1828:
4363:
S-Bahn employees went on strike, which was legal in capitalist West Berlin, but illegal in communist East Berlin, because it was regarded as disloyalty to the communist party. The strikers occupied the signal towers, blocking any rail traffic in West Berlin as of 20 September. With the help of Soviet patrollers in West Berlin, East German railway workers recaptured the signal towers and other railway premises on 22 September. More than 200 West Berlin
Reichsbahn employees who did not return to work were then dismissed. This was illegal under West Berlin law, because going on strike there does not provide legal grounds for a dismissal. However, as the Reichsbahn was out of western jurisdiction, the West Berlin government provided payment of unemployment benefits to the former Reichsbahn workers, despite the Reichsbahn never having paid contributions to the unemployment insurance fund in West Berlin.
2907:
2760:
2839:
2168:
2697:
200:
5478:
2555:. Ordinary East and West Berliners could only afford to buy there if they had income in Western Deutsche Mark and bartered the needed Eastern Deutsche Mark on the spontaneous currency markets, which developed in the British sector at the Zoo station. Their demand and supply determined a barter ratio in favour of the Western Deutsche Mark with more than 2 Eastern Deutsche Marks offered for one Western Deutsche Mark. After the Blockade, when holders of Western Deutsche Marks could buy as much they could afford, up to five and six east marks were offered for one west mark. In the East, however, the Soviets had arbitrarily decreed a rate of 1 for 1 and exchanging at other rates was criminalised.
5572:
1283:
418:
2467:
continued service. However, while East
Germans could get off in West Berlin, West Berliners needed the hard-to get permits to enter East Germany by S-Bahn. With the construction of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961, all remaining railway traffic between West Berlin and its East German suburbs ended. Rail traffic between East and West Berlin was sharply reduced and restricted to a small number of checkpoints under GDR control. East Berliners and East Germans were then unable to freely enter and leave West Berlin. However, international visitors could obtain visas for East Berlin upon crossing one of the checkpoints at the Wall.
2563:), in readiness for another possible blockade, thus ensuring that an airlift could then be restarted with ease. On 2 May 1949, power stations in East Berlin started again to supply West Berlin with sufficient electricity. Before then, electrical supply had been reduced to just a few hours a day after the normal supplies had been interrupted at the start of the Blockade. However, the Western Allies and the West Berlin City Council decided to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity generation capacity, to be independent of Eastern supplies and not to be held to ransom by the eastern authorities. On 1 December 1949 the new
4978:
2918:(West) offered parallel bus lines and expanded its network of underground lines. After the construction of the Wall, ridership fell so much that running the S-Bahn lines in West Berlin turned into a loss-making exercise: wages and maintenance â however badly it was carried out â cost more than income from ticket sales. Finally, the Reichsbahn agreed to surrender operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin, as had been determined by all Allies in 1945, and on 29 December 1983 the Allies, the Senate of Berlin (West; i.e. the city state government) and the Reichsbahn signed an agreement to change the operator from Reichsbahn to
1103:
supported by the continued practice of patrols of all four sectors by soldiers of all four occupying powers. Thus, occasionally
Western Allied soldiers were on patrol in East Berlin as were Soviet soldiers in West Berlin. After the Wall was built, East Germany wanted to control Western Allied patrols upon entering or leaving East Berlin, a practice that the Western Allies regarded as unacceptable. After protests to the Soviets, the patrols continued uncontrolled on both sides, with the tacit agreement that the western Allies would not use their patrolling privileges for helping Easterners to flee to the West.
5436:
1186:
2879:, happened to be in the East after the division of the city. Sewer pipes, however, once discovered as a way to flee the East, were blocked by bars. West Berlin paid for the treatment of its sewage in Western Deutsche Marks which were desperately needed by the East German government. Since the methods used in the East did not meet Western standards, West Berlin increased the capacity of modern sewage treatment within its own territory, such that the amount of its sewage treated in the East had been considerably reduced by the time the Wall came down.
883:
2794:(government) decided to allow Eastern pensioners to visit family in West Germany or West Berlin. According to the specified regulations valid from 2 November on Eastern pensioners could apply and were usually allowed, to travel into the West to visit relatives once a year for a maximum of four weeks. If pensioners decided not to return, the government did not miss them as manpower, unlike younger Easterners, who were subject to a system of labour and employment, which demanded that almost everybody work in the Eastern command production system.
791:
2579:) went online and West Berlin's electricity board declared independence from Eastern supplies. However, for a time Eastern electricity continued to be supplied albeit intermittently. Supply was interrupted from 1 July until the end of 1950 and then started again until 4 March 1952, when the East finally switched it off. From then on West Berlin turned into an 'electricity island' within a pan-European electricity grid that had developed from the 1920s, because electricity transfers between East and West Germany never fully ceased.
1267:
2752:) at Berlin FriedrichstraĂe station, where Easterners had to say a sometimes tearful farewell to returning Westerners as well as the few Easterners who had managed to get a permit to visit the West. Until June 1963 the East deepened its border zone around West Berlin in East Germany and East Berlin by clearing existing buildings and vegetation to create an open field of view, sealed off by the Berlin Wall towards the West and a second wall or fence of similar characteristics to the East, observed by armed men in towers,
1014:, the city's legislature, passed a new constitution, declaring Berlin to be a state of the Federal Republic and the provisions of the Basic Law as binding law superior to Berlin state law (Article 1, clauses 2 and 3). However, that became statutory law only on 1 September and only with the inclusion of the western Allied provision according to which Art. 1, clauses 2 and 3, were deferred for the time being; the clauses became valid law only on 3 October 1990 (the day of Germany's unification). It stated:
5492:
5033:
1322:; the city's population would have been relocated to West Germany. Adenauer did not believe that the Soviets would accept the offer because East Germany would lose important industry, but hoped that making the proposal would reduce tensions between the western and eastern blocs, and perhaps hurt relations between the USSR and East Germany if they disagreed on accepting the offer. While the Kennedy administration seriously considered the idea, it did not make the proposal to the Soviet Union.
5302:
2037:, which thus maintained responsibility for almost all railway transport in all four sectors of Berlin. The GDR-controlled 'Bahnpolizei', the Reichsbahn's railway police, were authorised to patrol station premises and other railway property in the whole city including West Berlin. The legal necessity of keeping the term 'Deutsche Reichsbahn' explains the surprising use of the word 'Reich' (with its Imperial and Nazi connotations) in the name of an official organisation of the communist GDR.
2281:
2666:
1202:, issued upon entering East Germany, because under its second constitution East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners foreigners. Since identity cards had no pages to stamp visas, issuers of East German visas stamped their visas onto separate leaflets which were loosely stuck into the identity cards, which, until the mid-1980s, were little booklets. Although the West German government subsidized visa fees, they were still payable by individual travellers.
509:
895:
183:
169:
4968:
2926:
one-day-visas on entering the East and the compulsory minimum exchange of 25 Western
Deutsche Marks by 1989, continued. However, more checkpoints were opened. Finally, on 22 December 1989, East Germany granted West Berliners and West Germans free entry without charge at the existing checkpoints, demanding only valid papers. Eastern controls were slowly eased into spot checks and finally abolished on 30 June 1990, the day East and West introduced the
1513:
1079:
34:
2614:(West) insisted on male drivers. Cross-border tram traffic ended on 16 January. In East German propaganda this was a point for the East, arguing that the West did not allow drivers coming with their trams from the East to continue along their line into the West, but remaining silent on the fact that the end of cross-border tram traffic was most welcome to the East. The underground and the S-Bahn networks, except the above-mentioned
457:
443:
5537:
6425:
2273:). On 27 May 1952, East Germany closed its border with West Germany and its 115 km (71 mi)-long border with West Berlin. From then on West Berliners required a permit to enter East Germany. East German border checkpoints were established in East German suburbs of West Berlin, and most streets were gradually closed for interzonal travel into East Germany. The last checkpoint to remain open was located at the
1071:, who eventually became Chancellor, was elected via his party's list of candidates. The West German government considered all West Berliners as well as all citizens of the GDR to be citizens of West Germany. Male residents of West Berlin were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service. This exemption made the city a popular destination for West German young people, which resulted in a flourishing
2835:
2 am the following day. The visitors were now spared the visa fee of 5 Western
Deutsche Marks, not to be confused with the compulsory exchange amounting to the same sum, but yielding in return 5 Eastern marks. This financial relief did not last long, because on 15 November 1973 East Germany doubled the compulsory exchange to 10 Eastern marks, payable in West German Deutsche Marks at par.
2816:). Not long after East Germany held the first cash harvest from the new compulsory exchange rules by allowing West Berliners to visit East Berlin once more for a day during the Christmas season. The following year, 1965, East Germany opened the travelling season for West Berliners on 18 December. In 1966 it opened for a second harvest of Western money between the Easter (10 April) and
2591:(a metropolitan public transit network), rebuilt after the war, continued to span all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family, friends, and jobs in the other. However, the East continuously reduced the means of public transport between East and West, with private cars being a very rare privilege in the East and still a luxury in the West.
3310:
1246:, or simply "Berlin", by East Germany, and "Berlin (Ost)" by the West German Federal government. Other names used by West German media included "Ost-Berlin", "Ostberlin", or "Ostsektor." These different naming conventions for the divided parts of Berlin, when followed by individuals, governments, or media, commonly indicated their political leanings, with the centre-right
2642:
sealed off by walls, concrete barriers, barbed wire, and/or bars. The Wall was directed against the
Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted. Westerners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the
2516:
were regarded as approving of the Soviet attempt to get rid of the
Western Allies in West Berlin. This was seen as support by the communists and as treason by most Westerners. Until that time all over Germany food and other necessary supplies had been available only with ration stamps issued by one's municipality. This was the case in East Berlin until the
3480:
2961:(today partly also used by other lines). On the sealing off of West Berlin from East Berlin by the Berlin Wall the entrances of the stations on these lines located in East Berlin were shut. However, western trains were allowed to continue to pass through without stopping. Passengers of these trains experienced the empty and barely lit
3666:
2775:. West Berliners were granted visas for a one-day visit between 17 December 1963 and 5 January the following year. 1.2 million out of a total 1.9 million West Berliners visited East Berlin during this period. In 1964, 1965, and 1966 East Berlin was opened again to West Berliners, but each time only for a limited period.
855:." It was heavily subsidized by West Germany as a "showcase of the West." A wealthy city, West Berlin was noted for its distinctly cosmopolitan character, and as a centre of education, research and culture. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the largest population of any city in Germany during the Cold War era.
2372:, northwest of West Berlin. The East German section of tram line 96 continued operating with eastern personnel and cars, obliging the eastern passengers â rarely westerners who needed special permits to enter East Germany â to change from eastern into western trains crossing the border by foot, until it was closed by the Wall.
3339:
2981:, the only station beneath East Berlin where western U Bahn trains were still allowed to stop. Passengers could change there between U 6, S 2 and the elevated S 3 (then starting and ending in FriedrichstraĂe) or for the transit trains to West Germany, buy duty-free tobacco and liquor for Western marks in GDR-run
2532:
most products ended with the introduction of the
Western Deutsche Mark on 21 June 1948. The new currency was also introduced in West Berlin on 24 June and this, at least officially, was the justification for the Soviet Blockade due to which rationing in West Berlin had to continue. However, in the course of the
1617:. Unlike West Germany, from where calls to East Berlin were made using the prefix 00372 (international access code 00, East German country code 37, area code 2), calls from West Berlin required only the short code 0372. Conversely, those made to West Berlin from East Berlin only required the short code 849.
2422:), crossing West Berlin non-stop until reaching its destinations in East Berlin. However, the regular S-Bahn connections with West Berlin's East German suburbs, stopping at every Western station, continued. From 17 June to 9 July 1953, East Germany blocked off all traffic between East and West due to the
2139:) and locks, West Berlin had no separate inland navigation authority, but the East Berlin-based authority operated most waterways and locks, their lockmasters employed by the East. Because of their negligent maintenance, the western Allies later transferred their control to the Senate of Berlin (West).
2902:
around all of the
Western and Eastern inner city. The lines were separated and those mostly located in West Berlin were continued, but only accessible from West Berlin with all access in East Berlin closed. However, even before the Wall had been built, West Berliners increasingly refrained from using
2846:
One-day visas for East Berlin were now issued in a quickened procedure; visas for longer stays and visas for East
Germany proper needed a prior application, which could be a lengthy procedure. To facilitate applications for West Berliners seeking such Eastern visas, the GDR Foreign Ministry was later
2291:
This caused hardship for many West Berlin residents, especially those who had friends and family in East Germany. However, East Germans could still enter West Berlin. A number of cemeteries located in East Germany were also affected by the closure. Many church congregations in Berlin owned cemeteries
2191:
only. West Berliners and West Germans who had earlier fled East Germany or East Berlin, and thus could face imprisonment on entering East Germany or East Berlin, could only take flights for travel to and from West Berlin. To enable individuals threatened by East German imprisonment to fly to and from
1661:
As there were no dedicated walled-off-road corridors between West Germany and West Berlin under West German jurisdiction, travellers needed to pass through East Germany. A valid passport was required for citizens of West Germany and other western nationals to be produced at East German border checks.
1390:
and an end to the Western Allies' occupation of West Berlin. On 3 October 1990âthe day Germany was officially reunifiedâEast and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin, which then joined the enlarged Federal Republic as a city-state along the lines of the existing West German city-states
1102:
The Soviets unilaterally declared the occupation of East Berlin at an end along with the rest of East Germany. This move was, however, not recognised by the Western Allies, who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two German states. This view was
960:
Following the Berlin Blockade, normal contacts between East and West Berlin resumed. This was temporary until talks were resumed. In 1952, the East German government began sealing its borders, further isolating West Berlin. As a direct result, electrical grids were separated and phone lines were cut.
