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Some of our men tried to dissuade me. "Something might happen," they warned me. But everything went off beautifully. The men were called out of their barracks. "Comrade-deserters—come to the meeting. Comrade
Trotsky has come to speak to you." They ran out excited, boisterous, as curious as schoolboys. I had imagined them much worse, and they had imagined me as more terrible...The "comrade-deserters" were looking at me with such curiosity that it seemed as if their eyes would pop out of their heads. I...spoke to them for about an hour and a half. It was a most responsive audience. I tried to raise them in their own eyes; concluding, I asked them to lift their hands in token of their loyalty to the revolution. The new ideas infected them before my very eyes. They were genuinely enthusiastic...shouted at the tops of their voices. They would hardly let me go. I learned afterward, with some pride, that one of the best ways to educate them was to remind them: "What did you promise Comrade Trotsky?" Later on, regiments of Ryazan "deserters" fought well at the fronts.
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transcends by far the importance of individuals, factions and parties. It is the struggle for the future of all mankind. It will be severe, it will be lengthy. Whoever seeks physical comfort and spiritual calm let him step aside. In time of reaction it is more convenient to lean on the bureaucracy than on the truth. But all those for whom the word 'Socialism' is not a hollow sound but the content of their moral life—forward! Neither threats nor persecutions nor violations can stop us! Be it even over our bleaching bones the future will triumph! We will blaze the trail for it. It will conquer! Under all the severe blows of fate, I shall be happy as in the best days of my youth; because, my friends, the highest human happiness is not the exploitation of the present but the preparation of the future."
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6193:". Danilov also cited Politburo Secretary Bazhanov's notes of a concluding speech delivered by Trotsky in 1923 to the wider party membership. Trotsky explained his decision to decline the proposed position of Lenin's chief deputy due to concerns about his "Jewish origins" which could accentuate anti-semitic attitudes towards the Soviet Union. Mccauley stated that Trotsky would "almost certainly" have become the successor had Lenin succumbed to his first stroke in 1922. Deutscher noted that Zinoviev had been Lenin's closest discipline rather than Trotsky between 1907 and 1917. However, Zinoviev's opposition to the October revolution had strained his relations with Lenin.
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internationalist anti-war positions that saw defeat for your own country's ruling class imperialists as the "lesser evil" in the war, while they opposed all imperialists in the imperialist war. These anti-war believers were known as "defeatists". Those who supported one side over the other in the war were known as "defencists". Plekhanov and many other defencist social democrats (both
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) supported the Russian government to some extent and wanted them to win the war, while Trotsky's ex-colleague Parvus, now a defencist, sided against Russia so strongly that he wanted Germany to win the war. In Switzerland, Trotsky briefly worked within the
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3307:. On the question of world revolution, Trotsky and Karl Radek saw a period of stability in Europe, while Stalin and Zinoviev confidently predicted an "acceleration" of revolution in Western Europe in 1924. On the theoretical plane, Trotsky remained committed to the Bolshevik idea that the Soviet Union could not create a true socialist society in the absence of the world revolution, while Stalin gradually came up with a policy of building "socialism in one country". These ideological divisions provided much of the intellectual basis for the political divide between Trotsky and the Left Opposition on the one hand, and Stalin and his allies on the other.
3059:
organization. The bureaucratization of the party apparatus has developed to unheard-of proportions by means of the method of secretarial selection. There has been created a very broad stratum of party workers, entering into the apparatus of the government of the party, who completely renounce their own party opinion, at least the open expression of it, as though assuming that the secretarial hierarchy is the apparatus which creates party opinion and party decisions. Beneath this stratum, abstaining from their own opinions, there lies the broad mass of the party, before whom every decision stands in the form of a summons or a command.
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3808:, along with an increase in pressure from the Soviet government on the Norwegian authorities. On 5 August 1936, Knudsen's house was burgled by fascists from the Nasjonal Samling while Trotsky and his wife were out on a seashore trip with Knudsen and his wife. The burglars targeted Trotsky's works and archives for vandalism. The raid was largely thwarted by Knudsen's daughter, Hjørdis, although the burglars did take a few papers from the nearest table as they left. Although the perpetrators were caught and put on trial, the "evidence" obtained in the burglary was used by the government to make claims against Trotsky.
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government in Russia. He agreed with the Left
Communists that ultimately a pan-European Soviet revolution would solve all problems, but until then the Bolsheviks had to stay in power. Lenin did not mind prolonging the negotiating process for maximum propaganda effect, but, from January 1918 on, advocated signing a separate peace treaty if faced with a German ultimatum. Trotsky's position was between these two Bolshevik factions. Like Lenin, he admitted that the old Russian military, inherited from the monarchy and the Provisional Government and in advanced stages of decomposition, was unable to fight:
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1935:. Allied with Lenin, he defeated attempts by other Bolshevik Central Committee members (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Rykov, etc.) to share power with other moderate, socialist parties. Trotsky was an outspoken advocate for a predominantly Bolshevik government and was reluctant to recall Mensheviks as partners after their voluntary withdrawal from the Congress of the Soviets. However, he released several socialist ministers from prison, and neither Trotsky nor his colleagues in 1917 wished to suppress these parties. The Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and
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command will always be obliged to place the soldiers between the possible death in the front and the inevitable one in the rear. And yet armies are not built on fear. The Tsar's army fell to pieces not because of any lack of reprisals. In his attempt to save it by restoring the death-penalty, Kerensky only finished it. Upon the ashes of the great war, the
Bolsheviks created a new army. These facts demand no explanation for any one who has even the slightest knowledge of the language of history. The strongest cement in the new army was the ideas of the October revolution, and
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transformation of the party from a small group of revolutionaries into the country's ruling party, with a corresponding increase in membership. New members included career seekers and former members of banned socialist parties, who were viewed with apprehension by Old
Bolsheviks. To prevent a possible degeneration of the party, various membership requirements were instituted for party officials, and the ultimate power of appointment of local officials was reserved for the Secretariat of the Central Committee. This put enormous power in the general secretary's hands.
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2732:. In the run-up and during the war, Trotsky argued that the Red Army was exhausted and the Soviet government should sign a peace treaty with Poland as soon as possible. He did not believe that the Red Army would find much support in Poland proper. Lenin later wrote that he and other Bolshevik leaders believed the Red Army's successes in the Russian Civil War and against the Poles meant "The defensive period of the war with worldwide imperialism was over, and we could, and had the obligation to, exploit the military situation to launch an offensive war."
5809:“With all the greater frankness can I state how, in my view, the Soviet government should act in case of a fascist upheaval in Germany. In their place, I would, at the very moment of receiving telegraphic news of this event, sign a mobilisation order calling up several age groups. In the face of a mortal enemy, when the logic of the situation points to inevitable war, it would be irresponsible and unpardonable to give that enemy time to establish himself, to consolidate his positions, to conclude alliances… and to work out the plan to attack..”
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conditions for residing in Norway. These conditions included agreeing to write no more about current political matters, to give no interviews, and to have all his correspondence (incoming and outgoing) inspected by the police. Trotsky categorically refused the conditions, and
Trotsky was then told that he and his wife would soon be moved to another residence. The following day Trotsky was interrogated by the police about his political activities, with the police officially citing Trotsky as a "witness" to the fascist raid of 5 August 1936.
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2610:, who had formerly led the Eastern Front against the Czechoslovak Legions. Vatsetis took charge of the day-to-day operations. Trotsky became chairman of the newly formed Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and retained overall control of the military. Trotsky and Vatsetis had clashed earlier in 1918, while Vatsetis and Trotsky's adviser Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich were also on unfriendly terms. Nevertheless, Trotsky eventually established a working relationship with the often prickly Vatsetis.
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6043:, Lenin was "pleased with the definite manner" of Trotsky's theoretical comprehension of diverging Russian revolutionary movements during their first meeting in 1902. She similarly expressed this view in a personal note after Lenin's death that her husband's attitude towards Trotsky had "not changed until his death" since their initial meeting in London. In his final months, Lenin read several of Trotsky's works among a wider collection of books which interested him. Lenin read
2400:
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Swain sought to discredit historical works appreciative of
Trotsky. North continued to argue that Swain gave an insufficient consideration of the "complex historical, political, social and theoretical issues that arise in any serious study of the Lenin-Trotsky relationship". He also asserted that Swain had distorted and misrepresented the positions of the cited scholars. Le Blanc also disputed Swain's representation of Trotsky and referenced various historians which included
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democracy"; he believed that spinelessness and soft-heartedness would destroy the revolution, and that the suppression of the propertied classes and political opponents would clear the historical arena for socialism. He was the initiator of concentration camps, compulsory "labour camps", and the militarization of labour, and the state takeover of trade unions. Trotsky was implicated in many practices which would become standard in the Stalin era, including
1215:" argued the party should focus on helping industrial workers improve their lot and were less concerned with changing the government. They believed that societal reforms would grow out of the worker's struggle for higher pay and better working conditions. Others argued that overthrowing the monarchy was more important and that a well-organized and disciplined revolutionary party was essential. The latter position was expressed by the London-based newspaper
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2271:, protested vigorously against Trotsky's appointment and eventually resigned. They believed that the Red Army should consist only of dedicated revolutionaries, rely on propaganda and force, and have elected officers. They viewed former imperial officers and generals as potential traitors who should be kept out of the new military, much less put in charge of it. Their views continued to be popular with many Bolsheviks throughout most of the
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last period of our lives. But I find some comfort in the fact that she also knew days of happiness. For forty-three years of my conscious life I have remained a revolutionist; for forty-two of them I have fought under the banner of
Marxism. If I had to begin all over again I would of course try to avoid this or that mistake, but the main course of my life would remain unchanged. I shall die a proletarian revolutionist, a Marxist, a
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3530:, in November 1927. It would be the last speech that Trotsky would give in the Soviet Union. When the XV Party Congress made United Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition. Trotsky and most of his followers, on the other hand, refused to surrender and stayed the course. Trotsky was exiled to
3827:, where they were under house arrest. The treatment of Trotsky and his wife at Hurum was harsh, as they were forced to stay indoors for 22 hours per day under the constant guard of thirteen policemen, with only one hour permitted twice a day for a walk on the farm. Trotsky was prevented from posting any letters and prevented from arguing back against his critics in Norway and beyond. Only Trotsky's lawyers and the
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Saint
Petersburg Soviet. Trotsky joined the Soviet under the name "Yanovsky" (after the village he was born in, Yanovka) and was elected vice-chairman. He did much of the actual work at the Soviet and, after Khrustalev-Nosar's arrest on 26 November 1905, was elected its chairman. On 2 December, the Soviet issued a proclamation which included the following statement about the Tsarist government and its foreign debts:
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6863:, most importantly in his rejection of the theory of "socialism in one country" and his declaring of the need for an international "permanent revolution". Numerous Fourth Internationalist groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyists and see themselves as standing in this tradition. However, they have different interpretations of the conclusions to be drawn from this.
7442:, Trotsky recognised "like Lenin on the need for a socialist culture to absorb the finest products of bourgeois art". Trotsky himself viewed the proletarian culture as "temporary and transitional" which would provide the foundations for a culture above classes. He also argued that the pre-conditions for artistic creativity were economic well-being and emancipation from material constraints.
68:
5325:, Trotsky's last words were "I will not survive this attack. Stalin has finally accomplished the task he attempted unsuccessfully before." Mercader was tried and convicted of the murder and spent the next 20 years in a Mexican prison. Stalin wrote that the assassin of Trotsky was a dangerous Trotskyist. This is why Mercader had no awards initially, though his mother was presented with the
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attempts by the triumvirate to remove
Trotsky from the leadership. In a 1922 memo written to Kamenev, he chastised the efforts by the Central Committee to "throw Trotsky overboard" as the "height of stupidity. If you do not consider me already hopelessly foolish, how can you think of that ?". In his last testament, Lenin urged the wider party circles to not use and hold Trotsky's
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5599:. He claimed that the circulation under his tenure had increased from 30,000 to 500,000. However, historians Anthony Heywood and Jonathan Smele believe this was an exaggerated claim and cited circulation figures from the editors of Trotsky's collected works that the figures had in fact increased to 100,000 which they still regarded as impressive and comparatively ahead of Lenin's
5312:
bodyguards burst into the room and nearly beat Mercader to death, but Trotsky stopped them, laboriously stating that the assassin should be made to answer questions. Trotsky was then taken to a hospital and operated on, surviving for more than a day, yet ultimately dying at the age of 60 on the 21st of August, 1940 from blood loss and shock. Mercader later testified at his trial:
1074:. Trotsky and his wife Natalia later registered their children as Lutheran, since Austrian law at the time required children to be given religious education "in the faith of their parents". Odessa was then a bustling cosmopolitan port city, very unlike the typical Russian city of the time. This environment contributed to the development of the young man's international outlook.
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relieved of their duties on 8 July, and new members, including Smilga, were added. The same day, while Trotsky was in the south, Vācietis was suddenly arrested by the Cheka on suspicion of involvement in an anti-Soviet plot, and replaced by Sergey Kamenev. After a few weeks in the south, Trotsky returned to Moscow and resumed control of the Red Army. A year later, Smilga and
7366:, Trotsky examined aesthetic issues in relation to class and the Russian revolution. Soviet scholar Robert Bird considered his work as the "first systematic treatment of art by a Communist leader" and a catalyst for later, Marxist cultural and critical theories. Trotsky also defended intellectual autonomy in regards to literary movements as well scientific theories such as
5289:, disappeared with the attackers and was later found murdered; it is probable that he was an accomplice who granted them access to the villa. Trotsky's other guards fended off the attackers. Following the failed assassination attempt, Trotsky wrote an article titled "Stalin Seeks My Death" on 8 June 1940, in which he stated that another assassination attempt was certain.
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every issue for several months now; he works, in general, most energetically for the Iskra; he gives lectures (in which he has been very successful). In the section of articles and notes on the events of the day, he will not only be very useful, but absolutely necessary. Unquestionably a man of rare abilities, he has conviction and energy, and he will go much farther.
7899:, and in November 1919 by Nikolai Krestinsky. After Krestinsky's ouster in March 1921, Vyacheslav Molotov became the senior secretary, but he lacked Krestinsky's authority, since he was not a full Politburo member. Stalin took over the position as senior secretary, which was formalized at the XIth Party Congress in April 1922, with Molotov becoming second secretary.
2568:
personnel. It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them." The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the army, a role which earned them the hatred of the civilian population.
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group consisting of Stalin, Trotsky and Kamenev, which was charged with drafting a mutually acceptable compromise. On 5 December, the Politburo and the Central Control Commission unanimously adopted the group's final draft as its resolution. On 8 December, Trotsky published an open letter, in which he expounded on the recently adopted resolution's ideas. The
2060:, Leon Trotsky appointed his old friend Joffe to represent the Bolsheviks. When the Soviet delegation learned that Germans and Austro-Hungarians planned to annex slices of Polish territory and to set up a rump Polish state with what remained, while the Baltic provinces were to become client states ruled by German princes, the talks were recessed for 12 days.
1470:'s printing house in Moscow went out on strike for shorter hours and higher pay. By the evening of 24 September, the workers at 50 other printing shops in Moscow were also on strike. On 2 October 1905, the typesetters in printing shops in Saint Petersburg decided to strike in support of the Moscow strikers. On 7 October 1905, the railway workers of the
3259:
wrong, it is my country. We have much better historical justification in saying whether it is right or wrong in certain individual concrete cases, it is my party... And if the Party adopts a decision which one or other of us thinks unjust, he will say, just or unjust, it is my party, and I shall support the consequences of the decision to the end.
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Send a reply; I will wait. Lenin, Stalin." As it was remarked by Trotsky that, "ossibly this answer already showed that he did not agree with my proposition (...)", Trotsky returned to Petrograd to debate with Lenin. During his debate with Trotsky, Lenin concluded: "(...) In any case, I stand for the immediate signing of peace; it is safer."
6039:, dismissing rumours of an alleged political difference between himself and Trotsky with the words: "There are many lies, and it seems, particularly many lies about me and Trotsky". Gorky also stated that Lenin made an approving assessment of Trotsky due to his military organisation of the army in a single year. In the view of Lenin's wife,
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2509:. Kaplan referenced the Bolsheviks' growing authoritarianism. These events persuaded the government to heed Dzerzhinsky's lobbying for greater terror against opposition. The campaign of mass repressions would officially begin thereafter. The Red Terror is began between 17 and 30 August 1918. Regarding the Red Terror Trotsky wrote:
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German government, and cause an upsurge of internal resistance. He argued that any German ultimatum should be refused, and that this might well lead to an uprising in Germany, or at least inspire German soldiers to disobey their officers since any German offensive would be a naked land grab for territories. Trotsky wrote in 1925:
2114:, etc.) in the hope of accelerating the hoped−for Soviet revolution in the West. Still, they were dead set against signing any peace treaty. In the case of a German ultimatum, they advocated proclaiming a revolutionary war against Germany to inspire Russian and European workers to fight for socialism. This opinion was shared by
13659:
6205:. Although, he did reference a written document signed by Lenin in 1922 which assigned Trotsky and Kamenev different areas of focus as deputy chairmen. Lenin's authorised document proposed Trotsky as deputy chairman of the Council of Commissars rather than Kamenev who was intended to serve only as a deputy chairman of the
2628:, most "deserters...were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges noted that the Red Army instituted
6318:. After his assassination, his widow, Natalya Sedova collected his remaining papers and shipped them to Harvard, and in the years following, Harvard managed to collect additional papers that had been hidden from both Soviet and Nazi agents in Europe. These papers now occupy 65 feet (20 m) of shelf space in Harvard's
4027:, published in 1938, which emphasized the need for artistic freedom outside the constraints of capitalist and Stalinist regimes. This collaboration inspired the creation of the International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art (FIARI) in 1938. However, this organization was short-lived and ended before 1940.
5663:, outdistancing Lenin and other theoreticians both in the range of his interests and in the imaginativeness of his perceptions". Yet, he emphasised his personal arrogance as an underlying weakness which antagonised other members of the communist movement. Daniels also argued that had Trotsky assumed the role of
6647:" in 1905 and highlighted his representation of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the rest of the Soviets on major occasions. Rogovin stated that the Left Opposition, led by Trotsky, was a political movement that "offered a real alternative to Stalinism, and that to crush this movement was the primary function of the
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The need of the hour was for a man who would incarnate the call to struggle, a man who, subordinating himself completely to the requirements of the struggle, would become the ringing summons to arms, the will which exacts from all unconditional submission to a great, sacrificial necessity. Only a man
7312:
The concept of uneven and combined development derived from the political theories of Trotsky. This concept was developed in combination with the related theory of permanent revolution to explain the historical context of Russia. He would later elaborate on this theory to explain the specific laws of
6388:
parties throughout the world, were devoted to blackguarding Trotsky as an anti-Soviet saboteur, terrorist and fascist agent. Within the Soviet Union, his political co-thinkers, past and present, were ruthlessly exterminated". North was also critical of the biographical literature on Trotsky's legacy
6157:
also echoed these views and argued that had Trotsky accepted the post of vice-chairman then his prestige and power would have been strengthened as a counter-weight to Stalin's growing influence. Dziewanowski expressed the view that Trotsky as vice-chairman would have been a natural successor to Lenin
5316:
I laid my raincoat on the table in such a way as to be able to remove the ice axe which was in the pocket. I decided not to miss the wonderful opportunity that presented itself. The moment Trotsky began reading the article, he gave me my chance; I took out the ice axe from the raincoat, gripped it in
3855:
When I look back today on this period of internment, I must say that never, anywhere, in the course of my entire life—and I have lived through many things—was I persecuted with as much miserable cynicism as I was by the Norwegian "Socialist" government. For four months, these ministers, dripping with
3340:
Trotsky was again sick and unable to respond while his opponents mobilised all their resources to denounce him. They succeeded in damaging his military reputation so much that he was forced to resign as People's Commissar of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council on
2993:
on 14 March 1923. Stalin delivered the key reports on organisational structure and questions of nationality; while Zinoviev delivered the Central Committee political report, traditionally Lenin's prerogative. Among the resolutions adopted by the XIIth Congress were those calling for greater democracy
2810:
stormed the island, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Kronstadt sailors. Trotsky justified the action by presenting evidence that the rebellion had foreign backing, though this claim has been contested by several historians. Trotsky’s role has been the subject of criticism, with anarchists such
2753:
During the trade union debate of 1920–1921, Trotsky argued that trade unions should be integrated directly into the state apparatus, advocating for a "militarization of labor" to rebuild the Soviet economy after the Civil War. He believed that in a workers' state, the state should control the unions,
2531:
In...Kaluga, Voronezh, and Ryazan, tens of thousands of young peasants had failed to answer the first recruiting summons by the Soviets ... The war commissariat of Ryazan succeeded in gathering in some fifteen thousand of such deserters. While passing through Ryazan, I decided to take a look at them.
1965:
According to Deutscher, the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries presented a number of demands for a coalition government. These demands proposed disarming the Bolshevik detachments and excluding Lenin and Trotsky from the coalition. This was seen as unacceptable to even the most moderate, Bolshevik
1377:
From 1904 until 1917, Trotsky described himself as a "non-factional social democrat". He tried to reconcile different groups within the party, which resulted in many clashes with Lenin and other prominent party members. Trotsky later maintained that he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of
7128:
democratic tasks in countries with delayed bourgeois democratic development can only be accomplished through the establishment of a workers' state, and that the creation of a workers' state would inevitably involve inroads against capitalist property. Thus, the accomplishment of bourgeois democratic
6379:
Trotsky's legacy, unlike those of Stalin and Lenin, had long been submerged and obliterated as a topic of debate, and his place in Soviet history books had correspondingly diminished to one of no importance. For Western readers, however, Trotsky has always been one of the most enigmatic and powerful
6200:
even argued that "Lenin indeed regarded Trotsky as his political heir" and sought to protect him before his passing in 1924. Zinoviev and Kamenev also viewed Trotsky as Lenin's most likely successor and sided with Stalin out of fear that Trotsky would remove them from the party leadership. However,
6023:
in 1917, and suggested Trotsky for the position. However, Trotsky refused the position and other Bolsheviks insisted that Lenin assume principal responsibility which thereafter resulted in Lenin eventually accepting the role of chairman. On a separate occasion, Lenin expressed hostility to the early
5431:
commented that he was a "volatile and untrustworthy", "arrogant individual" that impressed supporters even during the periods of "personal adversity in the 1920s and 1930s" but failed to "coax and encourage them to the full". Service stated that Trotsky gave the "minimum time to the Jewish question"
5395:
summarised the dominant image of Trotsky as "self-confident", "unshakeable in the conviction of his historic mission", "strict with others and himself" and "indifferent to material privileges and to the small joys and sorrows of life". Mandel argued this image reflected "certain aspects of Trotsky's
5209:
In addition to the happiness of being a fighter for the cause of socialism, fate gave me the happiness of being her husband. During the almost forty years of our life together she remained an inexhaustible source of love, magnanimity, and tenderness. She underwent great sufferings, especially in the
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into a world revolution. Many of his supporters argued against his appearance. When the committee learned the nature of the testimony Trotsky intended to present, it refused to hear him, and he was denied a visa to enter the United States. On hearing about it, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5135:
An organization which was not roused by the thunder of fascism and which submits docilely to such outrageous acts of the bureaucracy demonstrates thereby that it is dead and that nothing can ever revive it... In all our subsequent work it is necessary to take as our point of departure the historical
3258:
None of us desires or is able to dispute the will of the Party. Clearly, the Party is always right... We can only be right with and by the Party, for history has provided no other way of being in the right. The English have a saying, "My country, right or wrong", whether it is in the right or in the
3147:
through its editor Bukharin, it was able to direct the discussion and the process of delegate selection. Although Trotsky's position prevailed within the Red Army and Moscow universities and received about half the votes in the Moscow Party organisation, it was defeated elsewhere, and the Conference
2705:
With the defeat of Denikin and Yudenich in late 1919, the Soviet government's emphasis shifted to the economy. Trotsky spent the winter of 1919–20 in the Urals region trying to restart its economy. A false rumor of his assassination circulated in Germany and the international press on New Year's Day
2513:
The bourgeoisie today is a falling class... We are forced to tear it off, to chop it away. The Red Terror is a weapon utilized against a class, doomed to destruction, which does not wish to perish. If the White Terror can only retard the historical rise of the proletariat, the Red Terror hastens the
2259:
On 13 March 1918, Trotsky's resignation as Commissar for Foreign Affairs was officially accepted, and he was appointed People's Commissar of Army and Navy Affairs—in place of Podvoisky—and chairman of the Supreme Military Council. The post of commander-in-chief was abolished, and Trotsky gained full
1906:
All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of
1289:
were evenly split between the "old guard" led by Plekhanov and the "new guard" led by Lenin and Martov. Plekhanov's supporters were older, and had spent the previous 20 years together in exile in Europe. Members of the new guard were in their early 30s and only recently emigrated from Russia. Lenin,
6071:
Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, as his struggle against the C.C. on the question of the People's Commissariat of Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present C.C., but he has displayed excessive
5945:
However, Swain viewed the notion that Trotsky was Lenin's natural heir a myth and cited several scholars such as Erik Van Rees, James White and Richard B.Day who Swain claimed had challenged the traditional characterization of their relationship. North specifically rejected this position and argued
5542:
His arch enemy, Stalin, even read and sometimes appreciated a great deal of his writings. According to Rubenstein, Stalin had even acknowledged that "after Lenin, Trotsky was the most popular figure in the country" at the end of the Civil War. He also recognized the prominent role of Trotsky during
5220:
Natasha has just come up to the window from the courtyard and opened it wider so that the air may enter more freely into my room. I can see the bright green strip of grass beneath the wall, and the clear blue sky above the wall, and sunlight everywhere. Life is beautiful. Let the future generations
3646:
and who had been defeated by Trotsky and the Red Army in the Russian Civil War. However, Trotsky's European supporters volunteered to serve as bodyguards and assured his safety. At this time, he made requests to enter Belgium, France, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom, but all refused access.
3525:
On the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, the Opposition held a street demonstration in Moscow against Stalin’s Government, that was dispersed by the sovietic authorities and Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party shortly after. Trotsky gave the eulogy at the funeral of his friend,
2957:
In January 1923, Lenin amended his Testament to suggest that Stalin should be removed as the party's general secretary, while also mildly criticising Trotsky and other Bolshevik leaders. The relationship between Stalin and Lenin had broken down completely by this time, as was demonstrated during an
2912:
nominated Trotsky to head second-rate government departments (e.g., Gokhran, the State Depository for Valuables). In mid-July 1922, Kamenev wrote a letter to the recovering Lenin to the effect that "(the Central Committee) is throwing or is ready to throw a good cannon overboard". Lenin was shocked
2588:
When Comrade Trotsky informed me recently that the number of officers of the old army employed by our War Department runs into several tens of thousands, I perceived concretely where the secret of using our enemy lay, how to compel those who had opposed communism to build it, how to build communism
2225:
on 18 February. Within a day, it became clear that the German army was capable of conducting offensive operations and that Red Army detachments, which were relatively small, poorly organized, and poorly led, were no match for it. On the evening of 18 February 1918, Trotsky and his supporters in the
2063:
The Soviets' only hopes were that, given time, their allies would agree to join the negotiations or that the western European proletariat would revolt, so their best strategy was to prolong the negotiations. As Foreign Minister Leon Trotsky wrote, "To delay negotiations, there must be someone to do
1712:
The outbreak of World War I caused a sudden realignment within the RSDLP and other European social democratic parties over the issues of war, revolution, pacifism and internationalism, redividing the party into defeatists and defencists. Within the RSDLP, Lenin, Trotsky and Martov advocated various
7157:
It is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far—not only in one
5795:
had been established to prevent his succession. Rubenstein differed in his interpretation and attributed Trotsky's decision to decline Lenin's proposal because he believed the position had "little authority of its own" and overlapped with other government and party officials. Deutscher believed he
5407:
characterised him as a "vivid, complex, multi-faceted personality in the gallery of world figures" who was remembered "with hatred and respect, anger and admiration" decades after his assassination in Mexico. Volkogonov also found Trotsky to be a constant "spectre" for Stalin, after his exile, and
4035:
In August 1936, the first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite–Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill
3896:
3581:
to intervene in favor of Christian Rakovsky, and boarded the ship he was traveling on near Constantinople. According to Heijenoort, they only managed to meet Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, who reportedly told them that his father was indisposed, but promised to pass on their request. Rakovsky was the
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tried to come up with a compromise to placate, or at least temporarily neutralise, Trotsky and his supporters. (Their task was made easier by the fact that Trotsky was sick in November and December.) The first draft of the resolution was rejected by Trotsky, which led to the formation of a special
3073:
we observe an ever progressing, barely disguised division of the party into a secretarial hierarchy and into "laymen", into professional party functionaries, chosen from above, and the other party masses, who take no part in social life. free discussion within the party has virtually disappeared,
2861:
Lenin said in 1921 that Trotsky was "in love with organisation," but in working politics, "he has not got a clue." Swain explains the paradox by arguing that Trotsky was not good at teamwork; he was a loner who had mostly worked as a journalist, not as a professional revolutionary like the others.
2669:
At the 3–4 July Central Committee meeting, after a heated exchange, the majority supported Kamenev and Smilga against Vācietis and Trotsky. Trotsky's plan was rejected, and he was much criticized for various alleged shortcomings in his leadership style, much of it of a personal nature. Stalin used
2366:
An army cannot be built without reprisals. Masses of men cannot be led to death unless the army command has the death-penalty in its arsenal. So long as those malicious tailless apes that are so proud of their technical achievements—the animals that we call men—will build armies and wage wars, the
2212:
However, even though Lenin was in favor of a peace, due to party opposition, he responded with these messages from January 18, 1918: "Stalin has just arrived; we will look into the matter with him and let you have a joint answer right away," and "please adjourn proceedings and leave for Petrograd.
2151:
revolution itself and particularly its peace policy. But there was the other question: Can the Germans still fight? Are they in a position to begin an attack on the revolution that will explain the cessation of the war? How can we find out the state of mind of the German soldiers, how to fathom it?
1298:
I suggest to all the members of the editorial board that they co-opt 'Pero' as a member of the board on the same basis as other members. We very much need a seventh member, both as a convenience in voting (six being an even number) and as an addition to our forces. 'Pero' has been contributing to
6134:
with Kamenev in 1922. Pipes attributed this overstated claim to Trotsky's supporters and explained that he had in fact been reprimanded by the party for "categorically refusing" the post. Conversely, Medvedev stated that Trotsky "undoubtedly would have been first among Lenin's deputies" given his
5559:
and brother Aleksandr Bronstein having been shot. He spoke several European languages "with a markedly Russian accent" and identified as a cosmopolitan and internationalist. In the course of his life, Trotsky wrote about 30,000 documents, most of which are contained in various archives. Deutscher
2878:
In late 1921, Lenin's health deteriorated and he was absent from Moscow for longer periods of time. He had three strokes between 25 May 1922 and 9 March 1923, which caused paralysis, loss of speech and finally death on 21 January 1924. With Lenin increasingly sidelined throughout 1922, Stalin was
2843:
Trotsky bears a great deal of responsibility both for the victory of the Red Army in the civil war, and for the establishment of a one-party authoritarian state with its apparatus for ruthlessly suppressing dissent... He was an ideologist and practitioner of the Red Terror. He despised "bourgeois
1652:
The 1910s were a period of heightened tension within the RSDLP, leading to numerous frictions between Trotsky, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The most serious disagreement that Trotsky and the Mensheviks had with Lenin at the time was over the issue of "expropriations", i.e., armed robbery of
1524:
The following day, on 3 December 1905, the Soviet was surrounded by troops loyal to the government and the deputies were arrested. Trotsky and other Soviet leaders were tried in 1906 on charges of supporting an armed rebellion. On 4 October 1906 he was convicted and sentenced to internal exile to
1474:
went out on strike. Amid the resulting confusion, Trotsky returned from Finland to Saint Petersburg on 15 October 1905. On that day, Trotsky spoke before the Saint Petersburg Soviet Council of Workers Deputies, which was meeting at the Technological Institute in the city. Also attending were some
1365:
Shortly afterwards, the pro-Iskra delegates unexpectedly split into two factions. The split was initially over an organisational issue. Lenin and his supporters, the Bolsheviks, argued for a smaller but highly organized party where only party members would be seen as members, while Martov and his
7908:
It is not clear why Kamenev, a mild-mannered man with few leadership ambitions and who was the brother-in-law of Trotsky, sided with Zinoviev and Stalin against Trotsky in 1922. Trotsky later speculated that it may have been due to Kamenev's love of comfort, which Trotsky found "repelled me." He
6426:
Robert Alexander made a similar observation in 1991 that Trotskyists had never assumed power in any nation but explained that the international movement did "not enjoy the support of a well-established regime, as did the heirs of Stalinism". Alexander also recognised that the "persistence of the
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before the appointment of Stalin as General Secretary. According to Mccauley, Lenin had revealed that he planned to retire to the Central Committee and made an arrangement for Trotsky to speak on his behalf as his natural successor which in turn triggered the formation of the troika. Forges drew
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described Lenin and Trotsky as the "widely leading figures in the Russia's Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 as well as in the final years of the rising world communist movement". They characterized Lenin and Trotsky as "fierce adversaries" during the early years of the Russian socialist movement but
5841:
considered it a debatable notion that his personal "sophistication" as a political figure led to "his defeat in the great struggle of 1923 and after". He also reached the view that Trotsky did not share Stalin's understanding of the party in which "fewer than 10 percent of its members were fully
4052:
The Moscow trials are perpetuated under the banner of socialism. We will not concede this banner to the masters of falsehood! If our generation happens to be too weak to establish Socialism over the earth, we will hand the spotless banner down to our children. The struggle which is in the offing
2904:
Stalin's power of patronage in his capacity as general secretary clearly played a role, but Trotsky and his supporters later concluded that a more fundamental reason was the process of slow bureaucratisation of the Soviet regime once the extreme conditions of the Civil War were over. Much of the
2567:
In December 1918 Trotsky ordered detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation. On December 18 he cabled: "How do things stand with the blocking units? As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no
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Trotsky would later defend his decision and argue that none of the families of ex-officials who did betray the army and contribute to additional human casualties were themselves ever executed. He would also insist that had these draconian measures been adopted rather than excess “magnanimity” to
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into the army. The latter had the task of ensuring the loyalty of military experts (mostly former officers in the Imperial Army) and co-signing their orders. Trotsky regarded the organisation of the Red Army as built on the ideas of the October Revolution. As he later wrote in his autobiography:
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Germany did not respond for three days and continued its offensive, encountering little resistance. The response arrived on 21 February, but the proposed terms were so harsh that even Lenin briefly thought that the Soviet government had no choice but to fight. But in the end, the committee again
2145:
But he agreed with the Left Communists that a separate peace treaty with an imperialist power would be a terrible morale and material blow to the Soviet government, negate all its military and political successes of 1917 and 1918, resurrect the notion that the Bolsheviks secretly allied with the
2132:
Lenin, who had earlier hoped for a speedy Soviet revolution in Germany and other parts of Europe, quickly decided that the Imperial government of Germany was still firmly in control and that, without a strong Russian military, an armed conflict with Germany would lead to a collapse of the Soviet
1836:
He reached Russia on 17 May 1917. After his return, Trotsky substantially agreed with the Bolshevik position, but did not join them right away. Russian social democrats were split into at least six groups, and the Bolsheviks were waiting for the next party Congress to determine which factions to
1624:
A majority of Bolsheviks controlled the Central Committee in 1910. Lenin agreed to the financing of "Pravda", but required a Bolshevik to be appointed as co-editor of the paper. When various Bolshevik and Menshevik factions tried to re-unite at the January 1910 RSDLP Central Committee meeting in
1514:
However, since his election, he proved to be very popular with the workers in spite of the Bolsheviks' original opposition to him. Khrustalev-Nosar became famous in his position as spokesman for the Saint Petersburg Soviet. Indeed, to the outside world, Khrustalev-Nosar was the embodiment of the
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to supposedly beseech the Tsar for food and relief from the government. According to Gapon himself, he led the people into a Palace Guard already on the defensive due to the crowd instigating violence against them. They eventually fired on the demonstration, resulting in the deaths of an unknown
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Trotsky had specified the need for the "overall guidance in planning i.e. the systematic co-ordination of the fundamental sectors of the state economy in the process of adapting to the present market" and urged for a national plan alongside currency stabilization. He also rejected the Stalinist
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described the duo as having reached a convergence and a substantial agreement in 1917 before colluding their efforts to achieve the October Revolution. They also highlighted the mutual appreciation and respect between Lenin and Trotsky with the former seeking to work closely with Trotsky on the
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of the United States, and other supporters. Cannon, a long-time leading member of the American communist movement, had supported Trotsky in the struggle against Stalinism since he had first read Trotsky's criticisms of the Soviet Union in 1928. Trotsky's critique of the Stalinist regime, though
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on the role of the party as transmitters of culture to the masses and raising the standards of education, as well as entry into the cultural sphere, but that the process of artistic creation in terms of language and presentation should be the domain of the practitioner. Knei-Paz also noted key
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and penetrating 7 cm (2.8 in) into his brain. The blow to his head was bungled and failed to kill Trotsky instantly. Witnesses stated that Trotsky spat on Mercader and began struggling fiercely with him, which resulted in Mercader's hand being broken. Hearing the commotion, Trotsky's
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of the accused. Trotsky demanded a complete and open enquiry into Moscow's accusations. The accused were sentenced to death, including Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, and executed on 25 August 1936. On 26 August 1936, eight policemen arrived at Knudsen's house demanding that Trotsky sign new
3560:
After Trotsky's expulsion from the Soviet Union, Trotskyists within the Soviet Union began to waver. Between 1929 and 1932, most leading members of the Left Opposition surrendered to Stalin, "admitted their mistakes" and were reinstated in the Communist Party. One initial exception to this was
3445:. The methods used by the Stalinists against the Opposition became more and more extreme. At the XV Party Conference in October 1926, Trotsky could barely speak because of interruptions and catcalls, and at the end of the Conference he lost his Politburo seat. In 1927, Stalin started using the
1820:
Trotsky's speeches and agitation incurred the wrath of German officer inmates who complained to the British camp commander, Colonel Morris, about Trotsky's "anti-patriotic" attitude. Morris then forbade Trotsky to make any more public speeches, leading to 530 prisoners protesting and signing a
1257:
Until this point, Trotsky had used his birth name: Lev (Leon) Bronstein. He changed his surname to "Trotsky", the name he would use for the rest of his life. It is said he adopted the name of a jailer of the Odessa prison in which he had earlier been held. This became his primary revolutionary
3505:'s right-wing Kuomintang were the only ones capable of defeating the imperialists, that Chiang had funding from the rich merchants, and that his forces were to be utilized until squeezed for all usefulness like a lemon before being discarded. However, Chiang quickly reversed the tables in the
2673:
However, some significant changes to the leadership of the Red Army were made. Trotsky was temporarily sent to the Southern Front, while Smilga informally coordinated the work in Moscow. Most members of the Revolutionary Military Council who were not involved in its day-to-day operations were
2150:
We began peace negotiations in the hope of arousing the workmen's party of Germany and Austria-Hungary as well as of the Entente countries. For this reason we were obliged to delay the negotiations as long as possible to give the European workman time to understand the main fact of the Soviet
6662:
Conversely, other figures such as Volkogonov have strongly criticised his defence of the Red Terror and dictatorship of the proletariat. Service argued that his "ideas and practices laid several foundation stones for the erection of the Stalinist political, economic, social and even cultural
6511:
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across different generations. According to Le Blanc, these historians on balance had tilted "toward the view that Lenin's desired "heir" was collective responsibility in which Trotsky placed an important role and within which Stalin would be dramatically demoted (if not removed)". Similarly,
5832:
regarded Trotsky's position among the Soviet elites as largely dependent on Lenin. Rubenstein also added that he had an image of an outsider within party circles as he had previously been an "outspoken critic of Lenin". Conversely, Volkongov stated that Trotsky had the support of many party
2661:
It is no wonder that my military work created so many enemies for me. I did not look to the side, I elbowed away those who interfered with military success, or in the haste of the work trod on the toes of the unheeding and was too busy even to apologize. Some people remember such things. The
23459:
3058:
In the fiercest moment of War Communism, the system of appointment within the party did not have one tenth of the extent that it has now. Appointment of the secretaries of provincial committees is now the rule. That creates for the secretary a position essentially independent of the local
7170:, that in "backward" countries the tasks of the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution could not be achieved by the bourgeoisie itself. Trotsky first developed this conception in collaboration with Alexander Parvus in late 1904–1905. The relevant articles were later collected in Trotsky's books
7927:
The Central Committee's Secretariat became increasingly important during the Civil War and especially in its aftermath, as the Party switched from elected officials to appointed ones. The change was prompted by the need to allocate manpower quickly during the Civil War as well as by the
1277:
3369:
and losing his Red Army posts, he was effectively unemployed throughout the winter and spring. In May 1925, he was given three posts: chairman of the Concessions Committee, head of the electro-technical board, and chairman of the scientific-technical board of industry. Trotsky wrote in
1761:
In September 1916, Trotsky was deported from France to Spain for his anti-war activities. Spanish authorities did not want him and deported him to the United States on 25 December 1916. He arrived in New York City on 13 January 1917. He stayed for over two months at 1522 Vyse Avenue in
2589:
with the bricks which the capitalists had chosen to hurl against us! We have no other bricks! And so, we must compel the bourgeois experts, under the leadership of the proletariat, to build up our edifice with these bricks. This is what is difficult; but this is the pledge of victory.
2238:
was signed on 3 March and ratified on 15 March 1918. Since Trotsky was so closely associated with the policy previously followed by the Soviet delegation at Brest-Litovsk, he resigned from his position as Commissar for Foreign Affairs to remove a potential obstacle to the new policy.
7049:. Overall, Trotsky was sharply critical of Bukharin and Stalin's views on the state of the Soviet economy. Russian historian, Vladimir Buldakov found that some historical research had supported the view that Trotsky advocated the most rational decisions for industrial development.
