President of Germany

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If a vote of confidence is defeated in the Bundestag, and the incumbent chancellor proposes a dissolution, then the president may, at their discretion, dissolve the body within 21 days. As of 2023, this power has only been applied three times in the history of the Federal Republic. In all three occurrences, it is doubtful whether the motives for that dissolution were in accordance with the constitution's intentions. Each time the incumbent chancellor called for the vote of confidence with the stated intention of being defeated, in order to be able to call for new elections before the end of his regular term, as the Basic Law does not give the Bundestag a right to dissolve itself. The most recent occurrence was on 1 July 2005, when Chancellor

4251: 3919: 4027: 3224:, elected by the Bundesrat in a predetermined order of annual alternation) as deputy of the president of Germany (Basic Law, Article 57). If the office of president falls vacant, they assume the powers of the president on an acting basis until a successor is elected. While doing so, they do not continue to exercise the role of chair of the Bundesrat. If the president is temporarily unable to perform their duties (this happens frequently, for example if the president is abroad on a state visit), he can at his own discretion delegate his powers or parts of them to the president of the Bundesrat. For example, in early November 2022, then President of the Bundesrat 3348: 4103: 2802:

the president checks if the law was passed according to the order mandated by the Constitution and/or if the content of the law is constitutional. Only in cases in which the incumbent president had serious doubts about the constitutionality of a bill laid before them, they have refused to sign it. It also has to be stated that the president may at their own discretion sign such a "vetoed" bill at any later time, if for example the Basic Law has been changed in the relevant aspect or if the bill in question has been amended according to his concerns, because their initial refusal to sign a bill is not technically a final veto.

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constitution. It is a matter of political tradition – not legal restrictions – that the president generally does not comment routinely on issues in the news, particularly when there is some controversy among the political parties. This distance from day-to-day politics and daily governmental issues allows the president to be a source of clarification, to influence public debate, voice criticism, offer suggestions, and make proposals. In order to exercise this power, they traditionally act above party politics.

7264: 7511: 7524: 7081: 381: 7472: 7459: 3288: 3003: 7485: 3549:). Hindenburg was also able to use his power of dissolution to by-pass the Reichstag. If the Reichstag threatened to censure his ministers or revoke one of his decrees he could simply dissolve the body and be able to govern without its interference until elections had been held. This led to eight Reichstag elections taking place in the 14 years of the Republic's existence; only one parliamentary term, that of 1920–1924, was completed without elections being held early. 7053: 1552: 2664: 7039: 7394: 7277: 6997: 1705:. The convention consists of all Bundestag members, as well as an equal number of electors elected by the state legislatures in proportion to their respective populations. Since reunification, all Federal Conventions have had more than 1200 members, as the Bundestag has always had more than 600 parliamentarians since then. It is not required that state electors are chosen from the members of the state legislature; often some prominent citizens are chosen. 4617: 7151: 6843: 7137: 7109: 6927: 7342: 6983: 6857: 7123: 6913: 6899: 6815: 7498: 7025: 6871: 7433: 6969: 4520: 4367: 7200: 34: 7368: 7067: 6955: 1538: 7179: 7303: 7095: 7446: 7355: 6941: 2977:), has suspended their party membership for the duration of their term. Presidents have, however, spoken publicly about their personal views on political matters. The very fact that a president is expected to remain above politics usually means that when they do speak out on an issue, it is considered to be of great importance. In some cases, a presidential speech has dominated German political debate for a year or more. 7407: 7011: 7420: 7381: 7165: 3816: 2691:

or dismisses the chancellor; convenes or dissolves the Bundestag according to Article 63; declares a legislative state of emergency; calls on a chancellor and ministers to remain in office after the end of a chancellor's term until a successor is elected; or exercises his right to pardon on behalf of the federation - as these are exclusive powers of the president.

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for a whole category of offenses. That requires a law enacted by the Bundestag in conjunction with the Bundesrat. Due to the federal structure of Germany the federal president is only responsible for dealing with certain criminal matters (e.g. espionage and terrorism) and disciplinary proceedings against federal civil servants, federal judges, and soldiers".

3713:(Köhler), and Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records (Gauck). Only five presidents (Heuss, Lübke, von Weizsäcker, Köhler, Steinmeier) have been re-elected for a second five-year-term and only two of those (Heuss, von Weizsäcker) served the full ten years. Christian Wulff served the shortest tenure (1 year, 7 months and 18 days) of all presidents. 2756:, the president is also obliged to appoint the elected candidate. If no clear consensus was reached, the president can either appoint as chancellor the individual who received a plurality of votes on this last ballot or dissolve the Bundestag. The president can dismiss the chancellor, but only if and when the Bundestag passes a 1667:" in case of political instability (such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law). The president also holds the prerogative to grant pardons on behalf of the federation. The German presidents, who can be elected to two consecutive five-year terms, have wide discretion about how they exercise their official duties. 2990:

federal president, all presidents have claimed that the bill in question was manifestly unconstitutional. For example, in the autumn of 2006, President Horst Köhler did so twice within three months. Also, in some cases, a president has signed a law while asking that the political parties refer the case to the

3327:) is a supreme federal authority. It organises the president's work, supports the president in the performance of their duties as head of state, and coordinate their working relationships with other parts of the German government and administration. Its top official, who takes precedence over all other 3252:, as President of the Bundesrat, who became Acting President. When Heinrich Lübke, on the other hand, announced his resignation in 1968, it only came into effect the following year, a mere three months before the scheduled end of his term and after the expedited election of his successor. Back in 1949, 3716:

The president is (according to Art. 57 GG) deputised by the president of the Bundesrat who can perform any of the president's duties, if the president is temporarily unable to do so and delegates these duties to them (this frequently happens during state visits), or if the Presidency falls vacant, in

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The system created by the Weimar constitution led to a number of problems. In particular, the fact that the president could appoint the cabinet, while the Reichstag had only a power of dismissal, created a high cabinet turn-over as ministers were appointed by the president only to be dismissed by the

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Article 81 makes it possible to enact a law without the approval of the Bundestag: if the Bundestag rejects a motion of confidence, but a new chancellor is not elected nor is the Bundestag dissolved, the chancellor can declare a draft law to be "urgent". If the Bundestag refuses to approve the draft,

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After the constitution of every new elected Bundestag, which automatically ends the term of the chancellor, and in every other case in which the office of chancellor has fallen vacant (death or resignation), the president will propose an individual as chancellor and must then, provided the individual

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had an unexpectedly strong showing. In the end, Wulff obtained a majority in the third ballot. If the opposition has turned in a strong showing in state elections, it can potentially have enough support to defeat the chancellor's party's candidate; this happened in the elections in 1979 and 2004. For

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While in office, the president enjoys immunity from prosecution and cannot be voted out of office or recalled. The only mechanism for removing the president is impeachment by the Bundestag or Bundesrat for willfully violating German law. In either of the two bodies a two-thirds majority is required.

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Also, the emergency has to be declared afresh for every proposal. This means that the six months are not a period in which the government together with the president and the Federal Council simply replaces the Bundestag as lawgiver. The Bundestag remains fully competent to pass laws during these six

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In case the Bundestag elects an individual for the office of chancellor by a plurality of votes, rather than a majority, on the 15th day of the election process, the president can, at their discretion, either appoint that individual as chancellor or dissolve the Bundestag, triggering a new election.