2801:
per day (MDN, 1964â1968 the official name of the East German mark, to distinguish it from the West Deutsche Mark) at the still held arbitrary compulsory rate of 1:1. The 5 marks had to be spent, as exporting Eastern currency was illegal, which is why importing it after having bargained for it at the
2539:
While West Berliners were officially welcome to buy food in East Berlin, the Soviets tried to prevent them from buying other essential supplies, particularly coal and other fuel. For this reason, on 9 November 1948, they opened checkpoints on 70 streets entering West Berlin and closed the others for
2531:
By July 1948 a mere 19,000 West Berliners out of a total of almost 2 million covered their food requirements in East Berlin. Thus, 99% of West Berliners preferred to live on shorter supplies than before the Blockade, to show support for the Western Allies' position. In West Germany rationing of
2515:
While the Soviets blocked all transport to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade between 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949), they increased food supplies in East Berlin in order to gain the compliance of West Berliners who at that time still had free access to East Berlin. West Berliners buying food in East Berlin
2511:
While East and West Berlin became formally separate jurisdictions in September 1948, and while there were travel restrictions in all other directions for more than a decade, freedom of movement existed between the western sectors and the eastern sector of the city. However, time and again Soviet and
2429:
From 4 October 1953, all S-Bahn trains crossing the border between East Germany and Berlin had to pass a border checkpoint in East Germany. Travellers from East Germany were checked before entering any part of Berlin, to identify individuals intending to escape into West Berlin or smuggling rationed
1528:
of 1920 and amended in 1938, and the border between the Soviet sector and the French, British, and American sectors respectively, which followed the boundaries of Berlin administrative boroughs as defined in the same years. Another amendment was added in 1945 at the border between the British sector
1193:
Since West Berlin was not a sovereign state, it did not issue passports. Instead, West Berliners were issued with "auxiliary identity cards" by the West Berlin authorities. These differed visually from the regular West German identity cards, with green bindings instead of the grey standard, they did
4362:
This was felt in 1980. The Reichsbahn tried to reduce its losses from operating West Berlin's S-Bahns by reducing the staff and the operation time in the evenings and nights, further reducing the salaries of the remaining employees. Being paid worse than West German railway workers, the West Berlin
3353:
In the German translation the respective clause of the Kommandatura Ordinance reads as follows: "Die Bestimmungen dieses Artikels (87) betreffend das Basic Law, finden nur in dem MaĂe Anwendung, als es zwecks Vorbeugung eines Konflikts zwischen diesem Gesetz und der Berliner Verfassung erforderlich
2925:
On 9 November 1989 East Germany opened the borders for East Germans and East Berliners, who could then freely enter West Berlin. West Berlin itself had never restricted their entry. For West Berliners and West Germans the opening of the border for free entry lasted longer. The regulation concerning
2732:
On 26 August 1961, East Germany generally banned West Berliners from entering the Eastern sector. West Germans and other nationals, however, could still get visas on entering East Berlin. Since intra-city phone lines had been cut by the East already in May 1952 (see below) the only remaining way of
2355:
ceased operation on 14 October 1950, after West Berlin tram and bus drivers had been repeatedly stopped and arrested by East German police for having western currency on them, considered a crime in the East. The BVG (West) terminated route sections that extended into East Germany, like the southern
1943:
per passenger car and 10 to 50 for trucks, depending on size. Ostmarks had to be exchanged into Deutsche Mark at a rate of 1:1. On 30 March 1955, East Germany raised the toll for passenger cars to 30 Deutsche Marks, but after West German protests, in June of the same year, it changed it back to the
1403:, the mayor of West Berlin, became the first mayor of the reunified city in the interim. City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first "all Berlin" mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring by that time, and
1228:
West Berlin was also a destination for many people fleeing East Germany both before and after the construction of the Berlin Wall. As many immigrants from East Germany did not intend to stay in Berlin, flights â the only option for those people to reach West Germany without coming into contact with
1026:
In addition, West German federal statutes could only take effect in West Berlin with the approval of the city's legislature. The ambiguous legal status of the city, then still legally styled as Greater Berlin (although technically only comprising the western sectors), meant that West Berliners were
944:
At first, this arrangement was intended to be of a temporary administrative nature, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany
2882:
The situation with refuse was similar. The removal, burning or disposal of the ever-growing amount of West Berlin's rubbish became a costly problem, but here too an agreement was found since West Berlin would pay in Western Deutsche Marks. On 11 December 1974 East Germany and West Berlin's garbage
2637:
As the communist government in the East gained tighter control, and the economic recovery in the West significantly outperformed the East, more than a hundred thousand East Germans and East Berliners left East Germany and East Berlin for the West every year. East Germany closed the borders between
2068:
contributions in Western Deutsche Mark. Therefore, West Berlin employees of the Reichsbahn were paid partly in Eastern German currency. They could spend this money in East Germany and take their purchases to West Berlin, which other Westerners could not do to the same extent. West Berlin employees
3292:
Within one year after the promulgation of this Basic Law the Federal Government, with the consent of the governments of the LĂ€nder concerned, may extend to the LĂ€nder of Baden, Greater Berlin, Rhineland-Palatinate and WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern any law of the Administration of the Combined Economic
2834:
After ratification of the Agreement and specifying the relevant regulations, West Berliners could apply for the first time again for visas for any chosen date to East Berlin or East Germany from 3 October 1972 onwards. If granted, a one-day-visa entitled West Berliners to travel to the East until
2641:
To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates, and sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically
2319:
In 1948â1952, the Reichsbahn connected the western suburbs of West Berlin to its S-Bahn network. Train routes servicing these suburbs formerly went through West Berlin stations, but ceased to make stops in the western stations or terminated service before entering West Berlin. Private West Berlin
2069:
were trained in East Germany and employed under East German labour laws. West Berliners employed by the Reichsbahn were not included in the Western health insurance system either. The Reichsbahn ran its own hospital for them in West Berlin, the building of which is now used as the headquarters of
2874:
Another form of traffic between East and West Berlin was the transfer of West Berlin's sewage into East Berlin and East Germany through the sewer pipes built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sewage flowed into the East because most of the pre-war sewage treatment facilities, mostly
3649:
2012:
would also stop once on their way within East Germany for travellers having a visa for entering or leaving East Germany. Train travel from West Berlin to Czechoslovakia, Denmark (by ferry), Poland and Sweden (by ferry) required a visa to enter East Berlin or East Germany to allow transfer to an
1114:
of West Germany and was depicted on maps published in the West as being a part of West Germany. There was freedom of movement (to the extent allowed by geography) between West Berlin and West Germany. There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin, all immigration rules for West
1031:
A third reservation concerns the participation of Greater Berlin in the Federation. We interpret the effect of Articles 23 and 144 (2) of the Basic Law as constituting acceptance of our previous request that while Berlin may not be accorded voting membership in the Bundestag or Bundesrat nor be
1652:
surrounded by East Germany and East Berlin. On 2 October 1967, six years after the Wall was constructed, tram tracks in West Berlin were removed because the authorities wanted to promote car usage, meaning that the tram system remaining today runs almost entirely within the former East Berlin.
1545:
became part of the Soviet sector. The resulting borderline was further complicated with a lot of geographical oddities, including a number of exclaves and enclaves that Greater Berlin had inside some neighbouring municipalities since 1920, all of which happened to become part of the British or
1090:
The Western Allies remained the ultimate political authorities in West Berlin. All legislation of the House of Representatives, whether of the West Berlin legislature or adopted federal law, only applied under the proviso of confirmation by the three Western Allied commanders-in-chief. If they
2633:
released mostly from a long detention in the Soviet Union were unwelcome in East Berlin. As they could not be recognised through their identification papers, all West Germans were banned from East Berlin during those days. West Berliners were allowed, since the quadripartite Allied status quo
2490:
as it was known to the US military). This route was open only to persons bearing all the necessary East German permits and visas. For visits to East Germany, West Berliners could use four checkpoints along the East German border around West Berlin: The two road transit checkpoints Dreilinden
2466:
express trains, which took them into East Berlin without crossing any western sectors. With the completion of the outer-circle railway, there was no further need for express S-Bahn trains crossing the West Berlin border and thus their service ended on 4 May 1958, while stopping S-Bahn trains
2406:â for the S-Bahn lines connecting East German suburbs to the west of West Berlin (namely Falkensee, Staaken) with East Berlin, thus circumventing the centre of West Berlin. In June 1953, the Reichsbahn further cut off West Berlin from its East German suburbs by the introduction of additional
1927:
The transit routes were also used for East German domestic traffic. This meant that transit passengers could potentially meet with East Germans and East Berliners at restaurants at motorway rest stops. Since such meetings were deemed illegal by the East German government, border guards would
3673:
4064:
1237:
Most Westerners called the Western sectors "Berlin" unless further distinction was necessary. The West German Federal government officially called West Berlin "Berlin (West)", although it also used the hyphenated "West-Berlin", whereas the East German government commonly referred to it as
4085:
1620:
In order to reduce eastern wiretapping of telecommunications between West Berlin and West Germany, microwave radio relay connections were built, which transmitted telephone calls between antenna towers in West Germany and West Berlin by radio. Two such towers were built, one antenna in
1018:
Article 87 is interpreted as meaning that during the transitional period Berlin shall possess none of the attributes of a twelfth Land. The provision of this Article concerning the Basic Law will only apply to the extent necessary to prevent a conflict between this Law and the Berlin
2618:, continued to provide services between East and West Berlin. However, occasionally the East Berlin police â in the streets and on cross-border trains in East Berlin â identified suspicious behaviour (such as carrying heavy loads westwards) and watched out for unwelcome Westerners.
1177:
The Federal Republic of Germany issued West German passports to West Berliners on request that showed West Berlin as their place of residence. However, West Berliners could not use their passports for crossing East German borders and were denied entrance by any country of the
985:
From the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) on 23 May and of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) on 7 October. Under Article 127 of the
2032:
electric metropolitan transport network, consisting of commuter trains, was also maintained. After the founding of East Germany on 7 October 1949 it gained responsibility for the Reichsbahn in its territory. East Germany continued to run its railways under the official name
2028:(German Reich Railways), should continue to be operated by one railway administration to service all four sectors. West Berlin had â with the exception of a few small private railway lines â no separate railway administration. Furthermore, the operation of the Reichsbahn's
3667:"Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany concerning Arrangements to Facilitate Travel between the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic, Bonn, 20 June 1960"
1006:
within one year of its promulgation. However, because the occupation of Berlin could be ended only by a quadripartite agreement, Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal sovereignty of the allies. Hence, the Basic Law was not fully applicable to West Berlin.
2008:(W) in the South of West Germany. These transit trains did not service domestic passengers of East Germany and made stops in East Germany almost exclusively for East German border guards upon entering and leaving the country. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall,
2728:
and at the Brandenburg Gate. On 14 August, under the pretext that Western demonstrations necessitated it, the East closed the checkpoint at the Brandenburg Gate 'until further notice', a situation that was to last until 22 December 1989, when it was finally reopened.
1134:. The West German Federal Government, as well as the governments of most western nations, considered East Berlin to be a "separate entity" from East Germany, and while the Western Allies later opened embassies in East Berlin, they recognised the city only as the
2540:
horse carriages, lorries and cars, later (16 March 1949) the Soviets erected roadblocks on the closed streets. From 15 November 1948, West Berlin ration stamps were no longer accepted in East Berlin. All the same, the Soviets started a campaign with the slogan
2462:. This circular line connected all train routes heading for West Berlin and accommodated all domestic GDR traffic, thus directing railway traffic into East Berlin while by-passing West Berlin. Commuters in the East German suburbs around West Berlin now boarded
2454:
station located next to West Berlin was opened solely for border controls, also to monitor West Berliners entering or leaving East Berlin, which they could still do freely, while they were not allowed to cross into East Germany proper without a special permit.
1091:
approved a bill, it was enacted as part of West Berlin's statutory law. If the commanders-in-chief rejected a bill, it did not become law in West Berlin; this, for example, was the case with West German laws on military duty. West Berlin was run by the elected
1356:(May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the
1198:, and contained no indications as to the issuing State. However, they did have a statement that the holder of the document was a German citizen. From 11 June 1968, East Germany made it mandatory that West Berlin and West German "transit passengers" obtain a
2308:. Many West Berliners wishing to visit the grave of a relative or friend on cemeteries located in East Germany were now unable to do so. Until 1961, East Germany occasionally issued permits to West Berliners to visit the cemeteries on the Catholic feast of
2076:
The GDR used the western stations to distribute propaganda and display posters with slogans like "Americans Go Home." On 1 May, May Day, a state holiday in East and West, S-Bahn trains were sometimes decorated with the East German banner and a red flag.
1205:
In order to enter visa-requiring Western countries, such as the US, West Berliners commonly used West German passports. However, for countries which did not require stamped visas for entry, including Switzerland, Austria, and many members of the then
2948:
When the Wall was built in 1961, three metro lines starting in northern parts of West Berlin passed through tunnels under the Eastern city centre and ended again in southern parts of West Berlin. The lines concerned were today's underground lines
2117:(W) or westwards following the Mittellandkanal to Buchhorst (Oebisfelde) (E)/RĂŒhen (W). Western freight vessels could stop only at dedicated service areas, because the East German government wanted to prevent any East Germans from boarding them.
2855:) in West Berlin, which were not allowed to show any official symbols of East Germany. The Eastern officials working commuted every morning and evening between East and West Berlin. Their uniforms showed no official symbols except the name
945:
and Berlin broke down. Soon, Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations. In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectorsâthe
2558:
On 12 May 1949, the Blockade ended and all roadblocks and checkpoints between East and West Berlin were removed. The Berlin Airlift, however, continued until 30 September 1949 in order to build up supplies in West Berlin (the so-called
940:
agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road and rail access between West Berlin and the western parts of Germany (see section on traffic).
