731:
85:
66:
2462:
956:
This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear
765:
of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called
1696:). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.
1191:
at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at
Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m.
1187:, one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the
1841:
Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words:
1284:
1359:
1621:
992:
Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include
1436:
1545:
2520:
833:
2404:
1690:
1664:
1474:
1889:, a proprietary system that encodes GCS coordinates as pseudorandom sets of words by dividing the coordinates into three numbers and looking up words in an indexed dictionary.
2376:
2010:
Alternative versions of latitude and longitude include geocentric coordinates, which measure with respect to Earth's center; geodetic coordinates, which model Earth as an
1070:
957:
to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because the location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any
1502:
1387:
1050:
2140:
668:
1567:
1006:
949:, surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the
2261:
1212:
2494:
2318:
444:
1296:
2402:
965:
is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a
923:
In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a
2466:
588:
improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of
1572:
858:, which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western
2182:
2074:
978:
266:
434:
402:
783:
1484:, not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude
412:
2367:
865:
The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of
2204:
1203:(that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude
3252:
2487:
1977:
2331:
2053:
937:
is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a
392:
632:
credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the
659:
34:
1394:
2295:
2014:; and geographic coordinates, which measure with respect to a plumb line at the location for which coordinates are given.
1509:
1143:. These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used.
529:, the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface.
1893:
These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements.
372:
173:
2127:
2480:
2245:
2176:
1854:
695:
472:
2442:
1099:
Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal
914:
2104:
1955:
1156:
533:
698:, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the
671:
to use a prime meridian around 10° east of
Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following
2265:
1363:(Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.)
1152:
258:
2235:
1389:
is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively):
1914:
1669:
966:
274:
1634:
1446:
3262:
2337:
1858:
819:
699:
2001:, causing their degree measurements to overstate its length west from Rhodes or Alexandria, respectively.
1950:
526:
494:
521:
that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate
1998:
601:
1017:. The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space.
1847:
1002:
237:
30:
1693:
1962:
1441:
1172:
958:
946:
918:
572:
518:
204:
151:
57:
1072:. In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS
2629:
871:
855:
838:—continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper
544:), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location.
342:
302:
986:
982:
730:
322:
2166:
2070:
1162:
1107:
and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to
1055:
1908:
1132:
994:
577:
465:
382:
132:
1969:
945:
for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of
3257:
2507:
1970:
Mathematical data for bibliographic descriptions of cartographic materials and spatial data
1487:
1372:
1035:
1021:
869:
or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a
807:
680:
498:
282:
232:
158:
8:
3272:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2694:
2689:
2660:
2655:
2610:
2577:
2540:
2023:
WGS 84 is the default datum used in most GPS equipment, but other datums can be selected.
1997:
The pair had accurate absolute distances within the
Mediterranean but underestimated the
1014:
938:
910:
906:
791:
787:
715:
641:
502:
194:
142:
3155:
3103:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2503:
1932:
1864:
1552:
1076:
84 differs at
Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112
843:
839:
767:
707:
684:
553:
114:
84:
2426:
Portions of this article are from Jason Harris' "Astroinfo" which is distributed with
1944: – Celestial coordinate system used to specify the positions of celestial objects
1288:
The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude.
810:
to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great
2796:
2706:
2327:
2241:
2212:
2172:
2049:
1941:
1010:
719:
664:
214:
199:
1481:
1279:{\displaystyle 111132.92-559.82\,\cos 2\phi +1.175\,\cos 4\phi -0.0023\,\cos 6\phi }
854:
meridian of
Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the
3267:
2620:
2605:
2591:
2570:
2554:
2533:
1728:
977:
for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a
859:
672:
458:
209:
69:
Longitude lines are perpendicular to and latitude lines are parallel to the
Equator
2472:
1369:
An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude
2446:
2408:
1902:
846:, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the
609:
597:
581:
541:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
675:' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into
2699:
2665:
1920:
1116:
962:
950:
925:
900:
876:
827:
613:
605:
593:
537:
422:
189:
163:
2287:
1291:
Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as
3246:
2615:
2584:
2547:
1874:
691:
589:
567:
1857:(GEOREF), developed for global military operations, replaced by the current
818:), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British
815:
654:
563:
147:
1354:{\displaystyle 111412.84\,\cos \phi -93.5\,\cos 3\phi +0.118\,\cos 5\phi }
1020:
Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the
1867:
or "Plus Codes", developed by Google and released into the public domain.