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The president also appoints and dismisses the remaining members of the federal government upon proposal of the chancellor. This theoretically means that the president can appoint only those candidates presented by the chancellor. It is unclear whether the president could refuse to dismiss or appoint

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of the chancellor or the corresponding federal minister in charge of the respective field of politics. This rule ensures the coherence of government action, similar to the system of checks and balances in the United States. There is no need for a countersignature if the president proposes, appoints,

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The result of the election is often determined by party politics. In most cases, the candidate of the majority party or coalition in the Bundestag is considered to be the likely winner. However, as the members of the Federal Convention vote by secret ballot and are free to vote against their party's

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According to Article 60 (2) of the German Constitution, the president has the power to pardon. This means the president "has the authority to revoke or commute penal or disciplinary sentences in individual cases. The federal president cannot, however, issue an amnesty waiving or commuting sentences

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A "legislative state of emergency" has never been declared. In case of serious disagreement between the chancellor and the Bundestag, the chancellor resigns or the Bundestag faces new elections. The provision of Article 81 is intended to assist the government for a short time, but not to use it in

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All federal laws must be signed by the president before they can come into effect. The president may refuse to sign the law, thus effectively vetoing it. In principle, the president has the full veto authority on any bill, but this, however, is not how past presidents handled their power. Usually,

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Therefore, the president also receives the chancellor regularly for talks on current policy issues. German presidents also hold talks with individual federal ministers and other senior officials at their own discretion. The "Head of the Office of the President" represents the will and views of the

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The standard is flown on Bellevue palace when the president is in the official residence in Berlin or travelling in another part of Germany. It is taken down only when the president resides at Villa Hammerschmidt in Bonn, if he has designated another place in Germany as his official residence, or

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The standard of the president of Germany was adopted on 11 April 1921, and used in this design until 1933. A slightly modified version also existed from 1926, that was used in addition to the 1921 version. In 1933, these versions were both replaced by another modified version, that was used until

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It is also theoretically possible, albeit a drastic step which has not happened since 1949, that the president refuses to sign legislation merely because they disagree with its content, thus vetoing it, or refuse to approve a cabinet appointment. In all cases in which a bill was not signed by the

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According to article 81 of the German constitution, the president can declare a "Legislation Emergency" and allow the federal government and the Bundesrat to enact laws without the approval of the Bundestag. They also have important decisive power regarding the appointment of a chancellor who was

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The office of president is open to all Germans who are entitled to vote in Bundestag elections and have reached the age of 40, but no one may serve more than two consecutive five-year terms. As yet (2022), only five presidents (Heuss, Lübke, von Weizsäcker, Köhler and Steinmeier (in office)) have

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Under Article 59 (1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the president represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats. Furthermore, all federal laws must be signed by the president before

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on the first ballot, appoint the elected candidate to office. However, the Bundestag is also free to disregard the president's proposal (which has, as of 2022, never happened), in which case the parliament must within 14 days elect another individual, whom the parties in the Bundestag now choose

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The president represents Germany in the world (Art. 59 Basic Law), undertakes foreign visits, and receives foreign dignitaries. They also conclude treaties with foreign nations (which do not come into effect until affirmed by the Bundestag), accredit German diplomats, and receive the letters of

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In practice, the president only proposes a person as chancellor who has previously garnered a majority support in prior coalition talks and traditionally does not interfere in those talks. However, after the "Jamaica coalition" talks failed in the wake of the 2017 election, President Steinmeier

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won by only six votes on the third ballot. In other cases, elections have turned out to be much closer than expected. For example, in 2010, Wulff was expected to win on the first ballot, as the parties supporting him (CDU, CSU and FDP) had a stable absolute majority in the Federal Convention.

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There are some constraints on the "legislative state of emergency". After a president has declared the state of emergency for the first time, the government has only six months to use the procedure for other law proposals. Given the terms provided by the constitution, it is unlikely that the

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The president's actions and public appearances represent the state itself, its existence, legitimacy, and unity. The president enjoys a higher ranking at official functions than the chancellor. The president's role is integrative and includes the control function of upholding the law and the

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The president is involved in the formation of the Federal Government and remains in close cooperation with it. Basically, the president is free to act on his own discretion. However, according to Article 58 of the German constitution, the decrees, and directives of the president require the

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in which power was divided between the president, a cabinet, and a parliament. The president enjoyed far greater power than the current president and had an active political role, rather than a largely ceremonial one. The influence of the president also increased greatly as a result of the

3493:", combining his previous positions in the party and government. However, he did officially become president; the office was not abolished (though the constitutionally mandated presidential elections every seven years did not take place in the Nazi era) and briefly revived at the end of 5403:

Die Vizepräsidenten vertreten den Präsidenten im Falle seiner Verhinderung oder bei vorzeitiger Beendigung seines Amtes nach Maßgabe ihrer Reihenfolge. Ein Fall der Verhinderung liegt auch vor, solange der Präsident des Bundesrates nach Artikel 57 des Grundgesetzes die Befugnisse des

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None of these three presidents of the Bundesrat acting as President, has used any of the more important powers of the president, as for example vetoing a law or dissolving the Bundestag, although they would have been entitled to do so under the same conditions as the president.

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been elected for a second term and only two of them (Heuss and von Weizsäcker) completed those terms, while Lübke and Köhler resigned during their second term. The president must not be a member of the federal government or of a legislature at either the federal or state level.

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candidate, some presidential elections were considered open or too close to call beforehand because of relatively balanced majority positions or because the governing coalition's parties could not agree on one candidate and endorsed different people, as they did in 1969, when

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The German constitution, the Basic Law, requires that the convention be convened no later than 30 days before the scheduled expiry of the sitting president's term or 30 days after a premature expiry of a president's term. The body is convened and chaired by the

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I swear that I will dedicate my efforts to the well-being of the German people, promote their welfare, protect them from harm, uphold and defend the Basic Law and the laws of the Federation, perform my duties conscientiously and do justice to all. (So help me

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and President of the Bundesrat, also acted as head of state for a few days: after the Basic Law had come into effect and he himself was elected as President of the Bundesrat, the first President of Germany was not yet elected and the office therefore vacant.

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Once the Bundestag or the Bundesrat impeaches the president, the Federal Constitutional Court is charged with determining if they are guilty of the offence. If the charge is sustained, the court has the authority to remove the president from office.

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If the president dies in office, resigns, or is otherwise removed from office, a successor is to be elected within thirty days. Horst Köhler, upon his resignation on 31 May 2010, became the first president to trigger this re-election process.

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The president's car is usually black, made in Germany and has the numberplate "0 – 1" with the presidential standard on the right wing of the car. The president also uses a VIP helicopter operated by the Federal Police and VIP aircraft

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Because the reunification of Germany in 1990 was accomplished by the five East German states joining the Federal Republic, the president became the president of all German states without the establishment of a new presidential office.

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Though candidates are usually selected by a political party or parties, the president nonetheless is traditionally expected to refrain from being an active member of any party after assuming office. Every president to date, except

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In the first two rounds of the election, the candidate who achieves an absolute majority is elected. If, after two votes, no single candidate has received this level of support, in the third and final vote the candidate who wins a

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vetoed a bill concerning income and corporation taxes, because it lacked the consent of the Bundesrat (in Germany some bills at the federal level need the consent of the Bundesrat, and some do not, which can be controversial at

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refused to sign the "Hate Speech Act" because of concerns about its constitutionality. In a letter sent to the Bundesrat, he stated his intent to sign the bill, if accordingly amended in a reasonable time. He did so in April

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refused to sign an amendment to the "Air Traffic Act" allowing the privatisation of the air traffic administration, which he believed to be unconstitutional. He signed the bill later after the Basic Law was changed in this

3629:. Partly due to the misuse of presidential powers in the Weimar Republic, the office's powers were significantly reduced. Not only are they indirectly elected, but most of the real power was transferred to the chancellor. 3338:

The office and its staff advise the president, inform them of all developments in domestic and foreign affairs and carry out the instructions of the president or forward these to the corresponding ministry or authority.

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It is customary that the federal president becomes the honorary godparent of the seventh child in a family if the parents wish it. They also send letters of congratulations to centenarians and long-time married couples.

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instability of the Weimar period. The president had authority to appoint the chancellor and could dismiss the entire cabinet at any time. However, it was also necessary for the cabinet to enjoy the confidence of the

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this reason, presidential elections can indicate the result of an upcoming general election. According to a long-standing adage in German politics, "if you can create a President, you can form a government."

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of the constitution also provided the president sweeping powers in case of a crisis. If there was a threat to "public order and security" he could legislate by decree and suspend civil rights.

3532:. However the first president was elected by the National Assembly and subsequently only two direct presidential elections actually occurred. These were the election of Paul von Hindenburg in 3310:

Although these are the president's official residences, they do not live in Bellevue palace. Instead, it is only used as a ceremonial office. The president and their spouse live in a villa in

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months. The state of emergency also ends if the office of the chancellor ends. During the same term and after the six months, the chancellor cannot use the procedure of Article 81 again.

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On 14 October 1968, Lübke announced his resignation with effect to 30 June 1969, to make possible the election of his successor before the federal election campaign in the fall of 1969.

