442:
2230:, were developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2003. These satellites possess a substantially increased lifetime of seven years and weigh slightly more at 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). They are approximately 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) in diameter and 3.7 m (12 ft) high, with a solar array span of 7.2 m (24 ft) for an electrical power generation capability of 1600 watts at launch. The aft payload structure houses 12 primary antennas for L-band transmissions. Laser corner-cube reflectors are also carried to aid in precise orbit determination and geodetic research. On-board
518:
25:
2129:
5629:
147:
2669:
2677:
2309:
7277:
5593:
5617:
185:
161:
510:
5605:
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of the second generation GLONASS-M. It will transmit more navigation signals to improve the system's accuracy — including new CDMA signals in the L3 and L5 bands, which will use modulation similar to modernized GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Glonass-K consist of 26 satellites having satellite index 65-98 and widely used in
Russian Military space.
644:. The details of the high-precision signal have not been disclosed. The modulation (and therefore the tracking strategy) of the data bits on the L2SF code has recently changed from unmodulated to 250 bit/s burst at random intervals. The L1SF code is modulated by the navigation data at 50 bit/s without a Manchester meander code.
684:, which uses the location of the North Pole in 1984. As of 17 September 2007, the PZ-90 datum has been updated to version PZ-90.02 which differ from WGS 84 by less than 400 mm (16 in) in any given direction. Since 31 December 2013, version PZ-90.11 is being broadcast, which is aligned to the
2919:
On 19 February 2016, three GLONASS satellites experienced a technical failure: the batteries of GLONASS-738 exploded, the batteries of GLONASS-737 were depleted, and GLONASS-736 experienced a stationkeeping failure due to human error during maneuvering. GLONASS-737 and GLONASS-736 were expected to be
2277:
GLONASS-K is a substantial improvement of the previous generation: it is the first unpressurised GLONASS satellite with a much reduced mass of 750 kg (1,650 lb) versus the 1,450 kg (3,200 lb) of GLONASS-M. It has an operational lifetime of 10 years, compared to the 7-year lifetime
1121:
satellites, to be launched from 2023, will feature a full suite of modernized CDMA signals in the existing L1 and L2 bands, which includes L1SC, L1OC, L2SC, and L2OC, as well as the L3OC signal. Glonass-K2 series should gradually replace existing satellites starting from 2023, when
Glonass-M launches
2939:
Some modern receivers are able to use both GLONASS and GPS satellites together, providing greatly improved coverage in urban canyons and giving a very fast time to fix due to over 50 satellites being available. In indoor, urban canyon or mountainous areas, accuracy can be greatly improved over using
2182:
Six Block IIa satellites were launched in 1985–1986 with improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency stability. These spacecraft also demonstrated a 16-month average operational lifetime. Block IIb spacecraft, with a two-year design lifetimes, appeared in 1987,
753:
for the current satellite (string types 10, 11, and 12 in a sequence) and part of the almanac for three satellites (three strings of type 20). To transmit the full almanac for all current 24 satellites, a superframe of 8 pseudo-frames is required. In the future, the superframe will be expanded to 10
648:
reverse-engineering indicate that the superframe is composed of 72 frames, each containing 5 strings of 100 bits and taking 10 seconds to transmit, with total length of 36 000 bits or 720 seconds (12 minutes) for the whole navigational message. The additional data are seemingly allocated to critical
614:
The navigational message is modulated at 50 bits per second. The superframe of the open signal is 7500 bits long and consists of 5 frames of 30 seconds, taking 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) to transmit the continuous message. Each frame is 1500 bits long and consists of 15 strings of 100 bits (2 seconds
493:
The constellation operates in three orbital planes, with eight evenly spaced satellites on each. A fully operational constellation with global coverage consists of 24 satellites, while 18 satellites are necessary for covering the territory of Russia. To get a position fix the receiver must be in the
783:
The navigational message of the L3OC signal is transmitted at 100 bit/s, with each string of symbols taking 3 seconds (300 bits). A pseudo-frame of 6 strings takes 18 seconds (1800 bits) to transmit. A superframe of 8 pseudo-frames is 14,400 bits long and takes 144 seconds (2 minutes 24 seconds) to
723:
to transmit pilot and data signals, with BPSK(1) modulation for data and BOC(1,1) modulation for pilot; wide-band restricted signals L1SC and L2SC use BOC (5, 2.5) modulation for both data and pilot, transmitted in quadrature phase to the open signals; this places peak signal strength away from the
481:
GLONASS is a global navigation satellite system, providing real time position and velocity determination for military and civilian users. The satellites are located in middle circular orbit at 19,100 km (11,900 mi) altitude with a 64.8° inclination and an orbital period of 11 hours and 16
2178:
The true first generation of GLONASS (also called Uragan) satellites were all three-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) and were equipped with a modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Over time they were upgraded to Block IIa,
2931:
According to
Russian System of Differentional Correction and Monitoring's data, as of 2010, precision of GLONASS navigation definitions (for p=0.95) for latitude and longitude were 4.46–7.38 m (14.6–24.2 ft) with mean number of navigation space vehicles (NSV) equals 7—8 (depending on
2186:
Block IIv was the most prolific of the first generation. Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005, a total of 56 satellites were launched. The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late model lasting 68
1158:
With the introduction of CDMA signals, the constellation will be expanded to 30 active satellites by 2025; this may require eventual deprecation of FDMA signals. The new satellites will be deployed into three additional planes, bringing the total to six planes from the current three—aided by
647:
The high-precision signal is broadcast in phase quadrature with the standard-precision signal, effectively sharing the same carrier wave, but with a ten-times-higher bandwidth than the open signal. The message format of the high-precision signal remains unpublished, although attempts at
591:
spans the same range as for L1. In the original GLONASS design, only obfuscated high-precision signal was broadcast in the L2 band, but starting with GLONASS-M, an additional civil reference signal L2OF is broadcast with an identical standard-precision code to the L1OF signal.
780:: future upgrades to the message format will not break older equipment, which will continue to work by ignoring new data (as long as the constellation still transmits old string types), but up-to-date equipment will be able to use additional information from newer satellites.
129:
1202:. The new satellites will form two ground traces with inclination of 64.8°, eccentricity of 0.072, period of 23.9 hours, and ascending node longitude of 60° and 120°. Glonass-V vehicles are based on Glonass-K platform and will broadcast new CDMA signals only. Previously
4335:
2159:
Over the three decades of development, the satellite designs have gone through numerous improvements, and can be divided into three generations: the original GLONASS (since 1982), GLONASS-M (since 2003) and GLONASS-K (since 2011). Each GLONASS satellite has a
637:
The more accurate high-precision signal is available for authorized users, such as the
Russian military, yet unlike the United States P(Y) code, which is modulated by an encrypting W code, the GLONASS restricted-use codes are broadcast in the clear using only
2920:
operational again after maintenance, and one new satellite (GLONASS-751) to replace GLONASS-738 was expected to complete commissioning in early March 2016. The full capacity of the satellite group was expected to be restored in the middle of March 2016.
706:
According to GLONASS developers, there will be three open and two restricted CDMA signals. The open signal L3OC is centered at 1202.025 MHz and uses BPSK(10) modulation for both data and pilot channels; the ranging code transmits at 10.23 million
660:
At peak efficiency, the standard-precision signal offers horizontal positioning accuracy within 5–10 metres, vertical positioning within 15 m (49 ft), a velocity vector measuring within 100 mm/s (3.9 in/s), and timing within 200
787:
The navigational message of the L1OC signal is transmitted at 100 bit/s. The string is 250 bits long and takes 2.5 seconds to transmit. A pseudo-frame is 1500 bits (15 seconds) long, and a superframe is 12,000 bits or 120 seconds (2 minutes).
2940:
GPS alone. For using both navigation systems simultaneously, precision of GLONASS/GPS navigation definitions were 2.37–4.65 m (7 ft 9 in – 15 ft 3 in) with mean number of NSV equals 14—19 (depends on station).
401:
supporting both GPS and GLONASS have more satellites available, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where buildings may obscure the view to some satellites. Owing to its higher
615:
for each string), with 85 bits (1.7 seconds) for data and check-sum bits, and 15 bits (0.3 seconds) for time mark. Strings 1-4 provide immediate data for the transmitting satellite, and are repeated every frame; the data include
4637:
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
4325:
718:
Open L1OC and restricted L1SC signals are centered at 1600.995 MHz, and open L2OC and restricted L2SC signals are centered at 1248.06 MHz, overlapping with GLONASS FDMA signals. Open signals L1OC and L2OC use
417:
in 1995. In 2001, after a decline in capacity during the late 1990s, the restoration of the system was made a government priority, and funding increased substantially. GLONASS is the most expensive program of the
2959:
has the ability to double the system's accuracy once introduced. The system's ground segment is also to undergo improvements. As of early 2012, sixteen positioning ground stations are under construction in
4882:
429:. In October 2011, the full orbital constellation of 24 satellites was restored, enabling full global coverage. The GLONASS satellites' designs have undergone several upgrades, with the latest version,
2910:
The system requires 18 satellites for continuous navigation services covering all of Russia, and 24 satellites to provide services worldwide. The GLONASS system covers 100% of worldwide territory.
3332:
Figure 2 shows the PDOP improvement in percentage when comparing the GPS-only to the GPS-plus-GLONASS PDOP values. At high latitudes, that is, above 55°, the improvement is at the 30% level.
3621:
3560:"The transition to using the terrestrial geocentric coordinate system "Parametry Zemli 1990" (PZ-90.11) in operating the GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) has been implemented"
2183:
of which a total of 12 were launched, but half were lost in launch vehicle accidents. The six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked well, operating for an average of nearly 22 months.
