5408:
5363:
2878:
2832:
338:
5074:(RR; 2000): Includes rules both for transcription and for transliteration. South Korea now officially uses this system that was approved in 2000. Road signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated by the government to be at least US$ 20 million. All road signs, names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. The change has been either ignored or
45:
5035:/ U.S. Library of Congress system, based on MR but with some deviations. Word division is addressed in detail, with a generous use of spaces to separate word endings from stems that is not seen in MR. Syllables of given names are always separated with a hyphen, which is expressly never done by MR. Sound changes are ignored more often than in MR. Distinguishes between
5019:
What is called MR may in many cases be any of a number of systems that differ from each other and from the original MR mostly in whether word endings are separated from the stem by a space, a hyphen or – according to McCune's and
Reischauer's system – not at all; and if a hyphen or space is
5649:
The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections above. (Hangul
141:
Source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the general one may be better for
4695:, and has been adopted by much of the international community as a standard for writing Chinese words and names in the Latin script. The value of Hanyu Pinyin in education in China lies in the fact that China, like any other populated area with comparable area and population, has numerous distinct
5452:
using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for
Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely
5078:
in some cases, notably the romanization of names and existing companies. RR is generally similar to MR, but uses no diacritics or apostrophes, and uses distinct letters for ㅌ/ㄷ (t/d), ㅋ/ㄱ (k/g), ㅊ/ㅈ (ch/j) and ㅍ/ㅂ (p/b). In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable boundaries were intended to be
304:
may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually
136:
romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation.
283:
For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be
190:
If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the
5089:(1996): This actually is two different standards under one name: one for North Korea (DPRK) and the other for South Korea (ROK). The initial submission to the ISO was based heavily on Yale and was a joint effort between both states, but they could not agree on the final draft.
5177:(Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels.
5332:
avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with
English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>.
4561:
initiative aimed at
Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization.
5301:
5028:). Although mostly irrelevant when transcribing uninflected words, these aberrations are so widespread that any mention of "McCune-Reischauer romanization" may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s.
305:
leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the
Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization
4549:
The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise
Hindustani is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based
4584:, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or
5619:
The 2010 Ukrainian
National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941.
228:
Most romanizations are intended to enable the casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of
263:
in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent
172:, or special characters must be used to represent them all in Latin script. This affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and reading of the romanized text.
5341:
5269:
5064:. In cases that would otherwise be ambiguous, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with a period. This system also indicates consonants that have disappeared from a word's
9059:– "Hamari Boli (our language) is perhaps one of the very first serious undertakings to explore, develop and encourage the growth of Roman script in the use of Urdu/Hindi language."
4545:
and nastaʿlīq respectively), whereas
Hindustani is the "L" variety used by the masses and written in either devanagari or nastaʿlīq (and called 'Hindi' or 'Urdu' respectively).
9175:
8765:
9052:
9521:
4412:
and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir
William Jones.
175:
Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text. Some reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version.
10725:
9384:
4534:
In
Pakistan: Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu is the "high" variety, whereas Hindustani is the "low" variety used by the masses (called Urdu, written in
8962:
4687:
for decades, primarily as a linguistic tool for teaching the standardized language. The system is also used in other Chinese-speaking areas such as
4971:: ("word processor romanization") transliteration. Not strictly a system, but a collection of common practices that enables input of Japanese text.
4852:
4470:
506:
5524:(1947): Transliteration system (United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
10715:
8584:
5551:
4699:, though there is just one common written language and one common standardized spoken form. (These comments apply to romanization in general)
9808:
module covering a variety of writing systems e.g. Cyrillic or Greek. Provides a lot of standards as well as common transliteration schemes.
10168:
4774:
4268:
These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
9416:
4611:
9971:
5137:
4752:
8881:
4607:
9761:
441:
10694:
9630:
4447:
2649:
has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination
421:
9966:
9395:
5337:
5265:
4784:
4715:
313:, but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version,
5328:
was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since the late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called
145:
Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a particular language. (So-called
9872:
9183:
4511:
starting in the 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two
4650:(1892): Transliteration. Very popular from the 19th century until recently and continues to be used by some Western academics.
4463:: Uses upper and lower case and doubling of letters, to avoid the use of diacritics, and to restrict the range to 7-bit ASCII.
10629:
5570:
Conventional English transliteration is based to BGN/PCGN, but does not follow a particular standard. Described in detail at
4828:
4348:
8773:
8594:
4993:(MR; 1937?), the first transcription to gain some acceptance. A slightly changed version of MR was the official system for
9046:
426:(1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential
345:
10774:
9497:
9275:
5261:
427:
5453:
traditional. All this has resulted in great reduplication of names. E.g. the name of the Russian composer
5329:
10720:
9741:
9504:
5651:
4408:
is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study
435:
472:
10610:
10592:
8859:
5580:
Comparative transliteration of Russian in different languages (Western European, Arabic, Georgian, Braille, Morse)
10244:
10161:
10105:
5595:
The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of the
5590:
5214:
2919:
272:
8848:
8708:
10569:
10222:
9820:
9717:
5071:
4799:
4439:: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to the United States Library of Congress standard,
52:
489:(1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case
10486:
9729: – A tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration modules from any script to any other script.
9399:
4986:
While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist:
4893:
4842:
4653:
4541:
In India, both Standard (Shuddh) Hindi and Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu are the "H" varieties (written in
445:
72:
56:
31:
27:
8970:
10267:
8769:
4727:
539:
103:, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into
4192:
4159:
4126:
4095:
4062:
4029:
3996:
3963:
3930:
3897:
3864:
3831:
3798:
3765:
3732:
3699:
3669:
3636:
3603:
3570:
3537:
3504:
3471:
3440:
3407:
3374:
3341:
3308:
3275:
3242:
3210:
3177:
3144:
3111:
3078:
3045:
3012:
2979:
2794:
2790:
2773:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2538:
2491:
2444:
2385:
2326:
2267:
2208:
2161:
2114:
2055:
1996:
1937:
1886:
1827:
1730:
1702:
1674:
1646:
1623:
1583:
1545:
1516:
1493:
1470:
1447:
1424:
1401:
1372:
1349:
1308:
1267:
1226:
1188:
1147:
1109:
1068:
1045:
1001:
978:
955:
914:
891:
850:
812:
774:
736:
695:
672:
649:
626:
597:
10188:
5053:
4515:
212:
100:
9157:
9018:
5017:, the latter two indicating orthographic syllable boundaries in cases that would otherwise be ambiguous.
4845:(since the late 19th century). Technically this represented a largely phonemic transcription system, as
10193:
10154:
10100:
10090:
10085:
10045:
10003:
9983:
9865:
9139:
8609:
5398:
5321:
5275:
5249:
5221:
4864:
4817:
4508:
4387:
498:
10208:
5020:
used, whether sound change is reflected in a stem's last and an ending's first consonant letter (e.g.
10080:
10075:
10018:
9988:
9910:
5608:
5567:) for a writing method that is not truly a transliteration, but used for similar goals (see article).
5315:
5255:
4942:
4656:(1942): Created by the U.S. for battlefield communication and used in the influential Yale textbooks.
4395:
9791:
9121:
10280:
10236:
10231:
10055:
10030:
9978:
9941:
5614:
5454:
5418:
5373:
4932:
4905:
2889:
2868:
2843:
2822:
10689:
10477:
10095:
10013:
10008:
9961:
9956:
9946:
5571:
5443:
4571:
4391:
533:
9533:
10653:
10115:
10065:
10040:
9998:
9936:
5353:
4981:
4435:
to the Latin script. The Devanagari-specific portion is very similar to the academic standard,
4335:
374:
250:
120:
10769:
10764:
10668:
10218:
10130:
10060:
10035:
9951:
9900:
9858:
9556:
9544:
9424:
8599:
5521:
5014:
4990:
4535:
4290:
4277:
Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.
