83:
72:
3381:
for writing the
Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except
274:
ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for
Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one
442:
of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between the new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration,
48:), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of
327:, and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials.
238:
Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer
Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical.
3313:
as well as in Old
Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case that it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word міръ), it is transliterated with an apostrophe
356:
The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for
Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting
438:
In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for
Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the
401:
275:
character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for
Cyrillic text in any contemporary language.
443:
especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013.
3887:
484:
385:. It can be rendered using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the
527:
454:
4377:
Transliteration of
Slavonic: Report of the Committee for the Transliteration into English of Words Belonging to Russian and Other Slavonic Languages.
338:
is the main system of the Oxford
University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975—the
536:
4391:"GOST 7.79-2000. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Rules of transliteration of Cyrillic script by Latin alphabet"
4414:
263:
184:
System of
Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet
4089:
99:, with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards.
4361:
4030:
4269:
4230:
3929:
3900:
In general, the present practice of Russian transliteration would seem fairly messy, inconsistent, and subject to not infrequent change.
4658:
4406:
4398:
510:
451:
219:
421:
4653:
4484:
3952:
397:
4559:
3806:
108:
4056:
502:
4111:
4081:
4024:
3923:
432:
4123:
3385:
The most serious possibility of adoption of a Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the
4853:
4376:
4356:
3262:
Before the 2012 revision of the table, ъ was not romanized at the end of a word. Since that date, it is always romanized.
4320:
4191:
4508:
4179:
4157:
4145:
195:
4843:
4263:
4224:
22:
351:
4407:"GOST R 52535.1-2006. Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports"
450:
of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in the passports must be transliterated by using the
78:(Cyrillic: Павел Дацюк), a former NHL and international ice hockey player, wearing a sweater with Latin characters
4792:
339:
304:
4300:
420:, transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a
3953:"Modern Romanization of Russian Toponyms per UN Technical Reference: Phonological and Orthographic Analysis"
309:
291:, in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of
530:
4787:
4777:
4772:
4732:
4690:
4670:
4552:
3821:
3811:
3224:
533:
259:
323:
The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics,
4848:
4767:
4762:
4705:
4675:
4597:
4425:
3831:
3816:
447:
439:
214:
standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 (
153:
4742:
4717:
4665:
4628:
4085:
138:
OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935.
4782:
4700:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4444:
3826:
521:
4802:
4752:
4727:
4685:
4623:
4390:
3364:
164:
This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the
4383:
4014:
4817:
4747:
4722:
4638:
4587:
4545:
4253:
4214:
3913:
2934:
513:
393:
4488:
4483:
4367:
507:
4807:
4399:"GOST R 52290-2004. Traffic control devices. Traffic signs. General technical requirements"
208:
Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports
3841:
60:). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their
8:
4822:
4757:
4737:
4582:
3397:
The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from
3386:
313:
53:
86:
A street sign in Russia with the name of a street shown in Cyrillic and Latin characters
4187:
4153:
4119:
3306:
3302:
4401:(in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2006. p. 111.
3970:
3389:, when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian.
4602:
4296:
4259:
4220:
4020:
3965:
3919:
3879:
3867:
499:
493:
4409:(in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2007. p. 9.
4680:
4052:
3960:
428:
405:
324:
96:
33:
3402:
3398:
417:
61:
41:
37:
4618:
4458:
4797:
4710:
4115:
288:
177:
122:
95:
There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of
4341:
4837:
4592:
4316:
4183:
3883:
3836:
317:
292:
222:
7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the
147:
75:
4468:
4149:
156:, GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000.
152:
Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the
68:
keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.
4568:
3378:
3197:
Unicode recommends encoding the primes used for the soft and hard signs as
45:
29:
258:
ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the
4393:(in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2002.
524:
461:". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things:
118:
82:
4812:
3845:
3045:
386:
4531:
4520:
4473:
71:
4534:
into various European languages, Morse, Braille, Georgian and Arabic
3014:
Diacritics may be omitted when back-transliteration is not required.
4357:
American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization
4219:(7 ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 17–18.
