Red Army - Knowledge

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the transformation of the standing army into a force deriving its strength from a nation in arms, and, furthermore, the creation of a basis for the support of the coming Socialist Revolution in Europe." Enlistment was conditional upon "guarantees being given by a military or civil committee functioning within the territory of the Soviet Power, or by party or trade union committees or, in extreme cases, by two persons belonging to one of the above organizations." In the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary." Because the Red Army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work. Some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army; men, along with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away, they would collect scrap metal and prepare care-packages. In some cases, the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army.

1674: 3281:, who was perceived by Stalin as a potential political rival. Officers who remained soon found all of their decisions being closely examined by political officers, even in mundane matters such as record-keeping and field training exercises. An atmosphere of fear and unwillingness to take the initiative soon pervaded the Red Army; suicide rates among junior officers rose to record levels. The purges significantly impaired the combat capabilities of the Red Army. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fear in which high officers lived." Clark says, "Stalin not only cut the heart out of the army, he also gave it brain damage." Lewin identifies three serious results: the loss of experienced and well-trained senior officers; the distrust it caused among potential allies especially France; and the encouragement it gave Germany. 83: 2243: 2950:. Even though the Red Army's 29 mechanized corps had an authorized strength of no less than 29,899 tanks by 1941, they proved to be a paper tiger. There were actually only 17,000 tanks available at the time, meaning several of the new mechanized corps were badly under strength. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three-quarters were overdue for major maintenance. By 22 June 1941, there were only 1,475 of the modern T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success. To illustrate this, the 3293:

regardless of experience or training. Junior officers were appointed to fill the ranks of the senior leadership, many of whom lacked broad experience. This action in turn resulted in many openings at the lower level of the officer corps, which were filled by new graduates from the service academies. In 1937, the entire junior class of one academy was graduated a year early to fill vacancies in the Red Army. Hamstrung by inexperience and fear of reprisals, many of these new officers failed to impress the large numbers of incoming draftees to the ranks; complaints of insubordination rose to the top of offenses punished in 1941, and may have exacerbated instances of Red Army soldiers deserting their units during the initial phases of the German offensive of that year.

3039: 440: 99: 3023: 1820: 2974: 1807:(RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Red Army. It decided to establish strictly organized military, educational and economic conditions in the army. However, it was recognized that an army of 1,600,000 would be burdensome. By the end of 1922, after the Congress, the Party Central Committee decided to reduce the Red Army to 800,000. This reduction necessitated the reorganization of the Red Army's structure. The supreme military unit became corps of two or three divisions. Divisions consisted of three regiments. Brigades as independent units were abolished. The formation of departments' 2392: 1768: 1385: 2531:

captured (total 8,081,100); the losses of the German satellites on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA/MIA and 799,982 captured (total 1,468,145). Of these 9,549,245, the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity after the war, thus the grand total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,976,645. Regarding POWs, both sides captured large numbers and had many die in captivity – one recent British figure says 3.6 of 6 million Soviet POWs died in German camps, while 300,000 of 3 million German POWs died in Soviet hands.

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three months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925, this system provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and one of the eleven cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving two-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the other cadre divisions, in 1937–1938.

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happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labour until everyone would have everything he needed and would work only as much as he wished. Somehow this has not come about, but the Russians still worship machines, and this helped make the Red Army the most highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the German Army now.

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convenient pretext for the settling of personal vendettas or to eliminate competition by officers seeking the same command. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: most were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Among the victims was the Red Army's primary military theorist, Marshal

3111:" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "engineer 3rd rank", "division engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. 1795:, which put an end to the war. During the Polish Campaign the Red Army numbered some 6.5 million men, many of whom the Army had difficulty supporting, around 581,000 in the two operational fronts, western and southwestern. Around 2.5 million men and women were mobilized in the interior as part of reserve armies. 2465:, which processed more than 4,000,000 people. By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of POWs were freed, 5% of civilians, and 43% of POWs were re-drafted, 10% of civilians and 22% of POWs were sent to labor battalions, and 2% of civilians and 15% of the POWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 total) were transferred to the 2130:. Finland ceded 9% of its pre-war territory and 30% of its economic assets to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses on the front were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. The Soviet forces did not accomplish their objective of the total conquest of Finland but did receive territory in 3102:

In 1924 (2 October) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia again consisted of triangles,

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When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army's ground forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades (5.5 million soldiers) including 166 divisions and brigades (2.6 million) garrisoned in the western military districts. The Axis forces deployed on the

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In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's draconian measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to

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units fought in close co-operation with the Cheka and played an important part in the establishment of Soviet rule and the defeat of counter-revolution. They were always present at the most dangerous points on the battlefield, and were usually the last to withdraw. When retreat was the only option,

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was composed of 518 tanks, all of which were the obsolete T-26, as opposed to the authorized strength of 1,031 newer medium tanks. This problem was universal throughout the Red Army and would play a crucial role in the initial defeats of the Red Army in 1941 at the hands of the German armed forces.

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Under Stalin's campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1930. The 1st Mechanized Brigade consisted of a tank regiment, a motorized infantry regiment, as well as reconnaissance and artillery battalions. From this humble beginning, the Soviets would go on to create the

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trucks and jeeps from the United States began appearing in large numbers in 1942. Until then, the Red Army was often required to improvise or go without weapons, vehicles, and other equipment. The 1941 decision to physically move their manufacturing capacity east of the Ural Mountains kept the main

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In conformity with the spirit of the Pact on neutrality concluded on April 13, 1941, between the U.S.S.R. and Japan, the Government of the U.S.S.R. and the Government of Japan, in the interest of insuring peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries, solemnly declare that the U.S.S.R.

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The significant growth of the Red Army during the high point of the purges may have worsened matters. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, increasing to almost three times that number by June 1941. The rapid growth of the army necessitated in turn the rapid promotion of officers

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In the mid-1920s, the territorial principle of manning the Red Army was introduced. In each region, able-bodied men were called up for a limited period of active duty in territorial units, which constituted about half the army's strength, each year, for five years. The first call-up period was for

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In 1941, the rapid progress of the initial German air and land attacks into the Soviet Union made Red Army logistical support difficult because many depots (and most of the USSR's industrial manufacturing base) lay in the country's invaded western areas, obliging their re-establishment east of the

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decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918. They envisioned a body "formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes." All citizens of the Russian republic aged 18 or older were eligible. Its role being the defense "of the Soviet authority, the creation of a basis for

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of Soviet society. In 1936 and 1937, at the orders of Stalin, thousands of Red Army senior officers were dismissed from their commands. The purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of the "politically unreliable elements," mainly among higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a

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Even in American terms the Soviet defence budget was large. In 1940 it was the equivalent of $ 11,000,000,000, and represented one-third of the national expenditure. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in

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units who committed the rapes. According to professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, "4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were punished for committing atrocities". The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their

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The Soviet forces were apparently unprepared despite numerous warnings from a variety of sources. They suffered much damage in the field because of mediocre officers, partial mobilization, and an incomplete reorganization. The hasty pre-war forces expansion and the over-promotion of inexperienced

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The result was that the Red Army officer corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had two years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost 80% of rifle division commanders, only 20% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer army and military

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Recently declassified data indicated that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further 6,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Army the

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in January 1942, the high command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. The total number of rifle corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six by 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by February 1943, and 161 by New Year's Day 1944. Actual strengths of

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Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Force went for machines of war. Twenty-three years ago when the Bolshevik Revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized society. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist

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At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree on 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks

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The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA within the 1937 borders plus 900,000 ethnic Germans and Austrians outside the 1937 border (included in these numbers are men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war) and 3,576,300 men reported

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of 1937, reducing the army's morale and efficiency shortly before the outbreak of the fighting. With over 30,000 of its army officers executed or imprisoned, most of whom were from the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior officers. Because of these factors, and high

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While the Imperial Russian Army was being taken apart, "it became apparent that the rag-tag Red Guard units and elements of the imperial army who had gone over the side of the Bolsheviks were quite inadequate to the task of defending the new government against external foes." Therefore, the

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Marshal Mikhail N. Tukhachevski stated that aerial warfare should be 'employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, artillery, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed in mass, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical

3261:, a major purge of the Red Army preceding the Great Purge. According to over 3,000 group cases in Moscow, Leningrad and Ukraine, over 10,000 persons were convicted. In particular, in May 1931, in Leningrad alone over 1,000 persons were executed according to the so-called "Guards Case" ( 2380:), an elite designation denoting superior training, materiel, and pay. Punishment also was used; slackers, malingerers, those avoiding combat with self-inflicted wounds cowards, thieves, and deserters were disciplined with beatings, demotions, undesirable/dangerous duties, and 2797:

was appointed as the Narkom of War Affairs, leaving Dybenko in charge of the Narkom of Marine Affairs and Ovseyenko – the expeditionary forces to the Southern Russia on 28 November 1917. The Bolsheviks also sent out their own representatives to replace front commanders of the

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commitment and morale in the Finnish forces, Finland was able to resist the Soviet invasion for much longer than the Soviets expected. Finnish forces inflicted stunning losses on the Red Army for the first three months of the war while suffering very few losses themselves.

