129:
640:, "In 1774 the estimated population was 75000; in 1810 it was 198,000, and in 1848 378,000. The changes in the province's ethnic composition were dramatic. In 1774 the Romanians constituted an overwhelming majority, roughly 64,000 to 8,000 Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and 3,000 others. By 1810 the Romanian share had fallen from 85 per cent to 75 per cent (150,000 to 48,000 non-Romanians), and in 1848 there were 209,000 Romanians (55 per cent), 109,000 Ukrainians (29 per cent) and 60,000 others (16 per cent). The Jewish population rose from 526 in 1774 to 11,600 in 1848."
573:
the inauguration of the newly and illegally erected
Romanian war memorial. Eager to protect the burial site of their fallen heroes, some 1,000 ethnic Hungarians formed a human chain in silent prayer around the graveyard. Despite police presence, several from the Romanian crowd eventually broke through the police cordon and the fence and tore open the cemetery gate. Some members of the Hungarian group were physically attacked and injured. The Romanian Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Defense have said that the new crosses and memorial violate the law.
216:, the post-war mass actions undertaken by the Romanian authorities were primarily directed against the Hungarian aristocracy and, at times, the Jews. The takeover did not happen without impacting the cultural and economic life of the Hungarians. While, in accordance with the Agricultural Act of 1921, a number of Hungarian estates and lands were confiscated, the land reform openly favored the Romanians, the national group which used to be the victims of the unjust land allocation systems in place during Hungarian rule.
32:
2485:
496:
copy of the documents in
Romanian and a translation in their language; however, official documents are preserved by the local administration in Romanian only; local administration will provide inscriptions for the names of localities and public institutions under their authority, and display public interest announcements in the native language of the citizens of the respective ethnic minority under the same 20% rule.
438:
568:, despite heavy police presence and a human chain of ethnic Hungarians protesting peacefully. The cemetery was established in 1917 by Austrians and Hungarians as the burial place for the fallen heroes of WWI battles, and has also been used during WWII for the same purpose. The local council in DormÄneÈti, a town of 8,600 inhabitants located in
1614:
After the World War, Romania, favored by an exceptional opportunity, has acquired territories from three states, which, in my opinion, she cannot maintain for long through a forceful policy. The situation would have been different were
Romania to have succeeded in accomplishing the internal, ethnic
1030:
visited
Bucharest and extended credit guarantees of approximately US$ 368 million in return for Romanian pledges to facilitate the reunification of ethnic German families. The issue resurfaced in 1983 when the so called education tax would have increased West Germany's payment of the equivalent of
655:. The takeover was followed by the policy of Romanianization of ethnic minorities, mostly Ukrainians, pursued by the Romanian authorities. The policies were built on an increasing sentiment spread in Romanian media and historic works that all of Bukovina was inherently a Romanian ethnic territory.
572:
and which does not have jurisdiction over the cemetery, began a so-called ârenovationâ on the cemetery grounds, erecting concrete crosses and a memorial to
Romanian war heroes that are in fact buried in the neighbouring former village of Poiana Uzului. The council of DormÄneÈti, however, scheduled
499:
Even though
Romania co-signed the European laws for protecting minorities' rights, the implementation has not proved satisfactory to all members of the Hungarian community. There is a movement by Hungarians both for an increase in autonomy and distinct cultural development. Initiatives proposed by
368:
came to power in 1965, the assimilationist drive was pursued with new vigor. The remaining minority "privileges" were lost; Hungarian representation in the local bureaucracies was limited to the proportion of
Hungarians in the total population. Mass resettlement of Romanians into Transylvania took
686:
According to the 1930 census, Ukrainians made up 3.2% of the population of
Romania. The declines in Ukrainian population between the censuses of 1919 and 1930 is illustrated as follows: the first census indicates a population of 16,250,000, of which 763,750 (4.7%) were Ukrainians; in 1930, as the
495:
Political agreements have brought the gradual implementation of
Hungarian in everyday life: Public Administration Law 215/2002 stipulates "the use of national minority languages in public administration in settlements where minorities exceed 20% of the population"; minority ethnics will receive a
468:
In 1995, a basic treaty on the relations between
Hungary and Romania was signed. In the treaty, Hungary renounced all territorial claims to Transylvania, and Romania reiterated its respect for the rights of its minorities. Relations between the two countries improved as Romania and Hungary became
200:
after the union; however, most of them remained in Romania, and by the 1930s, their number increased to 26.7% of the whole Transylvanian population. The increase in the proportion of the Hungarian minority in Transylvania was induced by the immigration of the Hungarians from Hungary and by the
670:
The Romanianization policies brought the closure of the Ukrainian public schools (all such schools were closed until 1928) and the suppression of most of the Ukrainian (Ruthenian) cultural institutions. The very term "Ukrainians" was prohibited from the official usage and some populations of
813:
Raffay ErnĆ: A vajdasĂĄgoktĂłl a birodalomig-Az Ășjkori RomĂĄnia törtĂ©nete = From voivodates to the empire-History of modern Romania, JATE KiadĂł, Szeged, 1989, pages 155â156); Kovrig, Bennett (2000) âPartitioned nation: Hungarian minorities in Central Europeâ, in: Michael Mandelbaum (ed.),
409:
on similar terms. These mass emigrations were, however, an example of positive discrimination towards the German and Jewish populations, as the rest of the Transylvanian population (Romanians, Hungarians, Romas) had no opportunity to take part in this economically-driven emigration.