2063:
Many Reichsbahn employees working in West Berlin were West Berliners. Their East German employer, whose proceeds from ticket sales for Western Deutsche Marks contributed to East Germany's foreign revenues, tried to hold down wage
1928:
calculate the travel duration from the time of entry and exit of the transit route. Excessive time spent for transit travel could arouse their suspicion and prompt questioning or additional checking by the border guards. Western
2638:
East and West Germany and sealed off the border with West Berlin in 1952; but because of the quadripartite Allied status of the city, the 46 km (29 mi)-long sectorial border between East and West Berlin remained open.
2073:. For certain patients, the Reichsbahn would facilitate treatment in a hospital in East Berlin. In medical emergencies, the employees could use West Berlin doctors and hospitals, which would then be paid for by the Reichsbahn.
3866:
2120:
In July and August 1945, the Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the operation and maintenance of the waterways and locks, which were previously run by the national German directorate for inland navigation
2512:
later East German authorities imposed temporary restrictions for certain persons, certain routes, and certain means of transport. Gradually the eastern authorities disconnected and separated the two parts of the city.
1831:
East German border crossing Potsdam-Drewitz on 31 March 1972: Applying eastern lead seals to western trucks, entering the transit route, in order to prevent potential Eastern German escapees from hiding in the cargo
3805:
2708:
When the construction of the Wall started after midnight early on 13 August, West Berlin's Governing Mayor Willy Brandt was on a West German federal election campaigning tour in West Germany. Arriving by train in
1557:
administration remained with the Borough of Spandau in the British sector. Therefore, all inhabitants of Staaken could vote in West Berlin's city state elections in 1948 and 1950. On 1 February 1951, East German
2778:
East Germany assigned different legal statuses to East Germans, East Berliners, West Germans, and West Berliners, as well as citizens from other countries in the world. Until 1990 East Germany designated each
2154:
through West and East Berlin's city centre to enter the canal from the East. On 20 November 1981, East Germany reopened the western entrance, which required two more vessel border checkpoints â Dreilinden and
1325:
NATO also took an increased interest in the specific issue related to West Berlin, and drafted plans to ensure to defend the city against an eventual attack from the East. A tripartite planning group known as
4125:
2551:), the HO being the Soviet zone chain of shops. They also opened so-called "Free Shops" in the Eastern Sector, offering supplies without ration stamps, but denominated at extremely high prices in Eastern
936:âwould be similarly divided, with the Western Allies occupying an enclave consisting of the western parts of the city. According to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin could end only as a result of a
2582:
In 1952, West Berliners were restricted entry to East Germany proper by means of a hard-to-obtain East German permit. Free entry to East Berlin remained possible until 1961 and the building of the Wall.
792:
4413:
East Germany required East Germans and East Berliners wishing to leave the country to get exit permission first. However, permission was usually denied, and leaving the country without permission was
4353:
This explains the retaining of the name "Deutsche Reichsbahn" despite containing the word "Reich" (Nation or Empire) replaced in the names of all other institutions taken over by the communist GDR.
1598:, and issuing its own postage stamps until 1990. However, the separation was merely symbolic; in reality, West Berlin's postal service was completely integrated with West Germany's, using the same
1662:
West Berliners could get admission only through their identity cards (see above). For travel from West Berlin to Denmark, Sweden and West Germany via dedicated East German transit routes (German:
4014:
1562:
surprised the people of western Staaken by occupying the area and ended its administration by the Spandau Borough; instead, western Staaken became an exclave of the Soviet occupied borough
1027:
not eligible to vote in federal elections. In their notification of permission of 12 May 1949 the three western military governors for Germany explained their proviso in No. 4, as follows:
1333:
On 26 June 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin. On his triumphant tour, cheered by hundred of thousands of West Berliners in the streets, he stopped at the Congress Hall, near the
4847:
2610:(West), West Berlin's public transport operator. Instead of changing the Western rules, so that the Easterly intended interruption of the cross-border tram traffic would not happen, the
2482:, West Berliners could again apply for visas to visit East Germany, which were granted more freely than in the period until 1961. On 4 June 1972, West Berlin's public transport operator
1549:
Furthermore, the Gatow/Staaken exchange in August 1945 resulted in the geographically western half of Berlin-Staaken, which was located in the western outskirts of the city, becoming
1375:, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev,
1229:
East German authorities â were subsidized by the West German government despite being operated only by companies registered in and owned by nationals of the western occupying powers.
1145:
Communist countries, however, did not recognise West Berlin as part of West Germany and usually described it as a "third" German jurisdiction, called an "independent political unit" (
965:
and Soviet military personnel also continued the process of blocking all the roads leading away from the city, resulting in several armed standoffs and at least one skirmish with the
4648:
3858:
3726:
3613:
1099:. The Governing Mayor and Senators (ministers) had to be approved by the Western Allies and thus derived their authority from the occupying forces, not from their electoral mandate.
912:
established the legal framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. According to these agreements, Germany would be formally under the administration of four
4106:
1153:). On maps of East Berlin, West Berlin often did not appear as an adjacent urban area but as a monochrome terra incognita, sometimes showing the letters WB, meaning "Westberlin" (
2898:
As for the S-Bahn, operated throughout Berlin by the East German Reichsbahn, the construction of the Wall meant a serious disruption of its integrated network, especially of the
1516:
Map of divided Berlin, indicating by broken lines at Berlin's western border the land swap decided by the Allies. Five of the larger of West Berlin's originally twelve exclaves (
862:
and only accessible by land from West Germany by narrow rail and highway corridors. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945. The
4897:
4150:
2842:
West Berliners entering East Berlin at the border crossing ChausseestraĂe on 28 December 1963 after having been banned from visiting the eastern sector for more than two years
4857:
6866:
3797:
2634:
provided for their free movement around all four sectors. From 8 September 1960 on, the East subjected all West Germans to apply for a permit before entering East Berlin.
2891:). An extra checkpoint, solely open for Western bin lorries (garbage trucks), was opened there. Later on, a second dump, further away, was opened in Vorketzin, a part of
3991:
3835:
2903:
the S-Bahn, since boycotts against it were issued, the argument being that every S-Bahn ticket bought provided the GDR government with valuable Western Deutsche Marks.
920:, and France) until a German government "acceptable to all parties" could be established. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of
3285:
2277:
near Potsdam, until it was also closed by East Germany on 3 July 1953. The checkpoint at Staaken's HeerstraĂe remained open only for transit traffic to West Germany.
3186:
4122:
2621:
Occasionally, West Germans were banned from entering East Berlin. This was the case between 29 August and 1 September 1960, when ex-prisoners of war and deportees,
5204:
4867:
3211:
1932:
could stop only at dedicated service areas since the East German government was concerned that East Germans might potentially use coaches to escape into the West.
2203:
to West Germany were provided, which were open only for British, French, or U.S. military planes or civilian planes registered with companies in those countries.
7072:
4583:
fighters, whom the Soviet Union kept as prisoners of war. They worked for many years as forced labourers in the Soviet Union, before they were finally released.
1123:", prompting complaints from the Soviet Union. However, this wording remained on the visas throughout the rest of the entire period of West Berlin's existence.
7163:
3778:
4201:
5685:
5412:
4877:
2910:
East Berliners, just having passed the now-open eastern checkpoint Bornholmer StraĂe, passing BösebrĂŒcke into the French sector of Berlin on 18 November 1989
2097:, but only freight vessels were allowed to cross from West Berlin into East German waters. The Havel crossed at the East German border in Nedlitz (a part of
2060:, which became West Berlin's main railway station. Until 1952, the Reichsbahn also permitted stops at other stations on the way through the Western sectors.
1217:
Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. As of 2017, Berlin was home to at least 178,000
2266:
840:
of that country. After 1949, it was directly or indirectly represented in the institutions of the FRG, and most of its residents were citizens of the FRG.
4852:
7158:
3513:
2783:
for certain categories of persons, with only one street checkpoint being open simultaneously for West Berliners and West Germans (Bornholmer StraĂe) and
4503:
3475:
3442:
4021:
2771:
Finally, in 1963, West Berliners were again allowed to visit East Berlin. On this occasion a further checkpoint for pedestrians only was opened on the
1827:
928:. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the four allied countries. Berlin, which was surrounded by the
4907:
1023:
Thus, civic liberties and personal rights (except for the privacy of telecommunications) guaranteed by the Basic Law were also valid in West Berlin.
4433:
2859:. They accepted visa applications and handed out confirmed visas issued in the East to the West Berlin applicants. A shed formerly housing one such
4922:
4332:
5477:
3628:
3571:
2013:
international trainâwhich also carried domestic passengersâbound for an international destination. One railway connection between West Berlin and
7178:
4912:
4902:
990:(or constitution) of the Federal Republic, provision was made for federal laws to be extended to Greater Berlin (as Berlin was called during the
2606:
as of 1 January 1969) staffed all trams, whose lines crossed the sectorial border, with women drivers, who were not permitted as drivers by the
4892:
2183:
Air traffic was the only connection between West Berlin and the Western world that was not directly under East German control. On 4 July 1948,
1382:
On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physicallyâthough at this point not legallyâunited. The
925:
3139:
874:, East and West Berlin united, joined the Federal Republic as a Stadtstaat (city-state) and, eventually, again became the capital of Germany.
3750:
2347:
Tramways and bus routes that connected West Berlin with its East German suburbs and were operated by West Berlin's public transport operator
987:
4177:
3963:
2936:
1189:
West Berlin auxiliary identity card, bearing the words "The holder of this identity card is a German national" in German, French and English
7173:
5197:
3712:
3552:
3535:
Bridge Builder: An Insider's Account of Over Sixty Years in Post-war Reconstruction, International Diplomacy, and German-American Relations
3069:
The British Garrison Berlin 1945â1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin
2270:
1921:
1808:
1032:
governed by the Federation she may, nevertheless, designate a small number of representatives to the meetings of those legislative bodies.
3644:
2906:
2802:
currency market at Zoo station was also illegal. Western pensioners and children were spared from the compulsory exchange (officially in
750:
5032:
3923:
3585:
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1648:
Travelling to and from West Berlin by road or train always required passing through East German border checks, since West Berlin was an
4816:
3892:
2057:
3599:
2375:
The Reichsbahn shut down all of its West Berlin terminal stations and redirected its trains to stations in East Berlin, starting with
5678:
5405:
4678:
4563:(West) until 1 November 1973 to employ the first female bus driver, by which time all tram lines had been closed down in West Berlin.
4465:
4147:
2797:
On 2 December 1964 East Germany, always short of hard currency, decreed that every Western visitor had to buy a minimum of 5 Eastern
2759:
2262:
241:
5131:
3268:
Attwood, William (15 July 1952). Cowles, Gardner (ed.). "Berlin calmly rides out its Pinprick War". European Affairs, Look Reports.
2978:
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2495:(W)/Stolpe (E) as well as the old transit checkpoint at HeerstraĂe (W)/Staaken (E) and the checkpoint at Waltersdorfer Chaussee (W)/
1645:
by the Soviet Union (24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949) when there were restrictions on passenger flight capacity imposed by the airlift.
1605:
West Berlin was also integrated into the West German telephone network, using the same international dialling code as West Germany,
1182:, since governments of these countries held the view that West Germany was not authorized to issue legal papers for West Berliners.
6762:
2831:. This was followed by a similar agreement for West Berliners, once more allowing regular visits to East Germany and East Berlin.
2517:
2167:
199:
5190:
3764:
2763:
Western police awaiting an eastern border controller at the opening of a new pedestrian border crossing. View into the vaults of
1507:
3721:
3697:
2969:(West) paid the east an annual charge in Western Deutsche Marks for its underground lines to use the tunnels under East Berlin.
2673:
The eight street checkpoints were â from North to South along the Wall â on Bornholmer StraĂe, ChausseestraĂe, InvalidenstraĂe,
2536:
some supplies were increased beyond the pre-Blockade level and therefore rationing of certain goods in West Berlin was stopped.
2233:
and most other international airlines were not permitted to fly to West Berlin. Flights by Lufthansa or the East German airline
4402:
833:
countries. However, West Berlin de facto aligned itself politically with the FRG from May 1949 and was thereafter treated as a
3988:
3827:
6341:
5652:
4604:
4536:
4232:
3601:
StÀdte und Stadtzentren in der DDR: Ergebnisse und reale Perspektiven des StÀdtebaus in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
3425:
3305:
3081:
3021:
2127:
2024:
In July and August 1945, the three Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the railways, previously serviced by the
957:. In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained.
4610:
5671:
5586:
5398:
5213:
3398:
3282:
2053:
1770:
929:
851:. West Berlin had great symbolic significance during the Cold War, as it was widely considered by westerners an "island of
6489:
3183:
98:
5430:
4715:(1968), Senator fĂŒr Wirtschaft und Arbeit (ed.), Berlin (West): Senator fĂŒr Wirtschaft und Arbeit, 1986, p. 117. No ISBN.
3461:
2218:â thus covering most of East and West Berlin and the three corridors, of the same width â one northwestwards to Hamburg (
2146:, connecting several industrial areas of West Berlin for heavy freight transport, was blocked by East Germany in Potsdam-
2056:(E). All transit trains would start or end in East Berlin, passing through West Berlin with only one stop in the Western
6968:
4575:
were either German civilians who had been deported into the Soviet Union from those territories it conquered, or former
3208:
2321:
70:
5486:
3249:
3009:
2292:
outside the city, so many West Berlin congregations had cemeteries that were located in East Germany. For example, the
2034:
1011:
269:
4977:
4446:
2696:
2344:, were disrupted at the border between West Berlin and East Germany on 26 October 1948 and August 1950, respectively.
1119:
issued to visitors were stamped with "for the Federal Republic of Germany, including the State of Berlin", in German "
6944:
6634:
6539:
5566:
5531:
4642:
3450:
3172:
1629:, finished on 16 May 1980 with a height of 358 m (1,175 ft). This tower was demolished on 8 February 2009.