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Reichstag shortly afterwards. Eventually Hindenburg stopped trying to appoint cabinets that enjoyed the confidence of the Reichstag and ruled by means of three "presidential cabinets" (

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crisis for a longer period. According to constitutional commentator Bryde, Article 81 provides the executive (government) with the power to "enable decrees in a state of emergency" (

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vetoed a bill about simplification measures regarding the conscientious objection of conscription, because it lacked the – in his opinion necessary – consent of the Bundesrat.

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This article is about the position of president of Germany in the current Federal Republic of Germany. For the position of president of Germany in the Weimar Republic, see

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After taking office the president must take the following oath, stipulated by Article 56 of the Basic Law, in a joint session of the Bundestag and the

1713:. From 1979 to 2009, all these conventions were held on 23 May, the anniversary of the foundation of the Federal Republic in 1949. The resignation of 2821:

refused to sign a bill concerning business and workforce trades he believed to be unconstitutional, because of a violation of the free choice of job.

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After the declaration of the president, the Bundestag has four weeks to discuss the draft law. If it does not approve it the cabinet can ask the

1663:, but also has the right and duty to act politically. They can give direction to general political and societal debates and have some important " 5351: 4995:

Court ruling of the German Supreme Court: BVerfG, Urteil des Zweiten Senats vom 10. Juni 2014 – 2 BvE 4/13 – Rn. (1–33) , retrieved 30 May 2019

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which case they become acting President until a successor is elected, which has to happen within thirty days. This has happened three times:

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Heinrich Wilms: Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht unter Berücksichtigung der Föderalismusreform. Stuttgart 2007. pp. 201 ff. (German)

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and this is one of the few ways in which early elections may be called, since there is no way for the government to dissolve the Bundestag.

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The Weimar constitution provided that the president be directly elected and serve a seven-year term. The election involved a form of the

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Appointing and dismissing federal judges, federal civil servants, and commissioned and non-commissioned officers of the Armed Forces

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He did this on purpose by asking his own party members to defeat the vote of confidence, since his party performed badly at the

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at the same time. If this occurs, the president must dismiss the chancellor and appoint the successor elected by the Bundestag.

7931: 4355: 4296: 4283: 4209: 4135: 4061: 4015: 3953: 3907: 3850: 3734: 3102: 2638:(it is the only event that demands such a joint session constitutionally). The religious references may optionally be omitted. 2476: 2177: 2127: 2087: 2043: 1991: 1945: 1901: 1849: 1788: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 615: 4975:. Terminological Series issued by the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany. Vol. 3. de Gruyter. p. 28. 1565: 8066: 5864: 5516: 4980: 3948: 3648: 3446:

of the Weimar Republic – a position which held considerable power and was regarded as an important figure in political life.

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as his successor as "President of Germany". Dönitz agreed to the surrender to the Allies and was arrested a few days later.

3483:. The office effectively came to an end upon Hindenburg's death in 1934 and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. 77: 8176: 7981: 7631: 6171: 4913: 3455: 3443: 3393: 2032: 1423: 809: 774: 284: 22: 7085: 6644: 6018: 6001: 5834: 5242: 3592: 3521:. The president also had the authority to dissolve the Reichstag, conduct foreign affairs, and command the armed forces. 1428: 658: 3408:

on 20 January 1950, when he also formally adopted other Weimar-era state symbols including the coat of arms. The eagle (

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As of 2023, this has happened only nine times and no president has done it more often than two times during their term:

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being added in international correspondence; the official English title is President of the Federal Republic of Germany

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vetoed the "Engineer Act", because he believed this legislative area to be under the authority of the states.

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Twelve persons have served as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Six of them were members of the

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The president is elected for a term of five years by secret ballot, without debate, by a specially convened

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in 2010, which necessitated an early meeting of the Federal Convention, brought this tradition to an end.

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in other parliamentary democracies) is the head of government. The president has a ceremonial role as

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on 13 February 2022. He is currently serving his second five-year-term, which began on 19 March 2022.

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acted as President after the resignation of Christian Wulff and before the election of Joachim Gauck.

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they can come into effect; presidents may veto a law if they believe it to violate the constitution.

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invited several Bundestag party leaders to try to bring them together to form a working government.

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Nevertheless, he failed to win a majority in the first and second ballots, while his main opponent

1340: 610: 519: 3587:. All government positions of the country, including the presidency, were appointed by the ruling 3347: 3107: 3092: 3072: 645: 91: 8151: 8071: 8041: 7756: 7716: 7616: 7373: 7113: 6959: 6733: 6604: 6478: 6458: 6435: 6415: 6375: 6338: 6287: 6161: 6124: 5894: 5616: 4769: 3514: 2860: 2515: 1629: 1500: 1320: 436: 409: 192: 181: 44: 7503: 3663:(Gauck). Four presidents were ministers in the federal government before entering office (Lübke 7736: 7731: 7464: 7269: 6405: 6380: 6343: 6202: 6134: 5963: 5854: 5844: 4716: 4565: 3691: 3660: 3567:

established the office of a head of state with the title of President of the Republic (German:

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for approval. After the consent of the Federal Council is secured, the draft law becomes law.

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is subsequently elected by a majority of the members of the current Bundestag (the so-called

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The Weimar-era presidential standard from 1921 was adopted again by a decision by President

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elected by plurality only, or the dissolution of the Bundestag under certain circumstances.

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Later the same year, Horst Köhler vetoed the "Consumer Information Act" for the same reason.

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the cabinet can ask the federal president to declare a "legislative state of emergency" (

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vetoed a bill concerning flight control, because he believed it to be unconstitutional.

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The president appoints federal judges, federal civil servants, and military officers.

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and at the time President of the Bundesrat, became Acting President. Similarly, when

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In 1970, Gustav Heinemann refused to sign the "Architects Act" for the same reason.

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The modern-day position of German president is significantly different from the

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Exercising the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation

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The Basic Law did not create an office of Vice President, but designated the

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On 17 February 2012, Wulff declared his resignation with immediate effect.

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Signing and promulgating laws or vetoing them under certain circumstances

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Declaring the legislative state of emergency under certain circumstances

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1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.

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German constitutional court: BVerfG, – 2 BvE 4/13–10 June 2014, No. 28

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On 31 May 2010, Köhler declared his resignation with immediate effect.

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President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen

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deputised President Steinmeier when the latter was on a trip to Asia.

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have signed and promulgated all bills during their respective terms.

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Bryde, in: von Münch/Kunig, GGK III, 5. Aufl. 2003, Rn. 7 zu Art. 81.

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in 1949, the office of President of the Federal Republic (in German:

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Appointing and dismissing the chancellor and their cabinet ministers

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The position of President of Germany was first established by the

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Friedrich Ebert served as Germany's first president, followed by

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government can enact more than one other draft law in this way.

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and today was originally introduced by a decision by President

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a federal minister proposed, as no president has ever done so.

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German constitutional law does not consider oaths of office as

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Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

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in Berlin. The president's second official residence is the

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The president's most prominent powers and duties include:

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in 1918. In Germany the new head of state was called the

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Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany", 1949–1990)

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The standard of the president of Germany as used from

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head of government of one of the sixteen German states

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which mirrors the aggregated majority position in the

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acted as President from 17 February to 18 March 2012.

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2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.

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Das Amt des Bundespräsidenten und sein Prüfungsrecht

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List of presidents of Germany from 1949 – till date.

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asked for a vote of confidence, which was defeated.