377:
According to census data, the Hungarian population of Transylvania decreased from 25.5% in 1920 to 19.6% in 2002. Changes were more significant in cities/larger settlements where Hungarians used to be the majority, especially in Northern Transylvanian cities such as
910:
Stefano Bottini â ZoltĂĄn Csaba NovĂĄk: Az 1956. Ă©vi forradalom sajĂĄtos romĂĄniai következmĂ©nyei (forrĂĄsközlĂ©s). In: 1956 megközelĂtĂ©se: levĂ©ltĂĄrak, irattĂĄrak = The specific consequences of the revolution of 1956 in Romania. In: Approach to 1956: archives, records.
357:, an almost exclusively Romanian-language institution. The event was marked by the suicide of several Hungarian professors. The Romanianization of education had begun earlier, in 1958, with the forced merger of Magyar primary schools with Romanian ones. The
671:
disputable Ukrainian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones. Among those who were Romanianized were descendants of Romanians who were
546:
The process is, with a lower intensity, active even today, irrespective of the political affiliation of the current government, partly because each party uses the ethnic minorities as scapegoats for their own electoral benefit. The measures include:
286:
was engaged and pillaged by the Romanian Gendarmerie and volunteers. However, on 12 November 1944, the Soviets expelled the returning Romanian authorities from Northern Transylvania with reference to the massacres committed by members of
334:
policy, a natural phenomenon tied to economic development and the intention of transforming a predominantly agrarian country into an industrialized one, was followed throughout Romania, including in areas inhabited by minorities.
2825:
667:), the main university of the province. Enrollment of Ukrainians in the university fell from 239 out of 1671 in 1914 to 155 out of 3,247 in 1933, while Romanian enrollment in the same period increased to 2,117 out of 3,247.
542:, with his propaganda machine and paramilitary forces which compel people to give up their country, identity, and property, or a state like Romania which has built a democracy respecting the rights of ethnic minorities?
201:
significant improvement of living standards of the Hungarian minority in Romania compared with those of the interwar Hungarian population. While Romania included large national minorities, the
822:
Press, pp. 19â80. ErnĆ indicates an exodus of about 197,000 Transylvanian Hungarians fled to Hungary in 1918â1922, Kovrig estimates a further 169,000 over the remainder of the interwar period.
342:
increasingly manipulated Romanian nationalism as a popular legitimizing device, applying more repressive policies toward the Hungarian minority. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the
196:
of 1920 determined the Romanian border with the new Hungarian state. However, Transylvania had a large Hungarian minority of 25.5%, according to the 1920 census. A portion of them fled to
1509:
Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kyiv
180:, on 1 December 1918, the Romanian National Council (elected representatives of the Romanian population) and soon afterwards, the representatives of the German population had decided
518:
that had been abolished by the Hungarian government in the second half of the 19th century, and the re-establishment of an independent state-funded Hungarian-language university.
323:, were arrested and imprisoned for years. On the other hand, during the Communist era, the former civil organization possibilities of the interwar period were eliminated.
319:, Hungarians in Transylvania were often accused of separatism and revisionism, and the majority of Hungarian intellectual and spiritual leaders, including Catholic bishop
369:
place. Hungarian intellectuals were coerced into leaving Transylvania and were compelled to take jobs in non-Hungarian areas which also contributed to Romanianization.
282:
and Hungary, regaining Northern Transylvania. During the fall of 1944, after the withdrawal of the Hungarian military forces and administration from Transylvania, the
484:. The aim of the UDMR is to achieve local government, cultural and territorial autonomy and the right to self-determination for Hungarians. UDMR is a member of the
2730:
777:, Vol. 122, no. 3175, May 12, 1926. A relatively early citation for the term "Rumanization" â a policy attributed, among others, to the Romanian government of
1274:
1786:
307:
From 1947, the Romanian authorities gradually eliminated the wartime Hungarian institutions, after the Treaty of Trianon borders had been restored at the
1115:
781:, one which would have contributed to an alliance between nationalist forces hostile to BrÄtianu and representatives of ethnic minorities, as the pseudo-
616:
population. Austrian control favored immigration to develop the economy of the region. Due to Bukovina being administratively linked to the province of
1248:
330:
of towns doubled or even tripled the number of inhabitants in some urban areas, most of the newcomers being ethnic Romanians from the rural areas. The
1801:
429:
decreased to 46%, as the industrialization of the city led many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) to move into the city.