1053:
611:
117:
7094:
6504:
3364:
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signed a contract to dispose of refuse on a dump right beside the Wall in East German GroĂ-Ziethen (today a part of
2674:
6394:
2423:
77:
4198:
2780:
3355:
2999:
2187:
opened the first regular service for civilians between West Berlin and Hamburg. Tickets were originally sold for
933:
743:
1060:
were held in 1979, West Berlin's three members were instead indirectly elected by the House of Representatives.
4809:
4059:
2868:
2733:
communication with family or friends on the other side was by mail or at meeting in a motorway restaurant on a
2414:). These routes originated from several East German suburbs bordering West Berlin (such as Falkensee, Potsdam,
2049:
1746:(W). On 1 January 1988, the new Stolpe checkpoint opened on this route to West Berlin. This is part of today's
1675:
1349:
1248:
55:
6441:
4080:
3780:
Bezeichnungen fĂŒr "Deutschland" in der Zeit der "Wende": dargestellt an ausgewĂ€hlten westdeutschen Printmedien
3510:
3330:
Ordinance BK/O (50) 75, 29 August 1950, clause 2b, published in the then Berlin legal gazette VOBl. I, p. 440.
5596:
4495:
3439:
1701:) were prohibited to leave the transit routes, and occasional traffic checkpoints would check for violators.
866:, built in 1961, physically separated West Berlin from its East Berlin and East German surroundings until it
84:
1682:
through East Germany, each traveller was also required to present a valid visa for the destination country.
508:
7057:
7026:
6850:
2403:
573:
51:
20:
2823:
The situation only changed fundamentally after 11 December 1971 when, representing the two German states,
2500:
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were redirected to stations in East Berlin, while trains from West Germany were redirected to the Western
7080:
6639:
5694:
5581:
4776:
4430:
4298:
4209:
4045:
3195:
1207:
886:
The four occupation sectors of Berlin. West Berlin is in light blue, dark blue, and purple, with several
5556:
4324:
2376:
1282:
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that June. However, the culmination of the schism did not occur until 1961 with the construction of the
66:
7034:
7002:
4872:
4862:
3625:
2791:
2254:
1591:
1086:, a routine reminder that West Berlin was still de jure occupied by the Western Allies of World War II.
736:
516:
488:
4478:
3409:
2962:
2888:
2594:
Starting on 15 January 1953 the tram network was interrupted. East Berlin's public transport operator
2496:
2357:
7153:
6818:
6456:
6334:
4825:
4802:
4284:
3048:
2718:
2348:
2176:
2070:
1936:
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The transit routes for road travel connecting West Berlin to other destinations usually consisted of
1092:
182:
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4634:
Germany and Eastern Europe Since 1945 From the Potsdam Agreement to Chancellor Brandt's "Ostpolitik"
4283:
paid DM 1.2 billion to co-finance the construction of these roads. East Germany, in chronic need of
3377:
1161:) or overlaid with a legend or pictures. It was often labelled "Westberlin special political area" (
7148:
6976:
6778:
6554:
6471:
3130:
2828:
2285:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2131:), should be continued and reconstructed in all four sectors. Except for the originally city-owned
1353:
950:
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1997:
7143:
6826:
6786:
6738:
6481:
6409:
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1939:, started to levy road tolls on cars using the transit routes. At first, the toll amounted to 10
1614:
1599:
1195:
867:
680:
601:
423:
213:
44:
5390:
4967:
3547:
3533:
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American sectors after 1945, so that parts of West Berlin came to be surrounded by East Germany
6917:
6874:
6842:
6564:
5893:
5591:
5516:
4952:
3026:
2018:
1319:
1067:, West Berliners were able to stand for election in West Germany. For example, Social Democrat
913:
905:
188:
2685:
in US military denomination, since this crossing was to their sector), Heinrich-Heine-StraĂe,
2219:
2132:
1254:
7168:
6404:
5011:
3915:
2994:
2486:
could open its first bus line into the East German suburbs since 1950 (line E to Potsdam via
1820:
1816:
1610:
1341:, before delivering at West Berlin's city hall a speech, which became famous for its phrase "
1330:, working together with NATO, was entrusted with potential military responses to any crisis.
661:
546:
168:
6925:
5379:
4403:
https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Foreign_Commerce_Weekly/5AAiAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0
4101:
3888:
3129:(2000). "America's Berlin, 1945â2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Trommler, Frank (ed.).
2245:) began in August 1989, but these routes had to go through Czechoslovak or Danish airspace.
2195:
Flights between West Germany and West Berlin were under Allied control by the quadripartite
1275:
1096:
7138:
7133:
6909:
6746:
6712:
6705:
6574:
6559:
6524:
6461:
6389:
6327:
5551:
4991:
4750:...twenty years after the Berlin Blockade...twenty years before the fall of the Berlin Wall
2159:â because the waterway crossed the border between East Germany and West Berlin four times.
2005:
1638:
1387:
1383:
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1342:
1295:
1185:
1127:
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329:
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Foreign Commerce Weekly. United States, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1949. 36-37, page 36
3272:. Vol. 16, no. 15. Des Moines, Iowa: Cowles Magazines, Incorporated. p. 90.
2274:
8:
6364:
5291:
5276:
4887:
3713:"Statistischer Bericht: Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2017"
3327:
3105:
2965:
where time had stood still since 13 August 1961. West Berlin's public transport operator
2690:
2543:
2223:
2098:
2025:
2001:
1965:
1766:
1595:
1524:
West Berlin's border was identical to the municipal boundary of Berlin as defined in the
1470:
1455:
1083:
1057:
1049:
859:
91:
6589:
5333:
2301:
1892:(PL). Additional routes led to Denmark and Sweden by ferry between WarnemĂŒnde (GDR) and
1713:
6960:
6494:
5521:
4000:
3015:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2808:
2682:
2647:
2629:), from all around West Germany and West Berlin met for a convention in that city. The
2396:
2365:
2258:
2014:
1989:
1977:
1525:
1416:
1338:
991:
724:
704:
580:
526:
6514:
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2313:
937:
6952:
6629:
6451:
5081:
5051:
4638:
4600:
4542:
4532:
4276:
4268:
4238:
4228:
3245:
3168:
3087:
3077:
2459:
2439:
2094:
1981:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1793:
1407:(a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.
1372:
1111:
970:
909:
843:
West Berlin was formally controlled by the Western Allies and entirely surrounded by
708:
497:
4123:
0372 â der Anschluss des Ostens, Die Vorwahl fĂŒrs andere Berlin fĂŒhrte oft ins Leere
2772:
2764:
1969:
1726:
1266:
6995:
6858:
6682:
6624:
6509:
6499:
6213:
5506:
5359:
5281:
5136:
5121:
5091:
5066:
5016:
4947:
4134:
3715:[Statistical Report: Residents in the state of Berlin on 31 December 2017]
2943:
2701:
2650:), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximately today's
2552:
2210:
comprised a radius of 32 km (20 mi) around the seat of the center in the
2147:
2102:
1985:
1940:
1869:
1845:
1804:
1789:
1785:
1762:
1721:
1563:
1534:
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1404:
1334:
1291:
1222:
1045:
882:
616:
217:
6599:
6133:
5021:
1044:
by 22 non-voting delegates chosen by the House of Representatives. Similarly, the
6810:
6770:
6677:
6672:
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6519:
5993:
5813:
5369:
5182:
5076:
4996:
4882:
4632:
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4469:
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4437:
4205:
4154:
4129:
4110:
4089:
4068:
3995:
3798:"Secret Documents Released: Adenauer Wanted to Swap West Berlin for Parts of GDR"
3653:
3632:
3556:
3517:
3484:
3446:
3413:
3402:
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3368:
3314:
3289:
3215:
3190:
3100:
2931:
2899:
2803:
2725:
2686:
2533:
2443:
2384:
2150:. Therefore, vessels going to the Teltowkanal had to take a detour via the river
2136:
2122:
2090:
2065:
1929:
1885:
1758:
1747:
1642:
1386:, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for
1307:
1303:
1271:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1116:
946:
767:
655:
556:
234:
7067:
6529:
6414:
5071:
3393:
2753:
2745:
2724:
Over the course of the day he protested along with many other West Berliners on
1517:
1126:
West Berlin remained under military occupation until 3 October 1990, the day of
6890:
6802:
6754:
6667:
6594:
6569:
6399:
5663:
5491:
5450:
5320:
5236:
5126:
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4927:
4414:
4299:"Abandoned and Lost Places - Checkpoint Alpha: GrenzĂŒbergangsstelle Marienborn"
3521:
3053:
3036:
3004:
2700:
An eastern water cannon vehicle directed at western protesters in front of the
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2521:
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2188:
1735:
1679:
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1218:
1211:
1072:
954:
174:
6263:
4713:
Wissenswertes ĂŒber Berlin: Nachschlagewerk fĂŒr zuziehende Arbeitnehmer von A-Z
3614:
The Path to the Berlin Wall: Critical Stages in the History of Divided Germany
3293:
Area, insofar as it remains in force as federal law under Article 124 or 125.]
7127:
7109:
7096:
7062:
7009:
6882:
6604:
6549:
6446:
6374:
6118:
5460:
5435:
5251:
5116:
5096:
4937:
4917:
4546:
4242:
3091:
2588:
2584:
2402:
On 28 August 1951, the Reichsbahn opened a new connection â from Spandau via
2383:
and the southeast of East Germany. On 28 August 1951, trains usually serving
2211:
2151:
2114:
2029:
1671:
1538:
1490:
1400:
1364:
1287:
536:
383:
287:
5256:
4725:
Fabian, Thomas (2000). "The evolution of the Berlin urban railway network".
4392:, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.), Berlin: no publ., 1984, p. 6. No ISBN.
4379:, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.), Berlin: no publ., 1984, p. 5. No ISBN.
2238:
2222:), one westwards to Hanover, and one southwestwards to Frankfurt upon Main (
2215:
1861:
1440:
6619:
6609:
6369:
6298:
5833:
5571:
5501:
5061:
5046:
5001:
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3126:
2574:
2479:
2361:
2280:
2156:
1837:
1797:
1559:
1530:
1238:"Westberlin." Starting from 31 May 1961, East Berlin was officially called
1199:
1179:
1131:
1068:
962:
953:
for supplying their part of the city with food and other goods through the
917:
848:
830:
826:
822:
818:
629:
625:
606:
589:
568:
315:
265:
222:
6233:
6078:
5863:
4526:
4222:
3067:
2665:
2499:(E), which was also open for travellers boarding international flights at
6834:
6687:
6614:
6379:
6350:
6274:
5973:
5628:
5546:
5346:
5325:
5310:
5286:
4981:
4159:
3358:
3042:
2974:
2958:
2876:
2655:
2651:
2492:
2450:-Albrechtshof in East Germany bordering West Berlin. On 4 June 1954, the
2431:
2415:
2341:
2325:
2143:
1961:
1751:
1475:
974:
863:
844:
810:
650:
645:
6228:
5341:
5246:
4758:
2985:
kiosks, or enter East Berlin through a checkpoint right in the station.
2329:
1738:. These were replaced on 20 November 1982 by a new autobahn crossing at
1520:, LaĂzinswiesen, Falkenhagener Wiesen, WĂŒste Mark, Kienhorst) are shown.
1430:
1082:
In 1969 U.S. military vehicles pass through the residential district of
6168:
5823:
5158:
5141:
3283:
Article 127 [Extension of law to the French zone and to Berlin]
3242:
The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
2571:, in 1953 renamed after the former Governing Mayor of West Berlin into
1905:
894:
852:
837:
6308:
6138:
3362:(Der Grundrechtsteil des Bonner Basic Lawes gilt auch in West-Berlin.)
2471:
2380:
1913:
1873:
1302:
After the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961, West German Chancellor
1225:
residents, making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.
6794:
6584:
6466:
6256:
6093:
6013:
6008:
5933:
5913:
5843:
5730:
5601:
5271:
5241:
5056:
4769:
4576:
4264:
4224:
Behind the Berlin Wall : East Germany and the frontiers of power
3031:
2982:
2864:
2824:
2817:
2369:
2237:
servicing connections between East and West Germany (such as between
2234:
2230:
2172:
1857:
1774:
1739:
1704:
There were four transit routes between West Berlin and West Germany:
1571:
1450:
1435:
1311:
1037:
6088:
5888:
3702:, Richard Plender, Aire Centre Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, page 301
2646:, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's
1078:
33:
6283:
6238:
6218:
6163:
6043:
5878:
5873:
5720:
5266:
4794:
4287:, often showed cooperation whenever Western payments were involved.
3219:
2324:(Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn, NME), connecting the East German
2261:
regulations overseen by the three Allied military governments (the
2110:
1909:
1897:
1686:
1445:
1357:
1327:
1278:
on Rudolf-Wilde-Platz (today's John-F.-Kennedy-Platz), 26 June 1963
1261:
806:
302:
6123:
1901:
1812:
1512:
6278:
6178:
6073:
6063:
6028:
5948:
5903:
5898:
5793:
5763:
5511:
5445:
5420:
5374:
5351:
5261:
4272:
3576:, Emily Pugh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, pages 158â159
3165:
Divided, But Not Disconnected: German Experiences of the Cold War
2710:
2447:
2337:
2242:
1993:
1973:
1917:
1889:
1849:
1731:
1717:
1649:
1626:
1622:
1542:
1480:
1396:
1075:, which in turn became one of the defining features of the city.