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Dissolving the Bundestag under certain circumstances

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Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany

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Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany

5511:(in German). München: Südwest Verlag. p. 686. 5318:"Article: Anniversaries and honorary godparenthood" 5148: 5054: 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5417:"Bouffier und Tillich vertreten Bundespräsidenten" 4524: 3277: 4969:Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany 3923: 3820: 3595:. Following the end of communist rule due to the 2912: 8257: 8246:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 3729:came into effect on 7 September 1949 and before 3675:), two of them (Scheel, Steinmeier) having been 2748:themselves, to the post with the same so-called 5006:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" 4925: 4606:acted as President from 31 May to 30 June 2010. 3805:acted as President from 7 to 12 September 1949. 2783: 5389:[Rules of Procedure of the Bundesrat] 5215:Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5201:Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5187:Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5092:Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 3513:(parliament) because it could be removed by a 3331:, is the Head of the Office of the President ( 2994:in order to test the law's constitutionality. 1615:Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 140:Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 7556: 7245: 7231: 6778: 6645: 5624: 5181: 5179: 3197: 2922:) with regard to that specific law proposal. 1586: 274:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 8266:Lists of political office-holders in Germany 4959: 4951: 4670: 4600: 3799: 3744:acted as President after the resignation of 3417: 3409: 138: 5743:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 3748:and before the election of Christian Wulff. 3553:German Democratic Republic ("East Germany") 3295:The official residence of the president is 2730:Awarding honors on behalf of the Federation 7563: 7549: 7238: 7224: 6785: 6771: 6652: 6638: 5631: 5617: 5557:. No. 89. 2 August 1934. p. 747. 5176: 5037:"Article: Role in the international arena" 4871:2005 North Rhine-Westphalia state election 3351:Airbus A340 aircraft used by the president 3268: 3204: 3190: 2796: 1593: 1579: 172: 162: 4031: 2948: 2706:Proposing the chancellor to the Bundestag 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 4181: 3464:, which was drafted in the aftermath of 3387: 3383: 3346: 3286: 3282: 3001: 2952: 2673: 2662: 862:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) 7571:Heads of state and government of Europe 5104: 4933:"Wie wird der Bundespräsident bezahlt?" 3314:which is part of the Berlin borough of 2733:Representing Germany at home and abroad 2658: 359:This article is part of a series on the 8258: 4371: 4107: 2899: 7544: 7219: 6766: 6633: 5612: 5509:Das große Lexikon des Dritten Reiches 4949:The official title within Germany is 4757: 4691: 4621: 4514: 4245: 3913: 3810: 3784: 3636: 2775: 2760:, electing a new chancellor with the 2738:Appointment of the Federal Government 265:5 years, renewable once consecutively 5638: 3497:when Hitler appointed Grand Admiral 3303:in Bonn, the former capital city of 3291:Ceremonial office in Bellevue Palace 3256:, at the time Minister-President of 2896:accreditation of foreign diplomats. 2890: 1697:(the federal parliament) and in the 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 5275:"Bundespräsidenten: Das achte Nein" 4450: 3593:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2699:and reports back to the president. 13: 6661:Presidents of Germany (since 1949) 5604:Germany: Heads of State: 1949–2022 5387:"Geschäftsordnung des Bundesrates" 3504:The Weimar Constitution created a 3449: 2758:constructive vote of no confidence 379: 14: 8297: 8147:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 7817:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5585: 5358:(in German). Bpb.de. 3 April 2008 3342: 2980: 2620: 1742: 323:President of the German Bundesrat 7522: 7509: 7496: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7444: 7431: 7418: 7405: 7392: 7379: 7366: 7353: 7340: 7327: 7314: 7301: 7288: 7275: 7262: 7198: 7177: 7163: 7149: 7135: 7121: 7107: 7093: 7079: 7065: 7051: 7037: 7023: 7009: 6995: 6981: 6967: 6953: 6939: 6925: 6911: 6897: 6883: 6869: 6855: 6841: 6827: 6813: 6742: 5203:(in German). Articles 67 and 68. 4914:President of Germany (1919–1945) 4761: 4685: 4615: 4518: 4444: 4365: 4249: 4175: 4101: 4025: 3917: 3814: 3589:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3456:President of Germany (1919–1945) 1655:(similar to a prime minister or 1550: 1536: 156: 147: 32: 23:President of Germany (1919–1945) 5835:German revolutions of 1848–1849 5804:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 5561: 5543: 5525: 5492: 5467: 5445: 5423: 5409: 5379: 5370: 5344: 5335: 5310: 5285: 5267: 5249: 5235: 5221: 5207: 5193: 5098: 5084: 5067:"Article: Constitutional basis" 4894: 4885: 4876: 4863: 3659:(Heuss, Scheel) and one was an 3599:, the head of state became the 3278:Presidential office and symbols 3087: 2697:meetings of the Federal Cabinet 43:needs additional citations for 8286:1949 establishments in Germany 6672:Bundespräsident (1949–present) 5820:Early modern period, 1500–1800 5708:List of early Germanic peoples 5029: 5020: 4998: 4989: 4961:der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 3767: 3468:and the abdication of Emperor 3220:(by constitutional custom the 2943:exekutives Notverordnungsrecht 2913:Legislative state of emergency 2607: 2598: 1455:Politics of the European Union 1: 5943:History of Germany since 1990 5293:"Article: Official functions" 5114:JURA – Juristische Ausbildung 4919: 3794:(Presidents of the Bundesrat) 3725:acted as President after the 3643:List of presidents of Germany 3615:With the promulgation of the 3321:The Office of the President ( 2997: 1645:1949 constitution (Basic Law) 5404:Bundespräsidenten wahrnimmt. 3333:Chef des Bundespräsidialamts 2992:Federal Constitutional Court 2784:Dissolution of the Bundestag 2475:, SPD, Greens, Free Voters, 1685:Federal Convention (Germany) 1628:The current officeholder is 1406:Foreign relations by country 598:Federal Constitutional Court 405:Federal Constitutional Court 7: 6669:Federal Republic of Germany 4907: 4672:President of the Bundesrat 4602:President of the Bundesrat 3801:President of the Bundesrat 1678: 1651:of government in which the 810:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 10: 8302: 5850:North German Confederation 5830:Confederation of the Rhine 3707:President of the Bundestag 3703:President of the Bundesrat 3681:head of a state government 3677:Vice-Chancellor of Germany 3640: 3565:German Democratic Republic 3556: 3453: 3437: 3218:President of the Bundesrat 1725:of votes cast is elected. 1711:President of the Bundestag 1682: 487:Vice Chancellor of Germany 20: 8281:Ceremonial heads of state 8236: 8216: 8185: 7917: 7906: 7886: 7855: 7587: 7576: 7257: 7193: 6807: 6751: 6740: 6667: 6584: 6444: 6324: 6315: 6198: 6189: 6070: 6061: 5997: 5988: 5951: 5930: 5812: 5766: 5690: 5659: 5650: 4852: 4799: 4791: 4789: 4778: 4760: 4681: 4611: 4556: 4548: 4546: 4535: 4517: 4440: 4361: 4289:Franz Josef Strauß (1984) 4287: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4248: 4171: 4097: 4021: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3934: 3916: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3831: 3813: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3575:, in 1960 in favour of a 3559:President of East Germany 3244:resigned in 2012, it was 2613:governing parties in bold 2604:governing parties in bold 728:Collective municipality ( 340: 332: 318: 300: 290: 279: 269: 259: 249: 223: 213: 191: 169: 163:Standard of the president 155: 146: 137: 132: 6002:Administrative divisions 5503:; Bedürftig, Friedemann 5217:(in German). Article 82. 5189:(in German). Article 67. 5105:Haensle, Walter (2009). 