540:(BPSK) modulation as in GPS signals. All GLONASS satellites transmit the same code as their standard-precision signal; however each transmits on a different frequency using a 15-channel
2281:
The new satellite's advanced equipment—made solely from
Russian components — will allow the doubling of GLONASS' accuracy. As with the previous satellites, these are 3-axis stabilized,
2237:
A total of 41 second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2013. As with the previous generation, the second generation spacecraft were launched three at a time using
4011:
4773:
4634:
4269:
2777:
receivers, with the intention of reducing signal acquisition periods by allowing the device to pick up more satellites than with a single-network receiver, including devices from:
1125:
Glonass-KM satellites will be launched by 2025. Additional open signals are being studied for these satellites, based on frequencies and formats used by existing GPS, Galileo, and
749:
The navigational message of CDMA signals is transmitted as a sequence of text strings. The message has variable size - each pseudo-frame usually includes six strings and contains
4368:
3985:
3869:, Yuri Urlichich, Valery Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, and Rudolf Bakitko, Russian Space Systems, GPS World, November 2011
4302:
1190:
in three orbital planes, will be launched starting in 2025; this regional high-orbit segment will offer increased regional availability and 25% improvement in precision over
413:
Development of GLONASS began in the Soviet Union in 1976. Beginning on 12 October 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to the system until the completion of the
4986:
4960:
4934:
4162:
5012:
2256:
announced that it had completed the last GLONASS-M (No. 61) spacecraft and it was putting it in storage waiting for launch, along with eight previously built satellites.
3789:
4503:
8006:
4662:
3295:
773:
correction is achieved by shortening or lengthening (zero-padding) the final string of the day by one second, with abnormal strings being discarded by the receiver.
4856:
3930:
3440:
4427:
2101:
The set of almanac parameters depends on the orbit type. Satellites with geosynchronous, medium-Earth, and high-elliptical orbits could be employed in the future.
1114:
test satellite launched in 2011 introduced L3OC signal. Glonass-M satellites produced since 2014 (s/n 755+) will also transmit L3OC signal for testing purposes.
6421:
5044:
4878:
4692:
5171:
4531:
4212:
685:
5090:
4059:
2316:
The ground control segment of GLONASS is almost entirely located within former Soviet Union territory, except for several in Brazil and one in
Nicaragua.
607:), all generated using a single time/frequency oscillator. The pseudo-random code is generated with a 9-stage shift register operating with a period of 1
8011:
2955:
to increase the navigation definition of GLONASS to an accuracy of 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) by 2011. In particular, the latest satellite design,
6643:
6574:
5110:
4479:
7903:
6600:
6549:
6518:
1160:
4187:
2913:
On 2 April 2014, the system experienced a technical failure that resulted in practical unavailability of the navigation signal for around 12 hours.
576:(316 to 500 watts). Note that the 24-satellite constellation is accommodated with only 15 channels by using identical frequency channels to support
68:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2984:. Together, these improvements are expected to bring GLONASS' accuracy to 0.6 m or better by 2020. The setup of a GLONASS receiving station in the
5318:
7812:
7191:
4015:
3748:
3618:
5398:
5051:
2936:
definitions were 2.00–8.76 m (6 ft 7 in – 28 ft 9 in) with mean number of NSV equals 6—11 (depending on station).
6895:
5286:
4594:
623:) for each satellite in the constellation, with frames I-IV each describing five satellites, and frame V describing remaining four satellites.
4556:
583:
The L2 band signals use the same FDMA as the L1 band signals, but transmit straddling 1246 MHz with the center frequency 1246 MHz +
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6370:
6365:
6360:
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5809:
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5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
3542:
7981:
4769:
4261:
2259:
As on 22 September 2017, GLONASS-M No.52 satellite went into operation and the orbital grouping has again increased to 24 space vehicles.
7102:
6688:
6534:
6469:
4451:
3893:, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, and Sergey Karutin. GPS World, November 2011
3905:
3559:
711:
per second, modulated onto the carrier frequency using QPSK with in-phase data and quadrature pilot. The data is error-coded with 5-bit
580:(opposite side of planet in orbit) satellite pairs, as these satellites are never both in view of an Earth-based user at the same time.
7991:
6414:
4358:
3645:
1147:
open signal L3OCM using BPSK(10) modulation centered at 1207.14 MHz, similar to
Galileo signal E5b and Beidou/COMPASS signal B2b.
665:, all based on measurements from four first-generation satellites simultaneously; newer satellites such as GLONASS-M improve on this.
7869:
6559:
3989:
3265:
5130:
4398:
4292:
3707:
3688:
3413:
3324:
6723:
5448:
5245:
4618:
4110:
2253:
2137:
5488:
5215:
4993:
4967:
4941:
4825:
4158:
2923:
After the launching of two new satellites and maintenance of two others, the full capacity of the satellite group was restored.
630:(ECEF) Cartesian coordinates in position and velocity, and include lunisolar acceleration parameters. The almanac uses modified
6636:
5418:
5019:
5368:
5338:
4238:
4039:
3862:
3806:
3786:
3729:
2110:
In a departure from the
Gregorian calendar, all years exactly divisible by 100 (i.e. 2100 and so on) are treated as leap years
6407:
5681:
3770:
3475:
2148:) and the Russian Institute of Radio Navigation and Time. Serial production of the satellites is accomplished by the company
766:
5195:
5066:
3843:
4500:
3886:
3358:
4654:
3287:
7913:
7184:
6544:
4848:
3923:
3444:
5528:
6888:
6523:
4420:
541:
76:
4908:
4216:
7898:
6758:
6629:
5661:
388:
89:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
4915:
4136:
1970:
Adjustments to nominal inclination (64,8°) of the satellite orbit at the moment of ascension (±0.0156 half-cycles).
7986:
7955:
731:
5179:
7918:
7827:
6733:
4520:
3664:
2141:
533:
3589:
7177:
7092:
6673:
6539:
6454:
5094:
4445:"Current and planned global and regional navigation satellite systems and satellite-based augmentation systems"
4063:
3026:
735:
599:(XOR) of 511 kbit/s pseudo-random ranging code, 50 bit/s navigation message, and an auxiliary 100 Hz
5151:
2285:
pointing with dual solar arrays. The first GLONASS-K satellite was successfully launched on 26 February 2011.
2030:
Adjustments to the satellite's nominal draconic orbital period (40544 s) at the moment of ascension (±512 s).
7864:
7107:
6881:
6718:
6693:
6569:
6554:
5440:
5390:
5360:
5237:
3955:
2763:
2744:
2362:
2149:
2144:, is the designer of all GLONASS satellites, in cooperation with the Institute for Space Device Engineering (
1818:
Day number (1 to 1461) within a four-year interval starting on 1 January of the last leap year according to
1195:
697:
680:
is given as an average of its position from 1990 to 1995. This is in contrast to the GPS's coordinate datum,
5572:
5114:
4799:
4747:
4476:
486:). GLONASS's orbit makes it especially suited for usage in high latitudes (north or south), where getting a
441:
7404:
6564:
395:(GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.
5057:
4684:
1693:
Earth rotation parameters, ionosphere models, and time scale model for the difference between UTC(SU) and
37:
7891:
7464:
6844:
4194:
398:
5091:"GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)"
4096:
GLONASS #787, 68.7 operational months; as reported by RSA "GLONASS constellation status" on 6 April 2007
3500:
8001:
7996:
5673:
5583:
5322:
5266:
3038:
2916:
On 14–15 April 2014, nine GLONASS satellites experienced a technical failure due to software problems.
2123:
1778:
Total number of satellites transmitting CDMA signals (1 to 63) which are referenced to in the almanac.
720:
640:
3745:
7776:
7133:
7097:
6683:
6464:
5402:
3032:
2145:
1694:
458:
392:
5302:
4586:
7950:
7428:
7082:
6703:
6449:
2973:
2088:
Navigational message field j (satellite ID) references the satellite for the transmitted almanac (j
688:
2008 at epoch 2011.0 at the centimetre level, but ideally a conversion to ITRF2008 should be done.
619:, clock and frequency offsets, and satellite status. Strings 5-15 provide non-immediate data (i.e.
569:
483:
470:
318:
84:
7433:
626:
The ephemerides are updated every 30 minutes using data from the Ground
Control segment; they use
7792:
7472:
7368:
6652:
4987:"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band, Edition 1.0"
4961:"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band, Edition 1.0"
4935:"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band, Edition 1.0"
3628:, S.G.Revnivykh, 47th CGSIC Meeting, 2007. "L1CR and L5R CDMA interoperable with GPS and Galileo"
3539:
414:
367:
5248:. GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group. 14 December 2006. Archived from
525:
GLONASS satellites transmit two types of signals: open standard-precision signal L1OF/L2OF, and
7526:
7296:
7291:
7243:
6768:
2969:
4564:
4444:
7301:
5654:
4909:"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signal in bands L1, L2 (Edition 5.1)"
4363:
3902:
1140:
open signal L5OCM using BPSK(10) modulation centered at 1176.45 MHz, similar to the GPS
777:
681:
600:
565:
105:
4390:
3567:
1141:
7266:
7200:
7069:
7051:
6857:
6660:
6430:
3642:
3215:
2951:, stated that actions were undertaken to expand GLONASS's constellation and to improve the
1207:
1152:
384:
3261:
8:
7556:
7532:
7258:
7253:
7231:
7043:
7023:
7003:
6993:
6965:
6955:
6950:
6743:
6500:
6490:
5633:
4330:
3204:"Benefits of combined GPS/GLONASS with low-cost MEMS IMUs for vehicular urban navigation"
2707:
2297:
2289:
2202:
2191:
2173:
852:
758:
426:
403:
379:
5134:
3704:
3685:
3219:
1281:
System ID number of the satellite (1 to 63; 0 is reserved until FDMA signal switch-off)
7926:
7859:
7663:
7509:
7438:
7123:
6988:
6960:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6590:
5597:
5434:
5384:
5354:
5231:
4297:
3859:
3421:
3317:
3238:
3203:
2997:
2773:
from 2011 onwards have integrated GLONASS capability in addition to their pre-existing
2412:
2206:
1819:
1191:
727:
703:
The interface control documents for GLONASS CDMA signals was published in August 2016.