3986:
Transliteration of Modern Russian for English-Language Publications
2945:
90:
3848:
template to automatically generate pronunciation for Russian words
431:, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the
402:
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use
4379:
Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. VIII (2017). 20 pp.
165:
516:
411:
4537:
4469:
4293:
The Conversion of Scripts, Its Nature, History, and Utilization
295:. It may be found in some international cartographic products.
284:
191:
65:
57:
49:
2948:
at the beginning of a word, after vowels, and after й, ъ or ь.
316:(ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in
248:
187:
4110:
4509:"ONLINE transliteration of the text from Cyrillic to Latin"
266:(ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages.
223:
211:
4490:
Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions
4178:
4144:
4080:
4002:(Pamphlet). Slavonic and East European Review. c. 1966.
3351:
Some archaic letters are transcribed in different ways.
21:
For the romanization of Russian used on Knowledge, see
218:). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/
3387:
campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR
278:
4446:
Machine Readable Travel Documents, Doc 9303, Part 3
3377:may also indicate the introduction of a dedicated
125:and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems.
320:libraries and in the British Library since 1975.
4835:
3392:
3382:for informal romanizations in the computer era.
3026:is accepted if reverse transliteration is needed
408:was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947.
91:Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin
4076:
4074:
298:
4472:Working Group on Romanization Systems (2016).
3868:"Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic"
404:. The portion of the system pertaining to the
389:character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity.
264:International Organization for Standardization
113:Scientific transliteration, also known as the
4553:
4459:"Summary of romanization systems for Russian"
3790:
3777:
3767:
3754:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3663:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3566:
3549:
3536:
3530:
3513:
3507:
3490:
3477:
3471:
3454:
3441:
3428:
3415:
3347:
435:, but the system was also abandoned in 2010.
412:Transliteration of names on Russian passports
102:
4071:
4053:"Search for Cyrillic items in the catalogue"
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3010:
3008:
3006:
4452:(7th ed.). ICAO. 2015. pp. 33–34.
4386:Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.
2998:initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.
2921:initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.
2285:
2092:
201:
121:since the 19th century. It is based on the
4560:
4546:
4251:
4012:
3911:
3223:, and the apostrophes for the same as the
2929:
2927:
3988:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3964:
3324:
3003:
459:Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3
342:(ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions.
4456:
4290:
4258:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4019:. Oxford University Press. p. 240.
4016:New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide
3271:ъ is not romanized at the end of a word.
480:
392:This particular standard is part of the
233:
171:
81:
70:
3918:(in Russian). Directmedia. p. 44.
2924:
398:United States Board on Geographic Names
141:
4836:
4532:Comparative transliteration of Russian
4487:Foreign Names Committee Staff (1994).
4384:Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets.
4126:from the original on 25 September 2011
4000:Guide to Style and Presentation of MSS
3865:
3807:Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
3193:
3191:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2857:
486:Common systems for romanizing Russian
427:In 1997, with the introduction of new
190:. It is the official standard of both
109:Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
4541:
4527:. Institute of the Estonian Language.
4513:Cyrillic → Latin transliteration (LC)
4479:. Institute of the Estonian Language.
4464:. Institute of the Estonian Language.
2956:
2954:
2854:
490:
159:
4576:By publisher (for several languages)
4212:
3983:
3950:
2976:after consonants except ч, ш, щ, ж (
433:Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
117:, is a system that has been used in
16:Romanization of the Russian alphabet
4422:International Ice Hockey Federation
4323:from the original on 30 August 2013
4317:""О латинизации русского алфавита""
4116:"Order No. 1047 (31 December 2003)"
3188:
3145:
3029:
330:
13:
4272:from the original on 28 April 2016
4233:from the original on 30 April 2016
4194:from the original on 12 March 2017
4160:from the original on 12 March 2017
4033:from the original on 12 March 2017
3932:from the original on 12 March 2017
3309:is always transliterated as Latin
2951:
457:, which is published in Doc 9303 "
279:United Nations romanization system
196:Commonwealth of Independent States
14:
4865:
4501:
4184:"Order No. 320 (15 October 2012)"
4092:from the original on 13 June 2018
4059:from the original on 12 July 2020
3951:Zots, Ivan Vladimirovich (2020).