2933:
328:
165:
9603:
9324:
9251:
9197:
5302:
Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script
5213:
In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications, the
10779:
10120:
9814: – Arabic Transliteration (free chrome extension exists, also works for Persian, Urdu)
9445:
9069:
8893:
8604:
5109:
4926:
521:
238:
230:
223:
203:
syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation.
105:
9758:
9224:
8934:
8794:
5530:(1971): A now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79, which is an
8:
10135:
10070:
10050:
9895:
9726:
9610:
9452:
9331:
9304:
9231:
9204:
9100:
9076:
8998:
8991:
8941:
8889:
8828:
8821:
8801:
5624:
5557:
5288:
5233:
5229:
5174:
5154:
5032:
4962:
4768:
4641:
4597:
4496:
4492:
4440:
4375:
4307:
2949:
515:
408:
241:
of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers.
9638:
9297:
5637:
Ukrainian National and BGN/PCGN systems, at the UN Working Group on Romanization Systems
415:
languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following:
149:
romanization systems for Cyrillic text are based on central-European alphabets like the
10600:
5075:
5065:
5061:
4968:
4659:
271:
effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The
5056:(1942): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among
4929:(1867): phonetic transcription to Anglo-American practices, used in geographical names
4834:
349:
10256:
9915:
9801:
9737:
9529:
4919:
4881:
4617:
4577:
4558:
4527:
4512:
2749:
431:
412:
260:
196:
154:
20:
9811:
5001:
from 1984 to 2000, and yet a different modification is still the official system in
9993:
5691:
5676:
5449:
5237:
4952:
4805:
4763:
4684:
4581:
2912:
392:
378:
293:
48:
9679:
9473:
9096:
5336:
The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012, and by
9824:
9795:
9765:
9721:
9508:
9056:
5686:
5681:
5225:
4994:
4936:
4868:
4789:
4733:
4721:
4696:
4420:
4341:
404:
400:
388:
384:
297:
185:
96:
64:
38:
9931:
9846:
289:
285:
237:) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular
10582:
10203:
10110:
10023:
5666:
5537:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5166:
5130:
4680:
4647:
4635:
4519:
4451:
4401:
301:
268:
161:
150:
88:
9283:
4724:(GR, 1928–1986, in Taiwan 1945–1986; Taiwan used Japanese Romaji before 1945),
10758:
10577:
9905:
9747:
8568:
8563:
5541:
5527:
5194:
5122:
5114:
4911:
4523:
4460:
4300:
9593:
S.P. Brock, "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic literature", in Aram,1:1 (1989)
9559:
Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic (Optimized Streamlined System).
10743:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10499:
10494:
10177:
8740:
8709:"Qalam: A Convention for Morphological Arabic-Latin-Arabic Transliteration"
8590:
8574:
5596:
5325:
5086:
4739:
4676:
4629:
4621:
4601:
4296:
133:
92:
60:
9501:
4557:
Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative is a full-scale open-source
10684:
8653:
5283:
5148:
5092:
5057:
5002:
4998:
4663:
4551:
192:
80:
9784:
Cyrillic Transliteration and Transcription ONLINE (Cyrillic -> Latin)
9547:
Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic (Basic Streamlined System).
5407:
5362:
2877:
2831:
10125:
5010:
4794:
4542:
454:
309:
may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables
169:
68:
9783:
9569:
5564:
5049:
Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems:
407:
as well as numerous other languages in the Muslim world, particularly
10738:
10699:
9652:
9360:
8907:
8863:
8716:
8681:
8661:
5170:
5142:
5126:
4688:
4504:
4500:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4366:
4317:
4312:
510:
492:
466:
9817:
9715:
IPA for Urdu and Roman Urdu for Mobile and Internet Users (Download)
9714:
4915:
4554:
collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers.
51:, like many languages, can be romanized in a number of ways; above:
9836:
9777:
8579:
5706:
5696:
5671:
5202:
5118:
5060:. Vowel length in old or dialectal pronunciation is indicated by a
4946:
4779:
4702:
4625:
4409:
256:
115:
5270:
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use
10658:
10249:
4846:
4405:
4360:
4322:
480:
315:
234:
164:
has a smaller number of letters than many other writing systems,
111:
10663:
5169:, spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the
267:
possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to
199:
allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese
10648:
10643:
10638:
10146:
9850:
5701:
5080:
4692:
4585:
4474:
4466:
4354:
2602:
Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.
460:
9827: – Russian Transliteration (free chrome extension exists)
5291:, 1997 (American Library Association and Library of Congress):
4530:
in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is,
453:(1970s): A one-for-one substitution system, a legacy from the
10616:
5629:
5547:
5531:
5294:
5006:
4480:
4432:
502:
486:
450:
10504:
9744:. (One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations)
9361:"UN Romanization of Bulgarian for Geographical Names (1977)"
9026:
8654:"Standards, Training, Testing, Assessment and Certification"
5540:
romanization system for geographical names (1987): Based on
259:
conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all
95:, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include
9805:
4455:
4436:
4423:
convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard. It uses
396:
322:
200:
9753:
9140:"Taiwan Authority Concerned Passes Tongyong Pinyin Scheme"
5448:
There is no single universally accepted system of writing
9385:"Romanization System for Bulgarian, BGN/PCGN 1952 System"
8629:
5563:"Volapuk" encoding (1990s): Slang term (it is not really
5121:
and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with
9788:
9350:
State Gazette # 19, Sofia, 13 March 2009. (in Bulgarian)
9132:
300:
with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a
44:
10524:
9150:
9114:
4469:: a transliteration scheme into 7-bit ASCII created by
8879:
5591:
Syriac alphabet § Latin alphabet and romanization
10464:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10366:
10359:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10289:
9168:
5125:, probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and
4955:(1987): phonemic transcription. Named after the book
4600:: Used to be similar to Wade–Giles, but converted to
275:
is the most common system of phonetic transcription.
8880:
Lefort, Francois; Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A.
4683:, Hanyu Pinyin has been used officially to romanize
4487:
2645:
in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide
59:
characters meaning Chinese, and romanization systems
10726:
List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
9572:[Transliteration of the Russian alphabet].
5577:
Streamlined System for the romanization of Russian.
19:"Romanised" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
4644:(1906): Early standard for international addresses
9780: – Converts between Pinyin and other formats
9122:"Tongyong Pinyin the new system for romanization"
5083:, but this is inconsistently applied in practice.
4945:(1937): phonemic transcription. Also adopted as (
16:Transliteration or transcription to Latin letters
10756:
4620:(1926): Omitted tone sounds. Used mainly in the
9176:"Gov't to improve English-friendly environment"
8963:"Sanskrit 3: comparing transliteration systems"
5640:Thomas T. Pedersen's comparison of five systems
9522:"Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic"
8571:, expression of a language in Cyrillic letters
5552:International Organization for Standardization
233:and attempt to render the significant sounds (
124:, which records speech sounds with precision.
10162:
9866:
8960:
2785:
2765:
2731:
2712:
2630:
2618:The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.
2522:
2475:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2192:
2145:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1924:
1917:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1723:
1695:
1667:
1639:
1616:
1576:
1538:
1509:
1486:
1463:
1440:
1417:
1394:
1365:
1342:
1301:
1260:
1219:
1181:
1140:
1102:
1061:
1038:
994:
971:
948:
907:
884:
843:
805:
767:
729:
688:
665:
642:
619:
590:
9754:UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
9748:U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables
9158:"Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009"
470:
419:
5173:. The only existing romanisation system is
4614:in the 19th century, used mainly in France.