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in the 1920s. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. The 1931 establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. The

1891:"To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique." 2809:

on 3 March 1918, a major reshuffling took place in the Soviet military administration. On 13 March 1918, the Soviet government accepted the official resignation of Krylenko and the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was liquidated. On 14 March 1918,

1719:, the brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters to compel their surrender; one in ten of those returning was executed. The same tactic also suppressed peasant rebellions in areas controlled by the Red Army, the biggest of these being the 2507:(MIA) (most captured). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in the subsequently liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. This is the 3002:

front-line rifle divisions, authorized to contain 11,000 men in July 1941, were mostly no more than 50% of establishment strengths during 1941, and divisions were often worn down, because of continuous operations, to hundreds of men or even less.

1866:- and army-size unit maneuvers of simultaneous parallel attacks throughout the depth of the enemy's ground forces, inducing catastrophic defensive failure. The deep-battle doctrine relies upon aviation and armor advances with the expectation that 2946:(Defence Ministry, Russian abbreviation NKO) ordered the creation of nine mechanized corps on 6 July 1940. Between February and March 1941, the NKO ordered another twenty to be created. All of these formations were larger than those theorized by 2792:

fled from Russia. On 12 November 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and because of an "accident" during the forceful displacement of the commander-in-chief, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917.

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The slogan "exhortation, organization, and reprisals" expressed the discipline and motivation which helped ensure the Red Army's tactical and strategic success. On campaign, the attached Cheka special punitive brigades conducted summary field

2427:(NKVD military counter-intelligence officers) became a key Red Army figure with the power to condemn to death and to spare the life of any soldier and (almost any) officer of the unit to which he was attached. In 1942, Stalin established the 1463:

reformed and counterattacked – the Red Army repelled Admiral Kolchak's army in June, and the armies of General Denikin and General Yudenich in October. By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted. In January 1920

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The Council of People's Commissars appointed itself the supreme head of the Red Army, delegating command and administration of the army to the Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Special All-Russian College within this commissariat.

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On the outbreak of war, the Red Army deployed mechanized corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The initial German attack destroyed many and, in the course of 1941, virtually all of them, (barring two in the

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wrote: "There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people)." At the time, the

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Like Americans, the Russians admire size, bigness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical

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On 22 September 1935 the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included "Lieutenant" and

3061:, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. The Party leadership considered political control over the military absolutely necessary, as the army 1588:

one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted

1261:(1,377,400). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. The official grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. This is the 2830:(RMC) was established as the main military administration under Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. On 6 September 1918 alongside the chief headquarters, the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by 122: 3099:, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles. Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds"). 1650:(military intelligence) to provide political and military intelligence to Red Army commanders. Trotsky founded the Red Army with an initial Red Guard organization and a core soldiery of Red Guard militiamen and the 2814:

replaced Podvoisky as the Narkom of War Affairs. On 16 March 1918, Pavel Dybenko was relieved from the office of Narkom of Marine Affairs. On 8 May 1918, the All-Russian Chief Headquarters was created, headed by

5474: 1498:(3 March 1918), removing Russia from the First World War. Freed from international obligations, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a variety of opposing anti-Bolshevik forces, including the 2869: 2749:

announced the surrender of Japan on 15 August. The commanding general of the Kwantung Army ordered a surrender the following day although some Japanese units continued to fight for several more days. A

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Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22) The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion

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Only volunteers could join, they had to be aged between 14 and 55 and of fanatic loyalty – communists, idealistic workers and peasants, trade union members and members of the Young Communist League (

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in Lithuania was formed up of a total of 460 tanks; 109 of these were newer KV-1s and T-34s. This corps would prove to be one of the lucky few with a substantial number of newer tanks. However, the

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Purges removed 3 of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

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began in June 1918, and opposition to it was violently suppressed. To control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Red Army soldiery, the Cheka operated special punitive brigades which suppressed

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estimated that there had been 2 million deserters, 1.8 million dead, 5 million wounded and 2 million prisoners. He estimated the remaining troops as numbering 10 million.

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were fielded to employ armor in mass again. By mid-1943, these corps were being grouped together into tank armies whose strength by the end of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men.

2932: 3010:). The remnants were disbanded. It was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and separate tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger 4657:

pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchoukuo and Japan pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the Mongolian People's Republic.

3208: 2449:, Red Army officers and soldiers were to "fight to the last" rather than surrender; Stalin stated: "There are no Soviet prisoners of war, only traitors". During and after World War II 5089:, p. 157: 'Red Army soldiers who shot or injured themselves to avoid combat usually were summarily executed, to save the time and money of medical treatment and a court martial'. 3359: 3065:

and understandably feared a military coup. This system was abolished in 1925, as there were by that time enough trained Communist officers to render the counter-signing unnecessary.

7051: 2527:(1,377,400). As many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943. 2461:. In 1944, they were sent directly to reserve military formations to be cleared by the NKVD. Further, in 1945, about 100 filtration camps were set for repatriated POWs, and other 4924: 3296:

By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty. However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the

3118:(Маршал Советского Союза) rank was introduced on 22 September 1935. On 7 May 1940 further modifications to rationalise the system of ranks were made on the proposal by Marshal 7084: 3804: 2545:

Soviet support system out of German reach. In the later stages of the war, the Red Army fielded some excellent weaponry, especially artillery and tanks. The Red Army's heavy

7463: 7089: 7011: 2864: 1576:). The Bolsheviks occasionally enforced the loyalty of such recruits by holding their families as hostages. As a result of this initiative, in 1918 75% of the officers were 3157:

In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of

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enemy. The Red Guard units are brushed aside like flies. We have no power to stay the enemy; only an immediate signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction."

923: 535: 520: 4114: 3771: 3572: 2893:), which as of 2023 still exist in Russia in this function and under this name. Military commissariats, however, should not be confused with the institution of military 1844: 1250: 795: 316: 5326: 2935:, in 1932. These were tank-heavy formations with combat support forces included so they could survive while operating in enemy rear areas without support from a parent 7448: 5465: 1995:, also known as the "Soviet–Japanese Border War" or the first "Soviet–Japanese War", was a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union and the 3856: 3834: 2519:(CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel. The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic 2337:

with propaganda stressing the defense of Motherland and nation, employing historic exemplars of Russian courage and bravery against foreign aggressors. The anti-Nazi

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Red Army deep operations found their first formal expression in the 1929 Field Regulations and became codified in the 1936 Provisional Field Regulations (PU-36). The

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doctrine, a direct consequence of their experiences in the Polish–Soviet War and in the Russian Civil War. To achieve victory, deep operations envisage simultaneous

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clearing Nazi minefields, et cetera. Given the dangers, the maximum sentence was three months. Likewise, the Soviet treatment of Red Army personnel captured by the

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The Red Army's soldiers, overwhelmingly peasant in origin, received pay but more importantly, their families were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.

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In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs.

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Military administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People's Commissariat of War and Marine affairs headed by a collective committee of

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Up to 34 million soldiers served in the Red Army during World War II, 8 million of which were non-Slavic minorities. Officially, the Red Army lost 6,329,600

7044: 6635: 3146:; the other senior functional ranks ("division commissar", "division engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. The arm or service distinctions remained (e.g., 1447:

January 1919 – November 1919, the advance and retreat of the White armies. Initially the White armies advanced successfully: from the south, under General

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1919 to 1923, residual conflicts. Some peripheral theatres continued to see conflict for two more years, and remnants of the White forces remained in the

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level because, while useful in theory, in the state of the Red Army in 1941, they proved ineffective in practice. Following the decisive victory in the

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in combat. The Axis's numeric superiority rendered the combatants' divisional strength approximately equal. A generation of Soviet commanders (notably

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removed many leading officers from the Red Army, including Tukhachevsky himself and many of his followers, and the doctrine was abandoned. Thus, at the

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Since 75%–80% of all German losses were inflicted on the Eastern Front it follows that the efforts of the western Allies accounted for only 20%–25%

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The Axis forces possessed a 1:1.7 superiority in personnel, despite the Red Army's 174 divisions against the Axis's 164 divisions, a 1.1:1 ratio.

3369: 2423: 1545:, in January–February 1918, January–February 1919, and May–October 1920. Conquered nations were subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union. 592: 6639: 6479: 5535: 5137:: 'Stalin's Directive 227, about the Nazi use of the death penalty and penal units as punishment, ordered Soviet penal battalions established.' 4893: 3703: 3331: 2150:(also known as the "Second Soviet-Finnish War") which was a conflict fought by Finland and Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944. 6379: 2219: 1357:, held on 22 February 1918, Krylenko remarked: "We have no army. The demoralized soldiers are fleeing, panic-stricken, as soon as they see a 4366:

The Cheka Special Punitive Brigades also were charged with detecting sabotage and counter-revolution among Red Army soldiers and commanders.

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military confederations. "Red Army Day", 23 February 1918, has a two-fold historical significance: it was the first day of conscription (in

7458: 1847:, which came to dominate Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength had diminished to 530,000. The 1429: 763: 88: 5428: 2508: 2023:, disputed the boundaries and accused the other side of border violations. This resulted in a series of escalating border skirmishes and 1262: 231: 220: 5395: 1432:, in which twelve foreign countries supported anti-Bolshevik militias. A series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the 6825: 4916: 1776: 1529:

The Red Army controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also against independence movements, invading and annexing

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weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000–132,000 deserters to the army.

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War experience prompted changes to the way frontline forces were organized. Following six months of combat against the Germans, the

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peninsula observed a Soviet penal battalion running through a minefield, detonating the mines and clearing a path for the Red Army.

