1568:. Everyone remains bound in obedience to the constitutional government. Only it can issue orders and payments. Any decree from another place is legally null. The soldiers of the national army have to defend the constitution, protect the president and government, and be obedient. To emulate the breaking of their oath by a number of officers is prohibited by duty and law. The dissolution of the national assembly is unconstitutional. The President of the National assembly has been requested to convene the National assembly again at once. Only a government based on the Constitution can save Germany from sinking into darkness and blood. If Germany is led from one coup to another, then it is lost. A government resting on an act of violence lacks authority domestically and abroad. The people will starve if new troubles interrupt the economy and commerce and undermine the trust of the father land, which only a constitutional government earns. Colossal dangers loom internally and externally if the people lose their prudence.
41:
757:
931:
630:
1074:
223:
212:
201:
190:
179:
168:
116:
1291:
National
Assembly, which had been elected to serve temporarily, was beginning to act as a permanent Reichstag and that it seemed this assembly might revise the constitution with respect to the election of the president of the Republic, which would make the Reichstag, rather than the electorate, responsible for the presidential election. As a consequence of the political crisis that the putsch caused, the date of the general election for the first republican Reichstag was brought forward to 6 June. All attempts to change the method of election for the presidency of the Republic were abandoned. In the
564:
1245:
another day as head of a military dictatorship but his commanders deserted him. They suggested to
Schiffer, in the absence of Ebert in charge of the government's affairs, that he appoint Seeckt as head of the Reichswehr, which Schiffer did in the name of Ebert. When LĂŒttwitz offered his resignation on 18 March, Schiffer acceptedâagain in Ebert's nameâwhile granting him full pension rights. Schiffer also suggested Pabst and LĂŒttwitz should leave the country, until the National Assembly had decided on the question of an amnesty and even offered them false passports and money.
543:
277:
266:
255:
244:
140:
1446:
1270:
1129:(military districts) did not declare for or against Kapp but were not neutral and most sympathised more or less openly with the putschists. The upper echelons of the bureaucracy were still dominated by those who had risen to their positions under the Empire and most were sympathetic to the coup, whilst remaining outwardly neutral and biding their time. In the eastern provinces, the bureaucracy fell in line behind Kapp and LĂŒttwitz.
833:, said at the parade that he would "not accept" the loss of such an important unit. Several of LĂŒttwitz's officers were horrified at this open rejection of the government's authority and tried to mediate, by setting up a meeting between LĂŒttwitz and the leaders of the two major right-wing parties. LĂŒttwitz listened to and remembered their ideas but was not dissuaded from his course of action. Noske then removed the
897:, the last Berlin head of police in the old Reich. Their goal was to establish an authoritarian regime (though not a monarchy) with a return to the federal structure of the Empire. LĂŒttwitz asked them to be ready to take over the government on 13 March. The group was unprepared but agreed to the schedule set by LĂŒttwitz. One factor making them support quick action was that sympathetic members of the
1212:
842:
1032:. There, they discovered the insurrection was in progress. Balked from boarding a train there by striking rail workers, Berthold had his men occupy the train station, city hall, telegraph office, and post office. He then bedded his troops for the night in the local girlsâ high school. The following day, the Iron Troop commandeered a train, which crept along unsafe tracks into
1295:, the number of votes cast for the SPD and the Democratic Party fell by more than half compared to the January 1919 elections, while the right-wing German National People's Party (DNVP) (some of whose voters eventually switched to the Nazis) and the left-wing USPD gained substantially. The Weimar Coalition lost its majority in parliament and would never regain it.
