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384:"The fact is: the execution of my orders unfortunately did not take place as it should have. But it did take place, and for that these German idiots should thank Noske and me on their knees, erect monuments to us, and have streets and squares named after us! Noske was exemplary at the time, and the party (except for its semi-communist left wing) behaved impeccably in the affair. That I could not carry out the action without Noske's approval (with
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of the
Tyrolean Heimwehr on 1 May 1922. In this role Pabst was able to organise several disparate right-wing militia groups under the single Heimwehr banner, although he was ultimately unsuccessful in fully removing local differences from what remained an eclectic movement. Nonetheless Pabst was able to make contact with
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remained united. In
Austria Pabst proved vital in organising and disciplining the followers of the Heimwehr. Such was his organisational skill that Pabst, who declared himself a Major after fleeing to Austria, became known as Waldemar der Grosse to his Heimwehr units. He was appointed Chief of Staff
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in the background) and also that I had to protect my officers is clear. But very few people understood why I was never questioned or brought up on charges, and why the court-martial went the way it did, Vogel was freed from prison, and so on. As a man of honor, I responded to the behavior of the SPD
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should be killed, and he would later boast, "I had them executed". At the time however, his official report claimed that he had taken them into protective custody but that they had been lost to an angry mob, a story that was quickly dismissed as fabrication. However Pabst would later claim that his
414:, Erich Ludendorff and others, and was central to the group's conspiracy to establish a rightist dictatorship. He served this group as secretary and supervisor of administrative affairs. In July 1919, Pabst attempted to organise a coup, when he convinced his superior General
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on the trial of
Luxemburg's murder has used the previously restricted papers of Pabst, held by the Federal Military Archives, and concluded he had been central to the plotting and cover-up of this execution. Pabst himself was not brought to court martial.
512:, and won his support in 1929, when he suggested repositioning the Heimwehr as a pro-government political party. However Schober's attempts to convert the Heimwehr into a force for pro-government moderation soon floundered, and he ordered the
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of Pabst, by then recognised as the main organisational force behind the
Heimwehr, to Germany the following year. With Pabst removed, Schober was able to ensure the removal of Steidle and his replacement as leader by the more compliant
389:
of the time by keeping my mouth shut for 50 years about our cooperation. If it is not possible to avoid the truth and I get so angry I'm ready to explode, I will tell the truth, which I would like to avoid in the interest of the SPD."
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unit. Pabst permitted the summary execution of all individuals caught with a firearm, which resulted in the killing of many civilians and war veterans who were uninvolved in the strike. Among those killed was
Communist Party leader
284:, the former personal partner of murdered revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg. Pabst's energetic commitment to the unit, his strong anti-communist feelings, his general distrust of the commanding officers of the army and the fact that
342:, claimed political responsibility for the extrajudicial murder of the revolutionary leaders. According to Stadtler, he contracted and gave the order to Waldemar Pabst. According to Pabst himself, the command was received from
365:, was in charge of proceedings and as a result the stiffest sentence handed down was the dismissal from service and two years imprisonment given to Vogel (whom witnesses had seen disposing of Luxemburg's body). Research by
268:
Pabst first came to prominence during the
Communist and left-wing uprisings that immediately followed the war. As commander of the rifle guard, Captain Pabst was instrumental in such actions as the recapture of the
452:, was named by Gustav Noske as having the main responsibility for the action, even though it actually had support from higher up in the Reichswehr. In the immediate aftermath of the putsch, Pabst took refuge in
600:, small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism. He returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with the far right
251:
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during the latter's rise to power and Hitler had assured Pabst that once he took control of
Germany he would concentrate much of his efforts on disseminating the Nazi message in Austria.