1937:
1648:
2414:
481:
687:
total population had increased by 11% (to 18,025,896), the Ukrainian community had dropped to 576,828 members (75.5% of the previous total).
612:, which offered certain currency in the public life for the two nations, however the general policy on churches and education disfavored the
292:
1781:
1299:
2010:
2920:
1040:
1615:
and political, assimilation of these territories, or if the military weakness of neighbouring countries would have remained permanent.
1326:
1039:, an agreement was reached whereby the West German government increased its payment per emigrant to approximately US$ 5,263." Accessed
551:
the appointment of openly nationalist politicians or former military officials in leading public functions in Hungarian-majority areas,
1942:
1688:
477:
450:
441:
Ethnic map of Harghita, Covasna, and MureÈ Counties based on the 2011 data, showing localities with Hungarian majority or plurality.
894:
2503:
1529:". Presented at ""Culture and the Politics of Identity in Modern Romania", May 27â30, 1998, Elisabeta Palace, Bucharest, Romania
659:, a prominent Romanian historian and one of the most vocal proponents of Greater Romanian nationalism, was made a rector of the
2800:
2740:
2715:
2168:
1352:
804:, part of the Yizkor Book Project on JewishGen.org. In particular, see the section "The Church Question". Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
96:
2539:
2518:
1378:
1007:
965:
521:
However, the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania has been seen as a model of cultural and ethnic diversity in the
1526:
1219:
1078:
Tom Gallagher, "Modern Romania: the end of communism, the failure of democratic reform, and the theft of a nation", p. 216,
68:
1754:
785:
2659:
1641:
1141:
3101:
3086:
3065:
2885:
2871:
2770:
2554:
2407:
1568:
1404:
500:
various Hungarian political organizations include the creation of an "autonomous region" in the counties that form the
458:
197:
181:
75:
2765:
2755:
2725:
2669:
1514:
1481:
1455:
841:
115:
3091:
2906:
2795:
2679:
2654:
2544:
2289:
2235:
49:
457:. Ethnic conflicts, however, never occurred on a significant scale, even though some violent clashes, such as the
2674:
82:
560:
withdrawal of state decorations from people publicly talking about minority rights abuses of the Romanian state.
389:
Romanianization of the Transylvanian population was also affected by the fact that 300,000 Germans emigrated to
259:
219:
Although Romania won the war, the anti-Hungarian sentiments were not remitted. During the 1930s, in response to
3121:
3111:
2720:
2639:
2549:
1634:
526:
247:
148:
53:
2785:
2513:
2464:
2400:
1898:
1683:
454:
2878:
1607:(Letter from Hitler to Carol II, calling for the revision of Romania's borders according to ethnic criteria)
1598:
675:
in the past. As such, according to the Romanian census, of the total population of 805,000, 74% were called
64:
3116:
2508:
2146:
953:
819:
773:
316:
202:
2307:
1539:
3029:
2344:
1886:
1732:
128:
3106:
2864:
2649:
2294:
557:
stigmatization of minority organisations by the press and government officials as enemies of the state,
489:
308:
299:
was formed on 6 March 1945. The Hungarian-Romanian conflicts in 1940 and 1944 are still controversial.
185:
1431:
354:
2945:
2790:
2750:
2684:
2664:
2523:
1079:
1194:"The Discrimination and the Violation of Minority Rights of the Hungarian Community in Romania 2018"
1168:"The Discrimination and the Violation of Minority Rights of the Hungarian Community in Romania 2018"
2745:
2735:
2057:
1908:
1843:
1771:
617:
511:
422:
421:), where in 2002, Hungarians made up around 61% of the population. The capital city of the former
343:
143:
authorities during the 20th and 21st century. The most noteworthy policies were those aimed at the
295:, and the Romanian administration was not allowed to return until the communist-led government of
3050:
2998:
2976:
2710:
2039:
1990:
1116:"NACIONALISTA NĂZETEIRĆL ISMERT POLITIKUST NEVEZETT KI A ROMĂN KORMĂNY MAROS MEGYE PREFEKTUSĂNAK"
539:
485:
449:
of 1989, ethnic-based political parties were constituted by both the Hungarians, who founded the
42:
2183:
1603:
999:
989:
2835:
2775:
2689:
2611:
2324:
1693:
1036:
760:
586:
339:
267:
991:
Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: a guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties
565:
2634:
2126:
2089:
2045:
1657:
1379:"The troubling case of the stolen graveyard: this website tells the Ăz Valley cemetery story"
957:
946:
716:
660:
255:
243:
223:, anti-revisionist demonstrations began in Romania, supported by Nationalist newspapers like
220:
152:
144:
89:
778:
492:(EPP). Since 1996, the UDMR has been a member or supporter of every governmental coalition.