3890:from the original on 3 March 2022
3251:MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE
23:Knowledge:Romanization of Russian
4567:
4150:"Order No. 26 (3 February 2010)"
3966:10.20944/preprints202006.0095.v1
352:BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian
4424:. February 2011. Archived from
4415:"IIHF Transcription of Russian"
4335:
4319:(in Russian). 18 January 2010.
4309:
4284:
4245:
4206:
4172:
4138:
3358:
3291:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3167:
3120:
3017:
2963:
2911:
377:, and omitting apostrophes for
305:ALA-LC romanization for Russian
227:
4485:U.S. Board on Geographic Names
4342:Russian names of Latin Letters
4255:A Reference Grammar of Russian
4104:
4045:
4006:
3992:
3977:
3944:
3905:
3859:
3115:= э after consonants except й.
2904:
511:ISO 9:1995; GOST 7.79-2000(A)
446:In 2013, Order No. 320 of the
418:Soviet international passports
215:
115:International Scholarly System
54:native Russian keyboard layout
1:
4612:By language or writing system
4350:
4186:(in Russian). No. 6041.
4152:(in Russian). No. 5125.
4118:(in Russian). No. 3386.
4086:"Order No. 310 (26 May 1997)"
3393:Latin letter names in Russian
3280:The British Library uses ы =
4521:"Foreign geographical names"
4457:Pedersen, Thomas T. (2006).
4112:Ministry of Internal Affairs
4082:Ministry of Internal Affairs
3969:. 2020060095. Archived from
3221:MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME
3087:= ы before а, у, ы, э (ыа =
3065:= й before а, у, ы, э (йа =
3048:(·) may be used to signify:
394:BGN/PCGN romanization system
310:American Library Association
299:Library of Congress (ALA-LC)
7:
4216:Old Church Slavonic Grammar
3800:
3297:In GOST 7.79-2000 Cyrillic
3225:modifier letter apostrophes
3160:to distinguish it from ц =
1935:ʼ (or loosely ')
396:which was developed by the
345:
133:
10:
4870:
4854:Russian-language computing
4291:Wellisch, Hans H. (1978).
4213:Lunt, Horace Grey (2001).
3912:Vinogradov, N. V. (1941).
3822:Romanization of Macedonian
3812:Romanization of Belarusian
3362:
3238:MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
2853:
489:
469:(as in pre-2010 systems),
349:
340:Library of Congress system
336:British Standard 2979:1958
302:
260:scientific transliteration
253:
246:
175:
145:
106:
103:Scientific transliteration
20:
4611:
4575:
4252:Timberlake, Alan (2004).
4180:Federal Migratory Service
4146:Federal Migratory Service
4055:. British Library. 2014.
4013:Waddingham, Anne (2014).
3866:Ivanov, Lyubomir (2017).
3832:Romanization of Ukrainian
3817:Romanization of Bulgarian
3791:
3778:
3768:
3755:
3742:
3729:
3716:
3703:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3567:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3514:
3508:
3491:
3478:
3472:
3455:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3173:It is recommended to use
2286:Pre-18th century letters
448:Federal Migration Service
440:Federal Migration Service
325:two-letter tie characters
287:, a Working Group of the
154:USSR Council of Ministers
40:of Russian text from the
4844:Romanization of Cyrillic
4515:. Cestovatelské stránky.
3984:Shaw, J. Thomas (1967).
3852:
2872:ISO9:1995; GOST 2002(A)
269:
202:GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)
3872:Contrastive Linguistics
3827:Romanization of Serbian
3375:Latinization of Russian
3369:In a second sense, the
473:is transliterated into
465:is transliterated into
128:
3365:Russian Latin alphabet
2898:Passport (2013), ICAO
537:Passport (2013), ICAO
242:
87:
79:
64:, such as for English
3973:on 19 September 2020.
3208:MODIFIER LETTER PRIME
2944:are used to indicate
1841:ˮ (or loosely ")
481:Transliteration table
234:Street and road signs
210:is an adoption of an
172:GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)
85:
74:
4525:Place Names Database
142:GOST 16876-71 (1973)
4295:. New York: Wiley.
