2757:'Marxism, being a scientific theory, could not be a spontaneous product of the working class , but had to be imported from outside, by intellectuals equipped with scientific knowledge, became the peculiar ideological instrument to justify a new idea of the party of manipulators. Since the working class is in principle incapable of articulating theoretically its consciousness, it is possible and even necessary that the "genuine" theoretical consciousness of the working class should be incarnated in a political organism that could consider itself the carrier of this consciousness regardless of what the "empirical" working class thought about it, given that the "empirical" consciousness of this class is irrelevant in defining who in a given moment represents its interest. This is why the theory of class consciousness instilled from outside and the whole idea of scientific socialism so conceived served to justify the fact that in all kinds of political activity and later in the exercise of political power, the working class may be and must be replaced by the political apparatus which is the vehicle of its consciousness at the highest level. The whole Leninist and then Stalinist principle of dictatorship which the proletariat exercises through the intermediary of its self-appointed representatives, is only a development of the idea of "scientific socialism" so conceived.' Leszek Kolakowski, "Althusser's Marx",
2318:, theory must not only tend toward reality in an attempt to change it; reality must also tend towards theory. Otherwise, the historical process leads a life of its own, while theorists make their own little theories, desperately waiting for some kind of possible influence over the historical process. Henceforth, reality itself must tend toward the theory, making it the "expression of the revolutionary process itself". In turn, a theory which has as its goal helping the proletariat achieve class consciousness must first be an "objective theory of class consciousness". However, theory in itself is insufficient, and ultimately relies on the struggle of humankind and of the proletariat for consciousness: the "objective theory of class consciousness is only the theory of its objective possibility".
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jobs. Rothbard said that if there is constant conflict among members of the same class (like, for example, among landowners, nobility or slaveowners), then it is absurd to claim these landowners, nobles and slaveowners can also have shared objective interests with one another against a different class such as their workers, peasants or slaves.
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argued that Marx's effort to portray workers and capitalists as two monolithic groups was false because workers and capitalists routinely compete within themselves, such as capitalist entrepreneurs competing with each other for market dominance, or native workers competing with immigrant workers for
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is legal and slaves have a common motive for wanting to end their disadvantaged status relative to other castes, but that class is an arbitrary distinction in capitalist society where there is equality before the law. Mises believed that under capitalism, one's wealth does not very much affect how
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and
Universities) which tenaciously maintained control over the political system, depriving not only the working classes but the middle classes of a voice in the political process." As the Industrial Revolution progressed, the sharpening of socioeconomic divisions caused each group to become more
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While Karl Marx rarely used the term "class consciousness", he did make the distinction between "class in itself", which is defined as a stratum of society sharing common grievances and a unified perspective; and a "class for itself", which is defined as a stratum
2234:" were coming into common usage in British society. David Cody writes about this time period: "The old hereditary aristocracy, reinforced by the new gentry who owed their success to commerce, industry, and the professions, evolved into an '
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as "the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labour legislation." To overcome this (in Lenin's opinion) limited worldview, a
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asserted that "Marx confus the notions of caste and class". Mises allowed that class consciousness and the associated class struggle were valid concepts in some circumstances where rigid social
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Although
Marxists tend to focus on class consciousness (or its absence) among the proletariat, the upper classes in society can also think and act in a class-conscious way. As
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Categorizing a person's social class can be a determinant for their awareness of it. Marxists categorize classes based on their relation to the
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of the most politically advanced section of the working class was needed to help replace trade union consciousness with class consciousness.
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pointed out, "The very rich have been well aware of their class privilege and have labored mightily to protect and defend it".
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or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their common class interests. According to
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Vladimir Lenin (1902). "The
Spontaneity of the Masses and the Consciousness of the Social-Democrats".
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disputed the notion that class consciousness could be instilled from outside by a vanguard party. In
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Classical
Economics: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume II
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Vladimir Lenin (1902). "Trade-Unionist
Politics And Social-Democratic Politics".
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2613:"Class consciousness - Social Stratification, Marxism & Class Conflict"
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2949:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"
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2646:"Understanding Karl Marx's Class Consciousness and False Consciousness"
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Theory and
History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution
2310:
and his other writings, he stated that in order to achieve a unity of
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2564:(1978). "Class Consciousness and Individualized Consciousness".
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one is treated by legislators, law enforcement, or the courts.
2311:
2262:. Non-Marxists differentiate society's various groups based on
777:
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2143:
312:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
2329:
2843:
2207:
that is key to sparking a revolution which would "create a
282:
2258:, especially on whether or not members of the class own
2195:
is the set of beliefs that persons hold regarding their
102:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
2744:
Leszek
Kolakowski, "My Correct Views on Everything",
2243:
acutely conscious of its position in the hierarchy.