676:" (Earth Parameters 1990 – Parametry Zemli 1990), in which the precise location of the
649:
537:
446:
282:
5249:
5174:
Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS
5013:"GLONASS Interface Control Document, General description of CDMA signals, Edition 1.0"
4615:
4106:
3832:
2288:
Due to their weight reduction, GLONASS-K spacecraft can be launched in pairs from the
2164:
designation 11F654, and each of them also has the military "Cosmos-NNNN" designation.
1950:
Time of the day when the satellite is crossing its first orbital node (0 to 44100 s).
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7876:
7738:
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7495:
7443:
7412:
7333:
7311:
7143:
7128:
7059:
6920:
6510:
5496:
5294:
4821:
3471:
3243:
2209:
1168:
1133:
open signal L1OCM using BOC(1,1) modulation centered at 1575.42 MHz, similar to
791:
L2OC signal does not transmit any navigational message, only the pseudo-range codes:
80:
3883:
1092:"O": open signal (standard precision), "S": obfuscated signal (high precision); "F":
517:
7976:
7908:
7771:
7645:
7376:
7355:
7350:
7328:
7169:
5647:
5609:
5452:
4230:
4036:
3810:
3726:
3353:
3233:
3223:
2944:
2758:
eTrex line also support GLONASS (along with GPS). Garmin also produce a standalone
2718:
2437:
2231:
1151:
Such an arrangement will allow easier and cheaper implementation of multi-standard
631:
454:
355:
3767:
7479:
7380:
6804:
6789:
6738:
5576:
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4622:
4507:
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3909:
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3866:
3793:
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3711:
3692:
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3649:
3625:
3546:
3443:. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Meeting. 2002. Archived from
3441:"The Global Navigation System GLONASS: Development and Usage in the 21st Century"
3381:"GNSS Knowledge - GLONASS - Borealis Precision - Industry Leading Representative"
3043:
1171:
based on a network of ground-based control stations and communication satellites
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604:
577:
462:
450:
5512:
5468:
3348:
7934:
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7568:
7538:
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6809:
6799:
6399:
4326:"The Soviet Union fought the Cold War in Nicaragua. Now Putin's Russia is back"
3549:
V. Vdovin and M. Vinogradova (TSNIImash), 8th ICG meeting, Dubai, November 2013
3008:
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2821:
2637:
2128:
1363:
On the last day of the current quarter, at 00:00 (24:00), a UTC leap second is:
1211:
1183:
739:
669:
466:
2234:
provide the local clock source. 52 Glonass-M have been produced and launched.
7970:
7843:
7650:
7604:
6595:
5621:
5532:
5298:
5172:"Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС
2786:
2238:
2179:
IIb, and IIv vehicles, with each block containing evolutionary improvements.
1203:
1134:
407:
7562:
7550:
7396:
7248:
6763:
6621:
3590:"Russia Approves CDMA Signals for GLONASS, Discussing Common Signal Design"
3247:
2668:
2050:
Speed of change of the draconic orbital period at the moment of ascension (
1187:
573:
310:
152:
98:
5495:(in Russian). Russian Space Agency (RSA). 26 December 2006. Archived from
513:
A combined GLONASS/GPS receiver, ruggedised for the Russian military, 2003
7610:
6904:
6852:
6355:
6350:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
5421:. MosNews. 12 January 2004. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005
4262:"Western Intelligence Fears New Russian Sat-Nav's Espionage Capabilities"
4132:
3672:
3492:
3020:
2985:
2751:-based satellite communications terminal that uses both GLONASS and GPS.
2726:
1111:
770:
750:
712:
708:
608:
6485:
5073:(in Russian). Russian Federal Government. 20 August 2001. Archived from
3380:
2676:
2308:
2010:
Argument to satellite's perigee at the ascension time (±1 half-cycles).
7802:
7764:
7759:
7236:
6873:
6794:
6728:
6380:
5339:"Russia Allocates US$ 380 Million for Global Navigation System in 2007"
5218:. MosNews. 27 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 November 2005
5155:
4822:"Роскосмос обещает повысить точность работы ГЛОНАСС с 10 до 5,5 метров"
3963:
3695:
Ekaterina Oleynik, Sergey Revnivykh, 51st CGSIG Meeting, September 2011
3661:
3228:
2933:
2847:
As of 17 February 2024, the GLONASS constellation status is:
2806:
2770:
2694:
2272:
1990:
Eccentricity of the satellite orbit at the ascension time (0 to 0.03).
1118:
976:
762:
677:
662:
526:
430:
87:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
5074:
4714:
3597:
2976:
bases. New stations will be built around the southern hemisphere from
1727:
Information field of a string type 20 (almanac) for the orbit type 0.
406:, GLONASS supplementation of GPS systems also improves positioning in
7807:
7797:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7718:
7689:
7673:
7215:
7204:
7148:
6830:
6342:
6104:
5639:
5469:"Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатно
5371:. MosNews. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022
5341:. MosNews. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022
4475:"GLONASS added to SkyWave terminals", Digital Ship, 4 December 2009,
3540:
National Reference Systems of the Russian Federation used in GLONASS.
2981:
2965:
2956:
2948:
2810:
2759:
2487:
2462:
2387:
2268:
2227:
2221:
2190:
Block II satellites were typically launched three at a time from the
1842:
931:
890:
616:
419:
177:
7276:
5471:
The services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge
2241:
Blok-DM2 or Proton-K Briz-M boosters. Some were launched alone with
1899:
Rough correction from onboard time scale to the GLONASS time scale (
1677:
Satellite orientation parameters for the predictive thrust maneuver
564:=0,...,13). Signals are transmitted in a 38° cone, using right-hand
7822:
7817:
7712:
7668:
7619:
7013:
6912:
6862:
6825:
6753:
6748:
6495:
5067:"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА",
4012:"GLONASS Modernization: Maybe Six Planes, Probably More Satellites"
2826:
2748:
2612:
2537:
2195:
596:
509:
6784:
6528:
2136:
The main contractor of the GLONASS program is Joint Stock Company
1927:
Longitude of the satellite's first orbital node (±1 half-cycles).
769:
messages. The system time marker is transmitted with each string;
7704:
7699:
7694:
7655:
7625:
7589:
7047:
6605:
5569:
5548:
4881:. Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines). 7 September 2018.
4795:
4739:
3055:
2801:
2587:
2512:
2293:
2242:
2140:(ISS Reshetnev, formerly called NPO-PM). The company, located in
1176:
1172:
620:
332:
5401:. Space.com / Associated Press. 25 December 2007. Archived from
3435:
3433:
3431:
3075:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
548:, known as the L1 band. The center frequency is 1602 MHz +
62:
7577:
7544:
7448:
7077:
7008:
6998:
6668:
6444:
4193:. Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems. 2007. Archived from
4133:"Russia stops manufacturing of Glonass-M navigation satellites"
3787:
Russian Space Systems JSC - GLONASS Interface Control Documents
3349:"The secret payloads of Russia's Glonass navigation satellites"
3014:
2977:
2961:
2796:
2781:
2755:
2731:
2699:
2246:
2198:
1667:
Real-time information (ephemerides and time-frequency offsets).
1199:
1126:
765:
models, long-term orbit parameters for GLONASS satellites, and
743:
190:
166:
128:
5018:(in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from
4992:(in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from
4966:(in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from
4940:(in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from
4914:(in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2008. Archived from
4107:"Glonass-M – a chapter in the history of satellite navigation"
1103:
Glonass-M spacecraft produced since 2014 include L3OC signal
7881:
7343:
6940:
6610:
5267:"Russia Challenges the U.S. Monopoly on Satellite Navigation"
4223:
3428:
3049:
2831:
2562:
2282:
673:
545:
474:
4182:
4180:
4159:"Russia increases GLONASS orbital grouping to 24 satellites"
3777:, Ivan Revnivykh, Roscosmos, 11th ICG Meeting, November 2016
1845:
encoding types of CDMA signals transmitted by the satellite.
1503:
Onboard time of the day in 3 seconds intervals (0 to 28799)
1403:
Onboard time of the day in 2 seconds intervals (0 to 43199)
7153:
7138:
7033:
7028:
6970:
2205:
boosters. The only exception was when, on two launches, an
2161:
2153:
1593:
Content of the information field is defined by string type
1416:
Content of the information field is defined by string type
1097:
1093:
627:
5069:
FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"
4188:"Glonass-K: a prospective satellite of the GLONASS system"
3201:
2684:
Companies producing GNSS receivers making use of GLONASS:
1798:
Number of full days passed since the last almanac update.
7420:
7363:
7158:
7018:
6945:
4796:"Роскосмос обещает восстановить ГЛОНАСС к середине марта"
4177:
3746:
GLONASS Government Policy, Status and Modernization Plans
3411:
2816:
2791:
2774:
1621:
487:
5178:(in Russian). Russian Space Agency (RSA). Archived from
4231:"Russia launches satellite for global navigation system"
2932:
station). In comparison, the same time precision of GPS
1871:
Satellite model and the set of transmitted CDMA signals:
1475:
Constant bit sequence 0000 0100 1001 0100 1110 (0494Eh)
1214:
were also under consideration for the regional segment.