3055:
3008:
2805:
2447:
2423:
2361:
2329:
1191:
1165:
564:
In June 2019, a Romanian crowd broke into the former Austro-Hungarian military cemetery in
394:
3096:
2971:
365:
8:
2601:
2366:
2339:
1749:
1742:
1093:""Sebastian Cucu azzal dicsekszik, hogy milyen hatĂ©konyan ĂŒldözi a magyar szimbĂłlumokat""
1032:
462:
446:
251:
2830:
1193:
1167:
891:
679:; the number included the Ukrainians and other possibly related Ukrainian ethnic groups
3024:
2606:
2022:
1710:
1092:
801:
789:
648:
1275:"MEP Laszlo Tokes Sues President, PM For Stripping Him Of The Romanian National Order"
1054:
209:, following the French model which was popular in many European nations at that time.
2596:
2591:
2356:
1975:
1510:
1477:
1451:
1434:, Ukraine, Section:: History:: Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy:: Bukovina
1300:"Klaus Johannis visszavonta TĆkĂ©s LĂĄszlĂł ĂĄllami kitĂŒntetĂ©sĂ©t - a Maszol.ro portĂĄlrĂłl"
1031:
US$ 2,632 per ethnic German emigrant to US$ 42,105. After visits by Bavarian premier
1003:
961:
847:
837:
726:
613:
609:
582:
554:
punishment of public use of the Hungarian national symbols of the Hungarian minority,
425:(covering mostly the Székely areas) is an exception: the percentage of Hungarians in
327:
232:
193:
480:(UDMR) is the major representative of Hungarians in Romania, and is a member of the
2986:
2586:
2334:
2267:
2199:
1995:
1139:
426:
320:
877:
Thomas Lorman: Missed Opportunities? Hungarian policy towards Romania, 1932â1936.
2564:
2457:
2381:
2301:
2279:
2262:
2069:
1875:
1865:
1821:
1816:
1715:
1678:
898:
644:
213:
2644:
569:
515:
506:
418:
283:
2981:
2780:
2694:
2371:
2274:
2257:
2173:
2153:
2121:
2074:
2064:
2017:
2005:
1964:
1959:
1925:
1915:
1893:
1855:
1826:
1811:
1761:
1737:
1668:
1495:
Das Ansiedlungswesen in der Bukowina seit der Besitzergreifung durch Ăsterreich
1443:
1027:
652:
637:
470:
948:
The new European diasporas: national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe
816:
The new European diasporas: national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe
139:
is the series of policies aimed toward ethnic assimilation implemented by the
3080:
2993:
2966:
2474:
2351:
2284:
2225:
2158:
2141:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2079:
2052:
1985:
1969:
1954:
1949:
1903:
1881:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1833:
1776:
1766:
1700:
1192:
MikĂł Imre Association for the Protection of Minority Rights (22 March 2019).
1166:
MikĂł Imre Association for the Protection of Minority Rights (22 March 2019).
736:
731:
701:
672:
402:
1576:
1353:"Romanian crowd breaks into WWI graveyard, storming past police, Hungarians"
851:
2230:
2209:
2178:
2163:
2136:
2131:
2084:
2029:
1980:
1932:
1920:
1838:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1673:
995:
529:
390:
358:
331:
279:
271:
239:
206:
189:
20:
3060:
2927:
2899:
2559:
2452:
2376:
2204:
2000:
1705:
1527:
Cernauti University, 1919â1940: Concepts and Consequences of Romanization
711:
383:
350:
296:
288:
263:
228:
177:
1626:
706:
414:
3003:
2913:
2760:
2469:
2392:
664:
656:
625:
621:
598:
533:
160:
1593:
1546:, 2001, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
1327:"Romanian town attempts to hijack Austro-Hungarian military graveyard"
2437:
1725:
1720:
1140:
MikĂł Imre Minority Rights Legal Services Assistance (16 March 2017).
1055:"Refworld â Romania: Ethnic Hungarians (January 2001 â January 2006)"
696:
676:
594:
312:
224:
1026:, based on data as of July 1989. "In 1979 West Germany's Chancellor
576:
31:
2892:
2442:
721:
651:; same situation happens in Bessarabia after the relinquishment of
605:
275:
156:
2484:
2840:
782:
680:
629:
620:, the ethnic composition of the province was altered by waves of
590:
522:
397:
2,632 per ethnic German emigrant, as of 1983. Also, about 50,000
346:
was dissolved and most key posts were filled by loyal Romanians.
140:
1620:
16:
Adoption of Romanian culture and language by non-Romanian people
1249:"Revocation of LĂĄszlĂł TĆkĂ©s's state decoration is unacceptable"
1142:"Public use of minority symbols continuously banned in Romania"
406:
379:
755:
IstvĂĄn PĂĄvai, "The Folk Music of the Moldavian Hungarians",
683:
referred to as "Romanians who forgot their native language"
538:
Who is going to define the future of this part the world...
437:
361:, for their part, lost their last Hungarian school in 1958.