5763:
in 1920. Bazhanov also claimed that Stalin's antagonism towards Trotsky stemmed from the fact that he was Jewish and that the former would refuse to obey military orders during the Russian Civil War. According to Rogovin, Trotsky received hundreds of letters reporting the use of
3428:
In early 1926, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters in the "New Opposition" gravitated closer to Trotsky's supporters, and the two groups soon formed an alliance, which also incorporated some smaller opposition groups within the Communist Party. The alliance became known as the
2583:
Given the lack of manpower and the 16 opposing foreign armies, Trotsky insisted on the use of former Tsarist officers as military specialists within the army, in combination with Bolshevik political commissars to ensure the revolutionary nature of the Red Army. Lenin commented on
2173:
We announce the termination of the war and demobilization without signing any peace. We declare we cannot participate in the looting war of the Allies nor can we sign a looting peace. Poland's, Lithuania's and Courland's fate we place upon the responsibility of the German working
2802:
rose up against the Bolshevik government, demanding greater freedom for workers and peasants, an end to one-party rule, and the restoration of civil rights. The rebellion occurred simultaneously with the 10th Party Congress, further destabilizing the fragile political situation.
6434:
On the other hand, British historian and socialist Christian Høgsbjerg believed that academic literature on Trotskyism had minimised its historical role in building wider social movements. Høgsbjerg stressed the key role of British Trotskyists in various movements such as the
1629:
was made a party-financed 'central organ'. Lev Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910. Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations. Trotsky continued publishing
6098:, due to intra-party controversies and the wider conflict of the Civil War, Trotsky had a considerable following among the party activists and members of the Central Committee against the narrow majority supporting Lenin. His supporters also controlled the newly established
3897:
3302:
Economically, the Left Opposition opposed the development of capitalist elements in the Soviet economy and advocated for accelerated industrialization through state-led policies." That put them at odds with Bukharin and Rykov, the "Right" within the Party, who supported the
1587:
7338:, which takes nothing ‘on faith’, is actually able to cut down mountains and move them. Up to now this was done for industrial purposes (mines) or for railways (tunnels); in the future this will be done on an immeasurably larger scale, according to a general industrial and
5192:
After quarreling with Diego Rivera, Trotsky moved to his final residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939. On 27 February 1940, Trotsky wrote a document known as "Trotsky's Testament", in which he expressed his final thoughts and feelings for posterity. He was suffering from
3294:
In the meantime, the Left Opposition, which had coagulated somewhat unexpectedly in late 1923 and lacked a definite platform aside from general dissatisfaction with the intra-Party "regime", began to crystallise. It lost some less dedicated members to the harassment by the
3893:
1232:
In the summer of 1902, at the urging of his wife, Aleksandra, Trotsky escaped from Siberia hidden in hay. Aleksandra later escaped with their daughters. Both daughters married, and Zinaida had children, but the daughters died before their parents. Nina Nevelson died from
3074:
party public opinion has been stifled. it is the secretarial hierarchy, the party hierarchy which to an ever greater degree chooses the delegates to the conferences and congresses, which to an ever greater degree are becoming the executive conferences of this hierarchy.
2601:
In September 1918, the Bolshevik government, facing military difficulties, declared what amounted to martial law and reorganized the Red Army. The Supreme Military Council was abolished, and the position of commander-in-chief was restored, filled by the commander of the
3321:
a summary of the events of the 1917 revolution. He described Zinoviev and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something they would have preferred left unmentioned. This started a new round of intra-party struggle, which became known as the
23499:
23494:
1494:
increasing its circulation to 500,000. Trotsky also co-founded, together with Parvus and Julius Martov and other Mensheviks, "Nachalo" ("The Beginning"), which also proved to be a very successful newspaper in the revolutionary atmosphere of Saint Petersburg in 1905.
6122:" as signifying that he was entrusted "with the highest government post" and he argued that this was also considerable given Lenin's illness at the time. Rogovin also referenced a previous proposal by Lenin in 1917 to appoint Trotsky with another senior position as
23454:
2383:
opponents at the start of the October Revolution then Russia would have experienced far less casualties. Deutscher draws attention to the fact that Trotsky preferred to exchange hostages and prisoners rather than execute them. He recounts that Trotsky had released
1519:
The autocracy never enjoyed the confidence of the people and was never granted any authority by the people. We have therefore decided not to allow the repayment of such loans as have been made by the Tsarist government when openly engaged in a war with the entire
23489:
23484:
23479:
5827:
noted that Trotsky never held a party post and rarely attended party meetings despite serving as a member of the Politburo. Figes also described him as having "too many characteristics that made it extraordinarily hard to work collectively with him". Biographer
23474:
23469:
23464:
6310:
in Mexico City, run by a board which included his grandson Esteban Volkov (1926–2023). Trotsky's grave is located on its grounds. The foundation "International Friends of the Leon Trotsky Museum" has been organized to raise funds to improve the museum further.
3500:
Trotsky wanted the Communist Party to complete an orthodox proletarian revolution and have clear class independence from the KMT. Stalin funded the KMT during the expedition. Stalin countered Trotskyist criticism by making a secret speech in which he said that
3436:
The United Opposition was repeatedly threatened with sanctions by the Stalinist leadership of the Communist Party, and Trotsky had to agree to tactical retreats, mostly to preserve his alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The opposition remained united against
6947:
to mitigate urgent economic matters arising from war communism. He would later reproach Lenin privately about the delayed government response in 1921-1922. However, his position differed from the majority of Soviet leaders at the time who fully supported the
1147:
had noted that he displayed an exceptional gift for mathematics. Using the name "Lvov", he wrote and printed leaflets and proclamations, distributed revolutionary pamphlets, and popularized socialist ideas among industrial workers and revolutionary students.
17977:"Talk of uneven development becomes dominant in Trotskii's writings from 1927 onwards. From this date, whenever the law is mentioned, the claim consistently made for it is that 'the entire history of mankind is governed by the law of uneven development'." –
6772:
Several scholars have regarded his historical writings on the Soviet bureaucracy as having a considerable influence in shaping the receptive attitudes of later Marxists and many non-Marxists. Trotsky associated bureaucratism with authoritarianism, excessive
2216:
However, after debates with the German delegation, Trotsky and the Russian delegation withdrew from peace talks on 10 February 1918, by declaring ending the war on the side of Soviet Russia, and not signing a peace treaty. Privately, in correspondence with
7246:
Trotsky was a central figure in the Comintern during its first four congresses. During this time, he helped to generalize the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks to newly formed Communist parties across Europe and further afield. From 1921 onwards, the
3377:
Some contemporary accounts paint a picture of a remote and distracted man. Later in the year, Trotsky resigned his two technical positions (maintaining Stalin-instigated interference and sabotage) and concentrated on his work in the Concessions Committee.
7970:
with Trotsky's capacity for work, only a man so unsparing of himself as Trotsky, only a man who knew how to speak to the soldiers as Trotsky did—only such a man could have become the standard bearer of the armed toilers. He was all things rolled into one.
7026:
The policy was later adopted by members of the United Opposition which also advocated a programme of rapid industrialization during the debates of 1924 and 1927. The United Opposition proposed a progressive tax on wealthier peasants, the encouragement of
3001:
in the Soviet Union which emerged during Lenin's illness and eventual death would also determine the prospect of world revolution. In particular, the leadership of the German Communist party had requested that Moscow send Trotsky to Germany to direct the
1024:
said that this was an assumption based on Trotsky's Jewish birth, but, contrary to Service's claims, there is no documentary evidence to support his using a Yiddish name, when that language was not spoken by his family. Both North and political historian
6955:
Comparatively, Trotsky believed that planning and N.E.P should develop within a mixed framework until the socialist sector gradually superseded the private industry. He found allies among a circle of economic theorists and administrators which included
23449:
23444:
6201:
his chief adversary Stalin, strongly denied claims that Trotsky was the succeeding chairman following Lenin's illness. He pointed out that Trotsky was expected to serve as one of several deputy chairmen under Lenin which included Kamenev, Rykov and
3565:, who inspired Trotsky between 1929 and 1934 with his refusal to capitulate as state suppression of any remaining opposition to Stalin increased by the year. In late 1932, Rakovsky had failed with an attempt to flee the Soviet Union and was exiled to
1676:. In response, Trotsky organized a "unification" conference of social democratic factions in Vienna in August 1912 (a.k.a. "The August Bloc") and tried to re-unite the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks into one party. The attempt was generally unsuccessful.
1370:, argued for a bigger and less disciplined party where people who assisted would also be seen as members. In a surprise development, Trotsky and most of the Iskra editors supported Martov and the Mensheviks, while Plekhanov supported Lenin and the
23439:
23434:
23429:
22953:
6219:, Trotsky maintained that Lenin had intended for him to be his successor as Chairman of the Soviet Union with his proposed appointment as deputy. He explained that this process would have begun after their alliance in 1923 with the formation of a
5126:
For fear of splitting the communist movement, Trotsky initially opposed the idea of establishing parallel communist parties or a parallel international communist organization that would compete with the Third International. In mid-1933, after the
23424:
23419:
7158:
country but in all the leading countries of the world—that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers. ... Their battle-cry must be:
1742:("Our Word"), an internationalist socialist newspaper. He adopted the slogan of "peace without indemnities or annexations, peace without conquerors or conquered." Lenin advocated Russia's defeat in the war and demanded a complete break with the
1374:. During 1903 and 1904, many members changed sides in the factions. Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
15637:
3704:
and Trotskyists who "capitulated" to Stalin. Kamenev and Zinoviev were also alleged members of the bloc. Trotsky wanted by no means that the alliance became a fusion, and he was afraid of the right gaining much power inside the bloc. Historian
23409:
576:
550:
3465:. In reality, however, the Republic controlled very little of the country. Much of China was divided between various regional warlords. The Republican government established a new "nationalist people's army and a national people's party"—the
23404:
5971:
noted the close association of Trotsky and Lenin in the Soviet republic throughout the period of 1921–24. Medvedev mentioned a number of public commendations such as "greetings in honour of comrades Lenin and Trotsky were announced at many
23414:
6752:
through their proposals for mass industrialization. Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialization and the replacement of annual plans with
1612:
Avoiding factional politics, the paper proved popular with Russian industrial workers. Both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks split multiple times after the failure of the 1905–1907 revolution. Money was very scarce for the publication of
1753:
of anti-war socialists in September 1915 and advocated a middle course between those who, like Martov, would stay within the Second International at any cost and those who, like Lenin, would break with the Second International and form a
3742:, signed a decree to deport Trotsky from France. However, no foreign government was found willing to accept Trotsky within its borders. Accordingly, the French authorities instructed Trotsky to move to a residence in the tiny village of
3691:
on his way to a socialist conference in Denmark. By the end of 1932, Trotsky had made contact with the anti-Stalin opposition inside the USSR and discussed the possibility of forming a bloc. There was no evidence of any alliance with
2648:
Throughout late 1918 and early 1919, there were a number of attacks on Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army, including veiled accusations in newspaper articles inspired by Stalin and a direct attack by the Military Opposition at the
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to Stalin dictated on 15 December 1922: "I am sure Trotsky will uphold my views as well as I." Faced with a united opposition by Lenin and Trotsky, the Central Committee reversed its previous decision and adopted the Lenin-Trotsky
3234:
There was little overt political disagreement within the Soviet leadership throughout most of 1924. On the surface, Trotsky remained the most prominent and popular Bolshevik leader, although his "mistakes" were often alluded to by
3452:
Soviet policy toward the Chinese Revolution became the ideological line of demarcation between Stalin and the United Opposition. The Chinese Revolution began on 10 October 1911, resulting in the abdication of the Chinese Emperor,
2693:'s troops approached Petrograd from the west. Lenin decided that since it was more important to defend Moscow, Petrograd would have to be abandoned. Trotsky argued that Petrograd needed to be defended, at least in part to prevent
18029:
5722:
and inferred this from his conduct during the Civil War along with his writings in the early 1920s. Other scholars have pointed to the fact that Trotsky opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and favoured a
5694:. Rather, she suggested Trotsky would presumably have provided good leadership during the Second World War but may have struggled to maintain party cohesion as seen during the succession struggle after 1924. Political theorist
3594:"). Rakovsky was appointed to high office in the Commissariat for Health and allowed to return to Moscow, also serving as Soviet ambassador to Japan in 1935. However, Rakovsky was cited in allegations involving the killing of
1511:(Georgy Nosar, alias Pyotr Khrustalyov). Khrustalyev-Nosar had been a compromise figure when elected as the head of the Saint Petersburg Soviet. He was a lawyer that stood above the political factions contained in the Soviet.
6546:
agreed that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s, plan. Historian Betrand Patenaunde also noted his social appeal among the
5270:, the NKVD proceeded to set up three NKVD agent networks to carry out the murder; these three networks were designed to operate entirely autonomously from the NKVD's hitherto-established spy networks in the U.S. and Mexico.
3473:
was planned to smash the power of the warlords of the northern part of the country. This Northern Expedition became a point of contention over foreign policy by Stalin and Trotsky. Stalin tried to persuade the small Chinese
1683:
under a variety of pseudonyms, often using "Antid Oto", a name chosen at random from an Italian dictionary, with Trotsky joking that "wanted to inject the Marxist antidote into the legitimate newspapers". In September 1912,
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22314:
7981:
The term "Trotskyism" was first coined by the Russian liberal politician Pavel Milyukov, the first foreign minister in the Provisional Government who, in April 1917, was forced to demand that the British government release
6757:. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. The eventual adoption of the five year plans in 1928 would serve as the basis for Soviet
2856:
The Bolsheviks triumphed in the Civil War because of Trotsky's ability to work with military specialists, because of the style of work he introduced where widescale consultation was followed through by swift and determined
6720:
Trotsky as a historical figure and noted his work featured several inaccuracies and distortions of the historical record. Daniels argued that many of the distinctive features of Stalin's rule such as his campaigns against
2933:(Sovnarkom). The Politburo approved the proposal, but Trotsky "categorically refused". Lenin's proposal has been interpreted by various scholars as evidence that he designated Trotsky as a successor as head of government.
974:
Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a wealthy Jewish landowner family in Yanovka,
22323:
21029:
3108:. The discussion lasted most of December and January until the XIIIth Party Conference of 16–18 January 1924. Those who opposed the Central Committee's position in the debate were thereafter referred to as members of the
1187:
While imprisoned in Moscow, in the summer of 1899, Trotsky married Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938), a fellow Marxist. The ceremony was performed by a Jewish chaplain. In 1900, he was sentenced to four years exile in
7251:, a method of uniting revolutionaries and reformists in the common struggle while winning some of the workers to revolution, was the central tactic put forward by the Comintern after the defeat of the German revolution.
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killed during the Great Purges. His son, Sergei Sedov, who died in 1937, was rehabilitated in 1988, as was Nikolai Bukharin. Beginning in 1989, Trotsky's books, forbidden until 1987, were published in the Soviet Union.
3709:
concluded that the bloc dissolved in early 1933, since some of its members like Zinoviev and Kamenev joined Stalin again, and because there were no letters in the Trotsky Harvard archive mentioning the bloc after 1932.
2969:
At the XIIth Party Congress in April 1923, however, just after Lenin's final stroke, Trotsky did not raise the issue. Instead, he made a speech about intra-party democracy while avoiding any direct confrontation of the
591:
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river and oversaw the sinking of the floating prison in which the officers perished. Another instance was when Stalin disobeyed Trotsky's order to march on Warsaw which contributed to the defeat of the Red Army at the
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6 January 1925. Zinoviev demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along and played the role of a moderate. Trotsky kept his Politburo seat, but was effectively put on probation.
612:
587:
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Trotsky himself ascribed his political defeat to external, objective conditions rather than the individual qualities of Stalin. He specifically argued that the failed series of international insurrections as seen in
2345:
rose against the Soviet government. This left the Bolsheviks with the loss of most of the country's territory, an increasingly well-organized resistance by Russian anti-Communist forces (usually referred to as the
23056:
2560:, to station blocking detachments behind unreliable infantry regiments, with orders to shoot if front-line troops either deserted or retreated without permission. The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from
5866:
also remarked that Trotsky, in the 1930s, did not abandon hope for the spread of the revolution. Rogovin argued that Trotsky's prognosis of world events was plausible as a majority of European countries such as
5457:
through his political writings and levels of military accuracy. Deutscher also referenced his "uncanny clear sightedness" in predicting the emergence of a single dictator who would "substitute himself" for the
7320:. They argued his theory presented "a specific understanding of capitalist development as 'uneven', insofar as it systematically featured geographically divergent 'advanced' and 'backward' regions" across the
2076:, continued to believe that there could be no peace between a Soviet republic and a capitalist empire, and that only a revolutionary war leading to a pan-European Soviet republic would bring a durable peace.
9681:
6518:
In modern historiography, Trotsky's legacy has evoked a range of conflicting and diverse views. Biographer Paul Le Blanc stated "for millions of people throughout the world, Trotsky was initially seen as a
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3835:, were permitted to visit. From October 1936, even the outdoor walks were prohibited for Trotsky and his wife. Trotsky did eventually manage to smuggle out one letter on 18 December 1936, titled
2917:
Throwing Trotsky overboard—surely you are hinting at that, it is impossible to interpret it otherwise—is the height of stupidity. If you do not consider me already hopelessly foolish, how can you think of
5547:
editorial. Stalin himself wrote: "All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the president of the Petrograd Soviet".
549:
580:
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Just before Trotsky's return, the Mensheviks had independently come up with the same idea that Trotsky had: an elected non-party revolutionary organization representing the capital's workers, the first
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as a historical figure which necessitated a historical reappraisal. Patenaude regarded Service's characterisation of Trotsky as a "mass murderer and a terrorist" to be reflective of a wider attempt to
5408:
also wrote that he was "of a different calibre intellectually, with his grasp of organization and his talents as a speaker and writer". Volkogonov considered Trotsky "far superior" to figures such as
3891:
3097:
used his letter as an excuse to launch a campaign against Trotsky, accusing him of factionalism, setting "the youth against the fundamental generation of old revolutionary Bolsheviks" and other sins.
1817:. While imprisoned in the camp, Trotsky established an increasing friendship with the workers and sailors amongst his fellow inmates, describing his month at the camp as "one continual mass meeting".
22475:
22307:
21912:
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judged Trotsky to be personally fastidious, but possessing the qualities of vanity and volatility which were not shared with Lenin. Engelstein also described him as talented and dynamic, "but only a
7313:
uneven development in 1930 and the conditions for a possible revolutionary scenario. According to biographer Ian Thatcher, this theory would be later generalised to "the entire history of mankind".
1649:, and a copy was put into their archives. Shortly after Lenin's death in 1924, the letter was found and publicized by Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party to portray him as Lenin's enemy.
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2202:
We must have your decision. We can still drag on negotiations for one or two or three or four days. Afterward they must be broken off. I see no other solution than that proposed. I clasp your hand.
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as a newly established body and called for the strengthening of its formal responsibilities to support a balanced level of economic reconstruction after the Civil War. Trotsky also urged economic
22834:
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1143:. He dropped out in early 1897 to help organize the South Russian Workers' Union in Nikolayev. Trotsky's university colleague and a prominent engineer who served as the Technical Director of the
605:
1041:. North has compared the speculation on Trotsky's given name to the undue emphasis given to his having a Jewish surname. The language spoken at home was not Yiddish but a mixture of Russian and
23040:
22937:
17996:
6781:. Political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz argued that Trotsky had done more than any other political figure to "show the historical and social roots of Stalinism" as a bureaucratic system. British
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by the Turkish authorities. On Büyükada, they were moved into a house called the Yanaros mansion. During his exile in Turkey, Trotsky was under the surveillance of the Turkish police forces of
598:
12638:
5329:
for her own part of the operation. Ramón Mercader could not be either assassinated or freed from prison by the Soviets. When he was released from jail in 1960 and arrived in the USSR in 1961,
2666:
In mid-1919, the dissatisfied had an opportunity to mount a serious challenge to Trotsky's leadership: the Red Army grew from 800,000 to 3,000,000 and fought simultaneously on sixteen fronts.
2275:, and their supporters, including Podvoisky, who became one of Trotsky's deputies, were a constant thorn in Trotsky's side. The discontent with Trotsky's policies of strict discipline, forced
7288:
After he was exiled and politically marginalized by Stalinism, Trotsky continued to argue for a united front against fascism in Germany and Spain. According to Joseph Choonara of the British
3469:. In 1920, the Kuomintang opened relations with Soviet Russia. With Soviet help, the Republic of China built up the nationalist people's army. With the development of the nationalist army, a
3006:. However, this proposal was rejected by the Politburo which was controlled by Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev who decided to send a commission of lower-ranking Russian Communist party members.
2260:
control of the Red Army, responsible only to the Communist Party leadership, whose Left Socialist Revolutionary allies had left the government over the controversial treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
6627:
to Stalin with particular emphasis drawn to his activities in the pre-Civil War period and as leader of the Left Opposition. Prior to the October Revolution, Trotsky had been part of an old
6431:" and the instability of political events across most of the world means the "possibility that a Trotskyist party might come to power in the foreseeable future cannot be totally ruled out".
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had underestimated Stalin's cunning, ruthlessness, and tenacity on several occasions. Political scientist Richard B. Day argued that it was more probable that Trotsky's interest in building
22468:
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state and initiating several military practices such as summary executions which later became standard practice during the Stalinist era. Thatcher cited his defence of terror in his work,
551:
23349:
13317:"Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record".
8133:
6047:
in the last month of his life and instructed Krupskaya to read him a passage from another of Trotsky's books that characterised Marxism and Leninism. Lenin also read Trotsky's pamphlet,
5779:
believed that Trotsky could probably have removed Stalin with the use of Lenin's testament but he "stupidly" acquiesced to the collective decision not to publish the document. Historian
3374:
that he "was taking a rest from politics" and "naturally plunged into the new line of work up to my ears". Trotsky would also deliver a tribute to Lenin in his 1925 short book, "Lenin".
3239:
partisans. Behind the scenes, he was completely cut off from the decision-making process. Politburo meetings were pure formalities since all key decisions were made ahead of time by the
3104:
in January 1924. The illusion of a "monolithic Bolshevik leadership" was thus shattered and a lively intra-Party discussion ensued, both in local Party organizations and in the pages of
1969:
By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin. He overshadowed Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade.
22827:
22714:
22596:
8086:
in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".
7957:
that he refused to deliver the report because "it seemed to me equivalent to announcing my candidacy for the role of Lenin's successor at a time when Lenin was fighting a grave illness.
6082:
Trotsky was generally viewed as Lenin's choice as a successor in 1923. He had been nominated to be Lenin's deputy in 1922 and 1923 as well as expected to assume responsibility over the
5564:'s manifestos and resolutions, edited its Izvestia newspaper and also composed the oath of loyalty for the Red Army. According to Mandel, Trotsky wrote the Zimmerwald Manifesto for the
2221:, Trotsky had expressed his willigness to relent to peace terms upon the resumption of a German offensive although with moral dissent. Contrary to Russia's declaration, Germany resumed
5172:, chairman of the committee, demanded the suppression of the American Communist Party. Trotsky intended to use the forum to expose the NKVD's activities against him and his followers.
2905:
Bolshevik elite wanted 'normality,' while Trotsky was personally and politically personified as representing a turbulent revolutionary period that they would much rather leave behind.
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23033:
22930:
1459:, and the local Menshevik committee, which he pushed in a more radical direction. The latter, however, were betrayed by a secret police agent in May, and Trotsky had to flee to rural
23584:
10720:
re: the Smilga episode. Abramovich (1900–1985), a friend of Smilga's, was one of the few Trotskyists who survived the Great Purges and returned from Stalin's camps in the late 1950s.
6107:
focus to the increasing alignment between Lenin and Trotsky in 1923. He cited Lenin's testament which was critical of Stalin and the bureaucracy along with their shared position on
5746:
His enmity with Stalin developed during the Civil War with the latter's disregard of military specialists whom Trotsky considered indispensable for the success of the Red Army. In
5551:
Upon his exile in 1929, eighteen of his close relatives remained in the Soviet Union and all were subjected to repressive measures with seven of his family members including his son
2761:, who argued that trade unions should retain some independence from the state and act as "schools of communism" rather than instruments of state control. Lenin's view won out at the
11540:
Joseph Stalin, "The Prospects of Revolution in China" a speech to the Chinese Commission of the Executive Committee of the Communist International on 30 November 1926" contained in
3112:. In 1924, in a series of conferences at Sverdlov University; Stalin cited several times, in a critical way 'the Permanentists', as the followers of Trotsky 'Permanent revolution'.
1856:
After an unsuccessful pro-Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd, Trotsky was arrested on 7 August 1917. He was released 40 days later in the aftermath of the failed counter-revolutionary
1303:
Because of Plekhanov's opposition, Trotsky did not become a full member of the board. But participated in its meetings in an advisory capacity, which earned him Plekhanov's enmity.
9957:
The authenticity of this letter, which has been in doubt for twenty years, was personally confirmed to the writer by Leon Trotsky in conversation in Mexico City, in September 1937.
8003:
used in mining and other excavations, and by the multiple languages spoken by those involved in reporting the details; many history and reference books have confused the two tools.
3946:
on his birthday, the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution. His final move was a few blocks away to a residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939, following a break with Rivera.
3687:
On 20 February 1932, Trotsky and all of his family lost their Soviet citizenship and were forbidden to enter the Soviet Union. In 1932, Trotsky entered via a port into the fascist
7752:
Trotsky was People's Commissar for Military Affairs from 14 March 1918 and People's Commissar for Naval Affairs from April 1918 before the offices were merged on 12 November 1923.
3626:
After being deported from the Soviet Union, in February 1929, Trotsky arrived in Turkey. During his first two months in Turkey, Trotsky lived with his wife and eldest son at the
1207:
In Siberia, Trotsky studied philosophy. He became aware of the differences within the party, which had been decimated by arrests in 1898 and 1899. Some social democrats known in
3449:(Soviet secret police) to infiltrate and discredit the opposition. Rank-and-file oppositionists were increasingly harassed, sometimes expelled from the Party and even arrested.
2176:
The Germans will be unable to attack us after we declare the war ended. At any rate, it would be very difficult for Germany to attack us, because of her internal condition. The
5641:. Trotsky's failure, however, seems to have been almost inevitable, considering his own qualities and the conditions of authoritarian rule by the Communist Party organization.
5205:". After forcefully denying Stalin's accusations that he had betrayed the working class, he thanked his friends and above all his wife, Natalia Sedova, for their loyal support:
3314:, always an alliance of convenience, showed signs of weakness. Stalin began making poorly veiled accusations about Zinoviev and Kamenev. Yet in October 1924, Trotsky published
21905:
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and Rivera. Trotsky's writings on literature such as his 1923 survey which advocated tolerance, limited censorship and respect for literary tradition had strong appeal to the
6415:
In 2018, John Kelly wrote that "almost 80 years after Leon Trotsky founded the Fourth International, there are now Trotskyite organisations in 57 countries, including most of
2323:
6712:
and executions for desertions were a common feature of every war and not exclusive to the actions of the Red Army under Trotsky. Dukes believed Trotsky had been maligned and
3190:
Internationally, Trotsky's opposition and criticism of the ruling troika received support from several, Central Committee members of foreign communist parties. This included
1692:
for the next year. While there, Trotsky chronicled the ethnic cleansing carried out by the Serbian army against the Albanian civilian population. He became a close friend of
10893:
7229:
5879:, "went through a period of revolutionary crisis". Although, Daniels contended that Trotsky would have in reality been no more prepared than other Bolshevik figures to risk
4048:, and 14 others, took place in January 1937, during which more alleged conspiracies and crimes were linked to Trotsky. The findings were published in the book "Not Guilty".
1151:
In January 1898, more than 200 members of the union, including Trotsky, were arrested. He was held for the next two years in prison awaiting trial, first in Nikolayev, then
1124:. That same year, he graduated from his high school with a first class honours. According to his relative, Valery Bronstein, his father had intended for Trotsky to become a
8082:"A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the
6454:
Outside of the Fourth International, Trotsky has also been admired by a range of figures across intellectual, military, political and cultural fields including philosopher
3800:-led Norwegian government began to exhibit disquiet about Trotsky's actions. In the summer of 1936, Trotsky's asylum was increasingly made a political issue by the fascist
3668:. A Russian language journal, it was first published in July 1929 in Paris. In 1931, Trotsky wrote a letter to a friend entitled "What is Fascism" in which he attempted to
1758:. The conference adopted the middle line proposed by Trotsky. At first opposed, in the end Lenin voted for Trotsky's resolution to avoid a split among anti-war socialists.
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Another controversial feature of his military decisions was to inaugurate hostage-taking of relatives of ex-Tsarist officials working in the Red Army to avert the risk of
1618:
1452:
10804:, Political Report of the Central Committee of the RKP(b) to the Ninth All-Russian Conference of the Communist Party delivered by Lenin on 20 September 1920, Document 59.
3901:
A speech of Trotsky in Mexico, where he thanks Mexico and President Lázaro Cárdenas for receiving him, and says that Stalin's trial against him is based on false evidence
12009:
5285:. Trotsky's 14-year-old grandson, Vsevolod Platonovich "Esteban" Volkov (7 March 1926 – 16 June 2023), was shot in the foot. A young assistant and bodyguard of Trotsky,
5164:
Towards the end of 1939, Trotsky agreed to go to the United States to appear as a witness before the Dies Committee of the House of Representatives, a forerunner of the
3401:
762:
after the party's 1903 schism, but declared himself non-factional in 1904. During the failed 1905 Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia and was elected chairman of the
6924:
Trotsky was an early proponent of economic planning since 1923 and favored an accelerated pace of industrialization. In 1921, he had also been a prominent supporter of
6095:
5531:
and stated that he "emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all".
5175:
He made it clear that he also intended to argue against the suppression of the American Communist Party and to use the committee as a platform for a call to transform
3381:
In one of the few political developments that affected Trotsky in 1925, the circumstances of the controversy over Lenin's Testament were described by American Marxist
2922:
From then until his final stroke, Lenin spent much of his time trying to devise a way to prevent a split within the Communist Party leadership, which was reflected in
2200:
We declare we end the war but do not sign a peace. They will be unable to make an offensive against us. If they attack us, our position will be no worse than now (...)
1653:
banks and other companies by Bolshevik groups to procure money for the Party. These actions had been banned by the 5th Congress, but were continued by the Bolsheviks.
1451:. At first he wrote leaflets for an underground printing press in Kiev, but soon moved to the capital, Saint Petersburg. There he worked with both Bolsheviks, such as
1436:, Gapon's own biography points to a conspiracy. This was later confirmed by Russian police records listing the number of known militant radicals found among the dead.
1343:
1335:
6681:
3753:
with the Soviet Union government, Trotsky was officially told that he was no longer welcome in France. After weighing his options, Trotsky applied to move to Norway.
3042:
Starting in mid-1923, the Soviet economy ran into significant difficulties, which led to numerous strikes countrywide. Two secret groups within the Communist Party, "
2488:
in response to a suspected civilian uprising, and to "crush" landowners who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments.
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2762:
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2682:, but Trotsky refused this opportunity to pay Smilga back, which earned him Smilga's friendship and later his support during the intra-Party battles of the 1920s.
2650:
2155:
Trotsky, in a letter he wrote to Lenin during the negotiations, which must have been written before January 18, 1918, described its policy, summarily, as follows:
1821:
petition against Morris' order. Back in Russia, after initial hesitation and facing pressure from the workers' and peasants' Soviets, the Russian foreign minister
1736:, Trotsky moved to France on 19 November 1914. In January 1915 in Paris, he began editing (at first with Martov, who soon resigned as the paper moved to the left)
7023:
alongside an equilibrium of the import-export balance to access accumulated reserves to purchase machinery from abroad to increase the pace of industrialization.
23664:
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21562:
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Celebration of the second anniversary of the October Revolution in Moscow, 1919. One of the photos of which the image of Trotsky was erased, along with those of
4886:
4780:
1070:, which admitted students of other faiths and backgrounds,) which became Russified during his years in Odessa as a result of the Imperial government's policy of
155:
15691:
11122:
6352:
wrote, in the aftermath of Trotsky's death, that he evoked strong feelings of enmity and fear from several political figures. According to James, this included
3851:, and accused the Norwegian government of trying to prevent him from publicly voicing his strong opposition to the Moscow Trials and other show trials, saying:
3478:
to merge with the Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalists to bring about a bourgeois revolution before attempting to bring about a Soviet-style working class revolution.
2056:
In preparation for peace talks with the representatives of the Imperial German government and the representatives of the other Central Powers leading up to the
6103:
2974:
Stalin had prepared for the congress by replacing many local party delegates with those loyal to him, mostly at the expense of Zinoviev and Kamenev's backers.
15720:
7895:
Yakov Sverdlov was the Central Committee's senior secretary responsible for personnel affairs from 1917 and until his death in March 1919. He was replaced by
5348:
In the aftermath of Trotsky's assassination, an estimated 300,000 people had passed by his funeral casket in Mexico City over several days by 27 August 1940.
3310:
At the thirteenth Congress Kamenev and Zinoviev helped Stalin defuse Lenin's Testament, which belatedly came to the surface. But just after the congress, the
14364:
3746:
under the strict surveillance of the French police, where Trotsky found his contact with the outside world to be even worse than during his exile in Turkey.
3601:
Almost all Trotskyists who were still within the Soviet Union's borders were executed in the Great Purges of 1936–1938, although Rakovsky survived until the
11277:
10752:
5629:
Had Trotsky won the struggle to succeed Lenin, the character of the Soviet regime would almost certainly have been substantially different, particularly in
3078:
Although the text of these letters remained secret at the time, they had a significant effect on the Party leadership and prompted a partial retreat by the
2950:
In late 1922, Trotsky secured an alliance with Lenin against Stalin and the emerging Soviet bureaucracy. Stalin had recently engineered the creation of the
2710:, which included confiscating grain from peasants, and partially restoring the grain market. Still committed to War Communism, Lenin rejected his proposal.
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18435:
14833:
5435:
Political scientist August Nimtz regarded Trotsky to have had better foresight than both Marxist and some non-Marxist intellectual observers with his work
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2126:
842:
802:
6384:
Political theorist David North attributed his diminished influence and historical role to the "virtually unlimited resources of the Soviet regime, and of
23534:
21019:
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15517:
9942:
For a time it was speculated that this letter was in fact not an authentic one. However, Trotsky's himself verified its authenticity to Wheeler-Bennett.
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4863:
2954:(USSR), further centralising state control. The alliance proved effective on the issue of foreign trade but was hindered by Lenin's progressing illness.
10820:
5488:" who had "elements of bourgeois origin". He had a diverse and profound range of interests which exceeded that of other Bolshevik theoreticians such as
3534:
on 31 January 1928. He was expelled from the Soviet Union to Turkey in February 1929, accompanied by his wife Natalia Sedova and their eldest son, Lev.
22119:
21541:
20663:
20511:
16846:
11354:
7064:
The successes are very important, and I affirmed it every time. They are due to the abolition of private property and to the possibilities inherent in
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newspaper, prior to their polemical disagreements, and Lenin acknowledging that his theory on permanent revolution "happened to be right" after 1917.
5771:
Trotsky lacked the political acumen to succeed against Stalin's machinations. Lenin had encouraged Trotsky, in his absence, to challenge Stalin at the
5581:
2806:
Trotsky, as Commissar of War, was instrumental in ordering the suppression of the rebellion. On March 18, 1921, after several failed negotiations, the
16915:
6162:. However, his rejection of the position enabled Stalin to place Rykov as Lenin's successor and serve as a key ally in the Politburo against Trotsky.
3152:
delegates. In the end, only three delegates voted for Trotsky's position, and the Conference denounced "Trotskyism" as a "petty bourgeois deviation".
2962:. In March 1923, days before his third stroke, Lenin asked Trotsky to denounce Stalin and his so-called "Great-Russian nationalistic campaign" at the
2697:
and Finland from intervening. In a rare reversal, Trotsky was supported by Stalin and Zinoviev, and prevailed against Lenin in the Central Committee.
2624:
In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's dracionan measures. According to
2505:. In September, Trotsky rushed back from the far-eastern front of the civil war to Moscow after the second day of the shooting and Stalin remained in
1155:, then Odessa, and finally in Moscow. In the Moscow prison, he came into contact with other revolutionaries, heard about Lenin and read Lenin's book,
23694:
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12461:, New York, London, Harper & brothers, 1938, xv, 422 pp. 2nd edition New York, Monad Press, distributed by Pathfinder Press 1973, c. 1972 xxiii.
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After a failed attempt to have Trotsky murdered in March 1939, Stalin assigned the overall organization of implementing the task to the NKVD officer
9627:
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period, later generations of Soviet and Russian historians would reevaluate his role in the history of the revolution with varying interpretations.
5739:
1645:, a Menshevik leader, bitterly denouncing Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Though he quickly got over the disagreement, the message was intercepted by the
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In the Soviet Union, his reputation gradually deteriorated over the course of the succession struggle as his views were presented as sectarian and
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2613:
The reorganization caused yet another conflict, this time between Trotsky and Stalin, in late September. Trotsky appointed former imperial general
16942:
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11159:
7254:
Trotsky was a strong critic of the shifting Comintern policy position under Stalin which directed German Communists to treat social democrats as "
3349:
23604:
7638:
3785:, and spent over a year living at Knudsen's house, from 18 June 1935 to 2 September 1936. Trotsky was hospitalized for a few weeks at the nearby
1696:, later a leading Soviet politician and Trotsky's ally in the Soviet Communist Party. On 3 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, in which
16288:
3823:
On 2 September 1936, four weeks after the break-in at Knudsen's house, Trygve Lie ordered that Trotsky and his wife be transferred to a farm in
1318:(1908–1937), both of whom would predecease their parents. Regarding his sons' surnames, Trotsky later explained that after the 1917 revolution:
942:, scholarship ranks Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army highly among historical figures, and he is credited for his major involvement with the
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11143:
10457:
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7383:
6149:
body working alongside the other deputies. Deutscher argued that had Trotsky assumed the post of deputy, then it would have been difficult for
5783:
commented that Trotsky "displayed a lamentable lack of political judgement" on multiple occasions such as declining Lenin's proposal to become
4906:
4024:
3155:
Members of the Left Opposition represented most of the international elements of the party and held offices at the highest responsibility with
542:
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12283:
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7052:
In 1932–33, Trotsky maintained the need for mass participation in the operationalisation of the planned economy. He elaborated on the need of
6617:". Swain asserted that the Bolsheviks would certainly have lost the Civil War within a single year without Trotsky as leader of the Red Army.
5519:, considered him to be amicable, inquisitive and occasionally charming with new acquaintances during his final years in Mexico. Old Bolshevik
15693:Троцкий район (август 1927 г. – август 1929 г.), Красногвардейский район (август 1929 г. – январь 1944 г.), Гатчинский район (январь 1944 г.)
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aligned with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The struggle became open at the September 1925 meeting of the Central Committee and came to a head at the
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Scholarly consensus holds Trotsky to have demonstrated remarkable leadership of the Red Army during the Civil War. He had been awarded the
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has been viewed as an influence and a model for the civil war repressions. The decision to enact the Red Terror was also driven by initial
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which he argued had falsely presented Trotsky as the principal figure that led and was responsible for the repression. He also added that
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but this was overshadowed by the huge apparatus which included the GPU and the party cadres who were at the disposal of Stalin. Historian
1982:
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Trotsky's house in Coyoacán has been preserved in much the same condition as it was on the day he was assassinated there, and is now the
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Our relations with Kamenev, which were very good in the first period after the insurrection, began to become more distant from that day.
5432:
and believed that "he ceased to be a Jew in any important sense because Marxism had burned out the fortuitous residues of his origins".
1432:
number of violent radicals, peaceful demonstrators and police caught within the melee. Although Sunday, 9 January 1905, became known as
1310:(1882–1962), who soon became his companion. They married in 1903, and she was with him until his death. They had two children together,
21925:
21049:
20219:
11185:
8501:
7995:—an awl-like bartender's tool); this misnomer has been explained as being occasioned by the assassin's use of the French-language term
4692:
4661:
3446:
3050:", were uncovered and suppressed by the Soviet secret police. On 8 October 1923 Trotsky sent a letter to the Central Committee and the
2617:
to command the Southern Front, but in early October 1918 Stalin refused to accept him and so he was recalled from the front. Lenin and
635:
19676:
16168:
The New York Intellectuals, Thirtieth Anniversary Edition: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s
15610:
13345:
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12196:
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Trotsky's conception of the Permanent Revolution is based on his understanding, drawing on the work of the founder of Russian Marxism
7072:
According to Fitzpatrick, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as
5862:
and demoralised the Russian working class which in turn strengthened the growth of an internal, Soviet bureaucracy. Russian historian
5441:(1936). Trotsky argued that the Stalinist regime was an "ephemeral phenomenon" and Nimtz believed this had later been proven with the
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Not Guilty; Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, John Dewey, chairman
10056:
9504:
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and wrote on "everyday life and cultural progress as well as on the more customary Marxism of the day". Trotsky and his second wife,
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2011:
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commission along with members of the Opposition bloc had put forward an electrification plan which involved the construction of the
3243:
and its supporters. Trotsky's control over the military was undermined by reassigning his deputy, Ephraim Sklyansky, and appointing
1420:
in the city. This single strike grew into a general strike, and by 7 January 1905, there were 140,000 strikers in Saint Petersburg.
766:. He was again exiled to Siberia, but escaped in 1907 and spent time in London, Vienna, Switzerland, Paris, and New York. After the
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tasks. Although most closely associated with Leon Trotsky, the call for a "Permanent Revolution" is first found in the writings of
6920:
The Scissor crisis: retail and wholesale prices of agricultural and industrial goods in the Soviet Union July 1922 to November 1923
6119:
4810:
4732:
3726:
and soon found himself under the surveillance of the French police. From July 1933 to February 1934, Trotsky and his wife lived in
2499:
2408:
1554:
18143:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941R
17181:
11623:
11555:
10886:
9135:
Smith, Edward Ellis. The Okhrana; The Russian Department of Police; A Bibliography. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1967.
6345:
of the Russian Federation (Certificates of Rehabilitation No. 13/2182-90, No. 13-2200-99 in Archives Research Center "Memorial").
3326:, with Zinoviev and Kamenev again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. Their criticism of Trotsky was concentrated in three areas:
1875:
and Lev Kamenev when the Bolshevik Central Committee discussed staging an armed uprising, and he led the efforts to overthrow the
1664:
In January 1912, the majority of the Bolshevik faction, led by Lenin, as well as a few defecting Mensheviks, held a conference in
23654:
21061:
21004:
20674:
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19548:
17786:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
16492:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
16413:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
15283:
14313:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
11589:
8090:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
7316:
Political scientists Emanuele Saccarelli and Latha Varadarajan valued his theory as a "signal contribution" to the discipline of
7223:
7068:. But, they – I cannot say exactly – but I will say two or three times less than they could be under a regime of Soviet democracy
5322:
5218:. My faith in the communist future of mankind is not less ardent, indeed it is firmer today, than it was in the days of my youth.