2598:
2596:
2594:
87:is the conversion of text from a different
10169:
10155:
9873:
9859:
9471:
9252:"A superficial comparison between the two"
5215:Library of Congress transliteration method
5138:Royal Thai General System of Transcription
4935:(1885): transliteration. Also adopted as (
4753:Chinese language romanisation in Singapore
4381:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
2741:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2627:At the beginning of words the combination
5095:romanization, developed 1945–47 for his
4448:National Library at Kolkata romanization
4295:There are romanization systems for both
2591:
323:Romanization of specific writing systems
43:
10716:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
9396:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
8763:
8630:"Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft"
5644:
5266:United States Board on Geographic Names
5189:has two official romanization systems:
4716:Chinese language romanization in Taiwan
4450:, intended for the romanization of all
4229:
2722:
2697:Not transliterated at the end of words.
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
10757:
4443:, although there are a few differences
4427:to map the much larger set of Brahmic
4372:ISO/DIS 259-3: Phonemic transcription.
4344:is romanized using several standards:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
477:(German Institute for Standardization)
10150:
9854:
9798: – An Arabic Transliteration Pad
9097:"New Chinese Romanization Guidelines"
4829:Comparison of Hokkien writing systems
4822:
2805:
2803:
2705:
2703:
422:Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft
99:, for representing written text, and
10700:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe
9889:By publisher (for several languages)
8595:adoption of Chinese literary culture
5402:
5357:
4849:was not commonly written in Chinese.
2872:
2826:
2660:
2575:
332:
284:comprehensible. Furthermore, due to
9511:Romanization of Russian. 2006–2016.
8741:"Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration"
5262:BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian
4369:(1994): Simplified transliteration.
4247:
2786:
2766:
2732:
2713:
2631:
2605:
2523:
2476:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2193:
2146:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
1990:
1983:
1925:
1918:
1880:
1873:
1821:
1814:
1724:
1696:
1668:
1640:
1617:
1577:
1539:
1510:
1487:
1464:
1441:
1418:
1395:
1366:
1343:
1302:
1261:
1220:
1182:
1141:
1103:
1062:
1039:
995:
972:
949:
908:
885:
844:
806:
768:
730:
689:
666:
643:
620:
591:
495:(1993): Simplified transliteration.
118:meaning in speech, and more strict
13:
9759:Unicode Transliteration Guidelines
9570:"Транслитерация русского алфавита"
8587:, though standards vary by polity.
5634:Ukrainian National transliteration
5550:(1995): Transliteration. From the
4910:Romanization (or, more generally,
2800:
2756:
2700:
2621:
179:
14:
10791:
9727:Microsoft Transliteration Utility
9703:
4853:Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
4670:
4488:Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)
10176:
9880:
9837:https://laatingar.com/dashboard}
9778:Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool
9736:U.S. Library of Congress, 1997,
9528:. XLII (2017) No. 2. pp. 66-73.
8882:"Transliteration scheme ISO 843"
8860:University of California, Irvine
8766:"The Buckwalter Transliteration"
5650:characters are broken down into
5599:, with some material published.
5406:
5361:
4612:École française d'Extrême-Orient
2876:
2830:
336:
206:
142:cataloguing international texts.
10245:International Phonetic Alphabet
9672:
9645:
9623:
9596:
9587:
9562:
9550:
9538:
9514:
9491:
9465:
9438:
9409:
9377:
9353:
9344:
9317:
9290:
9276:"Korean Romanization Reference"
9268:
9244:
9217:
9190:
9089:
9062:
9040:
9011:
8984:
8954:
8927:
8900:
8873:
8862:. June 23, 2004. Archived from
8849:"The TLG Beta Code Manual 2004"
8841:
8814:
4922:. The most common systems are:
4271:
273:International Phonetic Alphabet
8787:
8757:
8733:
8701:
8674:
8646:
8622:
5280:International Scholarly System
5072:Revised Romanization of Korean
4705:(1991): Based on Hanyu Pinyin.
876:somewhat resembling German Ch
473:Deutsches Institut für Normung
1:
9925:By language or writing system
8615:
5392:
5243:
4965:: Similar to Modified Hepburn
4957:Japanese: The Spoken Language
4894:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
4843:Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
4628:in the 1930s. Predecessor of
4473:that used to be prevalent on
1386:somewhat resembling French R
1334:somewhat resembling French R
446:British Standards Institution
160:Simplicity – Since the basic
132:There are many consistent or
32:Latinisation (disambiguation)
28:Romanisation (disambiguation)
10695:Western Latin character sets
9182:. 2008-09-18. Archived from
9025:. 2011-06-15. Archived from
8770:Xerox Research Centre Europe
6595:כ, חֿ (or its final form ך )
5602:
5309:
4757:
4746:
4728:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
540:Category:Persian orthography
7:
10721:Letters used in mathematics
9842:For Cantonese Romanization
9476:[Transliteration].
8764:Beesley, Ken (2010-11-22).
8557:
5208:
5068:and standard pronunciation.
5031:There is, for example, the
4899:
4875:
4591:
2862:
2816:
509:; does not require unusual
244:
217:
213:Transcription (linguistics)
10:
10796:
10775:Multilingual orthographies
10277:
9734:ALA-LC Romanization Tables
8610:Spread of the Latin script
8585:Transcription into Chinese
5612:
5606:
5588:
5441:
5437:
5399:Romanization of Macedonian
5396:
5351:
5322:scientific transliteration
5313:
5276:Scientific transliteration
5253:
5250:Romanization of Belarusian
5247:
5240:that use these alphabets.
5222:scientific transliteration
5180:
5107:
4979:
4903:
4887:
4858:
4826:
4818:Romanization of Wu Chinese
4815:
4750:
4713:
4569:
4565:
4388:Devanagari transliteration
4385:
4333:
4288:
2866:
2820:
2776:. Often transliterated as
537:
531:
527:
499:Buckwalter transliteration
372:
326:
248:
221:
210:
183:
127:
36:
25:
18:
10734:
10708:
10677:
10627:
10609:
10591:
10568:
10485:
10476:
10265:
10217:
10184:
9924:
9888:
9831:For Persian Romanization
8967:Sanskrit-Sanscrito.com.ar
8856:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
5609:Romanization of Ukrainian
5584:
5347:
5316:Romanization of Bulgarian
5256:Belarusian Latin alphabet
4975:
4867:(1960), for the distinct
4709:
4638:: Used mainly in Germany.
4396:Romanisation of Malayalam
4329:
1976:
1969:
1866:
1859:
1807:
1800:
1740:
1737:
1712:
1709:
1684:
1681:
1656:
1653:
1627:
1558:
1526:
1520:
1497:
1474:
1451:
1428:
1405:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1353:
1201:
1122:
1049:
982:
959:
895:
825:
787:
755:
676:
653:
630:
607:
604:
471:
469:(1982): Developed by the
444:(1968): Developed by the
420:
368:
10281:ISO basic Latin alphabet
10237:ISO basic Latin alphabet
10232:Classical Latin alphabet
9631:"Додаток до рішення № 9"
7880:צ (or its final form ץ )
6938:נ (or its final form ן )
6769:מ (or its final form ם )
6118:פ (or its final form ף )
5615:Ukrainian Latin alphabet
5160:
5066:South Korean orthography
4906:Romanization of Japanese
4742:(since January 1, 2009).
4666:, a Scottish missionary.
4363:(1984): Transliteration.
4284:
2869:Romanization of Georgian
2823:Romanization of Armenian
2588:Used as a vowel as well.
483:(1984). Transliteration.
278:
37:Not to be confused with
9526:Contrastive Linguistics
9417:"Cyrillic Translations"
5572:Romanization of Russian
5457:may also be written as
5444:Romanization of Russian
5103:
4841:official script of the
4572:Romanization of Chinese
4392:Romanization of Bengali
4382:Indic (Brahmic) scripts
534:Romanization of Persian
9687:Transliteration.Eki.ee
9055:June 16, 2013, at the
9048:The News International
5517:etc. Systems include:
5415:This section is empty.