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29,574,900 men in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of this total of 34,401,807 it lost 6,329,600

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of 1941, in which the Germans were able to rout the Soviet defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Soviet officers.

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was reinstated on 2 April 1936, and became the principal military school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army.

2635:(Soviet secret police) files have revealed that the leadership knew what was happening, but did little to stop it. It was often 4242:. 'Conscription-age (17–40) villagers hid from Red Army draft units; summary hostage executions brought the men out of hiding.' 3777: 3561: 3199: 3174: 1848: 807: 649: 5668: 3930: 2283:

increased mobilization, and by 1 August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's strength was 401 divisions.

1111: 7443: 6744: 6711: 6692: 6608: 6516: 6497: 6445: 6424: 6360: 6336: 6317: 6298: 6252: 6233: 5653: 5629: 5422: 5316: 5108: 4359: 4108: 3543: 2610: 2095:. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 – three months after the start of World War II and the 1124: 6543: 4763: 3533: 2242: 5321: 4098: 3864: 3840: 2928: 2754:, the second largest Japanese island, was originally planned to be part of the territory to be taken but it was cancelled. 2751: 2694: 2515:(POW) dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Officials at the Russian 1992: 1974: 1946: 1918: 1038: 384: 242: 4705: 1580:. By mid-August 1920 the Red Army's former tsarist personnel included 48,000 officers, 10,300 administrators, and 214,000 7438: 2036: 1804: 1791:, in which the Red Army invaded Poland, reaching the central part of the country in 1920, but then suffered a resounding 728: 504: 459: 3083:

as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word

6135: 6108: 6081: 6014: 5791: 5763: 5300: 5273: 5246: 5023: 4563: 4485: 4306: 3745: 3074: 2909:

The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:

1290:

were mobilized; however, most of them were not equipped with any weapons and had support roles such as maintaining the

918: 758: 687: 602: 474: 368: 215: 132: 4590: 3300:

of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and later during the

7125: 6663: 6589: 6570: 6464: 5684: 4535: 3688: 2730: 2620: 2268: 1934: 1317: 790: 486: 389: 4643: 2279:

defeated many Red Army units. The Red Army lost millions of men as prisoners and lost much of its pre-war matériel.

1743:

behind politically unreliable Red Army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission. In 1942, during the

3254: 3062: 2968: 2951: 2488: 1655: 1584:. When the civil war ended in 1922, ex-tsarists constituted 83% of the Red Army's divisional and corps commanders. 1577: 1269:(CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel. 1203: 1043: 979: 802: 676: 3644: 3038: 2834:. On the same day the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces was created, and initially assigned to 4499:

The last White stronghold in the Crimea under Pyotr Wrangel, Denikin's successor, was defeated in November 1920 .

4169: 2654:

While the Soviets considered the surrender of Germany to be the end of the "Great Patriotic War", at the earlier

1723:. The Soviets enforced the loyalty of the various political, ethnic, and national groups in the Red Army through 913: 622: 209: 137: 5957: 5696:

Archive, Wilson Center Digital. Wilson Center Digital Archive, digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335.

1696:

The Red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, such as the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the

1388:

Hammer and plough cockade used by the Red Army from 1918 to 1922, when it was replaced by the hammer and sickle.

7251: 6818: 6537: 4961: 3967: 2827: 2763: 2373: 2016: 1611: 1542: 1354: 1345:, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were also specified as people's commissars as well as 1068: 1018: 723: 713: 6347: 5375: 2031:, and culminated in the Red Army finally achieving a Soviet-Mongolian victory over Japan and Manchukuo at the 7130: 7110: 6878: 3007: 2858: 2820: 2742: 2215: 984: 953: 464: 408: 6180: 7171: 7120: 3250: 2767: 2674: 2264: 2256: 2165: 1491: 1456: 1452: 1265:, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million. Officials at the Russian 1215: 1207: 999: 431: 127: 2685:, while also being exact three months after the surrender of Germany). It was the largest campaign of the 2110:

had three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many

6906: 3115: 2183: 1942: 1938: 968: 928: 903: 743: 236: 225: 7060: 2773: 2369: 2338: 2272: 2159: 1808: 1538: 989: 439: 5779:

Sharp, Charles (1995), "Soviet Tank, Mechanized, Motorized Divisions and Tank Brigades of 1940–1942",

2458: 2457:". Of these, by 1944, more than 90% were cleared, and about 8% were arrested or condemned to serve in 7453: 6811: 6269: 6202: 3011: 2187: 2096: 1836: 1704: 1437: 948: 342: 24: 5527: 3611:

Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study

2035:

in September 1939. The Soviet Union and Japan agreed to a ceasefire. Later the two sides signed the

7196: 6400: 3022: 2586: 2232:("Drive towards the East") policy secretly remained in force, culminating on 18 December 1940 with 2222:. These conquests also added to the border the Soviet Union shared with Nazi-controlled areas. For 1784: 1581: 1534: 1346: 702: 697: 692: 401: 2973: 2705:

and local Chinese forces supporting them. The Soviets advanced on the continent into the Japanese

7402: 6901: 4701:Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.): Короли подплава в море червонных валетов 3446: 3420: 3203: 2955: 2686: 2649: 2624: 2546: 2358: 2032: 1984: 1954: 1792: 1624: 1495: 1425: 1286:

had started to collapse. Approximately 23% (about 19 million) of the male population of the

1160: 785: 617: 321: 5236: 4953: 4947: 19:

This article is about the Soviet Army prior to 1946. For Soviet Army between 1946 and 1991, see

7186: 6840: 5362:, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, December 31, 1946, p. 8. 3374: 3272:

The late 1930s saw purges of the Red Army leadership which occurred concurrently with Stalin's

3147: 3080: 2570: 2462: 2400: 2041: 1925:), the doctrine was not used. Only in the Second World War did deep operations come into play. 1922: 1914: 1401: 6098: 5412: 5290: 7389: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7241: 7017: 6924: 6730: 6125: 6071: 5980:[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705181809/https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/1585/ Archived 5753: 5386: 5013: 3351: 3162: 3151: 2990: 2799: 2663: 2454: 2342: 2028: 1910: 1819: 1788: 1732: 1565: 1362: 1291: 1283: 203: 191: 6798: 5263: 4528:

Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919–1939

4030:, p. 446: 'at the end of the civil war, one-third of Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist 2372:

concept. Exceptionally heroic or high-performing units earned the Guards title (for example

1953:. The Red Army achieved its objectives; it maintained effective control over the Manchurian 1428:

of March 1918 aggravated Russian internal politics. The overall situation encouraged direct

7433: 7246: 7191: 4734: 3301: 3278: 3230: 3150:, marshal of armoured troops). For the most part the new system restored that used by the 2978: 2947: 2678: 2377: 2304: 2235: 1855: 1854:

In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, Soviet military theoreticians – led by Marshal

1736: 1716: 1523: 1330: 836: 6381:

Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization

5220: 4378:

Brovkin, Vladimire (Autumn 1990), "Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response in 1919",

2682: 2437:

inmates, Soviet PoWs, disgraced soldiers, and deserters, for hazardous front-line duty as

8: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7181: 7029: 6943: 6895: 6412: 5697: 3906: 3054: 3046: 2994: 2936: 2894: 2598: 2590: 2428: 2365: 2312: 2203: 2202:

shared an extensive border with the USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their

2135: 2127: 2024: 1906: 1752: 1744: 1724: 1553: 1433: 1305: 1180: 1105: 933: 612: 293: 4676: 1610:

In September 1918, the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme command of the

7231: 7115: 7079: 7003: 5585: 4403: 4395: 4161: 3119: 3042: 2789: 2738: 2667: 2594: 2415: 2412: 2391: 2260: 2191: 1950: 1886:, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance." 1767: 1681: 1667: 1557: 1397: 1361:

appear on the horizon, abandoning their artillery, convoys and all war material to the

994: 4785: 4333:

stayed behind in occupied areas to form clandestine networks and partisan detachments.

2835: 2640:

numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million.

2361:

temporarily ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle.

1635: 1510:, efforts to restore the defeated Provisional Government, monarchists, but mainly the 7412: 7384: 7266: 7261: 7135: 7094: 6953: 6870: 6740: 6734: 6707: 6688: 6659: 6604: 6585: 6566: 6560: 6533: 6512: 6493: 6473: 6460: 6441: 6420: 6392: 6366: 6356: 6332: 6313: 6294: 6277: 6258: 6248: 6229: 6131: 6104: 6077: 6010: 5939: 5759: 5680: 5649: 5625: 5418: 5296: 5269: 5242: 5104: 5019: 4957: 4887: 4559: 4531: 4481: 4407: 4355: 4302: 4298: 4153: 4104: 3697: 3684: 3618: 3539: 3336: 3195: 2843: 2794: 2722: 2614: 2504: 2404: 2381: 2247: 2107: 2100: 1779:

occurred at the same time as the general Soviet move into the areas abandoned by the

1421: 1379: 1334: 1246: 1172: 943: 347: 197: 2689:, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the 2636: 2271:

conducted the defense of the western borders of the USSR. In the first weeks of the

1731:

and regimental levels. The commissars also had the task of spying on commanders for

1384: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7226: 6935: 6756:

Why Stalin's Soldiers Fought: The Red Army's Military Effectiveness in World War II

6653: 5665: 5641: 4990: 4387: 4145: 3922: 3767: 3607:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование 3461: 3262: 3027: 2998: 2842:). The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces existed until April 1924, the end of 2785: 2781: 2655: 2500: 2408: 2364:

To encourage the initiative of Red Army commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished

2350: 2326: 2300: 2259:

consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). Three Fronts, the

2228: 2147: 2076: 2068: 2059: 1867: 1720: 1639: 1615: 1569: 1476: 1441: 1326: 1295: 1242: 862: 831: 254: 3103:

squares and rhombuses, but also rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9).

