4359:, "yet with occupations distributed in a manner skewed towards government officials." Unlike in liberal democracies, legislatures of communist states are not to act as a forum for conveying demands or interest articulationâthey meet too infrequently for this to be the case. This might explain why communist states have not developed terms such as delegates and trustees to give legislature representatives the power to vote according to their best judgement or in the interest of their constituency. Scholar Daniel Nelson has noted: "As with the British parliament before the seventeenth-century turmoil secured its supremacy, legislative bodies in communist states physically portray the 'realm' ruled by (to stretch an analogy) 'kings'. Members of the assemblies 'represent' the population to whom the rulers speak and over whom they govern, convening a broader 'segment of society' than the court itself." Despite this, it does not mean that the communist states use legislatures to strengthen their communication with the populaceâthe party, rather than the legislature, could take that function.
4540:
and other normative documents; however, if the agency in question failed to heed its advice, it needed to petition the legislature. In 1989, the
Soviets established the Constitutional Supervision Committee, which "was subordinate only to the USSR constitution." It was empowered "to review the constitutionality and legality of a range of state acts of the USSR and its republics. Its jurisdiction included laws , decrees of the Supreme Soviet's Presidium, union republic constitutions and laws, some central administrative decrees, Supreme Court explanations, and other central normative documents." If the committee deemed the legislature to have breached legality, the legislature was obliged to discuss the issue, but it could reject it if more than two-thirds voted against the findings of the Constitutional Supervision Committee. While it was constitutionally powerful, it lacked enforcement powers, it was often ignored, and it failed to defend the constitution during the
5221:
5904:. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty."
4483:'s death, noted that "emocracy has to be institutionalised and written into law, to make sure that institutions and laws do not change whenever the leadership changes or whenever the leaders change their views. The trouble now is that our legal system is incomplete. Very often what leaders say is taken as law and anyone who disagrees is called a lawbreaker." In 1986, Li Buyan wrote that "the policies of the Party usually are regulations and calls which to a certain extent are only principles. The law is different; it is rigorously standardised. It explicitly and concretely stipulates what the people should, can, or cannot do." These legal developments were echoed in later years in Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. This has led to the development of the communist concept of socialist rule of law, which runs parallel to, and is distinct from, the
33:
4405:, the MarxistâLeninist constitution is not a framework to limit the power of the state. To the contrary, a MarxistâLeninist constitution seeks to empower the stateâbelieving the state to be an organ of class domination and law to be the expression of the interests of the dominant class. MarxistâLeninists believe that all national constitutions do this to ensure that countries can strengthen and enforce their own class system. In this instance, it means that MarxistâLeninists conceive of constitutions as a tool to defend the socialist nature of the state and attack its enemies. This contrasts with the liberal conception of
4963:
congresses and elects a politburo and a secretariat amongst its members and the party's leader. When the central committee is not in session, the politburo is the highest decision-making organ of the party and the secretariat is the highest administrative organ. In certain parties, either the central committee or the politburo elects amongst its members a standing committee of the politburo which acts as the highest decision-making organ in between sessions of the politburo, central committee, and the
Congress. This leadership structure is identical all the way down to the primary party organisation of the ruling party.
4737:
affirm the originality of their socialist law." However, some socialist legal theorists, such as
Romanian jurist Victor Zlatescu differentiated between type of law and family of law. According to Zlatescu, "he distinction between the law of the socialist countries and the law of the capitalist countries is not of the same nature as the difference between Roman-German law and the common law, for example. Socialist law is not a third family among the others, as in certain writings of Western comparatists." In other words, socialist law is civil law, but it is a different type of law for a different society.
4262:
4288:, in which executive and legislative were combined in one body, to be ideal. More importantly, Marx applauded the election process by "universal suffrage in the various wards and towns." While the institution of such a legislature might not be important in itself, they "have a place in the literature and rhetoric of the ruling parties which cannot be ignoredâin the language of the party's intimacy with working masses, of its alleged knowledge about interests of working people, of social justice and socialist democracy, of the
5011:âthe centre formulated a plan that was sent down to the level below, which would imitate the process and send the plan further down the pyramid. Thirdly, the plans were binding in nature, i.e. everyone had to follow and meet the goals outlined in them. Fourthly, the predominance of calculating in physical terms to ensure planned allocation of commodities were not incompatible with planned production. Finally, money played a passive role within the state sector since the planners focused on physical allocation.
4368:
instance, it might mean that it is less important what legislatures do and more important who its representatives are. The members of such legislatures at central and local levels are usually either government or party officials, leading figures in their community, or national figures outside the communist party. This shows that legislatures are tools to garner popular support for the government in which leading figures campaign and spread information about the party's policies and ideological development.
13364:
5395:
3055:
1447:
6983:
5717:
3996:, "the state itself and its apparatus of violence serve the interests, not of the monopolistic bourgeoisie, but of the toilers of town and country." Soviet philosopher N. P. Farberov stated: "People's democracy in the people's republics is a democracy of the toiling classes, headed by the working class, a broad and full democracy for the overwhelming majority of the people, that is, a socialist democracy in its character and its trend. In this sense, we call it popular."
1459:
3294:
8497:(Poland), KoĆĄice (Slovakia), and Miskolc (Hungary), as were various mechanical engineering and chemical combines and other industrial sites. As a result of communist modernization, living standards in Eastern Europe rose. Planned economies, moreover, meant that wages, salaries, and the prices of consumer goods were fixed. Although the communists were not able to cancel out all regional differences, they succeeded in creating largely egalitarian societies.
4593:. It was independent of the other central agencies such as the legislature and its standing committee, but the Supreme Soviet was empowered to decide on all questions it wished. The Soviet government was responsible to the legislature, and in between sessions of the legislature, it reported to the legislature's standing committee. The standing committee could reorganise and hold the Soviet government accountable, but it could not instruct the government.
3959:
purpose of communist states is to spread socialism and to reach that goal these states have to be guided by
MarxismâLeninism. The communist states have opted for two ways to achieve this goal, namely govern indirectly by MarxismâLeninism through the party (Soviet model), or commit the state officially through the constitution to MarxismâLeninism (Maoist ChinaâAlbania model). The Soviet model is the most common and is currently in use in China.
5883:. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies, sometimes referred to as democratic socialismâan economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."
73:
4911:. It seeks to lead the exploited classes to achieve communism. However, the party cannot be identified with the exploited class in general. Its membership comprises members with advanced consciousness above sectional interests. Therefore, the party represents the advanced section of the exploited classes and, through them, leads the exploited classes by interpreting the universal laws governing human history towards communism.
13352:
5409:
1471:
6992:, p. 14 "Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labelling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism".
5726:, p. 14 "Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism".
5702:, p. 21: "Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State."
4189:. The establishment of a legal system and coercive institutions are also noted to safeguard the socialist-oriented nature of the state. The fifth feature is that the socialist-oriented state must take over the media and educational system while establishing mass organisations to mobilize the populace. Unlike the Soviet economic model, the economy of the socialist-oriented states are
4237:). Regarding the MarxistâLeninist-ruled countries of Africa and the Middle East, the Soviet Union deemed none of them socialist statesâreferring to them as socialist-oriented states. While many countries with constitutional references to socialism and countries ruled by long-standing socialist movements exist, within MarxistâLeninist theory a socialist state is led by a
4347:) and other institutions if they exist. Moreover, in all communist states, the ruling party has either had a clear majority, such as China or held every seat as they did in the Soviet Union, in their Supreme Soviet. A majority in the legislature ensures the centralised and unitary leadership of the central committee of the ruling MarxistâLeninist party over the state.
4135:. Except Cuba, none of these states developed socialism. According to scholar Sylvia Woodby Edington, this might explain why the concept of the national-democratic state "never received full theoretical elaboration as a political system." However, one feature was clearly defined, namely, that these states did not need to be led by a MarxistâLeninist party.
5000:. On introducing the planning system, it became a common belief in the international communist movement that the Soviet planning system was a more advanced form of economic organisation than capitalism. This led to the system being introduced voluntarily in countries such as China, Cuba, and Vietnam and, in some cases, imposed by the Soviet Union.
4728:, and the term socialist law was conceived to reflect this in the 1930s. Hungarian legal theorist Imre SzabĂł acknowledged similarities between socialist law and civil law, but he noted that "four basic types of law may be distinguished: the laws of the slave, feudal, capitalist, and socialist societies." Using the Marxist theory of
4862:
administration of the PLA. Of significance is that the CMC eclipses by far the prerogatives of the CPSU Administrative Organs
Department while the Chinese counterpart to the Main Political Directorate supervises not only the military, but also intelligence, the security services, and counterespionage work.
6980:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."
5714:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."
4298:
institutions. They also perceived it as a limitation of the people's supreme power. The legislature, together with its suborgans, oversaw the constitutional order. Since the legislature is the supreme judge of constitutionality, the legislature's acts cannot be unconstitutional. Moreover, this means that
9006:
In the mortality belt of the
European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to
5958:
Full Text. From the
Preamble: "On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism, strove for national construction, and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while
4539:
experimented with constitutional supervision in the early 1980s. Hungary established the
Council of Constitutional Law, which was elected by the legislature and consisted of several leading jurists. It was empowered to review the constitutionality and legality of statutes, administrative regulations,
4350:
By having legislatures, the
MarxistâLeninist parties try to keep ideological consistency between supporting representative institutions and safeguarding the party's leading role. They seek to use the legislatures as a linkage between the rulers and the ruled. These institutions are representative and
4297:
found in liberal democracies since no institution can legally enforce checks and balances on the communist legislature. The legislature passes the constitution, which can only be amended by the legislature. Soviet legal theorists denounced judicial review and extra-parliamentary review as bourgeoisie
4184:
Unlike capitalism which is ruled by the bourgeoisie class, and socialism, where the proletariat leads, the socialist-oriented state represents a broad and heterogeneous group of classes that seek to consolidate national independence. Since peasants were usually the largest class in socialist-oriented
4176:
is to create the conditions for socialism in countries where the social, political, and economic conditions for socialism do not exist. The second feature to be met is the establishment of a revolutionary-democratic party which has to establish itself as the leading force and guide the state by using
4171:
The socialist-oriented states had seven defining features, namely, they were revolutionary democracies, had a revolutionary-democratic party, class dictatorship, defense of the socialist-oriented states, had organs of socialisation, initiated socialist construction, and the type of socialist-oriented
3970:
stated: "The
Communist Party, armed with MarxismâLeninism, determines the general perspective of the development of society and the course of the domestic and foreign policy of the USSR." This contrasts with the 1976 Albanian constitution which stated in Article 3: "In the People's Socialist Republic
3958:
Ideology permeates these states. According to scholar Peter Tang, "he supreme test of whether a Communist Party-state remains revolutionarily dedicated or degenerates into a revisionist or counterrevolutionary system lies in its attitude toward the Communist ideology." Therefore, the sole ideological
3933:
argued: "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that
3925:
commented on the state, writing: "State interference in social relations, becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The state is not 'abolished'.
3904:
stated: "The principal object of the Constitution of the R.S.F.S.R., which is adapted to the present transition period, consists in the establishment of a dictatorship of the urban and rural proletariat and the poorest peasantry, in the form of a powerful All-Russian Soviet power; the object of which
5979:
Full Text. From Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of MartĂ's ideas and of MarxismâLeninism, and the organised vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organises and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of
5201:
was followed by a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of disease, infant mortality, domestic violence, and income inequality, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. The region also experienced a spike in excess
4958:
and through it, the state too. It means that all directing bodies of the party, from top to bottom, shall be elected; that party bodies shall give periodical accounts of their activities to their respective party organisations; that there shall be strict party discipline and the subordination of the
4937:'s thought, is the leading force of the state and society." In a similar form, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) describes itself as "the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation." As noted by both communist parties, the ruling parties of communist states are
4810:
organs as well as subordinate organs within the armed forces; ensuring that the party and state retain control over the armed forces; evaluates the political performance of officers; supervising the ideological content of the military press; and supervising the political-military training institutes
4736:
to govern. As RenĂš David notes, socialist jurists "isolate their law, to put into another category, a reprobate category, the Romanist laws and the common law, is the fact that they reason less as jurists and more as philosophers and Marxists; it is in taking a not strictly legal viewpoint that they
4568:
The government of communist states is usually defined as the "executive organ of the highest state organ of power" or as the "highest administrative agency of state power". It functions as the executive organ of the legislature. This model has been introduced with variations in all communist states.
8496:
Stalinist regimes aimed to catapult the predominantly agrarian societies into the modern age by swift industrialization. At the same time, they hoped to produce politically loyal working classes by mass employment in large state industries. Steelworks were built in EisenhĂŒttenstadt (GDR), Nowa Huta
5149:
individualism (as when housing is determined by one's ability to pay), also wide variations in personal wealth as the West has not. Instead, Soviet ideals emphasized equalityâfree education and medical care, little disparity in housing or salaries, and so forth." When asked to comment on the claim
4861:
is by right state CMC Chairman. The composition of the party CMC and the state CMC are identical. The CMC is responsible for the command of the PLA and determines national defence policies. fifteen departments report directly to the CMC and that are responsible for everything from political work to
4797:
the Chairman of the Council of Defense. Below the Council of Defense, there was the Main Military Council which was responsible for the strategic direction and leadership of the Soviet armed forces. The working organ of the Council of Defense was the General Staff tasked with analysing military and
4516:
was the first to experiment with constitutional supervision when it established a Constitutional Committee in 1965. It was elected by the legislature, and leading jurists sat on the committee, but it was only empowered to advise the legislature. Keith Hand has commented that "t was not an effective
4437:
In communist states, the constitution was a tool to analyse the development of society. The MarxistâLeninist party in question would have to study the correlation of forces, literally society's class structure, before enacting changes. Several terms were coined for different developmental states by
4371:
Furthermore, Western researchers have devoted little attention to legislatures in communist states. The reason is that there are no significant bodies of political socialisation compared to legislatures in liberal democracies. While political leaders in communist states are often elected as members
4292:
and learning from the people." This reasoning gives communist legislatures the right to interfere in every state institution unless the legislature itself has made a law that bars it from it. This also means there are no limits to politicisation, unlike in liberal democracies, where politicians are
3808:
as a set of principles to be used in the internal affairs of the communist party, is extended to society at large. According to democratic centralism, the people must elect all leaders, and all proposals must be debated openly, but once a decision has been reached, all people have a duty to account
4666:
is a separate legal system or is a part of the civil law tradition. Legal scholar RenĂš David wrote that the socialist legal system "possesses, in relation to our French law, particular features that give it a complete originality, to the extent that it is no longer possible to connect it, like the
4424:
during the 1930s, notes that the "Soviet constitutions represent the total of the historical path along which the Soviet state has travelled. At the same time, they are the legislative basis of subsequent development of state life." That is, the constitution sums up what has already been achieved.
4362:
Ideologically, it has another function, namely, to prove that communist states do not only represent the interests of the working class but all social strata. Communist states are committed to establishing a classless society and use legislatures to show that all social strata, whether bureaucrat,
5766:
The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
4945:
theorised that vanguard parties were "capable of assuming power and leading the whole people to socialism, of directing and organising the new system, of being the teacher, the guide, the leader of all the working and exploited people in organising their social life without the bourgeoisie." This
3883:
have or had more than one political party, but all minor parties are or were required to follow the leadership of the communist party. In communist states, the government may not tolerate criticism of policies that have already been implemented in the past or are being implemented in the present.
5181:
stated, respectively, that "between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL (physical quality of life) outcomes" and that socialism was "for the most part, more successful than capitalism in improving the health conditions of the world's
5349:
noted that outbreaks of nostalgia often follow periods of political change and revolution. She observed that in former communist states, memory narratives surrounding life under socialism may be polarized. Many residents who lived through this era recalled only economic stagnation, while others
5337:
narrative "based on a series of categories and figures" to "denounce Communist state violence (qualified as 'Communist crimes', 'red genocide' or 'classicide') and to honour persecuted individuals (presented alternatively as 'victims of Communism' and 'heroes of anti totalitarian resistance')."
