:sangha 742:vinaya 719:Buddha 711:Vinaya 707:Dhamma 691:Rajgir 641:, the 623:Vinaya 615:saṅgha 380:Ashoka 333:Ānanda 247:Āgamas 203:Early 161:Green: 157:school 138:school 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 7650:Lists 7518:Kalpa 7513:Iddhi 7376:Music 7371:Mudra 7337:Vassa 7317:Vesak 7287:Budai 7233:Candi 7216:Stupa 7148:Logic 6901:Italy 6800:Tibet 6738:Nepal 6708:Korea 6703:Japan 6693:India 6688:China 6633:Sutra 6588:Texts 6538:Dōgen 6528:Hōnen 6513:Atiśa 6478:Zhiyi 6388:Achar 6356:Tulku 6351:Geshe 6336:Rōshi 6321:Ajahn 6276:Arhat 6236:Bodhi 6206:Vīrya 6123:Sacca 6118:Satya 6113:Sādhu 6101:Music 6044:Merit 6037:Terma 5997:Zazen 5933:Faith 5886:Mettā 5567:Karma 5527:Bardo 5494:Asita 5484:Khema 5474:Upāli 5459:Nanda 5297:(son) 5271:Māyā 5248:Films 5125:Index 3957:JSTOR 3415:説一切有部 3387:Notes 3062:Thiền 3000:ocean 2996:China 2989:(via 2939:Sakya 2932:Dagpo 2920:Kagyu 2913:Kadam 2719:Early 2709:India 2381:Udana 2173:Aśoka 2156:Aśoka 2052:Aśoka 2031:] 2015:Aśoka 1736:] 1480:] 1441:] 1253:] 1228:] 1204:monk 1127:] 1088:] 932:The " 915:The " 849:Sutta 750:Aśoka 635:Aśoka 338:Upāli 233:(EBT) 133:Gray: 90:JSTOR 76:books 7548:Pāḷi 7533:Māra 7443:Flag 6844:Iran 6768:Tuva 6713:Laos 6341:Lama 6189:Śīla 6157:Śīla 6145:Pīti 6135:Sati 6086:Puja 6007:Koan 5913:Dāna 5504:Yasa 5391:Tārā 5014:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4974:ISBN 4922:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4882:ISBN 4855:ISBN 4833:ISBN 4815:ISBN 4782:ISBN 4766:ISBN 4746:ISBN 4728:ISBN 4650:ISBN 4617:ISSN 4595:ISBN 4568:ISBN 4547:ISBN 4523:ISBN 4506:ISBN 4485:ISBN 4467:ISBN 4430:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4249:2021 4231:ISBN 4186:ISBN 4159:OCLC 4083:link 4042:link 3992:ISBN 3949:ISSN 3618:and 3575:北山住部 3567:西山住部 3559:制多山部 3527:説出世部 3463:密林山部 3066:Seon 3048:Chan 2981:and 2490:The 2470:the 2464:the 2458:the 2445:the 2439:the 2433:the 2427:the 2421:the 2415:the 2409:the 2403:the 2232:sila 1196:The 1031:The 923:and 872:Pali 831:Pali 709:and 606:The 142:Red: 62:news 7270:Art 7206:Wat 5742:Zen 4951:(2) 4705:doi 4674:doi 4635:hdl 4223:doi 3561:), 3553:), 3551:説仮部 3545:), 3543:多聞部 3537:), 3535:鶏胤部 3529:), 3521:), 3519:一説部 3511:大衆部 3495:経量部 3489:), 3487:飲光部 3481:), 3479:法蔵部 3473:), 3471:化地部 3465:), 3457:), 3455:正量部 3449:), 3447:賢冑部 3441:), 3439:法上部 3433:), 3431:犢子部 3425:), 3423:雪山部 3417:), 3076:Zen 2994:to 2559:or 2379:), 2317:). 1980:), 1011:. 685:of 45:by 7735:: 6772:ru 5036:. 4949:26 4947:, 4853:, 4813:, 4809:, 4726:, 4722:, 4699:, 4670:14 4668:, 4664:, 4611:, 4392:, 4239:. 4229:. 4221:. 4217:: 4213:. 4209:. 4106:^ 4091:^ 4079:}} 4075:{{ 4038:}} 4034:{{ 4018:^ 3955:. 3945:22 3943:. 3939:. 3790:^ 3642:, 3599:^ 3577:). 3497:). 3303:= 3292:= 3281:= 3088:/ 3064:, 2511:). 2371:, 2367:, 2363:, 2234:, 2230:, 2175:) 2158:) 2054:) 2029:zh 1984:, 1972:, 1968:, 1956:, 1944:, 1940:, 1936:, 1893:, 1878:, 1734:zh 1478:zh 1439:zh 1251:zh 1226:zh 1125:zh 1086:zh 892:. 846:, 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