1794:
1124:
888:
786:
of all geographic coordinate systems. The
Equator divides the globe into
104:
2439:
3202:
3098:
3053:
2519:
2096:
1886:
1100:
806:
of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference
775:
771:
625:
617:
1199:
84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude
2011:
1929:, standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates
1750:
1616:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!}
1180:
851:
847:
823:
751:
703:
633:
559:
514:
183:
109:
663:
corrected
Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the
65:
2233:
1926:
1772:
1136:
866:
747:
510:
362:
179:
168:
1905: – Angular measurements, typically for latitude and longitude
3007:
2599:
2562:
2525:
2136:
1880:
1870:
1188:
811:
779:
646:
629:
517:. It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various
242:
99:
76:
2461:
2427:
1029:
801:
711:
650:
621:
585:
352:
312:
250:
2171:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 102–103,
2097:"Using the EPSG geodetic parameter dataset, Guidance Note 7-1"
1917: – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
2431:
1816:
1184:
1001:
84, also known as EPSG:4326), the default datum used for the
974:
970:
942:
933:
is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a
884:
834:
Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière
778:
is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the
770:, as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The
676:
522:
506:
137:
645:
used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the
1131:
a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the
1104:
1085:
1081:
1025:
880:
562:
of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to
439:
332:
2435:
875:. The origin/zero point of this system is located in the
760:
1911: – Distance measured along the surface of the Earth
1946:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1883:, an open-source system originally developed at TomTom.
1183:
at the
Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715
2234:
American
Society of Civil Engineers (1 January 1994).
1700:
Longitudinal length equivalents at selected latitudes
1673:
1639:
1637:
1576:
1450:
742:
angle measurements for a spherical model of the Earth.
532:
A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the
2211:. Greenwich 2000 Limited. 9 June 2011. Archived from
1672:
1575:
1555:
1512:
1490:
1449:
1397:
1375:
1366:
The formulae both return units of meters per degree.
1299:
1215:
1058:
1038:
826:, in southeast London, England, is the international
1937:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1431:{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180}}M_{r}\cos \phi \!}
1032:. Given a location, the datum provides the latitude
1007:
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
2502:
1540:{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \beta \,\!}
536:and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of
1684:
1658:
1615:
1561:
1539:
1496:
1468:
1430:
1381:
1353:
1278:
1064:
1044:
1923: – System of geographic location identifiers
1680:
1611:
1536:
1464:
1427:
973:will be different than a UTM coordinate based on
830:, although some organizations—such as the French
3244:
620:, and measured north or south of the island of
2411:Geographic Information Systems – Stackexchange
2369:A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain
2288:"WGS 84: EPSG Projection -- Spatial Reference"
2046:Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
649:instead. After their work was translated into
608:at the westernmost known land, designated the
2488:
2168:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy
2129:Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World
1873:, a public domain system based on the Morton
612:, off the coast of western Africa around the
580:in the 3rd century BC. A century later,
466:
2264:. Government of Ireland 1999. Archived from
1965: – System to specify locations on Earth
831:
941:for a horizontal datum, and a more precise
710:voted against the motion, while France and
15:
2495:
2481:
2326:(5th ed.). Atlas books. p. 102.
1119:high-pressure area can cause a sinking of
985:, although in certain situations a simple
706:, England as the zero-reference line. The
473:
459:
440:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
435:International Terrestrial Reference System
16:
2048:(9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 24.
1679:
1610:
1535:
1463:
1338:
1319:
1303:
1263:
1244:
1225:
879:about 625 km (390 mi) south of
725:
2037:
1163:Arc length § Great circles on Earth
729:
718:in place of local determinations by the
64:
56:For broader coverage of this topic, see
24:This is an accepted version of this page
2398:
2396:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2316:
2310:
2205:"The International Meridian Conference"
2139:: University of Otago, pp. 20–24,
2125:
1685:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!}
1659:{\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719}
604:using coordinates measured east from a
501:system for measuring and communicating
14:
3245:
2375:, D00659 v3.6, Ordnance Survey, 2020,
2071:"The Nature of Geographic Information"
2062:
1836:
1469:{\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
887:, a location often facetiously called
2476:
2254:
2164:
2107:from the original on 15 December 2021
2077:from the original on 19 February 2024
2043:
1935: – method of spatial referencing
1146:
2393:
2355:
2209:Millennium Dome: The O2 in Greenwich
660:Book of the Description of the Earth
600:compiled an extensive gazetteer and
51:System to specify locations on Earth
2089:
2068:
445:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
407:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
48:
2440:The KDE Education Project – KStars
2240:. ASCE Publications. p. 224.