4751:
noted that a "great number of legal institutions and legal relations remain the same in socialist law", further stating that it is "necessary and justified" to put them to use if they are "in conformity with the corresponding interests of the ruling class in the state in question." Importantly,
4310:
was the first socialist legislature, and the Soviet legislative system was introduced in all communist states. The Supreme Soviet convened twice a year, usually for two or three days each, making it one of the world's first frequently-convened legislatures during its existence. The same meeting
3837:'s advice, the unitary legislatures of communist states are not in permanent session. Instead, they convene once or several times yearly in sessions that usually last only a few days. When the unitary legislature is not in session, its powers are transferred to a smaller council (often called a
4962:
The highest organ of a MarxistâLeninist governing party is the party congress. The congress elects the central committee and either an auditing commission and a control commission, or both, although not always. The central committee is the party's highest decision-making organ in-between party
4363:
worker, or intellectual, are committed and have interests in building such a society. As is the case in China, national institutions such as the legislature "must exist which brings together representatives of all nationalities and geographic areas." It does not matter if the legislatures only
4147:
seeks to reach socialism by non-capitalist development. As a term, it substantially differs from the concept of the national-democratic state. The singular difference is that the socialist-oriented state was divided into two stages: a national-democratic socialist-oriented state and a people's
5022:, "the state owns the land and all other natural resources and all characteristics of the traditional model, the enterprises, and their productive assets. Collective ownership (e.g. the property of collective farms) also exists but plays a subsidiary role and is expected to be temporary." The
4764:
used existing Austrian, French, German, and Russian civil codes until adoption of its own civil code in 1964. Scholar John Quigley wrote that "ocialist law retains the inquisitorial style of trial, law-creation predominantly by legislatures rather than courts, and a significant role for legal
4367:
decisions because by having them, it shows that communist states are committed to incorporating minorities and areas of the country by including them in the composition of the legislature. In communist states, there is usually a high proportion of members who are government officials. In this
3975:
had a similar tone, stating in Article 2 that "MarxismâLeninismâMao Zedong Thought is the theoretical basis guiding the thinking of our nation." The 1977 Soviet constitution did also use phrases such as "building socialism and communism", "on the road to communism", "to build the material and
4778:
Communist states have established two types of civil-military systems. The armed forces of most socialist states have historically been state institutions based on the Soviet model, but in China, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, the armed forces are party-state institutions. However, several
4555:
has argued against establishing any corresponding constitutional supervisory committee due to their association with the failed communist states of Europe. None of the surviving communist states (China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam) have experimented with constitutional supervision committees or
4811:
and their ideological content. The head of the MPD was ranked fourth in military protocol, but it was not a member of the Council of Defense. The Administrative Organs Department of the CPSU Central Committee was responsible for implementing the party personnel policies and supervised the
5269:
plans to build an International Museum on Communism in Washington. As of 2008, Russia contained 627 memorials and memorial plaques dedicated to victims of the communist states, most of which were created by private citizens and did not have a national monument or a national museum. The
4662:âall of whom had a civil law legal system. Cuba had a civil law system imposed on them by Spain, while China introduced civil law to overlay with Confucian elements, and Vietnam used French law. Since the establishment of the Soviet Union, there has been a scholarly debate on whether
4276:. This means that the legislature, usually defined as the highest organ of state power, has executive, legislative and judicial power and can interfere in these organs as long as the law does not illegalise it. This is because both Marx and Lenin abhorred the parliamentary systems of
4933:, the vanguard of the Vietnamese working class, simultaneously the vanguard of the toiling people and of the Vietnamese nation, the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, the toiling people, and the whole nation, acting upon the MarxistâLeninist doctrine and
4241:
that has instituted a socialist economy in a given country. It deals with states that define themselves either as a socialist state or as a state led by a governing MarxistâLeninist party in their constitutions. For this reason alone, these states are often called communist states.
3988:
was implemented in Eastern Europe after World War II. It can be defined as a state and society in which feudal vestiges have been liquidated and where the system of private ownership exists, but the state-owned enterprises in the field of industry, transport, and credit eclipse it.
4924:
wrote that "the proletariat needs the Party first of all as its General Staff, which it must have for the successful seizure of power. But the proletariat needs the Party not only to achieve the dictatorship; it needs it still more to maintain the dictatorship." The current
5767:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
3868:) which are integrated into the political system. In communist states, the social organisations are expected to promote social unity and cohesion, to serve as a link between the government and society and to provide a forum for the recruitment of new communist party members.
3825:
in the Soviet Union), which is bestowed with unitary power and is often defined as the highest organ of state power. Unitary power means that the legislature has the power of the judiciary, legislature and executive but chooses to delegate these powers to other institutions.
4671:." Similarly, Christoper Osakwe concludes that socialist law is "an autonomous legal system to be essentially distinguished from the other contemporary families of law." Proponents of socialist law as a separate legal system have identified the following features:
4433:
outlines the historical tasks of the Chinese communists, "step by step, to bring about the socialist industrialisation of the country and, step by step, to accomplish the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft and capitalist industry and commerce."
3833:, with two significant differences. First, the deputies elected to these unitary legislatures are not expected to represent the interests of any particular constituency but rather the long-term interests of the people as a whole; and second, against
3900:. This class dominates the state and expresses its will through it. By formulating law, the ruling class uses the state to oppress other classes and form a class dictatorship. However, the goal of the communist state is to abolish that state. The
5545:
In his closing address at the Conference of Cell Secretaries of the Workers' Party of Korea in late April, Kim mentioned the word "communism" six times. His recent claim that North Korea aims to become a "communist utopia" is a notable change in
4732:, SzabĂł argues that socialist law cannot belong to the same law family since the material structure is different from the capitalist countries as their superstructure (state) has to reflect these differences. In other words, law is a tool by the
4376:
did "little more than listen to statements from Soviet political leaders and to legitimate decisions already made elsewhere" while in the legislatures of Poland, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia it has been more active and had an impact on rule-making.
5361:
Only by examining how the quotidian aspects of daily life were affected by great social, political and economic changes can we make sense of the desire for this collectively imagined, more egalitarian past. Nobody wants to revive 20th century
9455:
3954:
echoed this assumption and said that the socialist state was necessary "in order to defend, to secure, and to develop relationships and arrangements advantageous to the workers, and to annihilate completely capitalism and its remnants."
5026:
of the means of production still exists, although it plays a somewhat more minor role. Since the class struggle in capitalism is caused by the division between owners of the means of production and the workers who sell their labour,
4148:
democratic socialist-oriented state. Countries belonging to the national-democratic socialist-oriented state category were also categorised as national-democratic states. Examples of national-democratic socialist-oriented states are
5196:
own analysis of international comparisons of life expectancy found that several MarxistâLeninist states made significant gains and commented "one thought that is bound to occur is that communism is good for poverty removal." The
5437:
8542:
4711:
Legal officials argue differently for their cases compared to Westerners. For instance, "he predominant view among Soviet jurists in the 1920s was that Soviet law of that period was Western-style law appropriate for a
4512:'s death, several communist states have experimented with some sort of constitutional supervision. These organs were designed to safeguard the supreme power of the legislature from circumvention by political leaders.
5382:
had the greatest appeal to those "who find themselves in more vulnerable economic and social positions" in Russia after 1991. Per Kalinina, these individuals are nostalgic for "economic security and social welfare."
5345:, nostalgia for the defunct Marxist governments and the communist ideal reemerged among segments of the population in the former Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe. Russian-American author and cultural theorist
4979:
drew the idea that the socialist economy would be based on planning and not market mechanisms. These ideas later developed into believing that planning was superior to the market mechanism. Upon seizing power, the
3756:. These communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries but to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. The preamble to the
4429:, which argued that "the Chinese Constitution blazes a path for China, recording what has been won in China and what is yet to be conquered." A constitution in a communist state has an end. The preamble of the
4302:
in communist states does not mean the same as in liberal democracies. In communist states, judicial independence means stopping all interference not granted by law, but interference in itself is not barred.
2534:
5325:. Ghodsee argues that any discussion of the achievements under communist states, including literacy, education, women's rights, and social security is usually silenced, and any discourse on the subject of
4185:
states, their role was emphasisedâsimilar to the working class in other socialist states. However, MarxistâLeninists admitted that these states often fell under the control of certain cliques such as the
2404:
5366:. But nostalgia for communism has become a common language through which ordinary men and women express disappointment with the shortcomings of parliamentary democracy and neoliberal capitalism today.
12890:
9624:
4164:. In contrast, people's democratic socialist-oriented states had to be guided by MarxismâLeninism and accept the universal truths of MarxismâLeninism and reject other notions of socialism such as
4806:." The MPD organised political indoctrination and created political control mechanisms at the centre to the company level in the field. Formally, the MPD was responsible for organising party and
12885:
5145:
Soviet advocates and socialists responded to criticism by highlighting the ideological differences in the concept of freedom. McFarland and Ageyev noted that "MarxistâLeninist norms disparaged
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In communist states, the government was responsible for the overall economic system, public order, foreign relations, and defense. The Soviet model was more or less identically implemented in
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of the same name. In the last years, this emphasis on the constitution as both a legal document and a paper which documents society's development has been noted by the Chinese Communist Party
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9578:
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to that decision. When used within a political party, democratic centralism is meant to prevent factionalism and splits. When applied to an entire state, democratic centralism creates a
4557:
9319:
5843:
If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy.
9281:
4830:(CPC) shall uphold its absolute leadership over the People's Liberation Army and other people's armed forces." The PLA carries out its work in accordance with the instructions of the
4127:
foreign policy and sought to construct a form of socialism were considered national-democratic states by MarxistâLeninists. An example of a national-democratic state is Egypt under
2719:
8548:
4457:. This is also why amendments to constitutions are not enough and major societal changes need a novel constitution which corresponds with the reality of the new class structure.
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813:
654:
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5862:. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; FehĂšr, Ferenc; Heller, AgnĂšs; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96â110. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
3813:. The constitutions of most communist states describe their political system as a form of democracy. They recognize the sovereignty of the people as embodied in a series of
5007:
system had five main characteristics. Firstly, except for field consumption and employment, practically all decisions were centralized at the top. Secondly, the system was
4846:(CMC) is both an organ of the state and the partyâit is an organ of the CCP Central Committee and an organ of the national legislature, the National People's Congress. The
12691:
12686:
12681:
9600:
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808:
803:
798:
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is to secure complete suppression of the bourgeoisie, the abolition of exploitation of man by man, and the establishment of Socialism, under which there shall be neither
9951:
3848:
A feature of communist states is the existence of numerous state-sponsored social organisations (associations of journalists, teachers, writers and other professionals,
1927:
9788:
9766:
9347:
4870:
Unlike in liberal democracies, active military personnel are members and partake in civilian institutions of governance. This is the case in all communist states. The
2951:
1955:
10023:
5274:
in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument for victims of political persecution by Stalin during the country's Soviet era. In 2017, Canada's
3661:
occupied much of Eastern Europe and helped bring the existing communist parties to power in those countries. Originally, the communist states in Eastern Europe were
3297:
An anachronous map of countries that have been ruled by a one-party MarxistâLeninist state at some point in their history. From 1979 to 1983, during the time of the
9386:
References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.
5169:
notes that such states compared favorably with Western states in some health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy. A 1986 study published in the
4209:
and instituting a state-planned economy. According to Soviet sources, Laos was the one socialist-oriented state that has managed to develop into a socialist state.
4985:
4741:
4104:. While Vladimir Lenin first articulated the theory of non-capitalist development, the novelty of this concept was applying it to the progressive elements of the
12078:
11120:
4522:
4316:
2714:
2035:
9574:"An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander?"
5236:
Monuments to the "victims of communist states" exist in almost all capitals of Eastern Europe. There are several museums documenting communist rule such as the
4372:
of legislatures, these posts are not relevant to political advancement. The role of legislatures is different from country to country. In the Soviet Union, the
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9392:
8949:
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idea eventually evolved into the concept of the party's leading role in leading the state as seen in the CCP's self-description and Vietnam's constitution.
11958:
5516:. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung's creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea."
5951:
5158:, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security."
3871:
Historically, the political organisation of many socialist states has been dominated by a one-party monopoly. Some communist governments such as those in
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irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.
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1887:
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are the ruling class. In MarxistâLeninist thinking, the socialist state is the last repressive state since the next stage of development is that of
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is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism." The DPRK's constitution outlines a socialist economy and the ruling
1242:
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4887:
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and not a collective head of state. Another exception was in Bulgaria, where the State Council was empowered to instruct the Council of Ministers.
4488:
3170:. During the later part of the 20th century, before the Revolutions of 1989, around one-third of the world's population lived in communist states.
2869:
2619:
1815:
1800:
1720:
9949:
Tang, Peter S. H. (February 1980). "The Soviet, Chinese and Albanian Constitutions: Ideological Divergence and Institutionalized Confrontation?".
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4229:
before achieving socialism. The former socialist states of Eastern Europe were established as people's democracies (a developmental stage between
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2634:
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2174:
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A MarxistâLeninist party has led every communist state. This party seeks to represent and articulate the interests of the classes exploited by
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Gerber, Theodore P.; Hout, Michael (July 1998). "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991â1995".
5374:, found that positive narratives of life under socialism was often driven by the loss of social benefits and the collapse of the extensive
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paradigm of management, ownership and control by corporations and private individuals. Communist states have also been criticised for the
5031:(defined as the property of the people in these systems) is considered as a tool to end the class struggle and empower the working class.
4088:
into its name during this period; it had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.
3845:. In some systems, the presidium is composed of crucial communist party members who vote the resolutions of the communist party into law.
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Stone Sweet, Alec; Bu, Chong; Zhuo, Ding (25 May 2023). "Breaching the Taboo? Constitutional Dimensions of the New Chinese Civil Code".
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minority to the majority; and that all decisions of higher bodies shall be absolutely binding on lower bodies and on all party members.
19:
This article is about sovereign states governed by communist parties. For the hypothetical social stage proposed by Marxist theory, see
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technical basis of communism" and "to perfect socialist social relations and transform them into communist relations" in the preamble.
3621:
2142:
1678:
1540:
1494:
661:
10314:
Loeber, Dietrich Andre (1984). "On the Status of the CPSU within the Soviet Legal System". In Simons, William; White, Stephen (eds.).
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Skilling, H. Gordon (January 1961). "People's Democracy and the Socialist Revolution: A Case Study in Communist Scholarship. Part I".
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MĂŒller-Rommel, Ferdinand; MansfeldovĂĄ, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech Republic". In Blondel, Jean; MĂŒller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).
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Dimitrov, Vessellin (2006). "Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds". In Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut (eds.).
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resolved to institute "the maximum centralisation of production simultaneously striving to establish a unified economic plan." The
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political situations as they developed. The party controlled the armed forces through the Main Political Directorate (MPD) of the
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of Albania the dominant ideology is MarxismâLeninism. The entire social order is developing on the basis of its principles." The
2659:
2579:
2569:
2359:
1907:
1872:
1416:
7482:
5138:. The early economic development policies of communist states have been criticised for focusing primarily on the development of
32:
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649:
318:
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Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1985). "Council of Ministers". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.).
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13262:
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5759:
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681:
196:
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4120:, who believed colonies to be mere lackeys of Western imperialism and that the socialist movement had few prospects there.
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socialist law had retained civil law institutions, methodology, and organisation. This can be discerned by the fact that
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in 1991. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (
3159:
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2293:
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2022:
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in Russia, it is now associated with communist states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during
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12926:
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1055:
1020:
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for commemoration of the latter in Europe, can be seen as the response by economic and political elites to fears of a
4280:, but neither sought to abolish the legislature as an institution. Lenin wrote that it would be impossible to develop
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brought down most of the communist states; however, Communism remained the official ideology of the ruling parties of
13268:
13015:
12990:
12985:
12871:
12860:
12186:
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5309:(race murder) and the victims of communism (class murder), and in particular the recent push at the beginning of the
5171:
5093:
5040:
4622:
In every communist state, the judicial and procuratorial bodies are organs of the legislature. For instance, China's
4552:
4315:(NPC), is modelled on the Soviet one. As with the Soviet one, the NPC is the highest organ of the state and elects a
4206:
3432:
3427:
3397:
3004:
2849:
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2328:
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2218:
1960:
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963:
951:
124:
10268:
Hazard, John (1985). "Constitutional Law". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.).
8953:
4604:, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, with few exceptions. One exception was Czechoslovakia, where it had a
4472:
policies, MarxistâLeninist legal theories began to emphasise "the formal, formerly neglected constitutional order."
4100:
The concept of the national-democratic state tried to theorize how a state could develop socialism by bypassing the
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12846:
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11324:
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Nelson, Daniel (1982). "Communist Legislatures and Communist Politics". In Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.).
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Morgan, W. John (2001). "MarxismâLeninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed.
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4842:.' Our principle is that the party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party." The
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NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria
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5198:
4784:
4601:
4494:, who stated in 2013 that "o organisation or individual has the privilege to overstep the Constitution and law."
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4081:
3910:
3722:
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communist party apparatus. These parties are usually MarxistâLeninist or some national variation thereof such as
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2783:
2649:
2281:
2181:
1300:
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1125:
1110:
973:
240:
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McFarland, Sam; Ageyev, Vladimir; Abalakina-Paap, Marina (1992). "Authoritarianism in the Former Soviet Union".
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10281:
10193:
8528:
8365:
5947:
5379:
5310:
5249:
4582:
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in the Soviet Union got many communists to believe that the withering away of the state was imminent. However,
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3422:
3382:
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states. Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between communist states and
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2921:
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2729:
2694:
2644:
1632:
1167:
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1005:
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2017:
2012:
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1035:
933:
107:
87:
56:
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Kramer, Mark N. (January 1985). "Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component".
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in Budapest, all three of which also document Nazi rule. In Washington D.C., a bronze statue based upon the
4882:
stood at an average of 9,2 per cent. Military figures are also represented in the national legislature (the
4779:
differences exist between the statist (Soviet) and the party-state models (China). In the Soviet model, the
1606:
13247:
13125:
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12747:
12672:
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186:
161:
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10116:
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1920:
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1237:
1030:
709:
376:
255:
11691:
4791:) while the Council of Ministers was responsible for formulating defence policies. The party leader was
4008:
is a socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with
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13195:
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12946:
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11405:
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11087:
10869:
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9472:
8481:
8353:
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5641:
5527:
5305:, efforts to institutionalize the victims of communism narrative, or the moral equivalence between the
5225:
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were criticised by Western authors and organisations based on the lack of the representative nature of
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4453:
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2704:
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766:
37:
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8811:
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is used by Western historians, political scientists, and media to refer to these countries. However,
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2007:
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frequency was the norm in the Eastern Bloc countries and modern-day China. China's legislature, the
556:
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12208:
12039:
11861:
11599:
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9216:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
9041:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
5786:
5422:
5371:
5282:
in Ottawa. On 23 August 2018, Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940â1991 Memorial was inaugurated in
4144:
4025:
3967:
3865:
3829:
In communist states, the unitary legislatures often have a similar structure to the parliaments in
3814:
3678:
3221:
2788:
2589:
2559:
2471:
2223:
2159:
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2002:
1945:
1932:
1832:
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1637:
1600:
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1560:
1545:
1207:
978:
676:
278:
206:
24:
10245:
Harding, Neil (1981). "What Does It Mean to Call a Regime Marxist?". In Szajkowski, Bogdan (ed.).