2565:

The Red Army was financially and materially assisted in its wartime effort by the

2484: 1564:. Simultaneously, Trotsky carried out a mass recruitment of officers from the old 123:

Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

7156: 6723:

Claws of the Bear: The History of the Red Army from the Revolution to the Present

6527: 6004: 5983: 5784: 5704: 5672: 5399: 5120: 4757: 4553: 4475: 4292: 2734: 2690: 2578: 2512: 2354: 2308: 2207: 2175: 2146:

and improved their international reputation, which bolstered their morale in the

2004: 2000: 1996: 1979: 1958: 1700: 1465: 1405: 1211: 4640:"Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact April 13, 1941: Declaration Regarding Mongolia" 2569:. In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $ 11 2194:

on 1 September 1939. On 30 November, the Red Army also attacked Finland, in the

2170: 1595: 7407: 7216: 7151: 6916: 4699: 4620: 4523: 2839: 2831: 2816: 2718: 2477: 2318: 1871: 1859: 1840: 1740: 1703:. It also co-operated with armed Bolshevik Party-oriented volunteer units, the 1677: 1659: 1643: 1515: 1511: 1417: 1413: 1287: 1278: 161: 6435: 6370: 5578:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

3245:

According to the new data that emerged on the break of the 21st century, The

1870:

offers quick, efficient, and decisive victory. Marshal Tukhachevsky said that

7427: 7256: 7201: 7176: 7166: 7161: 4954:

301 Table C. Comparative Strengths of Combat Forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945

4157: 4149: 3811:(decree), The Council of People's Commissars, 15 January 1918, archived from 3096: 2981:

is considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II.

2777: 2702: 2628: 2566: 2446: 2396: 2296: 2280: 2115: 2103:

deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.

1828: 1756: 1748: 1712: 1697: 1561: 1503: 1469: 1448: 1342: 1083: 958: 854: 6766:

Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918–1991

6396: 6262: 5797: 3737: 2619:

Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in

1883: 7236: 6978: 6348:"Appendix 10: Lend-Lease Aircraft to USSR June 22, 1941–September 20, 1945" 5979: 5617: 5528:"Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape" 4873: 4138:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918–1920" 3567: 3063:

relied more and more on officers from the pre-revolutionary Imperial period

2873: 2811: 2706: 2496: 2223: 2199: 2088: 2012: 1832: 1685: 1603: 1599: 1549: 1507: 1460: 1301: 1231: 1199: 1192: 1179:. In February 1946, the Red Army (which embodied the main component of the 1168: 1164: 260: 104: 6281: 5557:

Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".

2631:, whose books were banned in 2015 from some Russian schools and colleges, 2557:

armor, but in 1941 most Soviet tank units used older and inferior models.

1882:, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed 7211: 7206: 6992: 6854: 4639: 3273: 3258: 3234: 2659: 2368:, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and introduced the 2288: 2153: 2143: 2119: 2039:

on 13 April 1941, which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to

1902: 1188: 1184: 1171:

to oppose the military forces of the new nation's adversaries during the

1028: 868: 352: 334: 20: 6775:

Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925–1941

1634:). The first chairman was Trotsky, and the first commander-in-chief was 6961: 6784:

The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991

6127:

Securitizing Balance of Power Theory: A Polymorphic Reconceptualization

4877: 4672:Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну: Крестовый поход на Россию 4399: 4100:

Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine

4013:

The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923

3297: 3246: 3179: 2541: 2524: 2472: 2322: 2195: 2054: 1350: 1258: 1176: 1078: 248: 6799:

Red Army Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

4165: 4137: 3920: 3725:. Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation. pp. 73–80. 2198:

of 1939–1940. By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland,

7221: 5953: 5317:"World War II Allies: U.S. Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union, 1941–1945" 4762:[Предыстория Зимней войны] (in Russian). Военная Литература. 4352:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

3238: 3158: 3139: 3092: 2714: 2710: 2020: 1879: 1689: 1663: 1560:

with traditional army hierarchies and criminalizing dissent with the

1519: 1392:

The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) can be divided into three periods:

1358: 1338: 1309: 1226: 1220: 849: 4917:"Was the Russian Military a Steamroller? From World War II to Today" 4391: 3977: 3486:

8 February became "Soviet Army Day", a national holiday in the USSR.

3225: 3034:", carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II. 2942:

Impressed by the German campaign of 1940 against France, the Soviet

6883: 6803: 4337: 3346: 3187: 3143: 3053:

The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a

2746: 2698: 2573:

in materials ($ 180 billion in the 2020 money value): over 400,000

2520: 2346: 2008: 1962: 1875: 1780: 1487: 1484: 1254: 875: 844: 151: 6100:

National Resilience During War: Refining the Decision-making Model

5119:

clearing minefields; on 28 December 1942, Wehrmacht forces on the

3318:

The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous arms industry as part of

2003:

created a common border between Japanese controlled areas and the

3365:

Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War II

3127: 3123: 2131: 2092: 1728: 1589: 1409: 556: 301: 43: 1843:

became head of the Red Army staff, as marking the ascent of the

6388: 5466:"German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes" 4591:"Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)" 3973: 3135: 3131: 3108: 3079:

The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional

2986: 2582: 2239:, approved on 3 February 1941, and scheduled for mid-May 1941. 2063:

Red Army soldiers display a captured Finnish banner, March 1940

1814: 1522:

and Moscow), and the first day of combat against the occupying

1235: 6274:

The Soviet High Command 1918–41 – A Military-Political History

5986:

Subversion in the Red Army and the Military Purge of 1937–1938

5820: 5115:

The Wehrmacht and the Soviet Army documented penal battalions

2737:(and Russia had lost to Japan in 1905 in the aftermath of the 2333:

In 1941, the Soviet government raised the bloodied Red Army's

1945:(1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the 1195:

on 7 May 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

6848: 6329:

Operation Barbarossa : Hitler's invasion of Russia, 1941

5733: 4480:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. p. 1655. 4250: 4248: 2989:

abolished the rifle corps which was intermediate between the

2865:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

2726: 2466: 2433: 2210:. Another consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the 2139: 1863: 1651: 1483:

At the start of the civil war, the Red Army consisted of 299

1033: 5755:

Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind

5677:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

4733:[Фронтовая иллюстрация] (in Russian). Archived from 2627:

were followed by decades of silence. According to historian

2114:. The Red Army, however, had been hindered by Soviet leader 1412:

lands in November 1917 provoked the insurrection of General

6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 5497:"Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out" 4454: 3249:(also known as "Operation Vesna") of 1930–1931 was massive 2927:

first operational-level armored formations in history, the

2632: 2574: 2550: 2385: 2111: 1253:). The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic 57:

28 January 1918 – 25 February 1946

7059: 5880: 4854: 4245: 1715:

and executions of deserters and slackers. Under Commissar

1175:, especially the various groups collectively known as the 5892: 5721: 5164: 5044: 4414: 4037: 3360:

Military units and formations of the Soviet Union by size

3255:

former officers and generals of the Russian Imperial Army

2299:) learned from the defeats, and Soviet victories in the 2164:

Further information on Eastern Front (World War II):

2126:

Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the

6655:

The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations

6291:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

6023: 5709: 5080: 4081:] (in Russian), vol. Second, Moscow, p. 95 3221:

Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

2693:

after almost six years of peace following the 1932–1939

1494:(5–6 January 1918) and the Soviet government signed the 5810: 5808: 5565:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916. 5181: 5179: 5056: 4991:"Barbarossa Hitler Stalin: War warnings Stalin ignored" 4555:

Synchronizing Airpower And Firepower in the Deep Battle

4504: 4442: 4203: 4189: 4187: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4023: 4021: 3314:

List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II

3289:

district commanders, had the same level of experience.

3154:

at the conclusion of its participation in World War I.

2158:

Further information on Great Patriotic War (term):

2011:. The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective 5868: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5698:

http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335

4625:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

4228:

By 1920, 77 per cent the enlisted ranks were peasants.

1874:

must be "employed against targets beyond the range of

1827:

After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of

1783:

garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany in the

1490:. The civil war intensified after Lenin dissolved the 6417:

Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945

6160: 5904: 5068: 4842: 3451: 3425: 2914:

1942 after two years of its greatest defence effort.

2212:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

1851:

details the formations of the Red Army in that time.