482:
minutes (every 17 revolutions, done in 8 sidereal days,
246:
235:
3956:"Russia to Put 8 CDMA Signals on 4 GLONASS Frequencies"
1847:
Three highest bits correspond to signals L1, L2 and L3:
1385:
After the end of the current string, UTC correction is:
5399:"Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit"
3662:
Russia's First GLONASS-K In Orbit, CDMA Signals Coming
3412:
Afanasyev, Igor; Dmitri Vorontsov (26 November 2010).
5581:
5449:"Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS""
4060:"Directions 2019: High-orbit GLONASS and CDMA signal"
1669:
Transmitted as a packet of three strings in sequence
595:
The open standard-precision signal is generated with
372:
7199:
4770:"Система ГЛОНАСС вышла из строя второй раз за месяц"
4557:"Sony Ericsson и Huawei готовят смартфоны с ГЛОНАСС"
4291:
Schmidt, Michael; Schmitt, Eric (16 November 2013).
4054:
4052:
3948:
3924:"Space Navigation in Russia: History of Development"
3879:
3877:
3875:
2762:
receiver, the GLO for Aviation, which combines GPS,
1144:, Galileo signal E5a, and Beidou/COMPASS signal B2a;
730:(BPSK) is used by standard GPS and GLONASS signals.
686:
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
652:
acceleration parameters and clock correction terms.
58:
5451:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
5419:"Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India"
4685:"GLONASS gets Nokia backing, aims to rival COMPASS"
4109:. JSC Information Satellite Systems. 30 July 2015.
3638:
3636:
3634:
3493:"Glonass: Has Russia's sat-nav system come of age?"
3202:Angrisano, A.; Petovello, M.; Pugliano, G. (2012).
1349:1 — executing predictive thrust or mode transition
1137:, Galileo signal E1, and Beidou/COMPASS signal B1C;
754:pseudo-frames of data to cover full 30 satellites.
700:signals are being researched for use with GLONASS.
383:'Global Navigation Satellite System') is a Russian
4616:Windows Phone 8X by HTC Overview - HTC Smartphones
3986:"GLONASS Update Delves into Constellation Details"
3736:, Sergey Revnivykh, 7th ICG Meeting, November 2012
544:(FDMA) technique spanning either side from 1602.0
7904:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
6601:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
5369:"Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches"
4260:Roonemaa, Holger; Weiss, Michael (12 July 2021).
4049:
3912:, Alexander Povalyaev, GPS World, 2 November 2013
3896:
3872:
3853:
3755:, Tatiana Mirgorodskaya, IGNSS-2013, 16 July 2013
3714:Sergey Revnivykh, 6th ICG Meeting, September 2011
3142:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
3046:– the mathematical technique used for positioning
1712:Cospas-Sarsat service message — L1OC signal only
1228:Full-length string for L1OC navigational message
1161:System for Differential Correction and Monitoring
8007:Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union
7968:
6429:
4046:, Grigory Stupak, 7th ICG Meeting, November 2012
3722:
3720:
3631:
3612:
2754:As of 2011, some of the latest receivers in the
1758:0 — circular orbit with 19100 km altitude
374:Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema
4840:
4359:"A 'special' Russian installation in Nicaragua"
4293:"A Russian GPS Using U.S. Soil Stirs Spy Fears"
4125:
3915:
3679:
3459:
2292:launch site using the substantially lower cost
1450:Full-length string for L3OC navigation message
715:and the pilot with 10-bit Neuman-Hoffman code.
425:By 2010, GLONASS had achieved full coverage of
5216:"India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites"
4879:"DOST Finalizes MOU with Russian Space Agency"
4814:
4290:
3342:
3340:
2885:Under check by the Satellite Prime Contractor
2672:A Russian stamp with a GLONASS satellite, 2016
2226:The second generation of satellites, known as
724:center frequency of narrow-band open signals.
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
7185:
6889:
6637:
6415:
5655:
5246:"Joint announcement (in English and Russian)"
4762:
4644:, docs.google.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013
4259:
4099:
3884:GLONASS: Developing Strategies for the Future
3717:
3698:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3113:is the gravitational constant, approximately
2326:five Telemetry, Tracking and Command centers;
776:The strings have a version tag to facilitate
360:
345:
6651:
5321:. GPS World. 22 January 2007. Archived from
5093:. Russian Space Agency (RSA). Archived from
4510:, buy.garmin.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013
4014:. GPS World. 10 January 2012. Archived from
3809:. GPS World. 2 November 2011. Archived from
3515:
3023:– GLONASS-based system of emergency response
2741:, which combines GPS and GLONASS reception.
1253:Constant bit sequence 0101 1111 0001 (5F1h)
521:A combined GLONASS/GPS Personal Radio Beacon
362:Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система
3780:
3763:
3761:
3524:
3466:Harvey, Brian (2007). "Military programs".
3337:
634:(Keplerian elements) and is updated daily.
556:is a satellite's frequency channel number (
422:, consuming a third of its budget in 2010.
8012:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
7192:
7178:
6896:
6882:
6644:
6630:
6422:
6408:
5662:
5648:
4849:"GLONASS benefits worth the extra expense"
3921:
3739:
3398:
1651:Short string for the negative leap second
127:
7870:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
4030:
3490:
3484:
3346:
3237:
3227:
3162:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
2737:NPO Progress describes a receiver called
2212:was substituted for a GLONASS satellite.
1659:Long string for the positive leap second
484:a satellite passes over the same location
6903:
5489:"Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление
4732:
3758:
3676:(2011-02-26) Retrieved on 6 October 2011
3468:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
3288:"Developer Tools - Sony Developer World"
3125:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
2675:
2667:
2319:The GLONASS ground segment consists of:
2307:
2127:
1879:3 — Glonass-K2 (L1, L2, and L3 signals)
516:
508:
440:
5319:"Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS"
4846:
4323:
4213:"GLONASS forecast bright and plentiful"
4210:
3058:– a Russian satellite navigation system
2312:A map depicting ground control stations
2300:using Proton-K Briz-M launch vehicles.
2138:Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
1704:Parameters of long-term movement model
1217:
7969:
5669:
5515:. Gunter's Space Page. 16 January 2007
5475:(in Russian). RIA Novosti. 18 May 2007
5284:
5264:
5154:. pp. Section 2.2. Archived from
4885:from the original on 25 September 2018
4695:from the original on 24 September 2015
3936:from the original on 23 September 2016
3503:from the original on 13 September 2012
3465:
2332:ten Monitoring and Measuring Stations.
1627:String types for navigational signals
1622:Common properties of open CDMA signals
1313:Transmitted navigational messages are:
7173:
6877:
6625:
6403:
5643:
4859:from the original on 22 February 2012
4802:from the original on 27 February 2016
4750:from the original on 25 December 2015
4740:"Роскосмос ищет причины сбоя ГЛОНАСС"
4625:, htc.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013
4241:from the original on 30 November 2018
4161:. Geospatial World. 23 October 2017.
3903:New Structure for GLONASS Nav Message
3655:
3361:from the original on 20 December 2022
3298:from the original on 29 December 2014
3268:from the original on 15 November 2017
3011:– a Russian satellite navigation firm
2068:
2062:
436:
354:
5131:"GLONASS Transmitter Specifications"
4707:
3582:
3533:
3347:Hendrickx, Bart (19 December 2022).
3330:from the original on 30 April 2018.
3262:"GLONASS significantly benefits GPS"
2296:boosters or in six-at-once from the
2215:
18:
7982:Navigation satellite constellations
7914:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
5531:. Russian Space Web. Archived from
5491:Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off
4457:from the original on 2 October 2012
3922:Testoyedov, Nikolay (18 May 2015).
3470:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer.
2262:
2167:
1877:2 — Glonass-K1 (L2 and L3 signals),
494:range of at least four satellites.
447:medium altitude orbits around Earth
16:Russian satellite navigation system
13:
7347:(incorporated into Salyut program)
5265:Kramer, Andrew E. (7 April 2007).
5149:
5059:GLONASS Interface Control Document
5046:GLONASS Interface Control Document
4847:Kramnik, Ilya (16 February 2012).
4537:from the original on 25 April 2012
4433:from the original on 4 April 2009.
4338:from the original on 10 April 2022
4139:from the original on 1 August 2015
4062:. 12 December 2018. Archived from
3849:from the original on 11 July 2014.
3530:"A Review of GLONASS" Miller, 2000
3105:is the orbital period in seconds;
3101:is the radius of orbit in metres;
542:frequency-division multiple access
14:
8023:
7992:Space program of the Soviet Union
5563:
5285:Miller, Keith M. (October 2000).
5152:"Navigation Satellites & GPS"
4776:from the original on 2 April 2019
4665:from the original on 15 June 2013
4597:from the original on 4 March 2016
4401:from the original on 16 June 2017
4356:
4305:from the original on 19 June 2022
4165:from the original on 12 July 2021
3491:Moskvitch, Katia (2 April 2010).
2303:
1635:Content of the information field
1489:Type of the navigational message
1371:3 — expected with negative value
1367:1 — expected with positive value,
1267:Type of the navigational message
529:high-precision signal L1SF/L2SF.
389:radionavigation-satellite service
7956:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
7275:
5627:
5615:
5603:
5591:
5196:"India joins Russian GPS system"
5113:. Space and Tech. Archived from
4828:from the original on 29 May 2010
4421:"Russian Laser Tracking Network"
4371:from the original on 7 July 2022
4324:Partlow, Joshua (8 April 2017).