9864:
9490:
Chang, Yu-nan (August 1956). "The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954".
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5738:
102:
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13110:
13100:
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9802:
9729:
9492:
9400:
8983:
5747:
5166:
4926:
4916:
4827:
4651:
4634:. These bodies are responsible to and report on their work to the legislature. For instance, the
4631:
4426:
4364:
4173:
3777:
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3155:
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1975:
1937:
1757:
1642:
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865:
691:
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139:
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described the PLA's institutional situation as follows: "Every communist must grasp the truth, '
12379:
12289:
11681:
11676:
11616:
11067:
11010:
10956:
10951:
10787:
10622:
9239:
9064:
8290:
6321:
Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
6116:
5330:
5262:
4803:
4757:
4729:
4685:
The socialist law is subordinate and reflects changes to the economic order (the absorption of
4040:
2379:
2336:
1997:
1585:
1232:
451:
366:
221:
12324:
9591:
9573:
8767:"Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs"
8520:
8429:
Navarro, V. (1992). "Has socialism failed? An analysis of health indicators under socialism".
8357:
396:
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13170:
12767:
12702:
12434:
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4626:
is the "legislative organ of governance that manages the judicial system in the name of the"
4401:
and as an instrument of force. The constitution is the source of law and legality. Unlike in
4390:
4299:
4285:
4281:
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called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former
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3801:
3178:
3014:
2624:
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1992:
1252:
875:
511:
129:
119:
12349:
421:
12855:
12762:
12727:
12494:
12176:
11866:
11750:
11710:
11443:
11353:
11176:
11104:
11072:
11022:
11017:
10753:
9548:
8508:
5253:
5135:
4556:
constitutional supervision of any kind outside the existing framework until 2018, when the
4005:
3935:
3893:
3818:
3773:
3670:
3266:
3111:
3024:
2998:
2854:
2519:
1985:
946:
870:
840:
571:
211:
72:
64:
12454:
11686:
5192:
countries as the result of modernisation programs under communist governments. Similarly,
4284:"without representative institutions." Both of them considered the governing model of the
4013:
3934:
the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order." The introduction of the
536:
8:
13278:
12812:
12797:
12772:
12504:
12223:
12202:
12050:
11968:
11836:
11806:
11473:
11181:
11032:
10985:
10973:
10889:
10799:
10617:
10532:
10383:
10227:
9960:
9823:
9808:
9651:
9108:
8991:
8632:
7494:, p. 36 (Bulgaria), 65 (Czechoslovakia), 133 (Hungary), 161 (Romania), 195 (Poland).
7370:
5342:
5318:
5215:
5077:
4997:
4780:
4717:
4294:
4277:
4273:
3963:
3947:
3792:
Communist states share similar institutions, which are organised on the premise that the
3718:
3717:
broke under public pressure during a wave of mostly non-violent movements as part of the
3147:
1980:
1857:
1852:
1710:
1369:
1359:
895:
880:
621:
581:
288:
171:
12464:
12314:
11876:
8838:
8225:(1986). "Mass Organization, Party and State: Democracy in its Transition to Socialism".
5438:
List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation
4996:, and other central planning organs were established during the 1920s in the era of the
4416:) nature of democratic constitutions, a MarxistâLeninist constitution is ever-changing.
546:
13423:
13398:
12807:
12752:
12627:
12514:
12389:
12191:
12143:
11468:
11047:
11037:
10433:
10342:
10250:
10052:
9980:
9972:
9937:
9908:
9900:
9745:
9684:
9676:
9637:
9614:
9605:
9560:
9539:
9525:
9517:
9408:
9235:
9060:
8863:
8456:
8406:
8379:
8205:
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-party Systems
6486:
5101:
4721:
4646:, every year. Moreover, all communist states have been established in countries with a
4226:
4128:
4033:
3861:
3493:
3282:
3206:
3146:. After the peak of MarxismâLeninism, when many communist states were established, the
3115:
2891:
900:
860:
736:
461:
114:
12364:
8242:
Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism
436:
12742:
12647:
12459:
12414:
12334:
12309:
12260:
12153:
12089:
12008:
11953:
11871:
11826:
11811:
11375:
11141:
11042:
10854:
10556:
10546:
10479:
10460:
10437:
10414:
10411:
From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
10395:
10369:
10346:
10323:
10300:
10277:
10254:
10231:
10208:
10189:
10166:
10143:
10120:
10097:
10008:
9984:
9941:
9912:
9892:
9688:
9649:
Keith, Richard (March 1991). "Chinese Politics and the New Theory of 'Rule of Law'".
9587:
9529:
9431:
9256:
9138:
9023:
8995:
8905:
8868:
8788:
8524:
8485:
8448:
8411:
8361:
8326:
6743:
6708:
6673:
6616:
6581:
6550:
6523:
6498:
6457:
6422:
6391:
6360:
6329:
6294:
6259:
5897:
5876:
5790:
5755:
5674:
5645:
5528:"A Revival of North Korean Communism?: The rhetoric is there. But what does it mean?"
5061:
5023:
4545:
4518:
4461:
4406:
4402:
4222:
4165:
4157:
3830:
3682:
3530:
3237:
3202:
2989:
1827:
850:
756:
541:
486:
406:
386:
303:
216:
156:
134:
20:
12524:
12284:
12148:
11621:
9231:
9056:
8815:
8460:
5894:
Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China
5685:
In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of MarxismâLeninism.
4261:
361:
13368:
13356:
13313:
13302:
12717:
12712:
12534:
12519:
12374:
12369:
12354:
12181:
12126:
11789:
11784:
11774:
11166:
10634:
10524:
10044:
10001:
The Political Resurgence of the Military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and Leadership
9964:
9929:
9884:
9840:
9793:
9771:
9737:
9668:
9552:
9509:
9476:
9427:
9352:
9253:
The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War
9227:
9131:
It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past
9052:
8987:
8858:
8850:
8778:
8440:
8401:
8393:
8380:"Economic development, political-economic system, and the physical quality of life"
8300:
7901:
6490:
5472:
5432:
5414:
5400:
5287:
5111:
5073:
4976:
4938:
4647:
4417:
4124:
4123:
The countries where the national liberation movements took power and instituted an
3951:
3922:
3604:
3198:
3174:
3059:
1475:
1451:
1406:
830:
611:
591:
446:
441:
426:
97:
92:
5617:
Farber, Samuel (1992). "Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy".
5278:
approved the design for a memorial to the victims of communism to be built at the
4339:), the Chairman of the National Defence Council (for example, the Chairman of the
4293:
legally barred from interfering in judicial work. This is a firm rejection of the
13413:
13338:
13318:
12657:
12399:
12359:
12344:
12339:
12110:
11928:
11208:
10659:
10644:
10528:
9154:
8975:
8893:
8318:
8260:"Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes"
6733:
6698:
6663:
6606:
6575:
6544:
6447:
6416:
6385:
6354:
6319:
6284:
6253:
5976:
5955:
5480:
5363:
5354:
5302:
5245:
5211:
5085:
5069:
5065:
5028:
4725:
4563:
4413:
4238:
4218:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4172:
state (either national-democratic or people's democratic). The political goal of
4161:
4076:
3810:
3793:
3269:
states, with the first representing the Eastern Bloc and the latter representing
3229:
3107:
1526:
1463:
1431:
1411:
773:
471:
431:
416:
411:
233:
191:
166:
41:
12449:
9181:. Kommunismiohvrite memoriaal. 23 August 2018. 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8475:
8444:
8304:
5968:
5378:
enjoyed by many residents of former communist states. Kalinina pointed out that
4343:
of Vietnam), National Supervisory institutions (such as the Director of China's
3641:
During the 20th century, the world's first constitutionally communist state was
531:
13333:
13288:
13243:
12489:
12474:
12469:
12429:
12394:
12304:
12294:
11856:
11581:
11146:
10792:
9888:
9818:
9551:
on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 187â204.
8576:
8345:
5334:
5306:
5162:
5139:
5115:
5015:
4942:
4659:
4307:
4198:
4132:
4029:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3822:
3805:
3726:
3131:
3110:
in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of
1426:
1379:
1328:
566:
551:
501:
466:
381:
371:
346:
201:
12243:
9672:
8727:
Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (12 September 2007).
8686:
4954:
The MarxistâLeninist governing party organises itself around the principle of
3273:
countries that have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as
13382:
12777:
12484:
12404:
12274:
12218:
12094:
12013:
11841:
11661:
11415:
11171:
11082:
10961:
10777:
10669:
9896:
8659:
5559:
5375:
5346:
5322:
5271:
5151:
5127:
5044:
4921:
4663:
4655:
4617:
4509:
4473:
4465:
4440:
4251:
3939:
3842:
3566:
885:
626:
601:
561:
526:
476:
351:
308:
260:
181:
9976:
9456:"Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform"
6494:
5290:. The memorial construction was financed by the state and is managed by the
4878:
since 1986. In the 1986â2006 period, active military figures sitting in the
506:
13308:
13185:
12951:
12896:
12667:
12509:
12424:
12329:
12255:
11888:
11779:
11666:
11555:
11535:
11077:
10686:
10654:
10573:
10391:
9622:
Imam, Zafar (JulyâSeptember 1986). "The Theory of the Soviet State Today".
9537:
Guins, George (July 1950). "Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union".
8926:
8854:
8792:
8222:
6753:
6718:
6683:
6626:
6591:
6560:
6467:
6432:
6401:
6370:
6339:
6304:
6269:
5935:
5812:
5532:
5189:
5185:
5123:
5097:
5050:
4802:, a state organ that functioned "with the authority of a department of the
4753:
4733:
4578:
4394:
4044:
3993:
3897:
3714:
3654:
3650:
3584:
3578:
3462:
3412:
3270:
3224:
do not describe themselves as communist nor do they claim to have achieved
3210:
3139:
3123:
1401:
1050:
990:
783:
761:
586:
496:
401:
245:
9933:
9481:
8872:
8839:"Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease"
8452:
8415:
8397:
6359:. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.
6286:
Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States
13293:
13036:
12931:
12732:
12722:
12642:
12439:
12419:
12384:
12319:
12132:
12018:
11395:
11380:
11027:
10821:
10814:
10741:
10629:
10589:
10090:
The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century
8654:
8208:
5193:
5161:
In his analysis of states run under MarxistâLeninist ideology, economist
5107:
5058:
4934:
4700:
4686:
4526:
4484:
4398:
4221:
is more than a form of government and can only exist in countries with a
4109:
4056:
4021:
3914:
3857:
3853:
3797:
3753:
3730:
3706:
3662:
3658:
3478:
3349:
3193:. There have been several instances of communist states with functioning
3182:
3143:
3039:
1394:
1384:
1045:
1025:
845:
835:
751:
606:
516:
491:
456:
391:
250:
12236:
9641:
9178:
8544:
Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World
8045:
8043:
7083:
4225:. There are examples of several states that have instituted a socialist
1458:
13224:
13214:
12707:
12539:
12499:
12279:
12213:
12120:
10905:
10859:
10831:
10809:
10719:
9968:
9904:
9844:
9781:"The Cult of Xi and the Rise of the CMC Chairman Responsibility System"
9749:
9521:
8601:
Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism
5188:
posits that there was an increase in the standard of living throughout
5104:
5081:
4981:
4908:
4835:
4793:
4690:
4491:
4480:
4230:
3761:
3594:
3572:
3540:
3535:
3515:
1305:
1290:
820:
616:
576:
356:
10523:
10056:
9875:
Steiner, H. Arthur (1951). "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party".
9680:
9564:
8950:"Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
8710:
Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index
7061:
7059:
3800:
and represents the long-term interests of the people. The doctrine of
3713:. In 1989, the communist states in Eastern Europe collapsed after the
3293:
13298:
13283:
12444:
12197:
12164:
12159:
12044:
11993:
10936:
10782:
10758:
10714:
10709:
10664:
10649:
10551:
10365:
10093:
10004:
8898:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
8751:
8732:
8516:
8323:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
8040:
6704:
6669:
6325:
6290:
5782:
Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991
5452:
5326:
5008:
4972:
4704:
4668:
4352:
4289:
4234:
4017:
3838:
3834:
3765:
3550:
3305:, all the colored nations above were simultaneously MarxistâLeninist.
3233:
3225:
3127:
3029:
2994:
2961:
1389:
1374:
521:
323:
283:
9741:
9513:
8927:"Russian Demographics: The Role of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
7107:
7095:
5350:
valued it for a sense of perceived stability and national strength.
4650:. The countries of Eastern Europe had formally been governed by the
3201:) processes involving several other non-party organisations such as
13253:
13219:
12662:
12564:
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
12529:
12060:
12055:
11719:
11097:
10724:
10639:
10296:
10162:
10048:
9556:
9191:"Cornerstone laid for new memorial for victims of communist crimes"
8783:
8766:
7119:
7071:
7056:
5932:
Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change
5918:
5150:
that former citizens of communist states enjoy increased freedoms,
5089:
4807:
4356:
4256:
4009:
3694:
3693:
was established in 1949. Communist states were also established in
3504:
1295:
778:
596:
298:
293:
16:
State that is administered and governed by a single communist party
9877:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8980:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
8262:. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 25 January 2006
5915:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
4569:
For most of its existence, the Soviet government was known as the
13090:
13031:
12409:
12229:
11410:
10884:
10804:
5314:
5283:
5229:
5119:
5064:, in addition to several other areas where socialist society and
4989:
4149:
3749:
3710:
3589:
3555:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3354:
3302:
3190:
3135:
1187:
1132:
481:
328:
9312:"Dr. Kristen Ghodsee, Bowdoin College â Nostalgia for Communism"
7550:
6700:
The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919
6452:. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies.
6390:. Vol. 8: MongoliaâNepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413.
5294:. The opening ceremony was chosen to coincide with the official
4815:, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense.
4558:
Constitution and Law Committee of the National People's Congress
12099:
12073:
11186:
10978:
10826:
10763:
10729:
10676:
5296:
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism
4469:
3560:
3545:
3278:
3274:
3186:
313:
13351:
7497:
5856:"From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions"
5744:
Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition
5408:
4564:
Government as the highest administrative agency of state power
1470:
12866:
12066:
11400:
11370:
10769:
9167:"Victims of communism monument could be unveiled next spring"
8808:"Non-communicable Diseases and Former Soviet Union countries"
8685:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014. Archived from
8280:
8227:
Transition and Development: Problems of Third World Socialism
7932:
7930:
7797:
7795:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7472:
7470:
7468:
5068:
differed. Socialist societies were commonly characterised by
5054:
4874:(CPV) has elected at least one active military figure to its
4177:
MarxistâLeninist ideology. While introduced in these states,
4048:
3737:
3642:
3334:
3213:, although the communist party remained the centre of power.
958:
45:
8233:
6324:. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5.
3821:
and instead have one national legislative body (such as the
3760:
states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between
12916:
12901:
12876:
11821:
11385:
11309:
11251:
6546:
Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within
6087:
6085:
5321:
in both the East and West as the result of the excesses of
5317:
resurgence in the face of devastated economies and extreme
4886:) and other representative institutions. In China, the two
4468:" and the Chinese Communist Party's repudiation of certain
4186:
3745:
3741:
3702:
3698:
3344:
3339:
1010:
995:
968:
144:
9155:"Wall of Grief: Putin opens first Soviet victims memorial"
7927:
7898:"People's Liberation Army Reforms and Their Ramifications"
7807:
7792:
7717:
7715:
7690:
7688:
7663:
7661:
7646:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7619:
7617:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7509:
7465:
6384:
Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).
4783:
was led by the Council of Defense (an organ formed by the
4043:
victory in World War II, mainly within the Soviet Union's
10476:
The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945â1990
10222:
Gardner, John; Schöpflin, George; White, Stephen (1987).
7971:
7836:
7834:
6235:
6233:
6231:
5329:
is focused almost exclusively on Stalin's crimes and the
4812:
4335:
of East Germany), the Supreme Procuratorate (such as the
3736:
Today, the existing communist states in the world are in
10113:
Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking
9698:"2015 Military Reform in the People's Republic of China"
9157:. BBC News. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8162:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8137:
8135:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7538:
7299:
7297:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6924:
6912:
6890:
6888:
6875:
6873:
6824:
6822:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6480:
6141:
6082:
5988:
5986:
4986:
8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4412:
Unlike the relatively constant (and, in some instances,
4092:
used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.
3896:
thought, the state is a repressive institution led by a
9205:. ERR News. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8726:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8030:
8028:
7915:
7819:
7727:
7712:
7700:
7685:
7673:
7658:
7629:
7614:
7593:
7581:
7562:
7284:
7282:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7172:
6131:
6129:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6049:
6037:
6027:
6025:
5980:
socialism and the progress toward a communist society".