1564:, have supported this act of madness, the governmentâin order to avoid the spilling of bloodâhas spared the lives of the few regular troops located in Berlin and has departed Berlin. For enough blood has flowed since 1914. And this adventure will collapse in a few days from its intrinsic impracticality. The government has transferred its seat to
1397:
After the Putsch Noske named Kapp, Pabst and
Ehrhardt as being responsible, despite the support from much higher up in the army. Most of the participants were granted an amnesty and on 2 August 1920, the Reichstag passed a law that exculpated crimes committed during the Putsch and the subsequent Ruhr
950:
knew about it and informed Noske. Two general officers met
Ehrhardt and convinced him to give the government a chance to surrender before being taken into custody, assuming that all of LĂŒttwitz's demands were accepted by 7:00 am. This was reported to Noske who met with Ebert. Ebert then called a
742:
units were expected to be disbanded. Since the reason for their creationâinternal repressionâhad become obsolete with the crushing of the leftist uprisings, they were becoming a threat to the government. Some senior military commanders had started discussing the possibility of a coup as early as July
737:
troops to put down
Communist uprisings after the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which came into effect on 10 January 1920, Germany was required to reduce its land forces to a maximum of 100,000 men, who were to be only professional soldiers, not conscripts. The initial deadline was
1393:
The Putsch left a rump of military conspirators such as Pabst and
Ehrhardt, who found refuge in Bavaria under the right-wing government of Gustav von Kahr (itself an indirect product of the Kapp-LĂŒttwitz Putsch) and there attempted to organize plots against the republican constitution and government
1244:
The four parties, supported by some Social
Democrats who had remained in Berlin, offered fresh elections, a cabinet reshuffle and an amnesty for all participants in the Putsch, if Kapp and LĂŒttwitz were to resign. The putschists offered only the resignation of Kapp, and LĂŒttwitz tried to hold on for
1290:
could be viewed as a major success for the Weimar
Republic. In the six days of crisis, it had retained the backing of the people of Berlin and had effectively withstood a major threat from the extreme right." Among the grievances which Kapp and his followers had against the government were that the
1064:
troops to restrain the gathering militia, and little ammunition among his troops, Berthold realized he had to negotiate a surrender. He agreed to let his unarmed men exit the school at six pm upon assurance the militia would not harm them. During this surrender, an enraged crowd of onlookers mobbed
1411:
Kapp was arrested in Sweden on 16 April but not deported to
Germany. He voluntarily returned to Germany in April 1922 and died the same year in prison while awaiting trial. LĂŒttwitz returned to Germany as part of an amnesty in 1924. Gustav Noske was forced to resign by the unions on 22 March, as a
1252:
and the next day provided
Ehrhardt with a written promise that he would not be arrested as long as he was in command of the brigade and the brigade left Berlin. When they were heckled by an unfriendly crowd of bystanders, they opened fire with machine guns, leaving twelve civilians dead and thirty
984:
and some of the other non-SPD ministers refused to leave the city, to preserve the opportunity to negotiate with the putschists. Only Ebert and the SPD ministers signed the call for a general strike. At 6:15 am they had to interrupt the meeting and flee. Within ten minutes of their departure,
1309:
The effects of the Kapp-LĂŒttwitz Putsch throughout Germany were more lasting than in Berlin. In some parts of the country, the strike turned into an armed revolt. The violence came from local military commanders who supported the new government and arrested pickets, which the workers resisted. In
861:
LĂŒttwitz went to Döberitz on 11 March and asked Ehrhardt whether he would be able to occupy Berlin that evening. Ehrhardt said he needed another day but in the morning of 13 March he could be in the centre of Berlin with his men. LĂŒttwitz gave the order and Ehrhardt began the preparations. It was
1219:
With the country paralyzed, Kapp and LĂŒttwitz were unable to govern; in Berlin, communication between military units was by courier only. The rank and file of the bureaucracy were on strike, and there were no newspapers. Proclamations asking the workers to return to their jobs, promises of new
849:
In the evening of 10 March, LĂŒttwitz came with his staff to Ebert's office. Ebert had also asked Noske to attend. LĂŒttwitz, drawing on demands by the right-wing parties and adding his own, now demanded the immediate dissolution of the National Assembly, new elections for the Reichstag, the
1176:
In Berlin, the strike started on 14 March and by the next day it had spread all over the Reich. It was the most powerful strike in the history of Germany, involving up to 12 million workers. The country was paralysed. In Berlin the gas, water and power supply stopped.
972:
between troops that have fought side by side against a common enemy? When Reichswehr fires on Reichswehr all comradeship within the officers' corps will have vanished". Others have quoted Seeckt's words as the even more succinct: "Reichswehr does not fire on Reichswehr!"
1224:
four days after it had begun. Kapp had put Vice-Chancellor Schiffer and the members of the Prussian state government into protective custody on 13 March but they were released the next day and on 15 March, negotiations began. Representatives of the democratic right,
1373:(SPD) replaced Bauer as chancellor. The government then tried to negotiate with workers who refused to lay down their arms after the unions called off the strike on 22 March. When the negotiations failed, the revolt in the Ruhr was suppressed by Reichswehr and
1004:) and formed a provisional government. LĂŒttwitz served as commander of the armed forces and Minister of Defence. Several well-known conservatives and former secretaries of state were invited to assume government positions but declined. International con-man
1191:, whom Hitler later appointed as the last commander of the Luftwaffe. He was met by striking workers at an airfield outside of Berlin, where he landed by mistake, and had to disguise himself. Eventually Hitler was able to continue his flight together with
1560:, the government buildings of Berlin have fallen into the hands of mutineers. No political party, no man of sober-minded thought is behind these events. They are to be deplored. Since troops that are destined for discharge in Döberitz, namely from the
1407:
was dissolved in May 1920 but most of its members were allowed to join the Reichswehr where they had successful careers. The courts were much harsher on the members of the Red Ruhr Army, many of whom were sentenced to lengthy terms of imprisonment.