4114:(22 January 2004).
3878:(2). Sofia: 66–73.
3185:in all other cases.
3134:, and ый is either
3051:non-digraphs (тс =
487:
422:French-style system
314:Library of Congress
4188:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
4154:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
4120:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
2987:after ч, ш, щ, ж (
514:GOST 7.79-2000(B)
485:
206:GOST 52535.1-2006
186:is an adoption of
160:ST SEV 1362 (1978)
88:
80:
4831:
4830:
4496:. pp. 93–94.
4375:British Academy.
4182:(27 March 2013).
4026:978-0-19-957002-7
3925:978-5-4475-6305-9
3109:= ы after vowels;
2902:
2901:
2093:Pre-1918 letters
534:Passport (2010)
508:GOST 16876-71(2)
503:GOST 16876-71(1);
429:Russian passports
4861:
4849:Russian language
4562:
4555:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4516:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4478:
4465:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4419:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4148:(5 March 2010).
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3863:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3352:
3349:
3322:
3319:
3295:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3156:тс is romanized
3154:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3001:
2989:ch, sh, shch, zh
2978:ch, sh, shch, zh
2967:
2961:
2958:
2949:
2931:
2922:
2915:
2895:Passport (2010)
2892:Passport (1997)
531:Passport (1997)
488:
406:Russian language
331:British Standard
97:Russian Cyrillic
52:rapidly using a
34:Russian language
4869:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4607:
4571:
4566:
4519:
4507:
4504:
4493:
4476:
4461:
4449:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4431:on 4 April 2016
4428:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4368:Church Slavonic
4353:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4227:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4079:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3982:
3978:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3891:
3864:
3860:
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62:keyboard layout
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38:transliteration
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365:, simplifying
350:Main article:
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318:North American
303:Main article:
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289:United Nations
280:
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247:Main article:
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226:romanization (
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178:GOST 7.79-2000
176:Main article:
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123:Czech alphabet
107:Main article:
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4265:9780521772921
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4226:3-11-016284-9
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3837:Faux Cyrillic
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2886:BS 2979:1958
2875:GOST 2002(B)
2869:GOST 1971(2)
2864:GOST 1971(1);
2861:ISO/R 9:1968
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559:
556:
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550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
525:BS 2979:1958
500:ISO/R 9:1968
497:
478:
477:(a novelty).
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
444:
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436:
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353:
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326:
321:
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315:
311:
306:
296:
294:
293:GOST 16876-71
290:
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217:
213:
209:
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185:
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169:
167:
157:
155:
149:
148:GOST 16876-71
139:
126:
124:
120:
116:
110:
100:
98:
84:
77:
76:Pavel Datsyuk
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
24:
19:
4695:
4659:in Singapore
4569:Romanization
4524:
4512:
4489:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4426:the original
4421:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4311:
4292:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4254:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4215:
4208:
4196:. Retrieved
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4061:. Retrieved
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4015:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3971:the original
3956:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3914:
3907:
3899:
3892:. Retrieved
3875:
3871:
3861:
3786:
3773:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3594:
3581:
3562:
3558:
3545:
3526:
3522:
3503:
3499:
3486:
3467:
3463:
3450:
3437:
3424:
3411:
3396:
3384:
3374:
3371:romanization
3370:
3368:
3359:Latin script
3315:
3310:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
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3106:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3044:An optional
3023:
3019:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2941:
2937:
2918:
2913:
496:
474:
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391:
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308:
282:
273:
257:
237:
207:
205:
183:
181:
163:
151:
137:
114:
112:
94:
46:Latin script
30:romanization
27:
18:
4382:Gerych, G.
4130:24 February
2960:ye after ь.