2185:from the original on 17 March 2023
317:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
283:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
174:Horizontal position representation
49:
3284:
2454:
2382:from the original on 2 April 2020
2262:"Making maps compatible with GPS"
2146:from the original on 2 April 2015
1855:World Geographic Reference System
1442:Earth's average meridional radius
894:
696:International Meridian Conference
2518:
2460:
2298:from the original on 13 May 2020
2237:Glossary of the Mapping Sciences
1694:reduced (or parametric) latitude
1549:where Earth's equatorial radius
915:Geographic coordinate conversion
602:mathematically plotted world map
233:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
83:
2280:
2101:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
2017:
1956:Selenographic coordinate system
1850:, popular with radio operators.
1157:Length of a degree of longitude
397:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
2227:
2197:
2158:
2119:
2004:
1991:
1980:Commission on Map Projections.
1153:Length of a degree of latitude
427:Internet link to a point 2010
357:Geodetic Reference System 1980
275:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
13:
1:
3253:Geographic coordinate systems
2030:
1915:Geographic information system
596:. In the 1st or 2nd century,
417:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
2467:Geographic coordinate system
2430:, a desktop planetarium for
1859:Global Area Reference System
1009:(ITRF), used for estimating
570:, who composed his now-lost
487:geographic coordinate system
367:Geographic point coord. 1983
7:
1951:Planetary coordinate system
1896:
669:medieval Arabic cartography
527:cartesian coordinate system
327:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
10:
3289:
2418:
2044:Chang, Kang-tsung (2016).
1999:circumference of the Earth
1160:
1150:
904:
898:
745:
714:abstained. France adopted
551:
547:
387:World Geodetic System 1984
55:
2517:
2514:
2126:McPhail, Cameron (2011),
1974:Geographical co-ordinates
1848:Maidenhead Locator System
1003:Global Positioning System
832:
519:spatial reference systems
377:North American Datum 1983
347:South American Datum 1969
1984:
1963:Spatial reference system
1480:. Since the Earth is an
1088:, differs from about 120
1065:{\displaystyle \lambda }
959:spatial reference system
919:Spatial reference system
734:Diagram of the latitude
238:Global Pos. System (GPS)
205:Spatial reference system
58:Spatial reference system
31:latest accepted revision
1569:equals 6,378,137 m and
1103:movement caused by the
1080:m. The military system
856:International Date Line
2317:Bolstad, Paul (2012).
2103:. Geomatic Solutions.
1686:
1660:
1617:
1563:
1541:
1498:
1470:
1432:
1383:
1355:
1280:
1066:
1046:
983:Helmert transformation
850:on a single side. The
743:
726:Latitude and longitude
639:Ptolemy's 2nd-century
70:
2165:Evans, James (1998),
1909:Geographical distance
1687:
1661:
1618:
1564:
1542:
1499:
1497:{\displaystyle \phi }
1471:
1433:
1384:
1382:{\displaystyle \phi }
1356:
1281:
1067:
1047:
1045:{\displaystyle \phi }
995:World Geodetic System
905:Further information:
733:
578:Library of Alexandria
133:Geographical distance
68:
2469:at Wikimedia Commons
2407:29 June 2016 at the
2292:spatialreference.org
1670:
1635:
1573:
1553:
1510:
1488:
1447:
1395:
1373:
1297:
1213:
1056:
1036:
1022:North American Datum
979:datum transformation
969:coordinate based on
792:Southern Hemispheres
653:in the 9th century,
307:Sea Level Datum 1929
159:Geodetic coordinates
3263:Geographic position
2611:Tropic of Capricorn
2579:Tropic of Capricorn
2542:Tropic of Capricorn
2504:Circles of latitude
2445:17 May 2008 at the
1837:Alternate encodings
1701:
1015:crustal deformation
989:may be sufficient.