4820:
4004:
3942:
3358:
2357:, which increased the size of the Red Army from fewer than 300,000 in May 1918 to one million in October, and an introduction of
2022:
that detailed plans for post-war reallocation of colonies and redrawing state borders. On 23 November 1917, Trotsky revealed the
1936:
1850:
1157:
19267:
18276:
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13835:
12863:
6189:
Similarly, Soviet historian Victor Danilov believed that Lenin's proposed appointment of Trotsky as deputy "would have made him
3856:
democratic hypocrisy, gripped me in a stranglehold to prevent me from protesting the greatest crime history may ever know.
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plan. Man will occupy himself with re-registering mountains and rivers, and will earnestly and repeatedly make improvements in
6965:
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5678:
dictatorship akin to Stalin's rule and increased the likelihood of conflict across the European continent. Although, historian
5524:
4752:
3582:
last prominent Trotskyist to capitulate to Stalin in April 1934, when Rakovsky formally "admitted his mistakes" (his letter to
1669:
1605:("Truth"), a bi-weekly, Russian-language social democratic paper for Russian workers, which he co-edited with Adolph Joffe and
1359:
1326:
Trotsky never used the name "Sedov" either privately or publicly. Natalia Sedova sometimes signed her name "Sedova-Trotskaya".
1162:
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737:
427:
415:
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shows that capitalism offers no way forward for underdeveloped countries, thus again proving the central tenet of the theory.
2662:
dissatisfied and those whose feelings had been hurt found their way to Stalin or Zinoviev, for these two also nourished hurts.
2476:. From early 1918, the Bolsheviks started physical elimination of opposition and other socialist and revolutionary fractions,
934:
contributions to Marxism. While some of his wartime actions have proved controversial, such as his ideological defence of the
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6393:, Geoffrey Swain and Robert Service. He viewed these recent trends in historiography as "manifestations of the confluence of
4901:
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3627:
3605:
of September 1941, where he was shot dead along with 156 other prisoners on Stalin's orders, less than three months into the
15451:
14017:
10255:
7281:
Trotsky also formulated a theory of fascism based on a dialectical interpretation of events to analyze the manifestation of
7266:
argued that Trotsky's political strategy and approach to fascism such as the emphasis on an organisational bloc between the
6796:. Other historians have noted the literary value of his account of historical events and social analysis with works such as
6364:
because "these men knew his stature, the power of what he stood for, and were never lulled by the smallness of his forces".
4092:
1825:
was compelled to demand the release of Trotsky as a Russian citizen, and the British government freed him on 29 April 1917.
1443:
Police mugshots of Trotsky in 1905 after Soviet members were arrested during a meeting in the Free Economic Society building
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when other members of the Bolshevik leadership were prepared to abandon the former capital. According to military scholar,
6444:
5484:. Russian historian Vladimir Buldakov considered Trotsky, in some respect, a "typical representative" of "Russia's radical
5107:
4800:
4795:
3812:
3548:
3333:
Trotsky's alleged distortion of the events of 1917 to emphasise his role and diminish the roles played by other Bolsheviks.
2391:
during the initial stage of the civil war but the general would take up arms against the Soviets shortly again afterwards.
1051:
947:
943:
218:
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which stemmed from his youth when he considered studying mathematics and physics at the New Russian University in Odessa.
3786:
2632:
weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters.
1700:
fought against the Russian Empire, Trotsky was forced to flee Vienna for neutral Switzerland to avoid arrest as a Russian
1427:
knowingly led a procession of radicals mixed within larger groups of ordinary working citizens through the streets to the
23679:
23674:
23669:
22819:
22706:
22588:
22236:
21098:
20332:
19468:
18227:
16031:
12010:"Former Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, in exile visits ruins of ancient Roman sites with other dignitaries in Naples, Italy"
6754:
6423:". However, he also argued that no Trotskyite group had ever led a revolution or built an enduring mass political party.
6286:
4896:
4876:
4737:
2951:
2653:
in March 1919. On the surface, he weathered them successfully and was elected one of only five full members of the first
2064:
the delaying". Therefore, Trotsky replaced Joffe as the leader of the Soviet delegation during the peace negotiations in
1673:
1508:
818:
23025:
22922:
19611:
16085:
16058:
15977:
8890:
6744:
Various historians have credited Trotsky and the Left Opposition with shifting the Soviet economic orientation from the
3642:. Trotsky was also at risk from the many former White Army officers who lived on Prinkipo, officers who had opposed the
23619:
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23389:
21810:
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21468:
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19871:
19349:
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18419:
15746:
13051:
12566:
12336:
12313:
11991:
11722:
9413:
9063:. The Selected Works. Critical and biographical essay. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow. 1954. Pp. 5–24.
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7271:
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5784:
5618:
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1641:. Trotsky was so upset by what he saw as a usurpation of his newspaper's name that in April 1913, he wrote a letter to
1609:. It was smuggled into Russia. The paper appeared very irregularly; only five issues were published in its first year.
15389:
15362:
11117:
5364:
Trotsky was regarded as an outstanding orator, preeminent theoretician, and organiser that, in the view of historian
4255:
2110:
They were willing to hold talks with the Germans as a means of exposing German imperial ambitions (territorial gains,
1241:, taking her son by her second marriage but leaving behind a daughter in Russia. Suffering also from tuberculosis and
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or betrayal. Service pointed out that this practice was exercised by both Red and White armies during the Civil War.
2180:
adopted a formal resolution to break with the Government if it makes annexationist demands of the Russian revolution.
1066:
to be educated. He was enrolled in a Lutheran German-language school (School of the Lutheran St. Pauls Cathedral, of
19360:
18585:
15696:(in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from
15668:(in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from
14698:
10837:
7438:
and emphasised a need of cultural autonomy for the development of a socialist culture. According to literary critic
6380:
personalities of the Russian revolution, a Mephistophelian figure whose life ended in an appropriately dramatic way.
1322:
In order not to oblige my sons to change their name, I, for "citizenship" requirements, took on the name of my wife.
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3847:. When later living in Mexico, Trotsky was utterly scathing about the treatment he received during his 108 days at
3430:
2721:
Polish poster titled "Bolshevik freedom" which depicts him on a pile of skulls, holding a bloody knife, during the
1908:
1566:
14494:
3839:. On 19 December 1936, Trotsky and his wife were deported from Norway after being put on the Norwegian oil tanker
3408:, were thoroughly defeated, while Trotsky refused to get involved in the fight and did not speak at the Congress.
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Vladimir Cherniaev, a leading Russian historian, sums up Trotsky's main contributions to the Russian Revolution:
2069:
2026:
which had been made between the Tsarist government, Britain and France, causing them considerable embarrassment.
20016:
10827:; Chapter 11: War Communism at an impasse; paragraph "The militarisation of all labour"; Bookmarks, London 1990.
6586:. At the same time, Trotsky became a convenient bogeyman for Soviet affairs and was associated with ideological
5710:. Biographer Geoffrey Swain believed that the Soviet Union under the leadership of Trotsky would have been more
2334:
The military situation soon tested Trotsky's managerial and organization-building skills. In May–June 1918, the
1946:
had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (
1637:
The Bolsheviks started a new workers-oriented newspaper in Saint Petersburg on 22 April 1912 and also called it
23460:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
23304:
22159:
21488:
21385:
21357:
21185:
21138:
21086:
21009:
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17590:
15932:"Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain"
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7598:
3442:
3115:
2115:
2100:
1943:
1876:
1570:
779:
654:
10312:
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9664:
6209:. On Lenin's initiative, Stalin requested the Central Committee that Trotsky be appointed deputy chairman and
5901:
5698:
argued that Trotsky's military policies would have averted the dismantlement of Soviet defenses alongside the
3481:
2889:(triumvirate) formed by Stalin to ensure that Trotsky, publicly the number-two man in the country and Lenin's
1183:
Trotsky's first wife Aleksandra Sokolovskaya with her brother (left), Trotsky (right), Dr Ziv (bottom) in 1897
529:
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6866:
In the post-Leninist struggle, Trotsky and the Left-United Opposition had advocated for a programme of rapid
6077:—Lenin's testament; 1923 Most historians consider the document to be an accurate reflection of Lenin's views.
5573:
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4122:
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3634:
and then at a nearby hotel in the city. In April 1929, Trotsky, his wife and son were moved to the island of
2388:
1865:
1237:
in 1928, cared for in her last months by her older sister. Zinaida Volkova followed her father into exile in
1192:. Because of their marriage, Trotsky and his wife were allowed to be exiled to the same location in Siberia:
875:
673:
334:
38:
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7378:
during the succession period. However, these theories were increasingly marginalised during the Stalin era.
7045:. He had also warned against the danger of market spontaneity and called for a well-thought out strategy of
5846:" and this was in spite of the fact that Stalin "was a man of narrower outlook in virtually every respect".
3669:
1354:
supporters handily defeating the few "economist" delegates. Then the congress discussed the position of the
23319:
22084:
21941:
21463:
21044:
20939:
20924:
11054:
Revolutionary Pairs: Marx and Engels, Lenin and Trotsky, Gandhi and Nehru, Mao and Zhou, Castro and Guevara
7688:
7505:
7289:
7188:
6631:
which included both Left Mensheviks and Left Bolsheviks. He had also proposed the election of a new Soviet
6408:
6342:
6206:
5801:
4935:
4742:
4717:
4172:
3123:
2350:
after their best-known component) and widespread defection by the military experts whom Trotsky relied on.
1987:
857:
641:
17916:
8968:
3263:
868:" posited that the socialist revolution could only survive if spread to advanced capitalist countries. In
23699:
23624:
23599:
22424:
21981:
21797:
21693:
20929:
20786:
20210:
18564:
17683:
17625:
Trotsky: October and its perspective in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
15830:
15824:
13994:
13713:
13528:
Trotsky: October and its perspective in the Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
11013:
9645:
9624:
8340:
6640:
6436:
6007:
5780:
4980:
4815:
4790:
4785:
4646:
3765:
Konrad Knudsen's House in Veksal, Norderhov, Norway, where Trotsky lived from June 1935 to September 1936
3734:
also arranged for Trotsky and his bodyguards to stay for a few days at her parents' house. Following the
3700:, as the Soviet Union government claimed. The alleged members of the anti-Stalin bloc were Zinovievites,
2748:
2480:
among the first. On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the Terror, Lenin
951:
919:
849:
in 1928, and deported in 1929. He lived in Turkey, France, and Norway before settling in Mexico in 1937.
786:
140:
16385:
15764:
5445:. Other scholars have similarly described Trotsky as having a prescient judgement of events such as the
5144:, which was intended to be a revolutionary and internationalist alternative to the Stalinist Comintern.
4147:
1679:
In Vienna, Trotsky continuously published articles in radical Russian and Ukrainian newspapers, such as
23524:
23399:
23379:
23141:
21996:
21508:
21483:
21150:
21081:
20451:
20305:
20200:
20160:
17544:
15231:
14725:
13500:
7648:
7267:
6890:, advocating political revolution and arguing that socialism cannot sustain itself without democracy.
6769:, centralising and technocratic” than the economic proposals presented by rival theoretician Bukharin.
5814:
Trotsky describing the military measures he would have taken in place of Stalin to counter the rise of
5683:
5528:
5428:
4619:
4132:
3793:
3664:
3509:
of 12 April 1927 by massacring the Communist Party in Shanghai midway through the Northern Expedition.
3404:
in December 1925. With only the Leningrad Party organization behind them, Zinoviev and Kamenev, dubbed
3396:
finally broke up. Bukharin and Rykov sided with Stalin while Krupskaya and Soviet Commissar of Finance
2088:
1447:
Following the events of Bloody Sunday, Trotsky secretly returned to Russia in February 1905, by way of
1391:
1007:
19678:
The Soviet Communist Party in Disarray: The XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
18671:
Cox, Michael (1992). "Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?".
16756:
Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
12600:
11455:
Novaia Ekonomicheskaia Politika i Krizis Partii Posle Smerti Lenina: Gody Raboty v VSNKh vo Vremia NEP
6663:
edifice". Cherniaev considered Trotsky to be partly responsible for the establishment of a one-party,
2685:
By October 1919, the government was in the worst crisis of the Civil War: Denikin's troops approached
2161:
It is impossible to sign their peace. They already have agreed with fictitious Governments of Poland,
2068:
from 22 December 1917 to 10 February 1918. At that time the Soviet government was split on the issue.
2040:
1721:
and the pro-war position taken by the European social democratic parties, primarily the German party.
1049:. Although Trotsky spoke French, English, and German to a good standard, he said in his autobiography
23684:
23614:
23339:
22114:
21478:
20680:
20535:
20527:
20481:
20236:
17462:
17207:
13107:
12889:
12507:
11138:
10061:
7952:
7618:
7362:
7028:
6686:
6307:
6303:) in 1929. In 1944, to increase the morale of Russian troops, the town's historic name was restored.
6248:
6154:
6049:
5930:
5493:
4985:
4492:
4482:
4438:
4358:
4293:
4117:
3996:
3211:
2998:
2023:
1920:
1558:
1334:
In the meantime, after a period of secret police repression and internal confusion that followed the
771:
379:
18381:
9715:
9446:
6145:
scholar Derek Watson presumed that Trotsky would have been the first vice-chairman of an additional
23500:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23495:
Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23394:
23369:
21966:
21890:
21860:
21493:
21473:
20895:
20885:
20615:
20567:
19090:
17730:
17123:
12418:
12275:
11095:
10779:
10729:
10689:
10208:
9915:
9879:
9857:
9836:
9741:
9536:
9360:
9289:
9268:
9235:
8910:
8741:
8051:
Trotsky was a leader of a small group, the Mezhraionts, consisting of almost four thousand members.
6911:
6761:. On the whole, historian Mark Sandle characterised his vision for socialist construction as “more
6285:) by the Soviet authorities after Lev Trotsky. After Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the
6244:
6130:
dismissed the view that Trotsky was Lenin's successor due to his proposed and joint appointment as
5470:
5334:
5100:
4825:
4303:
3602:
3475:
2481:
1778:
1772:
1475:
200,000 people crowded outside to hear the speeches—about half of all workers in Saint Petersburg.
1471:
861:
31:
23455:
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
12244:
10848:
8263:
6072:
self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work.
2929:
As part of this effort, on 11 September 1922 Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his deputy at the
2739:
in August 1920. Back in Moscow, Trotsky again argued for a peace treaty, and this time prevailed.
680:, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He was a central figure in the
23629:
23519:
23490:
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23485:
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23480:
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22034:
20890:
20747:
20583:
20519:
18251:
Trotsky's Challenge: The 'Literary Discussion' of 1924 and the Fight for the Bolshevik Revolution
17901:
16917:
Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development
11274:
9091:
7839:
7769:
7317:
7294:
7084:
implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.
6717:
6644:
6598:
6326:
6139:
in 1922 and noted that Kamenev lacked any personal desire to become Chairman upon Lenin's death.
6091:
5973:
5760:
5695:
5561:
5436:
5211:
4757:
4697:
4522:
4472:
4398:
4013:
3972:
3673:
2736:
2679:
2492:
2449:
2263:
The entire Bolshevik leadership of the Red Army, including People's Commissar (defence minister)
2235:
2057:
2049:
2035:
1810:
1504:
1121:
1021:
907:
870:
810:
794:
763:
710:
446:
94:
17:
23475:
Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23470:
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23465:
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
20179:
13837:
Toward the United Front: Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International, 1922
11780:
11471:
11423:
10753:"Assassinate Trotzky, Report; Ex-Leader Of Russia Soviet Slayer's Victim, Berlin Officials Hear"
10556:
10124:
10057:"Statement By Trotsky At The Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference On Russia's Withdrawal From The War"
9394:
8610:
8478:
7451:
6314:
Shortly before his assassination, Trotsky agreed to sell the bulk of the papers he still had to
22079:
22064:
21503:
20959:
20648:
17021:"Beer also read Trotsky and found inspiration in Trotsky's critique of the Soviet bureaucracy".
16141:
Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition
16033:
Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition
16006:
The Complete Works of Rosa Luxemburg Volume IV: Political Writings 2, On Revolution (1906-1909)
12493:– Leon Trotsky's telephone address to the N.Y. Hippodrome Meeting for the opening event of the
12222:
11951:
11560:. Vol. 1 of Asia's transformations (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 233.
9342:
9040:
7938:
7910:
7723:
7477:
7392:
6957:
6448:
5838:
5668:
5652:
5400:
5282:
4762:
4651:
4418:
3984:" controlled by an undemocratic bureaucracy, which would eventually either be overthrown via a
3865:
3828:
3735:
3207:
2977:
The delegates, most of whom were unaware of the divisions within the Politburo, gave Trotsky a
2823:
2218:
2195:
2084:
1460:
1174:
1095:
Trotsky became involved in revolutionary activities in 1896 after moving to the harbor town of
78:
18303:
18056:
17666:
14019:
Leon Trotsky and the Fate of Socialism in the 20th Century: A Reply to Professor Eric Hobsbawm
13080:
12691:
11847:
11817:
11241:
10923:
9963:
8576:
7532:
purchased the distribution rights to the series in 2018 and made it available on its platform.
7187:
According to his biographer, Isaac Deutscher, Trotsky explicitly supported revolution through
7011:
which had undermined relations between the workers and peasants in 1923–1924. This included a
6792:
from 1970 to 1973, was reported to have read and been influenced by Trotsky's critique of the
3542:
3336:
Trotsky's harsh treatment of his subordinates and other alleged mistakes during the Civil War.
2870:
1161:. Two months into his imprisonment, on 1–3 March 1898, the first Congress of the newly formed
23509:
23279:
21498:
21175:
20982:
20919:
20444:
20251:
18960:
18330:
17954:
Cultures of Uneven and Combined Development: From International Relations to World Literature
12027:
11714:
11493:
9736:
9004:"Parvus, Luxemburg and Kautsky on the 1905 Russian Revolution: The Relationship with Trotsky"
7203:
7199:
7177:
7080:. Other scholars have argued that the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced
6270:
5674:
Contrarily, Service asserted that the succession of Trotsky would have resulted in a similar
5565:
5454:
4747:
4671:
4614:
4599:
4560:
4142:
3065:
2729:
2722:
2541:
2465:
2455:
2222:
1750:
1714:
991:
and later moved to Bereslavka, as it had a large Jewish community. Trotsky's younger sister,
629:
22490:
22322:
12483:
11977:
10364:
In Defence of Terrorism in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
8774:
Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials,
7242:
published posthumously which elaborated on the need of a united front for mass mobilisation.
7007:
Trotsky and the Left Opposition developed a number of economic proposals in response to the
6844:
Trotsky considered himself to be a "Bolshevik-Leninist", arguing for the establishment of a
6526:". He was viewed by contemporaries in the initial Soviet period and later historians as the
6428:
5534:
5333:
signed a sentence to award Mercader the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star, and the title of the
268:
23709:
23450:
Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23445:
Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23289:
23284:
22172:
22094:
22054:
21876:
21771:
21750:
21519:
20690:
20658:
20296:
20196:
19292:
12188:
12158:
12078:
11759:
11628:. Vol. 2 of A History of Russia (2, illustrated ed.). Anthem Press. p. 282.
9952:
9944:
9501:
7613:
7583:
7496:
7375:
7093:
6853:
6830:
6758:
6730:
6459:
6153:
to have been promoted above him as chairman after Lenin's death in 1924. Polish historian
5703:
5664:
5638:
5303:
A mountaineering ice axe has a narrow end, called the pick, and a flat wide end called the
5300:
as a weapon. The operation was known within the NKVD as "Operation Utka" (Operation Duck).
5286:
5198:
5141:
5121:
5005:
4970:
4925:
4712:
4609:
4550:
4162:
4127:
4036:
Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership. The court found every defendant guilty,
3910:
3658:
in Turkey, as it appears today. Trotsky lived at the house from April 1929 until July 1933.
2924:
2553:
2335:
2104:
1806:
1743:
1433:
1396:
1379:
879:
865:
22849:
22736:
22618:
12629:"Trotsky Injured in Attack on Home; Leon Trotsky and Home in Mexico Where He Was Attacked"
9813:
8197:
2936:
2279:
and reliance on carefully supervised non-Communist military experts eventually led to the
2103:
forces as proof that the Red Army could repel German forces, especially if propaganda and
1717:, prompting it to adopt an internationalist resolution. He wrote a book opposing the war,
1478:
8:
23514:
23504:
23440:
Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23435:
Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23430:
Members of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23334:
23215:
23055:
22952:
22444:
22248:
22231:
22104:
22074:
21986:
21395:
21145:
21071:
20964:
20834:
20487:
20079:
19082:
18534:
Blackledge, Paul (2006). "Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History".
17725:
15751:
15195:
Trotsky and the struggle for "Lenin's heritage". Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
7731:
7658:
7573:
7521:
6949:
6940:
6936:
regions and factories to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.
6916:
6874:. In 1936, Trotsky called for the restoration of the right of criticism in areas such as
6821:
6745:
6705:
6624:
6602:
6535:
6190:
6090:. Lenin and Trotsky were also the only Soviet leaders elected honorary presidents of the
5787:
of Sovnarkom, failing to build a power base before forming a bloc with Lenin against the
5614:
5577:
5520:
5516:
5194:
5093:
5020:
4975:
4245:
4197:
4112:
4076:
3815:
announced the discovery of a "Trotskyist–Zinovievist" plot and the imminent start of the
3639:
3570:
3470:
3416:
3215:
2798:
In March 1921, during the Kronstadt Rebellion, sailors and soldiers in the naval base of
2791:
2778:
2358:
2280:
2227:
2226:
committee abstained, and Lenin's proposal was accepted 7–4. The Soviet government sent a
2177:
2138:
1907:
the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the
1846:
1787:
1755:
1565:, Austria-Hungary. For the next seven years, he often took part in the activities of the
1125:
984:
976:
939:
915:
911:
830:
767:
343:
90:
23425:
Members of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23420:
Members of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
18966:(Report). Washington, D. C.: National Council for Soviet and East European Research and
18357:"Trotsky coming soon to Netflix: Russian revolutionary series to go on online streaming"
17889:
16518:
Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy
9003:
7298:, his articles on the united front represent an essential part of his political legacy.
6620:
A number of scholars and Western socialists have argued that Trotsky represented a more
6118:
Rogovin interpreted Lenin's proposal to the Politburo that Trotsky be confirmed as the "
6006:
Lenin and Trotsky (both photographed in 1920) were viewed as the leading figures in the
5508:
across Europe to view specific art collections. He also retained a personal interest in
3719:
2527:, Trotsky appealed to them politically, arousing them with the ideas of the Revolution.
744:, but in 1902 escaped to London, where he met Lenin and wrote for the party's newspaper
23410:
Members of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23076:
22973:
22911:
22808:
22690:
22572:
22562:
22358:
22343:
22211:
22134:
22089:
21638:
21606:
21413:
21337:
20849:
20809:
20668:
20653:
20543:
20411:
20401:
19901:
19884:
19663:
19655:
19577:
18811:
18688:
18551:
18084:
17871:
17863:
17071:
16808:
15432:
13481:
13473:
12633:
12060:
11925:
10757:
10638:
10190:
9060:
9019:
8445:
7701:
7663:
7525:
7481:
7259:
7046:
6709:
6483:
6315:
6202:
6040:
6020:
5851:
5728:
5679:
5660:
5409:
5342:
4587:
4582:
4541:
4502:
4423:
4041:
3909:
arrived in Mexico on 9 January 1937. On Trotsky's arrival, the Mexican president,
3797:
3643:
3562:
3397:
3354:
3316:
3283:
3271:
3191:
3164:
3156:
2959:
2832:
2766:
2368:
2252:
2184:
1916:
1880:
1796:
1693:
1208:
1110:
1042:
893:
878:" due to its isolation, and called for an end to Stalin's dictatorship. He founded the
685:
98:
84:
23405:
Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22695:
22567:
22414:
22383:
18332:
War Representation in British Cinema and Television: From Suez to Thatcher, and Beyond
17921:
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
15723:[Esteban Volkov, grandson and guardian of Leon Trotsky's memory, dies at 97].
11913:
10395:
6371:
assessed the conflicting perspectives on Trotsky's legacy in the Soviet Union and the
5131:
takeover in Germany and the Comintern's response to it, he changed his mind. He said:
4443:
2908:
Although the exact sequence of events is unclear, evidence suggests that at first the
2607:
2169:
and others concerning territorial concessions and military and customs treaties. (...)
23415:
Members of the Bureau of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23167:
22552:
22409:
22399:
22149:
22129:
22059:
22029:
21933:
21836:
21685:
21646:
21582:
21380:
21309:
21226:
21203:
20902:
20875:
20813:
20357:
20325:
20246:
20133:
20114:
20083:
20060:
20041:
20022:
20001:
19982:
19961:
19942:
19923:
19906:
19867:
19848:
19829:
19810:
19789:
19772:
19762:
19741:
19720:
19701:
19682:
19667:
19617:
19596:
19554:
19533:
19512:
19493:
19474:
19453:
19434:
19387:
19366:
19345:
19326:
19307:
19273:
19252:
19233:
19214:
19193:
19172:
19153:
19132:
19113:
19094:
19050:
19031:
19010:
18989:
18967:
18945:
18926:
18907:
18888:
18869:
18850:
18831:
18803:
18768:
18749:
18728:
18707:
18657:
18602:
18570:
18520:
18501:
18482:
18472:
18448:
18415:
18336:
18309:
18282:
18255:
18203:
18173:
18146:
18109:
18088:
18076:
18035:
17958:
17932:
17875:
17855:
17814:
17789:
17764:
17695:
17628:
17569:
17512:
17487:
17442:
17391:
17340:
17301:
17259:
17232:
17187:
17160:
17030:
17002:
16975:
16948:
16921:
16894:
16833:
16800:
16759:
16734:
16683:
16658:
16631:
16604:
16549:
16522:
16495:
16470:
16443:
16416:
16391:
16361:
16334:
16275:
16226:
16199:
16172:
16145:
16118:
16091:
16064:
16037:
16010:
15983:
15956:
15910:
15885:
15834:
15803:
15669:
15643:
15616:
15589:
15550:
15523:
15496:
15457:
15424:
15395:
15368:
15341:
15314:
15289:
15262:
15237:
15198:
15173:
15134:
15090:
15063:
15036:
15009:
14982:
14955:
14916:
14889:
14864:
14839:
14812:
14787:
14748:
14704:
14677:
14652:
14601:
14555:
14525:
14500:
14473:
14397:
14370:
14343:
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14291:
14249:
14224:
14197:
14170:
14143:
14116:
14089:
14062:
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13961:
13919:
13868:
13841:
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13692:
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13638:
13594:
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13506:
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13395:
13351:
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13286:
13247:
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13113:
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13047:
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12945:
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12608:
12602:
12601:
Pavel Sudoplatov; Anatoli Sudoplatov; Jerrold L. Schecter; Leona P. Schecter (1994).
12562:
12355:
12332:
12309:
12050:
11917:
11718:
11629:
11595:
11561:
11369:
Leon Trotsky, "Speech to the Thirteenth Party Congress on May 26, 1924" contained in
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Mein Leben. Ein Essay über Trockijs Autobiographie und den jungen Trockij (1879–1904)
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which in turn would have facilitated the conditions for his succession in the party.
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and a journalist. Trotsky stated that he worked for three newspapers and oversaw the
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2003:
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A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution – centenary edition with new introduction
18555:
17928:
15721:"Muere a los 97 años Esteban Volkov, nieto y guardián de la memoria de León Trotsky"
13485:
9917:
Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk: A Documentary History of the Peace Negotiations
9785:
9759:
9585:
8537:
7666:, armoured train carriage which was used for logistical travel and oration speeches.
6495:
5929:
His relations with Lenin have been a source of intense historical debate. Historian
5917:
5293:
4702:
4298:
4040:, including Trotsky, sentencing them to death. The second show trial of Karl Radek,
4008:
banned, was distributed to leaders of the Comintern. Among his other supporters was
3964:
Trotsky wrote prolifically while in exile, penning several key works, including his
3761:
3609:. Also among the Medvedev Forest victims was Trotsky's sister/Kamenev's first wife,
3569:
in March 1933. Answering Trotsky's request, the French mathematician and Trotskyist
897:
809:
and led it to victory in the Russian Civil War. He was an honorary president of the
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22019:
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19896:
19647:
19414:
19410:
18795:
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18543:
18068:
18008:
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17811:
Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
17102:
17063:
16792:
13465:
13424:
12494:
12388:
11909:
10710:
10622:
10345:
10182:
9968:
9015:
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7854:
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7167:
7150:
7138:
7077:
7053:
6929:
6871:
6849:
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6789:
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6591:
6590:. The works of Trotsky also remained banned until the Gorbachev era. Following the
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On 24 May 1940, Trotsky survived a raid on his villa by armed assassins led by the
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Trotsky defended his position in a series of seven letters which were collected as
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tried to make Trotsky and Stalin reconcile, but their meeting proved unsuccessful.
2603:
2557:
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2073:
1999:
1951:
1947:
1872:
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1791:
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1538:
1500:
1409:
1383:
1259:
1056:
1034:
775:
303:
261:
17107:
17090:
7258:". Historian Bertrand Patenaude believed that the Comintern policy following the "
6678:
and had personally urged that White army deserters be treated with understanding.
5768:
methods during the inter-party struggle between Stalin and the United Opposition.
3330:
Trotsky's disagreements and conflicts with Lenin and the Bolsheviks prior to 1917.
3054:, attributing these difficulties to lack of intra-Party democracy. Trotsky wrote:
2247:
2137:
That we could no longer fight was perfectly clear to me and that the newly formed
1294:
expected Trotsky, then 23, to side with the new guard. In March 1903 Lenin wrote:
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22221:
22099:
22069:
22024:
21443:
21294:
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20753:
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20384:
20206:
20130:
Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History of Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin
20106:
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19004:
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18922:
Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State
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17651:
Writings of Leon Trotsky. [Edited by George Breitman and Evelyn Reed: 1932-33
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Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State
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http://www.inkrit.de/e_inkritpedia/e_maincode/doku.php?id=k:kronstaedter_aufstand
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and Red Army detachments were too small and poorly trained to resist the Germans.
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2015:
1955:
1857:
1697:
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1413:
1201:
1144:
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17509:
Trotsky and foreign economic relations. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
12736:"Bloodstained ice axe used to kill Trotsky emerges after decades in the shadows"
7403:
6984:
as an accelerator and to direct investments by means of a system of comparative
6886:. Supporters of the Fourth International echo Trotsky's opposition to Stalinist
5734:
5292:
On 20 August 1940, Trotsky was attacked in his study by Spanish-born NKVD agent
4020:
3706:
3537:
3389:(1925). Trotsky denied these statements made by Eastman in an article he wrote.
3084:
and its supporters on the issue of intra-Party democracy, notably in Zinoviev's
2571:
2468:
threats and appointed director of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (aka
841:, but was outmaneuvered by him and lost his positions: he was expelled from the
23203:
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22011:
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12671:
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7514:
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7263:
7255:
7008:
6977:
6972:
would constitute the core of the Left Opposition during the succession period.
6845:
6700:
This view has been disputed by some writers such as French socialist historian
6539:
6463:
6416:
6398:
6368:
6142:
6054:
5980:
of Lenin and Trotsky hung on the walls of many Soviet and party institutions".
5630:
5497:
5485:
5326:
5261:
5252:
The study where Leon Trotsky was assassinated with an ice axe on 20 August 1940
4378:
4368:
3774:
3739:
3684:" because it was not a mass movement arising from a base in the lower classes.
3279:
3244:
3020:
3003:
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2758:
2718:
2618:
2537:
2502:
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under the White Guard forces and the Bolsheviks responded with the Red Terror.
2444:
2416:
2347:
2311:
2092:
2019:
1991:
1959:
1822:
1581:
1307:
1245:, Zinaida committed suicide in 1933. Aleksandra disappeared in 1935 during the
1026:
980:
733:
697:
473:
211:
179:
20190:
20154:
19651:
18547:
18072:
17091:"Leon Trotsky and Soviet Historiography of the Russian Revolution (1918–1931)"
13469:
10922:
Acton, Edward; Cherni͡aev, Vladimir I͡u.; Rosenberg, William G., eds. (1997).
10396:"How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago"
10186:
2640:
1977:
896:, and in 1940, was assassinated at his home in Mexico City by Stalinist agent
700:
were widely considered the two most prominent Soviet figures, and Trotsky was
23273:
23227:
23191:
23122:
23086:
22983:
22880:
22772:
22654:
22526:
22368:
22281:
22049:
21991:
21976:
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21828:
21789:
21734:
21716:
21677:
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21433:
21403:
21375:
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21289:
21246:
21236:
21231:
21221:
20859:
20723:
20185:
20174:
19776:
18807:
18080:
17859:
17699:
16804:
15428:
13428:
12749:
11921:
11889:
10634:
10626:
9790:. Internet Archive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 75–80.
9027:
8887:
7896:
7485:
7425:
7321:
7039:
6981:
6969:
6785:
6782:
6726:
6664:
6574:. Throughout the Stalin era, his name and image would be erased from history
6571:
6552:
6520:
6487:
6420:
6394:
6375:. He also commented on the lack of a balanced view. Specifically, he stated:
6372:
6353:
6334:
6182:
6127:
5863:
5824:
5556:
5392:
5380:
and industrialization" during the early years of the Soviet Union. Historian
5308:
5266:
4639:
4433:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4353:
4045:
4000:
3816:
3655:
3635:
3610:
3267:
3199:
3029:
2707:
2625:
2473:
2420:
2384:
2065:
1928:
1887:
1456:
1428:
1417:
1386:
in 1904–07. During their split, Lenin referred to Trotsky as "Little Judas" (
1263:
1242:
1071:
992:
838:
751:
395:
18784:"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka"
10966:
5180:
immediately accused Trotsky of being in the pay of the oil magnates and the
3949:
1274:("quill" or "pen"), Trotsky soon became one of the paper's leading writers.
1165:(RSDLP) was held. From then on Trotsky identified as a member of the party.
22767:
22649:
22521:
22434:
22363:
22242:
22188:
22109:
22044:
21961:
21868:
21554:
21428:
21370:
21314:
21077:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
21066:
21056:
20735:
19910:
19422:
12879:
150th Anniversary edition reprint, 23 August 1940; retrieved 22 March 2007.
12740:
12079:"Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)"
12064:
11285:
11223:
Leon Trotsky, "The First Letter to the Central Committee" contained in the
10615:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920"
10424:
10031:
10006:
9824:
7540:
7536:
7510:
7470:
7388:
7248:
7219:
7103:
6985:
6879:
6836:
6793:
6778:
6701:
6648:
6523:
6491:
6475:
6390:
6357:
6150:
6025:
5968:
5934:
5834:
5815:
5765:
5724:
5711:
5687:
5675:
5601:
5588:
5552:
5505:
5500:
enjoyed Viennese galleries and made frequent visits to museums such as the
5481:
5450:
5365:
5356:
5176:
5157:
5015:
4448:
4408:
4383:
4343:
4283:
4212:
4107:
3957:
3937:
3936:, with whom Trotsky had an affair, and Kahlo's husband and fellow painter,
3832:
3693:
3595:
3574:
3527:
3223:
3160:
2812:
2754:
with workers being treated as "soldiers of labor" under strict discipline.
2735:
Poland defeated the Red Army, and the offensive was turned back during the
2686:
2675:
2576:
2495:
2354:
2307:
2276:
2118:, who were then the Bolsheviks' junior partners in a coalition government.
1838:
1688:
sent him to the Balkans as its war correspondent, where he covered the two
1577:
1545:(right) in Saint Peter and Paul Fortress prison at Saint Petersburg in 1906
1424:
1315:
1234:
931:
814:
778:, he played an important role in the October Revolution that overthrew the
774:, Trotsky returned to Russia and joined the Bolsheviks. As chairman of the
693:
515:
421:
184:
19756:
19027:
Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition
18057:"Culture as permanent revolution: Lev Trotsky's Literature and Revolution"
17726:"The mass uprising in Tunisia and the perspective of permanent revolution"
16796:
15907:
International Trotskyism: 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement
15130:
Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition
12942:
The saga of Leon Trotsky: his clandestine operations and his assassination
11468:"Leon Trotsky: My Life (42. The Last Period of Struggle Within the Party)"
9563:
5988:
3988:
establishing a workers' democracy, or degenerate into a capitalist class.
3792:
Following French media complaints about Trotsky's role in encouraging the
1408:
The unrest and agitation against the Russian government came to a head in
1290:
who was trying to establish a permanent majority against Plekhanov within
906:
under Stalin, Trotsky was one of the few of Stalin's rivals who was never
23071:
22968:
22870:
22757:
22639:
22516:
22449:
22404:
22276:
21438:
21418:
21269:
21193:
20717:
20503:
18486:
18462:
7696:
7593:
7490:
7465:
7262:" facilitated the rise of Hitler's party. Marxist theorist and economist
7181:
7172:
7130:
6798:
6713:
6690:
6479:
6467:
6224:
6032:
5959:
5955:
5906:
5792:
5776:
5715:
5691:
5569:
4634:
4624:
4363:
4323:
4217:
3933:
3882:
3870:
3731:
3650:
3578:
3458:
3382:
3119:
Leon Trotsky with Soviet leaders write the letter of defiance to British
3080:
2614:
2399:
2342:
2079:
They cited the successes of the newly formed (15 January 1918) voluntary
2045:
1931:
and other troops still loyal to the overthrown Provisional Government at
1814:
1738:
1701:
1689:
1542:
1355:
1246:
1197:
1140:
1136:
1000:
798:
360:
23150:
19659:
18815:
18783:
17734:. International Committee of the Fourth International. 17 January 2011.
17255:
The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?
16812:
16780:
14496:
The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?
13477:
13453:
11929:
11893:
11453:
Nikolai Valentinov-Volsky's account of his work with Trotsky in 1925 in
8504:. Translated by Crawford, Ted. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007
7434:
Trotsky presented a critique of contemporary literary movements such as
6258:
5921:
Lenin delivering a speech to a crowd in Moscow Square, with Trotsky and
5587:
Aside from his interest in political activism, Trotsky also worked as a
5465:
5438:
The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?
5317:
my hand and, with my eyes closed, dealt him a terrible blow on the head.
5076:
3925:
3782:
3598:, and was arrested and imprisoned in late 1937, during the Great Purge.
2885:
21256:
21126:
21121:
20914:
20695:
20232:
19430:
19117:
18911:
18799:
17075:
17051:
15881:
Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain
15436:
15416:
15313:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 112, 143.
13957:
The Russian Revolution: The Fall of the Tsars and the Rise of Communism
10869:
10813:
10589:
Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine
8307:
8023:
7603:
7547:
7335:
7098:
6860:
6817:
6774:
6722:
6531:
6471:
5417:
5368:, "forged and directed the Red Army". He served as one of the original
5226:
4413:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4250:
4084:
4009:
3770:
3466:
3287:
3168:
3127:
2986:
2706:
1920. Based on his experiences, he proposed abandoning the policies of
2477:
2432:
2424:
1802:
1783:("Forward"), in translation. He also made speeches to Russian émigrés.
1467:
1439:
1371:
1367:
1258:
pseudonym. After escape from Siberia, Trotsky moved to London, joining
1018:
935:
759:
755:
722:
42:
20018:
Stalin as revolutionary, 1879-1929: a study in history and personality
18692:
18223:
17867:
17835:
17026:
Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile
15776:
12604:
Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster
11007:
11005:
10642:
10614:
10194:
10170:
9415:
The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan
5248:
1463:. There he worked on fleshing out his theory of permanent revolution.
1082:
20839:
20729:
20165:
18013:
17997:"Leon Trotsky and the political conundrum of international relations"
14568:
11757:
Fagan, Gus; Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky; chapter
10836:
Kronstadt Rebellion, Kronstädter Aufstand In: Dictionary of Marxism,
7134:
7125:
6944:
6766:
6652:
6636:
6632:
6621:
6609:, scholars view Trotsky as "one of the outstanding figures in modern
6548:
6349:
6136:
5977:
5947:
5797:
5747:
5682:
found it implausible that Trotsky like Stalin would have launched an
5656:
5369:
5037:
4428:
4348:
4288:
3977:
3778:
3718:
In July 1933, Trotsky was offered asylum in France by Prime Minister
2799:
2670:
this opportunity to pressure Lenin to dismiss Trotsky from his post.
2654:
2524:
2506:
2376:
2319:
2162:
1894:, 6 November 1918. Although this passage was quoted in Stalin's book
1842:
1763:
1533:
1311:
1212:
1100:
996:
923:
883:
853:
510:
156:
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union
21920:
17067:
11673:
8308:"Библиотека газеты "Революция". Клушин В.И. Малоизвестное о Троцком"
6870:, voluntary collectivisation of agriculture, and the expansion of a
6165:
5655:
expressed the view that Trotsky was "undoubtedly the most brilliant
5515:
His personal secretary and later a historian of mathematical logic,
5321:
According to James Cannon, the Trotskyist secretary of the American
3877:
3552:
as reported in the Soviet Union in August 1929, with the editors of
3517:
1656:
813:. In 1922, Trotsky and Lenin formed an alliance against the growing
740:
in 1898. He was arrested for revolutionary activities and exiled to
23258:
21034:
20274:
20270:
19737:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
18684:
18356:
17353:
16891:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
16680:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
15931:
15259:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14886:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14861:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14809:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14522:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14246:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
12805:
12803:
11326:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
11201:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
11002:
9101:, Marxists Internet Archive, (9 June 2006); retrieved 26 July 2013.
8083:
7992:
7578:
7435:
7371:
7339:
7274:
during the interwar period would very likely have prevented Hitler
7198:
with documented references made to his personal opposition to the
7195:
7192:
7000:
6856:
and viewed this as a conscious expression of historical processes.
6564:
6556:
6266:
6213:
in January 1923 but he refused the position. In his autobiography,
6170:
5896:
5843:
5403:
described Trotsky as the "genius of the revolution" and biographer
5230:
4964:
4373:
4260:
4157:
4152:
3924:
From January 1937 to April 1939, Trotsky and his wife lived in the
3743:
3631:
2994:
within the Party, but these were vague and remained unimplemented.
2818:
2807:
2787:
2783:
2166:
2080:
1995:
1939:
for the parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress.