184:. The decision was contested by the Hungarian minority. The
1405:"Animal remains, not Romanian soldier's bones in Ăz Valley"
171:
235:
officially condemned the events in Bucharest newspapers.
633:
398:
1605:
Scrisoarea lui Adolf Hitler cÄtre regele Carol al II-lea
593:
and 1/3 in Ukraine), were historically populated by the
510:), roughly corresponding to the territory of the former
132:
Romanians in Romania by counties (Ethnic maps 1930â2011)
1246:
834:
Perspectiva lumii rurale asupra primului rÄzboi mondial
393:. The West German state paid Romania the equivalent of
2731:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
453:, and by the Romanian Transylvanians, who founded the
1220:"Anti-Hungarian manifestations in Romania 2014â2016"
866:
Ideas on territorial revision in Hungary, 1920â1945.
647:, control over the whole of Bukovina fell under the
1558:, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1988, p.191
923:
921:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
945:
413:Romanianization was less sustained in the compact
166:
577:Policies toward the Ukrainian minority in Romania
3078:
1053:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
918:
188:of 1918â1919 established Romanian control over
901:Magyar Kisebbség. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
771:James Fuchs, "Averescu: Rumania's Mussolini",
585:(today split between Romania and Ukraine) and
482:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2408:
1642:
939:
937:
935:
933:
759:2002 Volume 3 Numbers 1â2. Extract online at
302:
525:area: In an address to the American people,
1468:
1466:
1464:
353:was merged with the Romanian one to become
2415:
2401:
1649:
1635:
1024:Library of Congress Country Study: Romania
943:
930:
864:A Romanian point of view: MiklĂłs Zeidler:
227:. After a particularly violent protest in
1656:
983:
981:
979:
977:
478:Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
451:Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
417:areas of south-eastern Transylvania (the
270:, and, as such, fought together with the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2422:
1461:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1272:
1022:"Relations with Noncommunist States" in
987:
868:Social Science Monographs, 2007. p. 157.
436:
172:In the period between the two World Wars
127:
1621:Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
1599:Ukrainian deputy in Romanian Parliament
1505:
1503:
3079:
2741:National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)
1487:
1402:
1376:
1350:
974:
831:
2540:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
2519:Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
2396:
1630:
1519:
1422:
349:In 1959, the Hungarian university in
2921:TreceÈi, batalioane romĂąne, CarpaÈii
1500:
1324:
1052:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2660:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
1113:
879:Slavonic & East European Review
643:In 1918, following the collapse of
461:, did take place shortly after the
13:
3066:Unification of Moldova and Romania
2872:Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine
2555:Union of Transylvania with Romania
2504:Revolt of Horea, CloÈca and CriÈan
1594:The Union of Ukrainians in Romania
14:
3133:
2756:National-Christian Defense League
1587:
1476:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
1450:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
1273:Grigoras, Alina (18 April 2016).
1035:and West German foreign minister
892:A kisebbsĂ©gpolitikus MĂĄrton Ăron.
589:(today by 2/3 in the republic of
338:By the late 1950s, the regime of
2907:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire
2796:Everything For the Country Party
2655:National Identity Bloc in Europe
2545:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
2483:
1403:SarĂĄny, ORSI (4 February 2020).
1217:
673:assimilated to Ukrainian society
459:TĂąrgu MureÈ events of March 1990
432:
30:
2801:People's Party â Dan Diaconescu
2766:National Liberal Party-BrÄtianu
2675:Romanian Socialist Party (2003)
1561:
1549:
1532:
1396:
1370:
1344:
1318:
1292:
1266:
1240:
1211:
1185:
1159:
1133:
1107:
1085:
1072:
1046:
1016:
167:Romanianization in Transylvania
41:needs additional citations for
2550:Union of Bukovina with Romania
1325:SzoĂł, Attila (30 April 2019).
904:
884:
871:
858:
825:
807:
795:
765:
749:
1:
2886:Doamne, ocroteÈte-i pe romĂąni
2786:Romanian National Unity Party
2514:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
1575:(in Romanian). Archived from
1377:Fekete, IstvĂĄn (8 May 2019).
1351:Albert, DĂ©nes (6 June 2019).
742:
455:Romanian National Unity Party
260:coup d'Ă©tat of 23 August 1944
205:declared the country to be a
2716:Democratic Nationalist Party
2509:Moldavian Revolution of 1848
2231:Romanization of the writings
954:Council on Foreign Relations
944:Mandelbaum, Michael (2000).
820:Council on Foreign Relations
514:, as well as the historical
463:fall of the CeauÈescu regime
317:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
309:Paris Peace Treaties of 1947
7:
3030:Re-latinization of Romanian
2721:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
2345:Forced religious conversion
1497:, Innsbruck, 1902, pp. 1â71
690:
315:country as well; after the
10:
3138:
1493:Raimund Friedrich Kaindl,
915:2006. Volume 54. p. 61-73.