939:reference ellipsoid
911:Reference ellipsoid
907:Figure of the Earth
844:Western Hemispheres
774:is 90° N; the
716:Greenwich Mean Time
499:geodetic coordinate
337:European Datum 1950
295:Standards (history)
195:Reference ellipsoid
143:Figure of the Earth
21:Page version status
2343:on 15 October 2020
1968:Jan Smits (2015).
1933:Linear referencing
1865:Open Location Code
1699:
1682:
1681:
1656:
1648:
1613:
1612:
1559:
1537:
1494:
1466:
1465:
1428:
1379:
1351:
1276:
1147:Length of a degree
1139:is rising by only
1135:, but neighboring
1062:
1042:
1028:, and the British
744:
708:Dominican Republic
618:Cape Verde Islands
554:History of geodesy
215:Vertical positions
71:
27:
3240:
3239:
2465:Media related to
2333:978-0-9717647-3-6
2055:978-1-259-92964-9
1942:Primary direction
1834:
1833:
1647:
1598:
1562:{\displaystyle a}
1521:
1406:
1011:continental drift
820:Royal Observatory
784:fundamental plane
720:Paris Observatory
700:Royal Observatory
665:Mediterranean Sea
483:
482:
431:
430:
210:Spatial relations
200:Satellite geodesy
155:
18:
3280:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
2621:Antarctic Circle
2606:Tropic of Cancer
2594:
2593:Antarctic Circle
2587:
2580:
2573:
2572:Tropic of Cancer
2565:
2557:
2556:Antarctic Circle
2550:
2543:
2536:
2535:Tropic of Cancer
2528:
2522:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2412:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2364:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2336:. Archived from
2325:
2320:GIS Fundamentals
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:on 6 August 2012
2201:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2069:DiBiase, David.
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1947:
1938:
1729:Saint Petersburg
1702:
1698:
1692:is known as the
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1591:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1522:
1514:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1176:
1170:
1142:
1130:
1122:
1115:in a century. A
1114:
1110:
1095:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1000:
929:must be used. A
860:Aleutian Islands
837:
836:
804:
763:
741:
737:
673:Maximus Planudes
475:
468:
461:
299:
298:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
186:
145:
87:
73:
72:
39:9 September 2024
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2510:
2501:
2457:
2452:
2447:Wayback Machine
2421:
2416:
2415:
2409:Wayback Machine
2401:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2268:on 21 July 2011
2260:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1945:
1936:
1903:Decimal degrees
1899:
1839:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1590:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:oblate spheroid
1477:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1151:Main articles:
1149:
1140:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1024:, the European
998:
953:of the Earth.
931:horizonal datum
921:
903:
897:
802:
761:
754:
746:Main articles:
739:
735:
728:
685:Jacopo d'Angelo
610:Fortunate Isles
598:Marinus of Tyre
556:
550:
542:Earth ellipsoid
479:
450:
449:
296:
288:
287:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
228:
220:
219:
178:
128:
120:
119:
95:
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2456:
2455:External links
2453:
2451:
2450:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2392:
2354:
2332:
2309:
2279:
2253:
2246:
2226:
2196:
2177:
2157:
2118:
2088:
2061:
2054:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1921:Geo URI scheme
1918:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1851:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:1.855 km
1822:
1821:111.3 km
1819:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:96.49 km
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:78.85 km
1775:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:1.158 km
1756:
1755:69.47 km
1753:
1748:
1747:51° 28′ 38″ N
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:0.930 km
1734:
1733:55.80 km
1731:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1677:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1631:84 spheroids,
1608:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1558:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1493:
1459:
1455:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1391:
1378:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1148:
1145:
1117:weather system
1061:
1052:and longitude
1041:
963:map projection
951:center of mass
947:control points
935:vertical datum
926:geodetic datum
901:Geodetic datum
899:Main article:
896:
895:Geodetic datum
893:
877:Gulf of Guinea
828:prime meridian
814:(often called
738:and longitude
727:
724:
606:prime meridian
594:dead reckoning
592:, rather than
590:lunar eclipses
549:
546:
540:(including an
538:geodetic datum
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
437:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
305:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
235:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
190:Map projection
187:
176:
171:
166:
164:Geodetic datum
161:
156:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
80:
79:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3285:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2616:Arctic Circle
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2586:Arctic Circle
2581:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2549:Arctic Circle
2544:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2247:9780784475706
2243:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2178:9780199874453
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:Z-order curve
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1830:11.13 m
1829:
1827:30.92 m
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:26.80 m
1804:
1802:1.61 km
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:21.90 m
1782:
1780:1.31 km
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:19.30 m
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:15.50 m
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1675:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1623:; for the GRS
1606:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1556:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1505:
1491:
1483:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1127:is rising by
1126:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1059:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
835:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:great circles
813:
809:
805:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
759:
753:
749:
732:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:United States
690:In 1884, the
688:
687:around 1407.