2751:
2724:"Class Consciousness and Working Class Emancipation"
2399:
2587:
2585:
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2629:(1986). "Class Consciousness and Class Struggle".
2484:
2238:' (its consciousness formed in large part by the
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2582:
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2462:International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology
2452:
2643:
2633:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–140.
2560:
2701:
2680:
2460:. In Beckert, Jens; Zafirovski, Milan (eds.).
2859:
2514:Laura Desfor Edles; Scott Appelrouth (2020).
2168:
62:The Condition of the Working Class in England
2538:
57:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
2866:
2852:
2625:
2591:
2175:
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202:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
77:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
2491:Encyclopedia of Social Problems, Volume 1
2516:Sociological Theory in the Classical Era
2610:
2568:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 94–113.
2226:Early in the 19th century, the labels "
3892:
983:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3763:Mass killings under communist regimes
2847:
1896:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
272:Change the World Without Taking Power
227:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
157:Theses on the Philosophy of History
13:
2493:. SAGE Publications. p. 134.
14:
3926:
3717:Criticism of communist party rule
2825:
2644:Ashley Crossman (July 25, 2019).
2518:. SAGE Publications. p. 48.
2489:. In Parrillo, Vincent N. (ed.).
2365:1934 West Coast waterfront strike
2300:The Polish political philosopher
2277:, in particular as formulated by
2221:
247:Time, Labor and Social Domination
3872:
3860:
3738:21st-century communist theorists
2831:
2734:from the original on 2021-03-02.
2670:from the original on 2017-04-29.
2402:
2142:
2130:
2118:
1954:21st-century communist theorists
297:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
212:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
132:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
38:
2999:Dictatorship of the proletariat
2793:
2764:
2716:
2695:
2674:
2652:
2544:"Where Is Class Consciousness?"
2424:History and Class Consciousness
2375:Major League Baseball collusion
2209:dictatorship of the proletariat
656:Theory of historical trajectory
534:Dictatorship of the proletariat
237:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
137:History and Class Consciousness
92:Critique of the Gotha Programme
16:Awareness of one's social class
2637:
2619:
2604:
2592:David Cody (August 30, 2021).
2554:
2532:
2507:
2446:
454:Socially necessary labour time
352:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
242:The Sublime Object of Ideology
167:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
2939:Critique of political economy
2873:
2440:
375:Critique of political economy
3832:Socialist mode of production
3748:Anti-communist mass killings
3690:Workers of the world, unite!
2959:Proletarian internationalism
2800:Murray N. Rothbard (2006) .
2631:An Introduction to Karl Marx
2295:
2203:, class consciousness is an
412:Falling profit-rate tendency
192:The Society of the Spectacle
7:
3800:Marx's theory of alienation
2759:The Socialist Register 1971
2746:The Socialist Register 1974
2395:
2348:
2249:organized in active pursuit
1886:Capitalism Nature Socialism
402:Concrete and abstract labor
292:Capital in the Anthropocene
217:Social Justice and the City
112:The Accumulation of Capital
10:
3931:
2806:Ludwig von Mises Institute
2777:Ludwig von Mises Institute
2771:Ludwig von Mises (2007) .
2485:Elizabeth Borland (2008).
2430:Psychology of social class
162:Dialectic of Enlightenment
3855:
3730:
3699:
3657:
3579:
3201:
3150:
3112:
3048:
3007:
2881:
2710:Marxists Internet Archive
2689:Marxists Internet Archive
2660:"Class Consciousness 101"
2464:. Routledge. p. 62.
307:Literature and Revolution
267:Late Victorian Holocausts
197:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
182:The Wretched of the Earth
2984:Workers' self-management
2307:Main Currents of Marxism
257:The Origin of Capitalism
127:The State and Revolution
3822:Revolutionary socialism
3030:Socialization (Marxism)
2566:Power and the Powerless
958:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
601:Relations of production
484:Base and superstructure
337:Dialectical materialism
302:The Revolution Betrayed
122:Terrorism and Communism
117:Philosophical Notebooks
72:The Communist Manifesto
2836:Quotations related to
2251:of its own interests.