1629: 1349:

from the Bureau of Commissars. At a joint meeting of

1230:

suffered during the war, and ultimately captured the

1218:, it accounted for 75–80% of the casualties that the 7464:

Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War

6636:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

6353:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

5805: 5462: 5176: 4970: 4949:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

4184: 4049: 4018: 3562:"How we didn't win the war ... but the Russians did" 1933:

The Red Army was involved in armed conflicts in the

6457:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

6437:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

6355:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5161:

The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953

5128: 4755: 3495:The names "Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940" (Russian: 2788:was acting as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief after 2721:which was part of another puppet state) and via an 2662:portion of World War II within three months of the 1968: 1831:in the south in 1920 allowed the foundation of the 1459:. The Whites beat back the Red Army on each front. 6675:The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904–1940 6346: 5745: 5464: 5032: 5011: 4433:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996), Shukman, Harold (ed.), 3560: 2581:(including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were 2349:, and historical Russian military heroes, such as 7449:Military units and formations established in 1918 6620:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two 5646:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 5292:Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted 4668: 3950: 3948: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3394:Uniforms and insignia of the Red Army (1917-1924) 3342:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 3142:in the Red Army and Flagman 1st rank etc. in the 7425: 6123: 5219:, News from Russia, 13 June 2003, archived from 4675:(in Russian). Военная Литература. Archived from 1762: 6739:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 6644:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 6526:Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1979), 5489: 3900: 3499:) and "Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940" (Russian: 2503:(KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 2480:, raised above the German Reichstag in May 1945 2226:, the circumstance was no dilemma, because the 1245:(KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 6640:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 6617: 5826: 3945: 3882: 3805:"Appendix 1 – The Scheme for a Socialist Army" 3792: 3716: 3714: 3681:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik 3332:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 1631:Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet (Revvoyensoviet) 1167:. The army was established in January 1918 by 95: 79: 7045: 6819: 6391:: US Army Command and General Staff College, 6245:White Death: Russia's War on Finland, 1939–40 5751: 5525: 5519: 5402:, US Army Center of Military History, p. 158. 4946:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). 4103:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. 3439: 3427:Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA) 3413: 3186:(cadets) of the Red Army Artillery School in 2677:on 9 August 1945 (three days after the first 2643: 2495:During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army 1735:. In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General 1556:over the Red Army, replacing the election of 1132: 409: 6076:. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. p. 55. 5590:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5015:Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups 3921:Russian Center of Vexillology and Heraldry. 3744:, vol. 24, Marx 2 Mao, pp. 55–91, 3738:"Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution" 3720: 3623:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 2154:Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War") 1815:Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s 1533:of the former Russian Empire. This included 1430:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6223: 6069: 5347:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 28, 30, 31 5018:(2nd ed.). Little, Brown. p. 31. 4945: 4833: 4831: 4726: 4254: 3711: 3503:) are often used in Russian historiography. 1928: 232:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 221:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 16:Soviet army and air force from 1918 to 1946 7052: 7038: 6826: 6812: 6584:, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 6525: 6478:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6096: 5898: 5727: 5715: 5295:. U. of Oklahoma Press. pp. 161–162. 5213:"German-Russian Berlin-Karlhorst museum", 5145: 5143: 4904:, London: The Reprint Society, p. 796 4892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4432: 4209: 3999: 3903:From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander 3702:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3552: 3126:" replaced the senior functional ranks of 2048: 1999:from 1932 to 1939. Japan's expansion into 1771:Anti-Polish Soviet propaganda poster, 1920 1646:. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the 1139: 1125: 416: 402: 300: 6506: 6411: 6178: 6044: 6002: 5928: 5922: 5604:Robert Cecil, "Potsdam and its Legends." 5575: 5086: 4551: 4072: 3996:, Moscow: Progress Publishers, p. 25 3991: 3827: 3591: 3198:the commander cadres were trained at the 2729:. Other Red Army operations included the 1329:was the supreme commander-in-chief, with 6618:Zaloga, Steven; Grandsen, James (1984), 6598: 6454: 6344: 6268: 5910: 5463:Allan Hall in Berlin (24 October 2008). 5371: 5185: 4828: 4510: 4460: 4448: 4420: 4290: 4239: 4226:, Oxford University Press, p. 137, 4084: 4060: 4043: 3954: 3678: 3415:Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА) 3307: 3224: 3202:of the Russian Empire, which became the 3178: 3037: 3021: 2972: 2885:formed regional military commissariats ( 2868: 2589:); 14,015 aircraft (of which 4,719 were 2483: 2471: 2390: 2317: 2241: 2169: 2058: 1978: 1818: 1766: 1672: 1594: 1455:; and from the northwest, under General 1383: 1300: 1294:and the base areas. The Tsarist general 1210:assisted the unconditional surrender of 6579: 6242: 6150: 6006:Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion 5946: 5580:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70. 5149: 5140: 5134: 4988: 4952:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 4860: 4848: 4810: 4697: 4377: 4349: 4294:The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army 4193: 3237:in June 1937. Here in 1920 wearing the 1896:Trotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937. 1500:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine 1396:October 1917 – November 1918, from the 7426: 6704:Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army 6326: 6307: 6288: 6166: 6155:, New York: Vintage Books, p. 489 5886: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5838: 5758:. Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 93. 5739: 5576:Norman M., Naimark, Norman M. (1995). 5443: 5288: 5261: 5234: 5170: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 4976: 4899: 4872: 4522: 3854: 3766: 3558: 3531: 3501:Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940 3370:Military districts of the Soviet Union 3175:Military education in the Soviet Union 2878:Central Women's Sniper Training School 2717:(the northeast section of present-day 2601:) and 1.75 million tons of food. 2220:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states 1777:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 7282: 7033: 6807: 6685:The Red Army and the Second World War 6433: 6377: 6247:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 6191:from the original on 25 January 2018. 6103:. Lexington Books. pp. 259–260. 5814: 5783:, vol. I: The Deadly Beginning, 5778: 5238:Introduction to Logistics Engineering 5098: 4788:League of Nations. 14 December 1939. 4135: 4096: 4027: 3655:from the original on 29 February 2020 3604: 3460: 3168: 2666:. This promise was reaffirmed at the 2658:the Soviet Union agreed to enter the 2611:Rape during the occupation of Germany 2291:of experienced officers) favored the 2174:Soviet gun crew in action during the 1751:reintroduced the blocking policy and 6833: 6558: 6073:The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk, 1943 5556: 5550: 5477:from the original on 12 January 2022 5268:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–12. 4902:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4766:from the original on 7 December 2019 4708:from the original on 1 November 2022 4437:, London: HarperCollins, p. 180 4221: 3888: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3399: 2752:proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido 2733:, which was the Japanese portion of 1947:Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) 1805:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1373: 1159:, was the army and air force of the 385:Military history of the Soviet Union 7459:Military wings of socialist parties 6736:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 6652:Carrere D'Encausse, Helene (1992), 6634:For a more comprehensive list, see 6546:from the original on 15 August 2024 6224:Chamberlain, William Henry (1957), 6130:. Lexington Books. pp. 85–86. 6058:199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad 5781:Soviet Order of Battle World War II 4669:Барышников, ВН; Саломаа, Э (2005). 4646:from the original on 19 August 2017 4619: 4297:. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 1. 4196:Inside Soviet Military Intelligence 4172:from the original on 3 October 2023 3861:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 3257:who had served in the Red Army and 3068: 2683:atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki 2182:In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi 1833:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 13: 6629: 5624:, Stanford University Press, 1954 5569: 5526:Susanne Beyer (26 February 2010). 5507:from the original on 17 April 2009 4927:from the original on 10 April 2019 4704:(in Russian). Военная Литература. 4435:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary 4117:from the original on 22 April 2024 3748:from the original on 26 March 2017 3559:Davies, Norman (5 November 2006), 3497:Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940 3320:Stalin's industrialisation program 3075:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 2697:. The Red Army, with support from 1849:list of Soviet divisions 1917–1945 1642:; in July 1919 he was replaced by 1198:The Red Army provided the largest 369:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 133:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 14: 7475: 6792: 6226:The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921 6153:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 5538:from the original on 1 March 2010 5417:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–. 