1932:
1924:
1828:
1252:
1179:
1113:
1105:
1096:
966:
846:
806:
718:
702:
10148:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 43.
8630:
8628:
6811:
6510:
6053:, on the day prior to his death. According to Stalin's secretary,
5997:
3662:
Soon after arriving in Turkey Trotsky established the publication
3496:
on 22 July 1926. Trotsky can be seen over Kalinin's left shoulder.
2411:
and Trotsky along with the successful assassinations of Petrograd
1724:
1362:(RSDLP) in 1898 but wanted to remain autonomous within the party.
1249:
under Stalin and was murdered by Soviet forces three years later.
1087:
1077:
18191:
18189:
14676:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. p. 109.
13864:
Lenin and the Twentieth Century: A Bertram D. Wolfe Retrospective
13278:
12875:
10097:
Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924
8000:
7529:
7236:
6996:
6925:
6579:
6560:
6210:
6174:
6099:
6087:
5922:
5868:
5788:
5509:
5478:
5421:
5297:
5215:
4958:
3918:
3681:
3591:
3566:
2694:
2629:
2454:
Trotsky argued that the reign of terror in Russia began with the
2283:, which was active within the Communist Party in late 1918–1919.
2208:
Answer by direct wire: "I agree to your plan" or "I don't agree."
1646:
1550:
1193:
1189:
1152:
1117:
1046:
1011:
988:
741:
721:, his thought and writings inspired a school of Marxism known as
714:
339:
50:
19401:
McNeal, Robert H. (2015). "Trotsky's Interpretation of Stalin".
19075:
Leon Trotsky: the Man and His Work. Reminiscences and Appraisals
15829:. Harold Shukman (ed. and trans.). Simon and Schuster. pp.
14410:
12800:
8181:
7450:
distinctions between Trotsky's approach on cultural matters and
6704:
who criticised Western representations of Trotsky's role in the
6659:
which were "imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces".
6253:
3913:, welcomed Trotsky to Mexico and arranged for his special train
3749:
In May 1935, soon after the French government had agreed to the
3143:
controlled the Party apparatus through Stalin's Secretariat and
2900:, Bukharin) was at first uncommitted, but eventually joined the
2879:
elevated to the newly created position of the Central Committee
1168:
910:
by later leaders. In the West, Trotsky emerged as a hero of the
22258:
20436:
14744:
The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record by N.N. Sukhanov
11849:
Application by Leon Trotsky for permission to reside in England
11688:
8625:
7539:
debut single was entitled "Lev Bronstein", released on the CNT
7503:
Trotsky's final days and death was dramatized in the 1972 film
7473:, who believes himself to be the reincarnation of Leon Trotsky.
7424:, stylized depictions of Trotsky which have been attributed to
7421:
7343:
7117:
7020:
6933:
6694:
6675:
6614:
6587:
6499:
5872:
5544:
5501:
5000:
4656:
3590:, depicted Trotsky and his supporters as "agents of the German
3531:
3489:
3438:
3184:
3172:
3025:
2989:'s article, "Leon Trotsky – Organiser of Victory" published in
2540:
by the Red Army occurred in the summer and fall of 1918 in the
1886:
The following summary of Trotsky's role in 1917 was written by
1665:
1601:
1562:
1487:
1238:
1063:
729:
23246:
20600:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
18186:
14169:. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 157.
13937:
13935:
13454:"Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History"
13299:
10990:
10978:
8332:
7176:
and in "Permanent Revolution", which also contains his essay "
6859:
His politics differed in some aspects from those of Stalin or
5750:, Stalin ordered the imprisonment of several specialists on a
5608:
5064:
3881:
Trotsky arrives in Mexico, January 1937 with his wife. Artist
3722:. Trotsky accepted the offer, but he was forbidden to live in
3032:– a version of this appeared on one of the earliest covers of
2815:
accusing him of betraying the revolution's democratic ideals.
1503:("Council") of Workers. By the time of Trotsky's arrival, the
21111:
18645:
Trotsky: The darker the night the brighter the star 1927–1940
18445:
Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution
15495:. London; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79.
13184:
13182:
13180:
12820:
12818:
11078:
11076:
11074:
10525:
10523:
9787:
A history of modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin
9586:"Leon Trotsky | Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts"
9189:
8538:"Leon Trotsky – Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts"
7016:
7003:
pictured in the mid-1920s as members of the United Opposition
6734:
6583:
6575:
6146:
5939:
5884:
5876:
5755:
5751:
3848:
3824:
3773:
to enter the country, Trotsky and his wife became a guest of
3727:
3723:
3538:
Fate of Left Oppositionists after Trotsky's exile (1929–1941)
3180:
3176:
3069:
to the Central Committee on 15 October, in which they wrote:
2561:
2469:
2412:
2315:
2230:
the German side, taking the final Brest-Litovsk peace terms.
1634:
for another two years until it finally folded in April 1912.
1621:
to seek financial backing for the newspaper throughout 1909.
1217:
746:
676:
26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as
22492:
13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22324:
14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
21549:
18961:
Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia
18636:
Trotsky: Fighting the rising Stalinist bureaucracy 1923–1927
16781:"Review of Trotsky: A Biography; In Defense of Leon Trotsky"
16696:
16060:
Marxism, Ethics and Politics: The Work of Alasdair MacIntyre
15563:
15311:
Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism
14674:
Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism
12276:"The House in Coyoacán – Reflection on Trotsky's last years"
11739:
11527:
Compilation Group for the "History of Modern China" Series,
10257:
Stalin's Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR
9324:
9322:
9309:
9307:
9206:
9204:
8362:
8360:
8358:
7999:—meaning the winter-mountaineering tool which resembles the
7031:
and the formation of collective farms on a voluntary basis.
5775:
over the Georgian Affair but the latter relented. Historian
2728:
In early 1920, Soviet–Polish tensions eventually led to the
2326:
as mass murderers. The caption reads, "Peace and Liberty in
1599:
In October 1908 he was asked to join the editorial staff of
1336:
First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
23350:
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
18122:
14835:
Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time
14463:
14461:
14339:
A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End
13932:
13761:
13260:
13221:
12998:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12988:
8657:
8655:
8578:
Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews
8419:
8417:
8404:
8402:
7823:
7469:, centers on a protagonist named Leon Bronstein, played by
7327:
7285:
and the early emergence of Nazi Germany from 1930 to 1933.
7113:
6527:
6178:
5304:
5274:
5222:
5128:
3521:
Trotsky with his wife Natalia and son Lev in Alma Ata, 1928
3454:
3365:
For Trotsky, 1925 was a difficult year. After the bruising
1978:
Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Brest-Litovsk (1917–1918)
1448:
1350:
editors attended. The first congress went as planned, with
874:(1936), Trotsky argued that the Soviet Union had become a "
22851:
10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22738:
11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22620:
12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
17416:
17404:
17365:
17314:
15147:
14446:
14434:
14267:
14265:
13773:
13556:
13544:
13177:
13165:
13060:
12815:
12539:
11992:"The Stanford Daily, Volume 82, Issue 44, 5 December 1932"
11544:(Suren Dutt Publishers: Calcutta, India, 1970), pp. 5–21.
11071:
10520:
10076:
9249:
8244:
7811:
7228:
6939:
Originally, he had proposed the principles underlying the
3088:
article published on 7 November. Throughout November, the
2443:
in which 10,000-20,000 workers had been liquidated by the
1580:, his friend for the next 20 years, who introduced him to
219:
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Russian SFSR
23580:
People sentenced to death in absentia by the Soviet Union
23057:
8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22954:
9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
20021:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 336.
18942:
Permanent Revolution – Results and Prospects 100 Years On
17483:
Socialism, Economics and Development (Routledge Revivals)
15847:
14543:
14541:
14142:. London; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 76.
13046:(7th ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. p. 176.
9319:
9304:
9201:
9177:
9138:
8832:
8355:
6788:
who worked on a decentralized form of economic planning,
6289:, Trotsky was gradually exiled, and the town was renamed
5880:
5338:
3577:, unsuccessfully called on the influential Soviet author
3441:
throughout 1926 and 1927, especially on the issue of the
2353:
Trotsky and the government responded with a full-fledged
1919:
on 7–8 November 1917, Trotsky led the efforts to repel a
999:
and a Soviet politician, married the prominent Bolshevik
17995:
Saccarelli, Emanuele; Varadarajan, Latha (7 June 2023).
16439:
Russia in the Twentieth Century: The quest for stability
15394:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 162.
14458:
13912:
Heywood, Anthony J.; Smele, Jonathan D. (3 April 2013).
13817:
13815:
12985:
12788:
12378:
75/1 (Jan. 2011): 99–107. www.jstor.org/stable/25769086.
11727:
11655:
J. Arch Getty, Oleg V. Naumov. Road to Terror. pp. 26-27
10921:
10557:"Achievements and Difficulties of the Soviet Government"
10306:
10304:
9514:
9165:
9126:. Chapman & Hall; 1st THUS edition (January 1, 1905)
8856:
8844:
8805:
8781:
8652:
8640:
8611:"My Life – Chapter XVII, Preparing for a New Revolution"
8414:
8399:
8377:
8375:
7124:
The Permanent Revolution concept is the theory that the
5887:
opportunities despite his support for world revolution.
5345:
presented all these awards to Ramón Mercader in person.
5160:(left) in Mexico, shortly before his assassination, 1940
4058:
Leon Trotsky, 'I Stake My Life', opening address to the
2765:
in 1921, and several of Trotsky’s supporters, including
2644:
Trotsky addressing soldiers during the Polish-Soviet War
1403:
987:, Ukraine). His father, David Leontyevich, had lived in
18278:
A Companion to the British and Irish Novel, 1945 – 2000
17208:"Leon Trotsky: Platform of the Joint Opposition (1927)"
15470:
15233:
A people's tragedy: a history of the Russian Revolution
15211:
14761:
14626:
14614:
14262:
14088:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161.
13749:
13568:
13502:
A people's tragedy: a history of the Russian Revolution
13136:
Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921
12653:
12323:
12321:
10925:
Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921
10235:
10146:
A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism
9880:"Letters From Trotzky and From Kerensky's War Minister"
9301:, Marxist Internet Archive; retrieved 31 January 2018.
8868:
8793:
8756:
7951:
Trotsky explained in Chapter 12 of his unfinished book
6643:
in September 1917. Deutscher described Trotsky as the "
6019:
when the Bolsheviks formed a new government, after the
3556:
titled the publication: "On the service of bourgeoisie"
2010:
After the Bolsheviks came to power, Trotsky became the
1942:
At the same time, a number of prominent members of the
1794:. He left New York on 27 March 1917, but his ship, the
1557:
and once again made his way to London. He attended the
1010:, have claimed that Trotsky's childhood first name was
19189:
Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky
17124:"To Build Communist Parties and an International Anew"
16357:
Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky
16195:
From Trotsky to Gödel: The Life of Jean van Heijenoort
14597:
The Palgrave Handbook of Leninist Political Philosophy
14538:
14036:
13915:
The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives
13893:
13153:
12464:
12028:"The Stalinists and Trotsky's Radio Speech to America"
11032:
10954:
10942:
9634:
New International, Vol. 2 No. 6, October 1935, p. 208.
9216:
8822:
8820:
8032:. Vol. 2. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 139.
7180:." Some Trotskyists have argued that the state of the
6329:
during the rule of the Soviet government, despite the
6035:
recollected Lenin in the first version of his sketch,
5307:. The adze of the axe wounded Trotsky, fracturing his
3873:
from April 1939 until his assassination in August 1940
3654:
Trotsky's house, the Yanaros mansion on the island of
3063:
Other senior communists who had similar concerns sent
2194:
demand an understanding with Russia by all means. The
1864:, Trotsky was elected chairman on 8 October [
1055:
that he was never fluent in any language but Russian.
23585:
People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union
23139:
20099:
The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History
18584:
Carr, Edward Hallett; Davies, Robert William (1971).
17994:
17706:
17525:
16708:
15859:
14589:
14587:
14422:
13974:
13812:
13021:. University of California Press. p. Chapter 7.
12944:. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield. p. 452.
12921:
11958:
11594:(2 ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 96.
10301:
9374:
9104:
8387:
8372:
7844:
7820:
7817:
7774:
7213:
7015:
on the wealthier sections of populations such as the
6120:
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Sovnarkom
6015:
Initially, Lenin turned down the leading position of
5671:
Soviet Union markedly distinct from Stalin's regime.
2242:
20808:
20770:
18904:
Ironies of History: Essays on contemporary communism
18436:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
16263:
16261:
15656:
14929:
14472:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 6.
13881:
13735:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 9.
13207:. Orion. p. Introduction (List of Characters).
12534:
To Build Communist Parties and an International Anew
12318:
11818:"Leon Trotsky: An Open Letter to the French Workers"
11240:, New York, New International Publishing Co., 1943.
10467:«Красный и Белый террор в России в 1917—1922 годах»
10223:
9082:, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 26 July 2013.
9050:, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 26 July 2013.
8692:
8678:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 8.
8458:
7814:
7808:
7805:
3738:
in France, the French minister of internal affairs,
2896:
The rest of the recently expanded Politburo (Rykov,
2564:
punitive detachments or regular infantry regiments.
2403:
European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918–19
845:
in 1926 and the party in 1927, internally exiled to
19882:
18517:
Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism
17595:. Baltimore, Md. : Penguin Books. p. 180.
17387:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
14393:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
14287:
The 20th Century O–Z: Dictionary of World Biography
14058:
Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism
12809:
12720:Christopher Weaver, "The Assassination of Trotsky"
11587:
9835:The "Brest-Litovsk" chapter in Trotsky's 1925 book
8817:
8574:
8264:"Leon Trotsky: Terrorism and Communism (Chapter 4)"
7802:
5201:. He would also reiterate his "unshaken faith in a
4864:
International Committee of the Fourth International
4781:
Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
1972:
1674:
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
1225:), founded in 1900. Trotsky quickly sided with the
1204:(1901–1933) and Nina (1902–1928), born in Siberia.
1083:
Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898)
961:
20664:American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky
20512:The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects
19526:Payne, Anthony; Phillips, Nicola (23 April 2013).
17134:
16087:All the World at War: People and Places, 1914–1918
15665:Гатчинский уезд (февраль 1923 г. – август 1927 г.)
14594:Rockmore, Tom; Levine, Norman (19 December 2018).
14584:
13834:Internationale, Communistische (14 October 2011).
12497:on the Moscow Trial, delivered on 9 February 1937.
12347:
11666:"Anti-Stalinist Demonstration on November 7, 1927"
11137:Chapter 12 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled
11116:Chapter 11 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled
9646:"The October Revolution and the National Question"
7445:Political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz characterised
7301:
6674:but also acknowledged that Trotsky was capable of
6651:". He also attributed the eventual formation of a
5582:Executive Committee of the Communist International
5572:and drafted the Appeal for the Convocation of the
5424:and "also superior to Stalin and Stalin knew it".
5351:
4854:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)
3991:While in Mexico, Trotsky also worked closely with
3344:
2958:event where Stalin crudely insulted Lenin's wife,
2439:and the large-scale massacres of Reds during the
1832:Trotsky arriving in Petrograd by train in May 1917
1378:the party. Trotsky began developing his theory of
837:in 1924, Trotsky was the most prominent critic of
20608:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence
19490:The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–53
19145:
18374:
16258:
15337:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41
15062:. Manchester University Press. pp. 137–239.
14730:. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 325.
14468:Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992).
14467:
13731:Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992).
13730:
13377:. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 522.
13347:Antonio Gramsci: Marxism, philosophy and politics
12734:Borger, Julian; Tuckman, Jo (13 September 2017).
10451:
8674:Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992).
8673:
8291:
7060:when questioned by the Dewey Commission in 1937:
6341:Trotsky was rehabilitated on 16 June 2001 by the
5742:with the Soviet delegation at Brest-Litovsk, 1917
5623:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence
5136:collapse of the official Communist International.
3917:to bring Trotsky to Mexico City from the port of
3769:After obtaining permission from Justice Minister
3254:in May, Trotsky delivered a conciliatory speech:
3247:, who was being groomed to take Trotsky's place.
3214:which was led by prominent theoreticians such as
2829:People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
2742:
803:People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
23271:
19169:The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky
19149:Picturing Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture
19087:With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacan
18199:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
17915:Peck, Jamie; Varadarajan, Latha (6 March 2017).
17272:
13590:With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacán
12769:
11812:
11810:
11808:
11806:
11553:
10545:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131.
10514:Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky
10171:"The Czechoslovak Revolt against the Bolsheviks"
9686:. International Universities Press. p. 130.
6670:Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky
5140:In 1938, Trotsky and his supporters founded the
3980:. He argued that the Soviet state had become a "
3423:
2819:Trotsky's contribution to the Russian Revolution
2550:People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs
1860:. After the Bolsheviks gained a majority in the
1528:
1382:and developed a close working relationship with
1253:First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903)
793:(Foreign Minister) and led negotiations for the
19146:Kivelson, Valerie Ann; Neuberger, Joan (2008).
18471:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
17914:
16758:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 19, 20.
15546:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
15113:The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union
14193:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
14112:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
12374:Daniel Gaido, "Marxist Analyses of Stalinism",
11863:Lubitz, Petra; Lubitz, Wolfgang (August 2004).
11531:(Foreign Languages Press: Peking, 1976) p. 153.
11395:Leon Trotsky "Lessons of October" contained in
11371:The Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
11263:The Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
10892:. Glasgow: The Anarchist Communist Federation.
9943:
9754:
9752:
9565:Leon Trotsky: My Life – In a Concentration Camp
9161:. New York: Pathfinder Press. pp. 27, 122.
9157:Leon Trotsky (1969) . "Results and Prospects".
7639:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
6976:conception of industrialisation which favoured
6812:Political ideology and contributions to Marxism
3512:
2472:), a predecessor of the KGB that served as the
1841:, a regional social democratic organization in
1553:, Siberia, in January 1907, Trotsky escaped at
1329:
1078:Early political activities and life (1896–1917)
1062:When Trotsky was eight, his father sent him to
27:Soviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940)
23665:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
19883:Soto-Pérez-de-Celis, Enrique (1 August 2010).
18699:
18627:Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917–1923
18202:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 289–301.
15197:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 42–52.
14741:Sukhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (14 July 2014).
14593:
13833:
12443:Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
11751:
11518:(Alfred A. Knopf Inc.: New York, 1992) p. 454.
10818:Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917–1923
10419:
10118:
10116:
10036:. New York: Blue Ribbon Books Inc. p. 110
10011:. New York: Blue Ribbon Books Inc. p. 107
9949:Brest-Litovsk: the Forgotten Peace, March 1918
8175:
7785:[lʲef–lʲɪjbə–dɐˈvʲidəvʲɪtɕbrɐnʂˈtʲejn]
7384:Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
6094:. Prior to the introduction of the factional
6017:Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
5523:viewed Trotsky as the best prepared among the
4025:Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
3009:
2883:. Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev became part of the
2874:Trotsky with Red Army soldiers in Moscow, 1922
2865:
1849:in June, he was elected a member of the first
1845:, and became one of its leaders. At the First
1766:. In New York he wrote articles for the local
30:"Trotsky" redirects here. For other uses, see
23041:
22938:
22835:
22722:
22604:
22476:
22308:
21906:
21535:
20794:
20452:
20101:. Vol. 39. Academic International Press.
19525:
18958:
17668:Lenin and Trotsky: What They Really Stood For
17336:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
17297:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16998:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16971:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16864:
15684:
15612:Stalin, Vol. I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928
15414:
14908:
14216:
12733:
12577:
12575:
12047:Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934–1941
11803:
11745:
11328:. Mehring Books. pp. 139, 249, 268–269.
11227:(Pathfinder Press: New York, 1975) pp. 55–56.
10592:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109.
10488:Stalin, Vol. I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
8568:
7991:The murder weapon was an ice axe (and not an
7832:
7762:
7556:, which was published in his 1994 collection
7334:Faith merely promises to move mountains; but
6397:falsification and traditional Anglo-American
6294:
5101:
3976:(1936), a critique of the Soviet Union under
3229:
1786:Trotsky was living in New York City when the
1466:On 19 September 1905, the typesetters at the
1169:First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902)
101:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
20333:People's Commissar for Army and Navy Affairs
19306:. University of Michigan Press. p. 67.
18308:. Manchester University Press. p. 265.
17121:
16644:
15909:. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press. p. 32.
15387:
14162:
13960:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. pp. 92–93.
13911:
13282:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
13078:
11862:
11261:Leon Trotsky, "The New Course" contained in
11057:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 93.
10511:
10088:
9749:
9669:. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.
9559:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9156:
6741:—run totally counter to Trotsky's thought".
2437:allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2171:We cannot sign their peace. My plan is this:
1966:negotiators such as Kamenev and Sokolnikov.
1346:in London in August 1903. Trotsky and other
852:In exile, Trotsky wrote polemically against
20015:Tucker, Robert C. (Robert Charles) (1973).
19754:
19002:
18724:The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia
18598:Socialism in One Country: 1924-1926. Vol. 1
18587:Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929
18145:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
17813:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 227.
17788:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
17681:
17627:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 112.
17511:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 212.
17390:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
16860:
16521:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
16494:. Cambridge University Press. p. 197.
16415:. Cambridge University Press. p. 208.
16379:
16377:
16298:
16192:Feferman, Anita Burdman (28 January 2022).
15285:A concise history of the Russian Revolution
14831:
14747:. Princeton University Press. p. 266.
14315:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
13992:
13613:
13530:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 102.
12672:Trotsky's grandson recalls ice pick killing
12419:"The Unification of the Chinese Opposition"
12341:
11978:"Open Letter to the C.E.C. of the U.S.S.R."
11621:
11412:(Pathfinder Press: New York, 1970) p. 520.
11397:Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
11225:Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
10684:
10682:
10366:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 158.
10113:
10094:
9994:. The Hague: Mouton & Co. pp. 6–7.
9964:"Revolutionary's Letter to Lenin Auctioned"
9679:
9603:
9340:
8581:. Cambridge University Press. p. 446.
8092:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
7629:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
7120:as a true champion of the workers' struggle
5609:Political stature and conflicts with Stalin
5360:Portrait as Commander of the Red Army, 1920
4996:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
4708:Organisation of Communist Internationalists
3811:On 14 August 1936, the Soviet Press Agency
3794:mass strikes in France in May and June 1936
3546:The publication of Trotsky's autobiography
3299:, but it also began formulating a program.
1837:merge with. Trotsky temporarily joined the
1728:Leon Trotsky with his daughter Nina in 1915
1120:but was won over by his future first wife,
825:, but he declined. Trotsky led the party's
23535:Denaturalized citizens of the Soviet Union
23048:
23034:
22945:
22931:
22842:
22828:
22729:
22715:
22611:
22597:
22483:
22469:
22315:
22301:
21913:
21899:
21542:
21528:
20801:
20787:
20459:
20445:
20222:by Leon Trotsky. The New York Times, 1919.
20096:
20035:
19783:
19633:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
19582:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19210:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
19185:
19124:
19081:
18939:
18882:
18863:
18844:
18822:
18583:
18533:
18128:
17664:
17565:Industrialisation in the Non-Western World
17506:
17422:
17410:
17371:
17359:
17320:
16876:
16852:
16702:
16584:
16314:
16310:
16294:
16137:
16090:. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 1–672.
16029:
15822:
15569:
15236:. New York, NY: Viking. pp. 796–801.
15153:
14452:
14440:
14416:
14396:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
14342:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
14085:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life
14081:
13779:
13634:Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books
13586:
13562:
13451:
13305:
13279:August Nimtz. Krieger, Joel (ed). (2013).
13239:
13227:
13200:
13132:
13066:
13044:The Soviet colossus: history and aftermath
12824:
12591:(27 February 1940) Retrieved 12 June 2011.
12572:
12545:
12138:
12136:
12134:
12132:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12124:
11949:
11705:
11703:
11694:
11082:
10529:
10082:
9869:, marxists.org; Retrieved 31 January 2018.
9700:The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)
9666:The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)
9520:
9418:. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
9328:
9313:
9210:
9195:
9183:
9144:
9008:Australian Journal of Politics and History
8874:
8862:
8850:
8811:
8787:
8661:
8646:
8634:
8479:"My Life – Chapter VIII, My First Prisons"
8450:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8366:
8250:
8211:
8159:
8143:
5372:members in Lenin's government. Biographer
5156:Trotsky with American comrades, including
5108:
5094:
4907:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International
1707:
1229:position and began writing for the paper.
1059:wrote that Trotsky spoke French fluently.
886:. In 1936, Trotsky was sentenced to death
636:Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee
139:
19900:
19674:
19506:
19379:
18901:
18140:
18101:
18012:
17783:
17756:
17289:
17287:
17224:
17106:
16920:. Harvard University Press. p. 153.
16868:
16778:
16650:
16623:
16489:
16410:
16353:
16326:
16225:. Cornell University Press. p. 298.
16138:Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008).
16030:Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008).
16002:
15929:
15904:
15615:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 1–976.
15515:
15488:
15360:
15082:
14909:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990).
14832:Wasserstein, Bernard (12 February 2009).
14723:
14362:
14310:
14217:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990).
14135:
13791:
13691:. Michael O'Mara Books. pp. 50–100.
13614:Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968).
13370:
13105:
13085:. Harvard University Press. p. 125.
12681:, BBC News, Mike Lanchin, 28 August 2012.
12153:
12151:
11296:
10928:. Indiana University Press. p. 191.
10916:
10914:
10792:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
10742:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
10280:
10220:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
10143:
9814:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Left SRs)
9696:
9662:
9550:
9511:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
9480:. UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson History.
8966:
8565:, Wolfgang und Petra Libitz, 2022, p. 48.
8207:
8112:
8087:
8029:All Power to the Soviets: Lenin 1914–1917
6551:workers in which he drew "vast crowds of
5166:House Committee on Un-American Activities
4859:Fourth International (post-reunification)
3751:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
1853:("VTsIK") from the Mezhraiontsy faction.
1625:Paris over Lenin's objections, Trotsky's
817:; Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his
650:1918: Chairman, Supreme Military Council
23695:Ministers of defence of the Soviet Union
23595:Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress
23560:People of the Russian Revolution of 1905
20175:FBI records relating to Trotsky's murder
20105:
19995:
19804:
19733:
19546:
19447:
19421:
19358:
19246:
19166:
18745:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
18741:
18727:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 946.
18651:
18562:
18514:
18493:
18442:
18328:
18195:
18165:
18141:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
17833:
17784:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
17622:
17438:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
16913:
16856:
16829:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
16726:
16600:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
16576:
16572:
16568:
16490:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
16411:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
16383:
16374:
16302:
16191:
16114:Erich Fromm and the Quest for Solidarity
15975:
15948:
15930:Høgsbjerg, Christian (18 October 2018).
15542:
15476:
15453:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
15417:"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky"
15367:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135.
15308:
15217:
15169:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
15109:
15005:A History Of Russia Volume 2: Since 1855
14947:
14740:
14671:
14551:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
14311:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
14271:
14189:
14108:
14054:
13684:
13593:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
13525:
13387:
13139:. Oxford University Press. p. 388.
13112:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 468.
13079:Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979).
13014:
12794:
12351:Frida Kahlo, 1907-1954: Pain and Passion
12044:
11733:
11494:"Leon Trotsky: Letter on Eastman's Book"
10679:
10543:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921
10413:
9725:. Charles Schribner's Sons. p. 286.
9643:
8838:
8799:
8287:
8203:
8139:
8088:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
7328:Literary criticism and socialist culture
7227:
7097:
6990:
6915:
6829:
6680:
6509:
6505:
6403:
6252:
6164:
5916:
5900:
5733:
5533:
5464:
5396:personality, strengths and weaknesses".
5355:
5247:
5151:
4811:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
3948:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3760:
3649:
3541:
3516:
3480:
3410:
3348:
3262:
3114:
3019:
2935:
2869:
2822:
2782:
2757:This position was sharply criticized by
2712:
2639:
2592:
2570:
2398:
2301:
2286:
2246:
2120:
2039:
1981:
1827:
1723:
1655:
1586:
1532:
1477:
1438:
1276:
1178:
1086:
1029:wrote that Trotsky's childhood name was
965:
281:20 September – 26 December 1917
231:8 November 1917 – 13 March 1918
168:14 March 1918 – 12 January 1925
23590:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
21062:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
21005:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
20675:Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky
20631:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
19861:
19842:
19823:
19714:
19532:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1936.
19487:
19227:
19044:
18762:
18720:
18409:
18301:
18274:
18027:
17808:
17647:
17605:
17434:
17251:
17152:
16888:
16825:
16714:
16677:
16596:
16435:
16056:
15982:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
15767:, MS Russ 13.1 in the Houghton Library.
15639:My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography
15635:
15492:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
15449:
15415:Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990).
15364:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929
15256:
15165:
14883:
14858:
14806:
14767:
14547:
14519:
14492:
14243:
14139:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
13980:
13953:
13941:
13899:
13767:
13755:
13630:
13574:
13266:
13201:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (3 June 2010).
13109:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
13002:
12939:
12851:, Summer 1980; retrieved 29 July 2007.
12659:
12121:
11700:
11436:
11351:Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism
11323:
11198:
11050:
11011:
10884:
10867:
10310:
10253:
10241:
10168:
10122:
10029:
10004:
9809:
9807:
9783:
9713:
9703:. Oxford University Press. p. 331.
9620:
9618:
9475:
9411:
9380:
9255:
9222:
9171:
9110:
9041:Lenin: "Judas Trotsky's Blush of Shame"
8955:My life: an attempt at an autobiography
8710:
8440:(in Russian). Berlin. pp. 22, 109.
8435:
8423:
8393:
8381:
8223:
8151:
7224:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
7141:in March 1850, in the aftermath of the
7087:
6061:, with Trotsky in the first position".
5890:
5858:in 1927 had diminished the prospect of
5791:and not immediately recognising that a
5714:as he would have made far more use of "
5646:—Historian Robert Vincent Daniels, 1993
5576:due to his active involvement with the
5376:considered him to be the "prompter of
5214:, and, consequently, an irreconcilable
4693:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)
4067:
3943:Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky
3359:Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
2689:and Moscow from the south, and General
2657:after the Congress. But he later wrote:
2314:propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as
1851:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
1482:Trotsky in prison, awaiting trial, 1906
1285:Unknown to Trotsky, the six editors of
1158:The Development of Capitalism in Russia
14:
23272:
21117:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
20306:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
20207:Newspaper clippings about Leon Trotsky
20156:Trotsky speaks about the Moscow Trials
20014:
19974:
19955:
19695:
19400:
19383:Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War
19339:
19320:
19286:
19128:Stalin's Letters to Molotov: 1925–1936
19072:
19063:
19023:
18959:Feofanov, Yuri; Barry, Donald (1995).
18918:
18461:
18329:Flanagan, Kevin M. (25 October 2019).
18281:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247.
18248:Corney, Frederick (24 November 2015).
18247:
17712:
17531:
17441:. Yale University Press. p. 189.
17284:
17179:
17022:
16940:
16914:Engerman, David C. (15 January 2004).
16832:. Yale University Press. p. 189.
16753:
16657:. Verso Books. pp. 141, 674–676.
16603:. Yale University Press. p. 181.
16515:Martel, William C. (12 January 2015).
16514:
16462:
16245:
16218:
15608:
15456:. Yale University Press. p. 438.
15333:
15192:
15172:. Yale University Press. p. 162.
15086:The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929
14620:
14574:
14554:. Yale University Press. p. 195.
14366:The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky 1929–1940
14283:
14042:
13887:
13860:
13821:
13688:Bad History: How We Got the Past Wrong
13664:. New Park Publications. p. 422.
13550:
13417:"Trotsky and the Dialectic of History"
13343:
13188:
13171:
13159:
12211:
12148:
12106:(Taylor & Francis, 2014) p.199-202
12096:
11888:
11557:China in war and revolution, 1895–1949
11184:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11038:
11018:. London: HarperCollins. p. 163.
10960:
10948:
10911:
10849:"More on the Suppression of Kronstadt"
10484:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10334:
9989:
9910:
9848:, marxists.org; Retrieved 1 June 2018.
9575:, ns1758.ca; accessed 31 January 2018.
9392:
8762:
8698:
8544:from the original on 15 September 2017
8191:
8187:
8167:
7191:but was opposed to achieving this via
6848:. He viewed himself as an advocate of
6181:(centre) and Trotsky (right) in early
6124:People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
6057:, Lenin "in general leaned towards a
5740:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
5560:stated that Trotsky wrote most of the
5447:Stalinist alliance with the Kuomintang
4920:Committee for a Workers' International
4753:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
4662:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
2852:Historian Geoffrey Swain argues that:
2772:
2435:massacres of "Red" prisoners in 1917,
2012:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
1898:(1934), it was expunged from Stalin's
1670:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1360:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1163:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
829:, which opposed the moderation of the
801:. From 1918 to 1925, he served as the
791:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
738:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
428:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
416:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
23300:Politicians assassinated in the 1940s
23029:
22926:
22823:
22710:
22592:
22464:
22296:
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21523:
20782:
20769:
20440:
20127:
20054:
19936:
19917:
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19609:
19590:
19567:
19466:
19386:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 61.
19299:
18981:
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18633:
18624:
18615:
18497:A History of Russian Economic Thought
18105:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
17981:, "Uneven and combined development",
17957:. BRILL. 8 July 2019. pp. 1–20.
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17682:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
17435:Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008).
17332:
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17159:. Wellred Publications. p. 138.
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16541:
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15718:
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15133:. Yale University Press. p. 53.
15126:
15055:
14974:
14935:
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14727:The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921
14696:
14644:
14632:
14578:
14548:Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008).
14428:
14335:
14223:. Ohio University Press. p. 59.
14015:
13993:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
13795:The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921
13657:
13505:. New York, NY: Viking. p. 795.
13498:
13374:The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921
13350:. Taylor & Francis. p. 398.
12964:
12927:
12918:, D1854 Signet Book, pp. 109–10, 173.
12702:from the original on 23 November 2016
12692:"Leon Trotsky: Stalin Seeks My Death"
12607:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
12514:from the original on 21 November 2005
12470:
12449:, University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
12273:
12255:from the original on 23 November 2016
12169:from the original on 23 November 2016
12049:. Yale University Press. p. 25.
11964:
11852:. UK National Archives. 24 June 1929.
11828:from the original on 23 November 2016
11778:
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10984:
10972:
10874:. The Anarchist Communist Federation.
10801:
10612:
10585:
10554:
10361:
10317:. London: J. Cape. pp. 313–314.
10284:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
10095:Felshtinsky, Yuri (26 October 2010).
9531:
9529:
9457:from the original on 20 November 2005
9001:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8826:
8736:
8734:
8714:Leon Trotsky: the Portrait of a Youth
8464:
8408:
8302:
8300:
8227:A History of Russian Economic Thought
8171:
8163:
8155:
8116:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
8022:
7853:
7783:
7589:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
7457:
7202:in 1920, proposed armistice with the
6893:
6805:The History of the Russian Revolution
6601:for his role in the Red Army such as
6064:
5147:
4902:Revolutionary Communist International
4030:
4019:While in Mexico, Trotsky worked with
1404:1905 revolution and trial (1905–1906)
20945:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
20220:"How We Made the October Revolution"
20076:Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches
20073:
19786:Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life
19761:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
19758:Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life
19734:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021b).
19568:Brouè, Pierre (1988). Fayard (ed.).
19509:Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary
19380:McDermott, Kevin (23 January 2006).
19359:Mccauley, Martin (4 February 2014).
19206:
19107:
18594:
18054:
17923:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–13.
17588:
17561:
17479:
16306:
16164:
15642:. Courier Corporation. p. 479.
15588:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 165.
15309:Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989).
15028:
15001:
14981:. Progress Publishers. p. 682.
14948:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013).
14912:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin
14780:Swain, Geoffrey (24 February 2014).
14672:Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989).
14220:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin
14190:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
14109:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
14055:Beilharz, Peter (19 November 2019).
13861:Gerson, Lennard (1 September 2013).
13685:Marriott, Emma (30 September 2011).
13637:. Yale University Press. p. 2.
13414:
13318:
13041:
12890:"Ramón Mercader, mission of silence"
12559:Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary
12399:from the original on 6 November 2018
12329:Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary
12286:from the original on 10 January 2017
12144:Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937.
11791:from the original on 10 January 2017
11781:"Esteban Volkov: Return to Prinkipo"
11268:
10899:from the original on 18 January 2018
10393:
10229:
9961:
9960:; the letter was auctioned in 1990.
9804:
9615:
9609:
8983:from the original on 22 October 2014
8931:'Thermidor and anti-Semitism' (1937)
8499:
8147:
6840:, a socialist newsweekly, circa 1936
6411:holding a placard of Trotsky in 1968
5667:then he would have presided over an
5580:. He also served as a member of the
5568:because he was radically opposed to
5538:Trotsky with his second wife in 1932
5492:. He also had a notable interest in
5197:, and feared that he would suffer a
4801:League for Socialist Action (Canada)
4796:International Socialist Organization
3616:
3573:, together with his fellow activist
2371:supplied the front with this cement.
1962:) and local government (Trutovsky).
732:family in Ukraine, then part of the
61:
23705:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiators
23530:People excommunicated by synagogues
20908:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
19807:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
19719:. Oak Park, MI: Mehring Books Inc.
19630:
19450:Leon Trotsky's Theory of Revolution
19323:La pensée politique de Leon Trotsky
19265:
18781:
18670:
18403:
18275:Shaffer, Brian W. (15 April 2008).
18228:Toronto International Film Festival
18102:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
17757:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
17463:"Trotsky: The Single Economic Plan"
17383:
17278:
17225:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
17140:
16944:A Short History Of Soviet Socialism
16889:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
16872:
16678:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
16651:Deutscher, Isaac (6 January 2015).
16624:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
16580:
16327:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
16222:Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937
16083:
15823:Volkogonov, Dmitri (18 June 2008).
15609:Kotkin, Stephen (23 October 2014).
15257:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14884:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14859:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14807:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14520:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14389:
14248:. Mehring Books. pp. 440–441.
14244:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
13391:Revolution: An Intellectual History
13321:The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935
12117:Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937
11421:
11324:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
11297:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
11199:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
10485:Kotkin, Stephen (23 October 2014).
10380:
10331:
10281:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
10254:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2009).
10054:
8740:chapter XVII of his autobiography,
8608:
8476:
8343:from the original on 17 August 2017
8339:(in Ukrainian). 14 September 2007.
8113:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
8026:(2004) . "Lenin Rearms the Party".
7500:respectively, are based on Trotsky.
6603:organising the defence of Petrograd
6563:in Petrograd with his spellbinding
6389:written by some historians such as
5800:outweighed his desire for personal
5584:for the initial Congress sessions.
5543:the October revolution in the 1917
5469:Trotsky delivering a speech at the
5462:, the party and the working class.
4897:League for the Fourth International
4877:International Socialist Alternative
4738:Socialist Party (England and Wales)
3415:Trotsky addresses a meeting in the
2952:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2769:, lost their leadership positions.
2552:(War Commissar) Trotsky authorized
2234:voted 7–4 on 23 February 1918; the
1668:and decided to break away from the
1576:In Vienna, Trotsky became close to
1507:was already functioning, headed by
1342:succeeded in convening the party's
805:(Defence Minister); he founded the
24:
23605:Russian anti–World War I activists
23545:People from Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd
21030:Council of the People's Commissars
20592:The Stalin School of Falsification
20038:Trotsky, the Eternal Revolutionary
19958:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution
19902:10.1227/01.NEU.0000371968.27560.6C
18988:. Random House. pp. 796–797.
18982:Figes, Orlando (26 January 2017).
18618:Trotsky: Towards October 1879–1917
18302:Gardner, Colin (11 January 2019).
17836:"Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism"
17545:"Documents of the 1923 opposition"
16941:Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003).
16360:. Faber & Faber. p. 110.
16354:Patenaude, Bertrand (6 May 2010).
16246:Benton, Gregor (24 January 2020).
16084:Roy, James Charles (31 May 2024).
16057:Gregson, John (11 December 2018).
15905:Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991).
15802:. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–100.
15008:. Anthem Press. pp. 237–238.
15002:Moss, Walter G. (1 October 2004).
14783:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution
13711:
13388:Traverso, Enzo (19 October 2021).
12774:. New York: New American Library.
11711:Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography
11470:. 22 November 2018. Archived from
11348:Chapter VIII of Boris Souvarine's
10667:from the original on 23 April 2010
10586:Reese, Roger R. (3 October 2023).
10344:Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "
9526:
9092:Lenin: 123. To Alexandra Kollontai
9020:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x
8942:
8731:
8297:
7708:Variations on the Death of Trotsky
7553:Variations on the Death of Trotsky
7381:He would later co-author the 1938
7214:United front and theory of fascism
6333:-era rehabilitation of most other
5619:The Stalin School of Falsification
4833:Workers Party of the United States
4630:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
2243:Head of the Red Army (spring 1918)
1994:is locked and guarded by Trotsky,
1423:On Sunday, 9 January 1905, Father
1416:), when a strike broke out at the
25:
23721:
20686:List of Trotskyist internationals
20623:The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939
20576:History of the Russian Revolution
20148:
19613:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime
18940:Dunn, Bill; Radice, Hugo (2006).
18703:The Russian Revolution, 1917-1945
18566:Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives
18108:. Verso Books. pp. 729–730.
18055:Bird, Robert (1 September 2018).
17763:. Verso Books. pp. 472–473.
17671:. Wellred Books. pp. 50–151.
16727:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005).
16466:Modern Latin American Revolutions
16384:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005).
16274:. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30.
16219:Hoidal, Oddvar (1 October 2013).
16165:Wald, Alan M. (10 October 2017).
16111:Wilde, Lawrence (30 April 2016).
16003:Luxemburg, Rosa (15 March 2022).
15549:. Psychology Press. p. 168.
15127:Getty, J. Arch (27 August 2013).
14651:. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30.
14499:. Mehring Books. pp. 85–98.
13954:Trenton, Russell (15 July 2015).
13867:. Hoover Press. pp. 50–216.
13204:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
12641:from the original on 23 July 2018
12199:from the original on 15 July 2018
11672:. 2 December 2015. Archived from
11443:. Garden City Books. p. 215.
11243:The Campaign Against "Trotskyism"
11015:Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives
10920:V. I͡U. Cherni͡aev, "Trotsky" in
10567:from the original on 4 March 2016
10287:. Verso Books. pp. 339–340.
9073:CPGB: Stalin: "Slander and Truth"
8224:Barnett, Vincent (7 March 2013).