1901:Historical Materialism
646:Proletarian revolution
641:Primitive accumulation
636:Historical determinism
3773:Intentional community
2909:Collective leadership
2487:"Class consciousness"
2264:social stratification
2137:Philosophy portal
1931:Science & Society
549:Democratic centralism
407:Factors of production
277:Caliban and the Witch
222:Women, Race and Class
3879:Socialism portal
3867:Communism portal
3722:Criticism of Marxism
3712:Communist propaganda
3142:Fourth International
3132:Second International
2919:Communist revolution
2808:. pp. 382–384.
2380:World Economic Forum
2149:Socialism portal
2125:Communism portal
1994:History of communism
1989:Economic determinism
1974:Criticism of Marxism
1964:Creative destruction
724:Marxism and religion
444:Scientific socialism
347:Philosophy of nature
232:Imagined Communities
97:Dialectics of Nature
3827:Socialist economics
3743:Anti anti-communism
3672:Red flag (politics)
3137:Third International
3127:First International
2954:Market abolitionism
2899:Class consciousness
2838:Class consciousness
2804:. Auburn, Alabama:
2775:. Auburn, Alabama:
2705:What Is to Be Done?
2684:What Is to Be Done?
2418:False consciousness
2284:What Is to Be Done?
2256:means of production
2193:class consciousness
1881:Capital & Class
561:False consciousness
509:Commodity fetishism
499:Class consciousness
417:Means of production
252:The Age of Extremes
172:The Long Revolution
107:What Is to Be Done?
67:The German Ideology
3847:Worker cooperative
3805:National communism
3778:Left-wing politics
3683:The Internationale
3035:Economic democracy
2390:Occupy Wall Street
2385:Bilderberg Meeting
2332:exist, e.g., when
2095:Worker cooperative
2073:Left-wing populism
1999:Left-wing politics
1936:Socialist Register
1926:Rethinking Marxism
719:Literary criticism
422:Mode of production
287:Capitalist Realism
147:The Black Jacobins
3910:Identity politics
3887:
3886:
3667:Hammer and sickle
3158:Communist Parties
2974:Stateless society
2969:Social revolution
2934:Communist society
2904:Classless society
2542:(June 17, 2012).
2410:Philosophy portal
2355:1819 Balloon riot
2302:Leszek Kolakowski
2185:
2184:
2026:Political ecology
2004:Marxian economics
943:Council communism
911:
910:
838:Neue Marx-Lektüre
800:Regulation school
689:Cultural analysis
581:Lumpenproletariat
524:Cultural hegemony
514:Communist society
504:Classless society
439:Productive forces
177:Guerrilla Warfare
50:Theoretical works
3922:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3768:Internationalism
3758:Communitarianism
3122:Communist League
3025:Common ownership
2994:World revolution
2944:Free association
2868:
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2454:Erik Olin Wright
2450:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2360:Haymarket affair
2340:Mises' follower
2326:Ludwig von Mises
2275:orthodox Marxism
2177:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2100:Workers' council
1921:Race & Class
828:Frankfurt School
795:Neo-Gramscianism
768:Marxism–Leninism
750:
749:
694:Cultural Studies
651:World revolution
596:Private property
142:Prison Notebooks
42:
19:
18:
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3921:
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3905:Social concepts
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3695:
3653:
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3015:Planned economy
3003:
2989:World communism
2964:Labour movement
2924:Communist state
2914:Communist party
2889:Anti-capitalism
2877:
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2798:
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2787:
2779:. p. 113.
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2700:
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2583:
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2562:Michael Parenti
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2398:
2370:Zoot suit riots
2351:
2342:Murray Rothbard
2322:Austrian School
2298:
2228:working classes
2224:
2181:
2141:
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2129:
2119:
2117:
2105:
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2078:Universal class
1969:Conflict theory
1949:
1941:
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1916:New Left Review
1871:
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1003:
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992:
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823:Budapest School
747:
746:Common variants
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519:Critical theory
479:
469:
468:
449:Surplus product
377:
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366:
327:
317:
316:
187:Reading Capital
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3928:
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3915:Social classes
3912:
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3900:Marxist theory
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3731:Related topics
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3707:Anti-communism
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2894:Class conflict
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2826:External links
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:978-0945466482
2814:
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2786:978-1933550190
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2594:"Social Class"
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2525:978-1506347820
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2500:978-1412941655
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2471:978-0415286732
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2435:Class struggle
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2279:Vladimir Lenin
2240:Public Schools
2232:middle classes
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2222:Marxist theory
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1948:Related topics
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1911:Monthly Review
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714:Historiography
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3566:Moufawad-Paul
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3151:Organisations
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2767:
2761:, pp. 111–128
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2615:. Britannica.
2614:
2611:André Munro.