4272:from the original on 26 May 2022
4113:from the original on 28 May 2016
3727:GLONASS Status and Modernization
3705:GLONASS Status and Modernization
3686:GLONASS Status and Modernization
2680:A GLONASS receiver module 1K-181
797:Roadmap of GLONASS modernization
734:(BOC) is the modulation used by
391:. It provides an alternative to
183:
159:
145:
23:
7919:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
5038:
4871:
4788:
4677:
4647:
4628:
4609:
4579:
4549:
4521:"Sony Xperia support (English)"
4513:
4494:
4488:
4469:
4437:
4413:
4383:
4350:
4317:
4284:
4253:
4204:
4151:
4090:
4078:
4004:
3978:
3962:. 17 March 2010. Archived from
3825:
3799:
3552:
3323:. University of New Brunswick.
2988:is also now under negotiation.
2842:
2345:Telemetry, Tracking and Command
2329:two Laser Ranging Stations; and
2104:
2095:
2082:
3643:GLONASS Status and Development
3373:
3310:
3280:
3254:
3195:
3136:
3069:
3029:– European Union's counterpart
2132:The Glonass-K spacecraft model
1345:Satellite orientation mode is:
821:Interoperability CDMA signals
445:Clickable image, highlighting
387:system operating as part of a
93:You may also add the template
1:
7865:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
7108:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
3188:
3109:is the orbital speed in m/s;
2926:
2745:SkyWave Mobile Communications
2150:Production Corporation Polyot
2117:
757:The message can also contain
7405:Soviet crewed lunar programs
6431:Satellite navigation systems
5291:Hydrographic Society Journal
4901:
4824:. РИА Новости. 12 May 2009.
4655:"The Official Motorola Blog"
3414:"Glonass nearing completion"
2663:
2210:geodetic reflector satellite
560:=−6,...,0,...,6, previously
399:Satellite navigation devices
7:
7465:International Space Station
4853:Russia Beyond the Headlines
4215:. GPS World. Archived from
4135:. ITAR-TASS. 30 July 2015.
3988:. GPS World. Archived from
3652:, G.Stupak, 5th ICG Meeting
3619:GLONASS Status and Progress
3002:
1875:1 — Glonass-K1 (L3 signal),
1517:The same as in L1OC signal
784:transmit the full almanac.
655:
490:signal can be problematic.
373:
10:
8028:
5513:"Uragan (GLONASS, 11F654)"
3039:List of GLONASS satellites
2995:
2991:
2266:
2219:
2171:
2124:List of GLONASS satellites
2121:
1873:0 — Glonass-M (L3 signal),
1643:(Reserved for system use)
1331:(Reserved for system use)
1091:
721:time-division multiplexing
668:GLONASS uses a coordinate
641:security through obscurity
57:Machine translation, like
7945:
7852:
7836:
7785:
7731:
7682:
7638:
7519:
7508:
7488:
7457:
7389:
7321:
7310:
7284:
7273:
7224:
7211:
7116:
7098:Global Positioning System
7068:
7042:
6979:
6911:
6843:
6818:
6777:
6711:
6702:
6659:
6583:
6509:
6478:
6437:
6379:
6341:
6103:
5680:
5570:Official GLONASS web page
5439:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5389:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5359:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5236:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4506:21 September 2013 at the
4211:Langley, Richard (2010).
3889:21 September 2013 at the
3865:21 September 2013 at the
3732:21 September 2013 at the
3648:21 September 2013 at the
3521:GLONASS transmitter specs
3418:Russia & CIS Observer
3033:Global Positioning System
2837:
2636:
2611:
2586:
2561:
2536:
2511:
2486:
2461:
2436:
2411:
2386:
2361:
2357:Monitoring and Measuring
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
1731:
1611:
1516:
1454:
1434:
1330:
1232:
1135:modernized GPS signal L1C
829:1246 + n×0.4375 MHz
826:1602 + n×0.5625 MHz
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
728:Binary phase-shift keying
628:Earth Centred Earth Fixed
587:× 0.4375 MHz, where
552:× 0.5625 MHz, where
538:binary phase-shift keying
497:
471:Van Allen radiation belts
393:Global Positioning System
361:
346:
327:
317:
313:, 11 hours and 16 minutes
297:
289:
277:
272:
264:
256:
245:
234:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
173:
139:
126:
95:{{Translated|ru|ГЛОНАСС}}
38:the corresponding article
7951:Space industry of Russia
6653:Satellite constellations
5529:"Uragan navsat (11F654)"
4391:"GLONASS Ground Segment"
3908:12 December 2013 at the
3773:20 December 2016 at the
3691:25 November 2019 at the
3318:"GPS, GLONASS, and More"
3062:
2813:, concurrently with GPS)
2323:a system control centre;
1169:GNSS augmentation system
1117:Enhanced Glonass-K1 and
532:The signals use similar
7987:Space program of Russia
7473:Russian Orbital Segment
4621:9 February 2014 at the
4501:GLO for Aviation|Garmin
3807:"GLONASS Modernization"
3792:22 October 2016 at the
2947:, then director of the
2187:months, nearly double.
1607:Cyclic redundancy code
1544:Ground control callback
1444:
1430:Cyclic redundancy code
1347:0 — Sun sensor control,
1322:Ground control callback
1222:
691:
504:
467:Moon's orbital distance
273:Orbital characteristics
104:For more guidance, see
4715:"Constellation status"
3768:GLONASS Program Update
3751:2 January 2014 at the
3035:- American counterpart
2901:In flight tests phase
2715:ComNav technology Ltd.
2681:
2673:
2313:
2133:
1194:, similar to Japanese
522:
514:
478:
465:, at one ninth of the
7205:Russian space program
5287:"A Review of GLONASS"
4640:17 April 2016 at the
4587:"Samsung GALAXY Note"
4364:University of Navarra
4037:SDCM status and plans
3860:GLONASS Modernization
3264:. 15 September 2010.
3017:– Chinese counterpart
2679:
2671:
2311:
2131:
1738:Weight of the low bit
1142:"Safety of Life" (L5)
778:forward compatibility
732:Binary offset carrier
566:circular polarization
520:
512:
444:
140:Country/ies of origin
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
7267:Vostochny Cosmodrome
6905:Time signal stations
5575:21 July 2018 at the
5499:on 27 September 2007
5252:on 19 September 2007
5077:on 27 September 2007
4798:. 18 February 2016.
4482:16 July 2011 at the
4237:. 26 February 2011.
4042:5 April 2014 at the
3667:7 March 2011 at the
3624:14 June 2011 at the
3545:14 July 2014 at the
3424:on 30 November 2010.
3052:– Indian counterpart
2864:24 SC (Glonass-M/K)
1851:1 — not transmitted
1218:Navigational message
1208:geosynchronous orbit
433:, launched in 2023.
385:satellite navigation
7892:Veterok and Ugolyok
7259:Svobodny Cosmodrome
7254:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
7232:Baikonur Cosmodrome
5325:on 10 February 2007
5061:, Version 4.0, 1998
5048:, Edition 5.1, 2008
4635:Google Drive Viewer
4331:The Washington Post
4087:, Russian Space Web
4066:on 22 December 2018
3813:on 17 November 2015
3710:15 May 2012 at the
3570:on 7 September 2015
3220:2012Senso..12.5134A
2708:Magellan Navigation
2298:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2290:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2192:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2174:GLONASS (satellite)
1728:
1628:
1451:
1299:1 — in error state
1229:
799:
459:geostationary orbit
404:orbital inclination
123:
7938:(1997 documentary)
7930:(1995 documentary)
7927:Out of the Present
7860:List of cosmonauts
7837:Images and artwork
7777:Deep Space Network
7424:(Mars/Venus flyby)
6591:GNSS reflectometry
5305:on 12 October 2007
5271:The New York Times
5200:The Times of India
5182:on 24 October 2007
5158:on 22 October 2018
5097:on 24 October 2007
5025:on 22 October 2016
4999:on 22 October 2016
4973:on 22 October 2016
4947:on 22 October 2016
4921:on 21 October 2011
4477:Thedigitalship.com
4298:The New York Times
4266:New Lines Magazine
4018:on 2 November 2018
3966:on 5 December 2010
3447:on 1 December 2012
3229:10.3390/s120405134
2998:History of GLONASS
2682:
2674:
2314:
2134:
1820:Moscow decree time
1726:
1626:
1574:Execute correction
1449:
1376:Execute correction
1295:This satellite is:
1227:
1192:Eastern Hemisphere
1186:satellites, using
1100:; n=−7,−6,−5,...,6
838:1202.025 MHz
832:1600.995 MHz
795:
572:between 25 and 27
523:
515:
479:
437:System description
427:Russia's territory
410:(near the poles).
230:Constellation size
201:Military, civilian
121:
85:interlanguage link
8002:Wireless locating
7997:Soviet inventions
7964:
7963:
7887:Belka and Strelka
7877:Soviet space dogs
7739:Sputnik programme
7727:
7726:
7660:
7615:
7594:
7573:
7504:
7503:
7469:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7373:
7360:
7348:
7312:Human spaceflight
7263:
7240:
7167:
7166:
7060:Radio Data System
6871:
6870:
6839:
6838:
6619:
6618:
6511:GNSS augmentation
6397:
6396:
5405:on 28 August 2008
5202:. 29 January 2007
5111:"GLONASS Summary"
4691:. 9 August 2011.