7776:Lev "Leyba" Davidovich Bronshteyn
7624:List of Trotskyist internationals
7520:The 8-episode biographical drama
7276:from ascending to political power
7239:: What it is and how to fight it"
7232:Leon Trotsky's original pamphlet
6980:. Rather, he proposed the use of
4991:List of Trotskyist internationals
4723:Socialist Alternative (Australia)
4513:History of the Russian Revolution
3967:History of the Russian Revolution
3607:Axis invasion of the Soviet Union
3210:and the Central Committee of the
3133:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
1871:Trotsky sided with Lenin against
1809:. He was detained for a month at
1790:of 1917 led to the abdication of
882:in 1938 as an alternative to the
23650:Russian people of Jewish descent
23575:People of the Russian Revolution
23550:People killed in NKVD operations
23325:Assassinated Russian politicians
23257:
23245:
23233:
23221:
23209:
23197:
23185:
23173:
23161:
23149:
21668:People's Commissars for the Navy
21618:
21040:Military Revolutionary Committee
20771:Articles related to Leon Trotsky
20552:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
20466:
20278:
20111:Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary
19975:Swain, Geoffrey (22 May 2014b).
19640:Studies in East European Thought
19266:Lee, Stephen J. (20 June 2005).
19230:Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations
19207:Kort, Michael G. (18 May 2015).
19047:Leon Trotsky: His Life and Ideas
18654:The Great Terror: A Reassessment
18536:Studies in East European Thought
18349:
18322:
18295:
18268:
18241:
18216:
18166:Eagleton, Terry (7 March 2013).
18159:
18134:
18095:
18061:Studies in East European Thought
18048:
18034:. Haymarket Books. p. 204.
18021:
18001:Global Social Challenges Journal
17988:
17971:
17945:
17908:
17882:
17827:
17802:
17777:
17750:
17738:from the original on 29 May 2013
17718:
17675:
17665:Woods, Alan; Grant, Ted (1976).
17658:
17641:
17616:
17599:
17582:
17555:
17537:
17500:
17473:
17455:
17428:
17377:
17326:
17245:
17218:
17200:
17173:
17146:
17115:
17082:
17043:
17023:Medina, Eden (10 January 2014).
17015:
16988:
16961:
16934:
16907:
16882:
16819:
16772:
16747:
16720:
16682:. Mehring Books. pp. 1–15.
16671:
16617:
16590:
16535:
16508:
16483:
16463:Selbin, Eric (7 February 2018).
16456:
16429:
16404:
16347:
16320:
16268:Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015).
16239:
16212:
16185:
16171:. UNC Press Books. p. 157.
16158:
16131:
16104:
16077:
16050:
16023:
15996:
15969:
15942:
15923:
15898:
15871:
15816:
15796:Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015).
15789:
15770:
15758:
15747:"Leon Trotsky's Personal Papers"
15739:
15712:
15629:
15602:
15575:
15536:
15509:
15482:
15443:
15408:
15381:
15354:
15327:
15302:
15288:. New York: Knopf. p. 373.
15275:
15250:
15223:
15186:
15159:
15120:
15103:
15076:
15049:
15022:
14995:
14968:
14941:
14902:
14877:
14852:
14825:
14800:
14773:
14734:
14717:
14703:. New York: Knopf. p. 499.
14690:
14665:
14645:Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015).
14638:
14513:
14486:
14383:
14356:
14329:
14304:
14284:Magill, Frank N. (13 May 2013).
14277:
14237:
14210:
14183:
14156:
14129:
14102:
14075:
14048:
14009:
13986:
13947:
13905:
13854:
13827:
13785:
13724:
13714:"Telegram to V. I. Lenin (1917)"
13705:
13678:
13651:
13624:
13607:
13580:
13519:
13492:
13458:Studies in East European Thought
13445:
13408:
13381:
13364:
13337:
13311:
13272:
13233:
13194:
13126:
13099:
13082:How the Soviet Union is Governed
13072:
13035:
13008:
12958:
12933:
12908:
12882:
12854:
12830:
12763:
12727:
12714:
12684:
12665:
12621:
12594:
12551:
12526:
12500:
12476:
12452:
12435:
12411:
12381:
12368:
12298:
12267:
12237:
12181:
12109:
12071:
12038:
12020:
12002:
11984:
11970:
11943:
11902:Studies in Comparative Communism
11882:
11856:
11840:
11772:
11658:
11649:
11615:
11581:
11547:
11534:
11521:
11508:
11486:
11460:
11447:
11430:
11415:
11402:
11389:
11386:. Oxford University Press, 1965.
11376:
11363:
11342:
11317:
11290:
11255:
11230:
11217:
11192:
11152:
11131:
11110:
11088:
11044:
10878:
10861:
10842:
10830:
10807:
10773:
10745:
10723:
10703:
10649:
10606:
10579:
10548:
10535:
10505:
10478:
10429:"Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"
10394:Bird, Danny (5 September 2018).
10355:
10274:
10247:
10201:
10162:
10137:
10048:
10023:
9998:
9983:
9936:
9683:The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939
9680:Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985).
7985:
7975:
7960:
7945:
7931:
7921:
7902:
7889:
7798:
7644:Primitive socialist accumulation
7411:
7402:
7149:of the Central Committee to the
5996:
5987:
5637:, and the extent of terroristic
5243:
5075:
5063:
5051:
4892:Internationalist Communist Union
4882:International Socialist Tendency
4873:International Revolutionary Left
4768:Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)
4667:1970s Hong Kong student protests
4091:
2029:
1973:Russian Revolution and aftermath
1958:), post offices and telegraphs (
1909:Military Revolutionary Committee
1777:and the Yiddish-language daily,
1567:Austrian Social Democratic Party
1400:), a "scoundrel" and a "swine".
1200:region. They had two daughters,
962:Childhood and family (1879–1895)
797:, by which Russia withdrew from
547:
528:
462:
269:Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet
81:to read and navigate comfortably
66:
23570:People of the Russian Civil War
23565:People of the Polish–Soviet War
23385:Soviet people of Jewish descent
23310:20th-century Russian historians
21629:People's Commissars for Defence
20935:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
19507:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2010).
18765:Trotsky, Stalin & Socialism
18429:
18335:. Springer Nature. p. 51.
17929:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0721
17840:Journal of Contemporary History
17654:. Merit Publishers. p. 96.
17612:. Wellred Books. pp. 1–50.
17480:Nove, Alec (12 November 2012).
17333:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
17294:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
17186:. Verso Books. pp. 32–66.
17153:Trotsky, Leon (25 March 2019).
17089:White, James D. (3 July 2021).
16995:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
16968:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
16947:. Routledge. pp. 151–171.
16779:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2011).
16542:Swain, Geoffrey (22 May 2014).
15391:Russia in the twentieth century
15029:Suny, Ronald (25 August 2020).
14978:Selected Works in Three Volumes
14975:Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹich (1970).
14166:Russia in the twentieth century
12724:(Oct 1971), pp. 697–707 online.
12441:André Breton and Leon Trotsky,
12159:"Leon Trotsky in Norway (1936)"
11950:L. Trotsky (15 November 1931).
11779:Oxley, Greg (1 February 2004).
11625:A history of Russia: Since 1855
11542:J. Stalin on Chinese Revolution
11284:; Glossary of organizations on
11238:The Struggle for the New Course
11051:Ceplair, Larry (21 July 2020).
9962:Pyle, Richard (23 March 1990).
9904:
9872:
9851:
9829:
9823:; Glossary of organizations on
9777:
9729:
9707:
9690:
9673:
9656:
9637:
9578:
9494:
9469:
9439:
9405:
9386:
9353:
9334:
9282:
9261:
9228:
9150:
9129:
9116:
9085:
9066:
9053:
9034:
8995:
8969:"The Bolshevik–Menshevik Split"
8960:
8923:
8903:
8880:
8768:
8704:
8667:
8602:
8556:
8530:
8493:
8470:
8429:
8325:
8256:
8217:
7764:Лев "Лейба" Давидович Бронштейн
7670:Uneven and combined development
7387:with the signed endorsement of
7308:Uneven and combined development
7302:Uneven and combined development
7109:Man, Controller of the Universe
6966:Council of the National Economy
5731:as an area of differentiation.
5700:high levels of human casualties
5352:Personality and characteristics
5187:
5182:Federal Bureau of Investigation
4733:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)
4203:Uneven and combined development
4148:Decentralized economic planning
3940:. She later presented him with
3730:. The philosopher and activist
3678:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
3345:A year in the wilderness (1925)
2514:destruction of the bourgeoisie.
2409:assassination attempts on Lenin
1732:As a war correspondent for the
789:, Trotsky was appointed as the
482:
458:
83:. When this tag was added, its
23655:Russian people murdered abroad
21469:German Revolution of 1918–1919
21010:Russian Provisional Government
20262:Works by or about Leon Trotsky
20097:Wieczynski, Joseph L. (1976).
19920:Life and Death of Leon Trotsky
19511:. New York: Harper Perennial.
19415:10.1080/00085006.1961.11417867
19009:. Oxford University Press US.
18169:Marxism and Literary Criticism
17606:Trotsky, Leon (2 March 2023).
17258:. Mehring Books. p. 218.
16893:. Mehring Books. p. 358.
16785:The American Historical Review
16009:. Verso Books. p. xviii.
15955:. Berghahn Books. p. 86.
15826:Trotsky: Eternal Revolutionary
15777:В. В. Иофе. Осмысление Гулага.
15636:Trotsky, Leon (5 April 2012).
15582:Douds, Lara (22 August 2019).
15522:. Rosetta Books. p. 127.
15334:Watson, Derek (27 July 2016).
14888:. Mehring Books. p. 225.
14600:. Springer. pp. 231–255.
14524:. Mehring Books. p. 381.
14336:Kenez, Peter (13 March 1999).
12971:. Chelsea House. p. 106.
12940:Mahoney, Harry Thayer (1998).
12557:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009)
12327:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009)
11203:. Mehring Books. p. 272.
10555:Lenin, Vladimir Ilych (1919).
10260:. Mehring Books. p. 376.
9412:Perritt, Henry H. Jr. (2010).
8106:
8076:
8069:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
8056:
8016:
7791:
7755:
7746:
7599:Group of Democratic Centralism
7368:Freudian psychoanalytic theory
6265:In 1923, the historic town of
6223:to mitigate the growth of the
5925:in the background, 1 May 1920.
4869:International Communist League
4821:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)
4023:and Diego Rivera to write the
2931:Council of People's Commissars
2743:Trade union debate (1920–1921)
2597:Trotsky with Lenin and Kamenev
2536:The first use of the punitive
2484:"to introduce mass terror" in
2324:Bolsheviks' Chinese supporters
2116:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
2099:region, and newly independent
1944:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
1877:Russian Provisional Government
1719:The War and the International,
1672:, and formed a new party, the
1571:German Social Democratic Party
1486:After his return, Trotsky and
1390:, based on the character from
1091:Lev Davidovich Bronstein, 1897
970:8-year-old Lev Bronstein, 1888
709:during the early years of the
655:Revolutionary Military Council
570:Central institution membership
13:
1:
23640:Russian expatriates in Norway
23635:Russian expatriates in Mexico
23540:People from Kirovohrad Oblast
21947:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov
21726:Ministers of the Armed Forces
21134:Socialist Revolutionary Party
20881:Ukrainian War of Independence
20300:(Minister of Foreign Affairs)
20113:. New York: Stein & Day.
19452:. Brighton: Harvester Press.
19186:Patenaude, Bertrand (2010b).
19110:The Basic Writings of Trotsky
19077:. New York: Merit Publishers.
18595:Carr, Edward Hallett (1978).
18443:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2017).
18382:"Struggling for soul-cialism"
17985:, Vol. 4 No. 2, 1991, p. 237.
17917:"Uneven Regional Development"
17589:Carr, Edward Hallett (1970).
17568:. Routledge. pp. 1–150.
17562:Kemp, Tom (14 January 2014).
17486:. Routledge. pp. 89–90.
17231:. Verso Books. p. 1348.
17180:Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020).
17108:10.1080/09546545.2021.1983938
16333:. Verso Books. p. 1283.
16252:www.historicalmaterialism.org
15878:Kelly, John (14 March 2018).
15261:. Mehring Books. p. 58.
14863:. Mehring Books. p. 49.
14811:. Mehring Books. p. 57.
14061:. Routledge. pp. 1–206.
14022:. Mehring Books. p. 45.
13587:Heijenoort, Jean Van (1978).
13319:Carr, Edward Hallett (1986).
12849:Militant International Review
11914:10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80006-9
11591:Moscow and Chinese Communists
11457:, Moscow, Sovremennik, 1991.
10975:, Document 103 (22 May 1922).
9992:The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922
9922:Rand School of Social Science
9449:The War and the International
8778: (1937, reprinted 1968).
8292:Kivelson & Neuberger 2008
8010:
5659:brought to prominence by the
4941:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
4931:Fourth International Posadist
4887:International Workers' League
4595:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
4123:Critique of political economy
3930:La Casa Azul (The Blue House)
3424:United Opposition (1926–1927)
2941:
2518:
2394:
1868:25 September] 1917.
1529:Second emigration (1907–1914)
1128:after leaving modern school.
904:Written out of Soviet history
594:Central Committee of AUCP(b)
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
23315:20th-century Russian writers
22085:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg
21045:Russian Constituent Assembly
20940:Red Army invasion of Georgia
20925:Estonian War of Independence
20181:The Contradiction of Trotsky
20132:. Rowman & Littlefield.
19828:. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
19755:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011a).
19717:1937 Stalin's Year of Terror
19325:(in French). La Découverte.
19213:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 166.
19003:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2008).
18866:Trotsky: The Prophet Outcast
18847:Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed
18742:Daniels, Robert V. (2008b).
18700:D'Agostino, Anthony (2011).
18656:. Oxford University Pgress.
17834:Wistrich, Robert S. (1976).
16630:. Verso Books. p. 293.
16390:. Routledge. pp. 1–30.
15388:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003).
15056:Edele, Mark (11 June 2020).
14163:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003).
13798:. Verso. pp. 109, 472.
13620:. Hill and Wang. p. 61.
12861:Australian Associated Press,
12838:The Assassination of Trotsky
12274:Woods, Alan (30 June 2003).
12045:Thurston, Robert W. (1996).
11670:Topography of Terror, Moscow
11588:Robert Carver North (1963).
11303:. Verso Books. p. 735.
10657:"Lost leaders: Leon Trotsky"
9990:Meijer, Jan M., ed. (1964).
9502:Christian Rakovsky biography
8957:. Courier Corporation, 2007.
8575:Albert S. Lindemann (2000).
8119:. Verso Books. p. 605.
7689:The Assassination of Trotsky
7506:The Assassination of Trotsky
7452:Stalin's policy in the 1930s
7206:and temperance with staging
7189:proletarian internationalism
7034:Trotsky as president of the
6534:. Bolshevik figures such as
6261:, where his ashes are buried
6160:Chairman of the Soviet Union
5337:"for the special deed". The
5264:. According to Sudoplatov's
4743:Socialist Workers Party (UK)
4728:Socialist Alternative (U.S.)
4718:Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
4173:Proletarian internationalism
3513:Defeat and exile (1927–1928)
3124:Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
2464:was tasked with rooting out
2387:on parole in 1918 after the
2255:during the civil war in 1920
1330:Split with Lenin (1903–1904)
860:against Stalin's theory of "
858:proletarian internationalism
642:Russian Constituent Assembly
7:
23355:Foreign ministers of Russia
23330:Assassinated Mexican people
21922:Foreign ministers of Russia
21489:Workers' Councils in Poland
21087:Ukrainian People's Republic
20930:Latvian War of Independence
20277:(public domain audiobooks)
20211:20th Century Press Archives
20036:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996).
19885:"The Death of Leon Trotsky"
19805:Schapiro, Leonard (1970) .
19784:Rubenstein, Joshua (2013).
19616:. A.A. Knopf. p. 469.
19300:Lewin, Moshe (4 May 2005).
19269:Stalin and the Soviet Union
19171:. Oxford University Press.
18864:Deutscher, Isaac (2003c) .
18845:Deutscher, Isaac (2003b) .
18414:. New York: Vintage Books.
17623:Buldakov, Vladimir (1992).
17339:. BRILL. pp. 105–106.
17052:"Leon Trotsky as Historian"
15035:. Verso Books. p. 59.
14838:. OUP Oxford. p. 137.
14290:. Routledge. p. 3728.
14082:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011).
13526:Buldakov, Vladimir (1992).
13394:. Verso Books. p. 68.
13243:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy
13240:Volkogonov, Dmitri (2000).
12348:Kettenmann, Andrea (2003).
12308:. New York: HarperCollins.
10887:"Trotsky Protests too Much"
10761:. 1 January 1920. p. 1
10352:. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
9737:"Treaties of Brest-Litovsk"
9061:М.S. М.Е.Saltykov-Shchedrin
8967:Cavendish, Richard (2003).
8613:. Marxists Internet Archive
8481:. Marxists Internet Archive
7913:in late 1920 or early 1921:
7845:
7775:
7566:
6641:proportional representation
6437:Vietnam Solidarity Campaign
6343:General Prosecutor's Office
6287:Russian Communist Party (b)
6191:in effect Lenin's successor
6084:Council of National Economy
5727:, gradual approach towards
5233:, and enjoy it to the full.
4816:Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)
4791:International Marxist Group
4786:Communist League of America
4647:Proletarian Military Policy
3010:Left opposition (1923–1924)
2893:, would not succeed Lenin.
2866:Lenin's illness (1922–1923)
2749:Trade-union debate (Russia)
1549:While en route to exile in
1358:, which had co-founded the
1196:and the Verkholensk in the
995:, who also grew up to be a
692:, and establishment of the
615:Central Committee of RSDLP
93:content into sub-articles,
10:
23726:
23680:Soviet emigrants to Mexico
23675:Soviet emigrants to France
23670:Soviet democracy activists
21706:People's Commissar for the
21565:Military and Naval Affairs
21509:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
21151:General Jewish Labour Bund
21020:Pro-independence movements
19470:In Defense of Leon Trotsky
19362:The Soviet Union 1917-1991
19287:Levine, Isaac Don (1960).
19251:. London: Reaktion Books.
18883:Deutscher, Isaac (2015a).
18828:Trotsky: The Prophet Armed
18763:Daniels, Robert V (1991).
18494:Barnett, Vincent (2013b).
18433:
17852:10.1177/002200947601100409
17592:A History of Soviet Russia
17507:Gueullette, Agota (1992).
17300:. BRILL. pp. 88–113.
17122:Leon Trotsky (July 1933).
17050:Wolfe, Bertram D. (1961).
17029:. MIT Press. p. 292.
16733:. Routledge. p. 102.
16442:. Routledge. p. 114.
16198:. CRC Press. p. 123.
16144:. Routledge. p. 114.
16036:. Routledge. p. 242.
15884:. Routledge. p. iii.
15110:Schapiro, Leonard (1967).
14196:. Routledge. p. 135.
14115:. Routledge. p. 129.
13918:. Routledge. p. 245.
13631:Roberts, Geoffrey (2022).
13323:. Macmillan. p. 433.
13133:Engelstein, Laura (2018).
12914:Don Levine, Isaac (1960),
12306:A Biography of Frida Kahlo
12245:"The Moscow "Confessions""
12219:"En sensasjonell rettssak"
11896:Bulletin of the Opposition
11107:, Marxist Internet Archive
10099:. New York: Enigma Books.
9953:Macmillan and Co., Limited
8920:, Marxist Internet Archive
8753:, Marxist Internet Archive
8230:. Routledge. p. 101.
7649:Russian Revolution of 1905
7550:wrote a short play titled
7305:
7217:
7091:
7082:policy of collectivisation
6897:
6882:and free elections of the
6852:. Trotsky also adhered to
6815:
6808:for wider historiography.
6234:
5894:
5612:
5443:Soviet collapse after 1989
5119:
4620:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
4138:Degenerated workers' state
3982:degenerated workers' state
3932:, the home of the painter
3789:, from 19 September 1935.
3676:was wrong to describe the
3665:Bulletin of the Opposition
3230:After Lenin's death (1924)
3052:Central Control Commission
3013:
2776:
2746:
2290:
2050:Brest-Litovsk negotiations
2033:
2024:secret treaty arrangements
1569:and, occasionally, of the
1561:. In October, he moved to
1392:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
1306:In late 1902, Trotsky met
1172:
914:for his defense of a more
876:degenerated workers' state
37:In this name that follows
36:
29:
23620:Russian communist writers
23555:People murdered in Mexico
23390:Jewish Soviet politicians
23100:
23064:
22997:
22961:
22894:
22858:
22791:
22745:
22673:
22627:
22545:
22499:
22392:
22331:
22257:
22181:
22158:
22115:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
22010:
21932:
21809:
21780:
21762:
21725:
21705:
21666:
21627:
21616:
21561:
21479:Hungarian Soviet Republic
21456:
21394:
21356:
21323:
21255:
21212:
21184:
21166:
21159:
21097:
20997:
20868:
20855:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
20827:
20820:
20776:
20710:
20681:Leon Trotsky House Museum
20641:
20528:Literature and Revolution
20482:Leon Trotsky bibliography
20474:
20425:
20416:
20408:
20398:
20389:
20381:
20371:
20362:
20354:
20349:
20339:
20330:
20322:
20312:
20303:
20293:
20288:
20237:Marxists Internet Archive
20128:Wolfe, Bertram D (2001).
20055:Warth, Robert D. (1978).
19996:Thatcher, Ian D. (2003).
19956:Swain, Geoffrey (2014a).
19788:. Yale University Press.
19715:Rogovin, Vadim Z (1998).
19595:. Yale University Press.
19553:. Heinemann. p. 23.
19488:Parrish, Michael (1996).
19167:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1979).
19152:. Yale University Press.
19131:. Yale University Press.
19030:. Yale University Press.
18902:Deutscher, Isaac (1966).
18788:Studies in Soviet Thought
18748:. Yale University Press.
18652:Conquest, Robert (1992).
18590:. Macmillan. p. 199.
18569:. London: HarperCollins.
18548:10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z
18196:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
18172:. Routledge. p. 20.
18073:10.1007/s11212-018-9304-6
18031:Literature and Revolution
17128:Marxists Internet Archive
16865:Payne & Phillips 2013
16587:, pp. 674–676, 1558.
16248:"Lu Xun and Leon Trotsky"
16117:. Springer. p. 121.
16063:. Springer. p. 186.
15949:Birchall, Ian H. (2004).
15765:Leon Trotsky exile papers
15489:Deutscher, Isaac (1959).
15361:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
15116:. Hutchinson. p. 48.
15089:. Verso. pp. 77–78.
15083:Deutscher, Isaac (2003).
14954:. Routledge. p. 60.
14786:. Routledge. p. 89.
14724:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
14363:Deutscher, Isaac (2003).
14136:Deutscher, Isaac (1959).
13792:Deutscher, Isaac (2003).
13617:Revolutionary Silhouettes
13470:10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z
13452:Blackledge, Paul (2006).
13421:The Algebra of Revolution
13371:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
13106:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
12770:Isaac Don Levine (1960).
12561:New York: HarperCollins;
12331:New York: HarperCollins.
11746:Feofanov & Barry 1995
11554:Peter Gue Zarrow (2005).
11382:Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni.
11236:Quoted in Max Shachtman.
10871:Trotsky Protests Too Much
10491:. Penguin Books Limited.
10187:10.1080/09668136308410353
10062:Marxists Internet Archive
9697:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
9663:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
9650:Internet Marxists Archive
9625:In One And The Same Issue
9399:Marxists Internet Archive
9347:Internet Marxists Archive
9234:Quoted in Chapter XIV of
8909:Quoted in chapter XII of
8899:The Columbia Encyclopedia
8717:. AMS Press. p. 68.
8522:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8502:"On Meeting with Trotsky"
7867:
7855:[ˈlʲefˈtrotskʲɪj]
7833:
7763:
7619:Leon Trotsky bibliography
7363:Literature and Revolution
7353:Literature and Revolution
7029:agricultural cooperatives
6964:, deputy chairman of the
6687:Leon Trotsky House Museum
6429:wide variety of countries
6308:Leon Trotsky House Museum
6295:
6282:
6249:Leon Trotsky bibliography
6230:
6155:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
6045:Problems of Everyday Life
5525:Social Democratic leaders
5260:, who, in turn, co-opted
4986:Leon Trotsky bibliography
4483:Literature and Revolution
4294:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
4118:Bureaucratic collectivism
3860:
3756:
3713:
3621:
3252:thirteenth Party Congress
2678:were defeated during the
2389:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2198:favor an agreement. (...)
2125:Territory lost under the
2018:previously signed by the
1915:After the success of the
1858:uprising by Lavr Kornilov
1619:Russian Central Committee
1617:. Trotsky approached the
1559:5th Congress of the RSDLP
1131:Trotsky briefly attended
908:politically rehabilitated
663:
640:1917–1918: Member of the
566:
536:
524:
495:
437:
408:
385:
380:Leon Trotsky House Museum
375:
368:Manner of death
367:
350:
318:
313:
309:
297:
285:
274:
267:
255:
243:
235:
224:
217:
205:
193:
172:
161:
154:
150:
138:
131:
124:
21967:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
21474:Bavarian Soviet Republic
21464:Revolutions of 1917–1923
20616:Writings of Leon Trotsky
20568:The Permanent Revolution
20350:Awards and achievements
20226:
19937:Swain, Geoffrey (2006).
19862:Service, Robert (2009).
19847:. Macmillan Publishers.
19843:Service, Robert (2010).
19824:Service, Robert (2005).
19547:Phillips, Steve (2000).
19403:Canadian Slavonic Papers
19272:. Routledge. p. 8.
19228:Laqueur, Walter (1990).
19091:Harvard University Press
19024:Getty, J. Arch (2013b).
18782:Day, Richard B. (1990).
18721:Daniels, Robert (1993).
18706:. ABC-CLIO. p. 67.
18515:Beilharz, Peter (1987).
17809:Ticktin, Hillel (1992).
17731:World Socialist Web Site
17384:Day, Richard B. (1973).
17362:, pp. 507–508, 585.
17001:. BRILL. pp. 1–15.
16974:. BRILL. pp. 1–15.
16548:. Routledge. p. 3.
15952:Sartre Against Stalinism
15692:
15664:
15543:Brackman, Roman (2001).
15340:. Springer. p. 25.
14390:Day, Richard B. (1973).
13429:10.4324/9780203983171-12
13246:. Phoenix. p. 228.
12869:2 September 2007 at the
12810:Soto-Pérez-de-Celis 2010
12489:14 November 2010 at the
12424:11 December 2017 at the
12304:Herrera, Hayden (1983).
12189:"Leon Trotsky in Norway"
11996:Stanforddailyarchive.com
10854:21 November 2007 at the
10788:10 December 2005 at the
10716:26 February 2006 at the
10362:Kline, George L (1992).
10311:Liebman, Marcel (1975).
10144:Hanebrink, Paul (2018).
9951:(1st ed.). London:
9945:Wheeler-Bennett, John W.
9892:(Second part): 113. 1918
9865:25 November 2005 at the
9844:25 November 2005 at the
9784:Service, Robert (2005).
9764:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
9742:Encyclopaedia Britannica
9002:Weber, Nicholas (1975).
8936:29 November 2005 at the
8916:21 November 2005 at the
8776:The Case of Leon Trotsky
8749:19 November 2005 at the
7739:
7546:Satirist and playwright
7160:The Permanent Revolution
7058:industrialization period
6912:The Transitional Program
6878:, the revitalization of
6735:dogmatization of Marxism
6639:parties on the basis of
6445:Anti Poll Tax Federation
6257:Leon Trotsky's grave in
6245:The Fourth International
5574:First Comintern Congress
5471:University of Copenhagen
5335:Hero of the Soviet Union
5026:Socialist Equality Party
4826:Young Socialist Alliance
3837:The Moscow "Confessions"
3603:Medvedev Forest massacre
3588:There Should Be No Mercy
3126:in 1923, in a parody of
2985:, already infuriated by
2500:attempted to assassinate
2427:was enacted. The French
2341:from European Russia to
1490:took over the newspaper
1116:), he initially opposed
864:". Trotsky's theory of "
862:socialism in one country
787:Lenin's first government
670:Lev Davidovich Bronstein
611:1910–1912: Full member,
604:1923–1924: Full member,
597:1919–1920: Full member,
586:1917–1927: Full member,
575:1917–1927: Full member,
323:Lev Davidovich Bronstein
32:Trotsky (disambiguation)
23660:Russian revolutionaries
23645:Russian Marxist writers
23360:Historians of communism
22035:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
21563:People's Commissars for
20891:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
20748:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
20584:The Revolution Betrayed
20520:Terrorism and Communism
20168:by Dimitri Prieto from
19960:. New York: Routledge.
19652:10.1023/A:1008651325136
19610:Pipes, Richard (1993).
19591:Pipes, Richard (1996).
19448:Molyneux, John (1981).
19340:Mandel, Ernest (1995).
19321:Mandel, Ernest (1980).
19289:The Mind of an Assassin
19247:Le Blanc, Paul (2015).
19073:Hansen, Joseph (1969).
19064:Hallas, Duncan (1979).
19045:Gilbert, Helen (2003).
18944:. London: Pluto Press.
18925:. Bloomsbury Academic.
18563:Bullock, Alan (1991b).
17902:International Socialism
16754:Broue., Pierre (1992).
15979:On Stalin and Stalinism
15936:International Socialism
15282:Pipes, Richard (1995).
15230:Figes, Orlando (1997).
15193:Reiman, Michal (1992).
14697:Pipes, Richard (1990).
14470:The Trotsky reappraisal
13733:The Trotsky reappraisal
13499:Figes, Orlando (1997).
13285:. OUP USA. p. 74.
13018:The Insurgent Barricade
13015:Traugott, Mark (2010).
12916:The Mind of an Assassin
12772:The Mind of an Assassin
12354:. Taschen. p. 41.
11865:"Biulleten' oppozitsii"
11249:9 February 2006 at the
10613:Figes, Orlando (1990).
10563:. Progress Publishers.
10169:Bradley, J.F.L (1963).
9590:Encyclopedia Britannica
9476:Fischer, Louis (2001).
9097:10 January 2013 at the
8676:The Trotsky reappraisal
7911:his feelings to Kamenev
7846:Lev Davidovich Trotskiy
7524:debuted on the Russian
7318:international relations
7295:International Socialism
7290:Socialist Workers Party
7272:Social-Democratic party
7129:tasks passes over into
7112:) depicts Trotsky with
6685:Bust of Trotsky at the
6599:Order of the Red Banner
6111:, party reform and the
6092:Communist International
6008:first Soviet government
5729:agricultural production
5323:Socialist Workers Party
5212:dialectical materialist
4981:Johnson–Forest Tendency
4698:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
4523:The Revolution Betrayed
4473:Terrorism and Communism
4133:Deformed workers' state
4014:Chinese Communist Party
4005:Socialist Workers Party
3973:The Revolution Betrayed
3928:area of Mexico City at
3796:with his articles, the
3787:Oslo Community Hospital
3674:Communist International
3457:, on 12 February 1912.
2940:Trotsky with Rakovsky,
2700:
2635:
2493:Socialist Revolutionary
2450:Terrorism and Communism
2297:
2267:and commander-in-chief
2236:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2127:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2058:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2036:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1990:on 6 January 1918. The
1986:The dissolution of the
1811:Amherst Internment Camp
1805:officials in Canada at
1708:World War I (1914–1917)
1505:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1266:, and other editors of
1122:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
1037:diminutive of the name
938:and suppression of the
871:The Revolution Betrayed
795:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
764:Saint Petersburg Soviet
711:Russian Soviet Republic
447:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
23690:Soviet Marxist writers
23610:Russian Ashkenazi Jews
23375:Jewish Mexican history
23295:1940 murders in Mexico
22237:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh
22160:Provisional Government
22100:Karl Robert Nesselrode
22080:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
22065:Nikita Petrovich Panin
22045:Nikita Ivanovich Panin
21504:Slovak Soviet Republic
21484:Hungarian–Romanian War
21186:Provisional Government
20649:First exile of Trotsky
20419:Cover of Time Magazine
20392:Cover of Time Magazine
20365:Cover of Time Magazine
19918:Serge, Victor (2016).
19696:Renton, David (2004).
19631:Ree, Erik Van (1998).
19342:Trotsky as alternative
19125:Kosheleva, L (1995b).
19068:. London: Pluto Press.
19006:The Russian Revolution
18519:. Barnes & Noble.
18410:Trotsky, Leon (1971).
18028:Trotsky, Leon (2005).
17895:7 January 2008 at the
17688:London Review of Books
17648:Trotsky, Leon (1972).
17467:wdc.contentdm.oclc.org
17252:Trotsky, Leon (1991).
17183:Trotsky as Alternative
16853:Carr & Davies 1971
16579:, pp. 1–15, 497;
15782:21 August 2011 at the
14700:The Russian Revolution
14493:Trotsky, Leon (1991).
14369:. Verso. p. 249.
13999:London Review of Books
13658:Black, Robert (1970).
13423:. Routledge: 263–290.
13344:Martin, James (2002).
13042:Kort, Michael (2010).
12677:11 August 2018 at the
11529:The Revolution of 1911
11437:Trotsky, Leon (1959).
11012:Bullock, Alan (1991).
10885:Goldman, Emma (1938).
10868:Goldman, Emma (1939).
10627:10.1093/past/129.1.168
10512:Leon Trotsky (1975) .
10123:Trotsky, Leon (1930).
10030:Trotzky, Leon (1925).
10005:Trotzky, Leon (1925).
9714:Trotsky, Leon (1930).
7972:
7918:
7870:; also transliterated
7868:Лев Давидович Троцький
7700:, 1981 film about the
7393:New York Intellectuals
7348:
7268:German Communist Party
7243:
7164:
7121:
7070:
7004:
6958:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
6921:
6841:
6697:
6645:Soviet's moving spirit
6515:
6449:Stop the War Coalition
6412:
6382:
6348:Trinidadian historian
6277:) was renamed Trotsk (
6262:
6207:Labour Defence Council
6186:
6074:
5926:
5914:
5811:
5773:Twelfth Party Congress
5743:
5653:Robert Vincent Daniels
5643:
5539:
5474:
5401:Simon Sebag Montefiore
5361:
5319:
5283:David Alfaro Siqueiros
5253:
5241:
5161:
5138:
4652:New York Intellectuals
4419:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
4065:
3961:
3960:with a bust of Trotsky
3902:
3886:
3874:
3858:
3831:Parliamentary leader,
3829:Norwegian Labour Party
3766:
3736:6 February 1934 crisis
3672:and asserted that the
3659:
3628:Soviet Union Consulate
3557:
3522:
3497:
3492:bearing the coffin of
3420:
3362:
3291:
3261:
3212:Polish Communist Party
3208:French Communist Party
3136:
3076:
3061:
3039:
2947:
2920:
2875:
2859:
2850:
2836:
2831:, as the Guard of the
2795:
2725:
2664:
2645:
2598:
2591:
2580:
2534:
2516:
2404:
2373:
2331:
2256:
2219:Count Otto von Czernin
2210:
2153:
2143:
2129:
2053:
2007:
1913:
1896:The October Revolution
1833:
1729:
1661:
1596:
1546:
1522:
1483:
1444:
1324:
1301:
1282:
1184:
1175:First exile of Trotsky
1092:
1006:Some authors, notably
971:
780:Provisional Government
672:(7 November [
23305:20th-century atheists
21781:Ministers of the Navy
21176:Nicholas II of Russia
20271:Works by Leon Trotsky
20252:Works by Leon Trotsky
20243:Works by Leon Trotsky
20074:Wade, Rex A. (2004).
20059:. Twayne Publishers.
19467:North, David (2010).
19303:Lenin's Last Struggle
19192:. Faber & Faber.
19108:Howe, Irving (1964).
18919:Douds, Lara (2019b).
18254:. BRILL. p. 82.
17156:In Defence of Marxism
16797:10.1086/ahr.116.3.900
16313:, pp. 310, 629;
14419:, pp. 1192–1193.
14016:North, David (1998).
12965:Garza, Hedda (1986).
12864:Death of Leon Trotsky
12582:"Trotsky's Testament"
12393:Spartacus Educational
12376:Science & Society
11713:, Praeger/Greenwood,
11357:30 April 2006 at the
11103:20 April 2006 at the
10738:20 April 2006 at the
10697:20 April 2006 at the
10216:20 April 2006 at the
9544:20 April 2006 at the
9395:"My Life, Chapter IX"
9368:20 April 2006 at the
9243:14 April 2006 at the
8893:14 March 2009 at the
8711:Eastman, Max (1970).
8436:Троцкий, Лев (1930).
8333:"Наш Троцкий – ФОКУС"
8208:Rees & Rosa 1992b
8174:, pp. 796, 797;
7967:
7914:
7834:Лев Давидович Троцкий
7332:
7231:
7178:Results and Prospects
7155:
7101:
7062:
6994:
6919:
6833:
6684:
6513:
6506:Historical reputation
6407:
6377:
6271:Petrograd Governorate
6256:
6168:
6069:
5920:
5904:
5807:
5737:
5684:anti-semitic campaign
5627:
5605:newspaper by 20,000.
5566:Zimmerwald Conference
5537:
5468:
5455:The Spanish Civil War
5359:
5314:
5251:
5207:
5155:
5133:
4748:The Struggle Pakistan
4672:Militant in Liverpool
4615:Trotskyism in Vietnam
4600:The Declaration of 46
4561:The Dilemmas of Lenin
4143:Democratic centralism
4050:
3952:
3900:
3880:
3868:
3853:
3764:
3653:
3545:
3520:
3484:
3414:
3392:In the meantime, the
3352:
3266:
3256:
3118:
3071:
3066:The Declaration of 46
3056:
3023:
2939:
2915:
2873:
2854:
2841:
2826:
2786:
2716:
2659:
2651:VIIIth Party Congress
2643:
2615:Pavel Pavlovich Sytin
2596:
2586:
2574:
2529:
2511:
2466:counter-revolutionary
2402:
2364:
2305:
2287:Civil War (1918–1920)
2250:
2157:
2148:
2135:
2124:
2089:Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki
2043:
1985:
1904:
1831:
1770:socialist newspaper,
1751:Zimmerwald Conference
1749:Trotsky attended the
1727:
1715:Swiss Socialist Party
1659:
1647:Russian secret police
1595:in Vienna, circa 1910
1590:
1536:
1517:
1481:
1442:
1320:
1296:
1280:
1270:. Under the pen name
1182:
1090:
969:
958:of the Soviet Union.
956:political development
750:. Trotsky sided with
736:, Trotsky joined the
653:1918–1925: Chairman,
630:St. Petersburg Soviet
583:Politburo of AUCP(b)
23365:Jewish anti-fascists
23345:Deaths from bleeding
22173:Mikhail Tereshchenko
22095:Ioannis Kapodistrias
22055:Alexander Bezborodko
21877:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov
21811:Ministers of Defence
21772:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
21751:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
21551:Ministers of Defence
21494:Polish–Ukrainian War
20896:Polish–Ukrainian War
20886:Ukrainian–Soviet War
20691:Permanent revolution
20297:Mikhail Tereshchenko
20197:Christopher Hitchens
19864:Trotsky: a biography
19845:Trotsky: A Biography
19293:New American Library
19083:Heijenoort, Jean van
19049:. Red Letter Press.
18647:. London: Bookmarks.
18643:Cliff, Tony (1993).
18638:. London: Bookmarks.
18634:Cliff, Tony (1991).
18629:. London: Bookmarks.
18625:Cliff, Tony (1990).
18620:. London: Bookmarks.
18616:Cliff, Tony (1989).
17983:Revolutionary Russia
17095:Revolutionary Russia
16583:, pp. 159–188;
16571:, pp. 189–198;
16305:, pp. 100–105;
15727:(in Mexican Spanish)
15519:Great Contemporaries
15059:Debates on Stalinism
13840:. BRILL. p. 7.
13661:Stalinism in Britain
12843:22 June 2004 at the
12587:24 July 2011 at the
12251:. 18 December 1936.
12225:on 29 September 2013
11765:15 July 2018 at the
11760:Opposition and Exile
11717:, 1992, pp. 201–02.
11697:, pp. 155, 202.
11622:Walter Moss (2005).
11280:16 July 2018 at the
11146:12 July 2007 at the
11125:29 June 2007 at the
10823:15 July 2018 at the
10314:Leninism under Lenin
9955:. pp. 185–186.
9819:16 July 2018 at the
9630:15 July 2018 at the
9507:19 June 2006 at the
9341:V. I. Lenin (1974).
9297:5 March 2006 at the
9276:5 March 2006 at the
9159:Permanent Revolution
9124:The Story of My Life
9078:25 June 2013 at the
8953:Trotsky, Leon.
7584:Fourth International
7497:Nineteen Eighty-Four
7376:theory of relativity
7210:in the Middle East.
7208:anti-British revolts
7094:Permanent revolution
7088:Permanent Revolution
6854:scientific socialism
6731:anti-intellectualism
6725:" as seen with "the
6498:and literary writer
6460:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
6409:West German students
6059:collegial leadership
5891:Relations with Lenin
5704:Operation Barbarossa
5529:1905–1907 revolution
5287:Robert Sheldon Harte
5281:and Mexican painter
5199:cerebral haemorrhage
5142:Fourth International
5122:Fourth International
5070:Socialism portal
5058:Communism portal
4971:Democracy in Marxism
4936:Permanent Revolution
4926:Fourth International
4758:Workers' Cause Party
4713:People Before Profit
4551:The Stalinist Legacy
4533:Transitional Program
4168:Political revolution
4163:Permanent revolution
4128:Cross-class alliance
4068:Fourth International
3986:political revolution
3532:Alma Ata, Kazakhstan
3526:the Soviet diplomat
3148:was packed with pro-
2964:XIIth Party Congress
2554:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
2359:political commissars
2336:Czechoslovak Legions
2251:Trotsky speaks from
2159:Dear Vladimir Ilyich
2105:asymmetrical warfare
1988:Constituent Assembly
1879:headed by socialist
1807:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1744:Second International
1472:Moscow–Kazan Railway
1397:The Golovlyov Family
1380:permanent revolution
1209:Leninist phraseology
892:at the first of the
880:Fourth International
866:permanent revolution
811:Third International
728:Born into a wealthy
543:Leon Trotsky's voice
461: 1899;
23320:Anti-Stalinist left
22445:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
22249:Eduard Shevardnadze
22232:Eduard Shevardnadze
22105:Alexander Gorchakov
22075:Alexander Vorontsov
22030:Aleksey Tcherkassky
21987:Yemelyan Ukraintsev
21146:Union of October 17
20965:Kronstadt rebellion
20960:Workers' Opposition
20835:February Revolution
20488:Our Political Tasks
20107:Wistrich, Robert S.