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2056:Revolutionary
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948:Eurocommunism
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933:Austromarxism
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879:Communization
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853:Praxis School
851:
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611:Working class
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25:
21:
20:
3753:Anti-fascism
3639:Soviet Union
3020:Gift economy
2979:Wage slavery
2898:
2840:at Wikiquote
2801:
2795:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2727:
2718:
2708:– via
2704:
2697:
2687:– via
2683:
2676:
2663:
2654:
2648:. ThoughtCo.
2639:
2630:
2621:
2606:
2598:VictorianWeb
2597:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2540:Leonard Fein
2534:
2515:
2509:
2490:
2480:
2461:
2448:
2422:
2339:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2282:
2271:exploitation
2268:
2253:
2245:
2225:
2216:Leonard Fein
2213:
2197:social class
2192:
2186:
2021:Municipalism
1833:Bhattacharya
978:Situationist
953:Instrumental
606:State theory
571:Immiseration
566:Human nature
556:Exploitation
498:
386:accumulation
3837:Trade union
3795:LGBT rights
3629:Philippines
3080:Pre-Marxist
3073:Libertarian
2236:upper class
1984:Communalism
1383:Wallerstein
973:Revisionist
704:Film theory
684:Criminology
679:Archaeology
591:Proletariat
576:Imperialism
489:Bourgeoisie
464:Wage labour
357:Reification
152:On Practice
3894:Categories
3446:Berlinguer
3336:Khrushchev
2748:, pp. 1–20
2728:libcom.org
2664:libcom.org
2627:Jon Elster
2441:References
2324:economist
2041:Democratic
1906:Mediations
1518:Przeworski
1458:Poulantzas
1308:Sivanandan
1263:Bettelheim
1163:Horkheimer
1158:Mariátegui
1133:Pashukanis
1058:Liebknecht
988:Wertkritik
928:Analytical
788:Trotskyism
763:Autonomist
754:Structural
734:Philosophy
674:Aesthetics
459:Value-form
427:Capitalist
332:Alienation
325:Philosophy
82:Grundrisse
3817:Red Scare
3700:Criticism
3580:By region
3561:Hatherley
3391:Althusser
3326:Togliatti
3276:Kollontai
3271:Luxemburg
3256:Pannekoek
3251:Malatesta
3246:Kropotkin
3102:Christian
3097:Religious
3092:Primitive
3058:Anarchist
3040:Use value
3008:Economics
2875:Communism
2296:Criticism
2205:awareness
2201:Karl Marx
2088:Economism
2051:Reformist
2031:Socialism
1979:Communism
1959:Anarchism
1813:Coulthard
1738:McDonnell
1698:Screpanti
1608:Rowbotham
1473:Harnecker
1283:Althusser
1223:Deutscher
1063:Kollontai
1053:Luxemburg
1033:Plekhanov
963:Nkrumaism
874:Classical
848:Political
773:Guevarism
729:Sociology
709:Geography
529:Democracy
477:Sociology
432:Socialist
397:Commodity
3788:New Left
3783:Old Left
3677:Red star
3592:Colombia
3511:Gordillo
3486:Holloway
3431:Guattari
3401:Pasolini
3386:Hobsbawm
3371:Beauvoir
3331:Benjamin
3306:Bukharin
3296:Thälmann
3068:Leninist
3050:Variants
2882:Concepts
2732:Archived
2730:. 2021.
2668:Archived
2666:. 2017.
2456:(2006).