5392:The War Against Germany And Italy 5329:from the original on 8 April 2023 5197: 4989:Jackson, Patrick (21 June 2011). 4792:from the original on 24 June 2015 4601:from the original on 5 April 2024 3933:from the original on 18 June 2019 3901:Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail (1966), 3735: 3667: 3632: 3575:from the original on 25 July 2021 2880:credited with 59 confirmed kills. 2757: 2731:Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin 2701:forces, overwhelmed the Japanese 1798: 1787:. This merged into the 1919–1921 390:History of Russian military ranks 37:Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия 6601:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 6195: 6179:Middleton, Drew (21 June 1981). 6172: 6144: 6117: 6090: 6063: 6050: 5996: 5972: 5960:from the original on 3 July 2019 5916: 5772: 5200:Stalin's Russia, Hitlers Germany 3839:, Soviet History, archived from 3380:Field armies of the Soviet Union 3091:instead. The Red Army abandoned 3045:and Red Army's Jewish veterans, 2969:Red Army tactics in World War II 2944:People's Commissariat of Defence 2904: 2695:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 2523:(5,756,000), followed by ethnic 2517:Central Defense Ministry Archive 2275:(as it is known in Russia), the 2190:on 17 September 1939, after the 1993:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1975:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1969:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1267:Central Defense Ministry Archive 1257:(5,756,000), followed by ethnic 1204:European theatre of World War II 1099: 438: 97: 81: 42: 5954:"Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга" 5690: 5659: 5635: 5611: 5598: 5456: 5431:from the original on 4 May 2024 5405: 5380: 5365: 5350: 5341: 5322:United States Embassy in Russia 5309: 5282: 5255: 5228: 5206: 5191: 5155: 5092: 5005: 4982: 4939: 4909: 4866: 4816: 4804: 4778: 4749: 4720: 4691: 4662: 4632: 4613: 4583: 4544: 4516: 4477:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 4466: 4426: 4371: 4343: 4284: 4260: 4233: 4215: 4129: 4090: 4066: 4005: 3985: 3960: 3914: 3894: 3848: 3760: 3506: 3489: 3480: 3467: 2852: 2604: 2534: 2037:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1957:, and successfully installed a 1451:; from the east, under Admiral 1214:. During its operations on the 1153:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 138:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 35:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 6687:, Cambridge University Press, 6312:, University Press of Kansas, 6308:——— (2005), 6293:, University Press of Kansas, 4822: 4730:Танки в Зимней войне 1939–1940 4558:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 4269:Situating Central Asian review 3729: 3538:. Haus Publishing. p. 2. 3525: 3432: 3406: 3385:Army corps of the Soviet Union 3233:, who was executed during the 3200:Nicholas General Staff Academy 3165:uses largely the same system. 3122:: the ranks of "General" and " 2828:Revolutionary Military Council 2764:Revolutionary Military Council 2374:1st Guards Special Rifle Corps 2357:, appeared. Repression of the 2246:Salute to the Red Army at the 1612:Revolutionary Military Council 1506:, the anti-White and anti-Red 1468:'s First Cavalry Army entered 1355:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1318:Council of People's Commissars 1191:" – which in turn became the 377:History of the Soviet Military 216:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 1: 6886: 6879:Army of the Tsardom of Russia 6857: 6673:Harrison, Richard W. (2001), 6565:, Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 6373:– via Internet Archive. 5622:Japan's Decision to Surrender 4837: 3776:, Marxists FR, archived from 3012:tank formations of corps size 3008:Transbaikal Military District 2859:Formations of the Soviet Army 2743:invasion of the Kuril Islands 2560: 1763:Polish–Soviet War and prelude 1404:. The Bolshevik government's 1202:in the Allied victory in the 1054:Political abuse of psychiatry 633:Congress of People's Deputies 174:6,437,755 (Russian Civil War) 7444:Military of the Soviet Union 6758:, University Press of Kansas 6677:, University Press of Kansas 6529:The Armed Forces of the USSR 6399:, 66027–6900, archived from 5357:Lend-Lease Shipments: World 4756:Александр Широкорад (2001). 4530:, Cornell University Press, 3976:: FST Anitsa, archived from 3519: 3017: 2768:Council of Labor and Defense 2681:and the same day the second 2675:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2445:was especially harsh. Per a 2166:Eastern Front (World War II) 1835:in December 1922. Historian 1492:Russian Constituent Assembly 1457:Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich 1453:Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak 1440:, and the pro-Bolshevik Red 1308:unit of the Vulkan factory, 432:Politics of the Soviet Union 361:Ranks of the Soviet Military 128:Council of Labor and Defense 7: 6907:Toy army of Peter the Great 6622:, London: Arms & Armour 6378:House, Jonathan M. (1984), 5449:Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: 5241:. CRC Press. pp. 1–6. 5012:John Hughes-Wilson (2012). 4786:"Expulsion of the U.S.S.R." 4552:Lauchbaum, R. Kent (2015). 4326:Chasti osobogo naznacheniya 4075:Grazhdanskaya Voina 1918–21 3857:"1917: Red Guard into Army" 3462:[ˈkrasnəjəˈarmʲɪjə] 3452: 3426: 3325: 3116:Marshal of the Soviet Union 2679:atomic bombing of Hiroshima 2329:by the Red Army in May 1945 2142:. The Finns retained their 2017:Mongolian People's Republic 1943:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 1939:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 1839:sees 1 February 1924, when 1630: 1620:Революционный Военный Совет 1543:Ukrainian People's Republic 593:Central Executive Committee 10: 7480: 7439:Military history of Russia 6633: 6455:Overmans, Rüdiger (2000), 6434:Overy, R. J. (2004), 6327:Glantz, David M. (2011) , 6216: 6181:"Hitler's Russian Blunder" 5827:Zaloga & Grandsen 1984 5752:Knickerbocker, HR (1941). 5289:Stolfi, Russel HS (1993). 4900:Shirer, William L (1962), 4759:Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. 4350:Daniels, Robert V (1993), 4291:Khvostov, Mikhail (1995). 4222:Read, Christopher (1996), 3905:, Vezey, Vladimir transl, 3311: 3218: 3172: 3072: 2966: 2962: 2862: 2856: 2774:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko 2761: 2647: 2644:Soviet–Japanese War (1945) 2608: 2163: 2160:Great Patriotic War (term) 2157: 2052: 1972: 1377: 1368: 1272: 277:Chief of the General Staff 48:Red Army headgear insignia 18: 7377: 7342: 7312: 7275: 7144: 7103: 7072: 7002: 6977: 6952: 6934: 6915: 6869: 6839: 6580:Tolstoy, Nikolai (1981), 6532:, Boulder, CO: Westview, 6507:Schofield, Carey (1991), 6488:Schofield, Carey (1991), 6459:(in German), Oldenbourg, 6289:Glantz, David M. (1998), 6124:Ilai Z. Saltzman (2012). 6003:Rappaport, Helen (1999). 5671:24 September 2015 at the 5453:, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005 3500: 3496: 3440: 3414: 3266: 3214: 2826:On 2 September 1918, the 2411:after being decorated by 2250:, London in February 1943 2106:The Soviet forces led by 2097:Soviet invasion of Poland 1705:Forces of Special Purpose 1619: 1582:non-commissioned officers 1438:Polish 5th Rifle Division 1414:Alexey Maximovich Kaledin 1155:, often shortened to the 949:Material balance planning 650:1989 Legislative election 275: 270: 184: 177:34,476,700 (World War II) 167: 157: 146: 115: 72: 53: 41: 34: 25:Red Army (disambiguation) 7197:Maritime Group of Forces 6782:Reese, Roger R. (2000), 6773:Reese, Roger R. (1996), 6764:Reese, Roger R. (2005), 6754:Reese, Roger R. (2011), 6721:Moynahan, Brian (1989), 6683:Hill, Alexander (2017), 6599:Williams, Beryl (1987), 6243:Edwards, Robert (2006), 5978:Whitewood, Peter (2015) 5703:11 November 2020 at the 4758: 4729: 4700: 4671: 4194:Suvorov, Viktor (1984), 4097:Reese, Roger R. (2023). 3721:Il'Enkov, S. A. (2001). 3679:Erlikman, Vadim (2004), 3322:in the 1920s and 1930s. 3049:in Jerusalem, 9 May 2017 2725:the northern portion of 2664:end of the war in Europe 2489:Monument to the Red Army 2087:) was a war between the 1983:Soviet tanks during the 1929:Chinese–Soviet conflicts 1785:aftermath of World War I 1535:three military campaigns 1531:newly independent states 1347:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 764:Administrator of Affairs 7403:Zemland Group of Forces 6902:Army of Peter the Great 6702:Isby, David C. (1988), 6419:, New York: Macmillan, 6228:, New York: Macmillan, 6207:Encyclopædia Britannica 6203:"Into the war: 1940–45" 6185:New York Times Magazine 5265:IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–73 5262:Zaloga, Steven (2011). 5235:Taylor, G. Don (2010). 4136:Figes, Orlando (1990). 3923:"символы Красной Армии" 3204:Frunze Military Academy 2838:(and from July 1919 to 2807:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2673:The Red Army began the 2359:Russian Orthodox Church 2341:was conflated with the 2287:officers (owing to the 2188:Red Army invaded Poland 2186:of 23 August 1939, the 2184:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2049:Winter War with Finland 2033:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1985:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1955:Chinese Eastern Railway 1803:The XI Congress of the 1733:political incorrectness 1568:, who were employed as 1496:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1426:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1161:Russian Soviet Republic 1106:Soviet Union portal 618:Soviet of Nationalities 322:Strategic Rocket Forces 7187:Moscow Line of Defence 6841:Principality of Moscow 6509:Inside the Soviet Army 6490:Inside the Soviet Army 6345:Hardesty, Von (1991). 6151:Bullock, Alan (1993), 5992:, 67 (1). pp. 102–122. 5943:magazine, no. 11, 2003 5899:Scott & Scott 1979 5728:Scott & Scott 1979 5716:Scott & Scott 1979 5679:, Belknap Press, 2006 5099:Toppe, Alfred (1998), 4698:Ковалев, Эрик (2006). 4210:Scott & Scott 1979 4150:10.1093/past/129.1.168 4000:Scott & Scott 1979 3992:Lototskiy, SS (1971), 3736:Lenin, Vladmir Ilich, 3683:(in Russian), Moscow, 3242: 3191: 3148:general of the cavalry 3050: 3035: 2982: 2924: 2881: 2876:was a graduate of the 2553:tanks outclassed most 2492: 2481: 2421:At the same time, the 2418: 2388:punitive detachments. 