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
454:
453:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
304:
301:
300:
292:
291:
284:
281:
279:
273:
271:
265:
263:
257:
255:
251:BeiDou (BDS)
249:
247:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
224:
223:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
153:
152:circumference
149:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
124:
123:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
67:
63:
59:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
3181:
3158:
3129:
3106:
3006:
2700:
2683:
2666:
2649:
2625:
2598:
2561:
2524:
2425:
2384:, retrieved
2368:
2345:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2319:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2256:
2236:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:the original
2208:
2199:
2187:, retrieved
2167:
2160:
2148:, retrieved
2128:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2064:
2045:
2039:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1973:
1892:
1840:
1808:9.65 m
1786:7.89 m
1764:6.95 m
1742:5.58 m
1548:
1439:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1290:
1287:
1207:), is about
1194:
1179:spheroid at
1166:
1133:last ice age
1098:
1019:
991:
955:
934:
930:
924:
922:
870:
864:
798:
796:
757:
755:
689:
658:
655:Al-Khwārizmī
640:
638:
571:
564:Eratosthenes
557:
531:
505:directly on
490:
486:
484:
227:Technologies
182: /
94:Fundamentals
62:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
3258:Cartography
2386:17 December
2111:15 December
2081:18 February
1795:New Orleans
1478:6,367,449 m
1125:Scandinavia
1111:a year, or
1101:Earth tidal
987:translation
889:Null Island
694:hosted the
105:Geodynamics
3273:Navigation
3247:Categories
2347:27 January
2219:31 October
2031:References
1887:What3words
1654:0.99664719
1627:80 and WGS
1195:On the WGS
1167:On the GRS
1161:See also:
1084:, used by
1005:, and the
981:such as a
776:South Pole
772:North Pole
667:, causing
626:Asia Minor
582:Hipparchus
552:See also:
2508:meridians
2012:ellipsoid
1751:Greenwich
1720:±0.0001°
1705:Latitude
1676:β
1607:ϕ
1604:
1585:β
1582:
1533:β
1530:
1516:π
1492:ϕ
1425:ϕ
1422:
1401:π
1377:ϕ
1349:ϕ
1343:
1330:ϕ
1324:
1314:−
1311:ϕ
1308:
1301:111412.84
1274:ϕ
1268:
1258:−
1255:ϕ
1249:
1236:ϕ
1230:
1220:−
1217:111132.92
1181:sea level
1060:λ
1040:ϕ
872:graticule
852:antipodal
848:Old World
824:Greenwich
799:longitude
768:parallels
752:Longitude
722:in 1911.
704:Greenwich
642:Geography
634:midsummer
573:Geography
560:invention
515:longitude
503:positions
495:spherical
184:Longitude
110:Geomatics
2443:Archived
2405:Archived
2377:archived
2296:Archived
2272:15 April
2183:archived
2150:14 March
2141:archived
2105:Archived
2075:Archived
1927:ISO 6709
1897:See also
1773:Bordeaux
1137:Scotland
1092:m to 180
867:altitude
812:ellipses
808:meridian
788:Northern
758:latitude
748:Latitude
681:Florence
511:latitude
363:ISO 6709
261:(Europe)
259:Galileo
245:(Russia)
243:GLONASS
180:Latitude
169:Geodesic
127:Concepts
35:reviewed
3268:Geodesy
2600:Equator
2564:Equator
2527:Equator
2419:Sources
2137:Dunedin
1881:Mapcode
1871:Geohash
1861:(GARS).