611:
called by the government. Most civil servants refused to cooperate with Kapp and his allies. Despite its failure, the Putsch had significant consequences for the future of the Weimar Republic. It was also one of the direct causes of the
962:) refused to follow an order to shoot at the rebel troops. Some suggested negotiations, others claimed that the troops would not understand an order to fire, some argued that the regular units would not be able to defeat the elite
565:
701:
were all members of the SPD. According to the constitution, the president was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, represented in peace time by the Minister of Defence. The most senior officer of the land forces was called
1059:
machine-gunner fired a burst over the gathering crowd to disperse them. A firefight ensued, with 13 civilian casualties. Three Iron Troop soldiers were also killed, and eight others captured and executed. With neither police nor
854:) as Secretaries for Foreign Affairs, Economic Affairs and Finance, the dismissal of General Reinhardt, appointment of himself as supreme commander of the regular army and the revocation of the orders of dissolution for the
1385:. Another 600 Reichswehr and Freikorps soldiers also lost their lives. As in 1918â1919, those on the left had cause to accuse the SPD and the Ebert government of siding with the enemies of the workers and of the republic.
616:
a few weeks later, which the government suppressed by military force, after having dealt leniently with leaders of the Putsch. These events polarized the German electorate, resulting in a shift in the majority after the
1402:
and Reichswehr members were subject to military law and of 775 court martials, 486 cases were closed. 48 officers were removed from their posts, six resigned, the others were subject to mild disciplinary actions. The
993:, where it was met by LĂŒttwitz, Ludendorff, Kapp and their followers. Shortly thereafter, Kapp's men moved into the Reichskanzlei. Supported by a battalion of regular Reichswehr, they occupied the government quarter.
1241:) agreed that the main threat was now "bolshevism" and that they had to "win back" the officer corps. It was considered undesirable that Kapp and LĂŒttwitz should be toppled, they must be seen to resign voluntarily.
910:
and one regular regiment to take position in the government quarter but doubted that a Putsch was imminent. The regimental commanders decided not to follow orders to shoot, a decision that received the approval of
837:
from LĂŒttwitz's command and assigned it to the leadership of the Navy, hoping that they would disband the unit. LĂŒttwitz ignored the order but agreed to a meeting with President Ebert, suggested by his staff.
1475:
The monument was arranged around an inner space, in which visitors could stand. The repeatedly fractured and highly angular memorial rose up on three sides, as if thrust up from or rammed into the earth.
544:
966:. Seeckt spoke about comradeship. His exact words were not recorded, but have been reported as: "troops do not fire on troops. So, you perhaps intend, Herr Minister, that a battle be fought before the
721:; it forced Germany to assume responsibility for the war, reduced the area of Germany and imposed huge reparation payments and military restrictions on the nation. In early 1919, the strength of the
2489:
1353:
The legitimate government returned to Berlin on 20 March and demanded an end to the general strike. It offered some concessions to the unions, some of them made in bad faith. The unions (
772:
civil servant, who had been planning a coup against the republic for a while, it was instigated by the military; Kapp played a supporting role. On 29 February 1920, the Defence Minister
311:
1394:
of Germany. The crisis in the relations of Bavaria with the Reich (AugustâSeptember 1921) which ended in Kahr's resignation was a further phase of the same trouble.
811:
in 1919). During the civil war in 1919, the brigade had seen action in Munich and Berlin. It was extremely opposed to the democratic government of Friedrich Ebert.
976:
Noske, depressed enough by the disloyalty of the military to speak about suicide to an aide, reported to the cabinet at 4:00 am. At a confused meeting at the
1398:
Uprising except those due to "cruelty" or "self-interest". Of 705 cases brought against civilians, only the prosecution of von Jagow ended with a guilty verdict.