5008:. Gesetze-im-internet.de 4067:Herbert Weichmann (1969) 3577:collective head of state 3506:semi-presidential system 3490:Führer und Reichskanzler 3374:Executive Transport Wing 3329:German state secretaries 3248:, Minister-President of 2563:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 1636:on 12 February 2017 and 1609:, officially titled the 1291:State and local politics 836:East Germany (1949–1960) 186:since 19 March 2017 16:Head of state of Germany 8022:Holy See (Vatican City) 7692:Holy See (Vatican City) 6734:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 5599:(in German and English) 4770:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 3856:Karl Arnold (1949–1950) 3591:on the approval of the 3536:and his re-election in 3269:Impeachment and removal 2861:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 2797:Promulgation of the law 2718:Convening the Bundestag 2681:, Bonn (secondary seat) 2670:, Berlin (primary seat) 2629: 2550:17th Federal Convention 2516:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 2502:16th Federal Convention 2448:15th Federal Convention 2400:14th Federal Convention 2352:13th 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Federal Convention 2088:7th Federal Convention 2076:Richard von Weizsäcker 2044:6th Federal Convention 1992:5th Federal Convention 1946:4th Federal Convention 1902:3rd Federal Convention 1850:2nd Federal Convention 1789:1st Federal Convention 1614: 1351:North Rhine-Westphalia 1346:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 961:Parliamentary election 802:Presidential elections 384: 306:; 75 years ago 139: 67:"President of Germany" 8276:Presidents of Germany 8271:Presidents by country 5900:Flight and expulsions 5537:www.documentarchiv.de 5126:10.1515/JURA.2009.670 4727:Horst Seehofer (2012) 4558:Dieter Althaus (2004) 4141:Hans Filbinger (1974) 3959:Wilhelm Kaisen (1959) 3737:on 12 September 1949. 3671:, Scheel, Steinmeier 3601:parliamentary speaker 3515:vote of no confidence 3430:on 11 November 1919. 3391: 3384:Presidential standard 3350: 3290: 3283:Residences and office 3005: 2956: 2920:Gesetzgebungsnotstand 2677: 2666: 2640: 2538:Christoph Butterwegge 2214:108 (10.4%) no-votes 1505:Agrarian Conservatism 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4937:bundespraesident.de 4159:Gerhard Stoltenberg 3763: 3733:was elected by the 3701:), Rau having been 3605:new, fair elections 3597:Peaceful Revolution 3481:Paul von Hindenburg 3462:Weimar Constitution 3434:when he is abroad. 3316:Steglitz-Zehlendorf 3301:Hammerschmidt Villa 2900:Pardons and honours 2762:Chancellor-majority 2754:Chancellor-majority 2750:Chancellor-majority 2679:Hammerschmidt Villa 2531:, Greens, FDP, SSW) 1557:Politics portal 346:bundespraesident.de 239:Villa Hammerschmidt 8122:Russian Federation 7792:Russian Federation 6278:Telecommunications 5959:History of Prussia 5875:Revolution of 1918 5870:War guilt question 5789:Carolingian Empire 5758:Sack of Rome (410) 5667:History of Germany 5475:"Schloss Bellevue" 5281:. 8 December 2006. 4829:Peter Tschentscher 4801:Malu Dreyer (2017) 4484:Roland Koch (1999) 4238:Franz Josef Strauß 3884:Kai-Uwe von Hassel 3759: 3637:List of presidents 3546:Präsidialkabinette 3398: 3372:) operated by the 3353: 3324:Bundespräsidialamt 3293: 3226:Peter Tschentscher 3011: 2966: 2776:Other appointments 2683: 2672: 1691:Federal Convention 1657:minister-president 1543:Germany portal 1376:Schleswig-Holstein 1221:European elections 686:State Parliament ( 681:Minister president 385: 336:€254,000 annually 254:Federal Convention 8253: 8252: 8232: 8231: 7918:UN members 7902: 7901: 7588:UN members 7538: 7537: 7213: 7212: 6760: 6759: 6627: 6626: 6580: 6579: 6311: 6310: 6225:Chemical Triangle 6185: 6184: 6172:Political parties 6120:Foreign relations 6057: 6056: 5984: 5983: 5895:Allied occupation 5799:Holy Roman Empire 5518:978-3-517-00834-9 5245:. 8 October 2020. 4982:978-0-89925-584-2 4859: 4858: 4745:Stanislaw Tillich 4571:Harald Ringstorff 4561:Matthias Platzeck 4327:Henning Voscherau 4218:Hans-Ulrich Klose 4070:Franz Josef Röder 4007:Herbert Weichmann 3987:Georg August Zinn 3962:Franz Josef Röder 3936:13 September 1959 3874:Georg August Zinn 3839:12 September 1959 3833:12 September 1949 3625:) was created in 3214: 3213: 2957:Former President 2891:Foreign relations 2695:president in the 2594: 2593: 2296:Dagmar Schipanski 1793:12 September 1949 1701:of the 16 German 1603: 1602: 1483:Political culture 1396:Foreign relations 1306:Baden-Württemberg 792:Bundesversammlung 775:Political parties 370: 352: 351: 128: 127: 120: 102: 8293: 7915: 7914: 7585: 7584: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7542: 7541: 7527: 7526: 7514: 7513: 7501: 7500: 7488: 7487: 7475: 7474: 7462: 7461: 7449: 7448: 7436: 7435: 7423: 7422: 7410: 7409: 7397: 7396: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7370: 7358: 7357: 7345: 7344: 7332: 7331: 7319: 7318: 7306: 7305: 7293: 7292: 7280: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7088: 7086:Willem-Alexander 7084: 7083: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6948: 6944: 6943: 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5253: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4929: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4841: 4834:Manuela Schwesig 4781: 4776: 4765: 4753: 4711: 4705: 4700: 4689: 4666: 4641: 4640:17 February 2012 4635: 4630: 4619: 4589: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4522: 4510: 4470: 4464: 4459: 4448: 4436: 4423:Gerhard Schröder 4391: 4385: 4380: 4369: 4350: 4342:Oskar Lafontaine 4275: 4269: 4264: 4253: 4241: 4201: 4195: 4190: 4179: 4167: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4105: 4093: 4051: 4045: 4040: 4034:Gustav Heinemann 4029: 4010: 3982:Georg Diederichs 3943: 3937: 3932: 3921: 3902: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3818: 3795: 3779: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3683:(von Weizsäcker 3530:two-round system 3421: 3415: 3378:German Air Force 3206: 3199: 3192: 3027: 3013: 3012: 3007:Manuela Schwesig 2961:and his partner 2826:Gustav Heinemann 2791:Gerhard Schröder 2688:countersignature 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2577:, CDU, CSU, SSW) 2554:13 February 2022 2506:12 February 2017 2112:Annemarie Renger 2020:Gerhard Schröder 2006:Gustav Heinemann 1780:Electoral votes 1768:Electoral votes 1747: 1746: 1731:Gustav Heinemann 1595: 1588: 1581: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1521:Social Democracy 1397: 770:Electoral system 763: 706:Regierungsbezirk 661: 591: 520:Federal agencies 398: 397: 373: 368: 360: 354: 353: 348: 314: 312: 307: 304:24 May 1949 291:Inaugural holder 230:Schloss Bellevue 209: 201: 176: 160: 151: 142: 130: 129: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8228: 8212: 8203:Northern Cyprus 8181: 8097:North Macedonia 7919: 7909: 7898: 7882: 7873:Northern Cyprus 7851: 7767:North Macedonia 7589: 7579: 7572: 7569: 7539: 7534: 7521: 7508: 7495: 7482: 7469: 7456: 7443: 7430: 7417: 7404: 7391: 7378: 7365: 7352: 7339: 7326: 7313: 7300: 7287: 7274: 7261: 7253: 7244: 7214: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7189: 7184:Carl XVI Gustaf 7176: 7175: 7162: 7161: 7148: 7147: 7134: 7133: 7120: 7119: 7114:Rebelo de Sousa 7106: 7105: 7092: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7050: 7049: 7036: 7035: 7022: 7021: 7008: 7007: 6994: 6993: 6980: 6979: 6974:Sakellaropoulou 6966: 6965: 6952: 6951: 6938: 6937: 6924: 6923: 6910: 6909: 6896: 6895: 6882: 6881: 6876:Christodoulides 6868: 6867: 6854: 6853: 6840: 6839: 6826: 6825: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6791: 6761: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6724:Christian Wulff 6671: 6663: 6658: 6628: 6623: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6576: 6440: 6391:Life expectancy 6307: 6181: 6152:Law enforcement 6088: 6053: 5980: 5947: 5926: 5910:Divided Germany 5880:Weimar Republic 5808: 5774:Frankish Empire 5762: 5686: 5652: 5646: 5637: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5455:. tagesschau.de 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5231:. 3 April 2008. 