5370:This section is empty.
5354:Romanization of Kyrgyz
4982:Romanization of Korean
4509:Hindi–Urdu controversy
4336:Romanization of Hebrew
501:(1990s): Developed at
375:Romanization of Arabic
251:Phonetic transcription
231:phonemic transcription
121:phonetic transcription
76:
9421:DSpace.Dial.Pipex.com
9405:on December 19, 2007.
9286:on February 14, 2006.
9144:People's Daily Online
9019:"What is HamariBoli?"
8896:on December 10, 2004.
8600:Latinisation of names
4811:
4454:, is an extension of
4291:Romanization of Greek
2797:in Classical Persian.
2753:) are rarely written.
2728:When used instead of
329:Category:Romanization
75:for those characters.
47:
9732:Randall Barry (ed.)
8935:"Hebrew and Yiddish"
8869:on January 29, 2006.
8605:Semitic romanization
5645:Overview and summary
5236:, as well as modern
5230:Glagolitic alphabets
5145:1998 Transliteration
5110:Romanization of Thai
4775:Hong Kong Government
4730:(MPS II, 1986–2002),
4576:Romanization of the
4526:, are recognized as
2738:at the end of words.
2719:at the end of words.
522:Arabic chat alphabet
428:Hans Wehr dictionary
350:adding missing items
239:Hepburn Romanization
224:Phonemic orthography
110:, which records the
93:Roman (Latin) script
26:For other uses, see
10241:Phonetic alphabets
9772:Romanization online
9611:Library of Congress
9453:Library of Congress
9332:Library of Congress
9305:Library of Congress
9232:Library of Congress
9205:Library of Congress
9101:Library of Congress
9077:Library of Congress
8999:Library of Congress
8961:Gabriel Pradīpaka.
8942:Library of Congress
8890:University of Crete
8829:Library of Congress
8802:Library of Congress
8510:ﺯ — ﺰ, ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ
5943:ﺩ — ﺪ, ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ
5289:ALA-LC romanization
5234:Old Church Slavonic
5217:is used worldwide.
4642:Postal romanization
4507:resulting from the
4497:Indo-Aryan language
4419:(2001): A standard
2747:Diacritical signs (
2709:In the combination
1751:
1027:S as in television
546:
10628:Keyboard layouts (
9823:2016-03-08 at the
9794:2019-10-25 at the
9764:2009-03-28 at the
9720:2008-12-23 at the
9709:About romanization
9507:2016-04-12 at the
9392:earth-info.nga.mil
5330:Streamlined System
5320:A system based on
5232:. This applies to
5151:2007 Transcription
4959:by Eleanor Jorden.
4823:Min Nan or Hokkien
4660:Legge romanization
4528:official languages
2888:. You can help by
2842:. You can help by
1749:
544:
348:; you can help by
77:
57:Simplified Chinese
10752:
10751:
10623:
10622:
10471:
10470:
10257:Spelling alphabet
10144:
10143:
9641:on March 7, 2005.
9635:hostmaster.net.ua
8555:
8554:
6031:, ֱ, י ֵֶ, ֵ, י ֶ
5435:
5434:
5390:
5389:
5224:is used for both
5079:indicated with a
4991:McCune–Reischauer
4882:Foochow Romanized
4618:Latinxua Sin Wenz
4578:Sinitic languages
4559:language planning
4216:
4215:
4079:x or kh (rarely)
2969:
2964:
2963:Kartvelo translit
2959:
2958:Unofficial system
2954:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2860:
2859:
2772:from the earlier
2565:
2564:
1747:
1746:
1029:or G as in genre
797:Ch as in Charlie
387:is used to write
366:
365:
155:Croatian alphabet
21:Romanised (horse)
10787:
10483:
10482:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10439:
10432:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10404:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10369:
10362:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10327:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10275:
10274:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10148:
10147:
9875:
9868:
9861:
9852:
9851:
9802:Lingua::Translit
9697:
9696:
9694:
9693:
9684:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9657:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9637:. Archived from
9627:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9617:
9608:
9600:
9594:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9566:
9560:
9554:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9518:
9512:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9474:"Транслитерация"
9472:Dimiter Dobrev.
9469:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9450:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9423:. Archived from
9413:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9398:. Archived from
9389:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9329:
9321:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9302:
9294:
9288:
9287:
9282:. Archived from
9272:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9229:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9202:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9074:
9066:
9060:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9015:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9005:
8996:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8969:. Archived from
8958:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8948:
8939:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8912:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8892:. Archived from
8877:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8853:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8826:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8799:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8772:. Archived from
8761:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8727:
8721:
8715:. Archived from
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8686:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8626:
7740:ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ, ﻁ ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ
7484:ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ, ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ
6246:ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ, ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ
5657:
5656:
5430:
5427:
5417:You can help by
5410:
5403:
5385:
5382:
5372:You can help by
5365:
5358:
5238:Slavic languages
5220:In linguistics,
4837:(POJ), once the
4806:Cantonese Pinyin
4785:Macau Government
4736:(2002–2008), and
4536:nastaʿlīq script
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4245:
4244:Archaic letters.
4242:
4194:
4189:
4161:
4156:
4128:
4123:
4097:
4092:
4064:
4059:
4031:
4026:
3998:
3993:
3965:
3960:
3932:
3927:
3899:
3894:
3866:
3861:
3833:
3828:
3800:
3795:
3767:
3762:
3734:
3729:
3701:
3696:
3671:
3666:
3638:
3633:
3605:
3600:
3572:
3567:
3539:
3534:
3506:
3501:
3473:
3468:
3442:
3437:
3409:
3404:
3376:
3371:
3343:
3338:
3310:
3305:
3277:
3272:
3244:
3239:
3212:
3207:
3179:
3174:
3146:
3141:
3113:
3108:
3080:
3075:
3047:
3042:
3014:
3009:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2880:
2873:
2855:
2852:
2834:
2827:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2600:
2589:
2586:
2540:
2526:
2525:
2493:
2479:
2478:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1752:
1748:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1478:M as in Michael
1472:
1467:
1466:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1003:
998:
997:
980:
975:
974:
957:
952:
951:
916:
911:
910:
893:
888:
887:
852:
847:
846:
835:H as in holiday
814:
809:
808:
776:
771:
770:
738:
733:
732:
697:
692:
691:
674:
669:
668:
651:
646:
645:
628:
623:
622:
599:
594:
593:
547:
543:
476:
475:
425:
424:
379:Maltese alphabet
361:
358:
340:
339:
333:
312:
294:written language
195:romanization of
49:Mandarin Chinese
10795:
10794:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10748:
10730:
10704:
10673:
10619:
10605:
10587:
10564:
10472:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10344:
10337:
10330:
10323:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10288:
10283:
10279:Letters of the
10261:
10213:
10180:
10175:
10145:
10140:
9920:
9884:
9879:
9825:Wayback Machine
9796:Wayback Machine
9766:Wayback Machine
9722:Wayback Machine
9706:
9701:
9700:
9691:
9689:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9673:
9664:
9662:
9655:
9651:
9650:
9646:
9629:
9628:
9624:
9615:
9613:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9592:
9588:
9579:
9577:
9568:
9567:
9563:
9555:
9551:
9543:
9539:
9519:
9515:
9509:Wayback Machine
9496:
9492:
9483:
9481:
9470:
9466:
9457:
9455:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9439:
9430:
9428:
9415:
9414:
9410:
9402:
9387:
9383:
9382:
9378:
9369:
9367:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9345:
9336:
9334:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9309:
9307:
9300:
9296:
9295:
9291:
9274:
9273:
9269:
9260:
9258:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9236:
9234:
9227:
9223:
9222:
9218:
9209:
9207:
9200:
9196:
9195:
9191:
9174:
9173:
9169:
9156:
9155:
9151:
9138:
9137:
9133:
9120:
9119:
9115:
9106:
9104:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9081:
9079:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9063:
9057:Wayback Machine
9045:
9041:
9032:
9030:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9003:
9001:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8976:
8974:
8959:
8955:
8946:
8944:
8937:
8933:
8932:
8928:
8919:
8917:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8901:
8878:
8874:
8866:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8833:
8831:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8806:
8804:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8779:
8777:
8762:
8758:
8749:
8747:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8725:
8723:
8719:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8693:
8691:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8666:
8664:
8652:
8651:
8647:
8638:
8636:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8618:
8593:, specifically
8560:
6376:Η, Ι, Υ, ΕΙ, ΟΙ
5647:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5593:
5587:
5446:
5440:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5401:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5356:
5350:
5318:
5312:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5211:
5183:
5163:
5112:
5106:
5018:
4984:
4978:
4937:ISO 3602 Strict
4908:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4861:
4831:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4734:Tongyong Pinyin
4722:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
4718:
4712:
4673:
4610:. Developed by
4594:
4580:, particularly
4574:
4568:
4490:
4421:transliteration
4398:
4384:
4342:Hebrew alphabet
4338:
4332:
4293:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4248:
4243:
4230:
4218:
4187:
4154:
4121:
4090:
4057:
4024:
3991:
3958:
3925:
3892:
3859:
3826:
3793:
3760:
3727:
3694:
3664:
3631:
3598:
3565:
3532:
3499:
3466:
3435:
3402:
3369:
3336:
3303:
3270:
3237:
3205:
3172:
3139:
3106:
3073:
3040:
3007:
2974:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2926:National system
2913:Georgian letter
2902:
2896:
2893:
2886:needs expansion
2871:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2840:needs expansion
2825:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2784:. For example,
2763:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2682:
2661:
2653:was changed to
2637:was pronounced
2628:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2601:
2592:
2587:
2576:
2290:U as in actual
1779:BGN/PCGN (1958)
1530:V as in vision
1094:Sh as in sheep
963:R as in rabbit
567:BGN/PCGN (1958)
554:
542:
536:
530:
385:Arabic alphabet
381:
373:Main articles:
371:
362:
356:
353:
337:
331:
325:
310:
298:spoken language
296:represents any
281:
253:
247:
226:
220:
215:
209:
188:
186:Transliteration
182:
180:Transliteration
130:
97:transliteration
65:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