2905:Table notes
400:and by the
373:endings to
119:linguistics
4838:Categories
4823:Vietnamese
4691:Macedonian
4671:Belarusian
4351:References
4302:0471016209
4276:11 October
4237:11 October
3846:Wiktionary
3179:i, e, y, j
3046:middle dot
2858:Scholarly
848:e (ye, yo)
387:interpunct
188:ISO 9:1995
4768:Maldivian
4763:Malayalam
4738:Inuktitut
4706:Ukrainian
4676:Bulgarian
4654:in Taiwan
4474:"Russian"
3957:Preprints
3884:0204-8701
3307:Bulgarian
3303:Ukrainian
2889:BGN/PCGN
2855:Cyrillic
528:BGN/PCGN
494:Scholarly
491:Cyrillic
228:see below
216:see below
44:into the
4788:Sanskrit
4743:Japanese
4718:Georgian
4666:Cyrillic
4629:Armenian
4588:BGN/PCGN
4327:26 April
4321:Archived
4270:Archived
4231:Archived
4192:Archived
4158:Archived
4124:Archived
4090:Archived
4057:Archived
4031:Archived
3930:Archived
3894:11 March
3888:Archived
3844:for the
3801:See also
3743:дубль-вэ
3738:dublʹ-ve
2946:iotation
2935:digraphs
346:BGN/PCGN
194:and the
134:OST 8483
4798:Tibetan
4783:Persian
4773:Marathi
4701:Serbian
4696:Russian
4649:Chinese
4644:Burmese
4634:Bengali
4619:Amharic
4435:9 March
4362:Russian
4198:9 March
4164:9 March
4096:9 March
4063:9 March
4037:9 March
3936:9 March
3779:ипсилон
3774:ipsilon
3401:and/or
3284:, ый =
3248:ˮ
3235:ʼ
3218:ʺ
3205:ʹ
3177:before
3099:, ыэ =
3095:, ыы =
3091:, ыу =
3077:, йэ =
3073:, йы =
3069:, йу =
3055:, шч =
2883:ALA-LC
2720:ję (ja)
2673:ją (ju)
2532:ôt (ot)
1938:ʼ
1929:ʼ
1835:ʼ
522:ALA-LC
262:by the
254:ISO/R 9
198:(CIS).
166:COMECON
32:of the
4818:Uyghur
4803:Telugu
4793:Syriac
4778:Nepali
4753:Korean
4728:Hebrew
4686:Kyrgyz
4681:Kazakh
4639:Berber
4624:Arabic
4583:ALA-LC
4470:UNGEGN
4370:(2011)
4364:(2012)
4299:
4262:
4223:
4023:
3922:
3882:
3571:) or (
3535:) or (
3512:) or (
3476:) or (
3403:German
3399:French
3245:
3243:U+02EE
3232:
3230:U+02BC
3215:
3213:U+02BA
3202:
3200:U+02B9
3181:, but
2880:signs
2626:ę (ja)
2391:dz (ʒ)
2297:ê (j)e
2151:f (th)
2119:i (i')
1888:ȳ (ui)
1644:cz (c)
1582:x (ch)
1027:j (jj)
860:e (ye)
857:ë (yë)
813:e (ye)
810:e (ye)
801:e (ye)
519:signs
455:system
285:UNGEGN
192:Russia
66:QWERTY
58:JCUKEN
50:typing
4748:Khmer
4733:Hindi
4723:Greek
4711:Uzbek
4494:(PDF)
4477:(PDF)
4462:(PDF)
4450:(PDF)
4429:(PDF)
4418:(PDF)
3853:Notes
3772:) or
3769:игрек
3764:igrek
3318:'
3057:sh·ch
2579:ą (u)
2485:ô (o)
2245:i (ü)
1806:shch
270:ISO 9
249:ISO 9
36:(the
4813:Urdu
4808:Thai
4603:Yale
4593:GOST
4437:2021
4329:2013
4297:ISBN
4278:2015
4260:ISBN
4239:2015