2396:See also
2349:Examples
2273:, later
2014:Old Left
2009:New Left
1876:Antipode
1870:Journals
1773:Heinrich
1748:Roediger
1743:Douzinas
1733:Hennessy
1688:Holloway
1603:Hartsock
1593:Eagleton
1578:Federici
1553:Bannerji
1528:Therborn
1508:Rancière
1503:Easthope
1483:Anderson
1478:Altvater
1378:O'Connor
1373:Mészáros
1368:Guattari
1323:Thompson
1313:Miliband
1293:Williams
1278:Hobsbawm
1253:Emmanuel
1233:Beauvoir
1198:Lefebvre
1143:Benjamin
1108:Bukharin
1088:Zinoviev
1083:Grossman
1068:Bogdanov
1043:Connolly
1023:Lafargue
968:Orthodox
938:Centrist
889:Leninism
884:Feminist
833:Humanist
814:Hegelian
342:Ideology
24:a series
22:Part of
3810:Romania
3659:Symbols
3649:Vietnam
3644:Sumatra
3587:Britain
3556:Prashad
3536:Graeber
3516:Gilmore
3501:Sankara
3491:Hampton
3426:Guevara
3376:Nkrumah
3356:Padmore
3316:Gramsci
3286:Trotsky
3261:Du Bois
3221:Meslier
3114:History
3085:Utopian
3063:Marxism
2929:Commune
2548:Forward
2458:"Class"
2334:slavery
2260:capital
2230:" and "
2189:Marxism
2113:Outline
2066:Utopian
1843:Srnicek
1828:Toscano
1823:Seymour
1778:Prashad
1728:Sankara
1723:Berardi
1708:Hampton
1683:Burawoy
1653:Panitch
1648:Haraway
1638:Cleaver
1623:Brenner
1588:Balibar
1543:Postone
1533:Losurdo
1463:Vattimo
1433:Gonzalo
1428:Jameson
1418:Parenti
1358:Liebman
1353:Guevara
1243:Nkrumah
1238:Sombart
1213:Padmore
1183:Kalecki
1178:Marcuse
1138:Bordiga
1123:Gramsci
1078:Trotsky
1038:Du Bois
1028:Kautsky
904:Western
783:Titoism
668:Aspects
624:History
544:Radical
382:Capital
87:Capital
32:Marxism
3634:Poland
3607:Kerala
3597:France
3551:Fisher
3546:Kelley
3541:Lordon
3521:Marcos
3506:Öcalan
3471:Newton
3461:Badiou
3456:Guzmán
3436:Debord
3421:Berger
3416:Castro
3406:Mandel
3396:Freire
3361:Sartre
3301:Makhno
3291:Lukács
3281:Stalin
3241:Morris
3236:Engels
3226:Babeuf
3211:Mazdak
3203:People
2812:
2783:
2572:
2522:
2497:
2468:
2330:castes
2316:praxis
2312:theory
2061:Social
2046:Market
1848:Horvat
1803:Fisher
1798:Linera
1793:Lordon
1783:Kelley
1768:Marcos
1763:Ghandy
1753:Foster
1678:Fraser
1673:Wright
1663:Jessop
1658:Clarke
1643:Bishop
1633:Massey
1613:Mouffe
1563:Newton
1558:Spivak
1548:Rodney
1513:Berman
1468:Badiou
1448:Laclau
1443:Harvey
1438:Dussel
1398:Debord
1393:Tronti
1363:Heller
1348:Castro
1343:Berger
1328:Bauman
1318:Cabral
1303:Mandel
1298:Freire
1288:Hinton
1268:Draper
1248:Sweezy
1218:Sartre
1208:Adorno
1173:Brecht
1128:Galiev
1103:Korsch
1098:Lukács
1073:Stalin
1018:Morris
1013:Engels
1001:People
778:Maoism
699:Ethics
539:Soviet
262:Empire
3619:Nepal
3614:Korea
3602:India
3571:Saito
3526:Hardt
3496:Zizek
3481:Davis
3466:Sison
3451:Negri
3411:Fanon
3366:Hoxha
3351:James
3266:Lenin
1858:Saito
1853:Hamza
1718:Žižek
1703:Tamás
1668:Davis
1628:Davis
1618:Geras
1583:Wolff
1568:Sakai
1523:Cohen
1498:Sison
1493:Vogel
1453:Bahro
1423:Negri
1413:Nairn
1338:Kosik
1333:Fanon
1273:Jones
1228:Hoxha
1203:James
1188:Fromm
1118:Serge
1093:Bloch
1048:Lenin
869:Black
494:Class
3624:Peru
3531:Dean
3441:Amin
3346:Zhou
3321:Tito
3231:Marx
3216:More
3188:WFSW
3183:WIDF
3173:WFDY
3168:WFTU
2810:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2314:and
1818:Malm
1788:Dean
1758:West
1713:Cano
1693:Rose
1598:Kurz
1573:Wood
1538:Ture
1488:Löwy
1408:Hall
1403:Amin
1388:Mies
1258:Hill
1168:Dutt
1153:Basu
1008:Marx
899:Post
861:Both
843:Open
3476:Ali
3381:Kim
3341:Mao
3193:IOR
3178:IUS
3163:WPC
2187:In
1193:Cox
1148:Mao
894:Neo
3896::
3311:Ho
2726:.
2662:.
2596:.
2584:^
2546:.
2191:,
1808:Li
1113:Ho
26:on
3692:"
3688:"
3685:"
3681:"
2867:e
2860:t
2853:v
2818:.
2789:.
2712:.
2691:.
2600:.
2578:.
2550:.
2528:.
2503:.
2474:.
2176:e
2169:t
2162:v
388:)
384:(
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