42:
39:Romanianization
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10793:
10783:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10735:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10681:
10679:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10635:
10633:
10625:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10613:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10603:
10597:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10585:
10580:
10574:
10572:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10480:
10474:
10473:
10469:
10468:
10461:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10384:
10377:
10370:
10363:
10356:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10314:
10307:
10300:
10293:
10285:
10284:
10278:
10273:
10271:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10259:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10247:
10239:
10234:
10228:
10226:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10204:Roman numerals
10201:
10196:
10191:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10174:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10151:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9976:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9878:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9840:
9839:
9829:
9828:
9815:
9809:
9799:
9786:
9781:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9756:
9751:
9745:
9730:
9724:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9704:External links
9702:
9699:
9698:
9671:
9644:
9622:
9595:
9586:
9574:Russki-mat.net
9561:
9549:
9537:
9513:
9490:
9464:
9437:
9408:
9376:
9352:
9343:
9316:
9289:
9267:
9243:
9216:
9189:
9186:on 2008-09-19.
9180:The China Post
9167:
9149:
9131:
9113:
9088:
9061:
9050:- Dec 29, 2011
9039:
9010:
8983:
8953:
8926:
8899:
8886:biology.uoc.gr
8872:
8840:
8813:
8786:
8756:
8732:
8700:
8673:
8658:BSI-Global.com
8645:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8588:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8566:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8469:
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8460:
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8420:
8418:
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8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8253:
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8232:
8230:
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8224:
8222:
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8212:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8199:
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8168:
8166:
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8153:
8149:
8148:
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8143:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
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8082:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
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8034:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7926:
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7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7795:
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7787:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7772:
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7768:
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7762:
7760:
7757:
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7752:
7749:
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7738:
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7726:
7723:
7719:
7718:
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7709:
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7701:
7699:
7696:
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7689:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
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7664:
7662:
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7647:
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7642:
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7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
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7602:
7600:
7598:
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7591:
7588:
7584:
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7531:
7528:
7524:
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7413:
7409:
7408:
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7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7386:
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7379:
7377:
7374:
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7370:
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7366:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7354:
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7335:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7319:
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7313:
7310:
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7304:
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7294:
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7283:
7280:
7277:
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7269:
7266:
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7245:
7242:
7239:
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7234:
7232:
7229:
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7225:
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7212:
7208:
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7201:
7199:
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7127:
7124:
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7114:
7112:
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7018:
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7013:
7009:
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7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
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6993:
6991:
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6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5627:
5607:Main article:
5604:
5601:
5589:Main article:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5555:
5545:
5538:United Nations
5535:
5525:
5442:Main article:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5413:
5411:
5397:Main article:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5368:
5366:
5352:Main article:
5349:
5346:
5314:Main article:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5273:
5248:Main article:
5245:
5242:
5210:
5207:
5199:Roman Dzongkha
5191:Tibetan Pinyin
5187:Tibetan script
5182:
5179:
5167:Nuosu language
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5131:Brahmic family
5123:its own script
5108:Main article:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5084:
5069:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
4980:Main article:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4904:Main article:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4824:
4821:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4756:
4751:Main article:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4714:Main article:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4681:mainland China
4672:
4671:Mainland China
4669:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4636:Lessing-Othmer
4633:
4615:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4570:Main article:
4567:
4564:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4520:Standard Hindi
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4471:Avinash Chopde
4464:
4458:
4444:
4402:Brahmic family
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4334:Main article:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4289:Main article:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4246:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2883:
2881:
2867:Main article:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2835:
2821:Main article:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2755:
2740:
2721:
2699:
2685:
2659:
2620:
2604:
2590:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2467:Ay as in play
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:Y as in happy
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1791:Pronunciation
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
999:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
976:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
953:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
912:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
889:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
848:
841:
837:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
810:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
772:
765:
761:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
734:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
693:
686:
682:
681:
678:
675:
670:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
647:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
624:
617:
613:
612:
611:- as in uh-oh
609:
606:
603:
600:
595:
588:
584:
583:
582:Pronunciation
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
551:
532:Main article:
529:
526:
525:
524:
519:
513:
507:Tim Buckwalter
496:
490:
484:
478:
464:
458:
448:
439:
370:
367:
364:
363:
343:
341:
324:
321:
280:
277:
269:coarticulation
246:
243:
219:
216:
211:Main article:
208:
205:
184:Main article:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
162:Latin alphabet
158:
143:
129:
126:
89:writing system
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10792:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10733:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10676:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10626:
10618:
10614:
10612:
10608:
10602:
10599:
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9750:in PDF format
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9164:. 2008-09-18.
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5790:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:components.)
5653:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:GOST 16876-71
5539:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5528:GOST 16876-71
5526:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5429:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5384:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5195:Lhasa Tibetan
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5098:
5097:Spoken Korean
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5076:grandfathered
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:) is called "
4913:
4912:Roman letters
4907:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4819:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:and parts of
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4665:
4662:: Created by
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:Standard Urdu
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:with extreme
4498:
4494:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:Harvard-Kyoto
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:Indic scripts
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:Z39.25 (1975)
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:Ancient Greek
4298:
4292:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:W, ch or tch
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2884:This section
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2838:This section
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2809:After vowels.