798:
690:
475:
436:
6103:
6048:
4271:), from there on using the existing autobahn between Berlin and
2944:
Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East
1637:
West Berliners could travel to West Germany and all Western and
1036:
Consequently, West Berliners were indirectly represented in the
858:
West Berlin was 160 km (100 mi) east and north of the
6208:
6198:
6193:
6183:
6153:
6148:
5983:
5928:
5883:
5868:
5853:
5803:
5783:
5773:
5743:
5710:
5647:
5644:
5611:
5536:
5364:
5217:
5106:
4837:
4829:
3440:
Germany (Federal Republic of) Date of Elections: 5 October 1980
2914:
Usage dropped further as the Western public transport operator
2892:
2658:, however, lines changed significantly from 1990 onwards), and
2435:
2419:
2248:
2192:
West Berlin the West German government subsidised the flights.
1893:
1566:
in the city centre. However, on 1 June 1952, western Staaken's
1392:
1315:
1242:(Berlin, Capital of the GDR), replacing the formerly used term
802:
450:
6319:
4753:
4417:, considered a criminal act by the East German justice system.
4113:, Volumes 1-2, R.B. Forster & Associates, 1986, pages 4133
3856:
3538:, Walther Leisler Kiep Purdue University Press, 2012, page 100
2662:
between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there.
2430:
or rare goods into West Berlin. S-Bahn trains were checked at
2048:) would leave and enter West Berlin only via one line through
1121:
fĂŒr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einschl. des Landes Berlin
6249:
6058:
6038:
5998:
5963:
5958:
5918:
5753:
5455:
4786:
3783:, Ute Röding-Lange Königshausen & Neumann, 1997, page 149
3755:, Andreas Glaeser University of Chicago Press, 2000, page 104
2379:â closed on 29 April 1951 â before serving rail traffic with
2086:
1743:
1575:
1214:, West Berlin identity cards were also acceptable for entry.
1048:(the city's executive) sent four non-voting delegates to the
995:
899:
Map of West and East Berlin, border crossings, metro networks
4747:
4431:"BVG-StraĂenbahnlinien auĂerhalb Berlins (Linien 47 und 96)"
3769:, Emily Pugh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, page 344
3590:, Peter Grieder, Manchester University Press, 1999, page 183
3317:, David P. Currie University of Chicago Press, 1994, page 89
1935:
On 1 September 1951, East Germany, because of a shortage in
6293:
6108:
6023:
5943:
4599:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4473:
3406:
2253:
Until 1953, travelling from West Berlin into East Germany (
2106:
1784:
A third route to Southwestern Germany consisted of today's
1606:
1586:
West Berlin had its own postal administration first called
1041:
870:
in 1989. On 3 October 1990, the day Germany was officially
3752:
Divided in Unity: Identity, Germany, and the Berlin Police
3427:
Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Elections of the 1980s
3244:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 178â179.
2669:
Map showing location of the Berlin Wall and transit points
1310:
that the United States propose a swap of West Berlin with
4103:
The American Bar, the Canadian Bar, the International Bar
3372:
2717:
he was informed about the Wall and flew to West Berlin's
1115:
Germany being followed in West Berlin. West German entry
4703:, which was then the name of the East German state bank.
3952:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125â64.
3616:, Manfred Wilke, Berghahn Books, 15 April 2014, page 191
3587:
The East German Leadership, 1946â73: Conflict and Crisis
2827:
from the West and Michael Kohl from the East signed the
2241:
and Hamburg in West Germany and the East German city of
1852:-Drewitz (E). Transit routes to Poland were via today's
1836:
The latter three routes used autobahns built during the
1730:) at the Eastern checkpoint in Horst (a part of today's
1570:
administration was placed with neighbouring East German
1345:" and a hallmark of America's solidarity with the city.
4580:
4263:
was replaced by a new autobahn connecting Hamburg with
3356:
Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany
2506:
2458:
In 1951, the Reichsbahn began construction work on the
825:(GDR). The legality of this claim was contested by the
4199:
The tram disappears from West-Berlin â The Berlin Wall
3766:
Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin
3573:
Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin
2928:
union concerning currency, economy and social security
1541:
became part of the British sector and the airfield at
318:-backed coup against the elected government of Berlin
4748:
Berlin 1969 in the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War
4227:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 29, 105.
4174:"Richtfunkmast Berlin-Frohnau (Berlin-Frohnau, 1979)"
3430:, Karl H. Cerny, Duke University Press, 1990, page 34
3163:
Tobias Hochscherf, Christoph Laucht, Andrew Plowman,
3626:
Comparative Study on Status Neutral Travel Documents
16:
Political enclave that existed between 1948 and 1990
3791:
3789:
3604:, Gerhard Krenz, Verlag fĂŒr Bauwesen, 1969, page 22
3307:
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany
2304:, yet belonged to Catholic congregations in Berlin-
2271:
Office of Military Government/United States (OMGUS)
1952:Four transit train connectionsâearlier also called
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5212:
4371:
4369:
3549:Germany â transit visa, 1991 (issued 24 July 1990)
3344:, Peter Hauck Duncker & Humblot, 1969, page 44
2744:On 18 May 1962 East Germany opened the so-called
7125:
5693:
3786:
2849:Offices for the Affairs of Visits and Travelling
2820:(29 May) holidays and later again at Christmas.
2520:in September 1948 â the unitary City Council of
2267:Control Commission for Germany â British Element
2263:Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG)
1367:provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader:
1363:At the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, U.S. President
1262:Period following the building of the Berlin Wall
4671:"Border crossings between East and West Berlin"
4382:
4366:
3820:
3795:
1757:A second transit route led to Northwestern and
1632:
1130:of East Germany, East and West Berlin with the
3699:Basic Documents on International Migration Law
3501:, Scott MacDonald, CUP Archive, 1993, page 166
2977:also had one subterranean stop at the Eastern
1581:
7164:States and territories disestablished in 1990
6335:
5679:
5406:
5198:
4810:
4259:of 29 November 1978, the transit via highway
3989:Berlin Mayoral Contest Has Many Uncertainties
3374:OpinioIuris: Die freie juristische Bibliothek
2442:in East Germany bordering East Berlin and in
744:
3511:Tracing West Berlin's 70s and 80s subculture
3138:. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 49â73.
2922:(West) which took effect on 9 January 1984.
2518:Communist putsch in Berlin's city government
2249:Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany
2109:northwestwards crossing the border again at
1916:(ÄSSR) and via FĂŒrstenau (a part of today's
1106:In many ways, West Berlin functioned as the
916:(the United States, the United Kingdom, the
821:(FRG), despite being entirely surrounded by
775:
149:
143:
137:
3964:"Ronald Reagan speech, Tear Down This Wall"
3859:"Instructions to NATO Military Authorities"
3656:, Michael Sodaro I.B.Tauris, 1993, page 115
3184:"Berlin: Where Rivalry of East, West Soars"
2863:can be found on Waterlooufer 5â7 in Berlin-
2853:BĂŒros fĂŒr Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten
2300:) was located in the East German suburb of
2298:Cemetery in front/outside of Charlottenburg
2199:. According to permanent agreements, three
7159:States and territories established in 1949
6342:
6328:
5686:
5672:
5413:
5399:
5205:
5191:
4817:
4803:
3705:
2861:BĂŒro fĂŒr Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten
2857:BĂŒro fĂŒr Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten
2360:, the southwestern end of tram line 96 to
2058:Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station
2021:(W) was reserved for freight trains only.
1274:addressing the people of West Berlin from
992:1920 expansion of its municipal boundaries
817:in 1990, the territory was claimed by the
751:
737:
198:
4528:The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift
3834:(in French). AFP source. 14 August 2011.
3463:West Germany Today (RLE: German Politics)
3263:
3261:
214:Western Alliesâoccupied sectors of Berlin
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
4524:
4296:
4050:, John Parry, Kogan Page, 1982, page 174
3341:Das richterliche PrĂŒfungsrecht in Berlin
3301:
3299:
2905:
2837:
2758:
2695:
2664:
2349:Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe Gesellschaft (
2279:
2166:
2085:Two waterways via the rivers and canals
1826:
1511:
1281:
1265:
1184:
1167:Besonderes politisches Gebiet Westberlin
1077:
893:
881:
813:and was under military occupation until
4759:History of the Western Allies in Berlin
3567:
3565:
3267:
2937:WĂ€hrungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion
2549:Der kluge West-Berliner kauft in der HO
2391:. The Reichsbahn also closed down both
1908:(S). Routes to Czechoslovakia were via
1674:. For journeys between West Berlin and
1641:states at all times, except during the
1508:Exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany
1252:using "Ost-Berlin" and the centre-left
890:shown. Borough borders are as of 1987.
7179:1990 disestablishments in West Germany
7126:
4724:
4531:. Stroud: History Press. p. 235.
4506:from the original on 21 September 2018
4425:
4423:
4322:
4071:, Volume 63, A. HĂŒthig., 1971, page 36
3891:. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
3828:"Berlin aurait pu ĂȘtre vendue Ă l'Est"
3395:Approval by Western Military Governors
3258:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3209:"1961: Berliners wake to divided city"
2979:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe railway station
2785:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe railway station
2644:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe railway station
1666:), East German border guards issued a
6530:TrĂ€nenpalast, FriedrichstraĂe station
6395:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
6323:
5667:
5394:
5186:
4798:
4637:. Bonn: Scribner. 1973. p. 168.
4592:
4390:Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal
4377:Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal
4220:
3966:. USAF Air University. Archived from
3913:
3296:
3065:
3022:List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors
2790:On 9 September 1964, the East German
1819:(E)/ Rudolphstein (a part of today's
1232:
926:former eastern territories of Germany
784:
352:479.9 km (185.3 sq mi)
4824:
4681:from the original on 4 February 2017
3944:
3857:NATO Planning for Berlin Emergency.
3808:from the original on 7 November 2014
3725:(in German). pp. 4, 13, 18â22.
3722:Amt fĂŒr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg
3562:
3466:, Karl Koch, Routledge, 1989, page 3
3239:
3125:
3000:1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing
2542:The smart West Berliner buys at the
2507:Traffic between East and West Berlin
2312:on 1 November and on the Protestant
2054:Potsdam Griebnitzsee railway station
1876:(PL), or southeastwards via today's
1415:West Berlin comprised the following
801:which comprised the western part of
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
7174:1949 establishments in West Germany
4420:
4180:from the original on 9 October 2016
3926:from the original on 25 August 2018
3224:
3132:Berlin: The New Capital in the East
1922:CĂnovec (Cinvald/Böhmisch Zinnwald)
1807:had border crossings originally at
1712:with the East German checkpoint in
13:
4727:Japan Railway and Transport Review
3895:from the original on 26 March 2017
3869:from the original on 26 March 2017
3838:from the original on 7 August 2020
3796:Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 August 2011).
3407:U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany
3059:
2869:Hallesches Tor underground station
2135:and some canals built later (e.g.
2128:Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Berlin
1539:Wehrmacht airfield at Berlin-Gatow
1533:) and the Soviet zone (ceding the
949:. The West responded by using its
809:. Although West Berlin lacked any
14:
7190:
6945:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
6763:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold
4741:
4443:Ăffentlicher Nahverkehr in Berlin
4323:Colitt, Leslie (16 August 2011).
3732:from the original on 4 March 2018
3451:International Parliamentary Union
3145:from the original on 13 June 2021
805:from 1948 until 1990, during the
612:Bombing of Berlin in World War II
6969:Am kĂŒrzeren Ende der Sonnenallee
6423:
5570:
5535:
5490:
5476:
5434:
5300:
5031:
4976:
4966:
4701:Mark of the German Bank of Issue
4651:from the original on 2 June 2022
4613:from the original on 2 June 2022
4047:Guide to World Commodity Markets
4015:"Ăbersichtskarte: Berlin (West)"
3498:Avant-Garde Film: Motion Studies
3360:BVerfG, 25.10.1951 â 1 BvR 24/51
3167:, p. 109, Berghahn Books, 2013,
3072:. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (
2754:with orders to shoot at escapees
2741:remained unaffected throughout.
2460:Berlin outer-circle railway line
2424:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
1064:
507:
455:
441:
416:
181:
167:
32:
6349:
4718:
4706:
4693:
4663:
4625:
4586:
4566:
4553:
4518:
4488:
4456:
4407:
4395:
4356:
4347:
4335:from the original on 9 May 2022
4316:
4290:
4255:According to the German-German
4249:
4214:
4192:
4166:
4141:
4116:
4095:
4074:
4053:
4039:
4007:
3982:
3956:
3938:
3907:
3881:
3850:
3772:
3758:
3744:
3691:
3659:
3638:
3635:, mediatEUr, July 2011, page 29
3619:
3607:
3593:
3579:
3541:
3527:
3504:
3490:
3469:
3455:
3433:
3419:
3387:
3347:
3333:
2787:being open for all travellers.
2781:Border crossings in East Berlin
2206:The airspace controlled by the
1996:(W) in the Southwest, and with
1656:
1594:, separate from West Germany's
1196:"Federal Eagle" or coat of arms
1151:selbstÀndige politische Einheit
980:
607:Deportation of Jews from Berlin
43:needs additional citations for
6505:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe station
3889:"Declassified: Berlin divided"
3320:
3276:
3202:
3177:
3157:
3119:
3010:History of Germany (1945â1990)
2675:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe station
2364:, as well as two bus lines to
2179:to fly into West Germany, 1953
2162:
2050:Berlin-Wannsee railway station
1860:-Pomellen (East Germany, GDR)/
1840:era. They left West Berlin at
1803:A fourth (via today's A 9) to
1689:and other highways, marked by
1553:Soviet occupied. However, the
1350:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
1249:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1172:
932:ânewly established in most of
1:
3112:
2900:Berlin's circular S-Bahn line
2587:(Untergrundbahn, U-Bahn) and
2171:Eastern refugees boarding an
1960:)âconnected West Berlin with
1716:until 1951, then replaced by
1625:and later a second in Berlin-
887:
7058:List of Berlin Wall segments
5695:European Capitals of Culture
3646:Moscow, Germany and the West
3196:U.S. News & World Report
2799:Mark der Deutschen Notenbank
2446:, Potsdam-Griebnitzsee, and
2404:Berlin Jungfernheide station
2322:NeuköllnâMittenwalde railway
2314:Day of Repentance and Prayer
2142:The western entrance to the
2080:
1864:(PL), eastwards via today's
1633:Transport and transit travel
1574:in the East German district
1306:suggested to U.S. President
574:Assassination of Talat Pasha
21:West Berlin (disambiguation)
7:
6640:Christel and Eckhard Wehage
6442:GedenkstÀtte Berliner Mauer
4092:, Volume 21, 1977, page 360
2988:
2491:(W)/Drewitz (E) and Berlin-
2294:Friedhof vor Charlottenburg
2284:The only three permissible
2105:and then either taking the
1582:Post and telecommunications
1501:
1410:
1208:European Economic Community
1132:Federal Republic of Germany
819:Federal Republic of Germany
691:Federal Republic of Germany
223:Federal Republic of Germany
221:(De facto territory of the
10:
7195:
7036:The Day the Wall Came Down
4873:Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick
4863:Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick
4496:"History of S-Bahn Berlin"
4485:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
4453:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
4297:UrbEx-NL (23 March 2008).