938:
The reluctance to shed blood was one-sided. On the evening of 12 March, Ehrhardt ordered his brigade to march into Berlin, to "ruthlessly break any resistance" (
304:
607:
Although the legitimate German government was forced to flee the city, the coup failed after a few days, when large sections of the German population joined a
943:
887:
227:
1330:
of about 50,000 workers went on the offensive with the goal of overthrowing the Weimar Republic and replacing it with a soviet-style council republic. On
2444:
297:
980:, the undefended cabinet took two decisions: to flee the city and to issue a call for a general strike. These were not unanimous, the Vice-Chancellor
1113:, the Social Democratic state government resigned after refusing to install an emergency regime as demanded by Reichswehr General Arnold von Möhl,
1416:
succeeded Noske as Defence Minister. General Reinhardt also resigned out of protest at Noske's dismissal. General Seeckt became his successor as
2469:
1166:
1037:
733:("free corps"), volunteer paramilitary units, largely consisting of returning soldiers from the war. The German government had repeatedly used
321:
32:
1464:(Union Cartel), which conducted a competition to select a design. It was built according to plans submitted by the architectural office of
1412:
condition for ending the general strike and because some in the SPD thought that he had not been tough enough facing up to the putschists;
958:
Noske asked the commanders to defend the government buildings but was turned down. All but two of the officers (one of them was Reinhardt,
688:
661:, claiming that the war had been lost only because the efforts of the undefeated German military had been undermined by civilians at home.
2123:. Translated by Forster, Elborg; Jones, Larry Eugene. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 86â87.
1670:
801:, near Berlin, since January 1920. An elite force, it had been created from former Imperial Navy officers and NCOs, boosted later by
1370:
2474:
2464:
2415:
1354:
355:
40:
2371:
2287:
2135:
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LĂŒttwitz was not dismissed but suspended from his post on 11 March. To defend the government, Noske ordered two regiments of
756:
457:
1456:
Between 1920 and 1922 a monument in honour of the workers who were killed in the wake of the Kapp Putsch was erected in the
681:
345:
2454:
2323:
2306:
1358:
1277:. The sign reads: "For peace, freedom and democracy â in memory of the suppression of the Kapp putsch in March 1920"
1431:, was hiding in Berlin after the war and appeared at the press conference to criticize the putschists for dilettantism.
669:
642:
587:
350:
1220:
elections and even the threat of capital punishment for strikers remained without results and the Putsch collapsed on
821:, declared that the unit would refuse its dissolution. On 1 March, it staged a parade without inviting Noske. General
2179:
1959:
1840:
1769:
1472:
should remain politically neutral, he agreed to participate in the competition of Weimar artists at the end of 1920.
1238:
867:
492:
1785:
Eric D. Weitz (2005). "Review: Der Kapp-LĂŒttwitz-Ludendorff Putsch. Dokumente by Erwin Könnemann, Gerhard Schulze".
1874:
Rainer Hering (2005). "Review: Der Kapp-LĂŒttwitz-Ludendorff-Putsch. Dokumente by Erwin Könnemann, Gerhard Schulz".
2449:
1362:
858:. Ebert and Noske rejected these demands and Noske told LĂŒttwitz that he expected his resignation the next day.
467:
2484:
2390:
395:
930:
2419:
2355:. BeitrÀge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politschen Parteien (in German). Vol. 35. Droste.
2085:
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340:
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cabinet meeting for 4:00 am. At 1:00 am Noske asked the senior commanders to his office in the
360:
1501:
1065:
the Iron Troop, and Berthold was murdered. The disarmed Iron Troop was taken to a nearby military base.
727:, the regular German army, was estimated at 350âŻ000, with more than 250âŻ000 men enlisted in the various
629:
2479:
2459:
1440:
1170:
1122:
695:
1924:
1261:. Both men used passports provided by supporters in the police. Ehrhardt went into hiding in Bavaria.
2210:
1369:, but only a new government based on the Weimar Coalition found a majority in the National Assembly.
946:
on their helmets and vehicles, started off towards Berlin at around 10:00 pm. An hour later the
1073:
2439:
2279:
1856:
1234:
1187:
and was eager to help the coup along, was flown into Berlin from Munich by the Army. The pilot was
1090:
654:
558:
537:
504:
1624:
2165:
2161:
2018:
1461:
1350:
to order a withdrawal. By 22 March, the Ruhr was under the control of the revolutionary workers.
1200:
1188:
1098:
1044:
battalion, leaving the soldiers leaderless. Upon the train's arrival, the officials directed the
1005:
673:
2247:
822:
583:
172:
1511:
1215:
Demonstration in Berlin against the putsch. The caption reads: "A quarter million participants"
1118:
789:
677:
472:
410:
127:
45:
1918:
1145:
but he had been ordered by Berlin to take them into "protective custody" and they moved on to
1951:
997:
892:
718:
658:
232:
942:) and to occupy the centre of the city with the government buildings. The Brigade, sporting
289:
2434:
2016:
Koepp, Roy G. (2015). "Gustav von Kahr and the Emergence of the Radical Right in Bavaria".