3992:on 1 January 2011
3477:978-0-387-71354-0
3129:10 kg (1.318
2908:
2907:
2869:In commissioning
2661:
2660:
2216:Second generation
2078:
2077:
1724:
1723:
1619:
1618:
1442:
1441:
1387:0 — not expected,
1365:0 — not expected,
1108:
1107:
847:1176.45 MHz
844:1207.14 MHz
841:1575.42 MHz
835:1248.06 MHz
803:Satellite series
597:modulo-2 addition
382:
371:
356:[ɡɫɐˈnas]
339:
338:
333:glonass-iac.ru/en
117:
116:
50:
46:
8019:
7909:Cosmonauts Alley
7772:Luch (satellite)
7658:
7630:
7613:
7592:
7571:
7517:
7516:
7467:
7423:
7415:
7407:
7399:
7371:
7358:
7346:
7319:
7318:
7279:
7261:
7234:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7171:
7170:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6875:
6874:
6709:
6708:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6623:
6622:
6555:QZSS / Michibiki
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6400:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5394:
5388:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5301:. Archived from
5281:
5279:
5277:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5241:
5235:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5133:. Archived from
5126:
5124:
5122:
5117:on 26 April 2007
5106:
5104:
5102:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5017:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4965:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4913:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4651:
4645:
4632:
4626:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4563:. Archived from
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4528:sonyericsson.com
4525:
4517:
4511:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4219:on 11 July 2012.
4208:
4202:
4201:
4200:on 13 July 2011.
4199:
4192:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4047:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3913:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3870:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3797:
3784:
3778:
3765:
3756:
3743:
3737:
3724:
3715:
3702:
3696:
3683:
3677:
3659:
3653:
3640:
3629:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3600:on 13 March 2018
3596:. Archived from
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3566:. Archived from
3556:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3426:
3425:
3420:. Archived from
3409:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3354:The Space Review
3344:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3214:(4): 5134–5158.
3199:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3073:
2974:Novolazarevskaya
2945:Anatoly Perminov
2850:
2849:
2747:manufactures an
2719:Leica Geosystems
2438:Saint Petersburg
2336:
2335:
2263:Third generation
2168:First generation
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2057:
2055:
1906:
1904:
1849:0 — transmitted,
1763:Satellite number
1729:
1725:
1629:
1625:
1555:Orientation mode
1533:Data reliability
1452:
1448:
1336:Orientation mode
1304:Data reliability
1230:
1226:
994:
990:
949:
945:
904:
866:
800:
798:
794:
759:Earth's rotation
696:Since 2008, new
632:orbital elements
455:High Earth orbit
378:
376:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
349:
348:
335:
309:
308:
304:
248:
237:
189:
187:
186:
165:
163:
162:
151:
149:
148:
131:
124:
120:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8016:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7941:
7848:
7844:Mission patches
7832:
7781:
7723:
7678:
7634:
7628:
7512:
7500:
7484:
7453:
7385:
7314:
7306:
7285:Launch vehicles
7280:
7271:
7220:
7207:
7198:
7168:
7163:
7112:
7064:
7038:
6975:
6961:TDF time signal
6907:
6902:
6872:
6867:
6835:
6814:
6773:
6698:
6655:
6650:
6620:
6615:
6579:
6505:
6474:
6433:
6428:
6398:
6393:
6375:
6337:
6099:
5676:
5668:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5582:
5577:Wayback Machine
5566:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5535:on 3 March 2016
5527:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5487:
5478:
5476:
5467:
5458:
5456:
5455:on 3 April 2007
5447:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5408:
5406:
5397:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5306:
5275:
5273:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5205:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5183:
5170:
5161:
5159:
5140:
5138:
5137:on 13 June 2007
5129:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5078:
5065:
5041:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5011:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4959:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4642:Wayback Machine
4633:
4629:
4623:Wayback Machine
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4567:on 23 July 2015
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4508:Wayback Machine
4499:
4495:
4489:
4484:Wayback Machine
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4044:Wayback Machine
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3910:Wayback Machine
3901:
3897:
3891:Wayback Machine
3882:
3873:
3867:Wayback Machine
3858:
3854:
3846:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3794:Wayback Machine
3785:
3781:
3775:Wayback Machine
3766:
3759:
3753:Wayback Machine
3744:
3740:
3734:Wayback Machine
3725:
3718:
3712:Wayback Machine
3703:
3699:
3693:Wayback Machine
3684:
3680:
3669:Wayback Machine
3660:
3656:
3650:Wayback Machine
3641:
3632:
3626:Wayback Machine
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3547:Wayback Machine
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3410:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3345:
3338:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3171:
3169:405,696 km
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3151:
3149:363,104 km
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3044:Multilateration
3005:
3000:
2994:
2929:
2877:In maintenance
2845:
2840:
2723:Hemisphere GNSS
2691:JAVAD GNSS, Inc
2666:
2351:Upload stations
2306:
2275:
2267:Main articles:
2265:
2224:
2218:
2176:
2170:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2021:
2001:
1981:
1961:
1941:
1940:
1918:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1884:Time correction
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1833:
1809:
1789:
1769:
1668:
1624:
1522:Satellite state
1447:
1388:
1386:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1348:
1346:
1317:1 — unreliable
1316:
1314:
1298:
1296:
1286:Satellite state
1225:
1220:
1182:Six additional
1109:
1101:
1061:Research phase
992:
988:
947:
943:
902:
864:
860:Out of service
809:Current status
796:
771:UTC leap second
694:
658:
605:Manchester code
507:
500:
463:graveyard orbit
439:
359:; Russian:
351:
331:
323:8 sidereal days
306:
302:
301:
260:12 October 1982
225:2.8–7.38 metres
184:
182:
180:
160:
158:
156:
146:
144:
135:
134:
113:
112:
111:
94:
88:
51:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8025:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7946:
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7940:
7939:
7935:Mission to Mir
7931:
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7922:
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7911:
7906:
7901:
7899:Ivan Ivanovich
7896:
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7732:Communications
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7716:
7709:
7708:
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7697:
7686:
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7683:In development
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7642:
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7599:Resurs-DK No.1
7596:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:Phobos program
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7539:Luna programme
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7530:
7523:
7521:
7514:
7506:
7505:
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7501:
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7498:
7492:
7490:
7489:In development
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7408:(Moon landing)
7402:
7393:
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7387:
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6810:Thousand Sails
6807:
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6800:Kuiper Systems
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6584:Related topics
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6486:BDS / BeiDou-1
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5580:
5579:
5565:
5564:External links
5562:
5561:
5560:
5549:"GLONASS News"
5545:
5525:
5509:
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5415:
5395:
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5192:
5168:
5150:Goebel, Greg.
5147:
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4719:glonass-iac.ru
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4357:Jakub, Hodek.
4349:
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3840:insidegnss.com
3824:
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3564:glonass-iac.ru
3551:
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3309:
3292:sonymobile.com
3279:
3253:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3175:42,164 km
3155:42,164 km
3135:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3009:Aviaconversiya
3004:
3001:
2996:Main article:
2993:
2990:
2970:Bellingshausen
2953:ground segment
2928:
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2363:Krasnoznamensk
2359:
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2346:
2343:
2342:System control
2340:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2305:
2304:Ground control
2302:
2264:
2261:
2252:In July 2015,
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2172:Main article:
2169:
2166:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2103:
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2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
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1991:
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1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
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1956:
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1933:
1932:Ascension time
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1856:Satellite type
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1564:
1563:UTC correction
1560:
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1534:
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1523:
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1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:Satellite time
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
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1436:
1432:
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1422:
1418:
1417:
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1411:
1409:
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1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:Satellite time
1391:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:UTC correction
1351:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1311:
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1300:
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1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:inclined orbit
1167:), which is a
1149:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1127:Beidou/COMPASS
1106:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
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1067:
1064:
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934:
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816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
793:
740:modernized GPS
693:
690:
657:
654:
506:
503:
499:
496:
453:to the lowest
438:
435:
408:high latitudes
337:
336:
329:
325:
324:
321:
319:Revisit period
315:
314:
299:
298:Orbital period
295:
294:
291:
290:Orbital height
287:
286:
279:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
247:Current usable
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227:
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223:
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141:
137:
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132:
115:
114:
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102:
91:
69:
66:
55:
52:
45:(October 2023)
33:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7809:
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7794:
7793:Baikal-Angara
7791:
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7770:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
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7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7741:(begun 1957)
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7609:
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7605:Koronas-Foton
7603:
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7213:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7195:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6966:Time from NPL
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6894:
6892:
6887:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6704:Communication
6701:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:Kalman filter
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6470:IRNSS / NAVIC
6468:
6466:
6465:GPS / NavStar
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5550:
5546:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5514:
5510:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5420:
5416:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5340:
5336:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5217:
5213:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5021:
5014:
5010:
4995:
4988:
4984:
4969:
4962:
4958:
4943:
4936:
4932:
4917:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4453:
4446:
4440:
4429:
4422:
4416:
4400:
4396:
4395:navipedia.net
4392:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3139:
3124:
3119:10 Nm/kg
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093: =
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079: =
3078:
3072:
3068:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:In May 2009,
2941:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Sony Ericsson
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2766:and GLONASS.