4285:western foreign currencies
3559:, World of Passport Stamps
3487:, Issues 1â3, 1979, page 6
3416:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
3384:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
3354:ist". Cf. Decision of the
2389:Berlin Zoologischer Garten
2255:German Democratic Republic
2101:), continuing through the
2040:After the Berlin Blockade
1947:
1896:(DK) and by ferry between
1708:One between West Berlin's
1592:Deutsche Bundespost Berlin
1505:
1240:Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR
877:
517:Margraviate of Brandenburg
18:
7050:
7019:
6987:
6936:
6901:
6728:
6721:
6696:
6648:
6538:
6480:
6457:Checkpoint Charlie Museum
6432:
6421:
6357:
5701:
5640:
5610:
5565:
5530:
5485:
5474:
5429:
5309:
5298:
5225:
5171:Regierender BĂŒrgermeister
5150:
5105:
5030:
4975:
4964:
4858:Friedrich von BĂ€rensprung
4836:
4783:
4774:
4766:
4525:Schrader, Helena (2011).
4325:"Escape from East Berlin"
4303:Abandoned and Lost Places
4204:22 September 2017 at the
3445:21 September 2017 at the
3049:United States Army Berlin
2719:Tempelhof Central Airport
2596:Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe
2526:Magistrat von GroĂ Berlin
2366:Glienicke at the Nordbahn
2286:West Berlin Air Corridors
2071:Bombardier Transportation
1914:HĆensko (Herrnskretschen)
1352:(September 1971) and the
1290:speaking in front of the
930:Soviet zone of occupation
471:
395:
379:
375:
365:
361:
356:
348:
343:
339:
326:
312:
308:
298:
294:
276:
254:
250:
240:
230:
209:
197:
163:
158:
132:
7076:(Cross-border commuters)
6472:Chapel of Reconciliation
5557:WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern
4777:European City of Culture
4082:Wasser, Luft und Betreib
3483:14 November 2018 at the
3367:27 December 2013 at the
2377:Berlin Görlitzer Bahnhof
2229:The West German airline
2208:Berlin Air Safety Center
2197:Berlin Air Safety Center
2185:British European Airways
1792:with border crossing at
1724:(originally via highway
1426:In the American sector:
1052:. In addition, when the
1012:House of Representatives
1004:WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern
6739:Escape from East Berlin
6410:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5422:Allied-occupied Germany
4593:Major, Patrick (2010).
4221:Major, Patrick (2010).
3401:6 February 2012 at the
3214:25 January 2021 at the
3066:Durie, William (2012).
2452:Bahnhof Hennigsdorf SĂŒd
2393:Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof
2356:end of tram line 47 to
2320:railway lines like the
1972:(W) in the North, with
1821:Berg in Upper Franconia
1613:0311, later changed to
1461:In the British sector:
1138:of the GDR, not as its
906:London Protocol of 1944
786:[ËvÉstbÉÊËliËn]
681:Fall of the Berlin Wall
602:Welthauptstadt Germania
424:Allied-occupied Germany
231:Official languages
6713:"Tear down this wall!"
6565:Christian-Peter Friese
5894:Santiago de Compostela
5517:North Rhine-Westphalia
5087:Richard von WeizsÀcker
4953:Ferdinand Friedensburg
4868:Franz Christian Naunyn
4596:Behind the Berlin Wall
4153:22 August 2021 at the
4128:3 October 2021 at the
3631:7 October 2019 at the
3027:List of divided cities
2935:
2911:
2852:
2843:
2807:
2768:
2705:
2670:
2626:
2616:traverse S-Bahn trains
2568:
2548:
2525:
2411:
2385:Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof
2288:
2180:
2126:
2045:
1984:(W) in the West, with
1957:
1886:Forst in Lusatia/BarĆĄÄ
1862:KoĆbaskowo (Kolbitzow)
1833:
1698:
1663:
1521:
1486:In the French sector:
1380:
1299:
1279:
1190:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1087:
1054:first direct elections
1034:
1021:
1010:On 4 August 1950, the
901:
891:
776:
771:
150:
144:
138:
7110:52.50000°N 13.28000°E
6405:Berlin Crisis of 1961
5424:(1945â1949/1956/1990)
5012:Christian Hartenhauer
4109:31 March 2022 at the
4067:27 March 2022 at the
3555:21 April 2017 at the
3412:24 April 2012 at the
3380:22 April 2012 at the
3189:31 March 2019 at the
2995:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2909:
2841:
2762:
2699:
2668:
2528:) for East and West.
2408:express S-Bahn trains
2283:
2170:
1842:Checkpoint Dreilinden
1830:
1817:Hirschberg upon Saale
1672:Western Deutsche Mark
1590:(1947â1955) and then
1515:
1369:
1285:
1269:
1244:Demokratisches Berlin
1188:
1095:and Senate seated at
1081:
1029:
1016:
897:
885:
782:German pronunciation:
662:Berlin Crisis of 1961
547:Free State of Prussia
6910:The Road to the Wall
6706:Ich bin ein Berliner
6697:The Wall in speeches
6575:Marienetta Jirkowsky
6560:Winfried Freudenberg
6462:Topography of Terror
6390:German reunification
5552:Rhineland-Palatinate
4481:4 March 2012 at the
4468:25 June 2013 at the
3994:17 June 2019 at the
3863:NATO Archives Online
3652:7 April 2022 at the
3516:6 March 2016 at the
3313:28 June 2020 at the
3288:4 March 2016 at the
3240:Ladd, Brian (1997).
2957:and the S-Bahn line
2792:Council of Ministers
2585:Berlin's underground
2336:between West Berlin-
1761:â following today's
1720:for destinations in
1588:Deutsche Post Berlin
1388:German reunification
1384:Two Plus Four Treaty
1377:tear down this wall!
1343:Ich bin ein Berliner
1296:Tear down this wall!
1065:West German citizens
1000:Rhineland-Palatinate
815:German reunification
675:Tear down this wall!
668:Ich bin ein Berliner
389:United States dollar
52:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
7106: /
7003:Holidays in the Sun
6365:Inner German border
4888:Max von Forckenbeck
4878:Karl Theodor Seydel
4848:Leopold von Gerlach
4449:23 May 2013 at the
4436:23 May 2013 at the
4279:). The West German
4088:2 June 2022 at the
3106:Progress Publishers
2767:, 21 December 1963.
2224:Rhein-Main Air Base
2220:FuhlsbĂŒttel Airport
2214:building in Berlin-
2133:Neukölln Ship Canal
2035:Deutsche Reichsbahn
2026:Deutsche Reichsbahn
1870:Frankfurt upon Oder
1767:inner German border
1736:Lauenburg upon Elbe
1596:Deutsche Bundespost
1258:using "Ostberlin."
1255:SĂŒddeutsche Zeitung
1058:European Parliament
860:Inner German border
725:Timeline of Berlin
7115:52.50000; 13.28000
6961:Judgment in Berlin
6926:Rabbit Ă la Berlin
6819:Judgment in Berlin
6722:In popular culture
6542:breaching the Wall
6495:Checkpoint Charlie
6433:Memorials, museums
5522:Schleswig-Holstein
4281:Federal Government
4001:The New York Times
3679:on 1 February 2016
3524:, 21 February 2013
3098:Vysotsky, Viktor.
3016:Judgment in Berlin
2912:
2844:
2769:
2706:
2683:Checkpoint Charlie
2671:
2565:power station West
2501:Schönefeld Airport
2476:Federal Government
2399:, on 18 May 1952.
2397:Berlin Nordbahnhof
2289:
2259:Interzonal traffic
2257:(GDR)) fell under
2181:
1937:foreign currencies
1834:
1734:) and the Western
1695:Transit travellers
1529:of Berlin (ceding
1526:Greater Berlin Act
1522:
1371:General Secretary
1339:Checkpoint Charlie
1300:
1280:
1276:Rathaus Schöneberg
1233:Naming conventions
1191:
1136:seat of government
1097:Rathaus Schöneberg
1088:
967:French Gendarmerie
924:thus creating the
902:
892:
797:) was a political
705:History of Germany
581:Greater Berlin Act
527:Kingdom of Prussia
391:(also widely used)
7089:
7088:
7046:
7045:
7030:(1991 video game)
6953:Funeral in Berlin
6867:Bornholmer StraĂe
6779:Funeral in Berlin
6658:GĂŒnter Schabowski
6649:Others associated
6630:Hildegard Trabant
6580:Cengaver Katrancı
6490:Bornholmer StraĂe
6452:East Side Gallery
6317:
6316:
5661:
5660:
5468:WĂŒrttemberg-Baden
5388:
5387:
5180:
5179:
5173:(Governing Mayor)
5155:OberbĂŒrgermeister
5082:Hans-Jochen Vogel
5052:Walther Schreiber
4793:
4792:
4784:Succeeded by
4606:978-0-19-924328-0
4538:978-0-7524-6803-7
4388:JĂŒrgen Karwelat,
4375:JĂŒrgen Karwelat,
4257:Traffic Agreement
4234:978-0-19-156753-7
4004:, 1 December 1990
3950:Kennedy in Berlin
3083:978-3-86408-068-5
2829:Transit Agreement
2748:checkpoint hall (
2478:under Chancellor
2472:policy of détente
2328:with West Berlin-
2275:Glienicker BrĂŒcke
2177:Tempelhof Airport
2099:Potsdam-Bornstedt
2095:inland navigation
2010:interzonal trains
1986:Frankfurt am Main
1815:(W) and later at
1777:(W), also called
1354:Transit Agreement
971:Bundesgrenzschutz
910:Potsdam Agreement
761:
760:
709:History of Europe
481:
480:
467:
466:
463:
462:
429:
428:
283:
278:âą 1989â1990
261:
256:âą 1948â1953
204:West Berlin (red)
128:
127:
120:
102:
7186:
7154:Former republics
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7038:(1997 sculpture)
6996:West of the Wall
6977:Edge of Eternity
6859:Good Bye, Lenin!
6851:Buffalo Soldiers
6726:
6725:
6683:David Hasselhoff
6625:Heinz Sokolowski
6590:CzesĆaw Kukuczka
6510:Glienicke Bridge
6500:Checkpoint Bravo
6482:Border crossings
6427:
6426:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6305:
6290:
6271:
6245:
6225:
6214:Esch-sur-Alzette
6205:
6190:
6175:
6160:
6145:
6130:
6115:
6100:
6085:
6070:
6055:
6035:
6020:
6005:
5990:
5980:
5970:
5955:
5940:
5925:
5910:
5860:
5850:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5790:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5750:
5737:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5633:
5625:
5575:
5574:
5540:
5539:
5495:
5494:
5480:
5439:
5438:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5356:
5338:
5334:Hohenschönhausen
5330:
5304:
5303:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5167:(City President)
5137:Franziska Giffey
5122:Eberhard Diepgen
5092:Eberhard Diepgen
5067:Heinrich Albertz
5035:
5017:Tino Schwierzina
4980:
4970:
4948:Louise Schroeder
4898:Martin Kirschner
4819:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4767:Preceded by
4764:
4763:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4590:
4584:
4570:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4492:
4486:
4463:"Linie 96, 2009"
4460:
4454:
4427:
4418:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4294:
4288:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4218:
4212:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4163:, 27 August 1972
4145:
4139:
4138:, 2 October 2005
4135:Der Tagesspiegel
4120:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4078:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4020:. Archived from
4019:
4011:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3793:
3784:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3709:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3672:. Archived from
3671:
3663:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3569:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3417:
3391:
3385:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3303:
3294:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3237:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3181:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3127:Daum, Andreas W.
3123:
3095:
2883:utility company
2847:allowed to open
2814:minimum exchange
2716:
2702:Brandenburg Gate
2488:Checkpoint Bravo
2368:, north, and to
2340:and East German
2103:Elbe-Havel Canal
1954:interzonal train
1846:Checkpoint Bravo
1805:Southern Germany
1779:Checkpoint Alpha
1722:Northern Germany
1405:Eberhard Diepgen
1360:transit routes.
1335:Brandenburg Gate
1298:" speech in 1987
1292:Brandenburg Gate
1210:, including the
1019:Constitution....