532:asked in the midst of the
372:
303:After the Second World War
18:
3102:Social history of Ukraine
3087:Social history of Romania
3043:
3017:
2959:
2946:Bessarabia, Romanian land
2937:
2856:
2849:
2818:
2791:Socialist Party of Labour
2751:National Fascist Movement
2703:
2685:Alliance for the Homeland
2665:Romanian Nationhood Party
2627:
2620:
2579:
2532:
2499:
2492:
2481:
2430:
2317:
2308:VergangenheitsbewÀltigung
2250:
2218:
2193:Assimilation by religions
2192:
1664:
1569:"Populatia RomĂąniei Mari"
1556:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
1247:Prime Minister's Office.
1114:MTI (20 September 2018).
1080:New York University Press
988:Bugajski, Janusz (1995).
836:. Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut.
636:immigrants. According to
311:. However, Hungary was a
212:After the dissolution of
2771:National Socialist Party
2746:Romanian Communist Party
2736:National Romanian Fascio
2219:Assimilation by writings
832:BĂąrlea, Eugenia (2004).
512:Magyar Autonomous Region
445:In the aftermath of the
423:Magyar Autonomous Region
344:Magyar Autonomous Region
19:Not to be confused with
3092:20th century in Romania
3051:Anti-Romanian sentiment
2999:Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen
2977:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
2711:Romanian National Party
2670:Social Democratic Party
2650:People's Movement Party
1612:; note the reference: "
1544:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
1474:The Romanians 1774â1866
1448:The Romanians 1774â1866
1432:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
762:, accessed 11 Feb 2006.
601:for hundreds of years.
490:European People's Party
486:European Democrat Union
355:BabeÈ-Bolyai University
238:In August 1940, during
2776:Crusade of Romanianism
2726:Democratic Union Party
2690:Romanian Village Party
2680:National Liberal Party
2612:Ferdinand I of Romania
2325:Cultural globalization
1525:Mariana Hausleitner, "
1037:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
661:University of CernÄuĆŁi
442:
340:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
258:to Romania. After the
186:HungarianâRomanian War
133:
3122:History of Bessarabia
3112:Cultural assimilation
2879:DeÈteaptÄ-te, romĂąne!
2865:CĂąntÄ cucu-n Bucovina
2635:Greater Romania Party
1658:Cultural assimilation
1540:Chernivtsi University
717:Hungarians in Romania
440:
256:Southern Transylvania
244:Northern Transylvania
221:Hungarian irredentism
182:to unify with Romania
131:
3056:Bessarabian question
3009:Corneliu Vadim Tudor
2806:United Romania Party
2640:New Generation Party
2424:Romanian nationalism
2362:Internal colonialism
2330:Cultural imperialism
2011:Northern Afghanistan
1146:dailynewshungary.com
50:improve this article
3117:History of Bukovina
2602:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
2367:Jewish assimilation
2340:Forced assimilation
1878:or Castilianization
1409:transylvanianow.com
1383:transylvanianow.com
1357:transylvanianow.com
1331:transylvanianow.com
1033:Franz Josef Strauss
881:2005. v. 83. p. 291
802:Bukovina â Handbook
608:was annexed by the
581:The territories of
447:Romanian Revolution
262:, Romania left the
252:Second Vienna Award
250:as a result of the
231:, Foreign Minister
3025:Aromanian question
2607:Carol I of Romania
2465:National communism
1991:Montenegrinization
897:2008-09-30 at the
790:Alexandru Averescu
779:Ion I. C. BrÄtianu
757:Hungarian Heritage
649:Kingdom of Romania
614:Christian Orthodox
540:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
443:
145:Hungarian minority
134:
3107:Romanian language
3074:
3073:
2972:Nicolae CeauÈescu
2955:
2954:
2836:CĂźntarea RomĂąniei
2814:
2813:
2621:Political parties
2597:Michael the Brave
2592:Stephen the Great
2575:
2574:
2524:Bridge of Flowers
2390:
2389:
2357:Identity politics
2246:
2245:
1976:Macedonianization
1279:romaniajournal.ro
1043:12 November 2006.