19922:. Haymarket Books.
19826:Stalin: A Biography
19572:(in French). Paris.
19433:: Spokesman Books.
18601:. Macmillan Press.
18386:SocialistWorker.org
15856:, pp. 160–161.
15752:The Harvard Crimson
15745:Gerald M. Rosberg,
13944:, pp. 945–946.
13770:, pp. 200–205.
13553:, pp. 168–169.
13415:Rees, John (1998).
13308:, pp. 886–887.
13269:, pp. 200–201.
13191:, pp. 165–166.
13174:, pp. 155–156.
11514:Sterling Seagrave,
11474:on 22 November 2018
11166:on 22 November 2005
9349:. pp. 147–155.
9258:, pp. 231–233.
9198:, pp. 138–139.
9046:3 July 2013 at the
8500:Molinier, Raymond.
8411:, pp. 144–146.
7659:Socialist democracy
7574:Anti-Stalinist left
6950:New Economic policy
6932:between the state,
6822:Socialist democracy
6729:, his contemptuous
6706:Kronstadt rebellion
6613:" and a "directing
6536:Anatoly Lunacharsky
6514:Posthumous portrait
6494:, political leader
6462:, Marxist theorist
6458:, military general
6211:Chairman of Gosplan
5615:Anti-Stalinist Left
5578:Third International
5521:Anatoly Lunacharsky
5517:Jean van Heijenoort
5391:Political theorist
5195:high blood pressure
5082:Politics portal
5021:Socialist economics
4976:Fifth International
4763:Workers' Left Front
4246:Orthodox Trotskyism
4198:Transitional demand
3869:Trotsky's house in
3640:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
3571:Jean Van Heijenoort
3471:Northern Expedition
3417:House of the Unions
3367:Literary Discussion
3324:Literary Discussion
3216:Maksymilian Horwitz
2779:Kronstadt rebellion
2773:Kronstadt rebellion
2556:, commander of the
2322:and portraying the
2281:Military Opposition
2223:military operations
1847:Congress of Soviets
1801:was intercepted by
1788:February Revolution
1756:Third International
1412:on 3 January 1905 (
1126:mechanical engineer
977:Kherson governorate
940:Kronstadt rebellion
912:anti-Stalinist left
831:New Economic Policy
823:economic management
768:February Revolution
392:Russia (until 1932)
344:Kherson Governorate
85:readable prose size
23700:Soviet Trotskyists
23625:Russian communists
23600:Refugees in Mexico
23077:Nikolay Krestinsky
22974:Nikolay Krestinsky
22912:Vyacheslav Molotov
22809:Vyacheslav Molotov
22691:Vyacheslav Molotov
22573:Grigori Sokolnikov
22563:Vyacheslav Molotov
22359:Vyacheslav Molotov
22344:Kliment Voroshilov
22259:Russian Federation
22212:Vyacheslav Molotov
22135:Alexander Izvolsky
22090:Nikolay Rumyantsev
22040:Mikhailo Vorontsov
21639:Kliment Voroshilov
21607:Kliment Voroshilov
21414:Stepan Petrichenko
21338:Alexander Kerensky
20850:October Revolution
20810:Russian Revolution
20544:Lessons of October
20412:William S. Knudsen
20402:Frank Orren Lowden
20289:Political offices
20203:about Leon Trotsky
20192:Uncommon Knowledge
18800:10.1007/BF00818977
18767:. Westview Press.
17890:"The United Front"
16309:, pp. 1–167;
15700:on 3 December 2013
12634:The New York Times
12484:"I Stake My Life!"
12034:. 3 December 1932.
11908:(1 / 2): 184–197.
11676:on 10 January 2024
11496:. 22 November 2018
10758:Los Angeles Herald
10709:Isai Abramovich's
10688:Chapter XXXVII of
10619:Past & Present
10421:Berkman, Alexander
9924:. pp. 122–123
9912:Magnes, Judah Leon
9745:. 2 February 2024.
9571:8 May 2015 at the
8886:cf, for instance,
8154:, p. 301–20;
8072:. Merriam-Webster.
7702:October Revolution
7682:In popular culture
7482:Emmanuel Goldstein
7476:The characters of
7463:The comedic film,
7458:In popular culture
7244:
7122:
7047:commercial balance
7005:
6922:
6894:Economic programme
6872:worker's democracy
6842:
6794:Soviet bureaucracy
6710:military tribunals
6698:
6516:
6486:, literary critic
6484:Alasdair MacIntyre
6447:(1989–91) and the
6413:
6325:Trotsky was never
6316:Harvard University
6263:
6196:Opponents such as
6187:
6065:Lenin's succession
6041:Nadezhda Krupskaya
6028:past against him.
6021:October Revolution
5976:and meetings, and
5927:
5915:
5744:
5680:Sheila Fitzpatrick
5661:Russian Revolution
5540:
5475:
5362:
5343:Alexander Shelepin
5254:
5221:cleanse it of all
5162:
5148:The Dies Committee
4588:October Revolution
4583:Russian Revolution
4542:Thesis of Pulacayo
4503:Lessons of October
4424:Christian Rakovsky
4042:Grigori Sokolnikov
4031:Moscow show trials
3962:
3903:
3887:
3875:
3798:Johan Nygaardsvold
3767:
3660:
3644:October Revolution
3563:Christian Rakovsky
3558:
3523:
3498:
3443:Chinese Revolution
3421:
3406:The New Opposition
3402:XIV Party Congress
3398:Grigory Sokolnikov
3363:
3355:Leonid Serebryakov
3317:Lessons of October
3292:
3290:on 7 November 1924
3284:October Revolution
3272:Kliment Voroshilov
3192:Christian Rakovsky
3165:Nikolay Krestinsky
3157:Christian Rakovsky
3137:
3040:
2960:Nadezhda Krupskaya
2948:
2876:
2846:summary executions
2837:
2833:October Revolution
2796:
2767:Nikolay Krestinsky
2726:
2646:
2599:
2581:
2405:
2332:
2257:
2253:his armoured train
2185:Berliner Tageblatt
2130:
2054:
2014:and published the
2008:
1917:October Revolution
1881:Aleksandr Kerensky
1834:
1797:SS Kristianiafjord
1730:
1694:Christian Rakovsky
1662:
1597:
1547:
1484:
1445:
1283:
1262:, Vladimir Lenin,
1185:
1111:agrarian socialist
1093:
972:
926:against Stalinist
894:Moscow show trials
815:Soviet bureaucracy
772:overthrew the tsar
713:. Ideologically a
686:October Revolution
623:Other offices held
608:Orgburo of RCP(b)
601:Orgburo of RCP(b)
401:Mexico (from 1937)
250:Office established
23525:Orthodox Marxists
23400:Marxist theorists
23380:Jewish communists
23137:
23136:
23131:
23130:
23101:Candidate members
23023:
23022:
22998:Candidate members
22920:
22919:
22895:Candidate members
22817:
22816:
22792:Candidate members
22704:
22703:
22674:Candidate members
22586:
22585:
22553:Felix Dzerzhinsky
22546:Candidate members
22458:
22457:
22410:Grigory Petrovsky
22400:Felix Dzerzhinsky
22393:Candidate members
22290:
22289:
22150:Nikolai Pokrovsky
22130:Vladimir Lamsdorf
22060:Fyodor Rostopchin
21934:Tsardom of Russia
21888:
21887:
21837:Rodion Malinovsky
21798:Nikolai Kuznetsov
21694:Nikolai Kuznetsov
21686:Mikhail Frinovsky
21647:Semyon Timoshenko
21583:Nikolai Podvoisky
21517:
21516:
21499:Polish–Soviet War
21452:
21451:
21386:Alexander Antonov
21381:Maria Spiridonova
21310:Felix Dzerzhinsky
21227:Alexander Kolchak
21204:Alexander Guchkov
20993:
20992:
20920:Polish–Soviet War
20903:Finnish Civil War
20876:Russian Civil War
20763:
20762:
20659:Lenin's Testament
20435:
20434:
20426:Succeeded by
20399:Succeeded by
20396:21 November 1927
20372:Succeeded by
20358:Winston Churchill
20340:Succeeded by
20326:Nikolai Podvoisky
20313:Succeeded by
20247:Project Gutenberg
20195:. Interview with
20166:Trotsky in Havana
20139:978-0-8154-1177-2
20089:978-0-415-30748-2
20066:978-0-8057-7720-8
20047:978-0-00-729166-3
20040:. HarperCollins.
20028:978-0-393-05487-3
19988:978-1-317-86875-0
19967:978-0-415-73667-1
19948:978-0-582-77190-1
19929:978-1-60846-469-2
19854:978-0-330-43969-5
19816:978-0-416-18380-1
19795:978-0-300-19832-4
19768:978-0-300-17841-8
19747:978-1-893638-97-6
19740:. Mehring Books.
19707:978-1-904341-62-8
19688:978-0-230-38920-5
19623:978-0-394-50242-7
19593:The Unknown Lenin
19560:978-0-435-32720-0
19539:978-0-7456-5735-6
19518:978-0-06-082069-5
19499:978-0-275-95113-9
19480:978-1-893638-05-1
19473:. Mehring Books.
19459:978-0-312-47994-7
19440:978-0-85124-150-0
19427:Let History Judge
19393:978-0-230-20478-2
19372:978-1-317-90178-5
19344:. London: Verso.
19313:978-0-472-03052-1
19279:978-1-134-66574-7
19258:978-1-78023-430-4
19239:978-0-684-19203-1
19220:978-0-7656-2845-9
19199:978-0-571-25834-5
19178:978-0-19-827234-2
19159:978-0-300-11961-9
19138:978-0-300-06211-3
19100:978-0-674-43668-8
19066:Trotsky's Marxism
19037:978-0-300-16929-4
19016:978-0-19-923767-8
18995:978-1-4481-1264-7
18968:Lehigh University
18951:978-0-7453-2522-4
18932:978-1-350-12649-7
18894:978-1-78168-560-0
18875:978-1-85984-451-9
18856:978-1-85984-446-5
18837:978-1-85984-441-0
18755:978-0-300-13493-3
18734:978-0-85229-571-7
18713:978-0-313-38622-0
18608:978-0-333-24216-2
18576:978-0-00-215494-9
18526:978-0-389-20698-9
18507:978-1-134-26191-8
18454:978-1-64009-003-3
18342:978-3-030-30203-0
18315:978-1-5261-4156-9
18288:978-1-4051-5616-5
18261:978-90-04-30666-0
18209:978-0-19-827233-5
18179:978-1-134-94783-6
18152:978-1-108-21041-6
18115:978-1-78168-721-5
18041:978-1-931859-16-5
17964:978-90-04-38473-6
17888:Joseph Choonara,
17820:978-0-7486-0317-6
17795:978-1-108-21041-6
17770:978-1-78168-721-5
17634:978-0-7486-0317-6
17575:978-1-317-90133-4
17518:978-0-7486-0317-6
17493:978-1-136-58266-0
17448:978-0-300-13493-3
17397:978-0-521-52436-0
17346:978-90-04-26953-8
17307:978-90-04-26953-8
17265:978-0-929087-48-1
17238:978-1-78168-721-5
17193:978-1-78960-701-7
17166:978-1-913026-03-5
17036:978-0-262-52596-1
17008:978-90-04-26953-8
16981:978-90-04-26953-8
16954:978-1-135-36639-1
16927:978-0-674-27241-5
16900:978-1-893638-97-6
16839:978-0-300-13493-3
16765:978-0-7486-0317-6
16740:978-1-134-57214-4
16689:978-1-893638-97-6
16664:978-1-78168-560-0
16637:978-1-78168-721-5
16610:978-0-300-13493-3
16555:978-1-317-86876-7
16528:978-1-107-08206-9
16501:978-1-108-21041-6
16476:978-0-429-97459-5
16449:978-1-317-86228-4
16422:978-1-108-21041-6
16397:978-1-134-57214-4
16367:978-0-571-25834-5
16340:978-1-78168-721-5
16281:978-1-78023-471-7
16232:978-1-5017-5806-5
16205:978-1-000-11079-1
16178:978-1-4696-3595-8
16151:978-1-135-89980-6
16124:978-1-137-07511-6
16097:978-1-3990-6034-9
16070:978-3-030-03371-2
16043:978-1-135-89980-6
16016:978-1-78873-810-1
15989:978-0-19-215842-0
15962:978-1-57181-621-4
15916:978-0-8223-0975-8
15891:978-1-317-36894-6
15840:978-1-4391-0573-3
15809:978-1-78023-471-7
15649:978-0-486-12340-0
15622:978-0-7181-9298-3
15595:978-1-350-12649-7
15572:, pp. 80–90.
15556:978-0-7146-5050-0
15529:978-0-7953-4967-6
15502:978-0-19-501094-7
15463:978-0-300-13493-3
15401:978-0-13-097852-3
15374:978-0-394-70747-1
15347:978-1-349-24848-3
15320:978-0-231-06351-7
15295:978-0-679-42277-8
15268:978-1-893638-97-6
15243:978-0-670-85916-0
15204:978-0-7486-0317-6
15179:978-0-300-13493-3
15140:978-0-300-16929-4
15096:978-1-85984-446-5
15069:978-1-5261-4895-7
15042:978-1-78873-074-7
15015:978-0-85728-739-7
14988:978-0-7178-0300-2
14961:978-1-317-86780-7
14922:978-0-8214-0948-0
14895:978-1-893638-97-6
14870:978-1-893638-97-6
14845:978-0-19-162251-9
14818:978-1-893638-97-6
14793:978-1-317-81278-4
14754:978-1-4008-5710-4
14710:978-0-394-50241-0
14683:978-0-231-06351-7
14658:978-1-78023-471-7
14635:, pp. 52–90.
14607:978-1-137-51650-3
14581:, pp. 52–90.
14577:, pp. 1–10;
14561:978-0-300-13493-3
14531:978-1-893638-97-6
14506:978-0-929087-48-1
14479:978-0-7486-0317-6
14403:978-0-521-52436-0
14376:978-1-85984-451-9
14349:978-0-521-31198-4
14322:978-1-108-21041-6
14297:978-1-136-59369-7
14255:978-1-893638-97-6
14230:978-0-8214-0948-0
14203:978-1-135-75840-0
14176:978-0-13-097852-3
14149:978-0-19-501094-7
14122:978-1-135-75840-0
14095:978-0-300-13724-8
14068:978-1-000-70651-2
14029:978-1-875639-22-9
13967:978-1-68048-034-4
13925:978-1-134-25330-2
13874:978-0-8179-7933-1
13847:978-90-04-20778-3
13805:978-1-85984-441-0
13742:978-0-7486-0317-6
13698:978-1-84317-777-7
13671:978-0-902030-02-2
13644:978-0-300-17904-0
13600:978-0-674-80255-1
13537:978-0-7486-0317-6
13512:978-0-670-85916-0
13401:978-1-83976-333-5
13357:978-0-415-21749-1
13330:978-0-333-40455-3
13292:978-0-19-973859-5
13253:978-1-84212-026-2
13214:978-0-297-86385-4
13146:978-0-19-979421-8
13119:978-0-394-70747-1
13092:978-0-674-41030-5
13028:978-0-520-26632-2
12978:978-0-87754-444-9
12614:978-0-316-77352-2
12389:"James P. Cannon"
12056:978-0-300-06401-8
11952:"What is Fascism"
11894:"Trotsky and the
11635:978-1-84331-034-1
11601:978-0-8047-0453-3
11567:978-0-415-36447-8
11384:The New Economics
11335:978-1-893638-97-6
11310:978-1-78168-721-5
11210:978-1-893638-97-6
11094:Chapter XXXIX of
11064:978-0-8131-7945-2
11025:978-0-00-215494-9
10935:978-0-253-33333-9
10783:(Chapter XXXVIII)
10661:The New Statesman
10599:978-0-8061-9356-4
10498:978-0-7181-9298-3
10373:978-0-7486-0317-6
10324:978-0-224-01072-6
10294:978-1-78168-721-5
10267:978-1-893638-04-4
10207:Chapter XXXIV of
10155:978-0-674-04768-6
10106:978-1-929631-95-7
9797:978-0-674-01801-3
9487:978-1-84212-230-3
9478:The Life of Lenin
9425:978-0-521-11624-4
9267:Chapter XXIII of
9174:, pp. 85–88.
8841:, pp. 31–32.
8765:, pp. 22–24.
8724:978-0-404-02235-8
8685:978-0-7486-0317-6
8588:978-0-521-79538-8
8426:, pp. 59–60.
8237:978-1-134-26191-8
8214:, pp. 80–81.
8126:978-1-78168-721-5
8099:978-1-108-21041-6
7843:
7773:
7614:Lenin's Testament
7559:All in the Timing
7074:industrialisation
6900:Economic planning
6868:industrialization
6748:policy towards a
6723:bourgeois experts
6629:radical democracy
6607:William C. Martel
6362:Winston Churchill
6225:state bureaucracy
6198:Winston Churchill
6177:of Lenin (left),
6126:. Yet, historian
6104:Party Secretariat
5875:, and especially
5830:Joshua Rubenstein
5716:bourgeois experts
5690:or initiated the
5665:Lenin's successor
5593:"Russian Gazette"
5460:Central Committee
5405:Dmitri Volkogonov
5386:second in command
5279:Iosif Grigulevich
5168:. Representative
5118:
5117:
4806:Militant tendency
4610:Lenin's Testament
4466:Theoretical works
4178:Social revolution
4062:, 9 February 1937
4012:, founder of the
3898:
3843:, under guard by
3617:Exile (1929–1940)
3507:Shanghai massacre
3494:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3463:Republic of China
3431:United Opposition
3353:Leon Trotsky and
3200:Ukraine Sovnarkom
3121:Foreign Secretary
3004:1923 insurrection
2981:. This upset the
2925:Lenin's Testament
2881:general secretary
2792:Kronstadt sailors
2730:Polish–Soviet War
2723:Polish–Soviet War
2546:Russian Civil War
2462:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2441:Finnish Civil War
2419:and party editor
2293:Russian Civil War
2273:Russian Civil War
2265:Nikolai Podvoisky
2191:Vossische Zeitung
1937:Central Executive
1660:Trotsky in Vienna
1643:Nikolay Chkheidze
1509:Khrustalyev-Nosar
1453:Central Committee
1133:Odessa University
1068:Black Sea Germans
821:and preside over
707:second-in-command
690:Russian Civil War
667:
666:
552:
333:7 November 1879 (
292:Nikolay Chkheidze
200:Nikolai Podvoisky
120:
119:
87:was 20,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
23717:
23685:Soviet expellees
23615:Russian atheists
23340:Comintern people
23262:
23261:
23250:
23249:
23238:
23237:
23236:
23226:
23225:
23224:
23214:
23213:
23212:
23202:
23201:
23200:
23190:
23189:
23188:
23178:
23177:
23176:
23166:
23165:
23164:
23154:
23153:
23145:
23113:Grigory Zinoviev
23108:Nikolai Bukharin
23050:
23043:
23036:
23027:
23026:
23010:Grigory Zinoviev
23005:Nikolai Bukharin
22947:
22940:
22933:
22924:
22923:
22902:Nikolai Bukharin
22866:Grigory Zinoviev
22844:
22837:
22830:
22821:
22820:
22799:Nikolai Bukharin
22753:Grigory Zinoviev
22731:
22724:
22717:
22708:
22707:
22681:Nikolai Bukharin
22635:Grigory Zinoviev
22613:
22606:
22599:
22590:
22589:
22512:Grigory Zinoviev
22507:Nikolai Bukharin
22485:
22478:
22471:
22462:
22461:
22430:Lazar Kaganovich
22349:Grigory Zinoviev
22339:Nikolai Bukharin
22317:
22310:
22303:
22294:
22293:
22272:Yevgeny Primakov
22217:Andrey Vyshinsky
22202:Georgy Chicherin
22125:Mikhail Muravyov
22120:Nikolay Shishkin
22020:Gavrila Golovkin
21972:Artamon Matveyev
21915:
21908:
21901:
21892:
21891:
21881:
21873:
21865:
21857:
21849:
21841:
21833:
21825:
21821:Nikolai Bulganin
21802:
21794:
21755:
21747:
21743:Nikolai Bulganin
21739:
21698:
21690:
21682:
21659:
21651:
21643:
21622:
21621:
21611:
21603:
21595:
21587:
21579:
21544:
21537:
21530:
21521:
21520:
21409:Maria Nikiforova
21305:Nikolai Bukharin
21275:Grigory Zinoviev
21242:Nikolai Yudenich
21164:
21163:
21025:Petrograd Soviet
20955:Tambov Rebellion
20950:Left SR uprising
20825:
20824:
20803:
20796:
20789:
20780:
20779:
20767:
20766:
20720:(brother-in-law)
20461:
20454:
20447:
20438:
20437:
20423:25 January 1937
20409:Preceded by
20382:Preceded by
20375:Thomas A. Edison
20355:Preceded by
20323:Preceded by
20316:Georgy Chicherin
20294:Preceded by
20286:
20285:
20282:
20281:
20266:Internet Archive
20157:
20143:
20124:
20102:
20093:
20080:Psychology Press
20070:
20051:
20032:
20011:
19992:
19971:
19952:
19933:
19914:
19904:
19877:
19858:
19839:
19820:
19799:
19780:
19751:
19730:
19711:
19692:
19671:
19637:
19627:
19606:
19587:
19581:
19573:
19564:
19550:Stalinist Russia
19543:
19522:
19503:
19484:
19463:
19444:
19418:
19397:
19376:
19355:
19336:
19317:
19296:
19283:
19262:
19243:
19224:
19203:
19182:
19163:
19142:
19121:
19104:
19078:
19069:
19060:
19041:
19020:
18999:
18978:
18976:
18974:
18965:
18955:
18936:
18915:
18898:
18879:
18860:
18841:
18824:Deutscher, Isaac
18819:
18794:(1/3): 159–188.
18778:
18759:
18738:
18717:
18696:
18667:
18648:
18639:
18630:
18621:
18612:
18591:
18580:
18559:
18530:
18511:
18490:
18458:
18447:. Counterpoint.
18425:
18404:Works by Trotsky
18398:
18397:
18395:
18393:
18378:
18372:
18371:
18369:
18367:
18353:
18347:
18346:
18326:
18320:
18319:
18299:
18293:
18292:
18272:
18266:
18265:
18245:
18239:
18238:
18236:
18234:
18220:
18214:
18213:
18193:
18184:
18183:
18163:
18157:
18156:
18138:
18132:
18131:, pp. 1474.
18126:
18120:
18119:
18099:
18093:
18092:
18052:
18046:
18045:
18025:
18019:
18018:
18016:
18014:10.1332/CBXB8720
18007:(aop): 105–126.
17992:
17986:
17975:
17969:
17968:
17949:
17943:
17942:
17912:
17906:
17886:
17880:
17879:
17831:
17825:
17824:
17806:
17800:
17799:
17781:
17775:
17774:
17754:
17748:
17747:
17745:
17743:
17722:
17716:
17710:
17704:
17703:
17679:
17673:
17672:
17662:
17656:
17655:
17645:
17639:
17638:
17620:
17614:
17613:
17603:
17597:
17596:
17586:
17580:
17579:
17559:
17553:
17552:
17549:www.marxists.org
17541:
17535:
17529:
17523:
17522:
17504:
17498:
17497:
17477:
17471:
17470:
17459:
17453:
17452:
17432:
17426:
17420:
17414:
17408:
17402:
17401:
17381:
17375:
17369:
17363:
17357:
17351:
17350:
17330:
17324:
17318:
17312:
17311:
17291:
17282:
17276:
17270:
17269:
17249:
17243:
17242:
17222:
17216:
17215:
17212:www.marxists.org
17204:
17198:
17197:
17177:
17171:
17170:
17150:
17144:
17138:
17132:
17131:
17119:
17113:
17112:
17110:
17086:
17080:
17079:
17047:
17041:
17040:
17019:
17013:
17012:
16992:
16986:
16985:
16965:
16959:
16958:
16938:
16932:
16931:
16911:
16905:
16904:
16886:
16880:
16867:, p. 1936;
16861:Fitzpatrick 2008
16850:
16844:
16843:
16823:
16817:
16816:
16776:
16770:
16769:
16751:
16745:
16744:
16724:
16718:
16712:
16706:
16705:, p. xxiii.
16700:
16694:
16693:
16675:
16669:
16668:
16648:
16642:
16641:
16621:
16615:
16614:
16594:
16588:
16566:
16560:
16559:
16539:
16533:
16532:
16512:
16506:
16505:
16487:
16481:
16480:
16460:
16454:
16453:
16433:
16427:
16426:
16408:
16402:
16401:
16381:
16372:
16371:
16351:
16345:
16344:
16324:
16318:
16299:Rubenstein 2011a
16292:
16286:
16285:
16265:
16256:
16255:
16243:
16237:
16236:
16216:
16210:
16209:
16189:
16183:
16182:
16162:
16156:
16155:
16135:
16129:
16128:
16108:
16102:
16101:
16081:
16075:
16074:
16054:
16048:
16047:
16027:
16021:
16020:
16000:
15994:
15993:
15973:
15967:
15966:
15946:
15940:
15939:
15927:
15921:
15920:
15902:
15896:
15895:
15875:
15869:
15863:
15857:
15851:
15845:
15844:
15820:
15814:
15813:
15793:
15787:
15774:
15768:
15762:
15756:
15743:
15737:
15736:
15734:
15732:
15716:
15710:
15709:
15707:
15705:
15688:
15682:
15681:
15679:
15677:
15660:
15654:
15653:
15633:
15627:
15626:
15606:
15600:
15599:
15579:
15573:
15567:
15561:
15560:
15540:
15534:
15533:
15513:
15507:
15506:
15486:
15480:
15474:
15468:
15467:
15447:
15441:
15440:
15421:History Workshop
15412:
15406:
15405:
15385:
15379:
15378:
15358:
15352:
15351:
15331:
15325:
15324:
15306:
15300:
15299:
15279:
15273:
15272:
15254:
15248:
15247:
15227:
15221:
15215:
15209:
15208:
15190:
15184:
15183:
15163:
15157:
15151:
15145:
15144:
15124:
15118:
15117:
15107:
15101:
15100:
15080:
15074:
15073:
15053:
15047:
15046:
15032:Red Flag Wounded
15026:
15020:
15019:
14999:
14993:
14992:
14972:
14966:
14965:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14927:
14926:
14906:
14900:
14899:
14881:
14875:
14874:
14856:
14850:
14849:
14829:
14823:
14822:
14804:
14798:
14797:
14777:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14758:
14738:
14732:
14731:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14694:
14688:
14687:
14669:
14663:
14662:
14642:
14636:
14630:
14624:
14623:, pp. 1–10.
14618:
14612:
14611:
14591:
14582:
14572:
14566:
14565:
14545:
14536:
14535:
14517:
14511:
14510:
14490:
14484:
14483:
14465:
14456:
14450:
14444:
14438:
14432:
14426:
14420:
14414:
14408:
14407:
14387:
14381:
14380:
14360:
14354:
14353:
14333:
14327:
14326:
14308:
14302:
14301:
14281:
14275:
14269:
14260:
14259:
14241:
14235:
14234:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14187:
14181:
14180:
14160:
14154:
14153:
14133:
14127:
14126:
14106:
14100:
14099:
14079:
14073:
14072:
14052:
14046:
14040:
14034:
14033:
14013:
14007:
14006:
13990:
13984:
13978:
13972:
13971:
13951:
13945:
13939:
13930:
13929:
13909:
13903:
13897:
13891:
13885:
13879:
13878:
13858:
13852:
13851:
13831:
13825:
13819:
13810:
13809:
13789:
13783:
13777:
13771:
13765:
13759:
13753:
13747:
13746:
13728:
13722:
13721:
13718:www.marxists.org
13712:Stalin, Joseph.
13709:
13703:
13702:
13682:
13676:
13675:
13655:
13649:
13648:
13628:
13622:
13621:
13611:
13605:
13604:
13584:
13578:
13572:
13566:
13560:
13554:
13548:
13542:
13541:
13523:
13517:
13516:
13496:
13490:
13489:
13449:
13443:
13442:
13412:
13406:
13405:
13385:
13379:
13378:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13341:
13335:
13334:
13315:
13309:
13303:
13297:
13296:
13276:
13270:
13264:
13258:
13257:
13237:
13231:
13225:
13219:
13218:
13198:
13192:
13186:
13175:
13169:
13163:
13157:
13151:
13150:
13130:
13124:
13123:
13103:
13097:
13096:
13076:
13070:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13039:
13033:
13032:
13012:
13006:
13005:, pp. 1–10.
13000:
12983:
12982:
12962:
12956:
12955:
12937:
12931:
12925:
12919:
12912:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12901:
12886:
12880:
12858:
12852:
12834:
12828:
12822:
12813:
12807:
12798:
12792:
12786:
12785:
12767:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12756:
12731:
12725:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12707:
12688:
12682:
12669:
12663:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12648:
12646:
12625:
12619:
12618:
12598:
12592:
12579:
12570:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12537:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12504:
12498:
12495:Dewey Commission
12480:
12474:
12468:
12462:
12456:
12450:
12439:
12433:
12415:
12409:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12385:
12379:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12345:
12339:
12325:
12316:
12302:
12296:
12295:
12293:
12291:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12260:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12221:. Archived from
12215:
12209:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12185:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12165:. January 1937.
12155:
12146:
12142:Oddvar Høidal's
12140:
12119:
12113:
12107:
12102:Geoffrey Swain,
12100:
12094:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12075:
12069:
12068:
12042:
12036:
12035:
12024:
12018:
12017:
12014:Criticalpast.com
12006:
12000:
11999:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11974:
11968:
11962:
11956:
11955:
11947:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11886:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11860:
11854:
11853:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11824:. 10 June 1935.
11814:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11796:
11776:
11770:
11755:
11749:
11743:
11737:
11731:
11725:
11707:
11698:
11692:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11662:
11656:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11619:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11608:
11585:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11551:
11545:
11538:
11532:
11525:
11519:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11501:
11490:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11464:
11458:
11451:
11445:
11444:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11419:
11413:
11406:
11400:
11393:
11387:
11380:
11374:
11367:
11361:
11346:
11340:
11339:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11294:
11288:
11272:
11266:
11259:
11253:
11234:
11228:
11221:
11215:
11214:
11196:
11190:
11189:
11183:
11175:
11173:
11171:
11162:. Archived from
11156:
11150:
11135:
11129:
11114:
11108:
11092:
11086:
11080:
11069:
11068:
11048:
11042:
11036:
11030:
11029:
11009:
11000:
10994:
10988:
10982:
10976:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10952:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10918:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10898:
10891:
10882:
10876:
10875:
10865:
10859:
10846:
10840:
10834:
10828:
10811:
10805:
10799:
10793:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10749:
10743:
10727:
10721:
10707:
10701:
10686:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10621:(129): 168–211.
10610:
10604:
10603:
10583:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10552:
10546:
10539:
10533:
10527:
10518:
10517:
10509:
10503:
10502:
10482:
10476:
10466:
10455:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10427:(January 1922).
10417:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10406:
10391:
10378:
10377:
10359:
10353:
10342:
10329:
10328:
10308:
10299:
10298:
10278:
10272:
10271:
10251:
10245:
10239:
10233:
10227:
10221:
10205:
10199:
10198:
10166:
10160:
10159:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10120:
10111:
10110:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10069:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10016:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9987:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9969:Associated Press
9959:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9920:(1st ed.).
9908:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9876:
9870:
9855:
9849:
9833:
9827:
9811:
9802:
9801:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9756:
9747:
9746:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9720:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9694:
9688:
9687:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9641:
9635:
9622:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9582:
9576:
9561:
9548:
9533:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9498:
9492:
9491:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9338:
9332:
9326:
9317:
9311:
9302:
9288:Chapter XVII of
9286:
9280:
9265:
9259:
9253:
9247:
9232:
9226:
9220:
9214:
9208:
9199:
9193:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9154:
9148:
9142:
9136:
9133:
9127:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9102:
9089:
9083:
9070:
9064:
9057:
9051:
9038:
9032:
9031:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8964:
8958:
8951:
8940:
8927:
8921:
8907:
8901:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8824:
8815:
8809:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8772:
8766:
8760:
8754:
8738:
8729:
8728:
8708:
8702:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8671:
8665:
8659:
8650:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8606:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8521:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8449:
8441:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8412:
8406:
8397:
8391:
8385:
8379:
8370:
8364:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8312:www.revolucia.ru
8304:
8295:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8268:www.marxists.org
8260:
8254:
8253:, pp. 1053.
8248:
8242:
8241:
8221:
8215:
8201:
8195:
8185:
8179:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8110:
8104:
8103:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8020:
8004:
7989:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7964:
7958:
7949:
7943:
7935:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7906:
7900:
7893:
7887:
7869:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7857:
7852:
7848:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7782:
7778:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7750:
7735:, 2017 TV series
7634:Petrograd Soviet
7415:
7406:
7356:
7168:Georgy Plekhanov
7151:Communist League
7139:Friedrich Engels
7078:collectivisation
7054:Soviet democracy
7043:Dnieprostroi dam
6968:. More broadly,
6930:decentralisation
6876:economic matters
6850:orthodox Marxism
6834:Trotsky reading
6826:Soviet democracy
6790:Project Cybersyn
6649:Stalinist terror
6611:military history
6592:de-Stalinization
6544:Dmitry Manuilsky
6478:, psychoanalyst
6456:Jean-Paul Sartre
6441:Anti-Nazi League
6331:de-Stalinization
6320:Houghton Library
6298:
6297:
6296:Красногварде́йск
6284:
6275:Leningrad Oblast
6241:Petrograd Soviet
6078:
6000:
5991:
5964:W. Bruce Lincoln
5933:and philosopher
5911:Artemic Khalatov
5819:
5761:Battle of Warsaw
5720:planning process
5708:Second World War
5702:associated with
5647:
5597:Alexander Parvus
5490:Nikolai Bukharin
5382:Laura Engelstein
5258:Pavel Sudoplatov
5237:27 February 1940
5203:communist future
5110:
5103:
5096:
5080:
5079:
5068:
5067:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5032:Socialist Worker
5011:Orthodox Marxism
5006:Marxism–Leninism
4566:
4556:
4546:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4228:World revolution
4188:State capitalism
4183:Soviet democracy
4095:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4060:Dewey Commission
3899:
3802:Nasjonal Samling
3720:Édouard Daladier
3689:Kingdom of Italy
3461:established the
3387:Since Lenin Died
3274:, Leon Trotsky,
2979:standing ovation
2946:
2943:
2891:heir presumptive
2737:Battle of Warsaw
2691:Nikolay Yudenich
2680:Battle of Warsaw
2604:Latvian Riflemen
2579:near Kazan, 1918
2523:In dealing with
2269:Nikolai Krylenko
2074:Nikolai Bukharin
1873:Grigory Zinoviev
1862:Petrograd Soviet
1792:Tsar Nicholas II
1768:Russian language
1591:Trotsky reading
1539:Alexander Parvus
1492:Russian Gazette,
1410:Saint Petersburg
1384:Alexander Parvus
1366:supporters, the
1314:(1906–1938) and
1260:Georgi Plekhanov
1057:Raymond Molinier
920:internationalist
776:Petrograd Soviet
758:against Lenin's
634:1917: Chairman,
628:1905: Chairman,
554:
553:
532:
486:
484:
466:
464:
460:
357:
346:, Russian Empire
332:
330:
314:Personal details
304:Grigory Zinoviev
300:
288:
279:
262:Georgy Chicherin
258:
246:
229:
208:
196:
166:
143:
134:
122:
121:
115:
112:
106:
70:
69:
62:
21:
23725:
23724:
23720:
23719:
23718:
23716:
23715:
23714:
23395:Left Opposition
23370:Jewish atheists
23270:
23269:
23268:
23256:
23244:
23234:
23232:
23222:
23220:
23210:
23208:
23198:
23196:
23186:
23184:
23174:
23172:
23162:
23160:
23148:
23140:
23138:
23133:
23132:
23127:
23118:Mikhail Kalinin
23096:
23060:
23054:
23024:
23019:
23015:Mikhail Kalinin
22993:
22957:
22951:
22921:
22916:
22907:Mikhail Kalinin
22890:
22854:
22848:
22818:
22813:
22804:Mikhail Kalinin
22787:
22741:
22735:
22705:
22700:
22696:Jānis Rudzutaks
22686:Mikhail Kalinin
22669:
22623:
22617:
22587:
22582:
22568:Jānis Rudzutaks
22558:Mikhail Kalinin
22541:
22495:
22489:
22459:
22454:
22440:Anastas Mikoyan
22425:Andrey Andreyev
22420:Nikolai Uglanov
22415:Jānis Rudzutaks
22388:
22384:Jānis Rudzutaks
22354:Mikhail Kalinin
22327:
22321:
22291:
22286:
22253:
22222:Dmitri Shepilov
22186:
22177:
22154:
22070:Viktor Kochubey
22025:Andrey Osterman
22006:
21982:Vasily Golitsyn
21957:Pyotr Tretyakov
21942:Ivan Viskovatyi
21928:
21919:
21889:
21884:
21879:
21871:
21863:
21855:
21847:
21839:
21831:
21823:
21813:
21805:
21800:
21792:
21782:
21776:
21764:
21763:Minister of War
21758:
21753:
21745:
21737:
21727:
21721:
21709:
21707:
21701:
21696:
21688:
21680:
21670:
21662:
21657:
21649:
21641:
21631:
21623:
21619:
21614:
21609:
21601:
21593:
21585:
21577:
21567:
21564:
21557:
21548:
21518:
21513:
21448:
21444:Peter Kropotkin
21390:
21352:
21319:
21295:Semyon Budyonny
21251:
21208:
21180:
21155:
21093:
21082:Tsentralna Rada
20989:
20864:
20845:Kornilov affair
20816:
20807:
20772:
20764:
20759:
20754:Zinaida Volkova
20706:
20654:Trotsky's train
20637:
20470:
20465:
20431:
20429:Thomas E. Dewey
20422:
20414:
20404:
20395:
20387:
20385:Newton D. Baker
20377:
20368:
20360:
20345:
20336:
20328:
20318:
20309:
20301:
20299:
20279:
20229:
20155:
20151:
20146:
20140:
20121:
20090:
20067:
20048:
20029:
20008:
19989:
19968:
19949:
19930:
19874:
19866:. London: Pan.
19855:
19836:
19817:
19796:
19769:
19748:
19727:
19708:
19689:
19635:
19624:
19603:
19575:
19574:
19561:
19540:
19519:
19500:
19481:
19460:
19441:
19394:
19373:
19352:
19333:
19314:
19280:
19259:
19240:
19221:
19200:
19179:
19160:
19139:
19101:
19057:
19038:
19017:
18996:
18972:
18970:
18963:
18952:
18933:
18895:
18887:. Verso Books.
18876:
18868:. Verso Books.
18857:
18849:. Verso Books.
18838:
18830:. Verso Books.
18775:
18756:
18735:
18714:
18664:
18609:
18577:
18527:
18508:
18479:
18468:Kronstadt, 1921
18455:
18438:
18432:
18422:
18406:
18401:
18391:
18389:
18380:
18379:
18375:
18365:
18363:
18355:
18354:
18350:
18343:
18327:
18323:
18316:
18300:
18296:
18289:
18273:
18269:
18262:
18246:
18242:
18232:
18230:
18222:
18221:
18217:
18210:
18194:
18187:
18180:
18164:
18160:
18153:
18139:
18135:
18129:Deutscher 2015a
18127:
18123:
18116:
18100:
18096:
18053:
18049:
18042:
18026:
18022:
17993:
17989:
17979:Ian D. Thatcher
17976:
17972:
17965:
17951:
17950:
17946:
17939:
17913:
17909:
17897:Wayback Machine
17887:
17883:
17832:
17828:
17821:
17807:
17803:
17796:
17782:
17778:
17771:
17755:
17751:
17741:
17739:
17724:
17723:
17719:
17711:
17707:
17680:
17676:
17663:
17659:
17646:
17642:
17635:
17621:
17617:
17604:
17600:
17587:
17583:
17576:
17560:
17556:
17543:
17542:
17538:
17530:
17526:
17519:
17505:
17501:
17494:
17478:
17474:
17461:
17460:
17456:
17449:
17433:
17429:
17425:, pp. 592.
17423:Deutscher 2015a
17421:
17417:
17413:, pp. 646.
17411:Deutscher 2015a
17409:
17405:
17398:
17382:
17378:
17372:Rubenstein 2011
17370:
17366:
17360:Deutscher 2015a
17358:
17354:
17347:
17331:
17327:
17323:, pp. 587.
17321:Deutscher 2015a
17319:
17315:
17308:
17292:
17285:
17277:
17273:
17266:
17250:
17246:
17239:
17223:
17219:
17206:
17205:
17201:
17194:
17178:
17174:
17167:
17151:
17147:
17139:
17135:
17120:
17116:
17087:
17083:
17068:10.2307/3000510
17048:
17044:
17037:
17020:
17016:
17009:
16993:
16989:
16982:
16966:
16962:
16955:
16939:
16935:
16928:
16912:
16908:
16901:
16887:
16883:
16877:Deutscher 2003b
16863:, p. 110;
16855:, p. 199;
16851:
16847:
16840:
16824:
16820:
16777:
16773:
16766:
16752:
16748:
16741:
16725:
16721:
16713:
16709:
16703:Volkogonov 1996
16701:
16697:
16690:
16676:
16672:
16665:
16649:
16645:
16638:
16622:
16618:
16611:
16595:
16591:
16585:Deutscher 2015a
16575:, p. 101;
16567:
16563:
16556:
16540:
16536:
16529:
16513:
16509:
16502:
16488:
16484:
16477:
16461:
16457:
16450:
16434:
16430:
16423:
16409:
16405:
16398:
16382:
16375:
16368:
16352:
16348:
16341:
16325:
16321:
16315:Patenaude 2010b
16311:Deutscher 2015a
16297:, p. 272;
16295:Volkogonov 1996
16293:
16289:
16282:
16266:
16259:
16244:
16240:
16233:
16217:
16213:
16206:
16190:
16186:
16179:
16163:
16159:
16152:
16136:
16132:
16125:
16109:
16105:
16098:
16082:
16078:
16071:
16055:
16051:
16044:
16028:
16024:
16017:
16001:
15997:
15990:
15974:
15970:
15963:
15947:
15943:
15928:
15924:
15917:
15903:
15899:
15892:
15876:
15872:
15868:, pp. 127.