796:
795:
794:
788:
783:
779:
753:
746:
739:
697:
696:
634:
617:Battle of Berlin
594:
561:
551:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
483:
482:
459:
458:
445:
444:
433:
432:
420:
419:
413:
412:
397:
396:
279:
257:
226:
202:
185:
171:
153:
147:
141:
130:
129:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7149:Former enclaves
7124:
7123:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7085:
7042:
7028:The Berlin Wall
7015:
6983:
6932:
6897:
6875:Bridge of Spies
6827:Das Versprechen
6811:Wings of Desire
6730:
6717:
6692:
6678:Walter Ulbricht
6673:Konrad Schumann
6663:Riccardo Ehrman
6650:
6644:
6541:
6540:People who died
6534:
6520:Oberbaum Bridge
6515:InvalidenstraĂe
6476:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6353:
6348:
6318:
6313:
6303:
6288:
6269:
6243:
6223:
6203:
6189:2020-April 2021
6188:
6173:
6158:
6143:
6128:
6113:
6098:
6083:
6068:
6053:
6033:
6018:
6003:
5994:Luxembourg City
5988:
5978:
5968:
5953:
5938:
5923:
5908:
5858:
5848:
5838:
5828:
5818:
5814:Luxembourg City
5808:
5798:
5788:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5748:
5735:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5662:
5657:
5636:
5631:
5623:
5606:
5569:
5561:
5534:
5526:
5489:
5481:
5472:
5433:
5425:
5419:
5389:
5384:
5370:Prenzlauer Berg
5354:
5336:
5328:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5229:
5221:
5211:
5181:
5176:
5146:
5109:
5101:
5077:Dietrich Stobbe
5039:
5026:
4997:Herbert Fechner
4992:Friedrich Ebert
4984:
4971:
4962:
4883:Arthur Hobrecht
4853:Johann BĂŒsching
4840:
4832:
4823:
4789:
4780:
4772:
4754:Berlin Exclaves
4744:
4739:
4738:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4645:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4554:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4483:Wayback Machine
4470:Wayback Machine
4461:
4457:
4451:Wayback Machine
4438:Wayback Machine
4428:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4295:
4291:
4254:
4250:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4206:Wayback Machine
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4155:Wayback Machine
4146:
4142:
4130:Wayback Machine
4121:
4117:
4111:Wayback Machine
4100:
4096:
4090:Wayback Machine
4079:
4075:
4069:Wayback Machine
4061:Der Kunsthandel
4058:
4054:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4027:on 4 March 2016
4024:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3996:Wayback Machine
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3970:on 17 July 2019
3962:
3961:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3787:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3654:Wayback Machine
3643:
3639:
3633:Wayback Machine
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3563:
3557:Wayback Machine
3546:
3542:
3532:
3528:
3518:Wayback Machine
3509:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3485:Wayback Machine
3474:
3470:
3460:
3456:
3447:Wayback Machine
3438:
3434:
3424:
3420:
3414:Wayback Machine
3403:Wayback Machine
3392:
3388:
3382:Wayback Machine
3369:Wayback Machine
3352:
3348:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3315:Wayback Machine
3304:
3297:
3290:Wayback Machine
3281:
3277:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3238:
3225:
3216:Wayback Machine
3207:
3203:
3191:Wayback Machine
3182:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3084:
3062:
3060:Further reading
2991:
2946:
2809:Mindestumtausch
2750:Palace of Tears
2739:transit traffic
2726:Potsdamer Platz
2714:
2679:FriedrichstraĂe
2589:Berlin's S-Bahn
2534:Berlin Air Lift
2509:
2444:Hohen Neuendorf
2418:, Staaken, and
2251:
2189:pounds sterling
2165:
2148:Klein Glienicke
2137:Westhafen Canal
2091:Mittellandkanal
2083:
2066:social security
1950:
1944:previous rate.
1890:Zasieki (Berge)
1765:â crossing the
1759:Western Germany
1748:Hohen Neuendorf
1699:Transitreisende
1670:for a fee of 5
1659:
1643:Berlin Blockade
1635:
1584:
1535:Seeburg Salient
1510:
1504:
1413:
1308:John F. Kennedy
1304:Konrad Adenauer
1272:John F. Kennedy
1264:
1235:
1175:
1093:Governing Mayor
983:
947:Berlin Blockade
922:Eastern Germany
900:
880:
790:
789:
781:
757:
694:
693:
656:Berlin Blockade
632:
592:
559:
557:Weimar Republic
549:
539:
529:
519:
499:
492:
456:
442:
417:
387:
368:
332:
319:
284:
262:
242:Governing Mayor
220:
216:
205:
193:
192:
191:
186:
178:
177:
172:
154:
148:
142:
135:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7192:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:Divided cities
7141:
7136:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7052:
7048:
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7023:
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7017:
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7014:
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7006:
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6973:
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6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6922:
6914:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:Deutschland 89
6887:
6879:
6871:
6863:
6855:
6847:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6815:
6807:
6799:
6791:
6783:
6775:
6767:
6759:
6755:Stop Train 349
6751:
6743:
6734:
6732:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6668:Erich Honecker
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6595:Horst Kutscher
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6570:Chris Gueffroy
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6546:
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6444:
6438:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6400:Republikflucht
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6346:
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5668:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5626:
5624:(France/UK/US)
5617:
5615:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
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5578:
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5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
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5357:
5349:
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5339:
5331:
5323:
5321:Friedrichshain
5317:
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5307:
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5299:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
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5239:
5237:Charlottenburg
5233:
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5223:
5222:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5165:StadtprÀsident
5162:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5132:Michael MĂŒller
5129:
5127:Klaus Wowereit
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5110:(1990âpresent)
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Ingrid Pankraz
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Otto Ostrowski
4940:
4935:
4930:
4928:Julius Lippert
4925:
4923:Oskar Maretzky
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
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4885:
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4773:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4743:
4742:External links
4740:
4737:
4736:
4717:
4705:
4692:
4677:. 2 May 2016.
4662:
4643:
4624:
4605:
4585:
4565:
4552:
4537:
4517:
4487:
4455:
4419:
4415:Republikflucht
4406:
4394:
4381:
4365:
4355:
4346:
4315:
4289:
4248:
4233:
4213:
4191:
4165:
4148:Rieseln lassen
4140:
4115:
4094:
4073:
4052:
4038:
4006:
3981:
3955:
3937:
3906:
3880:
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3743:
3704:
3690:
3658:
3637:
3618:
3606:
3592:
3578:
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3540:
3526:
3522:Deutsche Welle
3503:
3489:
3468:
3454:
3432:
3418:
3386:
3346:
3332:
3319:
3295:
3275:
3257:
3251:978-0226467627
3250:
3223:
3201:
3199:, 18 July 1983
3176:
3156:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3096:
3082:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3054:Berlin Airlift
3051:
3046:
3039:
3037:Spandau Prison
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3005:Berlin Brigade
3002:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2963:ghost stations
2945:
2942:
2773:OberbaumbrĂŒcke
2765:OberbaumbrĂŒcke
2737:, because the
2687:OberbaumbrĂŒcke
2660:transit trains
2569:Kraftwerk West
2561:Senate Reserve
2553:Deutsche Marks
2522:Greater Berlin
2508:
2505:
2470:Following the
2306:Charlottenburg
2250:
2247:
2164:
2161:
2093:were open for
2082:
2079:
2042:transit trains
1949:
1946:
1844:, also called
1825:
1824:
1801:
1782:
1755:
1680:Czechoslovakia
1664:Transitstrecke
1658:
1655:
1634:
1631:
1583:
1580:
1543:Berlin-Staaken
1537:) so that the
1506:Main article:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Charlottenburg
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1412:
1409:
1263:
1260:
1234:
1231:
1223:Turkish German
1212:United Kingdom
1174:
1171:
1073:counterculture
982:
979:
955:Berlin Airlift
934:Middle Germany
898:
879:
876:
759:
758:
756:
755:
748:
741:
733:
730:
729:
728:
727:
719:
718:
714:
713:
712:
711:
699:
698:
695:(1990âpresent)
687:
686:
685:
684:
678:
671:
664:
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648:
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421:
409:
408:
403:
393:
392:
381:
377:
376:
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372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
341:
340:
337:
336:
335:3 October 1990
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
299:Historical era
296:
295:
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291:
285:
277:
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273:
263:
255:
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251:
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244:
238:
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166:
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160:
156:
155:
136:
133:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7191:
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7129:
7122:
7119:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7063:Ghost station
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7024:
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7018:
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6990:
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6928:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:Documentaries
6900:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6883:Atomic Blonde
6880:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6848:
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6789:
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6760:
6757:
6756:
6752:
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6748:
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6720:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:with the Wall
6647:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:Dorit Schmiel
6603:
6601:
6600:GĂŒnter Litfin
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Peter Fechter
6553:
6551:
6550:Klaus Brueske
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
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6516:
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6479:
6473:
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6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6447:White Crosses
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:and galleries
6431:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Wall of Shame
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:Main articles
6356:
6352:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6326:
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6322:
6310:
6307:
6302:
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6297:
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6280:
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6167:
6165:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:San SebastiĂĄn
6132:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6097:
6095:
6092:
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6087:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6067:
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6060:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5987:
5985:
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5957:
5952:
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5927:
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5917:
5915:
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5907:
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5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
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5887:
5885:
5882:
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5872:
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5865:
5862:
5857:
5855:
5852:
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5842:
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5835:
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5825:
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5815:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5772:
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5765:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5745:
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5734:
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5729:
5724:
5722:
5719:
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5712:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5654:
5651:
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5646:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Saxony-Anhalt
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5558:
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5545:
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5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5461:Greater Hesse
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5431:American Zone
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:East boroughs
5308:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:Reinickendorf
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:West boroughs
5224:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Walter Momper
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5097:Walter Momper
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5022:Thomas KrĂŒger
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
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4969:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Arthur Werner
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Heinrich Sahm
4916:
4914:
4913:Arthur Scholz
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Adolf Wermuth
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4699:Literally in
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4650:
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4644:9780684131900
4640:
4636:
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4579:soldiers and
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3946:Daum, Andreas
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3173:9781782381006
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2774:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:transit route
2730:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2704:, August 1961
2703:
2698:
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2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:Kammergericht
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:air corridors
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2115:Schnackenburg
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:Berlin S-Bahn
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Interzonenzug
1955:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:Mount Juchhöh
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
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1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
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1681:
1677:
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1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Reinickendorf
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:Walter Momper
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1365:Ronald Reagan
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:and parts of
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:not show the
1187:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:) as well as
993:
989:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
956:
952:
951:air corridors
948:
942:
939:
938:quadripartite
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
896:
889:
884:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
787:
778:
773:
772:Berlin (West)
769:
765:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
734:
732:
731:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
716:
715:
710:
706:
703:
702:
701:
700:
692:
689:
688:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
663:
660:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
631:
627:
624:
623:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
591:
588:
587:
582:
579:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
558:
555:
554:
548:
545:
544:
538:
537:German Empire
535:
534:
528:
525:
524:
518:
515:
514:
510:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:Today part of
470:
454:
452:
449:
448:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
425:
422:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
390:
385:
384:Deutsche Mark
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:
330:Reunification
325:
322:November 1948
321:
317:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Walter Momper
286:
282:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
215:
212:
208:
201:
196:
190:
184:
176:
170:
162:
157:
152:
151:Berlin (West)
146:
140:
131:
122:
119:
111:
108:December 2023
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: â
68:
67:"West Berlin"
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
7169:West Germany
7091:
7073:
7068:SteinstĂŒcken
7035:
7027:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6924:
6916:
6908:
6889:
6881:
6873:
6865:
6857:
6849:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6793:
6785:
6777:
6769:
6761:
6753:
6745:
6737:
6704:
6635:Rudolf Urban
6620:Ida Siekmann
6610:Egon Schultz
6415:SchieĂbefehl
6384:
6370:Iron Curtain
6262:
6255:
6248:
5834:Thessaloniki
5740:
5620:
5502:Lower Saxony
5487:British Zone
5226:
5170:
5164:
5154:
5072:Klaus SchĂŒtz
5062:Willy Brandt
5047:Ernst Reuter
5036:
5002:Erhard Krack
4958:Ernst Reuter
4933:Ludwig Steeg
4893:Robert Zelle
4775:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4674:
4665:
4653:. Retrieved
4633:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4595:
4588:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4559:It took the
4555:
4527:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4500:sbahn.berlin
4499:
4490:
4474:
4458:
4442:
4409:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4376:
4358:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4329:The Guardian
4328:
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4302:
4292:
4280:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4223:
4216:
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4168:
4158:
4143:
4133:
4118:
4102:
4097:
4081:
4076:
4060:
4055:
4046:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4022:the original
4009:
3999:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:the original
3958:
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3919:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3862:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3801:
3779:
3774:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3720:
3707:
3698:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3674:the original
3661:
3645:
3640:
3621:
3609:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3581:
3572:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3529:
3506:
3497:
3492:
3477:The Bulletin
3476:
3471:
3462:
3457:
3435:
3426:
3421:
3394:
3389:
3373:
3359:
3349:
3340:
3335:
3328:Kommandatura
3322:
3306:
3278:
3269:
3241:
3204:
3194:
3179:
3164:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3131:
3121:
3099:
3068:
3041:
3014:
2966:
2947:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2897:
2884:
2881:
2877:sewage farms
2873:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2833:
2822:
2813:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2749:
2746:TrÀnenpalast
2743:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2723:
2707:
2672:
2659:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2538:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2487:
2483:
2480:Willy Brandt
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2428:
2407:
2401:
2388:
2374:
2362:Kleinmachnow
2350:
2346:
2333:
2318:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2252:
2228:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2182:
2157:Kleinmachnow
2141:
2119:
2084:
2075:
2062:
2041:
2039:
2023:
2009:
2006:Ludwigsstadt
1953:
1951:
1934:
1926:
1841:
1835:
1798:Herleshausen
1778:
1725:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1668:transit visa
1667:
1660:
1657:Road traffic
1647:
1636:
1619:
1604:
1587:
1585:
1567:
1564:Berlin-Mitte
1560:Volkspolizei
1554:
1550:
1548:
1531:West-Staaken
1523:
1518:SteinstĂŒcken
1485:
1460:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1381:
1370:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1324:
1301:
1294:giving the "
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1216:
1204:
1200:transit visa
1192:
1180:Eastern Bloc
1176:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1069:Willy Brandt
1063:However, as
1062:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1009:
984:
981:Legal status
963:Volkspolizei
959:
943:
921:
918:Soviet Union
903:
857:
849:East Germany
842:
834:
831:Eastern Bloc
827:Soviet Union
823:East Germany
763:
762:
641:
630:East Germany
626:West Germany
590:Nazi Germany
569:1920s Berlin
406:Succeeded by
405:
400:
367:âą 1989
280:
266:Ernst Reuter
258:
189:Coat of arms
145:Berlin-Ouest
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
7139:City-states
7134:West Berlin
7113: /
7074:GrenzgÀnger
7020:Other media
6835:Sonnenallee
6787:The Soldier
6688:Jutta Fleck
6615:Olga Segler
6525:Sonnenallee
6385:West Berlin
6380:East Berlin
6351:Berlin Wall
6275:Nova Gorica
5629:East Berlin
5621:West Berlin
5614:(1949â1990)
5587:Mecklenburg
5582:Brandenburg
5567:Soviet Zone
5532:French Zone
5347:Lichtenberg
5326:Hellersdorf
5314:(1920â2000)
5287:Wilmersdorf
5230:(1920â2000)
5220:(1920â2000)
5037:West Berlin
4982:East Berlin
4841:(1809â1948)
4160:Der Spiegel
3914:Code Name.