2330: 2251: 2218:in June–July 1940 and 2179: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2064: 2042:status quo ante bellum 1988: 1923:Imperial Japanese Army 1919:major border conflicts 1915:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 1893: 1824: 1772: 1693: 1607: 1389: 1363:triumphantly advancing 1312: 1292:lines of communication 1049:Ideological repression 939:Science and technology 23:. For other uses, see 6925:Imperial Russian Army 6331:, The History Press, 6276:, London: MacMillan, 5742:, p. 717 note 5. 5608:46.3 (1970): 455–465. 5606:International Affairs 5559:International Affairs 5451:Befreier und Befreite 5103:, Diane, p. 28, 4882:, Boston, p. 654 4474:"Russian Civil War". 4198:, New York: Macmillan 4079:The Civil War 1918–21 4073:Efimov, N (c. 1928), 3927:www.vexillographia.ru 3532:Renton, Dave (2004). 3352:Soviet Signals Troops 3308:Weapons and equipment 3228: 3219:Further information: 3209:General staff Academy 3182: 3152:Imperial Russian Army 3041: 3025: 2976: 2933:45th Mechanized Corps 2911: 2872: 2857:Further information: 2805:After the signing of 2800:Russian Imperial Army 2784:. At the same time, 2648:Further information: 2487: 2475: 2447:1941 Stalin directive 2394: 2343:Patriotic War of 1812 2321: 2245: 2214:, carried out by the 2173: 2062: 2053:Further information: 2029:Battle of Lake Khasan 2027:, including the 1938 1982: 1973:Further information: 1911:Battle of Lake Khasan 1905:of 1937–1939 and the 1889: 1823:Soviet officers, 1938 1822: 1770: 1676: 1598: 1566:Imperial Russian Army 1514:of several different 1402:World War I armistice 1387: 1378:Further information: 1304: 1284:Imperial Russian Army 1208:invasion of Manchuria 482:Collective leadership 210:Mongolia intervention 7192:Moscow Reserve Front 6511:, London: Headline, 6492:, London: Headline, 6413:Merridale, Catherine 6387:, Fort Leavenworth, 6070:Lloyd Clark (2011). 4727:М. Коломиец (2001). 4354:, UPNE, p. 70, 4224:From Tsar to Soviets 3279:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3231:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2979:Battle of Stalingrad 2952:3rd Mechanized Corps 2895:political commissars 2887:voyennyy komissariat 2723:amphibious operation 2599:Bell P-63 Kingcobras 2591:Bell P-39 Airacobras 2378:6th Guards Tank Army 2366:political commissars 2236:Operation Barbarossa 2025:punitive expeditions 1856:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1737:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1725:political commissars 1717:Yan Karlovich Berzin 1668:enemies of the state 1524:Imperial German Army 1331:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 1163:and, from 1922, the 1059:Political repression 1024:Censorship of images 754:First Deputy Premier 492:Presidential Council 226:Sino-Soviet conflict 7182:Moscow Defence Zone 6944:Russian Army (1917) 6896:New Order Regiments 6582:Stalin's Secret War 6559:Shaw, John (1979), 6097:Eyal Lewin (2012). 5990:Europe-Asia Studies 5982:5 July 2024 at the 5889:, pp. 217–230. 5173:, pp. 600–602. 5053:, pp. 292–295. 4863:, pp. 272–273. 4642:. Yale Law School. 4463:, pp. 102–107. 3907:Progress Publishers 3867:on 27 December 2013 3855:Siegelbaum, Lewis. 3843:on 27 December 2013 3649:encyclopedia.mil.ru 3645:"soviet casualties" 3055:political commissar 2687:Soviet–Japanese War 2670:held in July 1945. 2650:Soviet–Japanese War 2595:Douglas A-20 Havocs 2577:and trucks; 12,000 2509:official total dead 2339:Great Patriotic War 2313:Operation Bagration 2273:Great Patriotic War 2204:non-aggression pact 2128:Moscow Peace Treaty 2081:finska vinterkriget 1913:in 1938 and in the 1907:1941 Red Army Purge 1745:Great Patriotic War 1707:from 1919 to 1925. 1434:Czechoslovak Legion 1277:In September 1917, 1263:official total dead 1187:) was renamed the " 1181:Soviet Armed Forces 1074:Suppressed research 1064:Population transfer 934:New Economic Policy 613:Soviet of the Union 583:Congress of Soviets 294:Soviet Armed Forces 7020:1992–present 7004:Russian Federation 6562:Red Army Resurgent 5800:on 15 October 2004 5398:6 May 2017 at the 5223:on 11 October 2009 4679:on 6 November 2008 4301:. pp. 15–16. 4142:Past & Present 3929:. Vexillographia. 3613:] (in Russian) 3251:Soviet repressions 3243: 3192: 3169:Military education 3087:and used the word 3051: 3043:Benjamin Netanyahu 3036: 2983: 2882: 2790:Alexander Kerensky 2739:Russo-Japanese War 2668:Potsdam Conference 2493: 2482: 2419: 2331: 2252: 2234:Directive No. 21, 2180: 2065: 1989: 1951:Northwestern China 1825: 1773: 1694: 1682:Kliment Voroshilov 1608: 1398:October Revolution 1390: 1313: 808:Procurator General 796:Military Collegium 343:Air Defence Forces 243:First Japanese War 7421: 7420: 7398: 7397: 7373: 7372: 7338: 7337: 7308: 7307: 7027: 7026: 6954:Russian Civil War 6871:Tsardom of Russia 6746:978-0-300-07469-7 6713:978-0-7106-0352-4 6694:978-1-1070-2079-5 6610:978-0-631-15083-1 6518:978-0-7472-0418-3 6499:978-0-7472-0418-3 6447:978-0-393-02030-4 6426:978-0-312-42652-1 6406:on 1 January 2007 6362:978-1-56098-071-1 6338:978-0-7524-6070-3 6319:978-0-7006-1353-3 6300:978-0-7006-0879-9 6254:978-0-297-84630-7 6235:978-0-6910-0814-1 5925:, pp. 67–70. 5666:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 5654:978-0-14-100146-3 5630:978-0-8047-0460-1 5503:. 15 April 2009. 5424:978-1-85109-770-8 5110:978-0-7881-7080-5 5065:, pp. 61–62. 4423:, pp. 38–39. 4361:978-0-87451-616-6 4299:Osprey Publishing 4110:978-0-8061-9356-4 4046:, pp. 31–34. 3957:, pp. 72–73. 3891:, pp. 86–87. 3836:Seventeen Moments 3768:Wollenberg, Erich 3545:978-1-904341-62-8 3473:15 January 1918 ( 3450: 3424: 3400:Explanatory notes 3337:Soviet war crimes 3229:Red Army Marshal 3032:Immortal regiment 2844:Russian Civil War 2821:Alexander Svechin 2795:Nikolai Podvoisky 2615:Soviet war crimes 2505:missing in action 2463:displaced persons 2453:went to special " 2382:summary execution 2327:capture of Prague 2315:proved decisive. 2248:Royal Albert Hall 2108:Semyon Timoshenko 2101:League of Nations 1959:pro-Soviet regime 1935:Republic of China 1789:Polish–Soviet War 1628: 1614:of the Republic ( 1570:military advisors 1380:Russian Civil War 1374:Russian Civil War 1335:Nikolai Podvoisky 1247:missing in action 1173:Russian Civil War 1149: 1148: 1091: 1090: 944:Era of Stagnation 886: 885: 771: 770: 659: 658: 565: 564: 536:General Secretary 521:Central Committee 426: 425: 285: 284: 237:Xinjiang invasion 204:Polish–Soviet War 198:Russian Civil War 7471: 7454:Disbanded armies 7375: 7374: 7340: 7339: 7310: 7309: 7280: 7279: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7012:CIS Armed Forces 6936:Russian Republic 6891: 6888: 6862: 6859: 6834:Armies of Russia 6828: 6821: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6749: 6731:Odom, William E. 6725: 6716: 6697: 6678: 6668: 6623: 6613: 6594: 6575: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6521: 6502: 6483: 6477: 6469: 6450: 6429: 6407: 6405: 6386: 6374: 6350: 6341: 6322: 6303: 6284: 6265: 6238: 6211: 6210: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6067: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6021: 6020: 6000: 5994: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5950: 5944: 5935:Операция «Весна» 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5803: 5801: 5796:, archived from 5793:Red army studies 5788: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5694: 5688: 5663: 5657: 5648:, Penguin, 2001 5642:Richard B. Frank 5639: 5633: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5409: 5403: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198:Overy, Richard, 5195: 5189: 5183: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4921:War on the Rocks 4913: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4883: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4595:www.marxists.org 4587: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4317: 4315: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4264: 4258: 4255:Chamberlain 1957 4252: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4144:(129): 168–211. 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3863:. 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Masanchi 1660:anti-communists 1654:secret police. 1636:Jukums Vācietis 1578:former tsarists 1408:of traditional 1406:nationalization 1382: 1376: 1371: 1275: 1251:mostly captured 1145: 1116: 1112:Other countries 1100: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1004: 896: 888: 887: 859: 823: 813: 812: 781: 773: 772: 707: 669: 661: 660: 575: 567: 566: 561: 507: 505:Communist Party 497: 496: 455: 422: 339: 288: 266: 180: 142: 111: 98: 96: 82: 80: 64: 60: 58: 49: 36: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7477: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7247:Transcaucasian 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 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6062: 6049: 6045:Merridale 2007 6022: 6016:978-1576070840 6015: 5995: 5971: 5945: 5927: 5923:Schofield 1991 5915: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5877:, p. 189. 5867: 5865:, p. 179. 5855: 5853:, p. 117. 5843: 5841:, p. 220. 5831: 5829:, p. 126. 5819: 5804: 5787:, pp. 2–3 5771: 5765:978-1417992775 5764: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5708: 5689: 5658: 5634: 5610: 5597: 5568: 5549: 5534:. 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1115: 1114: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 976: 973: 972: 964: 963: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 929:Kosygin reform 926: 924:Five-Year Plan 921: 919:Consumer goods 916: 908: 907: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 879: 865: 860: 858: 857: 852: 847: 841: 839: 834: 824: 819: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 805: 803:People's Court 800: 799: 798: 788: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 769: 768: 767: 766: 761: 759:Deputy Premier 756: 748: 747: 739: 738: 737: 736: 731: 726: 718: 717: 709: 708: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 688:Official names 684: 681: 680: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 657: 656: 655: 654: 653: 652: 647: 637: 636: 628: 627: 626: 625: 620: 615: 607: 606: 603:Supreme Soviet 598: 597: 596: 595: 587: 586: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 562: 560: 559: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 531: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 508: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 478: 477: 475:Vice President 472: 462: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 444: 443: 435: 434: 424: 423: 421: 420: 413: 406: 398: 395: 394: 393: 392: 387: 379: 378: 374: 373: 372: 371: 363: 362: 358: 357: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 338: 337: 332: 326: 324: 319: 311: 310: 306: 305: 297: 296: 286: 283: 282: 279: 273: 272: 268: 267: 265: 264: 258: 252: 246: 240: 234: 229: 223: 218: 213: 207: 201: 195: 194:(Feb–Mar 1918) 188: 186: 182: 181: 179: 178: 175: 171: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 117: 113: 112: 110: 109: 93: 76: 74: 70: 69: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7476: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7019: 7018:Ground Forces 7016: 7014:1991–93 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995:1946–92 6994: 6991: 6989:1922–46 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970:1918–22 6969: 6966: 6964:1918–23 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898:1648–98 6897: 6894: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6665:0-465-09818-5 6661: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603:, Blackwell, 6602: 6597: 6593: 6591:0-03-047266-0 6587: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6572:0-8094-2520-3 6568: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6468: 6466:3-486-56531-1 6462: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6440:, WW Norton, 6439: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6169:, p. 58. 