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Directional relations can again be differentiated into external directional relations and internal directional relations. An internal directional relation specifies where an object is located inside the reference object while an external relations specifies where the object is located outside of the
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Time is spatial: it requires understanding ordered sequences such as days of the week, months of the year, and seasons. A person with spatial difficulties may have problems understanding “yesterday,” “last week,” and “next month”. Time expressed digitally is just as spatial as time expressed by
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it might be the case that a spatial relation is not fully applicable. Thus, the degree of applicability is defined which specifies from 0 till 100% how strongly a spatial relation holds. Often researchers concentrate on defining the applicability function for various spatial relations.
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specifies how some object is located in space in relation to some reference object. When the reference object is much bigger than the object to locate, the latter is often represented by a point. The reference object is often represented by a
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Stockdale and Possin discusses the many ways in which people with difficulty establishing spatial and temporal relationships can face problems in ordinary situations.
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D. M. Mark and M. J. Egenhofer (1994), "Modeling
Spatial Relations Between Lines and Regions: Combining Formal Mathematical Models and Human Subjects Testing".
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For human thinking, spatial relations include qualities like size, distance, volume, order, and, also, time:
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J Freeman (1975), "The modelling of spatial relations", Computer
Graphics and Image Processing, Elsevier.
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or another kind of "spatial envelope" that encloses its borders, can be denoted with the maximum number of
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moving clock hands, but digital clocks remove the need to translate the hand position into numbers.
656:, for the rest of the river. These schemas can use the above classes, uniform composition classes (
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Examples for external directional relations: on the right of; behind; in front of, abeam, astern
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Distance relations specify how far is the object away from the reference object.
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can be expressed by the class of the objects that participate in the relation:
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Examples for internal directional relations: left; on the back; athwart, abaft
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707:. Some relations can be expressed by an abstract component, such the
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modeling schemas can represent an object as a composition of
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are disjoint, have no point in common. They form a set of
711:of the binary star, or a center line of the river.
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Examples are: at; nearby; in the vicinity; far away
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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749:Dimensionally Extended nine-Intersection Model
204:Examples of topological spatial relations.
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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568:according to its delimitation. Then, a
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438:). Other definitions: "no points of
44:adding citations to reliable sources
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528:Reference objects represented by a
167:robotic Natural Features Navigation
161:for walk and for catch objects, or
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808:C. Stockdale and C. Possin (1998)
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786:doi:10.1016/S0146-664X(75)80007-4
668:) and heterogeneous composition (
450:is a point of (the interior of)
163:for understand objects-behaviour
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154:and constraint specifications.
31:needs additional citations for
810:Spatial Relations and Learning
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1:
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691:Two internal components of a
688:as "object of dimension 2").
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744:Anatomical terms of location
676:as "object of dimension 1",
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243:For any two spatial objects
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536:of this envelope: '0' for
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224:model expresses important
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760:Allen's interval algebra
695:can express (the above)
570:type of spatial relation
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430:lies in the interior of
169:; and many other areas,
552:. So, any object, in a
442:lie in the exterior of
228:which are invariant to
176:Commonly used types of
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446:", or "Every point of
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173:plays a central role.
766:Commonsense reasoning
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577:point-point relations
494:Directional relations
214:Further information:
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196:Topological relations
159:cognitive development
729:Stockdale and Possin
652:, and with an strip-
589:point-area relations
583:point-line relations
40:improve this article
715:Temporal references
607:area-area relations
601:line-area relations
595:line-line relations
499:reference objects.
144:geospatial topology
705:frame of reference
699:between them, and
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550:volumetric objects
524:Relations by class
511:Distance relations
216:Spatial predicates
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55:"Spatial relation"
829:Cognitive science
762:(temporal analog)
701:ternary relations
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240:transformations.
178:spatial relations
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148:spatial relations
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38:Please help
33:verification
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658:multi-point
645:, for its
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554:2D modeling
466:Covers(b,a)
234:translation
192:relations.
186:directional
182:topological
823:Categories
772:References
666:multi-area
662:multi-line
635:two points
548:, '3' for
544:, '2' for
540:, '1' for
534:dimensions
338:Intersects
66:newspapers
460:CoveredBy
434:(extends
278:. Also (
751:(DE-9IM)
738:See also
727:—
436:Contains
391:Contains
381:touches
368:≠ ∅) ∧ (
308:Disjoint
230:rotation
190:distance
96:May 2008
615:complex
356:Touches
238:scaling
132:Anatomy
80:scholar
678:points
670:points
650:stream
647:source
629:and a
473:Within
411:Covers
262:Equals
253:DE-9IM
222:DE-9IM
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834:Space
686:areas
682:lines
674:lines
627:point
613:More
579:: ...
558:point
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276:equal
180:are:
165:; in
87:JSTOR
73:books
664:and
654:area
643:line
566:area
562:line
350:≠ ∅
324:and
319:= ∅
247:and
236:and
220:The
188:and
146:the
142:and
59:news
798:PDF
633:by
564:or
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157:In
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