559:. Such efforts, however, were hamstrung by the fact that the Heimwehr had gone into steep decline following Pabst's deportation. Pabst had discussed the Austrian situation with
275:
building on 11–12 January 1919. His actions saw him promoted to the role of Chief of Staff, and as such, effectively commander, of the Horse Guards
Division, an important
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got wind of the plot and convinced
General von Hofmann that it was a bad idea. With this plan thwarted, Pabst and the conspirators shifted their attention away from the
323:
initial intention had been for
Liebknecht to be executed by firing squad as a German but for Luxemburg to be beaten to death by an angry mob as he felt her status as a
574:, given his history in the far right, raised some suspicions and rumours circulated that he had been in contact with Canaris and similar figures on the right of the
182:. In Austria, he played a central part in organising rightist militia groups before being deported for his activities. Pabst subsequently faded from public life in
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in March 1918, late in the war. As chief of general staff, Pabst converted the regiment from cavalry to infantry. The regiment would become noted as the fiercest
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521:. A last desperate attempt by Pabst to induce Mussolini to withhold funding unless Schober embraced Pabst's policies failed and he was duly deported.
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533:. In 1931 he wrote a pamphlet in which he set out a manifesto for a "White International"; in this he called for the replacement of the values of
551:, without ever joining or becoming particularly active on the party's behalf, but he did seek to forge three-way links between the Heimwehr, the
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had grown exhausted because of a heart condition meant that Pabst became the focus of the Division and effective leader. He saw
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with a new European-wide order based on "a new Trinity: authority, order, justice". In 1934, Pabst was arrested during the
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Returning to Germany, Pabst became a member of the Society for the Study of Fascism along with others such as
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as a world danger and took part in anti-revolutionary activities across Germany. He was also active with
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Having left Germany, Pabst settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer
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143:(24 December 1880 – 29 May 1970) was a German soldier and political activist who was involved in
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Frontschweine and Revolution: The Role of Front-line Soldiers in the German Revolution of 1918
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Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights
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Settling into civilian life, he became an industrialist and eventually Director of
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and played a central role in ensuring that the sometimes shaky dual leadership of
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The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism
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in Latvia. However he was soon back in Germany, and became involved in the
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Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 70, Part 2, 1980)
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It was Pabst who gave the order that the captured communist leaders
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The Birth of the Nazis: How the Freikorps Blazed a Trail for Hitler
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935:] (in German). Hamburg: Verlag Lutz Schulenburg. p. 126.
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Der Konterrevolutionär. Waldemar Pabst – eine deutsche Karriere
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at the institution and was commissioned as an officer in 1899.
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Waldemar Pabst und die Gesellschaft zum Studium des Faschismus
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From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews, and Israel
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Pabst briefly left Germany to take on a role advising Major
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Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II
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The Counterrevolutionary. Waldemar Pabst – a German Career
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and was able to secure funding for the Heimwehr from him.
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Pabst eventually went to Austria, settling in the city of
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Pabst (carrying bouquet) entering Austria from Italy with
203:, Pabst was the son of a museum director. He attended the
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officer, Captain Pabst gained notoriety for ordering the
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Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890
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and on to the disillusioned veterans of the Freikorps.
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Special Corps of Austria and Czechoslovakia, 1918-1945
456:'s Hungary where he was soon joined by co-conspirator
410:(National Union), a right-wing think tank formed by
1038:Nazism and the Radical Right in Austria, 1918-1934
608:. He died in Düsseldorf in 1970 at the age of 89.
697:Canaris: The Life and Death of Hitler's Spymaster
604:, a minor group that was later absorbed into the
16:German soldier and political activist (1880–1970)
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1160:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, p. 131
984:Heinrich August Winkler & Alexander Sager,
174:in 1919 as well as for his leading role in the
1082:, University of California Press, 1965, p. 330
1014:, University of California Press, 1980, p. 781
867:Gustav Noske : eine politische Biographie
1051:Fallen Bastions. the Central European Tragedy
839:, University of Nebraska Press, 2012, p. 371
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851:Erinnerungen. Als Antibolschewist 1918–1919
711:, Elborg Forster & Larry Eugene Jones,
211:, the training academy for officers in the
440:Pabst played a leading role in the failed
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742:. Berlin: Die Buchmacherei. p. 772.