6168: 6163: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6047:, p. 70. 6046: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5911:Erickson 1962 5907: 5901:, p. 13. 5900: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5817:, p. 96. 5816: 5811: 5809: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5730:, p. 12. 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5685:0-674-01693-9 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5587: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5414:Women and War 5408: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5372:Hardesty 1991 5368: 5361: 5353: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5186:Overmans 2000 5182: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5008: 4992: 4985: 4979:, p. 15. 4978: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874:Hitler, Adolf 4869: 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 18. 4850: 4845: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4723: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4547: 4539: 4537:0-8014-4074-2 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4511:Erickson 1962 4507: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4461:Erickson 1962 4457: 4450: 4449:Erickson 1962 4445: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4421:Erickson 1962 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380:Slavic Review 4374: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4287: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240:Williams 1987 4236: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4197: 4190: 4188: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4086: 4085:Erickson 1962 4080: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4061:Williams 1987 4057: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4044:Erickson 1962 4040: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3955:Erickson 1962 3951: 3949: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3909:, p. 232 3908: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3690:5-93165-107-1 3686: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3509: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3441:Красная армия 3438:Russian: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3412:Russian: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3375:Soviet fronts 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081:officer corps 3076: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905:Mechanization 2902: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Pavel Dybenko 2775: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:Kwantung Army 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Antony Beevor 2626: 2625:wartime rapes 2622: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2593:, 2,908 were 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:United States 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2414: 2413:Field Marshal 2410: 2406: 2403:with General 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2311:and later in 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Georgy Zhukov 2294: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Eastern Front 2249: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Nazi invasion 2189: 2185: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2116:Joseph Stalin 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:client states 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987:, August 1939 1986: 1981: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1845:general staff 1842: 1838: 1837:John Erickson 1834: 1830: 1829:Pyotr Wrangel 1821: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Joseph Stalin 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:court-martial 1708: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:death penalty 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Nestor Makhno 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1470:Rostov-on-Don 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Anton Denikin 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359:German helmet 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Pavel Dybenko 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1216:Eastern Front 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1097: 1096: 1085: 1084:Soviet Empire 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 975: 974: 971: 970: 966: 965: 960: 959:War communism 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 906: 905: 901: 900: 892: 891: 878: 877: 873: 872: 871: 870: 866: 864: 861: 856: 855:Khrushchevism 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 828: 827: 822: 817: 816: 809: 806: 804: 801: 797: 794: 793: 792: 791:Supreme Court 789: 787: 784: 783: 777: 776: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 750: 749: 746: 745: 741: 740: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 720: 719: 716: 715: 711: 710: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 683: 682: 679: 678: 674: 673: 665: 664: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 630: 629: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 605: 604: 600: 599: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 585: 584: 580: 579: 571: 570: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 542: 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511: 506: 501: 500: 493: 490: 488: 487:State Council 485: 483: 480: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 451: 450: 446: 445: 441: 437: 436: 433: 430: 429: 419: 414: 412: 407: 405: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 381: 380: 376: 375: 370: 367: 366: 365: 364: 360: 359: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 325: 323: 320: 318: 317:General Staff 315: 314: 313: 312: 308: 307: 303: 299: 298: 295: 292: 291: 287:Military unit 280: 278: 274: 269: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 189: 187: 183: 176: 173: 172: 170: 166: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 106: 94: 90: 78: 77: 75: 71: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 7232:Southeastern 7126:Southwestern 7116:Northwestern 7080:Northwestern 7064: 6986: 6979:Soviet Union 6967: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6755: 6735: 6722: 6703: 6684: 6674: 6654: 6619: 6600: 6581: 6561: 6548:, retrieved 6528: 6508: 6489: 6456: 6436: 6416: 6401:the original 6380: 6352: 6328: 6309: 6290: 6273: 6244: 6225: 6206: 6197: 6184: 6174: 6162: 6152: 6146: 6126: 6119: 6099: 6092: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6052: 6009:. ABC-CLIO. 6005: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5974: 5962:. Retrieved 5948: 5938: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5798:the original 5792: 5780: 5774: 5754: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5718:, p. 5. 5711: 5692: 5676: 5661: 5645: 5637: 5621: 5618:Robert Butow 5613: 5605: 5600: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5540:. Retrieved 5531: 5521: 5509:. Retrieved 5500: 5491: 5479:. Retrieved 5470: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5433:. Retrieved 5413: 5407: 5387: 5382: 5367: 5356: 5352: 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5320: 5311: 5291: 5284: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5230: 5221:the original 5215: 5208: 5199: 5193: 5166: 5157: 5150:Tolstoy 1981 5135:Tolstoy 1981 5130: 5116: 5114: 5101:Night Combat 5100: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5014: 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4984: 4972: 4948: 4941: 4929:. Retrieved 4920: 4911: 4901: 4878: 4868: 4861:Edwards 2006 4856: 4849:Edwards 2006 4844: 4823:Glanz (1998) 4818: 4806: 4794:. Retrieved 4780: 4768:. Retrieved 4751: 4739:. Retrieved 4735:the original 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4693: 4681:. Retrieved 4677:the original 4664: 4655: 4648:. Retrieved 4634: 4627:, p. 58 4624: 4615: 4603:. Retrieved 4594: 4585: 4578:importance.' 4576: 4569:. Retrieved 4554: 4546: 4527: 4518: 4506: 4498: 4491:. Retrieved 4476: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4434: 4428: 4416: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4351: 4345: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4312:. Retrieved 4293: 4286: 4274:. Retrieved 4268: 4262: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4212:, p. 8. 4205: 4195: 4174:. Retrieved 4141: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4099: 4092: 4087:, p. 33 4078: 4074: 4068: 4039: 4031: 4012: 4007: 4002:, p. 3. 3993: 3987: 3978:the original 3968: 3962: 3935:. Retrieved 3926: 3916: 3902: 3896: 3884: 3876: 3869:. Retrieved 3865:the original 3860: 3850: 3841:the original 3835: 3829: 3817:, retrieved 3813:the original 3809:The Red Army 3808: 3782:, retrieved 3778:the original 3773:The Red Army 3772: 3762: 3750:, retrieved 3741: 3731: 3722: 3680: 3657:. Retrieved 3648: 3610: 3606: 3584: 3577:, retrieved 3568:Sunday Times 3566: 3554: 3534: 3527: 3508: 3491: 3482: 3469: 3434: 3408: 3317: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3271: 3244: 3193: 3183: 3163:Russian Army 3156: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3058: 3052: 3004: 2984: 2948:Tukhachevsky 2941: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2874:Roza Shanina 2853:Organization 2848: 2825: 2812:Leon Trotsky 2804: 2771: 2707:puppet state 2672: 2653: 2637:rear echelon 2618: 2605:Wartime rape 2564: 2554: 2538: 2535:Shortcomings 2529: 2494: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2431:composed of 2422: 2420: 2363: 2334: 2332: 2292: 2285: 2276: 2269:Southwestern 2261:Northwestern 2253: 2233: 2227: 2224:Adolf Hitler 2200:Nazi Germany 2181: 2125: 2105: 2089:Soviet Union 2066: 2040: 1990: 1932: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1853: 1826: 1802: 1774: 1747:(1941–1945) 1709: 1695: 1686:Leon Trotsky 1656:Conscription 1609: 1604:Demyan Bedny 1600:Leon Trotsky 1586: 1573: 1550:Leon Trotsky 1547: 1537:against the 1528: 1508:Green armies 1482: 1461:Leon Trotsky 1424:region. 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