1009:978-1-56324-283-0
967:978-0-87609-257-6
727:Chernivtsi Oblast
610:Habsburg monarchy
534:air war in Kosovo
401:who survived the
366:Nicolae CeauÈescu
328:industrialization
233:Nicolae Titulescu
203:1923 Constitution
194:Treaty of Trianon
176:After the end of
126:
125:
118:
100:
65:"Romanianization"
3129:
2854:
2853:
2831:Cenaclul FlacÄra
2625:
2624:
2587:Vlad the Impaler
2497:
2496:
2487:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2335:Dominant culture
2318:Related concepts
2280:De-russification
2268:De-stalinization
2263:De-communization
2200:Christianization
2190:
2189:
2042:or Latinization
1996:Norwegianization
1972:or Hungarization
1946:
1787:Colombianization
1689:Native Americans
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1611:
1581:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1472:Keith Hitchins,
1470:
1459:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
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1180:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
972:
971:
951:
941:
928:
927:Bugajski, p. 200
925:
916:
913:Levéltåri szemle
908:
902:
888:
882:
875:
869:
862:
856:
855:
829:
823:
811:
805:
799:
793:
769:
763:
753:
326:After 1948, the
151:and as well the
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3039:
3035:Romanianization
3013:
2951:
2933:
2850:Popular culture
2845:
2810:
2699:
2616:
2571:
2565:Greater Romania
2528:
2488:
2479:
2458:Neo-Legionarism
2426:
2421:
2391:
2386:
2382:Monoculturalism
2313:
2302:De-sinicization
2275:De-nazification
2251:Opposite trends
2242:
2214:
2188:
2070:Sanskritization
2035:Romanianization
2001:Pakistanization
1940:
1876:Hispanicization
1866:Hawaiianization
1822:Europeanization
1817:Estonianization
1772:Canadianization
1679:Americanization
1660:
1655:
1609:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1524:
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1471:
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1186:
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1021:
1017:
1010:
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931:
926:
919:
909:
905:
899:Wayback Machine
889:
885:
876:
872:
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859:
844:
830:
826:
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796:
770:
766:
754:
750:
745:
693:
645:Austria-Hungary
579:
469:members of the
435:
375:
305:
266:and joined the
246:was annexed by
214:Austria-Hungary
174:
169:
137:Romanianization
122:
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105:
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59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3072:
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3069:
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3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3044:Related topics
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2982:Mihai Eminescu
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
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2950:
2949:
2941:
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2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Romanian Front
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2695:S.O.S. Romania
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
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2500:
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2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
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2428:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Language shift
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2258:De-arabization
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2184:Zairianization
2181:
2176:
2174:Westernization
2171:
2169:Vietnamization
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:Turkmenization
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Talibanization
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2075:Serbianization
2072:
2067:
2065:Saffronization
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2018:Persianization
2015:
2014:
2013:
2006:Pashtunization
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:Lithuanization
1962:
1960:Latvianization
1957:
1952:
1947:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:Japanification
1918:
1916:Italianization
1913:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1894:Indigenization
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Georgification
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:Westernization
1819:
1814:
1812:Dutchification
1809:
1804:
1802:Cypriotization
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Bosniakization
1759:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:Belarusization
1735:
1733:Araucanization
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1669:Africanization
1665:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1588:External links
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:on 2006-02-08.
1560:
1548:
1538:A. Zhukovsky,
1531:
1518:
1499:
1486:
1460:
1444:Keith Hitchins
1436:
1421:
1395:
1369:
1343:
1317:
1306:. 3 March 2016
1291:
1265:
1253:www.kormany.hu
1239:
1218:Nagy, Attila.
1210:
1184:
1158:
1132:
1106:
1095:(in Hungarian)
1084:
1071:
1045:
1028:Helmut Schmidt
1015:
1008:
973:
966:
929:
917:
903:
890:GĂĄbor Vincze:
883:
870:
857:
842:
824:
806:
794:
786:People's Party
764:
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744:
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729:
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699:
692:
689:
653:Russian Empire
638:Keith Hitchins
578:
575:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
502:Székely region
488:(EDU) and the
473:in the 2000s.
471:European Union
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3007:
3005:
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3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Nicolae Iorga
2992:
2988:
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2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Ion Antonescu
2965:
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2819:Organizations
2817:
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2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2475:Protochronism
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
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2375:
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2370:
2368:
2365:
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2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Globalization
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Korenizatsiia
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Cyrillization
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Ukrainization
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:Turkification
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Taiwanization
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Swedification
2115:
2113:
2112:Swahilization
2110:
2108:
2107:Sovietization
2105:
2103:
2102:Slovakization
2100:
2098:
2097:Slavicization
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Sinhalization
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
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2054:
2053:Russification
2051:
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2038:
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2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
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2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Mongolization
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:Magyarization
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Kurdification
1953:
1951:
1950:Koreanization
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:Kazakhization
1936:
1934:
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1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
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1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:Israelization
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1900:
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1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
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1882:Indianization
1880:
1877:
1874:
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1871:Hellenization
1869:
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1864:
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1861:Germanization
1859:
1857:
1854:
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1851:Gaelicization
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1845:
1842:
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1834:Finnicization
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1782:Chilenization
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1777:Celticization
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1767:Bulgarization
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1750:Bengalization
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1701:Anglicization
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843:973-7710-28-2
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748:
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737:Ukrainization
735:
733:
732:Russification
730:
728:
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720:
718:
715:
713:
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708:
705:
703:
702:Magyarization
700:
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433:Recent events
430:
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405:emigrated to
404:
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291:'s so-called
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109:
106:February 2012
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: â
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3034:
2960:Nationalists
2645:Noua DreaptÄ
2533:Unifications
2306:
2290:Latinization
2236:Soviet Union
2210:Islamization
2179:Wolofization
2164:Uzbekization
2137:Thaification
2132:Tamilization
2085:Sinicization
2040:Romanization
2034:
2030:Polonization
1981:Malayization
1933:Javanization
1921:Japanization
1899:Indonezation
1839:Francization
1807:Czechization
1797:Croatization
1792:Creolization
1674:Albanization
1613:
1604:
1577:the original
1573:RomĂąnia Mare
1572:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1534:
1521:
1494:
1489:
1473:
1458:, p. 227-229
1447:
1439:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1087:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1048:
1023:
1018:
996:M. E. Sharpe
990:
947:
912:
906:
886:
878:
873:
865:
860:
833:
827:
818:, New York:
815:
809:
797:
772:
767:
756:
751:
685:
669:
642:
603:
580:
570:BacÄu County
566:Valea Uzului
563:
545:
537:
530:Bill Clinton
520:
516:Székely Land
505:
501:
498:
494:
475:
467:
444:
419:Székely Land
412:
391:West Germany
388:
376:
363:
348:
337:
332:urbanization
325:
306:
284:Székely Land
280:Nazi Germany
272:Soviet Union
240:World War II
237:
218:
211:
207:nation-state
192:, while the
190:Transylvania
175:
155:minority in
147:in Romania,
136:
135:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
21:Romanization
3061:Moldovenism
2928:Trei culori
2900:Hora Unirii
2560:Great Union
2453:Legionarism
2448:Irredentism
2377:Melting pot
2205:Judaization
1941: [
1706:Arabization
1414:15 February
1388:15 February
1362:15 February
1336:15 February
1310:15 February
1284:15 February
1258:15 February
1232:15 February
1203:15 February
1177:15 February
1151:15 February
1125:15 February
998:. pp.
956:. pp.
712:Moldovenism
507:Székelyföld
427:TĂąrgu MureĆ
384:Cluj-Napoca
321:Ăron MĂĄrton
297:Petru Groza
293:Maniu Guard
289:Iuliu Maniu
178:World War I
3081:Categories
3004:Horia Sima
2914:Pui de lei
2761:Iron Guard
2470:Poporanism
2147:placenames
1887:placenames
1755:placenames
1684:immigrants
774:The Nation
743:References
665:Chernivtsi
657:Ion Nistor
599:Ukrainians
587:Bessarabia
254:, leaving
161:Bessarabia
76:newspapers
2438:Dacianism
2023:societies
1711:Armenians
1304:maszol.ro
1198:issuu.com
1172:issuu.com
1120:erdely.ma
1064:2 October
1059:Unhcr.org
697:Dacianism
677:Romanians
626:Ukrainian
622:Ruthenian
604:In 1775,
595:Romanians
527:President
403:Holocaust
313:Communist
225:Universul
153:Ukrainian
3097:Székelys
3018:Policies
2893:Drum bun
2443:Dacology
2431:Ideology
1844:Brussels
1484:, p. 226
1227:emnt.org
895:Archived
852:62392457
788:(led by
722:Bukovina
707:Szeklers
691:See also
606:Bukovina
583:Bukovina
278:against
276:Red Army
157:Bukovina
141:Romanian
2938:Phrases
2841:Junimea
2628:Current
2580:Figures
2295:Ukraine
2058:Finland
1716:Berbers
783:fascist
681:Hutsuls
618:Galicia
591:Moldova
415:Székely
373:Results
359:CsĂĄngĂłs
248:Hungary
198:Hungary
90:scholar
2704:Former
2493:Events
1721:Blacks
1513:
1480:
1454:
1099:17 Sep
1082:, 2005
1041:online
1006:
964:
850:
840:
634:Jewish
630:German
523:Balkan
407:Israel
380:Oradea
364:After
268:Allies
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2987:Doina
2857:Songs
2826:ASTRA
2090:Tibet
2046:names
1945:]
1909:names
1694:names
1223:(PDF)
97:JSTOR
83:books
1743:soft
1726:Jews
1511:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1416:2020
1390:2020
1364:2020
1338:2020
1312:2020
1286:2020
1260:2020
1234:2020
1205:2020
1179:2020
1153:2020
1127:2020
1101:2018
1066:2017
1004:ISBN
962:ISBN
848:OCLC
838:ISBN
632:and
597:and
476:The
399:Jews
395:US$
382:and
351:Cluj
264:Axis
229:Cluj
159:and
149:Jews
69:news
1000:201
628:),
274:'s
52:by
3083::
1943:ru
1571:.
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1463:^
1446:,
1424:^
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1381:.
1355:.
1329:.
1302:.
1277:.
1251:.
1225:.
1196:.
1170:.
1144:.
1118:.
1057:.
1002:.
994:.
976:^
960:.
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920:^
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465:.
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