2806:
2804:
2783:
2779:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2725:
2706:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2561:Ye as in yes
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:Ye as in yes
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2472:U+064E U+06CC
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2413:U+064E U+06CC
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2354:U+064E U+0648
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2295:U+0650 U+06CC
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2236:U+064F U+0648
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2189:U+06CC U+0670
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2144:
2142:U+064E U+06CC
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2024:U+064E U+0627
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1914:U+0648 U+064F
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:ALA-LC (1997)
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:Y as in Yale
1630:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:N as in name
1500:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:L as in lamp
1454:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:C as in card
1408:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:F as in Fred
1356:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:Z as in zero
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:t as in tank
1210:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:Z as in zero
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1000:
993:
990:
989:
986:Z as in zero
985:
977:
970:
967:
966:
962:
954:
947:
944:
943:
940:Z as in zero
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
913:
906:
903:
902:
899:D as in Dave
898:
890:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
849:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
822:
819:
816:
811:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
784:
781:
778:
773:
766:
763:
762:
758:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
735:
728:
725:
724:
721:S as in sand
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
694:
687:
684:
683:
680:T as in tall
679:
671:
664:
661:
660:
656:
648:
641:
638:
637:
633:
625:
618:
615:
614:
610:
601:
596:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:ALA-LC (1997)
563:
560:
557:
552:
549:
548:
541:
535:
523:
520:
517:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
474:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
443:
440:
437:
436:0-87950-003-4
433:
429:
423:
418:
417:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
376:
360:
351:
347:
344:This list is
342:
335:
334:
330:
320:
318:
317:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
242:
240:
236:
232:
225:
214:
207:Transcription
204:
202:
198:
194:
187:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
147:international
144:
140:
139:
138:
135:
125:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
108:transcription
107:
102:
101:transcription
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
29:
22:
10770:Latin script
10765:Romanization
10744:Palaeography
10199:Romanization
10198:
10178:Latin script
9972:in Singapore
9882:Romanization
9881:
9841:
9830:
9733:
9690:. Retrieved
9686:
9674:
9663:. Retrieved
9659:
9647:
9639:the original
9634:
9625:
9614:. Retrieved
9598:
9589:
9578:. Retrieved
9576:(in Russian)
9573:
9564:
9557:Interscript.
9552:
9545:Interscript.
9540:
9525:
9516:
9493:
9482:. Retrieved
9480:(in Russian)
9477:
9467:
9456:. Retrieved
9440:
9429:. Retrieved
9425:the original
9420:
9411:
9400:the original
9391:
9379:
9368:. Retrieved
9364:
9355:
9346:
9335:. Retrieved
9325:"Belarusian"
9319:
9308:. Retrieved
9292:
9284:the original
9280:Glossika.com
9279:
9270:
9259:. Retrieved
9255:
9246:
9235:. Retrieved
9219:
9208:. Retrieved
9192:
9184:the original
9179:
9170:
9162:Taipei Times
9161:
9152:
9143:
9134:
9126:Taipei Times
9125:
9116:
9105:. Retrieved
9103:. 1998-11-03
9091:
9080:. Retrieved
9064:
9047:
9042:
9031:. Retrieved
9027:the original
9022:
9013:
9002:. Retrieved
8986:
8975:. Retrieved
8971:the original
8966:
8956:
8945:. Retrieved
8929:
8918:. Retrieved
8914:
8902:
8894:the original
8885:
8875:
8864:the original
8855:
8843:
8832:. Retrieved
8816:
8805:. Retrieved
8789:
8778:. Retrieved
8774:the original
8759:
8748:. Retrieved
8744:
8735:
8724:. Retrieved
8717:the original
8712:
8703:
8692:. Retrieved
8688:
8676:
8665:. Retrieved
8657:
8648:
8637:. Retrieved
8633:
8624:
8591:Sinicization
8575:Francization
5648:
5618:
5597:Soviet Union
5594:
5515:Tsjajkovskij
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5471:Tschaikowski
5470:
5466:
5463:Tchajkovskij
5462:
5458:
5447:
5423:
5419:adding to it
5414:
5378:
5374:adding to it
5369:
5335:
5326:ISO/R 9:1968
5319:
5300:
5279:
5219:
5212:
5184:
5164:
5117:, spoken in
5113:
5096:
5087:ISO/TR 11941
5048:
5040:
5036:
5025:
5021:
4985:
4956:
4943:Kunrei-shiki
4909:
4838:
4764:Barnett–Chao
4740:Hanyu Pinyin
4677:Hanyu Pinyin
4630:Hanyu Pinyin
4622:Soviet Union
4602:Hanyu Pinyin
4575:
4556:
4548:
4513:standardized
4491:
4399:
4339:
4294:
4273:
4221:
4220:
4217:
2894:
2890:adding to it
2885:
2848:
2844:adding to it
2839:
2781:
2777:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2724:
2657:(see below).
2623:
2567:
2566:
2231:O as in hot
2184:O as in hot
2137:O as in hot
2078:O as in hot
2019:E as in ten
1850:A as in cat
1568:H as in hot
1132:S as in Sam
1053:S as in Sam
1028:
759:J as in jam
657:P as in pet
634:B as in Bob
382:
354:
314:
306:
292:variance no
282:
264:
254:
227:
189:
146:
134:standardized
131:
119:
114:or units of
104:
85:romanization
84:
78:
61:Hanyu Pinyin
10780:Orthography
10685:ISO/IEC 646
10611:Pentagraphs
10593:Tetragraphs
10478:Multigraphs
9818:Russianeasy
9680:"Ukrainian"
9653:"Ukrainian"
9604:"Ukrainian"
9520:L. Ivanov.
9478:Metodii.com
8713:EServer.org
5534:equivalent.
5507:Tshaikovski
5499:Chaykovskiy
5487:Chajkovskij
5467:Tchaikowski
5459:Tchaykovsky
5455:Tchaikovsky
5284:linguistics
5149:ISO 11940-2
5099:coursebooks
5011:apostrophes
5003:North Korea
4999:South Korea
4933:Nihon-shiki
4790:Meyer–Wempe
4679:(1958): In
4664:James Legge
4552:open source
4013:w, c or ts
3818:g, gh or R
3815:g, gh or R
3554:J, zh or j
2937:(1981—2009)
2408:O as in go
1960:O as in go
1909:O as in go
1432:G as in go
545:Consonants
193:Nihon-shiki
81:linguistics
53:Traditional
10759:Categories
10739:Diacritics
10136:Vietnamese
10004:Macedonian
9984:Belarusian
9692:2015-07-02
9665:2015-07-02
9616:2015-07-02
9580:2013-04-25
9484:2013-04-25
9458:2015-07-02
9431:2013-04-25
9370:2015-06-27
9337:2015-07-02
9310:2015-07-02
9261:2013-04-25
9237:2015-07-02
9210:2014-09-28
9198:"Japanese"
9107:2013-04-25
9082:2015-07-02
9033:2013-04-25
9023:HamariBoli
9004:2015-07-02
8977:2013-04-25
8947:2015-07-02
8920:2015-07-02
8834:2015-07-02
8807:2015-07-02
8780:2013-04-25
8750:2013-04-25
8726:2015-07-02
8694:2015-07-02
8667:2013-04-25
8639:2015-07-02
8634:Dmg-web.de
8616:References
8084:ﻭ — ﻮ
7315:ﺭ — ﺮ
5975:ﺫ — ﺬ
5660:Romanized
5613:See also:
5511:Tšaikovski
5503:Chaikovski
5495:Chaykovsky
5479:Čajkovskij
5475:Czajkowski
5393:Macedonian
5254:See also:
5244:Belarusian
4939:) in 1989.