4221:ISBN
4200:2017
4166:2017
4132:2011
4098:2017
4065:2017
4039:2017
4021:ISBN
3938:2017
3920:ISBN
3896:2021
3880:ISSN
3876:XLII
3305:and
3240:and
3210:and
2940:and
2933:The
2917:е =
2878:Road
1803:shch
1800:shch
1797:shch
1794:shch
1791:shch
1788:shch
517:Road
452:ICAO
381:and
369:and
312:and
283:The
224:ICAO
212:ICAO
129:GOST
28:The
4758:Lao
4598:ISO
3961:doi
3792:зет
3787:zet
3785:Z:
3762:Y:
3756:икс
3751:iks
3749:X:
3736:W:
3723:V:
3710:U:
3697:T:
3684:S:
3671:R:
3658:Q:
3645:P:
3632:O:
3619:N:
3606:M:
3600:эль
3595:elʹ
3593:L:
3580:K:
3568:йот
3561:or
3559:jot
3557:J:
3544:I:
3525:or
3521:H:
3502:or
3498:G:
3485:F:
3466:or
3462:E:
3449:D:
3436:C:
3423:B:
3410:A:
3405:):
3373:or
3301:in
3158:t-s
3138:or
3130:or
3101:y·e
3097:y·y
3093:y·u
3089:y·a
3079:y·e
3075:y·y
3071:y·u
3067:y·a
3053:t·s
2835:p͡s
2788:k͡s
2741:i͡ę
2694:i͡ą
2553:ō͡t
2365:i͡e
2219:i͡e
2088:ia
2073:i͡a
2041:iu
2026:i͡u
1853:ie
1785:shh
1779:shh
1759:sh
1712:ch
1665:ts
1650:t͡s
1618:kh
913:zh
416:In
371:-yy
367:-iy
361:to
243:ISO
230:).
220:IEC
4840::
4523:.
4511:.
4420:.
4268:.
4229:.
4190:.
4156:.
4122:.
4084:.
4073:^
4029:.
3959:.
3955:.
3928:.
3898:.
3886:.
3874:.
3870:.
3730:вэ
3725:ve
3704:тэ
3699:te
3691:эс
3686:es
3678:эр
3673:er
3665:ку
3660:ku
3652:пэ
3647:pe
3626:эн
3621:en
3613:эм
3608:em
3587:ка
3582:ka
3574:жи
3563:ži
3538:ха
3532:аш
3527:ha
3523:aš
3515:жэ
3509:гэ
3504:že
3500:ge
3492:эф
3487:ef
3464:je
3456:дэ
3451:de
3443:цэ
3438:ce
3430:бэ
3425:be
3326:^
3286:uy
3282:ui
3227:,
3190:^
3183:cz
3162:ts
3147:^
3140:yy
3128:iy
3113:·e
3107:·y
3103:);
3085:y·
3081:);
3063:y·
3059:);
3031:^
3024:jj
3005:^
2996:yo
2994:=
2991:);
2983:=
2980:);
2974:ye
2972:=
2969:ё
2953:^
2942:yë
2938:ye
2926:^
2919:ye
2850:–
2814:ps
2811:ѱ
2803:–
2764:ѯ
2756:–
2717:ѩ
2709:–
2670:ѭ
2662:–
2623:ѧ
2615:–
2576:ѫ
2568:–
2529:ѿ
2521:–
2482:ѡ
2474:–
2435:ꙋ
2427:–
2406:js
2388:ѕ
2380:–
2344:ẹ
2341:ѥ
2333:–
2294:є
2281:–
2269:y̆
2260:yh
2242:ѵ
2234:–
2213:ye
2195:ѣ
2187:–
2166:fh
2163:f̀
2148:ѳ
2140:–
2101:і
2085:ia
2082:ya
2079:ya
2076:ya
2070:ya
2067:ya
2061:ja
2058:ja
2055:ja
2052:ja
2049:я
2038:iu
2035:yu
2032:yu
2029:yu
2023:yu
2020:yu
2014:ju
2011:ju
2008:ju
2005:ju
2002:ю
1994:e
1973:e'
1967:eh
1955:э
1947:–
1908:ь
1900:y
1879:y'
1861:ы
1814:ъ
1773:šč
1770:šč
1767:щ
1756:sh
1753:sh
1750:sh
1747:sh
1744:sh
1741:sh
1738:sh
1732:sh
1720:ш
1709:ch
1706:ch
1703:ch
1700:ch
1697:ch
1694:ch
1691:ch
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