5227: 5226: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4966: 4953:Bundespräsident 4948: 4944: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4819:Reiner Haseloff 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4748: 4743: 4740:Volker Bouffier 4738: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4661: 4658:Hannelore Kraft 4656: 4654: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4627: 4624:Christian Wulff 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4530: 4505: 4502:Wolfgang Böhmer 4500: 4495: 4490: 4487:Kurt Biedenkopf 4485: 4483: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4456: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4377: 4347:Klaus Wedemeier 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4307:Walter Wallmann 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4164:Dietrich Stobbe 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4037: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3793: 3792: 3777: 3776: 3760: 3673:Foreign Affairs 3645: 3639: 3623:Bundespräsident 3613: 3561: 3555: 3474:Reichspräsident 3458: 3452: 3450:Weimar Republic 3444:Reich President 3440: 3428:Friedrich Ebert 3424:Weimar Republic 3386: 3345: 3297:Bellevue Palace 3285: 3280: 3271: 3242:Christian Wulff 3210: 3023: 3021: 3000: 2983: 2951: 2927:Federal Council 2915: 2902: 2893: 2881:Christian Wulff 2799: 2786: 2778: 2740: 2668:Bellevue Palace 2661: 2632: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2586: 2564: 2540: 2518: 2488: 2486:Beate Klarsfeld 2462: 2438: 2416: 2414:Christian Wulff 2386: 2366: 2334: 2325:(CDU, CSU, FDP) 2324: 2298: 2280: 2256: 2238: 2192: 2164: 2142: 2114: 2104: 2078: 2060: 2022: 2008: 1978: 1960: 1959:Heinrich Lübke 1936: 1918: 1888: 1866: 1836: 1834:Kurt Schumacher 1745: 1687: 1681: 1599: 1570: 1566:Other countries 1549: 1548: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1491: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1451: 1443: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1301: 1292: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1225: 1217: 1216: 965: 957: 956: 858: 832: 806: 798: 765: 761: 753: 752: 701: 663: 659: 651: 650: 642: 602: 593: 589: 581: 580: 563: 533: 525: 524: 504: 455: 447: 446: 423: 415: 414: 400: 395: 393: 371: 367: 358: 344: 325: 310: 308: 305: 285:Reichspräsident 237: 207: 206: 202: 199: 198: 187: 185: 184: 180: 177: 165: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8299: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8177:United Kingdom 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7982:Czech Republic 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7921: 7912: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7847:United Kingdom 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7652:Czech Republic 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7582: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7545: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7519: 7506: 7493: 7480: 7467: 7454: 7441: 7428: 7415: 7402: 7389: 7376: 7363: 7350: 7337: 7324: 7311: 7298: 7285: 7272: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7247:Heads of state 7243: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7173: 7159: 7145: 7131: 7117: 7103: 7089: 7075: 7072:Spiteri Debono 7061: 7047: 7033: 7019: 7005: 6991: 6977: 6963: 6949: 6935: 6921: 6907: 6893: 6879: 6865: 6851: 6837: 6823: 6820:Van der Bellen 6808: 6805: 6804: 6798:European Union 6794:Heads of state 6790: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684:Heinrich Lübke 6681: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6488:Cultural icons 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6268:Stock exchange 6265: 6260: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6009: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5905:Denazification 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5677:Historiography 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5587: 5586:External links 5584: 5582: 5581: 5560: 5542: 5524: 5517: 5491: 5466: 5444: 5422: 5408: 5378: 5369: 5343: 5334: 5309: 5284: 5279:Spiegel Online 5266: 5248: 5234: 5220: 5206: 5192: 5175: 5147: 5120:(9): 670–676. 5097: 5083: 5053: 5028: 5019: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4942: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4814:Dietmar Woidke 4809:Daniel Günther 4804:Michael Müller 4798: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4674:Horst Seehofer 4668: 4667: 4663:Horst Seehofer 4652: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4631: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4534: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507:Dieter Althaus 4497:Klaus Wowereit 4481: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4460: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4413:Edmund Stoiber 4402: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4381: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4332:Alfred Gomolka 4312:Bernhard Vogel 4297:Ernst Albrecht 4286: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4265: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4228:Hans Koschnick 4212: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4154:Bernhard Vogel 4149:Albert Osswald 4138: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4117: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4090:Hans Filbinger 4075:Hans Koschnick 4064: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4041: 4030: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3992:Peter Altmeier 3956: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3933: 3926:Heinrich Lübke 3922: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3899:Wilhelm Kaisen 3889:Kurt Sieveking 3879:Peter Altmeier 3869:Reinhold Maier 3853: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3830: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3753:Horst Seehofer 3749: 3738: 3638: 3635: 3612: 3609: 3557:Main article: 3554: 3551: 3454:Main article: 3451: 3448: 3439: 3436: 3396:and since 1950 3385: 3382: 3344: 3343:Transportation 3341: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3246:Horst Seehofer 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3029: 2999: 2996: 2982: 2981:Reserve powers 2979: 2963:Daniela Schadt 2950: 2947: 2914: 2911: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2822: 2819:Heinrich Lübke 2815: 2798: 2795: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2660: 2657: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2621:Qualifications 2619: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2461:Joachim Gauck 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2385:Gesine Schwan 2383: 2380: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2159: 2156: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2109: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2017: 2014: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1973: 1970: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1916:Heinrich Lübke 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1883: 1880: 1865:Theodor Heuss 1863: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1831: 1828: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1744: 1743:Past elections 1741: 1683:Main article: 1680: 1677: 1665:reserve powers 1647:Germany has a 1601: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1546: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1297:State Politics 1293: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 966: 964: 963: 955: 954: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 865: 864: 857: 856: 851: 846: 840: 839: 838: 831: 830: 825: 820: 814: 813: 812: 805: 804: 797: 796: 787: 782: 777: 772: 766: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 737:Municipality ( 734: 725: 724: 723: 709: 700: 699: 698: 697: 683: 677: 676: 664: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 641: 640: 634: 633: 628: 623: 618: 616:Administrative 613: 607: 606: 605:Federal courts 601: 600: 594: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 571: 562: 561: 554: 553: 552: 547: 545:constituencies 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 516: 515: 503: 502: 491: 490: 482: 481: 470: 469: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 433: 432: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 401: 391: 390: 387: 386: 376: 375: 363: 362: 350: 349: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 320: 316: 315: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 227: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 204:His Excellency 195: 189: 188: 178: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 