3802:Der Spiegel
3326:Cf. Berlin
3101:West Berlin
3043:Stunde Null
2867:, close to
2691:Sonnenallee
2493:Heiligensee
2432:Hoppegarten
2416:Oranienburg
2412:DurchlÀufer
2342:Hennigsdorf
2326:Mittenwalde
2163:Air traffic
2144:Teltowkanal
2046:TransitzĂŒge
2002:Probstzella
1966:Schwanheide
1752:Heiligensee
1750:(E)/Berlin-
1639:non-aligned
1609:, with the
1600:postal code
1476:Wilmersdorf
1320:Mecklenburg
1173:Immigration
1128:unification
975:Berlin Wall
864:Berlin Wall
845:East Berlin
811:sovereignty
777:West-Berlin
764:West Berlin
658:(1948â1949)
651:Berlin Wall
646:East Berlin
642:West Berlin
633:(1945â1990)
593:(1933â1945)
560:(1919â1933)
550:(1918â1947)
540:(1871â1918)
530:(1701â1918)
520:(1157â1806)
498:History of
401:Preceded by
139:West-Berlin
134:West Berlin
7128:Categories
7101:13°16âČ48âłE
7098:52°30âČ00âłN
6918:The Tunnel
6843:The Tunnel
6169:Leeuwarden
5824:Copenhagen
5292:Zehlendorf
5277:Tiergarten
5257:Schöneberg
5159:Lord Mayor
5142:Kai Wegner
4908:Gustav BöĂ
4685:3 February
4573:Homecomers
4475:Peter Hahn
3974:27 October
3916:"LIVE OAK"
3812:7 November
3683:26 January
3113:References
3104:. Moscow:
2889:Schönefeld
2631:homecomers
2627:Heimkehrer
2623:homecomers
2573:Kraftwerk
2497:Schönefeld
2358:Schönefeld
2334:Bötzowbahn
2310:All Saints
2269:, and the
2239:DĂŒsseldorf
2216:Schöneberg
2015:Oebisfelde
1990:Gerstungen
1978:Marienborn
1906:Trelleborg
1900:(GDR) and
1771:Marienborn
1710:HeerstraĂe
1471:Tiergarten
1456:Zehlendorf
1441:Schöneberg
1286:President
1270:President
1159:Westberlin
1084:Zehlendorf
838:city-state
829:and other
386:(official)
357:Population
78:newspapers
7081:The Shame
6795:Octopussy
6731:TV series
6729:Films and
6585:Erna Kelm
6467:Mauerpark
6257:Bad Ischl
6234:TimiÈoara
6094:Marseille
6079:GuimarĂŁes
6014:Stavanger
6009:Liverpool
5934:Salamanca
5914:Rotterdam
5864:ReykjavĂk
5844:Stockholm
5731:Amsterdam
5602:Thuringia
5380:WeiĂensee
5272:Tempelhof
5242:Kreuzberg
5057:Otto Suhr
5040:(1948â90)
4985:(1948â90)
4770:Amsterdam
4675:Berlin.de
4655:10 August
4577:Wehrmacht
4547:771875699
4275:(today's
4267:(today's
4265:Wittstock
4243:516290074
4184:7 October
3930:24 August
3092:978161722
3032:RAF Gatow
2983:Intershop
2865:Kreuzberg
2851:(German:
2825:Egon Bahr
2818:Pentecost
2625:(German:
2567:(German:
2547:(German:
2524:(German:
2440:Zepernick
2410:(German:
2370:Falkensee
2235:Interflug
2231:Lufthansa
2173:Avro York
2081:Waterways
2044:(German:
2019:Wolfsburg
1998:Nuremberg
1982:Helmstedt
1956:(German:
1858:Nadrensee
1775:Helmstedt
1740:Zarrentin
1697:(German:
1687:autobahns
1611:area code
1572:Falkensee
1451:Tempelhof
1436:Kreuzberg
1373:Gorbachev
1337:, and at
1312:Thuringia
1050:Bundesrat
1038:Bundestag
988:Basic Law
872:reunified
371:2,130,525
218:Free city
159:1948â1990
7012:" (1985)
7005:" (1977)
6998:" (1962)
6771:Freiheit
6747:The Wall
6284:Chemnitz
6239:Elefsina
6229:Veszprém
6219:Novi Sad
6164:Valletta
6044:Istanbul
5879:Brussels
5874:Helsinki
5721:Florence
5342:Köpenick
5267:Steglitz
5247:Neukölln
5214:Boroughs
4733:: 22â23.
4679:Archived
4649:Archived
4611:Archived
4510:28 April
4504:Archived
4479:Archived
4466:Archived
4447:Archived
4434:Archived
4333:Archived
4202:Archived
4178:Archived
4151:Archived
4126:Archived
4107:Archived
4086:Archived
4065:Archived
3992:Archived
3948:(2008).
3924:Archived
3899:26 March
3893:Archived
3873:26 March
3867:Archived
3842:25 April
3836:Archived
3832:Le Point
3806:Archived
3736:25 March
3727:Archived
3650:Archived
3629:Archived
3553:Archived
3514:Archived
3481:Archived
3443:Archived
3410:Archived
3399:Archived
3378:Archived
3365:Archived
3311:Archived
3286:Archived
3220:BBC News
3212:Archived
3187:Archived
3140:Archived
2989:See also
2332:and the
2330:Neukölln
2111:Cumlosen
2052:(W) and
1994:Hönebach
1924:(ÄSSR).
1920:) (GDR)/
1910:Schmilka
1904:(DK) or
1898:Sassnitz
1602:system.
1568:de facto
1555:de facto
1502:Exclaves
1446:Steglitz
1431:Neukölln
1417:boroughs
1411:Boroughs
1358:autobahn
1328:LIVE OAK
1108:de facto
969:and the
908:and the
888:exclaves
835:de facto
807:Cold War
717:See also
677:" (1987)
670:" (1963)
489:a series
487:Part of
380:Currency
303:Cold War
6803:Gotcha!
6309:LiepÄja
6299:TrenÄĂn
6279:Gorizia
6179:Plovdiv
6139:WrocĆaw
6074:Maribor
6064:Tallinn
6029:Vilnius
5949:Plovdiv
5904:Bologna
5899:Avignon
5794:Antwerp
5764:Glasgow
5648:Trizone
5512:Hamburg
5507:Hanover
5446:Bavaria
5375:Treptow
5352:Marzahn
5282:Wedding
5262:Spandau
4617:18 June
4308:13 July
4273:Rostock
4031:4 March
3149:2 March
3108:. 1974.
2812:, i.e.
2711:Hanover
2602:-East,
2474:of the
2464:Sputnik
2448:Staaken
2381:Görlitz
2338:Spandau
2302:Dallgow
2243:Leipzig
1974:Hanover
1962:Hamburg
1948:Railway
1941:Ostmark
1930:coaches
1918:Geising
1874:SĆubice
1850:Potsdam
1732:Nostorf
1718:Staaken
1714:Dallgow
1693:signs.
1691:Transit
1650:enclave
1627:Frohnau
1623:Wannsee
1621:Berlin-
1551:de jure
1496:Wedding
1481:Spandau
1421:Bezirke
1397:Hamburg
1219:Turkish
1140:capital
1056:to the
878:Origins
853:freedom
799:enclave
476:Germany
437:Germany
328:âą
314:âą
259:(first)
92:scholar
7010:Nikita
6980:(2014)
6972:(1999)
6964:(1984)
6956:(1964)
6948:(1963)
6937:Novels
6929:(2009)
6921:(1962)
6913:(1962)
6894:(2020)
6886:(2017)
6878:(2015)
6870:(2014)
6862:(2003)
6854:(2001)
6846:(2001)
6838:(1999)
6830:(1995)
6822:(1988)
6814:(1987)
6806:(1985)
6798:(1983)
6790:(1982)
6782:(1966)
6774:(1966)
6766:(1965)
6758:(1963)
6750:(1962)
6742:(1962)
6209:Kaunas
6199:Galway
6194:Rijeka
6184:Matera
6154:Paphos
6149:Aarhus
6089:KoĆĄice
5984:Patras
5929:Bruges
5889:KrakĂłw
5884:Prague
5869:Bergen
5854:Weimar
5804:Lisbon
5784:Madrid
5774:Dublin
5744:Berlin
5711:Athens
5645:Bizone
5632:(USSR)
5612:Berlin
5592:Saxony
5451:Bremen
5365:Pankow
5355:(1979)
5337:(1985)
5329:(1986)
5218:Berlin
5107:Berlin
4838:Berlin
4830:Berlin
4826:Mayors
4641:
4603:
4545:
4535:
4472:, on:
4440:, on:
4241:
4231:
3371:, on:
3248:
3171:
3090:
3080:
2932:German
2893:Ketzin
2804:German
2689:, and
2575:Reuter
2438:, and
2436:Mahlow
2420:Velten
2265:, the
2123:German
1970:BĂŒchen
1912:(GDR)/
1894:Gedser
1888:(GDR)/
1872:(GDR)/
1823:) (W).
1794:Wartha
1676:Poland
1393:Bremen
1316:Saxony
1288:Reagan
1163:German
1155:German
1147:German
1046:Senate
914:Allies
803:Berlin
768:German
683:(1989)
500:Berlin
491:on the
451:Berlin
316:Soviet
281:(last)
246:
235:German
210:Status
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
7051:Other
6988:Songs
6250:Tartu
6124:PlzeĆ
6059:Turku
6039:Essen
5999:Sibiu
5964:Lille
5959:Genoa
5919:Porto
5754:Paris
5547:Baden
5456:Hesse
5360:Mitte
4787:Paris
4781:1988
4339:9 May
4025:(PDF)
4018:(PDF)
3730:(PDF)
3717:(PDF)
3677:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3405:, on
3143:(PDF)
3136:(PDF)
2353:West)
2152:Spree
2087:Havel
1902:RĂžnne
1832:space
1813:Töpen
1744:Gudow
1576:Nauen
1117:visas
1112:state
1110:11th
996:Baden
290:(SPD)
99:JSTOR
85:books
6304:2027
6294:Oulu
6289:2026
6270:2025
6264:BodĂž
6244:2024
6224:2023
6204:2022
6174:2019
6159:2018
6144:2017
6129:2016
6119:Mons
6114:2015
6109:Riga
6104:UmeÄ
6099:2014
6084:2013
6069:2012
6054:2011
6049:PĂ©cs
6034:2010
6024:Linz
6019:2009
6004:2008
5989:2007
5979:2006
5974:Cork
5969:2005
5954:2004
5944:Graz
5939:2003
5924:2002
5909:2001
5859:2000
5849:1999
5839:1998
5829:1997
5819:1996
5809:1995
5799:1994
5789:1993
5779:1992
5769:1991
5759:1990
5749:1989
5741:West
5736:1988
5726:1987
5716:1986
5706:1985
5653:Rape
4687:2017
4657:2021
4639:ISBN
4619:2020
4601:ISBN
4543:OCLC
4533:ISBN
4512:2022
4429:Cf.
4341:2022
4310:2024
4277:A 19
4269:A 24
4239:OCLC
4229:ISBN
4186:2016
4033:2016
3976:2015
3932:2018
3920:NATO
3901:2017
3875:2017
3844:2020
3814:2014
3738:2018
3685:2016
3270:LOOK
3246:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3151:2021
3088:OCLC
3078:ISBN
2973:and
2953:and
2715:4 am
2654:and
2577:West
2395:and
2296:(in
2113:(E)/
2107:Elbe
2089:and
2017:(E)/
2004:(E)/
2000:via
1992:(E)/
1988:via
1980:(E)/
1976:via
1968:(E)/
1964:via
1882:A 15
1880:and
1878:A 13
1866:A 12
1854:A 11
1848:(W)/
1838:Nazi
1811:(E)/
1800:(W).
1796:(E)/
1788:and
1773:(E)/
1754:(W).
1742:(E)/
1395:and
1348:The
1318:and
1221:and
1042:Bonn
1002:and
961:The
904:The
868:fell
847:and
707:and
644:and
628:and
349:1989
344:Area
175:Flag
71:news
5216:of
4828:of
4561:BVG
4261:F 5
4210:RBB
3076:).
2975:S 2
2971:U 6
2967:BVG
2959:S 2
2955:U 8
2951:U 6
2940:).
2920:BVG
2916:BVG
2885:BSR
2713:at
2656:S 3
2652:S 2
2648:U 6
2612:BVG
2608:BVG
2604:BVB
2600:BVG
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2226:).
2175:at
1884:to
1868:to
1856:to
1790:A 4
1786:A 9
1769:at
1763:A 2
1727:F 5
1678:or
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1607:+49
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774:or
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