15864:
15860:
15852:
15848:
15841:
15821:
15817:
15810:
15794:
15790:
15784:Wayback Machine
15775:
15771:
15763:
15759:
15755:, July 3, 1967.
15744:
15740:
15730:
15728:
15717:
15713:
15703:
15701:
15694:
15690:
15689:
15685:
15675:
15673:
15672:on 4 March 2016
15666:
15662:
15661:
15657:
15650:
15634:
15630:
15623:
15607:
15603:
15596:
15580:
15576:
15570:Kosheleva 1995b
15568:
15564:
15557:
15541:
15537:
15530:
15514:
15510:
15503:
15487:
15483:
15475:
15471:
15464:
15448:
15444:
15423:(29): 136–146.
15413:
15409:
15402:
15386:
15382:
15375:
15359:
15355:
15348:
15332:
15328:
15321:
15307:
15303:
15296:
15280:
15276:
15269:
15255:
15251:
15244:
15228:
15224:
15216:
15212:
15205:
15191:
15187:
15180:
15164:
15160:
15156:, pp. 605.
15154:Deutscher 2015a
15152:
15148:
15141:
15125:
15121:
15108:
15104:
15097:
15081:
15077:
15070:
15054:
15050:
15043:
15027:
15023:
15016:
15000:
14996:
14989:
14973:
14969:
14962:
14946:
14942:
14934:
14930:
14923:
14907:
14903:
14896:
14882:
14878:
14871:
14857:
14853:
14846:
14830:
14826:
14819:
14805:
14801:
14794:
14778:
14774:
14766:
14762:
14755:
14739:
14735:
14722:
14718:
14711:
14695:
14691:
14684:
14670:
14666:
14659:
14643:
14639:
14631:
14627:
14619:
14615:
14608:
14592:
14585:
14573:
14569:
14562:
14546:
14539:
14532:
14518:
14514:
14507:
14491:
14487:
14480:
14466:
14459:
14453:Volkogonov 1996
14451:
14447:
14441:Rubenstein 2011
14439:
14435:
14427:
14423:
14417:Deutscher 2015a
14415:
14411:
14404:
14388:
14384:
14377:
14361:
14357:
14350:
14334:
14330:
14323:
14309:
14305:
14298:
14282:
14278:
14270:
14263:
14256:
14242:
14238:
14231:
14215:
14211:
14204:
14188:
14184:
14177:
14161:
14157:
14150:
14134:
14130:
14123:
14107:
14103:
14096:
14080:
14076:
14069:
14053:
14049:
14041:
14037:
14030:
14014:
14010:
13991:
13987:
13979:
13975:
13968:
13952:
13948:
13940:
13933:
13926:
13910:
13906:
13898:
13894:
13886:
13882:
13875:
13859:
13855:
13848:
13832:
13828:
13820:
13813:
13806:
13790:
13786:
13780:Volkogonov 1996
13778:
13774:
13766:
13762:
13754:
13750:
13743:
13729:
13725:
13710:
13706:
13699:
13683:
13679:
13672:
13656:
13652:
13645:
13629:
13625:
13612:
13608:
13601:
13585:
13581:
13573:
13569:
13563:Deutscher 2003a
13561:
13557:
13549:
13545:
13538:
13524:
13520:
13513:
13497:
13493:
13450:
13446:
13439:
13413:
13409:
13402:
13386:
13382:
13369:
13365:
13358:
13342:
13338:
13331:
13316:
13312:
13306:Deutscher 2015a
13304:
13300:
13293:
13277:
13273:
13265:
13261:
13254:
13238:
13234:
13230:, p. xxxi.
13228:Volkogonov 1996
13226:
13222:
13215:
13199:
13195:
13187:
13178:
13170:
13166:
13158:
13154:
13147:
13131:
13127:
13120:
13104:
13100:
13093:
13077:
13073:
13067:Volkogonov 1996
13065:
13061:
13054:
13040:
13036:
13029:
13013:
13009:
13001:
12986:
12979:
12963:
12959:
12952:
12938:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12913:
12909:
12899:
12897:
12888:
12887:
12883:
12871:Wayback Machine
12859:
12855:
12845:Wayback Machine
12835:
12831:
12825:Volkogonov 1996
12823:
12816:
12808:
12801:
12793:
12789:
12782:
12768:
12764:
12754:
12752:
12732:
12728:
12719:
12715:
12705:
12703:
12698:. 8 June 1940.
12690:
12689:
12685:
12679:Wayback Machine
12670:
12666:
12658:
12654:
12644:
12642:
12637:. 25 May 1940.
12627:
12626:
12622:
12615:
12599:
12595:
12589:Wayback Machine
12580:
12573:
12556:
12552:
12546:Deutscher 2003c
12544:
12540:
12536:, 15 July 1933.
12531:
12527:
12517:
12515:
12506:
12505:
12501:
12491:Wayback Machine
12482:Full text of ~
12481:
12477:
12473:, p. viii.
12469:
12465:
12457:
12453:
12440:
12436:
12432:, 15 June 1931.
12426:Wayback Machine
12416:
12412:
12402:
12400:
12387:
12386:
12382:
12373:
12369:
12362:
12346:
12342:
12326:
12319:
12303:
12299:
12289:
12287:
12272:
12268:
12258:
12256:
12243:
12242:
12238:
12228:
12226:
12217:
12216:
12212:
12202:
12200:
12187:
12186:
12182:
12172:
12170:
12157:
12156:
12149:
12141:
12122:
12115:Oddvar Høidal,
12114:
12110:
12101:
12097:
12087:
12085:
12077:
12076:
12072:
12057:
12043:
12039:
12026:
12025:
12021:
12008:
12007:
12003:
11990:
11989:
11985:
11976:
11975:
11971:
11963:
11959:
11948:
11944:
11934:
11932:
11892:(Summer 1977).
11887:
11883:
11873:
11871:
11861:
11857:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11831:
11829:
11816:
11815:
11804:
11794:
11792:
11777:
11773:
11767:Wayback Machine
11756:
11752:
11744:
11740:
11732:
11728:
11708:
11701:
11695:Rubenstein 2013
11693:
11689:
11679:
11677:
11664:
11663:
11659:
11654:
11650:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11620:
11616:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11586:
11582:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11552:
11548:
11539:
11535:
11526:
11522:
11513:
11509:
11499:
11497:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11477:
11475:
11466:
11465:
11461:
11452:
11448:
11435:
11431:
11422:Trotsky, Leon.
11420:
11416:
11407:
11403:
11394:
11390:
11381:
11377:
11368:
11364:
11359:Wayback Machine
11347:
11343:
11336:
11322:
11318:
11311:
11295:
11291:
11282:Wayback Machine
11275:Left Opposition
11273:
11269:
11260:
11256:
11251:Wayback Machine
11235:
11231:
11222:
11218:
11211:
11197:
11193:
11177:
11176:
11169:
11167:
11160:"Archived copy"
11158:
11157:
11153:
11148:Wayback Machine
11136:
11132:
11127:Wayback Machine
11115:
11111:
11105:Wayback Machine
11093:
11089:
11083:Rubenstein 2011
11081:
11072:
11065:
11049:
11045:
11037:
11033:
11026:
11010:
11003:
10999:, Document 109.
10995:
10991:
10987:, Document 106.
10983:
10979:
10971:
10967:
10959:
10955:
10947:
10943:
10936:
10919:
10912:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10889:
10883:
10879:
10866:
10862:
10858:by Leon Trotsky
10856:Wayback Machine
10847:
10843:
10835:
10831:
10825:Wayback Machine
10812:
10808:
10800:
10796:
10790:Wayback Machine
10778:
10774:
10764:
10762:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10740:Wayback Machine
10728:
10724:
10718:Wayback Machine
10708:
10704:
10699:Wayback Machine
10687:
10680:
10670:
10668:
10655:
10654:
10650:
10611:
10607:
10600:
10584:
10580:
10570:
10568:
10553:
10549:
10540:
10536:
10530:Volkogonov 1996
10528:
10521:
10510:
10506:
10499:
10483:
10479:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10442:
10440:
10418:
10414:
10404:
10402:
10392:
10381:
10374:
10360:
10356:
10343:
10332:
10325:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10279:
10275:
10268:
10252:
10248:
10240:
10236:
10228:
10224:
10218:Wayback Machine
10206:
10202:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10142:
10138:
10121:
10114:
10107:
10093:
10089:
10085:, pp. 389.
10083:Deutscher 2015a
10081:
10077:
10067:
10065:
10053:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10028:
10024:
10014:
10012:
10003:
9999:
9988:
9984:
9974:
9972:
9941:
9937:
9927:
9925:
9909:
9905:
9895:
9893:
9885:Current History
9878:
9877:
9873:
9867:Wayback Machine
9856:
9852:
9846:Wayback Machine
9834:
9830:
9821:Wayback Machine
9812:
9805:
9798:
9782:
9778:
9768:
9766:
9758:
9757:
9750:
9735:
9734:
9730:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9695:
9691:
9678:
9674:
9661:
9657:
9642:
9638:
9632:Wayback Machine
9623:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9592:
9584:
9583:
9579:
9573:Wayback Machine
9562:
9551:
9546:Wayback Machine
9534:
9527:
9521:Rubenstein 2011
9519:
9515:
9509:Wayback Machine
9499:
9495:
9488:
9474:
9470:
9460:
9458:
9447:"Marxists.org,
9445:
9444:
9440:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9410:
9406:
9391:
9387:
9379:
9375:
9370:Wayback Machine
9359:Chapter XVI of
9358:
9354:
9343:"Towards Unity"
9339:
9335:
9329:Deutscher 2003a
9327:
9320:
9314:Deutscher 2003a
9312:
9305:
9299:Wayback Machine
9287:
9283:
9278:Wayback Machine
9266:
9262:
9254:
9250:
9245:Wayback Machine
9233:
9229:
9221:
9217:
9211:Deutscher 2003a
9209:
9202:
9196:Deutscher 2003a
9194:
9190:
9184:Deutscher 2003a
9182:
9178:
9170:
9166:
9155:
9151:
9145:Deutscher 2003a
9143:
9139:
9134:
9130:
9122:Gapon, Georgy.
9121:
9117:
9109:
9105:
9099:Wayback Machine
9090:
9086:
9080:Wayback Machine
9071:
9067:
9058:
9054:
9048:Wayback Machine
9039:
9035:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8965:
8961:
8952:
8943:
8938:Wayback Machine
8928:
8924:
8918:Wayback Machine
8908:
8904:
8895:Wayback Machine
8885:
8881:
8875:Deutscher 2003a
8873:
8869:
8863:Deutscher 2003a
8861:
8857:
8851:Deutscher 2003a
8849:
8845:
8837:
8833:
8825:
8818:
8812:Deutscher 2003a
8810:
8806:
8798:
8794:
8788:Deutscher 2003a
8786:
8782:
8773:
8769:
8761:
8757:
8751:Wayback Machine
8739:
8732:
8725:
8709:
8705:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8672:
8668:
8662:Deutscher 2003a
8660:
8653:
8647:Deutscher 2003a
8645:
8641:
8635:Deutscher 2003a
8633:
8626:
8616:
8614:
8609:Trotsky, Leon.
8607:
8603:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8573:
8569:
8561:
8557:
8547:
8545:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8515:
8514:
8507:
8505:
8498:
8494:
8484:
8482:
8477:Trotsky, Leon.
8475:
8471:
8463:
8459:
8443:
8442:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8415:
8407:
8400:
8392:
8388:
8380:
8373:
8369:, pp. 6–7.
8367:Deutscher 2003a
8365:
8356:
8346:
8344:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8314:
8306:
8305:
8298:
8290:, p. 296;
8286:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8251:Deutscher 2015a
8249:
8245:
8238:
8222:
8218:
8212:Kosheleva 1995b
8210:, p. 129;
8206:, p. 163;
8202:
8198:
8186:
8182:
8176:D'Agostino 2011
8170:, p. 336;
8162:, p. 242;
8160:Volkogonov 1996
8158:, p. 469;
8150:, p. 166;
8144:Deutscher 2003b
8138:
8134:
8127:
8111:
8107:
8100:
8081:
8077:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8008:
8007:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7976:
7965:
7961:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7922:
7907:
7903:
7894:
7890:
7859:
7858:
7850:
7831:; Russian:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7780:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7679:
7675:World socialism
7664:Trotsky's train
7654:Scissors Crisis
7609:Left Opposition
7569:
7460:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7408:
7407:
7358:
7350:
7330:
7310:
7304:
7283:Italian fascism
7256:social fascists
7226:
7218:Main articles:
7216:
7200:war with Poland
7143:1848 Revolution
7096:
7090:
7066:planned economy
7036:electrification
7013:progressive tax
6962:Georgy Pyatakov
6943:in 1920 to the
6914:
6908:Left Opposition
6904:Planned economy
6898:Main articles:
6896:
6888:totalitarianism
6828:
6816:Main articles:
6814:
6755:five-year plans
6750:planned economy
6508:
6443:(1977–81), the
6439:(1966–71), the
6291:Krasnogvardeysk
6251:
6237:Soviet Red Army
6235:Main articles:
6233:
6132:deputy chairman
6113:Georgian affair
6080:
6076:
6067:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5993:
5992:
5952:Isaac Deutscher
5899:
5893:
5883:or the loss of
5860:world socialism
5821:
5813:
5785:deputy chairman
5781:Martin McCauley
5649:
5645:
5635:cultural policy
5625:
5613:Main articles:
5611:
5378:planned economy
5374:Isaac Deutscher
5354:
5331:Leonid Brezhnev
5246:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5219:
5190:
5170:Martin Dies Jr.
5150:
5124:
5114:
5074:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5043:
5042:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4911:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4772:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4605:Left Opposition
4578:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4554:
4544:
4536:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4319:Isaac Deutscher
4314:James P. Cannon
4309:Alex Callinicos
4274:
4266:
4265:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4223:World communism
4208:Union democracy
4193:Substitutionism
4103:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4033:
3911:Lázaro Cárdenas
3889:
3863:
3806:Vidkun Quisling
3759:
3716:
3624:
3619:
3540:
3515:
3503:Chiang Kai-shek
3476:Communist Party
3426:
3347:
3276:Mikhail Kalinin
3232:
3220:Maria Koszutska
3204:Boris Souvarine
3110:Left Opposition
3018:
3016:Left Opposition
3012:
2944:
2913:and responded:
2868:
2821:
2781:
2775:
2751:
2745:
2703:
2638:
2608:Jukums Vācietis
2521:
2498:unsuccessfully
2486:Nizhny Novgorod
2447:. In his book,
2429:Reign of Terror
2397:
2385:General Krasnov
2300:
2295:
2289:
2245:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2181:
2178:Scheidemannites
2175:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2087:forces of Gen.
2070:Left Communists
2038:
2032:
2016:secret treaties
1980:
1975:
1710:
1698:Austria-Hungary
1681:Kievskaya Mysl,
1607:Matvey Skobelev
1531:
1414:Julian Calendar
1406:
1344:Second Congress
1332:
1281:Trotsky in 1902
1255:
1177:
1171:
1145:Baltic Shipyard
1109:(revolutionary
1085:
1080:
1017:. The American
964:
928:totalitarianism
827:Left Opposition
819:Deputy Chairman
682:1905 Revolution
659:
625:
624:
619:
618:
572:
571:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:
555:
548:
545:
520:
491:
488:
485: 1903)
480:
476:
468:
465: 1902)
456:
452:
449:
433:
409:Political party
404:
359:
355:
338:
328:
326:
325:
324:
298:
286:
280:
275:
256:
244:
230:
225:
206:
194:
189:
167:
162:
146:
145:Trotsky in 1929
132:
127:
116:
110:
107:
88:
71:
67:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23723:
23713:
23712:
23707:
23702:
23697:
23692:
23687:
23682:
23677:
23672:
23667:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23647:
23642:
23637:
23632:
23630:Russian exiles
23627:
23622:
23617:
23612:
23607:
23602:
23597:
23592:
23587:
23582:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23547:
23542:
23537:
23532:
23527:
23522:
23520:Old Bolsheviks
23517:
23512:
23507:
23502:
23497:
23492:
23487:
23482:
23477:
23472:
23467:
23462:
23457:
23452:
23447:
23442:
23437:
23432:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23412:
23407:
23402:
23397:
23392:
23387:
23382:
23377:
23372:
23367:
23362:
23357:
23352:
23347:
23342:
23337:
23332:
23327:
23322:
23317:
23312:
23307:
23302:
23297:
23292:
23287:
23282:
23267:
23266:
23254:
23242:
23230:
23218:
23206:
23194:
23182:
23170:
23158:
23135:
23134:
23129:
23128:
23126:
23125:
23120:
23115:
23110:
23104:
23102:
23098:
23097:
23095:
23094:
23089:
23084:
23082:Vladimir Lenin
23079:
23074:
23068:
23066:
23062:
23061:
23053:
23052:
23045:
23038:
23030:
23021:
23020:
23018:
23017:
23012:
23007:
23001:
22999:
22995:
22994:
22992:
22991:
22986:
22981:
22979:Vladimir Lenin
22976:
22971:
22965:
22963:
22959:
22958:
22950:
22949:
22942:
22935:
22927:
22918:
22917:
22915:
22914:
22909:
22904:
22898:
22896:
22892:
22891:
22889:
22888:
22883:
22878:
22876:Vladimir Lenin
22873:
22868:
22862:
22860:
22856:
22855:
22847:
22846:
22839:
22832:
22824:
22815:
22814:
22812:
22811:
22806:
22801:
22795:
22793:
22789:
22788:
22786:
22785:
22780:
22778:Mikhail Tomsky
22775:
22770:
22765:
22763:Vladimir Lenin
22760:
22755:
22749:
22747:
22743:
22742:
22734:
22733:
22726:
22719:
22711:
22702:
22701:
22699:
22698:
22693:
22688:
22683:
22677:
22675:
22671:
22670:
22668:
22667:
22662:
22660:Mikhail Tomsky
22657:
22652:
22647:
22645:Vladimir Lenin
22642:
22637:
22631:
22629:
22625:
22624:
22616:
22615:
22608:
22601:
22593:
22584:
22583:
22581:
22580:
22578:Mikhail Frunze
22575:
22570:
22565:
22560:
22555:
22549:
22547:
22543:
22542:
22540:
22539:
22534:
22532:Mikhail Tomsky
22529:
22524:
22519:
22514:
22509:
22503:
22501:
22497:
22496:
22488:
22487:
22480:
22473:
22465:
22456:
22455:
22453:
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
22432:
22427:
22422:
22417:
22412:
22407:
22402:
22396:
22394:
22390:
22389:
22387:
22386:
22381:
22376:
22374:Mikhail Tomsky
22371:
22366:
22361:
22356:
22351:
22346:
22341:
22335:
22333:
22329:
22328:
22320:
22319:
22312:
22305:
22297:
22288:
22287:
22285:
22284:
22279:
22274:
22269:
22267:Andrei Kozyrev
22263:
22261:
22255:
22254:
22252:
22251:
22246:
22239:
22234:
22229:
22227:Andrei Gromyko
22224:
22219:
22214:
22209:
22207:Maxim Litvinov
22204:
22199:
22193:
22191:
22179:
22178:
22176:
22175:
22170:
22168:Pavel Milyukov
22164:
22162:
22156:
22155:
22153:
22152:
22147:
22145:Boris Shturmer
22142:
22140:Sergey Sazonov
22137:
22132:
22127:
22122:
22117:
22112:
22107:
22102:
22097:
22092:
22087:
22082:
22077:
22072:
22067:
22062:
22057:
22052:
22047:
22042:
22037:
22032:
22027:
22022:
22016:
22014:
22012:Russian Empire
22008:
22007:
22005:
22004:
22002:Peter Shafirov
21999:
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20201:Robert Service
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20149:External links
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18673:Russian Review
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18067:(2): 181–193.
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17081:
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16899:
16881:
16879:, p. 468.
16871:, p. 61;
16869:McDermott 2006
16859:, p. 23;
16845:
16838:
16818:
16791:(3): 900–902.
16771:
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15786:НИЦ «Мемориал»
15769:
15757:
15738:
15725:El País México
15711:
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14844:
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14792:
14772:
14770:, p. 191.
14760:
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14537:
14530:
14512:
14505:
14485:
14478:
14457:
14455:, p. 284.
14445:
14443:, p. 126.
14433:
14431:, p. 794.
14421:
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14067:
14047:
14045:, p. 118.
14035:
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13892:
13880:
13873:
13853:
13846:
13826:
13811:
13804:
13784:
13782:, p. xxx.
13772:
13760:
13758:, p. 200.
13748:
13741:
13723:
13704:
13697:
13677:
13670:
13650:
13643:
13623:
13606:
13599:
13579:
13577:, p. 327.
13567:
13565:, p. 152.
13555:
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13162:, p. 156.
13152:
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13118:
13098:
13091:
13071:
13069:, p. 185.
13059:
13053:978-0765623867
13052:
13034:
13027:
13007:
12984:
12977:
12957:
12950:
12932:
12930:, p. 129.
12920:
12907:
12894:Oncubanews.com
12881:
12853:
12829:
12827:, p. 466.
12814:
12799:
12797:, p. 418.
12787:
12780:
12762:
12726:
12713:
12683:
12664:
12662:, p. 485.
12652:
12620:
12613:
12593:
12571:
12567:978-0060820688
12550:
12548:, p. 482.
12538:
12532:Leon Trotsky.
12525:
12508:"Marxists.org"
12499:
12475:
12463:
12451:
12434:
12410:
12380:
12367:
12360:
12340:
12337:978-0060820688
12317:
12314:978-0060085896
12297:
12266:
12236:
12210:
12180:
12147:
12120:
12108:
12095:
12070:
12055:
12037:
12019:
12001:
11983:
11969:
11967:, p. 191.
11957:
11942:
11890:Kassow, Samuel
11881:
11869:trotskyana.net
11855:
11839:
11802:
11771:
11750:
11738:
11736:, p. 169.
11726:
11723:978-0275966058
11699:
11687:
11657:
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11634:
11614:
11600:
11580:
11566:
11546:
11533:
11520:
11507:
11485:
11459:
11446:
11429:
11424:"Lenin (1925)"
11414:
11408:Leon Trotsky,
11401:
11399:, pp. 199–258.
11388:
11375:
11362:
11341:
11334:
11316:
11309:
11289:
11267:
11265:, pp. 63–144.
11254:
11229:
11216:
11209:
11191:
11151:
11130:
11109:
11087:
11085:, p. 127.
11070:
11063:
11043:
11041:, p. 149.
11031:
11024:
11001:
10989:
10977:
10965:
10963:, p. 211.
10953:
10951:, p. 210.
10941:
10934:
10910:
10877:
10860:
10841:
10829:
10806:
10794:
10772:
10744:
10733:(Chapter XXXV)
10722:
10702:
10678:
10648:
10605:
10598:
10578:
10547:
10541:Lih, Lars T.,
10534:
10532:, p. 180.
10519:
10504:
10497:
10477:
10450:
10412:
10379:
10372:
10354:
10346:The Red Terror
10330:
10323:
10300:
10293:
10273:
10266:
10246:
10244:, p. 263.
10234:
10232:, p. 130.
10222:
10200:
10181:(2): 124–151.
10175:Soviet Studies
10161:
10154:
10136:
10112:
10105:
10087:
10075:
10047:
10022:
9997:
9982:
9935:
9903:
9871:
9850:
9828:
9803:
9796:
9776:
9760:"Leon Trotsky"
9748:
9728:
9706:
9689:
9672:
9655:
9644:J. V. Stalin.
9636:
9614:
9602:
9577:
9549:
9535:Chapter 22 of
9525:
9513:
9493:
9486:
9468:
9438:
9424:
9404:
9385:
9373:
9352:
9333:
9331:, p. 192.
9318:
9316:, p. 191.
9303:
9281:
9260:
9248:
9227:
9225:, p. 218.
9215:
9213:, p. 131.
9200:
9188:
9186:, p. 126.
9176:
9164:
9149:
9147:, p. 117.
9137:
9128:
9115:
9103:
9084:
9065:
9052:
9033:
8994:
8959:
8941:
8922:
8902:
8888:"Leon Trotsky"
8879:
8867:
8855:
8843:
8831:
8816:
8804:
8802:, p. 645.
8792:
8780:
8767:
8755:
8730:
8723:
8703:
8691:
8684:
8666:
8651:
8639:
8624:
8601:
8587:
8567:
8555:
8529:
8492:
8469:
8467:, p. 145.
8457:
8428:
8413:
8398:
8386:
8371:
8354:
8324:
8296:
8294:, p. 149.
8280:
8255:
8243:
8236:
8216:
8196:
8194:, p. 165.
8190:, p. 53;
8180:
8166:, p. 67;
8146:, p. 63;
8142:, p. 59;
8132:
8125:
8105:
8098:
8075:
8055:
8038:
8014:
8012:
8009:
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8005:
7984:
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7651:
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7641:
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7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7544:
7535:1980s UK band
7533:
7518:
7515:Richard Burton
7509:, directed by
7501:
7474:
7459:
7456:
7440:Terry Eagleton
7420:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7306:Main article:
7303:
7300:
7264:Hillel Ticktin
7215:
7212:
7092:Main article:
7089:
7086:
7009:scissor crisis
6978:heavy industry
6895:
6892:
6884:Soviet parties
6846:vanguard party
6813:
6810:
6727:Shakhty trials
6655:system to the
6540:Moisei Uritsky
6507:
6504:
6496:Martin Tranmæl
6482:, philosopher
6470:, philosopher
6464:Rosa Luxemburg
6427:movement in a
6417:Western Europe
6399:anti-Communism
6369:Harold Shukman
6335:Old Bolsheviks
6301:Red Guard City
6232:
6229:
6143:Slavic studies
6068:
6066:
6063:
6055:Boris Bazhanov
6050:The New Course
6031:Soviet writer
6005:
6004:
5995:
5994:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5895:Main article:
5892:
5889:
5806:
5631:foreign policy
5626:
5610:
5607:
5498:Natalia Sedova
5486:intelligentsia
5477:Trotsky was a
5449:, the rise of
5429:Robert Service
5353:
5350:
5327:Order of Lenin
5296:, who used an
5294:Ramón Mercader
5262:Nahum Eitingon
5245:
5242:
5189:
5186:
5149:
5146:
5120:Main article:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4953:Related topics
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4847:
4845:Internationals
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4703:Lutte Ouvrière
4700:
4695:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Pierre Lambert
4376:
4371:
4369:C. L. R. James
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:Daniel Bensaïd
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Vanguard party
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4113:Anti-Stalinism
4110:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4066:
4055:
4032:
4029:
3862:
3859:
3775:Konrad Knudsen
3758:
3755:
3740:Albert Sarraut
3715:
3712:
3670:define fascism
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3539:
3536:
3514:
3511:
3425:
3422:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3280:Mikhail Frunze
3245:Mikhail Frunze
3231:
3228:
3102:The New Course
3048:Workers' Group
3044:Workers' Truth
3014:Main article:
3011:
3008:
2999:power struggle
2898:Mikhail Tomsky
2867:
2864:
2835:on 14 May 1923
2820:
2817:
2794:in March 1921.
2790:troops attack
2777:Main article:
2774:
2771:
2759:Vladimir Lenin
2747:Main article:
2744:
2741:
2717:Trotsky on an
2702:
2699:
2637:
2634:
2619:Yakov Sverdlov
2538:barrier troops
2520:
2517:
2503:Vladimir Lenin
2491:On August 30,
2482:sent telegrams
2445:Finnish Whites
2417:Moisei Uritsky
2407:Arising after
2396:
2393:
2299:
2296:
2291:Main article:
2288:
2285:
2244:
2241:
2095:forces in the
2052:(c. 1917–1918)
2034:Main article:
2031:
2028:
2020:Triple Entente
1992:Tauride Palace
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1927:under General
1921:counter-attack
1911:was organized.
1823:Pavel Milyukov
1734:Kievskaya Mysl
1709:
1706:
1686:Kievskaya Mysl
1582:psychoanalysis
1530:
1527:
1405:
1402:
1331:
1328:
1308:Natalia Sedova
1254:
1251:
1173:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1027:Walter Laqueur
1008:Robert Service
981:Russian Empire
963:
960:
930:, and for his
898:Ramón Mercader
734:Russian Empire
698:Vladimir Lenin
696:. Trotsky and
665:
664:
661:
660:
658:
657:
651:
648:
638:
632:
622:
621:
620:
617:
616:
609:
602:
595:
584:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
556:
546:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
526:
522:
521:
519:
518:
513:
508:
505:
499:
497:
493:
492:
490:
489:
478:
474:Natalia Sedova
472:
471:
469:
454:
450:
445:
444:
441:
439:
435:
434:
432:
431:
425:
419:
412:
410:
406:
405:
403:
402:
399:
393:
389:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
358:(aged 60)
354:21 August 1940
352:
348:
347:
322:
320:
316:
315:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
272:
271:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
247:
241:
240:
239:Vladimir Lenin
237:
233:
232:
222:
221:
215:
214:
212:Mikhail Frunze
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
180:Vladimir Lenin
176:
174:
170:
169:
159:
158:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
136:
135:
129:
128:
125:
118:
117:
111:September 2024
97:it, or adding
74:
72:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23722:
23711:
23708:
23706:
23703:
23701:
23698:
23696:
23693:
23691:
23688:
23686:
23683:
23681:
23678:
23676:
23673:
23671:
23668:
23666:
23663:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23646:
23643:
23641:
23638:
23636:
23633:
23631:
23628:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23618:
23616:
23613:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23601:
23598:
23596:
23593:
23591:
23588:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23546:
23543:
23541:
23538:
23536:
23533:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23523:
23521:
23518:
23516:
23513:
23511:
23508:
23506:
23503:
23501:
23498:
23496:
23493:
23491:
23488:
23486:
23483:
23481:
23478:
23476:
23473:
23471:
23468:
23466:
23463:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23441:
23438:
23436:
23433:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23406:
23403:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23388:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23351:
23348:
23346:
23343:
23341:
23338:
23336:
23333:
23331:
23328:
23326:
23323:
23321:
23318:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23278:
23277:
23275:
23265:
23260:
23255:
23253:
23248:
23243:
23241:
23231:
23229:
23219:
23217:
23207:
23205:
23195:
23193:
23183:
23181:
23171:
23169:
23159:
23157:
23152:
23147:
23146:
23143:
23124:
23123:Elena Stasova
23121:
23119:
23116:
23114:
23111:
23109:
23106:
23105:
23103:
23099:
23093:
23090:
23088:
23087:Joseph Stalin
23085:
23083:
23080:
23078:
23075:
23073:
23070:
23069:
23067:
23063:
23058:
23051:
23046:
23044:
23039:
23037:
23032:
23031:
23028:
23016:
23013:
23011:
23008:
23006:
23003:
23002:
23000:
22996:
22990:
22987:
22985:
22984:Joseph Stalin
22982:
22980:
22977:
22975:
22972:
22970:
22967:
22966:
22964:
22960:
22955:
22948:
22943:
22941:
22936:
22934:
22929:
22928:
22925:
22913:
22910:
22908:
22905:
22903:
22900:
22899:
22897:
22893:
22887:
22884:
22882:
22881:Joseph Stalin
22879:
22877:
22874:
22872:
22869:
22867:
22864:
22863:
22861:
22857:
22852:
22845:
22840:
22838:
22833:
22831:
22826:
22825:
22822:
22810:
22807:
22805:
22802:
22800:
22797:
22796:
22794:
22790:
22784:
22781:
22779:
22776:
22774:
22773:Joseph Stalin
22771:
22769:
22766:
22764:
22761:
22759:
22756:
22754:
22751:
22750:
22748:
22744:
22739:
22732:
22727:
22725:
22720:
22718:
22713:
22712:
22709:
22697:
22694:
22692:
22689:
22687:
22684:
22682:
22679:
22678:
22676:
22672:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22656:
22655:Joseph Stalin
22653:
22651:
22648:
22646:
22643:
22641:
22638:
22636:
22633:
22632:
22630:
22626:
22621:
22614:
22609:
22607:
22602:
22600:
22595:
22594:
22591:
22579:
22576:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22561:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22550:
22548:
22544:
22538:
22535:
22533:
22530:
22528:
22527:Joseph Stalin
22525:
22523:
22520:
22518:
22515:
22513:
22510:
22508:
22505:
22504:
22502:
22498:
22493:
22486:
22481:
22479:
22474:
22472:
22467:
22466:
22463:
22451:
22448:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22416:
22413:
22411:
22408:
22406:
22403:
22401:
22398:
22397:
22395:
22391:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22375:
22372:
22370:
22369:Joseph Stalin
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22347:
22345:
22342:
22340:
22337:
22336:
22334:
22330:
22325:
22318:
22313:
22311:
22306:
22304:
22299:
22298:
22295:
22283:
22282:Sergey Lavrov
22280:
22278:
22275:
22273:
22270:
22268:
22265:
22264:
22262:
22260:
22256:
22250:
22247:
22245:
22244:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22215:
22213:
22210:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22198:
22195:
22194:
22192:
22190:
22184:
22183:Soviet Russia
22180:
22174:
22171:
22169:
22166:
22165:
22163:
22161:
22157:
22151:
22148:
22146:
22143:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22133:
22131:
22128:
22126:
22123:
22121:
22118:
22116:
22113:
22111:
22108:
22106:
22103:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22076:
22073:
22071:
22068:
22066:
22063:
22061:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22050:Ivan Osterman
22048:
22046:
22043:
22041:
22038:
22036:
22033:
22031:
22028:
22026:
22023:
22021:
22018:
22017:
22015:
22013:
22009:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21992:Lev Naryshkin
21990:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21978:
21977:Larion Ivanov
21975:
21973:
21970:
21968:
21965:
21963:
21960:
21958:
21955:
21953:
21952:Ivan Gramotin
21950:
21948:
21945:
21943:
21940:
21939:
21937:
21935:
21931:
21927:
21923:
21916:
21911:
21909:
21904:
21902:
21897:
21896:
21893:
21878:
21875:
21870:
21867:
21862:
21859:
21854:
21851:
21846:
21843:
21838:
21835:
21830:
21829:Georgy Zhukov
21827:
21822:
21819:
21818:
21816:
21812:
21808:
21799:
21796:
21791:
21790:Ivan Yumashev
21788:
21787:
21785:
21779:
21773:
21770:
21769:
21767:
21761:
21752:
21749:
21744:
21741:
21736:
21735:Joseph Stalin
21733:
21732:
21730:
21724:
21718:
21717:Joseph Stalin
21715:
21714:
21712:
21704:
21695:
21692:
21687:
21684:
21679:
21678:Pyotr Smirnov
21676:
21675:
21673:
21669:
21665:
21656:
21655:Joseph Stalin
21653:
21648:
21645:
21640:
21637:
21636:
21634:
21630:
21626:
21608:
21605:
21600:
21597:
21592:
21589:
21584:
21581:
21576:
21573:
21572:
21570:
21566:
21560:
21556:
21552:
21545:
21540:
21538:
21533:
21531:
21526:
21525:
21522:
21510:
21507:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21480:
21477:
21475:
21472:
21470:
21467:
21465:
21462:
21461:
21459:
21457:International
21455:
21445:
21442:
21440:
21437:
21435:
21434:Viktor Bilash
21432:
21430:
21427:
21425:
21422:
21420:
21417:
21415:
21412:
21410:
21407:
21405:
21404:Nestor Makhno
21402:
21401:
21399:
21397:
21393:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21376:Mark Natanson
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21366:Yakov Blumkin
21364:
21363:
21361:
21359:
21355:
21349:
21346:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21336:
21334:
21331:
21330:
21328:
21326:
21322:
21316:
21313:
21311:
21308:
21306:
21303:
21301:
21298:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21290:Joseph Stalin
21288:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21262:
21260:
21258:
21254:
21248:
21247:Lavr Kornilov
21245:
21243:
21240:
21238:
21237:Pyotr Krasnov
21235:
21233:
21232:Anton Denikin
21230:
21228:
21225:
21223:
21222:Pyotr Wrangel
21220:
21219:
21217:
21215:
21211:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21191:
21189:
21187:
21183:
21177:
21174:
21173:
21171:
21169:
21165:
21162:
21158:
21152:
21149:
21147:
21144:
21140:
21137:
21136:
21135:
21132:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21119:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21104:
21102:
21100:
21096:
21088:
21085:
21084:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21051:
21048:
21047:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21038:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21002:
21000:
20996:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20970:
20968:
20966:
20963:
20961:
20958:
20956:
20953:
20951:
20948:
20946:
20943:
20941:
20938:
20936:
20933:
20931:
20928:
20926:
20923:
20921:
20918:
20916:
20913:
20909:
20906:
20905:
20904:
20901:
20897:
20894:
20892:
20889:
20887:
20884:
20883:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20873:
20871:
20867:
20861:
20860:Junker mutiny
20858:
20856:
20853:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20832:
20830:
20826:
20823:
20819:
20815:
20811:
20804:
20799:
20797:
20792:
20790:
20785:
20784:
20781:
20775:
20768:
20755:
20752:
20749:
20746:
20744:(second wife)
20743:
20740:
20737:
20734:
20731:
20728:
20725:
20724:Olga Kameneva
20722:
20719:
20716:
20715:
20713:
20709:
20702:
20699:
20697:
20694:
20692:
20689:
20687:
20684:
20682:
20679:
20677:
20676:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20655:
20652:
20650:
20647:
20646:
20644:
20640:
20633:
20632:
20628:
20625:
20624:
20620:
20618:
20617:
20613:
20610:
20609:
20605:
20602:
20601:
20597:
20594:
20593:
20589:
20586:
20585:
20581:
20578:
20577:
20573:
20570:
20569:
20565:
20562:
20561:
20557:
20554:
20553:
20549:
20546:
20545:
20541:
20538:
20537:
20533:
20530:
20529:
20525:
20522:
20521:
20517:
20514:
20513:
20509:
20506:
20505:
20501:
20498:
20497:
20493:
20490:
20489:
20485:
20483:
20480:
20479:
20477:
20473:
20469:
20462:
20457:
20455:
20450:
20448:
20443:
20442:
20439:
20430:
20421:
20420:
20413:
20407:
20403:
20394:
20393:
20386:
20380:
20376:
20367:
20366:
20359:
20353:
20348:
20344:
20335:
20334:
20327:
20321:
20317:
20308:
20307:
20298:
20292:
20287:
20276:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20263:
20260:
20257:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20244:
20241:
20238:
20234:
20231:
20230:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20212:
20208:
20205:
20202:
20198:
20194:
20193:
20189:
20187:
20186:Claude Lefort
20183:
20182:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20158:
20153:
20152:
20141:
20135:
20131:
20126:
20122:
20120:0-8128-2774-0
20116:
20112:
20108:
20104:
20100:
20095:
20091:
20085:
20081:
20077:
20072:
20068:
20062:
20058:
20053:
20049:
20043:
20039:
20034:
20030:
20024:
20020:
20019:
20013:
20009:
20007:0-415-23251-1
20003:
20000:. Routledge.
19999:
19994:
19990:
19984:
19981:. Routledge.
19980:
19979:
19973:
19969:
19963:
19959:
19954:
19950:
19944:
19941:. Routledge.
19940:
19935:
19931:
19925:
19921:
19916:
19912:
19908:
19903:
19898:
19894:
19890:
19886:
19881:
19875:
19869:
19865:
19860:
19859:
19856:
19850:
19846:
19841:
19837:
19835:0-674-01697-1
19831:
19827:
19822:
19818:
19812:
19808:
19803:
19797:
19791:
19787:
19782:
19781:
19778:
19774:
19770:
19764:
19760:
19759:
19753:
19749:
19743:
19739:
19738:
19732:
19728:
19726:0-929087-77-1
19722:
19718:
19713:
19709:
19703:
19699:
19694:
19690:
19684:
19680:
19679:
19673:
19669:
19665:
19661:
19657:
19653:
19649:
19646:(2): 77–117.
19645:
19641:
19634:
19629:
19625:
19619:
19615:
19614:
19608:
19604:
19602:0-300-06919-7
19598:
19594:
19589:
19585:
19579:
19571:
19566:
19562:
19556:
19552:
19551:
19545:
19541:
19535:
19531:
19530:
19524:
19520:
19514:
19510:
19505:
19501:
19495:
19491:
19486:
19482:
19476:
19472:
19471:
19465:
19461:
19455:
19451:
19446:
19442:
19436:
19432:
19428:
19424:
19423:Medvedev, Roy
19420:
19416:
19412:
19408:
19404:
19399:
19395:
19389:
19385:
19384:
19378:
19374:
19368:
19365:. Routledge.
19364:
19363:
19357:
19353:
19347:
19343:
19338:
19334:
19328:
19324:
19319:
19315:
19309:
19305:
19304:
19298:
19295:/Signet Book.
19294:
19290:
19285:
19281:
19275:
19271:
19270:
19264:
19260:
19254:
19250:
19245:
19241:
19235:
19231:
19226:
19222:
19216:
19212:
19211:
19205:
19201:
19195:
19191:
19190:
19184:
19180:
19174:
19170:
19165:
19161:
19155:
19151:
19150:
19144:
19140:
19134:
19130:
19129:
19123:
19119:
19115:
19111:
19106:
19102:
19096:
19092:
19088:
19084:
19080:
19076:
19071:
19067:
19062:
19058:
19056:0-932323-17-0
19052:
19048:
19043:
19039:
19033:
19029:
19028:
19022:
19018:
19012:
19008:
19007:
19001:
18997:
18991:
18987:
18986:
18980:
18969:
18962:
18957:
18953:
18947:
18943:
18938:
18934:
18928:
18924:
18923:
18917:
18913:
18909:
18905:
18900:
18896:
18890:
18886:
18881:
18877:
18871:
18867:
18862:
18858:
18852:
18848:
18843:
18839:
18833:
18829:
18825:
18821:
18817:
18813:
18809:
18805:
18801:
18797:
18793:
18789:
18785:
18780:
18776:
18774:0-8133-1223-X
18770:
18766:
18761:
18757:
18751:
18747:
18746:
18740:
18736:
18730:
18726:
18725:
18719:
18715:
18709:
18705:
18704:
18698:
18694:
18690:
18686:
18682:
18679:(1): 84–102.