4984:
began advocating a national state planning system. The
4642:
delivers an annual Work Report to the legislature, the
13259:
Crimes against humanity under MarxistâLeninist regimes
9391:
9169:. CBC News. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8571:"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities"
8091:
8000:
7998:
7983:
7831:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6228:
6216:
5969:"Cubanet - Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992"
5122:, in addition to lack of recognition for some Western
4205:, these states were in the process of taking over the
3950:
had achieved dominance over capitalism. Soviet jurist
3817:
parliamentary institutions. Such states do not have a
10362:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
10221:
9220:
History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History
9045:
History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History
8931:
Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences
8184:
8172:
8147:
8132:
8049:
8015:
8013:
7942:
7870:
7780:
7768:
7751:
7739:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7309:
7294:
7125:
7113:
7101:
7089:
7077:
7065:
7044:
6948:
6936:
6900:
6885:
6870:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6819:
6798:
6779:
6760:
6383:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
5983:
5695:
5693:
5551:
4822:(PLA) is a party institution. In the preamble of the
4573:
and identical names were used for the governments of
4331:
in the Soviet Union), the Supreme Court (such as the
3649:
other former territories of the empire to become the
9804:
An Analysis of Grenada as a Socialist-Oriented State
9083:. United States Congress. 1993. p. 15 at §905a1
8120:
8103:
8025:
7959:
7858:
7846:
7526:
7366:"China's constitution debate hits a sensitive nerve"
7345:
7333:
7321:
7279:
7262:
7245:
7212:
7200:
7169:
6971:
6126:
6061:
6022:
6010:
5998:
5390:
4611:
4245:
4039:
Additional people's republics emerged following the
23:. For a list of states designated as communist, see
10159:
Soviet MarxismâLeninism: The Decline of an Ideology
9711:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
9193:. ERR News. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
7995:
7453:
7441:
7233:
7188:
7150:
7131:
7020:
6995:
6418:
Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania
6097:
5828:"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium"
5638:
Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy
4074:in their official name, replacing it with the term
9601:"Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions"
9348:"Exploring the rise of Soviet nostalgia in Russia"
8513:Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality
8010:
7429:
7412:
7385:
6199:
6172:
6153:
5737:
5690:
5333:. According to Laure Neumayer, this is used as an
5232:, 2014. The red banner reads, "Our homeland USSR".
4517:institution in practice", being unable to prevent
4080:as a mark of their ongoing political development.
4012:movements in the 19th century, such as the German
10339:Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective
9919:
9203:"Victims of Communism Memorial opened in Tallinn"
8325:. San Francisco: City Lights Books. p. 118.
7556:
7032:
6645:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs
6542:
6255:How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy
5729:
5357:, a researcher on post-communist Eastern Europe:
4560:was bestowed the right of constitutional review.
3909:nor state authority". The communist state is the
13380:
8974:
8633:"The Bitter Legacy of Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007)"
8377:
6608:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country
6543:Frankowski, StanisĆaw; Stephan, Paul B. (1995).
4840:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
4832:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
4257:Legislatures as the highest organ of state power
9833:Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution
9446:
4351:usually mirror the population in areas such as
3240:. Other terms used by communist states include
9091:– via U.S. Government Publishing Office.
6317:
5848:
5606:. London: Left Book Club; Victor Gollancz Ltd.
5558:Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) .
3784:remains ideologically committed to communism.
13176:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
11770:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
11735:
10921:
10509:
10205:The Political Systems of the Socialist States
8745:
6449:Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943â1949
4497:
4464:'s repudiation of Stalin's practices in the "
3622:
3079:
1495:
1263:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
10359:
9854:Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces
9851:
9397:Constitution of the Communist Party of China
9341:
9339:
9337:
8836:
8283:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
7936:
7813:
7801:
6989:
6665:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival
5865:
5819:
5723:
4971:From reading their works, many followers of
4696:The socialist law has a religious character.
4438:MarxistâLeninist legal theorists, including
4197:and which seeks to maintain and develop the
4095:
3999:
3979:
3758:Socialist Republic of Vietnam's Constitution
2346:
2337:
10024:"Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition"
9994:"Military Politics in Contemporary Vietnam"
9852:National Foreign Assessment Center (1980).
9413:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7896:Garafola, Cristina L. (23 September 2016).
6352:
4859:President of the People's Republic of China
4824:Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party
4718:remained capitalist to a significant degree
4675:The socialist law is to disappear with the
4138:
3768:after the country was re-unified under the
3733:) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems."
12574:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
11742:
11728:
10928:
10914:
10516:
10502:
10473:
10453:The Political Institutions of Modern China
10430:Constitution of the Communist-Party States
10360:Rosser, Barkley; Rosser, Marianne (2003).
10179:
9179:"Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940â1991"
8066:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8058:
7520:
7503:
7476:
5699:
5557:
3629:
3615:
3086:
3072:
1502:
1488:
662:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
13136:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
10316:The Party Statutes of the Communist World
9480:
9334:
8862:
8837:Wharton, Melinda; Vitek, Charles (1998).
8782:
8405:
8294:
8202:
6662:Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014).
5471:
5370:Ekaterina Kalinina, a sociologist at the
4409:that "law, rather than men, is supreme."
4341:Council for National Defense and Security
4272:All communist political systems practice
4051:became a people's republic following the
3774:1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba
1218:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
13269:Criticism of MarxistâLeninist party rule
11979:General Secretary of the Communist Party
10935:
10110:
9815:
9778:
9734:Royal Institute of International Affairs
9695:
9345:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9269:
8924:
8764:
8432:International Journal of Health Services
7921:
7895:
7840:
7825:
7544:
6731:
6573:
6522:. Kluwer Law International. p. 27.
6445:
6239:
6222:
5735:
5586:
5525:
5267:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
5238:Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights
5219:
5178:International Journal of Health Services
5156:East German Minister of National Defence
4949:
4385:
4260:
3292:
3232:that are in the process of constructing
31:
13161:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
10409:Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999).
10244:
10032:The American Journal of Comparative Law
10021:
9874:
9800:
9625:The Indian Journal of Political Science
9101:
9018:Gille, Zsuzsa; Todorova, Maria (2012).
8892:
8428:
8317:
8239:
8055:
7989:
7977:
7733:
7721:
7706:
7694:
7679:
7667:
7652:
7640:
7623:
7608:
7587:
7575:
6965:
6942:
6930:
6918:
6906:
6894:
6879:
6864:
6852:
6840:
6828:
6813:
6792:
6773:
6661:
6414:
6282:
5886:
5825:
5635:
5292:Estonian Institute of Historical Memory
5280:Garden of the Provinces and Territories
5261:in 2007, having been authorized by the
4682:The rule of the MarxistâLeninist party.
3177:and are typically administered through
1243:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
13381:
13239:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
12559:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
12171:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
10427:
10408:
10336:
10313:
10267:
10202:
10133:
10087:
9991:
9830:
9759:"The 19th Central Committee Politburo"
9756:
9717:
9665:School of Oriental and African Studies
9598:
9506:Southern Political Science Association
9421:
9346:Christie, Caroline (24 January 2019).
8630:
8190:
8178:
8166:
8141:
8126:
8114:
8097:
7965:
7953:
7883:
7864:
7786:
7774:
7762:
7745:
7303:
7194:
7182:
7163:
7144:
7050:
7026:
7014:
6977:
6251:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5959:fulfilling its internationalist duty".
5778:
5711:
5616:
5514:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs
5498:(2nd ed.). pp. 221â222, 305.
5088:organisations, democratically elected
4994:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
4890:have had by right office seats in the
4818:In the Chinese party-state model, the
4422:Procurator General of the Soviet Union
3962:MarxismâLeninism was mentioned in the
3134:, and the communist states within the
1324:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
650:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
319:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
12638:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
11723:
10909:
10497:
10457:Springer Science & Business Media
10382:
10207:. New York City: St. Martin's Press.
10156:
9648:
9536:
9489:
9266:
8805:
8748:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian
8707:
8034:
7889:
7532:
7491:
7363:
7351:
7339:
7327:
7315:
7288:
7273:
7256:
7239:
7227:
7206:
6604:
6517:
6147:
6135:
6091:
6076:
5873:Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials
5854:Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991).
5667:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
5664:
5601:
5589:Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?
5587:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935).
5493:
4992:, the State Planning Commission, the
4667:former Russian law, to the system of
4337:Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam
3921:, a classless and stateless society.
3913:, where the advanced elements of the
3677:later took a different path. After a
826:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
747:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
682:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
150:Intensification of the class struggle
13181:Sandinista National Liberation Front
12633:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
11749:
10450:
9948:
9634:Indian Political Science Association
9621:
9571:
9279:
8746:Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, ed. (2007).
8598:
8473:
8221:
7852:
7459:
7447:
7435:
7423:
7406:
7364:Wan, William; Qi, Li (3 June 2013).
7038:
6696:
6210:
6193:
6181:
6166:
6103:
4131:which was committed to constructing
1268:Sandinista National Liberation Front
742:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
13190:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
13141:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
11939:Socialist state of the whole people
10388:Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe
9579:Legal Studies Research Paper Series
9453:
9428:World Scientific Publishing Company
8683:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014"
8540:
8378:Cereseto, S.; Waitzkin, H. (1986).
8050:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
8004:
7126:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7114:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7102:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7090:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7078:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7066:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
6703:. Routledge Companions to History.
5948:"VN Embassy - Constitution of 1992"
5510:"The Political Philosophy of Juche"
1223:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
13329:State ideology of the Soviet Union
13131:Communist Party of the Philippines
13121:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
10290:
8992:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
8947:
8631:Volkov, Vladimir (26 April 2007).
8019:
6258:. Peterson Institute. p. 12.
5526:Atsuhito, Isozaki (21 June 2021).
5502:
5242:Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
5226:Ukrainian decommunization policies
4966:
4789:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
4765:scholarship in construing codes."
4425:This belief is also shared by the
4212:
3902:Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918
1422:State ideology of the Soviet Union
655:The History of the Communist Party
14:
13440:
12187:Scientific Outlook on Development
11802:Commanding heights of the economy
10293:Building the Rule of Law in China
9696:Kokoshin, Andrey (October 2016).
9424:China: Development and Governance
8978:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
8385:American Journal of Public Health
6649:United States Department of State
6115:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921).
5875:. Cengage Learning. pp. 125â127.
5826:Barrett, William (1 April 1978).
5665:Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000).
5172:American Journal of Public Health
5114:and outreach of their respective
5041:Criticism of communist party rule
4865:
4612:Judicial organs and socialist law
4265:The meeting place of the Chinese
4246:The state system of unitary power
4207:commanding heights of the economy
4116:was introduced shortly after the
4059:also became a people's republic.
3299:People's Revolutionary Government
1355:Criticism of communist party rule
687:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
125:Commanding heights of the economy
13362:
13350:
13166:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
12584:Fundamentals of MarxismâLeninism
11959:Civilian control of the military
11914:People's democratic dictatorship
9922:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
9779:Mulvenon, James (January 2018).
9464:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
9304:
9245:
9208:
9196:
9184:
9172:
9160:
9148:
9123:
9095:
9070:
9033:
9012:
8968:
8941:
8918:
8886:
8830:
8799:
8758:
8739:
8720:
8701:
8675:
8647:
8624:
8607:
8592:
8563:
8534:
8502:
8467:
8422:
8371:
8339:
8311:
8274:
8252:
8215:
8196:
6641:"The Chinese Revolution of 1949"
6549:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23.
5407:
5393:
5100:structuresâin opposition to the
4201:. In the words of Soviet leader
3946:would not occur until after the
3645:at the end of 1917. In 1922, it
3053:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1248:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
672:Fundamentals of MarxismâLeninism
657:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
71:
11909:Dictatorship of the proletariat
11884:Theory of the productive forces
10434:Hoover Institution Publications
9502:The University of Chicago Press
9376:
9322:from the original on 4 May 2022
9240:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
9232:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
9065:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
9057:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
7557:Stone Sweet, Bu & Zhuo 2023
7357:
6725:
6690:
6655:
6633:
6598:
6567:
6536:
6511:
6474:
6439:
6408:
6377:
6346:
6311:
6276:
6245:
6109:
5962:
5941:
5924:
5907:
5772:
5705:
5658:
5477:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought
5257:sculpture was dedicated as the
5199:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4902:
4897:
4380:
4345:National Supervisory Commission
3911:dictatorship of the proletariat
3787:
3723:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3679:war against Japanese occupation
3173:Communist states are typically
241:Theory of the productive forces
12861:People's Republic of Kampuchea
12579:A Critique of Soviet Economics
11934:State of socialist orientation
11434:Azerbaijan People's Government
9757:Miller, Alice (January 2018).
9214:Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014).
9102:Fekeiki, Omar (13 June 2007).
9039:Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014).
8771:Journal of Infectious Diseases
8729:Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia
8203:Samuel P., Huntington (1970).
5629:
5610:
5595:
5580:
5519:
5496:Dictionary of Historical Terms
5487:
5465:
5380:nostalgia for the Soviet Union
5175:and a 1992 study published in
4525:after the inauguration of the
3309:
3228:â they refer to themselves as
667:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
11795:Soviet-type economic planning
11765:Administrative-command system
10022:Quigley, John (Autumn 1989).
9999:. In Mietzner, Marcus (ed.).
8925:Hoepller, Cristopher (2011).
8615:American Journal of Sociology
6735:Heads of State and Government
6353:Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009).
6318:Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014).
5458:
5428:List of anarchist communities
5341:In the decades following the
5259:Victims of Communism Memorial
4929:states in Article 4 that "he
4521:'s emasculation of Romania's
4323:), the government (named the
4106:national liberation movements
4102:capitalist mode of production
3841:) which acts as a collective
2605:Communist Party (Switzerland)
108:Soviet-type economic planning
88:Administrative-command system
13126:Communist Party of Kampuchea
12748:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
12673:Chinese Communist Revolution
11984:Highest organ of state power
11847:Proletarian internationalism
10880:Social dominance orientation
9822:. Vol. 12, no. 3.
9599:Hazard, John (August 1975).
9447:Articles and journal entries
8843:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8477:Europe Since 1989: A History
5301:According to anthropologist
4053:Chinese Communist Revolution
3948:socialist mode of production
3776:states that the role of the
1213:Communist Party of Kampuchea
856:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
187:Proletarian internationalism
40:that were flown besides the
7:
13156:Indochinese Communist Party
12793:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
12788:New People's Army rebellion
12569:Britain's Road to Socialism
11894:Wars of national liberation
11474:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
10895:List of totalitarian states
10875:Right-wing authoritarianism
10320:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10274:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10224:Communist Political Systems
10186:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10117:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
9861:Central Intelligence Agency
9316:WAMC Northeast Public Radio
8445:10.2190/B2TP-3R5M-Q7UP-DUA2
8305:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1004
8246:University of Chicago Press
6446:Stankova, Marietta (2014).
5930:Andrai, Charles F. (1994).
5386:
5276:National Capital Commission
5134:and the restriction of the
5034:
4844:Central Military Commission
4768:
4677:withering away of the state
3944:withering away of the state
3798:vanguard of the proletariat
3288:
3118:. MarxismâLeninism was the
2946:International organizations
1238:Indochinese Communist Party
256:Wars of national liberation
10:
13445:
13274:Marxist schools of thought
13201:Portuguese Communist Party
13146:Communist Party of Vietnam
12139:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
10870:Left-wing authoritarianism
10705:Authoritarian conservatism
10270:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
10203:Furtak, Robert K. (1987).
10182:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
10140:Cambridge University Press
9889:10.1177/000271625127700107
9661:Cambridge University Press
9473:Cambridge University Press
9381:
9356:. New York. Archived from
8482:Princeton University Press
8354:Cambridge University Press
6732:Da Graça, John V. (2000).
6613:Cambridge University Press
6483:Cabinets in Eastern Europe
6356:Mongolic Elements in Tuvan
5736:Williams, Raymond (1983).
5642:Cambridge University Press
5508:Lee, Grace (Spring 2003))
5494:Cooke, Chris, ed. (1998).
5311:2007â2008 financial crisis
5209:
5038:
4931:Communist Party of Vietnam
4872:Communist Party of Vietnam
4773:
4640:Supreme People's Procuracy
4628:National People's Congress
4615:
4498:Constitutional supervision
4454:primary stage of socialism
4313:National People's Congress
4267:National People's Congress
4249:
3691:People's Republic of China
3285:in general, among others.
3166:, and to a lesser extent,
1365:Marxist schools of thought
1258:Party of Labour of Albania
1228:Communist Party of Vietnam
38:Communist Party of Vietnam
18:
13346:
13232:
13208:
13151:Communist Party of Malaya
13106:Communist Party of Brazil
13079:
12820:
12803:Internal conflict in Peru
12596:
12547:
12268:
12079:KimilsungismâKimjongilism
12027:
11989:Leading role of the party
11946:
11924:National-democratic state
11919:People's democratic state
11902:
11757:
11708:
11569:
11501:
11426:
11333:
11302:
11216:
11205:
11134:
11113:
10944:
10847:
10697:
10569:Counterintelligence state
10539:
10428:Triska, Jan, ed. (1968).
9952:Studies in Soviet Thought
9837:Naval Postgraduate School
9673:10.1017/S0305741000030320
8812:World Health Organization
8635:. World Socialist Website
6123:. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
6121:Marxists Internet Archive
5779:Nation, R. Craig (1992).
5636:Getzler, Israel (2002) .