380:In 1969, Pabst wrote in a private letter:
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1080:The European Right: A Historical Profile
1027:, London: Methuen & Co, 1974, p. 224
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1322:People from the Province of Brandenburg
1119:Nazism and the Radical Right in Austria
1106:Nazism and the Radical Right in Austria
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960:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy
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810:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality
713:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy
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1219:Die Geduld der Rosa Luxemburg (1986)
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484:. In Austria he linked up with the
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252:Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division
108:Army officer, weapons manufacturer
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1078:Hans Rogger, Eugen Joseph Weber,
684:Max Graf zu Solms. Ein Lebensgang
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901:The murder of Rosa Luxemburg
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536:liberté, égalité, fraternité
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1238:20th Century Press Archives
1186:, Enigma Books, 2013, p. 71
793:The Russian Roots of Nazism
246:Under the order of General
141:Ernst Julius Waldemar Pabst
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1208:Der Mord, der nie verjährt
1173:, Berlin 2013, S. 183–185.
622:Der Mord, der nie verjährt
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927:Gietinger, Klaus (2009).
899:Gietinger, Klaus (2019).
849:Stadtler, Eduard (1935).
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355:Horst von Pflugk-Harttung
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738:Müller, Richard (2011).
541:Night of the Long Knives
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1327:Politicide perpetrators
1282:Antisemitism in Germany
864:Wette, Wolfram (1987).
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999:The Birth of the Nazis
973:The Birth of the Nazis
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824:The Birth of the Nazis
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458:Walther von Lüttwitz
404:Baltische Landeswehr
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1025:The Rise of Fascism
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233:
229:
228:Western Front
225:
220:
218:
214:
213:Prussian Army
209:
208:
202:
187:
185:
181:
180:Wolfgang Kapp
177:
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133:
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105:Occupation(s)
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
74:
70:
66:
65:German Empire
62:
49:
45:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1277:Arms traders
1214:
1203:
1195:
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1183:
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1126:
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1079:
1074:
1069:, 2002, p. 6
1066:
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972:
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739:
733:
725:
720:
712:
709:Hans Mommsen
704:
696:
691:
683:
663:
629:
621:
618:Horst Drinda
615:
601:
597:
589:. After the
584:
580:20 July plot
565:
561:Adolf Hitler
557:Walther Funk
534:
528:
507:
479:
439:
426:
416:von Hoffmann
407:
397:
383:
379:
352:
344:Gustav Noske
333:
313:
290:von Hoffmann
285:
282:Leo Jogiches
270:
267:
245:
221:
198:
184:Nazi Germany
152:paramilitary
140:
139:
97:
87:West Germany
77:(1970-05-29)
18:
1262:1970 deaths
1257:1880 births
1117:Lauridsen,
1104:Lauridsen,
975:, pp. 167-9
917:, pp. 79-81
660:Philip Rees
514:deportation
442:Kapp Putsch
419: [
394:Kapp Putsch
370: [
293: [
255: [
75:29 May 1970
1251:Categories
886:1014070784
826:, pp. 77-8
638:References
612:Portrayals
549:Nazi Party
545:Ernst Röhm
525:Later life
435:Reichswehr
359:Kurt Vogel
301:Bolshevism
195:Early life
83:Düsseldorf
53:1880-12-24
791:Kellogg,
553:Wehrmacht
482:Innsbruck
277:Freikorps
160:Freikorps
128:Hauptmann
117:Freikorps
1134:, p. 893
1130:Gulick,
1121:, p. 206
1108:, p. 196
1095:, p. 892
1091:Gulick,
1001:, p. 189
949:, p. 127
903:. Verso.
595:neo-Nazi
587:Oerlikon
486:Heimwehr
431:Maercker
272:Vorwärts
199:Born in
1240:of the
1236:in the
1198:, p. 48
997:Jones,
971:Jones,
962:, p. 78
945:Jones,
913:Jones,
822:Jones,
795:, p. 96
624:and by
464:Austria
286:de jure
884:
874:
746:
572:Nazism
329:pogrom
201:Berlin
119:leader
61:Berlin
37:Pabst
931:[
490:Tyrol
423:]
386:Ebert
374:]
297:]
259:]
132:Major
124:Title
882:OCLC
872:ISBN
744:ISBN
496:and
357:and
318:and
190:Life
170:and
147:and
72:Died
47:Born
41:1930
1242:ZBW
488:in
448:of
325:Jew
178:by
166:of
1253::
1058:^
880:.
807:,
771:^
673:^
662:,
646:^
634:.
421:de
372:de
350:.
338:,
311:.
295:de
257:de
238:.
85:,
63:,
39:c.
888:.
752:.
134:)
55:)
51:(
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