714:
462:
717:
in 1919, even though he disagreed with it. The treaty had been dictated by the victorious
657:. Right-wing nationalist and militarist circles opposed the new republic and promoted the
8:
2273:
1939:
1526:
1121:. The Bavarian Parliament then elected Kahr, a right-wing politician associated with the
1024:
had been returning to Germany from fighting in Lithuania. Their eventual destination was
380:
1322:, the workers continued their protests after the Putsch in Berlin had collapsed. In the
797:
2035:
1802:
1315:
899:
365:
1109:, the navy commander, came out in support of the coup as soon as he learned of it. In
405:
2386:
2367:
2283:
2175:
2039:
1955:
1944:
1836:
1806:
1765:
1678:
1516:
1428:
1378:
1230:
1196:
977:
968:
707:
1125:, as Minister President of Bavaria. In the rest of the Reich, the commanders of the
571:
420:
2027:
1794:
1506:
1483:
in February 1936. They objected to it politically and considered it an example of "
1106:
1033:
871:
818:
665:
435:
430:
205:
194:
1521:
1496:
1233:
also participated. The four big centre-right parties (Democratic Party, Zentrum,
1192:
1114:
1017:
919:
903:
in Berlin informed them that warrants for their arrest had been issued that day.
879:
684:
650:
591:
248:
145:
69:
1484:
1465:
1450:
1154:
981:
883:
875:
608:
487:
452:
425:
281:
216:
2062:
1798:
1381:, some committed by units that had been involved in the Putsch, including the
1085:
There was no military resistance to the Putsch; the regular troops in Berlin,
829:), the highest ranking general in the army at the time and in command of many
2428:
1682:
1561:
1445:
1327:
1323:
1304:
1274:
1158:
765:
646:
613:
579:
514:
390:
183:
94:
1928:(12th ed.). London & New York: The EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Company.
794:. The latter numbered from 5,000 to 6,000 men and had been stationed at the
2269:
2102:
1413:
1365:) demanded the creation of a new government made up of SPD and USPD led by
1180:
1105:, formally accepted the new minister of defence and Reichskanzler. Admiral
952:
773:
769:
698:
691:
477:
415:
400:
370:
270:
259:
2364:
Iron Man Rudolf Berthold: Germany's Indomitable Fighter Ace of World War I
2004:
Weimar, the German Naval Officer Corps and the Rise of National Socialism
1424:
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1226:
638:
509:
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Der Kapp-LĂŒttwitz-Putsch: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Innenpolitik 1919â20
1269:
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city officials had quietly arrested the commanding officer of the local
2031:
1480:
914:
723:
600:
595:
2275:
Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler
1347:
1917:
1582:
National government: Bauer, Noske, Giesberts, MĂŒller, Koch, Gessler
1311:
1146:
1094:
729:
1273:
Memorial for the suppression of the Kapp putsch, railway station of
1081:, with swastikas on their helmets, distributing leaflets on 13 March
1377:
units in early April 1920. Over 1,000 workers were killed, many in
1161:. The majority unions, sympathetic to the government dominated by
1028:, where they would disarm. By 13 March, they had gotten as far as
1565:
1469:
1258:
1138:
1110:
1102:
1052:
841:
447:
2167:
Weimar 1918â1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie
1677:(in German) (261). Bonn: Bundeszentrale fĂŒr politische Bildung.
1286:
In 2009, Layton wrote, "At first sight the collapse of the Kapp
1257:
in April. LĂŒttwitz first went to Saxony and only later left for
1253:
severely wounded. Kapp remained in the country and only fled to
1157:
met with enormous success and received massive support from the
1339:
1254:
1025:
808:
760:
Walther von LĂŒttwitz (centre) and Gustav Noske (right), c. 1920
738:
set for 31 March 1920 (later extended to the end of the year).
575:
1318:
the military defeated the workers after bloody fights. In the
1343:
1153:
calling on German workers to defeat the Putsch by means of a
1029:
825:, in command of all the regular troops in and around Berlin (
319:
1973:
1971:
1211:
1199:
to meet Wolfgang Kapp. Hitler and Eckart were approached by
862:
only at this point that LĂŒttwitz brought the group known as
2172:
Weimar 1918â1933. The History of the FIrst German Democracy
1319:
1165:, joined the call for a strike on the same day, as did the
1671:"Weimarer Republik, Informationen zur politischen Bildung"
1346:, causing the local commander of the military district at
598:
government in its place. It was supported by parts of the
1968:
1162:
633:
Government poster against the Kapp Putsch, 13 March 1920.
2490:
Battles of the Political violence in Germany (1918â1933)
2174:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 133â134.