5619:Studies in Soviet Thought
5443:List of communist parties
5205:
5020:centrally-planned economy
5003:In communist states, the
4720:." This changed with the
4431:1954 Chinese constitution
4154:National Liberation Front
4114:national-democratic state
4096:National-democratic state
4006:people's republican state
4000:People's republican state
3986:people's democratic state
3980:People's democratic state
3973:1975 Chinese constitution
3364:Previous communist states
3236:and progressing toward a
3010:List of communist parties
2912:Victorian Socialist Party
42:Vietnamese national flags
13116:Communist Party of India
13086:Albanian Party of Labour
12209:Bill of Rights socialism
11862:Socialism in one country
11832:MarxistâLeninist atheism
10865:Inverted totalitarianism
10737:Authoritarian capitalism
10134:Ellman, Michael (2014).
10080:
9992:Thayer, Carlyle (2008).
9831:Snyder, Stanley (1987).
9789:China Leadership Monitor
9767:China Leadership Monitor
9584:University of California
9288:. Prague. Archived from
9251:Neumayer, Laure (2018).
9022:. Berghahn Books. p. 4.
9020:Post-Communist Nostalgia
8765:Galazkaa, Artur (2000).
6990:Rosser & Rosser 2003
6574:Paquette, Laure (2001).
6421:. Springer. p. 21.
5787:Cornell University Press
5724:Rosser & Rosser 2003
5423:List of socialist states
5372:University of Copenhagen
4828:Communist Party of China
4820:People's Liberation Army
4145:socialist-oriented state
4139:Socialist-oriented state
3968:1977 Soviet constitution
3887:
3326:Current communist states
1208:Communist Party of India
207:Socialism in one country
162:MarxistâLeninist atheism
25:List of communist states
13324:State ideology of China
13196:Workers' Party of Korea
13111:Communist Party of Cuba
13101:Chinese Communist Party
12758:Portuguese Colonial War
12554:Foundations of Leninism
12106:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
11817:Dialectical materialism
11484:North Korea (1947â1948)
11479:North Korea (1946â1947)
10749:Authoritarian socialism
10474:Wilczynski, J. (2008).
10088:Blasko, Dennis (2006).
10041:Oxford University Press
9730:Oxford University Press
9493:The Journal of Politics
9401:Chinese Communist Party
9286:Atlas of Transformation
9280:Boym, Svetlana (2011).
9104:"The Toll of Communism"
9078:Friendship Act (HR3000)
8984:Oxford University Press
8240:Amandae, Sonja (2003).
8077:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6605:Lampe, John R. (2000).
6495:10.1057/9781403905215_6
6415:Gjevori, Elvin (2018).
6387:Peoples of Eastern Asia
6283:Minahan, James (2013).
6252:Ă
slund, Anders (2009).
5896:. Springer. pp. 60â69.
5871:Kendall, Diana (2011).
5748:Oxford University Press
5565:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5448:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
5167:University of Amsterdam
4927:Constitution of Vietnam
4917:Foundations of Leninism
4652:Austro-Hungarian Empire
4632:Chinese Communist Party
4523:Great National Assembly
4427:Chinese Communist Party
4174:revolutionary democracy
4070:ceased to use the term
3782:Workers' Party of Korea
3665:with the Soviet Union.
3195:political participation
1417:State ideology of China
1343:under communist regimes
1341:Crimes against humanity
1301:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
1273:Workers' Party of Korea
1203:Communist Party of Cuba
1198:Chinese Communist Party
866:Portuguese Colonial War
692:The Governance of China
645:Foundations of Leninism
192:Protracted people's war
140:Dialectical materialism
13046:Bosnia and Herzegovina
12380:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
12290:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
11206:Current and historical
10478:. Aldine Transaction.
10157:Evans, Daniel (1993).
9801:Poelzer, Greg (1989).
9393:19th National Congress
9129:Satter, David (2011).
8855:10.3201/eid0404.980404
8474:Ther, Philipp (2016).
6518:HajdĂș, JĂłzsef (2011).
5368:
5331:double genocide theory
5263:United States Congress
5233:
5049:Countries such as the
4804:CPSU Central Committee
4758:1896 German civil code
4730:historical materialism
4630:, and through it, the
4624:Supreme People's Court
4269:
3929:In "The Tax in Kind",
3475:(now part of Tanzania)
3306:
3104:MarxistâLeninist state
2347:
2338:
2269:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1233:French Communist Party
1143:Bosnia and Herzegovina
452:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
367:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
49:
13289:Post-MarxismâLeninism
13171:Nepal Communist Party
12768:Nicaraguan Revolution
12738:AlbanianâSoviet split
12435:Mengistu Haile Mariam
11974:Democratic centralism
11964:Collective leadership
10613:Dominant-party system
9934:10.1017/asjcl.2023.18
9721:International Affairs
9482:10.1017/asjcl.2016.22
9422:Gungwu, Wang (2012).
9255:. London: Routledge.
9135:Yale University Press
8904:. pp. 107, 115.
8509:Wilkinson, Richard G.
8398:10.2105/ajph.76.6.661
6697:Webb, Adrian (2008).
6520:Labour Law in Hungary
5359:
5323:neoliberal capitalism
5250:1989 Tiananmen Square
5223:
5132:right to own property
4956:democratic centralism
4950:Internal organisation
4880:CPV Central Committee
4848:CCP General Secretary
4826:, it is stated: "The
4699:The socialist law is
4386:Role of constitutions
4300:judicial independence
4286:Paris Commune of 1871
4282:proletarian democracy
4264:
4193:that seek to attract
4179:democratic centralism
3866:women's organisations
3850:consumer cooperatives
3802:democratic centralism
3669:would declare itself
3296:
3262:workers and peasants'
3179:democratic centralism
3015:Democratic centralism
2850:Socialist Alternative
2175:Revolutionary Faction
1253:Nepal Communist Party
876:Nicaraguan Revolution
512:Mengistu Haile Mariam
130:Democratic centralism
120:Collective leadership
35:
13369:Communism portal
13357:Socialism portal
12856:Democratic Kampuchea
12763:Black Power movement
12728:Non-Aligned Movement
11867:Socialist patriotism
11711:History of socialism
10451:Tung, W. L. (2012).
10276:. pp. 162â163.
10188:. pp. 202â204.
10119:. pp. 159â203.
9824:Taylor & Francis
9572:Hand, Keith (2016).
8986:. pp. 195â196.
8708:Hardt, John (2003).
8689:on 29 September 2014
8599:Targ, Harry (2006).
6580:. Nova. p. 55.
5934:. Armonk, New York:
5254:Goddess of Democracy
5136:right to free speech
4571:Council of Ministers
4329:Council of Ministers
4295:separation of powers
4187:military in Ethiopia
4084:also added the term
3936:first five-year plan
3819:separation of powers
3267:democratic socialist
3060:Communism portal
2855:Victorian Socialists
2165:Malaya and Singapore
1476:Socialism portal
1452:Communism portal
871:Black power movement
841:Non-Aligned Movement
212:Socialist patriotism
13279:National Bolshevism
12813:Revolutions of 1989
12798:Sino-Albanian split
12783:Naxalite insurgency
12773:Cultural Revolution
12653:Great Patriotic War
12505:Nur Muhammad Taraki
12051:Ho Chi Minh Thought
11969:Cult of personality
11807:Developed socialism
11647:Estonia (1918â1919)
11541:Hungary (1949â1989)
10800:Ecoauthoritarianism
10618:Illiberal democracy
10247:Marxist Governments
10228:Macmillan Education
9961:Springer Publishing
9870:on 21 January 2017.
9826:. pp. 241â262.
9809:Carleton University
9706:Belfer Center Paper
9652:The China Quarterly
9318:. 1 November 2011.
9109:The Washington Post
8806:Shubnikov, Eugene.
8541:McAaley, Alastair.
8072:"Central Committee"
7506:, pp. 202â203.
7371:The Washington Post
7092:, pp. 114â115.
6707:. pp. 80, 88.
6150:, pp. 188â189.
6094:, pp. 187â188.
5975:9 July 2011 at the
5954:9 July 2011 at the
5917:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
5602:Sloan, Pat (1937).
5591:. London: Longmans.
5343:Revolutions of 1989
5216:Communist nostalgia
5078:means of production
4998:New Economic Policy
4800:Ministry of Defense
4781:Soviet armed forces
4742:Borislav BlagojeviÄ
4403:liberal democracies
4319:(the Soviets had a
4278:bourgeois democracy
4274:unitary state power
3966:. Article 6 of the
3964:Soviet constitution
3862:youth organisations
3719:Revolutions of 1989
3249:people's democratic
3243:national-democratic
3148:Revolutions of 1989
1464:Politics portal
1370:National Bolshevism
1360:Cult of personality
896:Revolutions of 1989
891:Naxalite insurgency
881:Cultural Revolution
767:Great Patriotic War
622:Wojciech Jaruzelski
582:Nur Muhammad Taraki
289:Ho Chi Minh Thought
13409:Lists of countries
12808:Nepalese Civil War
12753:Great Leap Forward
12515:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
12390:Kaysone Phomvihane
12192:Xi Jinping Thought
11827:Labour aristocracy
11612:Byelorussia (1919)
10343:Palgrave Macmillan
10253:. pp. 22â33.
10251:Palgrave Macmillan
10136:Socialist Planning
9969:10.1007/BF00832025
9615:Cornell University
9606:Cornell Law Review
9540:The Russian Review
9430:. pp. 12â13.
8948:Poland, Marshall.
8818:on 11 October 2016
8551:on 23 January 2017
8350:Socialist Planning
7655:, pp. 798â99.
6740:St. Martin's Press
6487:Palgrave Macmillan
5568:(revised ed.)
5240:in Lithuania, the
5234:
5102:liberal democratic
4855:party CMC Chairman
4636:Prosecutor-General
4553:Chinese leadership
4447:people's democracy
4317:Standing Committee
4270:
4227:form of government
4181:is rarely upheld.
4129:Gamal Abdel Nasser
4086:socialist republic
4077:socialist republic
4062:During the 1960s,
4034:October Revolution
3754:North Korea (DPRK)
3494:Post-Soviet states
3307:
3283:social-democracies
3255:socialist-oriented
3207:factory committees
3116:communist ideology
3114:, a branch of the
3102:, also known as a
2892:Communist Alliance
2845:Socialist Alliance
1763:Dominican Republic
901:Nepalese Civil War
861:Great Leap Forward
789:Chinese Revolution
462:Kaysone Phomvihane
177:People's democracy
115:Collective farming
50:
13376:
13375:
12743:Sino-Soviet split
12703:TitoâStalin split
12648:Spanish Civil War
12589:Guerrilla Warfare
12548:Theoretical works
12480:WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka
12455:Nicolae CeauÈescu
12415:Nikos Zachariadis
12335:Nikita Khrushchev
12310:Palmiro Togliatti
12009:Transmission belt
11954:Central committee
11812:Dialectical logic
11717:
11716:
11704:
11703:
11700:
11699:
11497:
11496:
11239:Congo-Brazzaville
11135:Regional variants
10903:
10902:
10855:Democracy indices
10547:Absolute monarchy
10345:. pp. 1â13.
10322:. pp. 1â22.
10260:978-0-333-25704-3
9732:on behalf of the
9663:on behalf of the
9504:on behalf of the
9143:978-0-300-17842-5
9028:978-0-857-45643-4
8902:City Lights Books
8900:. San Francisco:
8511:(November 1996).
8332:978-0-87286-330-9
7980:, pp. 27â28.
7937:Staff writer 1980
7814:Staff writer 1980
7802:Staff writer 1980
6933:, pp. 54â55.
6921:, pp. 50â52.
6749:978-1-56159-269-2
6504:978-1-349-41148-1
6196:, pp. 42â43.
6117:"The Tax in Kind"
6058:, pp. 18â19.
6046:, pp. 16â17.
5789:. pp. 85â6.
5761:978-0-19-520469-8
5244:in Riga, and the
5066:Western societies
5062:liberal democracy
5024:private ownership
4888:CMC vice chairmen
4884:National Assembly
4760:until 1976 while
4644:National Assembly
4546:Mikhail Gorbachev
4519:Nicolae Ceausescu
4507:general secretary
4489:general secretary
4476:, not long after
4462:Nikita Khrushchev
4414:permanently fixed
4407:constitutionalism
4391:MarxistâLeninists
4327:in China and the
4223:socialist economy
4166:African socialism
4072:people's republic
4014:Völkisch movement
3831:liberal republics
3721:which led to the
3639:
3638:
3238:communist society
3203:direct democratic
3096:
3095:
3020:General Secretary
3005:Criticism of rule
2990:Central committee
1527:Communist parties
1512:
1511:
851:Sino-Soviet split
757:Spanish Civil War
677:Guerrilla Warfare
639:Theoretical works
557:WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka
537:Nicolae CeauÈescu
487:Nikos Zachariadis
407:Nikita Khrushchev
387:Palmiro Togliatti
157:Labor aristocracy
135:Dialectical logic
36:The flags of the
21:Communist society
13436:
13419:MarxismâLeninism
13394:Authoritarianism
13389:Communist states
13367:
13366:
13365:
13355:
13354:
13314:State capitalism
12718:De-Stalinization
12713:Cuban Revolution
12535:Gennady Zyuganov
12520:Rohana Wijeweera
12375:Klement Gottwald
12370:Valko Chervenkov
12355:Lazar Kaganovich
12315:Dolores IbĂĄrruri
12182:Three Represents
12127:Intercommunalism
11947:Political system
11790:Central planning
11785:Anti-revisionism
11775:Anti-imperialism
11751:MarxismâLeninism
11744:
11737:
11730:
11721:
11720:
11567:
11566:
11424:
11423:
11214:
11213:
11209:socialist states
11088:African-American
10930:
10923:
10916:
10907:
10906:
10754:MarxismâLeninism
10635:Managerial state
10518:
10511:
10504:
10495:
10494:
10489:
10470:
10455:(2nd ed.).
10447:
10424:
10405:
10390:(4th ed.).
10379:
10356:
10333:
10310:
10291:Li, Lin (2017).
10287:
10272:(2nd ed.).
10264:
10241:
10226:(2nd ed.).
10218:
10199:
10184:(2nd ed.).
10176:
10153:
10138:(3rd ed.).
10130:
10115:(2nd ed.).
10107:
10075:
10073:
10071:
10065:
10059:. Archived from
10028:
10018:
9998:
9988:
9945:
9916:
9871:
9869:
9863:. Archived from
9858:
9848:
9827:
9812:
9797:
9794:Hoover Institute
9785:
9775:
9772:Hoover Institute
9763:
9753:
9714:
9702:
9692:
9645:
9618:
9595:
9568:
9533:
9486:
9484:
9460:
9454:Bui, T. (2016).
9441:
9418:
9412:
9404:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9360:on 29 March 2024
9353:Document Journal
9343:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9277:
9264:
9249:
9243:
9212:
9206:
9200:
9194:
9188:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9099:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9082:
9074:
9068:
9037:
9031:
9016:
9010:
9009:
8976:Ghodsee, Kristen
8972:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8952:. Archived from
8945:
8939:
8938:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8894:Parenti, Michael
8890:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8866:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8814:. Archived from
8803:
8797:
8796:
8786:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8628:
8622:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8556:
8547:. Archived from
8538:
8532:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8426:
8420:
8419:
8409:
8375:
8369:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8319:Parenti, Michael
8315:
8309:
8308:
8298:
8289:(6): 1004â1010.
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8145:
8139:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8068:
8053:
8047:
8038:
8032:
8023:
8017:
8008:
8002:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7940:
7934:
7925:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7902:RAND Corporation
7893:
7887:
7881:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7829:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7627:
7621:
7612:
7606:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7480:
7474:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7410:
7404:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7361:
7355:
7349:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7292:
7286:
7277:
7271:
7260:
7254:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7167:
7161:
7148:
7142:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6883:
6877:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6817:
6811:
6796:
6790:
6777:
6771:
6758:
6757:
6738:(2nd ed.).
6729:
6723:
6722:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6170:
6164:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6124:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6080:
6074:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5981:
5966:
5960:
5945:
5939:
5928:
5922:
5911:
5905:
5890:
5884:
5869:
5863:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5803:on 1 August 2019
5799:. Archived from
5776:
5770:
5769:
5741:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5688:
5687:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5604:Soviet Democracy
5599:
5593:
5592:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5523:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5473:Bottomore, T. B.
5469:
5433:Capitalist state
5417:
5415:Socialism portal
5412:
5411:
5403:
5401:Communism portal
5398:
5397:
5396:
5288:Kersti Kaljulaid
5224:Protest against
5074:social ownership
4977:Friedrich Engels
4939:vanguard parties
4750:
4740:Yugoslav jurist
4648:civil law system
4418:Andrey Vyshinsky
4125:anti-imperialist
3992:In the words of
3952:Andrey Vyshinsky
3942:warned that the
3923:Friedrich Engels
3894:MarxistâLeninist
3811:one-party system
3772:in 1976 and the
3631:
3624:
3617:
3605:Communism portal
3320:communist states
3314:
3313:
3230:socialist states
3199:Soviet democracy
3112:MarxismâLeninism
3088:
3081:
3074:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3025:MarxismâLeninism
2350:
2341:
2170:MarxistâLeninist
1514:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1474:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1407:State capitalism
831:De-Stalinization
612:Gennady Zyuganov
592:Rohana Wijeweera
447:Klement Gottwald
442:Valko Chervenkov
427:Lazar Kaganovich
103:Central planning
98:Anti-revisionism
93:Anti-imperialism
75:
65:MarxismâLeninism
52:
51:
13444:
13443:
13439:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13434:
13433:
13429:Totalitarianism
13379:
13378:
13377:
13372:
13363:
13361:
13349:
13342:
13339:Totalitarianism
13319:State socialism
13228:
13204:
13075:
12816:
12658:Greek Civil War
12592:
12543:
12495:Mathieu Kérékou
12400:Leonid Brezhnev
12365:BolesĆaw Bierut
12360:Georgi Dimitrov
12345:Josip Broz Tito
12340:Walter Ulbricht
12264:
12111:Gonzalo Thought
12023:
11942:
11929:Socialist state
11898:
11753:
11748:
11718:
11713:
11696:
11677:Slovakia (1919)
11577:Alsace-Lorraine
11565:
11493:
11422:
11329:
11298:
11207:
11201:
11130:
11109:
10940:
10934:
10904:
10899:
10843:
10693:
10660:Socialist state
10645:One-party state
10564:Communist state
10535:
10522:
10492:
10486:
10467:
10444:
10421:
10402:
10376:
10353:
10341:. Vol. 1.