4835:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
4827:See also:
4816:See also:
4795:Sidney Lau
4648:Wade–Giles
4543:devanagari
4493:Hindustani
4429:consonants
4425:diacritics
4386:See also:
2793:"sun" was
1788:UN (2012)
1773:DMG (1969)
579:UN (2012)
561:DMG (1969)
538:See also:
511:diacritics
455:Morse code
346:incomplete
327:See also:
290:synchronic
286:diachronic
249:See also:
222:See also:
170:diacritics
69:Wade-Giles
10678:Standards
10570:Trigraphs
10266:Letters (
10219:Alphabets
10209:Ligatures
10081:Maldivian
10076:Malayalam
10051:Inuktitut
10019:Ukrainian
9989:Bulgarian
9967:in Taiwan
9534:0204-8701
9502:Optimized
9446:"Russian"
9070:"Chinese"
8745:Qamus.org
8662:BSI Group
6169:ΓΓ, ΓΚ, Γ
5603:Ukrainian
5491:Çaykovski
5483:Čajkovski
5426:June 2015
5381:June 2015
5344:in 2013.
5310:Bulgarian
5278:, or the
5171:Yi script
5143:ISO 11940
5129:, in the
5127:Old Khmer
5058:linguists
4865:Guangdong
4769:Guangdong
4758:Cantonese
4747:Singapore
4689:Singapore
4516:registers
4505:diglossia
4501:digraphia
4417:ISO 15919
4367:ISO 259-2
4318:Greeklish
4313:Beta Code
2897:June 2015
2851:June 2015
1785:UN (1967)
1782:EI (2012)
576:UN (1967)
573:EI (2012)
570:EI (1960)
493:ISO 233-2
467:DIN 31635
10487:Digraphs
10101:Sanskrit
10056:Japanese
10031:Georgian
9979:Cyrillic
9942:Armenian
9901:BGN/PCGN
9821:Archived
9812:Arabeasy
9804: –
9792:Archived
9762:Archived
9718:Archived
9505:Archived
9256:Sori.org
9225:"Korean"
9053:Archived
8908:"Hebrew"
8795:"Arabic"
8682:"Arabic"
8580:Gairaigo
8558:See also
8270:Υ, Ι, ΓΙ
7737:ט, תּ, ת
7134:, ֳ, וֹֹ
5707:Bopomofo
5697:Katakana
5672:Cyrillic
5522:BGN/PCGN
5264:, 1979 (
5226:Cyrillic
5209:Cyrillic
5203:Dzongkha
5119:Thailand
5015:diereses
4947:ISO 3602
4920:Japanese
4900:Japanese
4876:Min Dong
4871:variety.
4839:de facto
4780:Jyutping
4703:ISO 7098
4697:dialects
4685:Mandarin
4626:Xinjiang
4592:Mandarin
4582:Mandarin
4410:Sanskrit
4406:abugidas
4096:/q/,/qʰ/
3980:dz or Z
3947:c or ts
3931:/t͡s(ʰ)/
3914:ch or C
3898:/t͡ʃ(ʰ)/
3881:sh or S
2942:ISO 9984
2934:BGN/PCGN
2863:Georgian
2817:Armenian
2770:⟩
2764:⟨
2736:⟩
2730:⟨
2717:⟩
2711:⟨
2683:In Dari.
2635:⟩
2629:⟨
2511:–e, –ye
1767:Isolated
357:May 2021
307:zyûzyutu
257:phonetic
245:Phonetic
235:phonemes
218:Phonemic
197:Japanese
166:digraphs
116:semantic
112:phonemes
106:phonemic
10690:Unicode
10659:Colemak
10250:X-SAMPA
10189:History
10111:Tibetan
10096:Persian
10086:Marathi
10014:Serbian
10009:Russian
9962:Chinese
9957:Burmese
9947:Bengali
9932:Amharic
8992:"Hindi"
8822:"Greek"
8513:ز ظ ذ ض
8282:ﻱ ﻳ ﻴ ﻲ
8273:Й, Ы, Ј
7826:ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ
7572:ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ
7282:ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ
6941:ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ
6772:ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ
6738:ﻝ ﻟ ﻠ ﻞ
6598:ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ
6510:ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ
6449:ﺝ ﺟ ﺠ ﺞ
6214:ﻍ ﻏ ﻐ ﻎ
6121:ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ
5822:ﺏ ﺑ ﺒ ﺐ
5728:ַ, ֲ, ָ
5692:Persian
5677:Amazigh
5565:Volapük
5450:Russian
5438:Russian
5181:Tibetan
5005:. Uses
4927:Hepburn
4888:Min Bei
4869:Teochew
4859:Teochew
4847:Min Nan
4604:in 2000
4566:Chinese
4361:ISO 259
4323:ISO 843
3788:k / k̊
3785:q or k
3782:q or k
3755:p / p̊
3749:p or f
3441:/i/,/j/
3265:t / t̊
3259:T or t
2750:harakat
2508:–e, –ye
2505:–e, –ye
2502:–e, –ye
2499:–i, –yi
2496:–e, –ye
1764:Initial
1755:Unicode
1750:Vowels
553:Persian
550:Unicode
528:Persian
481:ISO 233
442:BS 4280
409:African
393:Persian
316:jūjutsu
128:Methods
91:to the
10654:Dvorak
10649:AZERTY
10644:QWERTZ
10639:QWERTY
10194:Spread
10131:Uyghur
10116:Telugu
10106:Syriac
10091:Nepali
10066:Korean
10041:Hebrew
9999:Kyrgyz
9994:Kazakh
9952:Berber
9937:Arabic
9896:ALA-LC
9789:eiktub
9740:
9660:Eki.ee
9532:
9365:Eki.ee
9298:"Thai"
8915:Eki.ee
8689:Eki.ee
6385:ִ, י ִ
6211:גֿ, עֿ
5751:ai̯/ɛ
5702:Hangul
5687:Arabic
5682:Hebrew
5625:ALA-LC
5585:Syriac
5560:(1997)
5558:ALA-LC
5348:Kyrgyz
5305:, 2000
5197:) and
5155:ALA-LC
5093:Lukoff
5081:hyphen
5062:macron
5033:ALA-LC
5007:breves
4995:Korean
4976:Korean
4969:Wāpuro
4963:ALA-LC
4916:rōmaji
4802:(1942)
4771:(1960)
4710:Taiwan
4693:Taiwan
4598:ALA-LC
4586:Zhuyin
4495:is an
4483:(1988)
4475:Usenet
4467:ITRANS
4441:ALA-LC
4433:vowels
4394:, and
4376:ALA-LC
4357:(1977)
4355:UNGEGN
4330:Hebrew
4325:(1997)
4308:ALA-LC
4297:Modern
4030:/t͡ʃʼ/
3997:/t͡sʼ/
2953:(1997)
2950:ALA-LC
2944:(1996)
2928:(2002)
2795:/xʷar/