1203:, who told them that Kapp had fled and the coup failed.
664:
In 1919â20, the government of Germany was formed by the
1572:
German people, rally to your constitutional government!
1055:
began to coalesce around the school. At about noon, a
2308:
Walter Gropius, 1883â1969: the promoter of a new form
2107:
Der Sturm auf die Republik. FrĂŒhgeschichte der NSDAP
1141:, where they hoped to get support from Generalmajor
776:
ordered the disbandment of two of the most powerful
2324:"Walter Gropius, Monument to the March Dead (1922)"
2195:Winkler, Heinrich August; Sager, Alexander (2006).
1051:On the following morning, 15 March 1920, a citizen
2236:(in German). Fischer, Frankfurt. pp. 231â232.
1943:
1607:
1248:On 18 March, Seeckt praised the discipline of the
1183:, who had been in contact with the members of the
1132:
604:, as well as nationalist and monarchist factions.
2426:
2380:
2083:
1898:Democracy and dictatorship in Germany 1919â1963
2383:Der Kapp-LĂŒttwitz-Ludendorff-Putsch. Dokumente
1460:. The memorial was commissioned by the Weimar
1195:to Berlin, where they immediately went to the
1873:
1784:
1434:
870:(DNVP) member Wolfgang Kapp, retired general
305:
2194:
1895:
1502:Rudolph Berthold § Death and gravestone
802:
787:
781:
2381:Könnemann, Erwin; Schulze, Gerhard (2002).
1938:
649:was abolished and a democratic system, the
2399:
2250:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum
2213:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum
2065:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum
2057:
2055:
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1753:
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578:on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders
574:against the German national government in
312:
298:
85:General strike in opposition of the Putsch
39:
2301:
2299:
2225:
2211:"Biografie Walther Freiherr von LĂŒttwitz"
1833:Reich und Republik, Deutschland 1917â1933
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1487:", as Hitler characterized modern works.
940:jeden Widerstand rĂŒcksichtslos zu brechen
764:Although the Putsch has been named after
713:Chancellor Bauer was obliged to sign the
323:Political violence in Germany (1918â1933)
33:political violence in Germany (1918â1933)
2231:
2203:
1915:
1444:
1268:
1210:
1072:
1048:to the local middle school for shelter.
929:
840:
807:(those who had fought the Bolsheviks in
755:
628:
2361:
2160:
2118:
2046:
1977:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1759:
1011:
925:
845:Wolfgang Kapp, the leader of the Putsch
706:, a post held in early 1920 by General
16:1920 failed coup in the Weimar Republic
2427:
2296:
2133:
2084:Richard J. Evans (27 September 2012).
1696:
1388:
2470:Military operations involving Germany
2350:
2321:
2268:
2121:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy
2015:
1946:The Secret Lives of Trebitsch Lincoln
1911:
1909:
1907:
1891:
1889:
1675:Informationen zur Politischen Bildung
1668:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1468:. Although Gropius had said that the
1169:(USPD) and the Democratic Party; the
751:
557:
536:
458:Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck
293:
2445:1920s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
1813:
1622:
1603:
1601:
676:(DDP, left-of-centre liberals), and
346:Collapse of the Imperial German Army
2322:Wolfe, Ross Lawrence (8 May 2015).
2315:
2240:
2134:Scriba, Arnulf (1 September 2014).
1167:Independent Social Democratic Party
1036:. Before the Iron Troop's arrival,
878:(who had been behind the murder of
356:Greater Poland uprising (1918â1919)
13:
2138:[The March Battles 1919].
1904:
1886:
1867:
1643:
1479:The monument was destroyed by the
1281:
934:Hermann Ehrhardt during the Putsch
14:
2501:
2409:
2305:Gilbert Lupfer & Paul Sigel,
2086:"The Life and Death of a Capital"
1598:
1546:Translation of the poster's text:
653:, was established in 1919 by the
493:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
88:Order restored and elections held
48:entering Berlin during the Putsch
1298:
275:
264:
253:
242:
221:
210:
199:
188:
177:
166:
138:
114:
2475:Politics of the Weimar Republic
2465:Military of the Weimar Republic
2262:
2188:
2154:
2127:
2112:
2096:
2077:
2009:
1996:
1993:, London: Macmillan 2000 p. 70.
1983:
1932:
1762:Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19
1449:Monument to the March Dead, by
1133:General Strike against the Coup
1849:
1778:
1616:
1539:
1427:, the main perpetrator of the
1334:it took Dortmund, on 18 March
1239:German National People's Party
1173:(KPD) followed one day later.