10330:
10307:
10284:
10261:
10249:. Vol. 1.
10238:
10215:
10196:
10173:
10150:
10127:
10104:
10083:
10078:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10026:
10015:
9996:
9867:
9856:
9783:
9761:
9742:10.2307/2619779
9700:
9514:10.2307/2127261
9458:
9449:
9444:
9438:
9406:
9405:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9373:
9363:
9361:
9344:
9335:
9325:
9323:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9295:
9293:
9278:
9267:
9250:
9246:
9213:
9209:
9201:
9197:
9189:
9185:
9177:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9153:
9149:
9128:
9124:
9114:
9112:
9100:
9096:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9071:
9038:
9034:
9017:
9013:
9002:
8973:
8969:
8959:
8957:
8946:
8942:
8923:
8919:
8912:
8891:
8887:
8877:
8875:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8804:
8800:
8777:(s1): 244â248.
8763:
8759:
8744:
8740:
8725:
8721:
8706:
8702:
8692:
8690:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8666:
8664:
8663:. 18 March 2010
8655:"Cops for Hire"
8653:
8652:
8648:
8638:
8636:
8629:
8625:
8612:
8608:
8597:
8593:
8583:
8581:
8580:. 16 April 2002
8569:
8568:
8564:
8554:
8552:
8539:
8535:
8507:
8503:
8492:
8484:. p. 132.
8472:
8468:
8427:
8423:
8376:
8372:
8346:Ellman, Michael
8344:
8340:
8333:
8316:
8312:
8296:10.1.1.397.4546
8279:
8275:
8265:
8263:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8238:
8234:
8220:
8216:
8201:
8197:
8189:
8185:
8177:
8173:
8165:
8148:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8113:
8104:
8100:, pp. 1â2.
8096:
8092:
8082:
8080:
8070:
8069:
8056:
8048:
8041:
8033:
8026:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7964:
7960:
7952:
7943:
7935:
7928:
7920:
7916:
7906:
7904:
7894:
7890:
7882:
7871:
7863:
7859:
7851:
7847:
7839:
7832:
7824:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7800:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7713:
7705:
7701:
7693:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7630:
7622:
7615:
7607:
7594:
7586:
7582:
7574:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7521:Feldbrugge 1985
7519:
7510:
7504:Feldbrugge 1985
7502:
7498:
7490:
7483:
7477:Feldbrugge 1985
7475:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7446:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7422:
7413:
7405:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7362:
7358:
7350:
7346:
7338:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7318:, p. xiii.
7314:
7310:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7280:
7272:
7263:
7255:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7226:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7170:
7162:
7151:
7143:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7072:
7064:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7025:
7021:
7013:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6886:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6839:
6835:
6827:
6820:
6812:
6799:
6791:
6780:
6772:
6761:
6750:
6730:
6726:
6715:
6695:
6691:
6680:
6660:
6656:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6623:
6615:. p. 233.
6603:
6599:
6588:
6572:
6568:
6557:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6479:
6475:
6464:
6456:. p. 148.
6444:
6440:
6429:
6413:
6409:
6398:
6382:
6378:
6367:
6351:
6347:
6336:
6316:
6312:
6301:
6293:. p. 296.
6281:
6277:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6238:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6209:
6200:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6127:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5995:, pp. 8â9.
5991:
5984:
5977:Wayback Machine
5967:
5963:
5956:Wayback Machine
5946:
5942:
5929:
5925:
5912:
5908:
5892:Li, He (2015).
5891:
5887:
5870:
5866:
5853:
5849:
5836:
5834:
5824:
5820:
5806:
5804:
5797:
5777:
5773:
5762:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5700:Wilczynski 2008
5698:
5691:
5681:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5634:
5630:
5615:
5611:
5600:
5596:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5556:
5552:
5538:
5536:
5524:
5520:
5507:
5503:
5492:
5488:
5481:Wiley-Blackwell
5470:
5466:
5461:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5364:totalitarianism
5355:Kristen Ghodsee
5303:Kristen Ghodsee
5246:House of Terror
5218:
5212:Decommunization
5208:
5086:communist party
5080:either through
5070:state ownership
5047:
5037:
5029:state ownership
4969:
4967:Economic system
4952:
4905:
4900:
4868:
4776:
4771:
4744:
4726:command economy
4620:
4614:
4566:
4500:
4399:fundamental law
4388:
4383:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4239:communist party
4219:socialist state
4215:
4213:Socialist state
4203:Leonid Brezhnev
4195:foreign capital
4191:mixed economies
4162:Socialist Burma
4152:, ruled by the
4141:
4118:death of Stalin
4098:
4002:
3982:
3890:
3804:, developed by
3794:communist party
3790:
3778:communist party
3770:communist party
3685:resulting in a
3635:
3599:
3488:
3359:
3318:
3312:
3291:
3218:communist state
3205:participation,
3108:one-party state
3100:communist state
3092:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3044:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2701:United Kingdom
2420:MunkĂĄspĂĄrt 2006
2214:
2206:
2205:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1536:
1508:
1468:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1432:Totalitarianism
1412:State socialism
1342:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1183:
1175:
1174:
914:
906:
905:
774:Greek Civil War
705:
697:
696:
656:
640:
632:
631:
572:Mathieu Kérékou
472:Leonid Brezhnev
437:BolesĆaw Bierut
432:Georgi Dimitrov
417:Josip Broz Tito
412:Walter Ulbricht
342:
334:
333:
274:
266:
265:
167:One-party state
152:under socialism
151:
83:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13442:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13374:
13373:
13371:
13359:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13336:
13334:Third-Worldism
13331:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13296:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13256:
13251:
13244:Anti-communism
13241:
13236:
13234:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13210:
13209:Related topics
13206:
13205:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13081:
13077:
13076:
13074:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12888:
12882:Czechoslovakia
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12858:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12822:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12600:
12598:
12594:
12593:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12549:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12525:Abimael GuzmĂĄn
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12490:Thomas Sankara
12487:
12482:
12477:
12475:Erich Honecker
12472:
12470:Maurice Bishop
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12430:Agostinho Neto
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12395:Khalid Bakdash
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12325:VĂ” NguyĂȘn GiĂĄp
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12305:Maurice Thorez
12302:
12297:
12295:Ehmetjan Qasim
12292:
12287:
12285:Ernst ThÀlmann
12282:
12277:
12272:
12270:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12240:
12232:
12227:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12173:
12168:
12162:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12130:
12123:
12118:
12116:Prachanda Path
12113:
12108:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12081:
12076:
12070:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12042:
12036:
12031:
12029:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11950:
11948:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11904:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11874:
11864:
11859:
11857:Social fascism
11854:
11852:Self-criticism
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11761:
11759:
11755:
11754:
11747:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11724:
11715:
11714:
11709:
11706:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11657:Hungary (1919)
11654:
11649:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11637:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11597:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11573:
11571:
11564:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11524:Czech Republic
11519:Czechoslovakia
11516:
11511:
11505:
11503:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11459:Inner Mongolia
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11439:East Turkestan
11436:
11430:
11428:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11348:
11343:
11337:
11335:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11220:
11218:
11211:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11138:
11136:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11128:
11123:
11121:United Kingdom
11117:
11115:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11101:
11100:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11080:
11078:United Kingdom
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11008:
11003:
11002:
11001:
10988:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10971:
10966:
10965:
10964:
10954:
10948:
10946:
10942:
10941:
10933:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10910:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10851:
10849:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10824:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10812:
10802:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10780:
10775:
10774:
10773:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10734:
10733:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10701:
10699:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10684:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10626:
10625:
10615:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10586:
10584:Constitutional
10581:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10560:
10559:
10549:
10543:
10541:
10537:
10536:
10521:
10520:
10513:
10506:
10498:
10491:
10490:
10484:
10471:
10465:
10448:
10443:978-0817917012
10442:
10425:
10420:978-0875484495
10419:
10413:. Open Court.
10406:
10400:
10384:Staar, Richard
10380:
10375:978-0262182348
10374:
10357:
10351:
10334:
10328:
10311:
10305:
10288:
10282:
10265:
10259:
10242:
10236:
10219:
10213:
10200:
10194:
10177:
10171:
10154:
10148:
10131:
10125:
10108:
10102:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10076:
10066:on 17 May 2018
10049:10.2307/840224
10019:
10013:
9989:
9946:
9928:(3): 319â344.
9917:
9872:
9849:
9828:
9819:Soviet Studies
9813:
9798:
9776:
9754:
9715:
9693:
9646:
9619:
9596:
9569:
9557:10.2307/125763
9534:
9487:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9437:978-9814425841
9436:
9419:
9388:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9333:
9303:
9292:on 29 May 2024
9265:
9244:
9226:(2): 115â142.
9207:
9195:
9183:
9171:
9159:
9147:
9122:
9094:
9069:
9032:
9011:
9001:978-0197549247
9000:
8967:
8956:on 8 July 2016
8940:
8917:
8911:978-0872863293
8910:
8885:
8849:(4): 539â550.
8829:
8798:
8784:10.1086/315570
8757:
8738:
8719:
8716:. p. 481.
8700:
8674:
8646:
8623:
8606:
8591:
8577:Globe and Mail
8562:
8533:
8501:
8490:
8466:
8439:(2): 583â601.
8421:
8392:(6): 661â666.
8370:
8338:
8331:
8310:
8273:
8251:
8232:
8214:
8195:
8183:
8171:
8146:
8131:
8119:
8102:
8090:
8054:
8052:, p. 131.
8039:
8024:
8022:, p. 219.
8009:
8007:, p. 223.
7994:
7982:
7970:
7958:
7941:
7926:
7914:
7888:
7869:
7857:
7855:, p. 251.
7845:
7830:
7818:
7806:
7791:
7779:
7767:
7750:
7738:
7736:, p. 801.
7726:
7724:, p. 803.
7711:
7709:, p. 802.
7699:
7697:, p. 800.
7684:
7682:, p. 797.
7672:
7670:, p. 799.
7657:
7645:
7643:, p. 796.
7628:
7626:, p. 784.
7613:
7611:, p. 783.
7592:
7590:, p. 782.
7580:
7578:, p. 781.
7561:
7549:
7547:, p. 170.
7537:
7525:
7523:, p. 203.
7508:
7496:
7481:
7479:, p. 202.
7464:
7452:
7440:
7428:
7411:
7384:
7356:
7354:, p. 118.
7344:
7342:, p. 114.
7332:
7330:, p. 112.
7320:
7308:
7306:, p. xii.
7293:
7291:, p. 524.
7278:
7276:, p. xii.
7261:
7259:, p. 522.
7244:
7232:
7230:, p. 521.
7211:
7209:, p. 520.
7199:
7187:
7168:
7149:
7130:
7118:
7116:, p. 115.
7106:
7104:, p. 114.
7094:
7082:
7070:
7055:
7053:, p. 163.
7043:
7031:
7019:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6899:
6884:
6869:
6857:
6845:
6833:
6818:
6797:
6778:
6759:
6748:
6742:. p. 56.
6724:
6713:
6689:
6678:
6654:
6632:
6621:
6597:
6586:
6566:
6555:
6535:
6528:
6510:
6503:
6489:. p. 62.
6473:
6462:
6438:
6427:
6407:
6396:
6376:
6365:
6345:
6334:
6328:. p. 53.
6310:
6299:
6275:
6264:
6244:
6227:
6215:
6198:
6186:
6171:
6152:
6140:
6138:, p. 188.
6125:
6108:
6106:, p. 383.
6096:
6081:
6079:, p. 187.
6060:
6048:
6036:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5982:
5961:
5940:
5923:
5921:. pp. 657â662.
5906:
5885:
5864:
5847:
5818:
5796:978-0801480072
5795:
5771:
5760:
5728:
5716:
5704:
5689:
5680:978-0275968861
5679:
5657:
5651:978-0521894425
5650:
5628:
5609:
5594:
5579:
5550:
5518:
5501:
5486:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5404:
5388:
5385:
5335:anti-communist
5307:Nazi Holocaust
5207:
5204:
5182:populations."
5163:Michael Ellman
5140:heavy industry
5116:ruling parties
5082:administration
5036:
5033:
5016:Michael Ellman
5005:state planning
4968:
4965:
4951:
4948:
4943:Vladimir Lenin
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4867:
4866:Representation
4864:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4714:Soviet economy
4709:
4708:
4697:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4660:Russian Empire
4616:Main article:
4613:
4610:
4602:Czechoslovakia
4565:
4562:
4499:
4496:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4374:Supreme Soviet
4308:Supreme Soviet
4258:
4255:
4250:Main article:
4247:
4244:
4214:
4211:
4199:private sector
4158:Ba'athist Iraq
4140:
4137:
4133:Arab socialism
4097:
4094:
4082:Czechoslovakia
4032:following the
4030:Russian Empire
4001:
3998:
3981:
3978:
3931:Vladimir Lenin
3926:It dies out."
3919:pure communism
3907:class division
3889:
3886:
3877:Czechoslovakia
3823:Supreme Soviet
3815:representative
3806:Vladimir Lenin
3789:
3786:
3727:Eastern Europe
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:Czechoslovakia
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3290:
3287:
3281:, and Western
3132:Bolshevisation
3120:state ideology
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2984:Related topics
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2883:Former parties
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:United Kingdom
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Czechoslovakia
2761:
2753:Former parties
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2299:Czech Republic
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2134:Former parties
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:United States
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1427:Third-Worldism
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1380:Post-communism
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:Anti-communism
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:Related topics
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
981:
974:Czechoslovakia
971:
966:
961:
956:
955:
954:
949:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
770:
769:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
652:
647:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
567:Thomas Sankara
564:
559:
554:
552:Erich Honecker
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:Agostinho Neto
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
467:Khalid Bakdash
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
397:VĂ” NguyĂȘn GiĂĄp
394:
389:
384:
382:Maurice Thorez
379:
374:
372:Ehmetjan Qasim
369:
364:
362:Ernst ThÀlmann
359:
354:
349:
347:Vladimir Lenin
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
237:
236:
226:
225:
224:
219:
209:
204:
202:Social fascism
199:
197:Self-criticism
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
111:
110:
100:
95:
90:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13441:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13386:
13384:
13370:
13360:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13345:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13304:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13264:
13263:Mass killings
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13249:
13248:Mass killings
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13231:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13207:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13080:Organizations
13078:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12819:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12778:Prague Spring
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12595:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12546:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12485:Samora Machel
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12405:Deng Xiaoping
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12350:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12275:Joseph Stalin
12273:
12271:
12267:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12241:
12239:
12238:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12134:
12133:New Communism
12131:
12128:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12095:Khrushchevism
12093:
12091:
12088:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12026:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12014:Unified power
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11901:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11842:Popular front
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11745:
11740:
11738:
11733:
11731:
11726:
11725:
11722:
11712:
11707:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11627:Crimea (1919)
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11572:
11568:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11500:
11490:
11489:South Vietnam
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11425:
11417:
11416:North Vietnam
11414:
11413:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11332:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11307:
11305:
11301:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11204:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11133:
11127:
11126:United States
11124:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11106:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11083:United States
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11000:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10963:
10962:New Australia
10960:
10959:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10943:
10938:
10931:
10926:
10924:
10919:
10917:
10912:
10911:
10908:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10839:ShĆwa Statism
10837:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10778:Caesaropapism
10776:
10772:
10771:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10696:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10670:Islamic state
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10525:Authoritarian
10519:
10514:
10512:
10507:
10505:
10500:
10499:
10496:
10487:
10485:9780202362281
10481:
10477:
10472:
10468:
10466:9789401034432
10462:
10458:
10454:
10449:
10445:
10439:
10435:
10431:
10426:
10422:
10416:
10412:
10407:
10403:
10401:9780817976934
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10331:
10329:9789024729753
10325:
10321:
10317:
10312:
10308:
10306:9780128119303
10302:
10298:
10294:
10289:
10285:
10279:
10275:
10271:
10266:
10262:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10243:
10239:
10237:0-333-44108-7
10233:
10229:
10225:
10220:
10216:
10214:9780312625276
10210:
10206:
10201:
10197:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10178:
10174:
10172:9780275947637
10168:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10151:
10149:9781107427327
10145:
10141:
10137:
10132:
10128:
10126:9780742540095
10122:
10118:
10114:
10109:
10105:
10103:9781135988777
10099:
10095:
10091:
10086:
10085:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10033:
10025:
10020:
10016:
10014:9780415460354
10010:
10006:
10002:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9953:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9862:
9855:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9805:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9790:
9782:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9760:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9722:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9707:
9699:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9541:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9494:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9457:
9452:
9451:
9439:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9359:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9262:
9261:9781351141741
9258:
9254:
9248:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9211:
9204:
9199:
9192:
9187:
9180:
9175:
9168:
9163:
9156:
9151:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9126:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9098:
9079:
9073:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9015:
9008:
9003:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8921:
8913:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8874:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8833:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8802:
8794:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8730:
8723:
8715:
8711:
8704:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8662:
8661:
8660:The Economist
8656:
8650:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8602:
8595:
8579:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8550:
8546:
8545:
8537:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8498:
8493:
8491:9780691167374
8487:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8470:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8342:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8277:
8261:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8236:
8228:
8224:
8223:Lowy, Michael
8218:
8210:
8206:
8199:
8193:, p. 25.