153: 152: 144: 143: 135: 134: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8298: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8208:South Ossetia 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8057:Liechtenstein 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920:and observers 7916: 7913: 7911: 7905: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7878:South Ossetia 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Liechtenstein 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590:and observers 7586: 7583: 7581: 7575: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7531: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7455: 7453: 7447: 7442: 7440: 7439:López Obrador 7434: 7429: 7427: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7408: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7356: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7299: 7297: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7206: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6801:member states 6799: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6729:Joachim Gauck 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Karl Carstens 6697: 6695: 6694:Walter Scheel 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Theodor Heuss 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431:Social issues 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359:Ethnic groups 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938:Reunification 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:German Empire 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5570: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5454: 5448: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5338: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5263:. April 2021. 5262: 5258: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094:. Article 56. 5093: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5023: 5007: 5001: 4992: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4797: 4794: 4787: 4780:19 March 2017 4772: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710:18 March 2017 4704:18 March 2012 4702: 4696: 4695: 4694:Joachim Gauck 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4604:Jens Böhrnsen 4599: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4586:Jens Böhrnsen 4582: 4577: 4576:Ole von Beust 4572: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4551: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4322:Walter Momper 4318: 4317:Björn Engholm 4313: 4308: 4303: 4302:Holger Börner 4298: 4293: 4285: 4282: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4184:Karl Carstens 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4110:Walter Scheel 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4085:Alfons Goppel 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3825: 3824: 3823:Theodor Heuss 3817: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3778:(Birth–Death) 3765: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742:Jens Böhrnsen 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731:Theodor Heuss 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3679:. Three were 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573:Wilhelm Pieck 3570: 3566: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416:, now called 3414: 3413: 3407: 3406:Theodor Heuss 3402: 3395: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362:Airbus A319CJ 3359: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:Jens Böhrnsen 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3168:United States 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2971:Joachim Gauck 2964: 2960: 2959:Joachim Gauck 2955: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2885:Joachim Gauck 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Karl Carstens 2862: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836:Walter Scheel 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811:Theodor Heuss 2808: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2627: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2452:18 March 2012 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2439:(SPD, Greens) 2437: 2436:Joachim Gauck 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365:Horst Köhler 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2332:Gesine Schwan 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2279:Johannes Rau 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102:Karl Carstens 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2058:Walter Scheel 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1805:Theodor Heuss 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782:(percentage) 1779: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1770:(percentage) 1767: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1736:Joachim Gauck 1732: 1726: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619:head of state 1616: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530: 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6459:Architecture 6436:Trade unions 6416:Prostitution 6376:Homelessness 6339:Demographics 6288:Trade unions 6255: 6245:German model 6218:Central bank 6176: 6162:Conservatism 6125:Human rights 6110:Court system 6105:Constitution 6085: 5931:Contemporary 5920:West Germany 5915:East Germany 5890:World War II 5885:Nazi Germany 5825:18th-century 5784:East Francia 5738:Cimbrian War 5572:. 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1868: 1854:17 July 1954 1844:312 (38.8%) 1821: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1727: 1719: 1715:Horst Köhler 1707: 1688: 1673: 1669: 1642: 1627: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1501:Conservatism 1446: 1405: 1341:Lower Saxony 1296: 1275: 1220: 1210: 960: 950: 861: 801: 791: 738: 729: 713: 705: 687: 670: 667: 660:Subdivisions 646:Other courts 638:Joint Senate 574: 567: 556: 537: 485: 459: 428: 427: 410:Human rights 369:Politics of 357: 327:(Ex officio) 326: 208:(diplomatic) 114: 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 18: 8162:Switzerland 8092:Netherlands 7832:Switzerland 7762:Netherlands 7517:Charles III 7322:Charles III 7296:Charles III 6406:Pornography 6381:Immigration 6344:Drug policy 6256:Mittelstand 6203:Agriculture 6167:Nationalism 6140:Transgender 6024:Earthquakes 5971:, 1583-1588 5969:Cologne War 5865:World War I 5767:Middle Ages 5753:Gothic Wars 5459:22 November 5362:22 November 5302:21 February 5261:Der Spiegel 5168:21 February 5076:21 February 5046:21 February 5012:22 November 4831:(2022–2023) 4826:(2021–2022) 4821:(2020–2021) 4816:(2019–2020) 4811:(2018–2019) 4806:(2017–2018) 4752:(2016–2017) 4750:Malu Dreyer 4747:(2015–2016) 4742:(2014–2015) 4737:(2013–2014) 4732:(2012–2013) 4717:Independent 4665:(2011–2012) 4660:(2010–2011) 4588:(2009–2010) 4583:(2008–2009) 4578:(2007–2008) 4573:(2006–2007) 4568:(2005–2006) 4563:(2004–2005) 4543:31 May 2010 4537:1 July 2004 4509:(2003–2004) 4504:(2002–2003) 4499:(2001–2002) 4494:(2000–2001) 4489:(1999–2000) 4463:1 July 1999 4458:(1931–2006) 4433:Roland Koch 4430:(1998–1999) 4428:Hans Eichel 4425:(1997–1998) 4420:(1996–1997) 4415:(1995–1996) 4410:(1994–1995) 4384:1 July 1994 4379:(1934–2017) 4349:(1993–1994) 4344:(1992–1993) 4334:(1991–1992) 4329:(1990–1991) 4324:(1989–1990) 4319:(1988–1989) 4314:(1987–1988) 4304:(1986–1987) 4299:(1985–1986) 4294:(1984–1985) 4268:1 July 1984 4263:(1920–2015) 4240:(1983–1984) 4235:(1982–1983) 4230:(1981–1982) 4225:(1980–1981) 4220:(1979–1980) 4194:1 July 1979 4189:(1914–1992) 4166:(1978–1979) 4161:(1977–1978) 4156:(1976–1977) 4151:(1975–1976) 4146:(1974–1975) 4120:1 July 1974 4115:(1919–2016) 4092:(1973–1974) 4087:(1972–1973) 4082:(1971–1972) 4077:(1970–1971) 4072:(1969–1970) 4044:1 July 1969 4039:(1899–1976) 4009:(1968–1969) 4004:(1967–1968) 3999:(1966–1967) 3994:(1965–1966) 3989:(1964–1965) 3984:(1963–1964) 3979:(1962–1963) 3974:(1961–1962) 3969:(1960–1961) 3964:(1959–1960) 3931:(1894–1972) 3901:(1958–1959) 3896:(1957–1958) 3891:(1956–1957) 3886:(1955–1956) 3881:(1954–1955) 3876:(1953–1954) 3871:(1952–1953) 3866:(1951–1952) 3861:(1950–1951) 3828:(1884–1963) 3803:Karl Arnold 3727:Grundgesetz 3723:Karl Arnold 3686:West Berlin 3665:Agriculture 3661:independent 3618:Grundgesetz 3499:Karl Dönitz 3466:World