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:Laser Ranging
2348:Central clock
2337:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:ISS Reshetnev
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2232:cesium clocks
2229:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:Zheleznogorsk
2139:
2130:
2125:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2035:Period change
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1827:Signal status
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1720:Text message
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:1 — expected
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Molniya orbit
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1027:Design phase
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
986:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
969:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
900:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
872:
869:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
818:CDMA signals
815:FDMA signals
801:
792:
789:
785:
781:
779:
774:
772:
768:
767:COSPAS-SARSAT
764:
760:
755:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
716:
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710:
704:
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689:
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675:
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664:
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635:
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629:
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586:
581:
579:
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563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:encoding and
535:
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528:
519:
511:
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485:
476:
472:
468:
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460:
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448:
443:
434:
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428:
423:
421:
416:
415:constellation
411:
409:
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369:
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343:
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330:
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268:7 August 2023
267:
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92:
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78:
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67:
64:
60:
56:
54:
53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
7933:
7925:
7711:
7563:Vega program
7551:Zond program
7400:(Moon flyby)
7397:Zond (7K-L1)
7356:Soyuz-Apollo
7249:Kapustin Yar
7225:Launch sites
7087:
6678:
6459:
5670:
5634:Soviet Union
5552:. Retrieved
5537:. Retrieved
5533:the original
5517:. Retrieved
5501:. Retrieved
5497:the original
5490:
5477:. Retrieved
5470:
5457:. Retrieved
5453:the original
5423:. Retrieved
5407:. Retrieved
5403:the original
5373:. Retrieved
5343:. Retrieved
5327:. Retrieved
5323:the original
5307:. Retrieved
5303:the original
5290:
5274:. Retrieved
5270:
5254:. Retrieved
5250:the original
5220:. Retrieved
5204:. Retrieved
5199:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:the original
5173:
5160:. Retrieved
5156:the original
5139:. Retrieved
5135:the original
5119:. Retrieved
5115:the original
5099:. Retrieved
5095:the original
5079:. Retrieved
5075:the original
5068:
5058:
5045:
5039:Bibliography
5027:. Retrieved
5020:the original
5001:. Retrieved
4994:the original
4975:. Retrieved
4968:the original
4949:. Retrieved
4942:the original
4923:. Retrieved
4916:the original
4889:24 September
4887:. Retrieved
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4852:
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4743:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4718:
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4688:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4659:motorola.com
4658:
4649:
4630:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4590:
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4565:the original
4560:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4527:
4515:
4496:
4490:
4471:
4459:. Retrieved
4439:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4394:
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4362:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4329:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4296:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4265:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4217:the original
4206:
4195:the original
4167:. Retrieved
4153:
4141:. Retrieved
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4101:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:the original
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3990:the original
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3964:the original
3959:
3950:
3940:21 September
3938:. Retrieved
3917:
3898:
3855:
3839:
3827:
3815:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3801:
3796:(in Russian)
3782:
3741:
3700:
3681:
3671:
3657:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:the original
3593:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:the original
3563:
3554:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3496:
3486:
3467:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3445:the original
3422:the original
3417:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3352:
3331:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3291:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3256:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3138:
3133:10 lb).
3122:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2861:Operational
2846:
2843:Availability
2768:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2683:
2318:
2315:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2225:
2201:or Proton-K
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2158:
2135:
2106:
2097:
2084:
1975:Eccentricity
1741:Description
1508:Satellite ID
1461:Description
1369:2 — unknown,
1297:0 — healthy,
1272:Satellite ID
1239:Description
1188:Tundra orbit
1181:
1157:
1150:
1124:
1122:will cease.
1116:
1110:
1102:
1078:L3OC, L3SVI
1044:L3OC, L3SVI
812:Clock error
790:
786:
782:
775:
761:parameters,
756:
748:
726:
717:
705:
702:
695:
667:
659:
646:
639:
636:
625:
613:
609:milliseconds
594:
588:
584:
582:
561:
557:
553:
549:
531:
524:
501:
492:
480:
469:), with the
424:
412:
397:
341:
340:
257:First launch
153:Soviet Union
143:
133:GLONASS logo
118:
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
7622:(2011–2019)
7611:Fobos-Grunt
7601:(2006-2016)
7586:(1990-1992)
7580:(1989-1998)
7574:(1988-1989)
7565:(1984-1987)
7559:(1983-1991)
7553:(1964–1970)
7547:(1961–1985)
7541:(1958–1976)
7535:(1972–1996)
7529:(1961–1982)
7369:Shuttle–Mir
7244:Dombarovsky
6845:Observation
6805:SpaceMobile
6712:Operational
6438:Operational
6389:Kosmos 2569
6371:Kosmos 2559
6366:Kosmos 2557
6361:Kosmos 2547
6356:Kosmos 2501
6351:Kosmos 2471
6333:Kosmos 2564
6328:Kosmos 2545
6323:Kosmos 2544
6318:Kosmos 2534
6313:Kosmos 2529
6308:Kosmos 2527
6303:Kosmos 2522
6298:Kosmos 2516
6293:Kosmos 2514
6288:Kosmos 2500
6283:Kosmos 2494
6278:Kosmos 2485
6273:Kosmos 2478
6268:Kosmos 2477
6263:Kosmos 2476
6258:Kosmos 2475
6253:Kosmos 2474
6248:Kosmos 2466
6243:Kosmos 2465
6238:Kosmos 2464
6233:Kosmos 2461
6228:Kosmos 2460
6223:Kosmos 2459
6218:Kosmos 2458
6213:Kosmos 2457
6208:Kosmos 2456
6203:Kosmos 2449
6198:Kosmos 2448
6193:Kosmos 2447
6188:Kosmos 2444
6183:Kosmos 2443
6178:Kosmos 2442
6173:Kosmos 2436
6168:Kosmos 2435
6163:Kosmos 2434
6158:Kosmos 2433
6153:Kosmos 2432
6148:Kosmos 2431
6143:Kosmos 2426
6138:Kosmos 2425
6133:Kosmos 2424
6128:Kosmos 2419
6123:Kosmos 2418
6118:Kosmos 2413
6113:Kosmos 2404
6095:Kosmos 2417
6090:Kosmos 2412
6085:Kosmos 2411
6080:Kosmos 2403
6075:Kosmos 2402
6070:Kosmos 2396
6065:Kosmos 2395
6060:Kosmos 2394
6055:Kosmos 2382
6050:Kosmos 2381
6045:Kosmos 2380
6040:Kosmos 2376
6035:Kosmos 2375
6030:Kosmos 2374
6025:Kosmos 2364
6020:Kosmos 2363
6015:Kosmos 2362
6010:Kosmos 2325
6005:Kosmos 2324
6000:Kosmos 2323
5995:Kosmos 2318
5990:Kosmos 2317
5985:Kosmos 2316
5980:Kosmos 2309
5975:Kosmos 2308
5970:Kosmos 2307
5965:Kosmos 2296
5960:Kosmos 2295
5955:Kosmos 2294
5950:Kosmos 2289
5945:Kosmos 2288
5940:Kosmos 2287
5935:Kosmos 2277
5930:Kosmos 2276
5925:Kosmos 2275
5920:Kosmos 2236
5915:Kosmos 2235
5910:Kosmos 2234
5905:Kosmos 2206
5900:Kosmos 2205
5895:Kosmos 2204
5890:Kosmos 2179
5885:Kosmos 2178
5880:Kosmos 2177
5875:Kosmos 2141
5870:Kosmos 2140
5865:Kosmos 2139
5860:Kosmos 2111
5855:Kosmos 2110
5850:Kosmos 2109
5845:Kosmos 2081
5840:Kosmos 2080
5835:Kosmos 2079
5830:Kosmos 2023
5825:Kosmos 2022
5820:Kosmos 1988
5815:Kosmos 1987
5810:Kosmos 1972
5805:Kosmos 1971
5800:Kosmos 1970
5795:Kosmos 1948
5790:Kosmos 1947
5785:Kosmos 1946
5780:Kosmos 1885
5775:Kosmos 1884
5770:Kosmos 1883
5765:Kosmos 1780
5760:Kosmos 1779
5755:Kosmos 1778
5750:Kosmos 1711
5745:Kosmos 1710
5740:Kosmos 1651
5735:Kosmos 1650
5730:Kosmos 1594
5725:Kosmos 1593
5720:Kosmos 1555
5715:Kosmos 1554
5710:Kosmos 1520
5705:Kosmos 1519
5700:Kosmos 1491
5695:Kosmos 1490
5690:Kosmos 1413
5598:Spaceflight
5503:29 December
5409:28 December
4863:22 February
4832:2 September
4806:26 February
4724:17 February
4699:2 September
4669:2 September
4601:2 September
4591:samsung.com
4571:2 September
4541:2 September
4070:22 December
4022:24 December
3996:30 December
3970:30 December
3960:Inside GNSS
3817:2 September
3673:Inside GNSS
3604:30 December
3594:Inside GNSS
3574:2 September
3507:22 February
3451:21 February
3385:www.gnss.ca
3365:20 December
3021:Era-glonass
2986:Philippines
2964:and in the
2771:smartphones
2727:Trimble Inc
1955:Inclination
1803:Current day
1783:Almanac age
1585:Information
1480:String type
1408:Information
1258:String type
1198:system and
1155:receivers.
1075:L2OC, L2SC
1072:L1OC, L1SC
1069:L2OF, L2SF
1066:L1OF, L1SF
1055:GLONASS-KМ
1041:L2OC, L2SC
1038:L1OC, L1SC
1007:L2OC, L2SC
1004:L1OC, L1SC
1001:L2OF, L2SF
998:L1OF, L1SF
956:L2OF, L2SF
953:L1OF, L1SF
939:In service
911:L2OF, L2SF
908:L1OF, L1SF
898:In service
870:L1OF, L1SF
751:ephemerides
713:Barker code
663:nanoseconds
265:Last launch
209:Operational
174:Operator(s)
7971:Categories
7949:See also:
7803:Mars-Grunt
7765:Sputnik 99
7760:Sputnik 41
7416:(moonbase)
7237:Kazakhstan
6795:O3b mPOWER
6729:Globalstar
6661:Navigation
6479:Historical
6381:GLONASS-K2
5674:satellites
5186:18 January
5101:18 January
5029:21 October
5003:21 October
4977:21 October
4951:21 October
4925:21 October
4461:22 January
4405:22 January
4169:23 October
3390:30 October
3189:References
3164:(that is,
3144:(that is,
2934:navigation
2695:Septentrio
2413:Komsomolsk
2294:Soyuz-2.1b
2273:GLONASS-K2
2243:Soyuz-2-1b
2146:ru:РНИИ КП
2122:See also:
2118:Satellites
2063:(Reserved)
2058:s/orbit).