2762:After
2519:U+06C0
2492:–e,–je
2458:ey, ay
2399:ow, aw
2083:U+0622
1965:U+0650
1855:U+064F
1796:U+064E
1761:Medial
1720:U+0626
1692:U+0624
1664:U+0623
1636:U+0621
1613:U+06CC
1573:U+0629
1535:U+0647
1506:U+0648
1483:U+0646
1460:U+0645
1437:U+0644
1414:U+06AF
1391:U+06A9
1362:U+0642
1339:U+0641
1298:U+063A
1293:_____
1257:U+0639
1216:U+0638
1178:U+0637
1137:U+0636
1099:U+0635
1058:U+0634
1035:U+0633
991:U+0698
968:U+0632
945:U+0631
904:U+0630
881:U+062F
840:U+062E
802:U+062D
764:U+0686
726:U+062C
685:U+062B
662:U+062A
639:U+067E
616:U+0628
587:U+0627
555:letter
518:(1997)
516:ALA-LC
463:(1972)
461:UNGEGN
434:
405:Sindhi
401:Pashto
389:Arabic
369:Arabic
311:じゅうじゅつ
302:script
261:phones
10709:Lists
10617:tzsch
10061:Khmer
10046:Hindi
10036:Greek
10024:Uzbek
9683:(PDF)
9656:(PDF)
9607:(PDF)
9498:Basic
9449:(PDF)
9403:(PDF)
9388:(PDF)
9328:(PDF)
9301:(PDF)
9228:(PDF)
9201:(PDF)
9073:(PDF)
8995:(PDF)
8938:(PDF)
8911:(PDF)
8867:(PDF)
8852:(PDF)
8825:(PDF)
8798:(PDF)
8720:(TXT)
8685:(PDF)
8081:ו, וו
7964:, וֻּ
7955:ΟΥ, Υ
7587:SHCH
7487:س ث ص
7481:ס, שׂ
6504:ⴽ, ⴽⵯ
6468:ʦ͈/ʨ͈
6440:ДЖ, Џ
6249:ه ح ﻫ
6175:ⴳ, ⴳⵯ
6022:Ε, ΑΙ
5931:ΝΤ, Δ
5810:ΜΠ, Β
5667:Greek
5630:ISO 9
5548:ISO 9
5532:ISO 9
5297::1995
5295:ISO 9
5201:(for
5193:(for
5161:Nuosu
5026:pul-i
5022:pur-i
4918:" in
4481:ISCII
4285:Greek
4222:Notes
4127:/d͡ʒ/
3964:/d͡z/
2791:/xor/
2774:/xʷa/
2651:/xʷa/
2568:Notes
2445:ej~aj
2386:ow~aw
2327:iː,eː
2268:uː,oː
2209:ɑː~ɒː
2162:ɑː~ɒː
2122:ā, ʼā
2119:ā, ʾā
2115:ɑː~ɒː
2056:ɑː~ɒː
1758:Final
503:Xerox
487:Qalam
451:SATTS
413:Asian
279:Trade
265:every
151:Czech
10664:BÉPO
10630:list
10601:ough
10268:list
10223:list
10126:Urdu
10121:Thai
9916:Yale
9906:GOST
9806:Perl
9738:ISBN
9530:ISSN
9500:and
8504:ⵣ, ⵥ
8380:YEO
8360:Е, Є
8325:YAE
8242:Ξ, Χ
8239:x/ks
8183:y/ɥi
8125:WAE
7895:TSU
7734:ⵜ, ⵟ
7614:SHI
7478:ⵙ, ⵚ
7309:ⵔ, ⵕ
7126:Ο, Ω
6379:И, І
6243:ח, ה
6240:ⵀ, ⵃ
5937:ⴷ, ⴹ
5898:CHI
5734:ا, آ
5731:َ, ا
5652:jamo
5342:PCGN
5340:and
5324:and
5282:for
5268:and
5228:and
5185:The
5175:YYPY
5165:The
5115:Thai
5104:Thai
5054:Yale
5039:and
5024:vs.
5013:and
4800:Yale
4654:Yale
4624:and
4608:EFEO
4522:and
4503:and
4456:IAST
4446:The
4437:IAST
4431:and
4400:The
4349:ANSI
4340:The
4299:and
4193:/oː/
4034:chʼ
4001:tsʼ
3938:tsʼ
3905:chʼ
3832:/qʼ/
3766:/kʰ/
3733:/pʰ/
3637:/tʼ/
3505:/pʼ/
3309:/kʼ/
3243:/tʰ/
3211:/eɪ/
2968:NGR2
2655:/xo/
2643:/xʷ/
2639:/xw/
2558:–ye
2432:اَیـ
2425:ـَیـ
2340:i, ē
2314:اِیـ
2307:ـِیـ
2281:u, ō
1524:v, w
1237:z̧/ẓ
605:ʼ, —
602:ʾ, —
432:ISBN
411:and
403:and
397:Urdu
383:The
377:and
288:and
201:kana
153:and
73:Yale
71:and
55:and
30:and
10669:Neo
10583:eau
10578:dzs
10465:Zz
10374:Mm
10071:Lao
9911:ISO
8528:ʐ/ʒ
8525:ZH
8463:YU
8434:YO
8407:YI
8352:YE
8296:YA
8208:WO
8180:WI
8152:WE
8097:WA
8024:دُو
8010:UW
7983:UI
7922:TT
7866:TS
7839:TO
7810:TH
7783:TE
7756:TA
7743:ت ط
7695:SU
7668:SS
7641:SO
7554:SH
7527:SE
7500:SA
7439:RU
7412:RO
7385:RI
7358:RE
7331:RA
7285:غ ق
7238:PS
7211:PP
7152:OE
7093:NU
7066:NO
7039:NI
7012:NG
6985:NE
6958:NA
6896:MU
6869:MO
6842:MI
6815:ME
6788:MA
6693:KU
6666:KO
6639:KK
6612:KI
6580:KH
6553:KE
6526:KA
6465:JJ
6437:TZ̈
6418:دِي
6404:IY
6373:i/ɪ
6343:HO
6316:HI
6289:HE
6262:HA
6217:ق غ
6196:GH
6136:FU
6076:EU
6049:EO
6019:e/ɛ
5988:DZ
5959:DH
5872:TΣ̈
5866:CH
5841:k/s
5825:ﺏ ﺑ
5788:י ַ
5776:AI
5748:AE
5663:IPA
5421:.
5376:.
5338:BGN
5205:).
4997:in
4953:JSL
4404:of
4212:h̃
4160:/h/
4116:q̊
4113:q̌
4108:x̣
4102:qʼ
4085:k̃
4070:kh
4067:kh
4063:/χ/
4052:j̉
4049:ʃ̌
4037:ch
4019:c̉
4004:ts
3986:d̃
3971:dz
3968:dz
3944:cʻ
3941:c̕
3920:c̃
3911:čʻ
3908:č̕
3872:sh
3865:/ʃ/
3836:qʼ
3821:q̃
3806:gh
3799:/ʁ/
3779:kʻ
3776:k̕
3773:kʼ
3746:pʻ
3743:p̕
3740:pʼ
3700:/u/
3689:f̃
3670:/w/
3659:t̉
3656:t̆
3641:tʼ
3604:/s/
3571:/r/
3560:g̃
3545:zh
3542:zh
3538:/ʒ/
3527:p̉
3524:p̌
3509:pʼ
3472:/ɔ/
3408:/n/
3375:/m/
3342:/l/
3331:k̉
3313:kʼ
3276:/i/
3256:tʻ
3253:t̕
3250:tʼ
3229:ej
3217:ey
3178:/z/
3145:/v/
3112:/ɛ/
3079:/d/
3046:/ɡ/
3013:/b/
2980:/ɑ/
2920:IPA
2892:.
2846:.
2787:خور
2782:xva
2780:or
2778:xwa
2647:/ʷ/
2641:or
2555:–ye
2552:–ye
2549:–ye
2546:–ʼi
2543:–ye
2539:–je
2524:ـهٔ
2477:ـیِ
2464:ey
2439:اَی
2418:ـَی
2405:ow
2380:اَو
2373:اَو
2366:ـَو
2359:ـَو
2321:اِی
2300:ـِی
2262:اُو
2255:اُو
2248:ـُو
2241:ـُو
2194:ـیٰ
2147:ـَی
2036:ـَا
2029:ـَا
1926:ـوَ
1919:ـوَ
1770:IPA
1731:ʔ,∅
1703:ʔ,∅
1675:ʔ,∅
1647:ʔ,∅
1584:∅,t
1517:v~w
1373:ɢ~ɣ
1322:g͟h
1309:ɢ~ɣ
1199:ţ/ṭ
1120:ş/ṣ
1082:s͟h
1015:z͟h
928:d͟h
864:k͟h
823:ḩ/ḥ
750:d͟j
709:t͟h
598:ʔ,∅
558:IPA
505:by
457:era
352:.
79:In
10761::
10560:Th
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