8192:
8187:
8181:, p. 23.
8180:
8175:
8169:, p. 22.
8168:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8144:, p. 11.
8143:
8138:
8136:
8128:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8099:
8094:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8051:
8046:
8044:
8037:, p. 20.
8036:
8031:
8029:
8021:
8016:
8014:
8006:
8001:
7999:
7992:, p. 58.
7991:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7962:
7956:, p. 68.
7955:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7938:
7933:
7931:
7924:, p. 23.
7923:
7922:Kokoshin 2016
7918:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7886:, p. 27.
7885:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7866:
7861:
7854:
7849:
7842:
7841:Mulvenon 2018
7837:
7835:
7828:, p. 19.
7827:
7826:Kokoshin 2016
7822:
7815:
7810:
7803:
7798:
7796:
7789:, p. 13.
7788:
7783:
7777:, p. 30.
7776:
7771:
7765:, p. 28.
7764:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7748:, p. 47.
7747:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7716:
7708:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7689:
7681:
7676:
7669:
7664:
7662:
7654:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7625:
7620:
7618:
7610:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7589:
7584:
7577:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7559:, p. 18.
7558:
7553:
7546:
7545:Dimitrov 2006
7541:
7535:, p. 64.
7534:
7529:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7505:
7500:
7493:
7488:
7486:
7478:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7462:, p. 16.
7461:
7456:
7450:, p. 15.
7449:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7348:
7341:
7336:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7312:
7305:
7300:
7298:
7290:
7285:
7283:
7275:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7258:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7242:, p. xi.
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7208:
7203:
7196:
7191:
7185:, p. 10.
7184:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7165:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7146:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7128:, p. 82.
7127:
7122:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7080:, p. 91.
7079:
7074:
7068:, p. 86.
7067:
7062:
7060:
7052:
7047:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7023:
7016:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6991:
6986:
6979:
6974:
6968:, p. 27.
6967:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6945:, p. 61.
6944:
6939:
6932:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6909:, p. 44.
6908:
6903:
6897:, p. 26.
6896:
6891:
6889:
6882:, p. 25.
6881:
6876:
6874:
6867:, p. 24.
6866:
6861:
6855:, p. 23.
6854:
6849:
6843:, p. 22.
6842:
6837:
6831:, p. 15.
6830:
6825:
6823:
6816:, p. 16.
6815:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6795:, p. 14.
6794:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6776:, p. 13.
6775:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6714:9781134065219
6710:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6679:9781317463764
6675:
6672:. p. 8.
6671:
6667:
6666:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6628:
6624:
6622:9780521774017
6618:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6587:9781560729693
6583:
6579:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6556:9780792332183
6552:
6548:
6547:
6539:
6531:
6529:9789041137920
6525:
6521:
6514:
6506:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6469:
6465:
6463:9781783082353
6459:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6428:9783319730714
6424:
6420:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6397:9780761475477
6393:
6389:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6366:9783447060950
6362:
6358:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6335:9781317805113
6331:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6300:9781135940102
6296:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6265:9780881325461
6261:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6242:, p. 21.
6241:
6240:Skilling 1961
6236:
6234:
6232:
6225:, p. 16.
6224:
6223:Skilling 1961
6219:
6213:, p. 42.
6212:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6190:
6184:, p. 41.
6183:
6178:
6176:
6169:, p. 43.
6168:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6149:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6040:
6034:, p. 14.
6033:
6028:
6026:
6019:, p. 13.
6018:
6013:
6007:, p. 12.
6006:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5903:
5902:9781137427816
5899:
5895:
5889:
5882:
5881:9781111305505
5878:
5874:
5868:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5844:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5814:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5775:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:. p. 9.
5672:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5640:. Cambridge:
5639:
5632:
5625:(3): 229â230.
5624:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5583:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5497:
5490:
5483:. p. 54.
5482:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5405:
5402:
5391:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:welfare state
5373:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5356:
5353:According to
5351:
5348:
5347:Svetlana Boym
5344:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5286:by President
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5272:Wall of Grief
5268:
5265:in 1993. The
5264:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5194:Amartya Sen's
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:Heinz Kessler
5148:
5147:laissez-faire
5143:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5045:Postsocialism
5042:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:According to
5012:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4922:Joseph Stalin
4919:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4895:
4893:
4892:CCP Politburo
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:CPV Politburo
4873:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:retained the
4755:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4664:socialist law
4661:
4657:
4656:German Empire
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:of Vietnam's
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4618:Socialist law
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4510:Joseph Stalin
4508:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4474:Deng Xiaoping
4471:
4467:
4466:Secret Speech
4463:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:new democracy
4435:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:Supreme Court
4330:
4326:
4325:State Council
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4253:
4252:Unitary power
4243:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:its aftermath
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:Joseph Stalin
3937:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:According to
3885:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3843:head of state
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:victory, the
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:Soviet Russia
3632:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:South Ossetia
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Germany (GDR)
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:authoritarian
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:SCP (Unified)
2114:
2112:
2111:SCP (Bakdash)
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:PC de C (MâL)
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:South Africa
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:Mass killings
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1334:Mass killings
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:Organizations
1179:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
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985:
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977:
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972:
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965:
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935:
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927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
910:
909:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Prague Spring
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
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849:
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837:
834:
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829:
827:
824:
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815:
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723:
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648:
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642:
636:
635:
628:
627:Todor Zhivkov
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Harry Pollitt
600:
598:
595:
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583:
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570:
568:
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562:Samora Machel
560:
558:
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538:
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528:
527:Hardial Bains
525:
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518:
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513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:Deng Xiaoping
475:
473:
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468:
465:
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460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
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430:
428:
425:
423:
422:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
420:
418:
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413:
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408:
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403:
400:
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388:
385:
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365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Joseph Stalin
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
309:Khrushchevism
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
270:
269:
262:
261:Unified power
259:
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185:
183:
182:Popular front
180:
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158:
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148:
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143:
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109:
106:
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74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
13404:Dictatorship
13309:Second World
13186:Shining Path
13016:Turkmenistan
12952:Soviet Union
12897:East Germany
12697:2002âpresent
12668:Eastern Bloc
12603:Soviet Union
12510:Alfonso Cano
12460:GustĂĄv HusĂĄk
12450:SanzĆ Nosaka
12425:Fidel Castro
12330:Earl Browder
12256:Zachariadism
12242:
12235:
12219:Lovestoneism
12084:Kimjongunism
12065:
12003:
11903:Class system
11889:Third Period
11780:Anti-fascism
11587:BaranyaâBaja
11556:Soviet Union
11536:East Germany
11234:Burkina Faso
10768:
10682:Majoritarian
10655:Police state
10623:Totalitarian
10588:
10574:Dictatorship
10563:
10529:totalitarian
10475:
10452:
10429:
10410:
10392:Hoover Press
10387:
10361:
10338:
10315:
10292:
10269:
10246:
10223:
10204:
10181:
10158:
10135:
10112:
10089:
10068:. Retrieved
10061:the original
10036:
10030:
10000:
9977:20098938.pdf
9956:
9950:
9925:
9921:
9883:(1): 56â66.
9880:
9876:
9865:the original
9832:
9817:
9803:
9787:
9765:
9725:
9719:
9704:
9656:
9650:
9629:
9623:
9610:
9604:
9577:
9544:
9538:
9497:
9491:
9468:
9462:
9423:
9396:
9385:
9377:Bibliography
9362:. Retrieved
9358:the original
9351:
9324:. Retrieved
9315:
9306:
9294:. Retrieved
9290:the original
9285:
9252:
9247:
9223:
9219:
9210:
9198:
9186:
9174:
9162:
9150:
9130:
9125:
9113:. Retrieved
9107:
9097:
9085:. Retrieved
9072:
9048:
9044:
9035:
9019:
9014:
9005:
8982:. New York:
8979:
8970:
8958:. Retrieved
8954:the original
8943:
8934:
8930:
8920:
8897:
8888:
8876:. Retrieved
8846:
8842:
8832:
8820:. Retrieved
8816:the original
8801:
8774:
8770:
8760:
8747:
8741:
8728:
8722:
8709:
8703:
8691:. Retrieved
8687:the original
8677:
8665:. Retrieved
8658:
8649:
8637:. Retrieved
8626:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8600:
8594:
8582:. Retrieved
8574:
8565:
8553:. Retrieved
8549:the original
8543:
8536:
8512:
8504:
8495:
8476:
8469:
8436:
8430:
8424:
8389:
8383:
8373:
8349:
8341:
8322:
8313:
8286:
8282:
8276:
8264:. Retrieved
8254:
8241:
8235:
8226:
8217:
8204:
8198:
8186:
8174:
8129:, p. 9.
8122:
8117:, p. 2.
8093:
8081:. Retrieved
8075:
7990:Steiner 1951
7985:
7978:Harding 1981
7973:
7968:, p. 4.
7961:
7939:, p. 7.
7917:
7905:. Retrieved
7891:
7867:, p. 6.
7860:
7848:
7843:, p. 3.
7821:
7816:, p. 3.
7809:
7804:, p. 1.
7782:
7770:
7741:
7734:Quigley 1989
7729:
7722:Quigley 1989
7707:Quigley 1989
7702:
7695:Quigley 1989
7680:Quigley 1989
7675:
7668:Quigley 1989
7653:Quigley 1989
7648:
7641:Quigley 1989
7624:Quigley 1989
7609:Quigley 1989
7588:Quigley 1989
7583:
7576:Quigley 1989
7552:
7540:
7528:
7499:
7455:
7443:
7438:, p. 5.
7431:
7426:, p. 4.
7409:, p. 3.
7375:. Retrieved
7369:
7359:
7347:
7335:
7323:
7311:
7235:
7202:
7197:, p. 1.
7190:
7166:, p. 9.
7147:, p. 8.
7121:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7073:
7046:
7041:, p. 2.
7034:
7029:, p. 6.
7022:
7017:, p. 7.
6985:
6973:
6966:Harding 1981
6943:Poelzer 1989
6938:
6931:Poelzer 1989
6926:
6919:Poelzer 1989
6914:
6907:Poelzer 1989
6902:
6895:Poelzer 1989
6880:Poelzer 1989
6865:Poelzer 1989
6860:
6853:Poelzer 1989
6848:
6841:Poelzer 1989
6836:
6829:Poelzer 1989
6814:Poelzer 1989
6793:Poelzer 1989
6774:Poelzer 1989
6754:Google Books
6752:– via
6734:
6727:
6719:Google Books
6717:– via
6699:
6692:
6684:Google Books
6682:– via
6664:
6657:
6644:
6635:
6627:Google Books
6625:– via
6607:
6600:
6592:Google Books
6590:– via
6576:
6569:
6561:Google Books
6559:– via
6545:
6538:
6519:
6513:
6482:
6476:
6468:Google Books
6466:– via
6454:Anthem Press
6448:
6441:
6433:Google Books
6431:– via
6417:
6410:
6402:Google Books
6400:– via
6386:
6379:
6371:Google Books
6369:– via
6355:
6348:
6340:Google Books
6338:– via
6320:
6313:
6305:Google Books
6303:– via
6285:
6278:
6270:Google Books
6268:– via
6254:
6247:
6218:
6189:
6143:
6111:
6099:
6051:
6039:
6012:
6000:
5964:
5943:
5938:. pp. 24â25.
5936:M. E. Sharpe
5931:
5926:
5914:
5909:
5893:
5888:
5872:
5867:
5859:
5850:
5842:
5835:. Retrieved
5831:
5821:
5813:Google Books
5811:– via
5805:. Retrieved
5801:the original
5781:
5774:
5765:
5743:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5684:
5666:
5660:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5582:
5570:. Retrieved
5563:
5553:
5544:
5537:. Retrieved
5533:The Diplomat
5531:
5521:
5513:
5512:. v.3, n.1.
5504:
5495:
5489:
5476:
5467:
5369:
5360:
5352:
5340:
5319:inequalities
5300:
5252:
5235:
5190:Eastern Bloc
5186:Philipp Ther
5184:
5176:
5170:
5160:
5146:
5144:
5130:such as the
5124:legal rights
5098:co-operative
5051:Soviet Union
5048:
5013:
5009:hierarchical
5002:
4970:
4961:
4953:
4915:
4913:
4906:
4903:Leading role
4898:Ruling party
4894:since 1987.
4869:
4851:
4817:
4792:
4777:
4754:East Germany
4739:
4734:ruling class
4722:introduction
4710:
4703:rather than
4621:
4595:
4579:East Germany
4567:
4550:
4531:
4504:Soviet Union
4501:
4485:liberal term
4459:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4411:
4395:constitution
4389:
4381:Constitution
4370:
4365:rubber stamp
4361:
4349:
4305:
4271:
4216:
4183:
4170:
4142:
4122:
4113:
4099:
4085:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4045:Eastern Bloc
4038:
4003:
3994:Eugene Varga
3991:
3983:
3961:
3957:
3928:
3898:ruling class
3891:
3881:East Germany
3870:
3858:trade unions
3854:sports clubs
3847:
3828:
3791:
3788:Institutions
3735:
3715:Iron Curtain
3655:World War II
3651:Soviet Union
3640:
3585:Turkmenistan
3579:Transnistria
3577:
3565:
3503:
3479:Yemen (PDRY)
3463:Soviet Union
3350:Korea (DPRK)
3319:
3271:Western Bloc
3260:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3222:these states
3217:
3215:
3211:trade unions
3181:by a single
3172:
3140:Eastern Bloc
3124:Soviet Union
3103:
3099:
3097:
2918:New Zealand
2882:
2881:
2861:New Zealand
2809:West Germany
2794:Soviet Union
2769:East Germany
2752:
2751:
2601:Switzerland
2193:
2186:
2182:Saudi Arabia
2133:
2132:
2072:Philippines
1605:
1556:Burkina Faso
1402:Second World
1116:Turkmenistan
1051:Soviet Union
991:East Germany
814:2002âpresent
784:Eastern Bloc
762:World War II
710:Soviet Union
587:Alfonso Cano
542:GustĂĄv HusĂĄk
532:SanzĆ Nosaka
497:Fidel Castro
402:Earl Browder
246:Third Period
228:
29:
13294:Red fascism
12932:North Korea
12827:Afghanistan
12733:Vietnam War
12723:Warsaw Pact
12643:Great Purge
12628:Great Break
12465:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
12440:Kim Il Sung
12420:Che Guevara
12385:Enver Hoxha
12320:Ho Chi Minh
12261:Brezhnevism
12244:RankoviÄism
12019:Vanguardism
11999:Secretariat
11837:Partiinost'
11570:Short-lived
11427:Short-lived
11396:South Yemen
11381:North Korea
11341:Afghanistan
11058:New Zealand
11053:Netherlands
10822:Imperialism
10788:Enlightened
10742:Pinochetism
10630:Mafia state
10601:Proletarian
10590:Dictablanda
10070:26 December
10043:: 781â808.
9845:10945/22490
9667:: 109â118.
9636:: 382â398.
9508:: 520â546.
9475:: 219â234.
9296:2 September
9282:"Nostalgia"
9115:19 November
9087:14 November
8714:M. E Sharpe
8209:Basic Books
8191:Ellman 2014
8179:Ellman 2014
8167:Ellman 2014
8142:Ellman 2014
8127:Ellman 2014
8115:Ellman 2014
8098:Ellman 2014
8083:26 December
7966:Miller 2018
7954:Thayer 2008
7907:27 December
7884:Blasko 2006
7865:Blasko 2006
7787:Loeber 1984
7775:Snyder 1987
7763:Snyder 1987
7746:Kramer 1985
7377:27 December
7304:Triska 1968
7195:Nelson 1982
7183:Nelson 1982
7164:Nelson 1982
7145:Nelson 1982
7051:Hazard 1985
7027:Nelson 1982
7015:Nelson 1982
6978:Steele 1999
6056:Furtak 1987
6044:Furtak 1987
6032:Furtak 1987
6017:Furtak 1987
6005:Furtak 1987
5993:Furtak 1987
5807:19 December
5739:"Socialism"
5712:Steele 1999
5560:"Communism"
5108:free-market
5059:multi-party
4935:Ho Chi Minh
4745: [
4701:prerogative
4687:private law
4527:July Theses
4112:. The term
4110:Third World
4057:North Korea
4047:. In Asia,
4022:World War I
3915:proletariat
3731:Third World
3707:North Korea
3671:non-aligned
3659:Soviet Army
3373:Afghanistan
3335:China (PRC)
3310:Development
3216:As a term,
3183:centralised
3168:North Korea
3144:Warsaw Pact
3040:Vanguardism
3035:Secretariat
2779:Netherlands
2482:Netherlands
2058:North Korea
1912:Bangladesh
1633:South Sudan
1571:Ivory Coast
1385:Red fascism
1046:South Yemen
1026:North Korea
919:Afghanistan
846:Vietnam War
836:Warsaw Pact
752:Great Purge
737:Great Break
607:Harpal Brar
547:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
517:Kim Il Sung
492:Che Guevara
457:Enver Hoxha
392:Ho Chi Minh
251:Vanguardism
172:Partiinost'
13383:Categories
13225:Trotskyism
13215:Bolshevism
13061:Montenegro
13042:Yugoslavia
13026:Uzbekistan
13011:Tajikistan
12986:Kyrgyzstan
12981:Kazakhstan
12961:Azerbaijan
12927:Mozambique
12821:By country
12708:Korean War
12540:Xi Jinping
12500:Siad Barre
12280:Mao Zedong
12214:Browderism
12149:Pol Potism
12121:Pantherism
11682:Tarnobrzeg
11607:Bessarabia
11561:Yugoslavia
11284:Seychelles
11279:Mozambique
11274:Madagascar
11197:Vietnamese
11192:Venezuelan
11182:Nicaraguan
11177:Melanesian
11094:Venezuela
11006:Kuomintang
10999:since 1978
10969:Bangladesh
10945:By country
10939:by country
10860:Deep state
10720:Khomeinism
10698:Ideologies
10640:Ochlocracy
10606:Right-wing
10579:Benevolent
10533:government
10352:1349060860
10283:1349060860
10195:1349060860
9859:(Report).