1746:Orbit type
1735:Size, bits
1664:10, 11, 12
1458:Size, bits
1315:0 — valid,
1236:Size, bits
1119:Glonass-K2
1112:Glonass-K1
1021:GLONASS-V
977:GLONASS-K2
895:2003–2022
857:1982–2005
763:ionosphere
678:North Pole
603:sequence (
527:obfuscated
431:GLONASS-K2
249:satellites
238:satellites
40:in Russian
7808:Mercury-P
7798:Laplace-P
7755:Sputnik 3
7750:Sputnik 2
7745:Sputnik 1
7719:Spektr-UV
7690:Luna-Glob
7674:Spektr-RG
7651:Elektro–L
7390:Cancelled
7262:(defunct)
7216:Roscosmos
7149:Radio VNG
7070:Satellite
6981:Shortwave
6831:Teledesic
6819:Abandoned
6531:(retired)
6343:GLONASS-K
6105:GLONASS-M
5610:Geography
5435:cite news
5385:cite news
5355:cite news
5299:0309-7846
5232:cite news
4902:Standards
4143:20 August
4117:13 August
3302:7 October
3272:7 October
2982:Indonesia
2966:Antarctic
2957:GLONASS-K
2949:Roscosmos
2811:iPhone 4S
2760:Bluetooth
2664:Receivers
2638:Zelenchuk
2488:Yeniseysk
2463:Ussuriysk
2388:Schelkovo
2269:GLONASS-K
2228:Glonass-M
2222:GLONASS-M
2074:L3OC: 58
1912:Ascension
1843:Bit field
1184:Glonass-V
1129:signals:
932:GLONASS-K
891:GLONASS-M
806:Launches
650:Lunisolar
617:ephemeris
578:antipodal
451:Low Earth
420:Roscosmos
368:romanized
293:19,130 km
278:Regime(s)
178:Roscosmos
99:talk page
7823:Venera-D
7818:Spektr-M
7786:Concepts
7713:Kazachok
7669:Resurs-P
7664:Meteor-M
7629:(failed)
7620:Spektr-R
7614:(failed)
7593:(failed)
7572:(failed)
7513:programs
7315:programs
7014:ROA Time
6913:Longwave
6863:RapidEye
6858:Pleiades
6826:Celestri
6778:Proposed
6754:Tianlian
6749:Starlink
6565:StarFire
6560:SouthPAN
6496:Timation
5573:Archived
5539:12 April
5519:10 April
5459:10 April
5425:12 April
5375:12 April
5345:12 April
5329:10 April
5309:13 April
5276:12 April
5256:13 April
5222:12 April
5206:12 April
5162:10 April
5141:13 April
5121:12 April
5081:10 April
4883:Archived
4857:Archived
4826:Archived
4800:Archived
4780:10 March
4774:Archived
4772:. 2014.
4748:Archived
4746:. 2014.
4744:Izvestia
4693:Archived
4663:Archived
4638:Archived
4619:Archived
4595:Archived
4561:CNews.ru
4532:Archived
4504:Archived
4480:Archived
4452:Archived
4428:Archived
4399:Archived
4369:Archived
4336:Archived
4303:Archived
4270:Archived
4239:Archived
4235:BBC News
4163:Archived
4137:Archived
4111:Archived
4040:Archived
3931:Archived
3906:Archived
3887:Archived
3863:Archived
3844:Archived
3842:. 2011.
3790:Archived
3771:Archived
3749:Archived
3730:Archived
3708:Archived
3689:Archived
3665:Archived
3646:Archived
3622:Archived
3543:Archived
3501:Archived
3497:BBC News
3359:Archived
3325:Archived
3296:Archived
3266:Archived
3248:22666079
3097:, where
3003:See also
2927:Accuracy
2827:Motorola
2769:Various
2749:Inmarsat
2613:Murmansk
2538:Ulan-Ude
2339:Location
2239:Proton-K
2199:Blok-DM2
2196:Proton-K
2066:L1OC: 23
1685:Almanac
1466:Timecode
1244:Timecode
1200:Beidou-1
984:Testing
744:BeiDou-2
656:Accuracy
568:, at an
477:to scale
473:and the
461:and its
222:Accuracy
214:Coverage
75:provide
7977:GLONASS
7853:Related
7705:Luna 28
7700:Luna 27
7695:Luna 26
7659:(joint)
7656:ExoMars
7626:Luna 25
7590:Mars 96
7533:Prognoz
7510:Robotic
7468:(joint)
7377:Energia
7372:(joint)
7359:(joint)
7334:Voskhod
7117:Defunct
7093:Galileo
7088:GLONASS
6744:Orbcomm
6734:Iridium
6679:GLONASS
6674:Galileo
6606:Wavelet
6501:Tsiklon
6491:Transit
6460:GLONASS
6455:Galileo
5682:GLONASS
5671:GLONASS
5584:Portals
5554:31 July
4754:5 April
4689:Reuters
4375:18 June
4342:19 June
4309:19 June
4276:19 June
4245:20 June
3239:3355462
3216:Bibcode
3208:Sensors
3178:
3166:
3158:
3146:
3056:Tsikada
3027:Galileo
2992:History
2968:at the
2893:Spares
2809:(since
2802:Samsung
2739:GALS-A1
2712:Novatel
2588:Vorkuta
2513:Yakutsk
1995:Perigee
1177:Luch 5B
1173:Luch 5A
853:GLONASS
736:Galileo
672:named "
621:almanac
601:meander
449:, from
347:ГЛОНАСС
342:GLONASS
328:Website
305:⁄
236:Nominal
122:GLONASS
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
7646:Bion-M
7639:Active
7631:(2023)
7616:(2011)
7607:(2009)
7595:(1996)
7578:Granat
7557:Astron
7545:Venera
7458:Active
7449:Kliper
7434:Zvezda
7429:Spiral
7413:Zvezda
7339:Salyut
7329:Vostok
7297:Proton
7292:Angara
7201:Soviet
7078:BeiDou
7009:JN53DV
6999:HD2IOA
6853:Planet
6790:OneWeb
6764:ViaSat
6669:BeiDou
6445:BeiDou
5622:Russia
5479:18 May
5297:
5293:(98).
5052:backup
4085:Uragan
3833:"Data"
3474:
3246:
3236:
3015:BeiDou
2978:Brazil
2962:Russia
2856:26 SC
2853:Total
2838:Status
2797:Huawei
2782:Xiaomi
2756:Garmin
2732:u-blox
2700:Topcon
2688:Furuno
2247:Fregat
2207:Etalon
2203:Briz-M
2194:using
2015:Period
1701:31, 32
1096:, "С":
1087:L5OCM
1084:L3OCM
1081:L1OCM
1058:2030–
1024:2025–
991:10...5
981:2023–
946:10...1
936:2011–
920:L3OC
742:, and
682:WGS 84
498:Signal
285:planes
217:Global
206:Status
191:Russia
188:
167:Russia
164:
150:
7882:Laika
7828:Sfera
7813:OPSEK
7584:Gamma
7480:Soyuz
7439:Zarya
7381:Buran
7344:Almaz
7302:Soyuz
7103:IRNSS
7083:DORIS
6941:DCF77
6785:IRIS²
6689:IRNSS
6611:RINEX
6550:NTRIP
6535:JPALS
6529:GPS·C
6524:GAGAN
6519:EGNOS
6450:DORIS
5023:(PDF)
5016:(PDF)
4997:(PDF)
4990:(PDF)
4971:(PDF)
4964:(PDF)
4945:(PDF)
4938:(PDF)
4919:(PDF)
4912:(PDF)
4535:(PDF)
4524:(PDF)
4455:(PDF)
4448:(PDF)
4431:(PDF)
4424:(PDF)
4198:(PDF)
4191:(PDF)
3934:(PDF)
3927:(PDF)
3847:(PDF)
3836:(PDF)
3328:(PDF)
3321:(PDF)
3115:6.673
3063:Notes
3050:NAVIC
2904:2 SC
2896:0 SC
2888:0 SC
2880:0 SC
2872:0 SC
2832:Nokia
2807:Apple
2704:C-Nav
2563:Nurek
2283:nadir
1732:Field
1612:Total
1455:Field
1435:Total
1233:Field
1210:, or
1010:L3OC
965:L3OC
873:L2SF
709:chips
674:PZ-90
670:datum
475:Earth
157:(now
59:DeepL
7520:Past
7496:Orel
7444:MAKS
7322:Past
7235:(in
7203:and
7154:WWVL
7139:OLB5
7034:YVTO
7029:WWVH
6971:WWVB
6936:Beta
6759:TDRS
6724:DSCS
6719:BGAN
6694:QZSS
6575:SDCM
6570:WAAS
6545:MSAS
6540:LAAS
5556:2007
5541:2007
5521:2007
5505:2006
5481:2007
5461:2007
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5427:2007
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5347:2007
5331:2007
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5278:2007
5258:2007
5238:link
5224:2007
5208:2007
5188:2008
5164:2007
5143:2007
5123:2007
5103:2008
5083:2007
5031:2016
5005:2016
4979:2016
4953:2016
4927:2016
4891:2018
4865:2012
4834:2015
4808:2016
4782:2019
4756:2014
4726:2024
4701:2015
4671:2015
4603:2015
4573:2015
4543:2015
4463:2017
4407:2017
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4344:2022
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4278:2022
4247:2018
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3998:2010
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