1149:. The cabinet proclamation on
868:German National People's Party
866:into the plot. These included
643:German Revolution of 1918â1919
588:German Revolution of 1918â1919
396:French occupation of Frankfurt
351:German Revolution of 1918â1919
1:
2420:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2416:Der LĂŒttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920
2344:
2234:Geschichte in Gestalten:3:L-O
2140:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1991:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
1293:Reichstag elections of 6 June
1089:, navy, the army commands of
624:
619:June 1920 Reichstag elections
376:1920 East Prussian plebiscite
341:German strike of January 1918
2400:McElligott, Anthony (2009).
2232:Herzfeld, Hans, ed. (1963).
1916:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1861:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1629:Neue Deutsche Biographie 21
1592:
1532:
1423:Former Ottoman grand vizier
1264:
1068:
1008:became Kapp's press censor.
850:appointment of technocrats (
768:, a 62-year-old nationalist
559:[kapËlÊtvÉȘtÍĄsËpÊtÍĄÊ]
483:1932 Berlin transport strike
7:
2199:. Vol. 1. p. 366.
2197:Germany: The Long Road West
2109:. ECON Verlag, 1994. p. 217
1863:(in German). 25 March 2001.
1857:"Brigade Ehrhardt, 1919/20"
1831:Dederke, Karlheinz (1996).
1760:Haffner, Sebastian (2002).
1608:Anthony McElligott (2009).
1576:Dresden, 13th of March 1920
1490:
1206:
586:, its goal was to undo the
361:Occupation of the Rhineland
10:
2506:
2455:Attempted coups in Germany
2404:. Oxford University Press.
1835:(in German). Klett-Cotta.
1612:. Oxford University Press.
1579:National president: Ebert
1441:Monument to the March Dead
1438:
1435:Monument to the March Dead
1302:
1171:Communist Party of Germany
680:(conservative Catholics).
1799:10.1017/s0008938900005410
1556:As a result of a lunatic
468:1932 Prussian coup d'Ă©tat
331:
158:
106:
60:13â18 March 1920 (5 days)
52:
38:
30:
25:
2351:Erger, Johannes (1967).
2280:Harvard University Press
2248:"Biografie Gustav Noske"
2162:Winkler, Heinrich August
1787:Central European History
1669:Sturm, Reinhard (2011).
1631:(in German). p. 363
1383:Marinebrigade Loewenfeld
1137:The government moved to
783:Marinebrigade Loewenfeld
655:Weimar National Assembly
645:ended the monarchy. The
2362:Kilduff, Peter (2012).
1925:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1458:Weimar central cemetery
1201:Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln
1123:Bavarian People's Party
1006:Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln
746:
674:German Democratic Party
670:Social Democratic Party
637:After Germany had lost
81:Collapse of the Putsch
2450:20th-century Freikorps
2119:Mommsen, Hans (1989).
1919:"Kapp, Wolfgang"
1764:(in German). Kindler.
1585:
1512:Civilian-based defense
1453:
1418:Chef der Heeresleitung
1405:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
1278:
1250:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
1216:
1119:Gustav Ritter von Kahr
1082:
1079:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
996:Kapp declared himself
960:Chef der Heeresleitung
935:
886:in January 1919), and
846:
803:
790:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
788:
782:
761:
704:Chef der Heeresleitung
634:
473:Potempa murder of 1932
411:Occupation of the Ruhr
159:Commanders and leaders
128:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
91:Amnesty for Putschists
46:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
2485:Monarchism in Germany
2136:"Die MÀrzkÀmpfe 1919"
2006:, GrĂŒner, 1977 p. 69.
1952:Yale University Press
1896:Geoff Layton (2009).
1876:German Studies Review
1552:To the German people!
1548:
1448:
1272:
1235:German People's Party
1214:
1185:Nationale Vereinigung
1076:
1038:Independent Socialist
933:
864:Nationale Vereinigung
844:
759:
719:Allies of World War I
659:stab-in-the-back myth
632:
555:German pronunciation:
549:), also known as the
534:German pronunciation:
2385:(in German). Olzog.
1940:Wasserstein, Bernard
1625:"Reinhardt, Walther"
1623:ThoĂ, Bruno (2003).
1462:Gewerkschaftskartell
1012:Bloodshed in Harburg
926:Occupation of Berlin
823:Walther von LĂŒttwitz
715:Treaty of Versailles
668:, consisting of the
584:Walther von LĂŒttwitz
551:KappâLĂŒttwitz Putsch
538:[ËkapËpÊtÍĄÊ]
463:Altona Bloody Sunday
173:Walther von LĂŒttwitz
1900:. Hodder Education.