1717:Second
1714:Minute
1711:Degree
1189:Equator
840:Eastern
780:Equator
647:Equator
630:Ptolemy
576:at the
548:History
525:like a
493:) is a
423:Geo URI
393:NAVD 88
303:NGVD 29
277:(Japan)
269:(India)
253:(China)
115:History
100:Geodesy
77:Geodesy
2438:. See
2428:KStars
2330:
2244:
2175:
2052:
1629:
1625:
1440:where
1261:0.0023
1223:559.82
1197:
1175:
1171:80 or
1169:
1141:0.2 cm
1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1030:OSGB36
999:
917:, and
782:, the
712:Brazil
651:Arabic
622:Rhodes
614:Canary
586:Nicaea
568:Cyrene
413:GCJ-02
403:ETRS89
383:WGS 84
373:NAD 83
353:GRS 80
313:OSGB36
267:NAVIC
148:radius
3230:45x90
3223:45x90
3216:45x90
3209:45x90
2432:Linux
2380:(PDF)
2373:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2324:(PDF)
2302:5 May
2189:5 May
2144:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
1985:Notes
1817:Quito
1708:City
1336:0.118
1242:1.175
1109:10 cm
975:NAD27
971:WGS84
943:geoid
885:Ghana
677:Latin
636:day.
523:tuple
507:Earth
343:SAD69
323:SK-42
138:Geoid
3002:170°
2997:160°
2992:140°
2987:130°
2982:110°
2977:100°
2942:170°
2937:160°
2932:140°
2927:130°
2922:110°
2917:100°
2882:175°
2877:165°
2872:155°
2867:145°
2862:135°
2857:125°
2852:115°
2847:105°
2792:175°
2787:165°
2782:155°
2777:145°
2772:135°
2767:125°
2762:115°
2757:105°
2701:180°
2695:150°
2690:120°
2667:180°
2661:150°
2656:120°
2388:2021
2349:2018
2328:ISBN
2304:2020
2274:2008
2242:ISBN
2221:2012
2191:2020
2173:ISBN
2152:2015
2113:2021
2083:2024
2050:ISBN
1853:the
1846:the
1791:30°
1769:45°
1725:60°
1317:93.5
1155:and
1129:1 cm
1121:5 mm
1113:10 m
1105:Moon
1086:NATO
1082:ED50
1026:ED50
1013:and
997:(WGS
881:Tema
842:and
797:The
790:and
756:The
750:and
624:off
558:The
534:EPSG
513:and
333:ED50
150:and
3203:85°
3198:75°
3193:65°
3188:55°
3182:45°
3176:35°
3171:25°
3166:15°
3151:85°
3146:75°
3141:65°
3136:55°
3130:45°
3124:35°
3119:25°
3114:15°
3099:90°
3094:80°
3089:70°
3084:60°
3079:50°
3074:40°
3069:30°
3064:20°
3059:10°
3054:90°
3049:80°
3044:70°
3039:60°
3034:50°
3029:40°
3024:30°
3019:20°
3014:10°
2972:80°
2967:70°
2962:50°
2957:40°
2952:20°
2947:10°
2912:80°
2907:70°
2902:50°
2897:40°
2892:20°
2887:10°
2842:95°
2837:85°
2832:75°
2827:65°
2822:55°
2817:45°
2812:35°
2807:25°
2802:15°
2752:95°
2747:85°
2742:75°
2737:65°
2732:55°
2727:45°
2722:35°
2717:25°
2712:15°
2684:90°
2678:60°
2673:30°
2650:90°
2644:60°
2639:30°
2436:KDE
1978:ICA
1813:0°
1666:. (
1601:tan
1579:tan
1527:cos
1519:180
1504:is
1476:is
1419:cos
1404:180
1340:cos
1321:cos
1305:cos
1265:cos
1246:cos
1227:cos
1173:WGS
1096:m.
967:UTM
961:or
822:in
702:in
683:by
679:at
657:'s
616:or
584:of
566:of
509:as
497:or
491:GCS
37:on
3249::
3156:5°
3104:5°
3008:0°
2797:5°
2707:5°
2630:0°
2506:/
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2357:^
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2207:.
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2135:,
2099:.
2073:.
1976:.
1972:.
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