9835:(Thesis).
9807:(Thesis).
9617:: 109â118.
9051:(2): 124.
8667:4 December
8639:31 January
8621:(1): 1â50.
8529:0415092353
8366:1107427320
8266:31 January
8229:(94): 264.
8035:Evans 1993
7533:Staar 1988
7492:Staar 1988
7352:Keith 1991
7340:Keith 1991
7328:Keith 1991
7316:Chang 1956
7289:Chang 1956
7274:Chang 1956
7257:Chang 1956
7240:Chang 1956
7228:Chang 1956
7207:Chang 1956
6148:Guins 1950
6136:Guins 1950
6092:Guins 1950
6077:Guins 1950
5832:Commentary
5750:. p.
5539:2 December
5459:References
5210:See also:
5105:capitalist
5039:See also:
4982:Bolsheviks
4909:capitalism
4852:ex officio
4836:Mao Zedong
4794:ex officio
4691:public law
4492:Xi Jinping
4481:Mao Zedong
4231:capitalism
4068:Yugoslavia
3762:capitalism
3667:Yugoslavia
3595:Uzbekistan
3573:Tajikistan
3541:Kyrgyzstan
3536:Kazakhstan
3516:Azerbaijan
3484:Yugoslavia
3443:Mozambique
3433:Madagascar
3317:History of
3142:, and the
3130:after its
2967:INITIATIVE
2888:Australia
2831:Australia
2814:Yugoslavia
2542:San Marino
2467:Luxembourg
2415:MunkĂĄspĂĄrt
2405:Anasintaxi
2244:Azerbaijan
2123:Tajikistan
2087:Sri Lanka
2018:Kyrgyzstan
2013:Kazakhstan
1879:Venezuela
1665:Argentina
1591:Madagascar
1306:Trotskyism
1291:Bolshevism
1158:Montenegro
1138:Yugoslavia
1126:Uzbekistan
1111:Tajikistan
1086:Kyrgyzstan
1081:Kazakhstan
1061:Azerbaijan
1021:Mozambique
913:By country
821:Korean War
617:Xi Jinping
577:Siad Barre
507:LĂșcio Lara
357:Mao Zedong
13424:Socialism
13399:Communism
13299:Red Scare
13284:New class
13096:Comintern
13056:Macedonia
12996:Lithuania
12692:1989â2002
12687:1976â1989
12682:1949â1976
12622:1982â1991
12617:1964â1982
12612:1953â1964
12607:1927â1953
12445:Chin Peng
12300:JosĂ© DĂaz
12251:DubÄekism
12198:Stalinism
12165:Nkrumaism
12160:Sankarism
12045:Guevarism
12040:Castroism
11994:Politburo
11640:1939â1940
11595:1918â1919
11364:1982â1992
11359:1979â1992
11354:1975â1979
11350:Cambodia
11325:Nicaragua
11257:1987â1991
11252:1974â1987
11248:Ethiopia
11187:Tanzanian
11068:Sri Lanka
11011:Hong Kong
10994:Communist
10957:Australia
10952:Argentina
10937:Socialism
10890:Strongman
10783:Despotism
10759:Stalinism
10715:Francoism
10710:Chiangism
10665:Theocracy
10650:Oligarchy
10552:Autocracy
10531:forms of
10366:MIT Press
10094:Routledge
10005:Routledge
9985:144486393
9963:: 39â58.
9942:258915998
9913:145485494
9897:0002-7162
9736:: 45â66.
9689:154980279
9530:154446161
9409:cite book
8752:Routledge
8733:CRC Press
8517:Routledge
8291:CiteSeerX
7853:Tung 2012
7460:Hand 2016
7448:Hand 2016
7436:Hand 2016
7424:Hand 2016
7407:Hand 2016
7039:Hand 2016
6705:Routledge
6670:Routledge
6326:Routledge
6291:Routledge
6211:Tang 1980
6194:Tang 1980
6182:Tang 1980
6167:Tang 1980
6104:Imam 1986
5860:Dissident
5546:rhetoric.
5453:Stalinism
5327:communism
5154:, former
5128:liberties
5112:influence
4973:Karl Marx
4785:Presidium
4705:normative
4669:Roman law
4606:president
4393:view the
4353:ethnicity
4321:Presidium
4290:mass line
4235:socialism
4018:Narodniks
3839:presidium
3835:Karl Marx
3766:socialism
3687:Communist
3683:civil war
3551:Lithuania
3428:Kampuchea
3234:socialism
3226:communism
3128:Comintern
3030:Politburo
2995:Communism
2962:Cominform
2957:Comintern
2575:PCE (MâL)
2535:RCWP-CPSU
2496:Portugal
2462:Lithuania
2273:Bulgaria
2155:Indonesia
2139:Cambodia
2068:Palestine
2036:CPN (UML)
1956:CPI-ML(L)
1838:PCdelPâPR
1742:Colombia
1390:Red Scare
1375:New class
1193:Comintern
1153:Macedonia
1096:Lithuania
943:Cambodia
809:1989â2002
804:1976â1989
799:1949â1976
730:1982â1991
725:1964â1982
720:1953â1964
715:1927â1953
522:Chin Peng
377:JosĂ© DĂaz
324:Stalinism
284:Guevarism
279:Castroism
234:Socialist
48:, Vietnam
13254:Cold War
13233:See also
13220:Leninism
13071:Slovenia
12966:Byelarus
12922:Mongolia
12902:Ethiopia
12891:Slovakia
12852:Cambodia
12847:Bulgaria
12663:Cold War
12530:Gus Hall
12237:Äilasism
12224:Marcyism
12203:American
12144:National
12090:Kadarism
12061:Husakism
12056:Hoxhaism
12028:Variants
11877:Yugoslav
11758:Concepts
11692:WĂŒrzburg
11667:Naissaar
11631:Finland
11591:Bavaria
11529:Slovakia
11514:Bulgaria
11444:Far East
11391:Mongolia
11303:Americas
11167:European
11098:Chavismo
11063:Pakistan
10848:See also
10725:Putinism
10596:Military
10386:(1988).
10297:Elsevier
10163:ABC-CLIO
9642:41855253
9395:(2017).
9364:29 March
9320:Archived
8896:(1997).
8793:10657222
8461:44945095
8348:(2014).
8321:(1997).
8005:Bui 2016
5973:Archived
5952:Archived
5919:Elsevier
5475:(1991).
5387:See also
5202:deaths.
5094:communes
5090:councils
5084:through
5035:Analysis
4920:(1924),
4857:and the
4808:Komsomol
4769:Military
4598:Bulgaria
4544:against
4478:Chairman
4451:and the
4357:language
4016:and the
4010:populist
3729:and the
3695:Cambodia
3653:. After
3505:Abkhazia
3473:Zanzibar
3438:Mongolia
3408:Ethiopia
3393:Bulgaria
3289:Overview
2720:CPGB-PCC
2686:Ukraine
2552:Slovakia
2426:Ireland
2411:Hungary
2371:Germany
2303:Denmark
2253:Belgium
2228:Austria
2201:Thailand
2081:PKP-1930
2063:Pakistan
2046:CPN (US)
2041:CPN (MC)
1961:CPI(Mst)
1823:Paraguay
1767:Ecuador
1660:Americas
1566:Eswatini
1551:Botswana
1519:a series
1517:Part of
1318:See also
1296:Leninism
1168:Slovenia
1066:Byelarus
1016:Mongolia
996:Ethiopia
984:Slovakia
939:Bulgaria
779:Cold War
597:Gus Hall
304:KĂĄdĂĄrism
299:Husakism
294:Hoxhaism
273:Variants
222:Yugoslav
82:Concepts
57:a series
55:Part of
13091:Comecon
13051:Croatia
13032:Vietnam
13021:Ukraine
13001:Moldova
12976:Georgia
12971:Estonia
12956:Armenia
12947:Somalia
12942:Romania
12912:Hungary
12907:Grenada
12886:Czechia
12832:Albania
12597:History
12410:Pol Pot
12230:Titoism
12177:Dengism
12154:African
11662:Ireland
11652:Galicia
11551:Romania
11509:Albania
11464:Jiangxi
11411:Vietnam
11315:Grenada
11289:Somalia
11172:Israeli
11162:Chinese
11157:Burmese
11152:British
11142:African
11114:History
11105:Vietnam
11073:Tunisia
11023:Finland
11018:Estonia
10885:Statism
10805:Fascism
10677:Tyranny
10557:Tsarist
9905:1030252
9750:2619779
9659:(125).
9592:2624663
9582:(150).
9522:2127261
9382:General
9326:3 March
8960:18 July
8878:18 July
8873:9866730
8864:2640235
8822:18 July
8693:18 July
8584:17 July
8555:18 July
8453:1399170
8416:3706593
8407:1646771
8020:Li 2017
5837:14 June
5671:Praeger
5572:10 June
5315:leftist
5284:Tallinn
5230:Donetsk
5165:of the
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4990:Gosplan
4787:of the
4774:Control
4724:of the
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4583:Hungary
4575:Albania
4533:Hungary
4514:Romania
4150:Algeria
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4090:Albania
4064:Romania
3750:Vietnam
3711:Vietnam
3675:Albania
3590:Ukraine
3556:Moldova
3531:Georgia
3526:Estonia
3521:Belarus
3511:Armenia
3458:Somalia
3453:Romania
3423:Hungary
3418:Grenada
3378:Albania
3355:Vietnam
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3164:Vietnam
3136:Comecon
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2826:Oceania
2789:Romania
2759:Albania
2745:RCPB-ML
2715:CPGB-ML
2616:Turkey
2586:Sweden
2516:Russia
2512:Romania
2477:Moldova
2391:Greece
2367:Georgia
2333:France
2329:Finland
2324:Estonia
2289:Croatia
2249:Belarus
2224:Armenia
2219:Albania
2188:Sarawak
2128:Vietnam
2028:Lebanon
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1908:Bahrain
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1807:Panama
1782:Mexico
1690:Brazil
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1607:RĂ©union
1601:Morocco
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1581:Lesotho
1541:Algeria
1188:Comecon
1148:Croatia
1133:Vietnam
1121:Ukraine
1101:Moldova
1076:Georgia
1071:Estonia
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1041:Somalia
1036:Romania
1006:Hungary
1001:Grenada
979:Czechia
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947:1975â79
924:Albania
704:History
482:Pol Pot
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13414:Maoism
13303:Second
13066:Serbia
13006:Russia
12991:Latvia
12937:Poland
12837:Angola
12269:People
12100:Maoism
12074:Songun
11872:Soviet
11672:Saxony
11617:Bremen
11546:Poland
11502:Europe
11469:Kuwait
11449:Fujian
11264:Guinea
11224:Angola
11217:Africa
11033:Greece
11028:France
10990:China
10986:Canada
10979:Lulism
10974:Brazil
10827:Nazism
10764:Maoism
10730:Ziaism
10482:
10463:
10440:
10417:
10398:
10372:
10349:
10326:
10303:
10280:
10257:
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8521:p. 122
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8358:p. 372
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6332:
6297:
6262:
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5793:
5758:
5677:
5648:
5206:Memory
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4658:, and
4589:, and
4587:Poland
4537:Poland
4502:After
4470:Maoist
4160:, and
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3864:, and
3752:, and
3709:, and
3681:and a
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3663:allied
3657:, the
3647:joined
3561:Russia
3546:Latvia
3448:Poland
3383:Angola
3279:Sweden
3275:France
3209:, and
3197:(i.e.
3187:Maoism
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2799:Turkey
2784:Poland
2710:CPB-ML
2680:TKP/ML
2670:TKEP/L
2620:DHKP/C
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1998:Israel
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13037:Yemen
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12867:China
12842:Benin
12678:China
12067:Juche
12034:Cuban
12004:State
11687:UĆŸice
11622:BihaÄ
11582:Banat
11454:Gilan
11401:Syria
11371:China
11346:Burma
11320:Chile
11294:Sudan
11269:Libya
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11229:Benin
11048:Italy
11038:India
10770:Juche
10540:Forms
10081:Books
10064:(PDF)
10053:JSTOR
10039:(4).
10027:(PDF)
9997:(PDF)
9981:S2CID
9973:JSTOR
9959:(1).
9938:S2CID
9909:S2CID
9901:JSTOR
9868:(PDF)
9857:(PDF)
9784:(PDF)
9762:(PDF)
9746:JSTOR
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9701:(PDF)
9685:S2CID
9677:JSTOR
9638:JSTOR
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9561:JSTOR
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9518:JSTOR
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9236:JSTOR
9081:(PDF)
9061:JSTOR
8457:S2CID
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5055:China
4749:]
4716:that
4460:With
4397:as a
4049:China
3888:State
3879:, or
3873:China
3796:is a
3738:China
3398:Congo
3388:Benin
3152:China
2952:IMCWP
2774:Italy
2635:KDH/L
2472:Malta
2160:Korea
2003:Japan
1981:Tudeh
1972:Iran
1938:China
1933:Burma
1888:PCMLV
1853:CPUSA
1801:PCMML
1776:PCMLE
1694:PCdoB
1638:Sudan
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1546:Benin
964:Congo
959:China
934:Benin
794:China
229:State
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12917:Laos
12877:Cuba
11822:Foco
11635:1918
11600:1919
11406:Tuva
11386:Laos
11376:Iraq
11334:Asia
11310:Cuba
11147:Arab
11043:Iran
10793:Soft
10687:Soft
10527:and
10480:ISBN
10461:ISBN
10438:ISBN
10415:ISBN
10396:ISBN
10370:ISBN
10347:ISBN
10324:ISBN
10301:ISBN
10278:ISBN
10255:ISBN
10232:ISBN
10209:ISBN
10190:ISBN
10167:ISBN
10144:ISBN
10121:ISBN
10098:ISBN
10072:2019
10009:ISBN
9893:ISSN
9588:SSRN
9432:ISBN
9415:link
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9328:2022
9298:2024
9257:ISBN
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9117:2020
9089:2020
9024:ISBN
8996:ISBN
8962:2016
8937:(1).
8906:ISBN
8880:2016
8869:PMID
8824:2016
8789:PMID
8695:2016
8669:2015
8641:2020
8586:2016
8575:The
8557:2016
8525:ISBN
8486:ISBN
8449:PMID
8412:PMID
8362:ISBN
8327:ISBN
8268:2020
8085:2019
7909:2019
7379:2019
6744:ISBN
6709:ISBN
6674:ISBN
6617:ISBN
6582:ISBN
6551:ISBN
6524:ISBN
6499:ISBN
6458:ISBN
6423:ISBN
6392:ISBN
6361:ISBN
6330:ISBN
6295:ISBN
6260:ISBN
5898:ISBN
5877:ISBN
5839:2020
5809:2014
5791:ISBN
5756:ISBN
5675:ISBN
5646:ISBN
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4975:and
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3468:Tuva
3345:Laos
3340:Cuba
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2922:CPNZ
2730:NCPB
2675:TKIP
2665:TKEP
2660:TDKP
2655:MLKP
2630:HTKP
2625:EMEP
2580:PCTE
2570:PCPE
2525:CPRF
2505:PCTP
2385:MLPD
2360:PCRF
2355:PRCF
2348:PCOF
2143:KPRP
2101:FLSP
2091:CPSL
2051:NWPP
2023:Laos
1993:Iraq
1902:Asia
1828:Peru
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1758:Cuba
1731:PCCh
1679:PCRA
1674:PCCE
1643:Togo
1626:SACP
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10810:Eco
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9738:doi
9669:doi
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9553:doi
9510:doi
9477:doi
9228:doi
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8851:doi
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8775:181
8619:104
8441:doi
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8394:doi
8301:doi
6491:doi
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2907:RSP
2902:DSP
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2725:CPS
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2645:TKP
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2500:PCP
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2307:DKP
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2148:CPK
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2076:CPP
1976:CPI
1946:CPI
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1858:WWP
1833:PCP
1811:PPP
1791:PPS
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4449:,
3630:e
3623:t
3616:v
3257:,
3087:e
3080:t
3073:v
3001:)
2997:(
1503:e
1496:t
1489:v
27:.
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