1527:Spartacist Uprising
1389:Putsch perpetrators
796:TruppenĂŒbungsplatz
594:, and establish an
381:Reichstag Bloodbath
2032:10.1111/hisn.12076
1980:, pp. 130â34.
1454:
1379:summary executions
1279:
1217:
1087:Sicherheitspolizei
1083:
936:
908:Sicherheitspolizei
900:Sicherheitspolizei
888:Traugott von Jagow
847:
762:
752:Run-up to the coup
635:
366:Silesian Uprisings
228:Traugott von Jagow
2480:March 1920 events
2460:Conflicts in 1920
2373:978-1-908117-37-3
2328:The Charnel-House
2289:978-0-674-50479-0
1517:German Revolution
1429:Armenian genocide
1231:Gustav Stresemann
1016:Since 1 January,
991:Brandenburger Tor
969:Brandenburger Tor
827:Gruppenkommando I
708:Walther Reinhardt
641:(1914â1918), the
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2013:
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1507:Beer Hall Putsch
1342:and on 19 March
1333:
1223:
1189:Robert von Greim
1163:social democrats
1152:
1107:Adolf von Trotha
1034:Harburg, Hamburg
896:
872:Erich Ludendorff
819:Hermann Ehrhardt
816:KorvettenkapitÀn
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666:Weimar Coalition
590:, overthrow the
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2366:. Grub Street.
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1497:1920 in Germany
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1284:
1282:Weimar politics
1267:
1221:
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1193:Dietrich Eckart
1150:
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1115:Georg Escherich
1077:Members of the
1071:
1018:Rudolf Berthold
1014:
948:Gruppenkommando
928:
920:Hans von Seeckt
890:
880:Karl Liebknecht
814:Its commander,
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478:Kwami Affair
416:Cuno strikes
401:March Action
385:
371:Feme murders
271:Gustav Noske
260:Gustav Bauer
136:
135:
120:
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107:Belligerents
80:
18:
2435:Kapp Putsch
2333:24 November
2142:(in German)
1425:Talat Pasha
1367:Carl Legien
1227:Oskar Hergt
1099:Brandenburg
915:Truppenamts
891: [
639:World War I
530:Kapp Putsch
510:July Putsch
386:Kapp Putsch
231: [
26:Kapp Putsch
2429:Categories
2392:3789293555
2345:References
2026:(4): 747.
1127:Wehrkreise
1062:Reichswehr
1042:Reichswehr
998:Chancellor
804:Baltikumer
724:Reichswehr
689:Chancellor
625:Background
601:Reichswehr
596:autocratic
570:), was an
505:Röhm purge
121:Putschists
2146:28 August
2040:146135148
1807:145619637
1683:0046-9408
1593:Citations
1533:Footnotes
1400:Freikorps
1375:Freikorps
1312:Thuringia
1265:Aftermath
1222:17 March,
1151:13 March,
1147:Stuttgart
1095:Pomerania
1069:Reactions
1057:Freikorps
1046:Freikorps
1022:Freikorps
944:swastikas
913:Chef des
831:Freikorps
778:Freikorps
740:Freikorps
735:Freikorps
730:Freikorps
682:President
442:1929-1933
335:1918-1923
2272:(2016).
2164:(1993).
1942:(1988).
1491:See also
1359:Afa-Bund
1332:17 March
1207:Collapse
1143:Maercker
918:General
798:Döberitz
65:Location
31:Part of
2418:at the
2310:, p. 31
2254:12 June
2217:12 July
2069:12 June
1688:17 June
1566:Dresden
1470:Bauhaus
1348:MĂŒnster
1259:Hungary
1139:Dresden
1111:Bavaria
1103:Silesia
1053:militia
678:Zentrum
672:(SPD),
499:Related
448:Blutmai
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1768:
1681:
1562:Baltic
1340:Bochum
1326:, the
1316:Saxony
1288:Putsch
1275:Wetter
1255:Sweden
1026:Zossen
809:Latvia
780:, the
743:1919.
694:, and
576:Berlin
143:
77:Result
2170:[
2036:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1481:Nazis
1344:Essen
1030:Stade
895:]
774:Noske
235:]
2387:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2335:2017
2284:ISBN
2256:2013
2219:2013
2176:ISBN
2148:2024
2071:2013
1956:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1690:2013
1679:ISSN
1637:2023
1361:and
1355:ADGB
1338:and
1336:Hamm
1320:Ruhr
1314:and
1237:and
1229:and
1117:and
1101:and
985:the
882:and
786:and
747:Coup
582:and
528:The
57:Date
2028:doi
1795:doi
1363:DBB
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1880:28
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