War I 3419:Bundesadler 3412:Reichsadler 3366:Airbus A310 3254:Karl Arnold 3138:Philippines 3118:South Korea 2975:independent 2653:affirmative 2534:931 (74.3%) 2482:991 (79.9%) 2432:625 (50.2%) 2382:613 (50.1%) 2356:23 May 2009 2328:604 (50.1%) 2312:23 May 2004 2292:690 (51.6%) 2270:23 May 1999 2250:696 (52.6%) 2224:23 May 1994 2208:881 (84.9%) 2182:23 May 1989 2132:23 May 1984 2092:23 May 1979 2072:530 (51.2%) 2048:15 May 1974 2016:512 (49.4%) 1999:West Berlin 1972:710 (68.1%) 1953:West Berlin 1950:1 July 1964 1930:526 (50.7%) 1909:West Berlin 1906:1 July 1959 1882:871 (85.6%) 1858:West Berlin 1830:416 (51.7%) 1699:parliaments 1321:Brandenburg 1080:1932 (July) 780:Referendums 695:composition 532:Legislature 474:Olaf Scholz 396:(Basic Law) 261:Term length 8260:Categories 8127:San Marino 8087:Montenegro 8067:Luxembourg 8047:Kazakhstan 7947:Azerbaijan 7910:government 7797:San Marino 7757:Montenegro 7737:Luxembourg 7717:Kazakhstan 7617:Azerbaijan 7413:Mattarella 7374:Steinmeier 7156:Pirc Musar 7142:Pellegrini 7016:Mattarella 6960:Steinmeier 6904:Frederik X 6567:Television 6552:Philosophy 6527:Literature 6386:Irreligion 6371:Healthcare 6334:Corruption 6100:Chancellor 6089:(military) 6086:Bundeswehr 5437:3 November 5397:7 November 4920:References 4080:Heinz Kühn 3972:Hans Ehard 3859:Hans Ehard 3641:See also: 3523:Article 48 3519:referendum 3470:Wilhelm II 2998:Succession 2541:(The Left) 2299:(CDU, CSU) 2172:68 (6.5%) 2105:(CDU, CSU) 2079:(CDU, CSU) 1896:12 (1.2%) 1774:Runner-up 1661:figurehead 1653:chancellor 1643:Under the 1638:re-elected 1617:), is the 1516:Liberalism 1487:Federalism 1095:1933 (Nov) 1090:1933 (Mar) 1085:1932 (Nov) 1065:1924 (Dec) 1060:1924 (May) 975:1867 (Aug) 970:1867 (Feb) 785:Coalitions 712:District ( 311:1949-05-24 200:(informal) 78:newspapers 8062:Lithuania 7732:Lithuania 7478:Ramaphosa 7270:Ghazouani 7205:EU portal 7170:Felipe VI 7030:Rinkēvičs 6862:Milanović 6522:Libraries 6502:Festivals 6349:Education 6293:Transport 6258:companies 6177:President 6115:Elections 6080:Bundesrat 6075:Bundestag 6044:Mountains 6012:Districts 5990:Geography 5723:Visigoths 5660:Overviews 5484:21 August 5327:21 August 5134:0170-1452 4838:Incumbent 4786:Incumbent 4775:(b. 1956) 4699:(b. 1940) 4629:(b. 1959) 4532:(b. 1943) 4492:Kurt Beck 3788:Election 3772:Portrait 3751:In 2012, 3740:In 2010, 3721:In 1949, 3511:Reichstag 3158:Sri Lanka 3098:Indonesia 3043:Argentina 2859:In 2020, 2849:In 2006, 2841:In 1991, 2834:In 1976, 2824:In 1969, 2817:In 1961, 2809:In 1951, 2636:Bundesrat 2391:, Greens) 2158:832 (80%) 2108:528 (51%) 1723:plurality 1695:Bundestag 1613:(German: 1511:Far-right 1496:Communism 1381:Thuringia 762:Elections 590:Judiciary 558:Bundesrat 539:Bundestag 454:Executive 301:Formation 280:Precursor 250:Appointer 225:Residence 179:Incumbent 8193:Abkhazia 8142:Slovenia 8137:Slovakia 8112:Portugal 7967:Bulgaria 7908:Heads of 7863:Abkhazia 7812:Slovenia 7807:Slovakia 7782:Portugal 7637:Bulgaria 7580:of state 7426:Naruhito 7128:Iohannis 6834:Philippe 6614:Category 6532:Internet 6517:Language 6507:Folklore 6426:Religion 6401:Pensions 6396:Naturism 6273:Taxation 6157:Lobbying 6130:Intersex 6063:Politics 5672:Timeline 5651:General 5644:articles 5507:(1985). 5433:. ndr.de 5393:. §7 (1) 5142:15442740 4971:(1990). 4908:See also 4854:Sources: 3791:Deputies 3695:, Wulff 3581:modelled 3579:closely 3148:Portugal 3128:Pakistan 3068:DR Congo 3058:Colombia 3018:a series 3016:Part of 2584:Max Otte 2491:The Left 1750:Election 1679:Election 1632:who was 1465:Passport 1361:Saarland 739:Gemeinde 611:Ordinary 8172:Ukraine 8117:Romania 8077:Moldova 8037:Ireland 8032:Iceland 8027:Hungary 8012:Germany 8007:Georgia 7997:Finland 7992:Estonia 7987:Denmark 7972:Croatia 7957:Belgium 7952:Belarus 7942:Austria 7937:Armenia 7932:Andorra 7927:Albania 7842:Ukraine 7787:Romania 7747:Moldova 7707:Ireland 7702:Iceland 7697:Hungary 7682:Germany 7677:Georgia 7667:Finland 7662:Estonia 7657:Denmark 7642:Croatia 7627:Belgium 7622:Belarus 7612:Austria 7607:Armenia 7602:Andorra 7597:Albania 7504:Erdoğan 7268: 7249:of the 7044:Nausėda 7002:Higgins 6796:of the 6591:Outline 6497:Fashion 6484:Cuisine 6446:Culture 6411:Poverty 6354:Germans 6317:Society 6298:Welfare 6283:Tourism 6240:Exports 6213:Banking 6191:Economy 6095:Cabinet 6034:Islands 6029:Geology 5952:Regions 5718:Teutons 5691:Ancient 5653:History 5640:Germany 5574:16 July 4957:, with 3669:Justice 3438:History 3376:of the 3250:Bavaria 3178:Vietnam 3173:Uruguay 3153:Romania 3113:Ireland 3088:Germany 3078:Finland 3048:Austria 2846:aspect. 2814:times). 2375:, FDP, 1762:Winner 1759:Ballots 1634:elected 1623:Germany 1331:Hamburg 1311:Bavaria 688:Landtag 669:State ( 550:members 508:Cabinet 372:Germany 341:Website 309: ( 92:scholar 8198:Kosovo 8167:Turkey 8157:Sweden 8132:Serbia 8107:Poland 8102:Norway 8082:Monaco 8052:Latvia 8017:Greece 8002:France 7977:Cyprus 7868:Kosovo 7837:Turkey 7827:Sweden 7802:Serbia 7777:Poland 7772:Norway 7752:Monaco 7722:Latvia 7687:Greece 7672:France 7647:Cyprus 7528: 7515: 7502: 7489: 7476: 7465:Salman 7463: 7450: 7437: 7424: 7411: 7400:Jokowi 7398: 7385: 7372: 7361:Macron 7359: 7348:Michel 7346: 7333: 7320: 7307: 7294: 7281: 6988:Sulyok 6946:Macron 6619:Portal 6474:Cinema 6454:Anthem 6421:Racism 6235:Energy 6049:Rivers 6007:States 5977:, 1848 5813:Modern 5642: 5515: 5140: 5132: 4979: 4435:(1999) 4339:(1992) 4309:(1987) 3785:Party 3689:, Rau 3401:1935. 3312:Dahlem 3163:Taiwan 3143:Poland 3123:Mexico 3103:Israel 3083:France 3053:Brazil 2883:, and 2571:Greens 2557:Berlin 2509:Berlin 2455:Berlin 2407:Berlin 2359:Berlin 2341:Greens 2315:Berlin 2287:Greens 2273:Berlin 2228:Berlin 2205:, SPD) 2167:Greens 2155:, SPD) 2013:, FDP) 1969:, SPD) 1879:, SPD) 1703:states 1439:Russia 1414:France 1366:Saxony 1326:Bremen 1316:Berlin 631:Social 626:Labour 621:Fiscal 513:Scholz 333:Salary 319:Deputy 234:Berlin 214:Status 94: 87: 80: 73: 65: 8152:Spain 8072:Malta 8042:Italy 7822:Spain 7742:Malta 7712:Italy 7578:Heads 7530:Biden 7452:Putin 7387:Murmu 7283:Milei 7058:Henri 6932:Stubb 6918:Karis 6890:Pavel 6848:Radev 6598:Index 6562:Sport 6547:Names 6542:Music 6537:Media 6492:Dance 6364:Women 6329:Crime 6303:Women 6039:Lakes 5713:Goths 5391:(PDF) 5138:S2CID 5110:(PDF) 3782:Term 3603:with 3538:1932. 3368:, or 3108:Italy 3093:India 3073:Egypt 3063:China 2864:2021. 2643:God.) 2587:(AfD) 2257:(SPD) 1937:(SPD) 1434:China 1419:Italy 1336:Hesse 714:Kreis 499:Grüne 193:Style 99:JSTOR 85:books 7491:Yoon 7309:Lula 7100:Duda 6512:Flag 6469:Arts 6135:LGBT 5576:2007 5513:ISBN 5486:2023 5461:2012 5439:2022 5399:2016 5364:2012 5329:2023 5304:2023 5170:2023 5130:ISSN 5078:2023 5048:2023 5014:2012 4977:ISBN 4847:2022 4796:2017 4792:SPD 4722:2012 4650:2010 4646:CDU 4595:2009 4553:2004 4549:CDU 4479:1999 4475:SPD 4400:1994 4396:CDU 4356:1989 4284:1984 4280:CDU 4210:1979 4206:CDU 4136:1974 4132:FDP 4062:1969 4016:1964 3954:1959 3908:1954 3851:1949 3775:Name 3563:The 3534:1925 3370:A340 3133:Peru 2630:Oath 2211:None 2185:Bonn 2135:Bonn 2095:Bonn 2051:Bonn 1797:Bonn 1756:Site 1753:Date 1605:The 1460:Visa 1276:2024 1270:2019 1265:2014 1260:2009 1255:2004 1250:1999 1245:1994 1240:1989 1235:1984 1230:1979 1211:Next 1205:2021 1200:2017 1195:2013 1190:2009 1185:2005 1180:2002 1175:1998 1170:1994 1165:1990 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2011:SPD 1981:FDP 1967:CSU 1963:CDU 1925:CSU 1921:CDU 1891:KPD 1877:CSU 1873:CDU 1869:FDP 1839:SPD 1823:CSU 1817:CDU 1811:FDP 1621:of 1429:USA 730:Amt 478:SPD 441:SPD 54:by 8262:: 7335:Xi 5553:. 5535:. 5505:Ed 5501:Ed 5477:. 5401:. 5320:. 5295:. 5277:. 5259:. 5178:^ 5161:. 5150:^ 5136:. 5128:. 5118:31 5116:. 5112:. 5069:. 5056:^ 5039:. 4935:. 4515:9 4441:8 4362:7 4246:6 4172:5 4098:4 4022:3 3914:2 3811:1 3476:. 3364:, 3360:, 3318:. 3307:. 3236:, 3020:on 2879:, 2875:, 2871:, 2573:, 2569:, 2527:, 2523:, 2471:, 2467:, 2425:, 2421:, 2377:FW 2371:, 2339:, 2285:, 2243:, 2201:, 2197:, 2151:, 2147:, 2065:, 2031:, 2027:, 1965:, 1923:, 1875:, 1871:, 1820:, 1814:, 1625:. 1485:/ 1424:UK 7564:e 7557:t 7550:v 7239:e 7232:t 7225:v 6786:e 6779:t 6772:v 6653:e 6646:t 6639:v 5632:e 5625:t 5618:v 5578:. 5539:. 5521:. 5488:. 5463:. 5441:. 5419:. 5366:. 5356:" 5352:" 5331:. 5306:. 5172:. 5144:. 5124:: 5080:. 5050:. 5016:. 4985:. 4939:. 4840:) 4836:( 4783:– 4707:– 4637:– 4540:– 4466:– 4387:– 4271:– 4197:– 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