18678:
18674:
18669:
18665:
18663:0-19-507132-8
18659:
18655:
18650:
18646:
18641:
18637:
18632:
18628:
18623:
18619:
18614:
18610:
18604:
18600:
18599:
18593:
18589:
18588:
18582:
18578:
18572:
18568:
18567:
18561:
18557:
18553:
18549:
18545:
18541:
18537:
18532:
18528:
18522:
18518:
18513:
18509:
18503:
18500:. Routledge.
18499:
18498:
18492:
18488:
18484:
18480:
18478:0-691-08721-0
18474:
18470:
18469:
18464:
18460:
18456:
18450:
18446:
18441:
18440:
18437:
18423:
18417:
18413:
18408:
18407:
18388:. 27 May 2010
18387:
18383:
18377:
18362:
18358:
18352:
18344:
18338:
18334:
18333:
18325:
18317:
18311:
18307:
18306:
18298:
18290:
18284:
18280:
18279:
18271:
18263:
18257:
18253:
18252:
18244:
18229:
18225:
18224:"The Trotsky"
18219:
18211:
18205:
18201:
18200:
18192:
18190:
18181:
18175:
18171:
18170:
18162:
18154:
18148:
18144:
18137:
18130:
18125:
18117:
18111:
18107:
18106:
18098:
18090:
18086:
18082:
18078:
18074:
18070:
18066:
18062:
18058:
18051:
18043:
18037:
18033:
18032:
18024:
18015:
18010:
18006:
18002:
17998:
17991:
17984:
17980:
17974:
17966:
17960:
17956:
17955:
17948:
17940:
17938:9780470659632
17934:
17930:
17926:
17922:
17918:
17911:
17904:
17903:
17898:
17894:
17891:
17885:
17877:
17873:
17869:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17849:
17845:
17841:
17837:
17830:
17822:
17816:
17812:
17805:
17797:
17791:
17787:
17780:
17772:
17766:
17762:
17761:
17753:
17737:
17733:
17732:
17727:
17721:
17715:, p. 59.
17714:
17709:
17701:
17697:
17693:
17689:
17685:
17684:"The Old Man"
17678:
17670:
17669:
17661:
17653:
17652:
17644:
17636:
17630:
17626:
17619:
17611:
17610:
17602:
17594:
17593:
17585:
17577:
17571:
17567:
17566:
17558:
17550:
17546:
17540:
17534:, p. 62.
17533:
17528:
17520:
17514:
17510:
17503:
17495:
17489:
17485:
17484:
17476:
17468:
17464:
17458:
17450:
17444:
17440:
17439:
17431:
17424:
17419:
17412:
17407:
17399:
17393:
17389:
17388:
17380:
17373:
17368:
17361:
17356:
17348:
17342:
17338:
17337:
17329:
17322:
17317:
17309:
17303:
17299:
17298:
17290:
17288:
17280:
17275:
17267:
17261:
17257:
17256:
17248:
17240:
17234:
17230:
17229:
17221:
17213:
17209:
17203:
17195:
17189:
17185:
17184:
17176:
17168:
17162:
17158:
17157:
17149:
17143:, p. 84.
17142:
17137:
17129:
17125:
17118:
17109:
17104:
17100:
17096:
17092:
17085:
17077:
17073:
17069:
17065:
17061:
17057:
17056:Slavic Review
17053:
17046:
17038:
17032:
17028:
17027:
17018:
17010:
17004:
17000:
16999:
16991:
16983:
16977:
16973:
16972:
16964:
16956:
16950:
16946:
16945:
16937:
16929:
16923:
16919:
16918:
16910:
16902:
16896:
16892:
16885:
16878:
16875:, p. 8;
16874:
16870:
16866:
16862:
16858:
16857:Phillips 2000
16854:
16849:
16841:
16835:
16831:
16830:
16822:
16814:
16810:
16806:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16790:
16786:
16782:
16775:
16767:
16761:
16757:
16750:
16742:
16736:
16732:
16731:
16723:
16717:, pp. 3.
16716:
16711:
16704:
16699:
16691:
16685:
16681:
16674:
16666:
16660:
16656:
16655:
16647:
16639:
16633:
16629:
16628:
16620:
16612:
16606:
16602:
16601:
16593:
16586:
16582:
16578:
16577:Rogovin 2021b
16574:
16573:Barnett 2013b
16570:
16569:Daniels 2008b
16565:
16557:
16551:
16547:
16546:
16538:
16530:
16524:
16520:
16519:
16511:
16503:
16497:
16493:
16486:
16478:
16472:
16469:. Routledge.
16468:
16467:
16459:
16451:
16445:
16441:
16440:
16432:
16424:
16418:
16414:
16407:
16399:
16393:
16389:
16388:
16380:
16378:
16369:
16363:
16359:
16358:
16350:
16342:
16336:
16332:
16331:
16323:
16317:, pp. 2.
16316:
16312:
16308:
16304:
16303:Thatcher 2003
16300:
16296:
16291:
16283:
16277:
16273:
16272:
16264:
16262:
16253:
16249:
16242:
16234:
16228:
16224:
16223:
16215:
16207:
16201:
16197:
16196:
16188:
16180:
16174:
16170:
16169:
16161:
16153:
16147:
16143:
16142:
16134:
16126:
16120:
16116:
16115:
16107:
16099:
16093:
16089:
16088:
16080:
16072:
16066:
16062:
16061:
16053:
16045:
16039:
16035:
16034:
16026:
16018:
16012:
16008:
16007:
15999:
15991:
15985:
15981:
15980:
15972:
15964:
15958:
15954:
15953:
15945:
15937:
15933:
15926:
15918:
15912:
15908:
15901:
15893:
15887:
15883:
15882:
15874:
15867:
15862:
15855:
15850:
15842:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15827:
15819:
15811:
15805:
15801:
15800:
15792:
15785:
15781:
15778:
15773:
15766:
15761:
15754:
15753:
15748:
15742:
15726:
15722:
15715:
15699:
15695:
15687:
15671:
15667:
15659:
15651:
15645:
15641:
15640:
15632:
15624:
15618:
15614:
15613:
15605:
15597:
15591:
15587:
15586:
15578:
15571:
15566:
15558:
15552:
15548:
15547:
15539:
15531:
15525:
15521:
15520:
15512:
15504:
15498:
15494:
15493:
15485:
15479:, p. 51.
15478:
15477:Mccauley 2014
15473:
15465:
15459:
15455:
15454:
15446:
15438:
15434:
15430:
15426:
15422:
15418:
15411:
15403:
15397:
15393:
15392:
15384:
15376:
15370:
15366:
15365:
15357:
15349:
15343:
15339:
15338:
15330:
15322:
15316:
15312:
15305:
15297:
15291:
15287:
15286:
15278:
15270:
15264:
15260:
15253:
15245:
15239:
15235:
15234:
15226:
15220:, p. 52.
15219:
15218:Mccauley 2014
15214:
15206:
15200:
15196:
15189:
15181:
15175:
15171:
15170:
15162:
15155:
15150:
15142:
15136:
15132:
15131:
15123:
15115:
15114:
15106:
15098:
15092:
15088:
15087:
15079:
15071:
15065:
15061:
15060:
15052:
15044:
15038:
15034:
15033:
15025:
15017:
15011:
15007:
15006:
14998:
14990:
14984:
14980:
14979:
14971:
14963:
14957:
14953:
14952:
14944:
14938:, p. 80.
14937:
14932:
14924:
14918:
14914:
14913:
14905:
14897:
14891:
14887:
14880:
14872:
14866:
14862:
14855:
14847:
14841:
14837:
14836:
14828:
14820:
14814:
14810:
14803:
14795:
14789:
14785:
14784:
14776:
14769:
14764:
14756:
14750:
14746:
14745:
14737:
14729:
14728:
14720:
14712:
14706:
14702:
14701:
14693:
14685:
14679:
14675:
14668:
14660:
14654:
14650:
14649:
14641:
14634:
14629:
14622:
14617:
14609:
14603:
14599:
14598:
14590:
14588:
14580:
14576:
14571:
14563:
14557:
14553:
14552:
14544:
14542:
14533:
14527:
14523:
14516:
14508:
14502:
14498:
14497:
14489:
14481:
14475:
14471:
14464:
14462:
14454:
14449:
14442:
14437:
14430:
14425:
14418:
14413:
14405:
14399:
14395:
14394:
14386:
14378:
14372:
14368:
14367:
14359:
14351:
14345:
14341:
14340:
14332:
14324:
14318:
14314:
14307:
14299:
14293:
14289:
14288:
14280:
14274:, p. 59.
14273:
14272:Mccauley 2014
14268:
14266:
14257:
14251:
14247:
14240:
14232:
14226:
14222:
14221:
14213:
14205:
14199:
14195:
14194:
14186:
14178:
14172:
14168:
14167:
14159:
14151:
14145:
14141:
14140:
14132:
14124:
14118:
14114:
14113:
14105:
14097:
14091:
14087:
14086:
14078:
14070:
14064:
14060:
14059:
14051:
14044:
14039:
14031:
14025:
14021:
14020:
14012:
14004:
14000:
13996:
13995:"The Old Man"
13989:
13982:
13977:
13969:
13963:
13959:
13958:
13950:
13943:
13938:
13936:
13927:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13908:
13902:, p. 94.
13901:
13896:
13889:
13884:
13876:
13870:
13866:
13865:
13857:
13849:
13843:
13839:
13838:
13830:
13824:, p. 22.
13823:
13818:
13816:
13807:
13801:
13797:
13796:
13788:
13781:
13776:
13769:
13764:
13757:
13752:
13744:
13738:
13734:
13727:
13719:
13715:
13708:
13700:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13681:
13673:
13667:
13663:
13662:
13654:
13646:
13640:
13636:
13635:
13627:
13619:
13618:
13610:
13602:
13596:
13592:
13591:
13583:
13576:
13571:
13564:
13559:
13552:
13547:
13539:
13533:
13529:
13522:
13514:
13508:
13504:
13503:
13495:
13487:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13448:
13440:
13438:9780203983171
13434:
13430:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13411:
13403:
13397:
13393:
13392:
13384:
13376:
13375:
13367:
13359:
13353:
13349:
13348:
13340:
13332:
13326:
13322:
13314:
13307:
13302:
13294:
13288:
13284:
13283:
13275:
13268:
13263:
13255:
13249:
13245:
13244:
13236:
13229:
13224:
13216:
13210:
13206:
13205:
13197:
13190:
13185:
13183:
13181:
13173:
13168:
13161:
13156:
13148:
13142:
13138:
13137:
13129:
13121:
13115:
13111:
13110:
13102:
13094:
13088:
13084:
13083:
13075:
13068:
13063:
13055:
13049:
13045:
13038:
13030:
13024:
13020:
13019:
13011:
13004:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12980:
12974:
12970:
12969:
12961:
12953:
12947:
12943:
12936:
12929:
12924:
12917:
12911:
12896:. 27 May 2019
12895:
12891:
12885:
12878:
12877:
12872:
12868:
12865:
12862:
12857:
12850:
12846:
12842:
12839:
12836:Walsh, Lynn,
12833:
12826:
12821:
12819:
12811:
12806:
12804:
12796:
12795:Conquest 1992
12791:
12783:
12781:0-313-20972-3
12777:
12773:
12766:
12751:
12747:
12743:
12742:
12737:
12730:
12723:
12722:History Today
12717:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12687:
12680:
12676:
12673:
12668:
12661:
12656:
12640:
12636:
12635:
12630:
12624:
12616:
12610:
12606:
12605:
12597:
12590:
12586:
12583:
12578:
12576:
12569:, pp. 171–73.
12568:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12547:
12542:
12535:
12529:
12513:
12509:
12503:
12496:
12492:
12488:
12485:
12479:
12472:
12467:
12460:
12455:
12448:
12444:
12438:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12420:
12417:Chen, Duxiu.
12414:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12384:
12377:
12371:
12363:
12361:9783822859834
12357:
12353:
12352:
12344:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12324:
12322:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12301:
12285:
12281:
12277:
12270:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12240:
12224:
12220:
12214:
12198:
12194:
12190:
12184:
12168:
12164:
12160:
12154:
12152:
12145:
12139:
12137:
12135:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12118:
12112:
12105:
12099:
12084:
12080:
12074:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12052:
12048:
12041:
12033:
12029:
12023:
12015:
12011:
12005:
11997:
11993:
11987:
11980:1 March 1932.
11979:
11973:
11966:
11961:
11953:
11946:
11931:
11927:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11897:
11891:
11885:
11870:
11866:
11859:
11851:
11850:
11843:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11813:
11811:
11809:
11807:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11754:
11748:, p. 22.
11747:
11742:
11735:
11734:Medvedev 1976
11730:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11709:Tova Yedlin,
11706:
11704:
11696:
11691:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11661:
11652:
11637:
11631:
11627:
11626:
11618:
11603:
11597:
11593:
11592:
11584:
11569:
11563:
11559:
11558:
11550:
11543:
11537:
11530:
11524:
11517:
11511:
11495:
11489:
11473:
11469:
11463:
11456:
11450:
11442:
11441:
11433:
11425:
11418:
11411:
11405:
11398:
11392:
11385:
11379:
11373:, pp. 161–62.
11372:
11366:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11345:
11337:
11331:
11327:
11320:
11312:
11306:
11302:
11301:
11293:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11276:
11271:
11264:
11258:
11252:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11233:
11226:
11220:
11212:
11206:
11202:
11195:
11187:
11181:
11165:
11161:
11155:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11134:
11128:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11091:
11084:
11079:
11077:
11075:
11066:
11060:
11056:
11055:
11047:
11040:
11035:
11027:
11021:
11017:
11016:
11008:
11006:
10998:
10993:
10986:
10981:
10974:
10969:
10962:
10957:
10950:
10945:
10937:
10931:
10927:
10926:
10917:
10915:
10895:
10888:
10881:
10873:
10872:
10864:
10857:
10853:
10850:
10845:
10839:
10833:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10810:
10803:
10798:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10776:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10748:
10741:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10726:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10706:
10700:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10685:
10683:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10652:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10609:
10601:
10595:
10591:
10590:
10582:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10551:
10544:
10538:
10531:
10526:
10524:
10516:. p. 83.
10515:
10508:
10500:
10494:
10490:
10489:
10481:
10474:
10473:5-87849-164-8
10470:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10425:Goldman, Emma
10422:
10416:
10401:
10397:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10384:
10375:
10369:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10347:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10326:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10307:
10305:
10296:
10290:
10286:
10285:
10277:
10269:
10263:
10259:
10258:
10250:
10243:
10238:
10231:
10226:
10219:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10204:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10157:
10151:
10147:
10140:
10132:
10131:
10126:
10119:
10117:
10108:
10102:
10098:
10091:
10084:
10079:
10064:
10063:
10058:
10051:
10035:
10034:
10026:
10010:
10009:
10001:
9993:
9986:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9939:
9923:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9907:
9891:
9887:
9886:
9881:
9875:
9868:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9854:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9832:
9826:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9810:
9808:
9799:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9780:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9753:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9732:
9724:
9717:
9710:
9702:
9701:
9693:
9685:
9684:
9676:
9668:
9667:
9659:
9651:
9647:
9640:
9633:
9629:
9626:
9621:
9619:
9612:, p. xxi
9611:
9606:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9574:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9547:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9532:
9530:
9523:, p. 75.
9522:
9517:
9510:
9506:
9503:
9497:
9489:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9456:
9452:
9450:
9442:
9427:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9408:
9400:
9396:
9389:
9383:, p. 62.
9382:
9377:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9344:
9337:
9330:
9325:
9323:
9315:
9310:
9308:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9264:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9219:
9212:
9207:
9205:
9197:
9192:
9185:
9180:
9173:
9168:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9141:
9132:
9125:
9119:
9113:, p. 73.
9112:
9107:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9088:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9069:
9062:
9059:Goryachkina,
9056:
9049:
9045:
9042:
9037:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8973:History Today
8970:
8963:
8956:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8939:
8935:
8932:
8926:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8883:
8876:
8871:
8865:, p. 55.
8864:
8859:
8853:, p. 67.
8852:
8847:
8840:
8839:Schapiro 1970
8835:
8829:, p. 22.
8828:
8823:
8821:
8814:, p. 42.
8813:
8808:
8801:
8800:Schapiro 1970
8796:
8790:, p. 40.
8789:
8784:
8777:
8771:
8764:
8759:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8737:
8735:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8707:
8701:, p. 19.
8700:
8695:
8687:
8681:
8677:
8670:
8664:, p. 39.
8663:
8658:
8656:
8649:, p. 36.
8648:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8629:
8612:
8605:
8590:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8571:
8564:
8559:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8525:
8519:
8503:
8496:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8461:
8453:
8447:
8439:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8418:
8410:
8405:
8403:
8396:, p. 11.
8395:
8390:
8384:, p. 69.
8383:
8378:
8376:
8368:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8313:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8288:Knei-Paz 1979
8284:
8269:
8265:
8259:
8252:
8247:
8239:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8220:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8204:Bullock 1991b
8200:
8193:
8189:
8184:
8178:, p. 67.
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8140:Mccauley 2014
8136:
8128:
8122:
8118:
8117:
8109:
8101:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8059:
8052:
8041:
8039:9781931859103
8035:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8019:
8015:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7988:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7940:
7934:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7897:Elena Stasova
7892:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7866:; Ukrainian:
7862:
7856:
7847:
7841:
7828:
7794:
7786:
7777:
7771:
7761:Russian:
7758:
7749:
7745:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7513:and starring
7512:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7486:George Orwell
7483:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7427:
7426:Yury Annenkov
7423:
7414:
7405:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7354:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7325:
7323:
7322:world economy
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7284:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7163:
7161:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7127:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7040:hydroelectric
7037:
7032:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6982:foreign trade
6979:
6973:
6971:
6970:intellectuals
6967:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6839:
6838:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6786:Stafford Beer
6784:
6783:cybernetician
6780:
6776:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6763:industrialist
6760:
6759:modernization
6756:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6665:authoritarian
6660:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6572:anti-Leninist
6568:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:revolutionary
6512:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6488:Edmund Wilson
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6421:Latin America
6418:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6395:neo-Stalinist
6392:
6387:
6386:Stalinist-run
6381:
6376:
6374:
6373:Western world
6370:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6354:Joseph Stalin
6351:
6346:
6344:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6327:rehabilitated
6323:
6321:
6317:
6312:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6184:
6183:Soviet Russia
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6128:Richard Pipes
6125:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6109:foreign trade
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6026:non-Bolshevik
6022:
6018:
6009:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5931:Paul Le Blanc
5924:
5919:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5864:Vadim Rogovin
5861:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5835:intellectuals
5831:
5826:
5825:Orlando Figes
5820:
5817:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5557:Olga Kameneva
5554:
5549:
5546:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5394:
5393:Ernest Mandel
5389:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5309:parietal bone
5306:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5267:Special Tasks
5263:
5259:
5250:
5244:Assassination
5240:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5154:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4640:Moscow trials
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Max Shachtman
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:George Novack
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Nahuel Moreno
4392:
4390:
4389:Ernest Mandel
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Joseph Hansen
4357:
4355:
4354:Duncan Hallas
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4046:Yuri Pyatakov
4043:
4039:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
4001:Farrell Dobbs
3998:
3997:Joseph Hansen
3994:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3884:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3817:Moscow trials
3814:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3614:
3612:
3611:Olga Kameneva
3608:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3419:in March 1926
3418:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3268:Andrei Bubnov
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:ambassadorial
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:Yury Annenkov
3027:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2827:Trotsky, the
2825:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:10th Congress
2760:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:War Communism
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:Orlando Figes
2622:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:Trotsky with
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Eastern front
2539:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:secret police
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:V. Volodarsky
2418:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:Brest-Litovsk
2061:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2030:Brest-Litovsk
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:), property (
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:Pyotr Krasnov
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:Joseph Stalin
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:British naval
1800:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1537:Trotsky with
1535:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:Leonid Krasin
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:Bloody Sunday
1430:
1429:Winter Palace
1426:
1421:
1419:
1418:Putilov Works
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Julius Martov
1261:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:. At first a
1102:
1098:
1089:
1075:
1073:
1072:Russification
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:, a standard
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
968:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
856:, supporting
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:Joseph Stalin
836:
835:Lenin's death
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Julius Martov
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
662:
656:
652:
649:
647:
643:
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
573:
565:
557:Recorded 1920
544:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
514:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
498:
494:
475:
470:
448:
443:
442:
440:
436:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
411:
407:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
388:
384:
381:
378:
376:Resting place
374:
371:Assassination
370:
366:
362:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
321:
317:
312:
308:
305:
302:
296:
293:
290:
284:
278:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
254:
251:
248:
242:
238:
234:
228:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
192:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
142:
137:
130:
123:
114:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
80:
75:This article
73:
64:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
23510:Mezhraiontsy
23280:Leon Trotsky
23216:Soviet Union
23092:Leon Trotsky
23091:
23065:Full members
22989:Leon Trotsky
22988:
22962:Full members
22886:Leon Trotsky
22885:
22859:Full members
22783:Leon Trotsky
22782:
22768:Alexei Rykov
22746:Full members
22665:Leon Trotsky
22664:
22650:Alexei Rykov
22628:Full members
22537:Leon Trotsky
22536:
22522:Alexei Rykov
22500:Full members
22435:Sergei Kirov
22379:Leon Trotsky
22378:
22364:Alexei Rykov
22332:Full members
22243:Boris Pankin
22241:
22197:Leon Trotsky
22196:
22189:Soviet Union
22110:Nikolay Girs
21962:Almaz Ivanov
21926:Soviet Union
21869:Dmitry Yazov
21708:Armed Forces
21591:Leon Trotsky
21590:
21555:Soviet Union
21429:Fedir Shchus
21371:Boris Kamkov
21315:Alexei Rykov
21280:Leon Trotsky
21279:
21067:Green armies
21057:Black Guards
20750:(first wife)
20736:Sergei Sedov
20673:
20629:
20621:
20614:
20606:
20598:
20590:
20582:
20574:
20566:
20558:
20550:
20542:
20534:
20526:
20518:
20510:
20502:
20494:
20486:
20468:Leon Trotsky
20467:
20417:
20390:
20369:18 May 1925
20363:
20331:
20304:
20233:Leon Trotsky
20191:
20180:
20170:Havana Times
20169:
20129:
20110:
20098:
20075:
20057:Leon Trotsky
20056:
20037:
20017:
19997:
19977:
19957:
19938:
19919:
19892:
19889:Neurosurgery
19888:
19863:
19844:
19825:
19806:
19785:
19757:
19736:
19716:
19697:
19681:. Springer.
19677:
19643:
19639:
19612:
19592:
19569:
19549:
19528:
19508:
19489:
19469:
19449:
19426:
19406:
19402:
19382:
19361:
19341:
19322:
19302:
19291:. New York:
19288:
19268:
19249:Leon Trotsky
19248:
19229:
19209:
19188:
19168:
19148:
19127:
19109:
19086:
19074:
19065:
19046:
19026:
19005:
18984:
18971:. Retrieved
18941:
18921:
18903:
18884:
18865:
18846:
18827:
18791:
18787:
18764:
18744:
18723:
18702:
18676:
18672:
18653:
18644:
18635:
18626:
18617:
18597:
18586:
18565:
18539:
18535:
18516:
18496:
18466:
18463:Avrich, Paul
18444:
18430:Bibliography
18411:
18390:. Retrieved
18385:
18376:
18364:. Retrieved
18360:
18351:
18331:
18324:
18305:Joseph Losey
18304:
18297:
18277:
18270:
18250:
18243:
18231:. Retrieved
18218:
18198:
18168:
18161:
18142:
18136:
18124:
18104:
18097:
18064:
18060:
18050:
18030:
18023:
18004:
18000:
17990:
17982:
17973:
17953:
17947:
17920:
17910:
17900:
17884:
17843:
17839:
17829:
17810:
17804:
17785:
17779:
17759:
17752:
17740:. Retrieved
17729:
17720:
17708:
17691:
17687:
17677:
17667:
17660:
17650:
17643:
17624:
17618:
17608:
17601:
17591:
17584:
17564:
17557:
17548:
17539:
17527:
17508:
17502:
17482:
17475:
17466:
17457:
17437:
17430:
17418:
17406:
17386:
17379:
17367:
17355:
17335:
17328:
17316:
17296:
17274:
17254:
17247:
17227:
17220:
17211:
17202:
17182:
17175:
17155:
17148:
17136:
17127:
17117:
17098:
17094:
17084:
17059:
17055:
17045:
17025:
17017:
16997:
16990:
16970:
16963:
16943:
16936:
16916:
16909:
16890:
16884:
16848:
16828:
16821:
16788:
16784:
16774:
16755:
16749:
16729:
16722:
16715:Service 2009
16710:
16698:
16679:
16673:
16653:
16646:
16626:
16619:
16599:
16592:
16564:
16544:
16537:
16517:
16510:
16491:
16485:
16465:
16458:
16438:
16431:
16412:
16406:
16386:
16356:
16349:
16329:
16322:
16290:
16271:Leon Trotsky
16270:
16251:
16241:
16221:
16214:
16194:
16187:
16167:
16160:
16140:
16133:
16113:
16106:
16086:
16079:
16059:
16052:
16032:
16025:
16005:
15998:
15978:
15971:
15951:
15944:
15935:
15925:
15906:
15900:
15880:
15873:
15861:
15849:
15825:
15818:
15799:Leon Trotsky
15798:
15791:
15772:
15760:
15750:
15741:
15729:. Retrieved
15724:
15714:
15702:. Retrieved
15698:the original
15686:
15674:. Retrieved
15670:the original
15658:
15638:
15631:
15611:
15604:
15584:
15577:
15565:
15545:
15538:
15518:
15511:
15491:
15484:
15472:
15452:
15445:
15420:
15410:
15390:
15383:
15363:
15356:
15336:
15329:
15310:
15304:
15284:
15277:
15258:
15252:
15232:
15225:
15213:
15194:
15188:
15168:
15161:
15149:
15129:
15122:
15112:
15105:
15085:
15078:
15058:
15051:
15031:
15024:
15004:
14997:
14977:
14970:
14950:
14943:
14931:
14911:
14904:
14885:
14879:
14860:
14854:
14834:
14827:
14808:
14802:
14782:
14775:
14768:Service 2010
14763:
14743:
14736:
14726:
14719:
14699:
14692:
14673:
14667:
14648:Leon Trotsky
14647:
14640:
14628:
14616:
14596:
14570:
14550:
14521:
14515:
14495:
14488:
14469:
14448:
14436:
14424:
14412:
14392:
14385:
14365:
14358:
14338:
14331:
14312:
14306:
14286:
14279:
14245:
14239:
14219:
14212:
14192:
14185:
14165:
14158:
14138:
14131:
14111:
14104:
14084:
14077:
14057:
14050:
14038:
14018:
14011:
14002:
13998:
13988:
13983:, p. 3.
13981:Service 2010
13976:
13956:
13949:
13942:Daniels 1993
13914:
13907:
13900:Service 2010
13895:
13890:, p. 6.
13883:
13863:
13856:
13836:
13829:
13794:
13787:
13775:
13768:Service 2009
13763:
13756:Service 2009
13751:
13732:
13726:
13717:
13707:
13687:
13680:
13660:
13653:
13633:
13626:
13616:
13609:
13589:
13582:
13575:Service 2009
13570:
13558:
13546:
13527:
13521:
13501:
13494:
13461:
13457:
13447:
13420:
13410:
13390:
13383:
13373:
13366:
13346:
13339:
13320:
13313:
13301:
13281:
13274:
13267:Service 2009
13262:
13242:
13235:
13223:
13203:
13196:
13167:
13155:
13135:
13128:
13108:
13101:
13081:
13074:
13062:
13043:
13037:
13017:
13010:
13003:Service 2009
12968:Leon Trotsky
12967:
12960:
12941:
12935:
12923:
12915:
12910:
12898:. Retrieved
12893:
12884:
12874:
12860:
12856:
12848:
12832:
12790:
12771:
12765:
12753:. Retrieved
12741:The Guardian
12739:
12729:
12721:
12716:
12704:. Retrieved
12696:Marxists.org
12695:
12686:
12667:
12660:Service 2010
12655:
12643:. Retrieved
12632:
12623:
12603:
12596:
12558:
12553:
12541:
12533:
12528:
12516:. Retrieved
12502:
12478:
12466:
12458:
12454:
12446:
12442:
12437:
12430:The Militant
12429:
12413:
12401:. Retrieved
12392:
12383:
12375:
12370:
12350:
12343:
12328:
12305:
12300:
12288:. Retrieved
12279:
12269:
12257:. Retrieved
12249:Marxists.org
12248:
12239:
12227:. Retrieved
12223:the original
12213:
12201:. Retrieved
12193:Marxists.org
12192:
12183:
12171:. Retrieved
12163:Marxists.org
12162:
12143:
12116:
12111:
12103:
12098:
12086:. Retrieved
12083:Marxists.org
12082:
12073:
12046:
12040:
12032:Marxists.org
12031:
12022:
12013:
12004:
11995:
11986:
11972:
11960:
11945:
11933:. Retrieved
11905:
11901:
11895:
11884:
11872:. Retrieved
11868:
11858:
11848:
11842:
11830:. Retrieved
11822:Marxists.org
11821:
11793:. Retrieved
11784:
11774:
11758:
11753:
11741:
11729:
11710:
11690:
11678:. Retrieved
11674:the original
11669:
11660:
11651:
11639:. Retrieved
11624:
11617:
11605:. Retrieved
11590:
11583:
11571:. Retrieved
11556:
11549:
11541:
11536:
11528:
11523:
11515:
11510:
11498:. Retrieved
11488:
11476:. Retrieved
11472:the original
11462:
11454:
11449:
11439:
11432:
11417:
11409:
11404:
11396:
11391:
11383:
11378:
11370:
11365:
11350:
11344:
11325:
11319:
11299:
11292:
11286:Marxists.org
11270:
11262:
11257:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11224:
11219:
11200:
11194:
11168:. Retrieved
11164:the original
11154:
11139:
11133:
11118:
11112:
11096:
11090:
11053:
11046:
11034:
11014:
10992:
10980:
10968:
10956:
10944:
10924:
10901:. Retrieved
10880:
10870:
10863:
10844:
10832:
10809:
10797:
10780:
10775:
10763:. Retrieved
10756:
10747:
10730:
10725:
10705:
10690:
10669:. Retrieved
10660:
10651:
10618:
10608:
10588:
10581:
10569:. Retrieved
10561:marxists.org
10560:
10550:
10542:
10537:
10513:
10507:
10487:
10480:
10458:Alter Litvin
10453:
10441:. Retrieved
10436:
10432:
10415:
10403:. Retrieved
10399:
10363:
10357:
10349:
10313:
10283:
10276:
10256:
10249:
10242:Service 2010
10237:
10225:
10209:
10203:
10178:
10174:
10164:
10145:
10139:
10129:
10096:
10090:
10078:
10066:. Retrieved
10060:
10055:Trotsky, L.
10050:
10038:. Retrieved
10032:
10025:
10013:. Retrieved
10007:
10000:
9991:
9985:
9973:. Retrieved
9967:
9956:
9948:
9938:
9926:. Retrieved
9916:
9906:
9894:. Retrieved
9889:
9883:
9874:
9858:
9853:
9837:
9831:
9825:Marxists.org
9786:
9779:
9767:. Retrieved
9763:
9740:
9731:
9722:
9709:
9699:
9692:
9682:
9675:
9665:
9658:
9649:
9639:
9605:
9593:. Retrieved
9589:
9580:
9564:
9537:
9516:
9496:
9477:
9471:
9459:. Retrieved
9448:
9441:
9429:. Retrieved
9414:
9407:
9398:
9393:L. Trotsky.
9388:
9381:Service 2010
9376:
9361:
9355:
9346:
9336:
9290:
9284:
9269:
9263:
9256:Trotsky 1971
9251:
9236:
9230:
9223:Trotsky 1971
9218:
9191:
9179:
9172:Trotsky 1971
9167:
9158:
9152:
9140:
9131:
9123:
9118:
9111:Trotsky 1971
9106:
9087:
9068:
9055:
9036:
9014:(3): 39–53.
9011:
9007:
8997:
8985:. Retrieved
8976:
8972:
8962:
8954:
8925:
8905:
8898:
8882:
8877:, p. 7.
8870:
8858:
8846:
8834:
8807:
8795:
8783:
8775:
8770:
8758:
8742:
8713:
8706:
8694:
8675:
8669:
8642:
8637:, Chapter 1.
8615:. Retrieved
8604:
8594:26 September
8592:. Retrieved
8577:
8570:
8562:
8558:
8546:. Retrieved
8532:
8506:. Retrieved
8495:
8483:. Retrieved
8472:
8460:
8437:
8431:
8424:Laqueur 1990
8394:Service 2010
8389:
8382:Parrish 1996
8345:. Retrieved
8336:
8327:
8315:. Retrieved
8311:
8283:
8271:. Retrieved
8267:
8258:
8246:
8226:
8219:
8199:
8183:
8152:Service 2010
8135:
8115:
8108:
8089:
8078:
8067:
8058:
8050:
8043:. Retrieved
8028:
8018:
7996:
7987:
7977:
7968:
7966:Radek wrote:
7962:
7953:
7947:
7933:
7923:
7915:
7904:
7891:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7793:
7757:
7748:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7695:
7687:
7557:
7551:
7541:record label
7537:The Redskins
7511:Joseph Losey
7504:
7495:
7489:
7471:Jay Baruchel
7464:
7444:
7433:
7389:Andre Breton
7382:
7380:
7361:
7359:
7352:
7349:
7333:
7315:
7311:
7293:
7287:
7280:
7253:
7249:united front
7245:
7234:
7233:
7220:United front
7186:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7156:
7123:
7107:
7104:Diego Rivera
7071:
7063:
7051:
7033:
7025:
7006:
6986:coefficients
6974:
6954:
6938:
6923:
6880:trade unions
6865:
6858:
6843:
6837:The Militant
6835:
6803:
6797:
6779:conservatism
6771:
6743:
6702:Pierre Broue
6699:
6668:
6661:
6619:
6596:
6569:
6517:
6492:Diego Rivera
6476:A.J.P Taylor
6474:, historian
6466:, economist
6453:
6433:
6425:
6414:
6391:Ian Thatcher
6383:
6378:
6366:
6358:Adolf Hitler
6347:
6340:
6324:
6313:
6305:
6300:
6290:
6264:
6214:
6195:
6188:
6141:
6117:
6081:
6075:
6070:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6030:
6014:
5969:Roy Medvedev
5944:
5935:Michael Lowy
5928:
5854:in 1923 and
5848:
5822:
5816:Nazi Germany
5812:
5808:
5770:
5766:anti-semitic
5745:
5712:technocratic
5688:World War II
5676:totalitarian
5673:
5650:
5644:
5628:
5600:
5592:
5589:statistician
5586:
5553:Sergei Sedov
5550:
5541:
5514:
5506:Tate Gallery
5482:intellectual
5476:
5451:Nazi Germany
5437:
5434:
5426:
5398:
5390:
5366:Michael Kort
5363:
5347:
5320:
5315:
5302:
5291:
5272:
5265:
5255:
5208:
5191:
5188:Final months
5177:World War II
5174:
5163:
5158:Harry DeBoer
5139:
5134:
5125:
5030:
5016:Shachtmanism
4963:
4913:
4912:
4848:
4774:
4773:
4687:
4559:
4549:
4531:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4471:
4449:Peter Taaffe
4439:Ivan Smirnov
4409:Michel Pablo
4384:Livio Maitan
4344:Pierre Frank
4284:Martin Abern
4279:Leon Trotsky
4278:
4213:United front
4108:Anti-fascism
4051:
4034:
4021:André Breton
4018:
3993:James Cannon
3990:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3958:Felix Morrow
3954:James Cannon
3941:
3938:Diego Rivera
3923:
3914:
3906:
3904:
3885:behind them.
3854:
3840:
3836:
3833:Olav Scheflo
3822:
3810:
3791:
3768:
3748:
3717:
3707:Pierre Broué
3694:Nazi Germany
3686:
3663:
3661:
3625:
3600:
3596:Sergey Kirov
3587:
3583:
3575:Pierre Frank
3559:
3553:
3547:
3528:Adolph Joffe
3524:
3499:
3451:
3435:
3427:
3405:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3385:in his book
3380:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3339:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3257:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3224:Adolf Warski
3189:
3161:Adolph Joffe
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3041:
3033:
3028:portrait by
2996:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2949:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2884:
2877:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2838:
2813:Emma Goldman
2805:
2797:
2756:
2752:
2734:
2727:
2704:
2684:
2676:Tukhachevsky
2672:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2647:
2623:
2612:
2600:
2587:
2582:
2577:Demyan Bedny
2566:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2512:
2496:Fanny Kaplan
2490:
2460:
2456:White Terror
2448:
2406:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2355:mobilization
2352:
2338:
2333:
2277:conscription
2262:
2258:
2232:
2228:radiogram to
2215:
2211:
2189:
2183:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2109:
2091:in Belarus,
2078:
2062:
2055:
2044:Trotsky and
2009:
1968:
1964:
1954:), justice (
1941:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1855:
1839:Mezhraiontsy
1835:
1819:
1795:
1785:
1780:Der Forverts
1779:
1771:
1760:
1748:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1718:
1711:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1578:Adolph Joffe
1575:
1548:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1465:
1446:
1425:Georgi Gapon
1422:
1407:
1395:
1387:
1376:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1316:Sergei Sedov
1305:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1247:Great Purges
1235:tuberculosis
1231:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1186:
1156:
1150:
1130:
1104:
1094:
1061:
1050:
1038:
1030:
1014:
1005:
973:
932:intellectual
902:
887:
869:
851:
784:
745:
727:
701:
694:Soviet Union
678:Leon Trotsky
677:
669:
668:
422:Mezhraiontsy
356:(1940-08-21)
299:Succeeded by
276:
257:Succeeded by
249:
226:
207:Succeeded by
185:Alexei Rykov
163:
126:Leon Trotsky
108:
76:
59:
54:
46:
23710:Trotskyists
23290:1940 deaths
23285:1879 births
23072:Lev Kamenev
23059:(1919–1920)
22969:Lev Kamenev
22956:(1920–1921)
22871:Lev Kamenev
22853:(1921–1922)
22758:Lev Kamenev
22740:(1922–1923)
22640:Lev Kamenev
22622:(1923–1924)
22517:Lev Kamenev
22494:(1924–1926)
22450:Vlas Chubar
22405:Lev Kamenev
22326:(1926–1927)
22277:Igor Ivanov
21814:(1953–1992)
21783:(1950–1953)
21765:(1950–1953)
21728:(1946–1950)
21671:(1937–1946)
21632:(1934–1946)
21568:(1917–1934)
21439:Fanya Baron
21419:Lev Chernyi
21270:Lev Kamenev
21194:Georgy Lvov
21168:Monarchists
20718:Lev Kamenev
20634:(1931-1940)
20626:(1930-1940)
20611:(1938–1940)
19809:. Methuen.
19529:Development
19492:. Praeger.
18542:(1): 1–31.
18233:30 December
17713:Mandel 1995
17532:Mandel 1995
15833:(Preface).
15704:27 February
15676:27 February
14621:Swain 2014b
14575:Swain 2014b
14043:Swain 2014a
13888:Renton 2004
13822:Mandel 1995
13551:Mandel 1995
13464:(1): 1–31.
13189:Mandel 1995
13172:Mandel 1995
13160:Mandel 1995
12445:, 1938, in
12280:Marxist.com
12065:j.ctt32bw0h
11785:Marxist.com
11516:Dragon Lady
11039:Mandel 1995
10961:Swain 2014a
10949:Swain 2014a
10461: [
9500:Gus Fagan.
8763:Renton 2004
8699:Renton 2004
8273:16 November
8192:Douds 2019b
8188:Getty 2013b
8168:Tucker 1973
8045:17 December
8024:Cliff, Tony
7727:, 2016 film
7719:, 2002 film
7711:, 1991 play
7692:, 1972 film
7594:French Turn
7526:Channel One
7517:as Trotsky.
7491:Animal Farm
7488:'s novels,
7466:The Trotsky
7260:Great Break
7182:Third World
7145:, in their
7131:proletarian
6714:caricatured
6691:Mexico City
6635:with other
6625:alternative
6480:Erich Fromm
6468:Paul Sweezy
6096:ban in 1921
6033:Maxim Gorky
5960:Ronald Suny
5956:Moshe Lewin
5907:Lev Kamenev
5793:triumvirate
5777:Peter Kenez
5738:Trotsky as
5696:David North
5692:Great Purge
5570:World War I
5527:during the
5427:Biographer
4922:(1974–2019)
4635:Great Purge
4625:French Turn
4444:Tạ Thu Thâu
4399:David North
4364:Gerry Healy
4324:Ross Dowson
4304:Hugo Blanco
4038:in absentia
3970:(1930) and
3934:Frida Kahlo
3915:The Hidalgo
3883:Frida Kahlo
3871:Mexico City
3732:Simone Weil
3579:Maxim Gorky
3459:Sun Yat-sen
3383:Max Eastman
3361:in May 1925
3357:attend the
3282:attend the
2945: 1924
2719:anti-Soviet
2544:during the
2343:Vladivostok
2308:antisemitic
2112:reparations
2107:were used.
2046:Lev Kamenev
1815:Nova Scotia
1739:Nashe Slovo
1690:Balkan Wars
1543:Leo Deutsch
1541:(left) and
1356:Jewish Bund
1198:Baikal Lake
1141:mathematics
1137:engineering
1045:, known as
1022:David North
1001:Lev Kamenev
889:in absentia
799:World War I
430:(1918–1927)
418:(1898–1917)
398:(1932–1937)
386:Citizenship
361:Mexico City
287:Preceded by
245:Preceded by
195:Preceded by
133:Лев Троцкий
99:subheadings
51:family name
23515:Odesa Jews
23505:Mensheviks
23335:Axe murder
23274:Categories
23168:Philosophy
21396:Anarchists
21257:Bolsheviks
21127:Mensheviks
21122:Bolsheviks
21072:Red Guards
20915:Heimosodat
20828:Revolution
20756:(daughter)
20703:(assassin)
20696:Trotskyism
20536:New Course
20337:1918–1925
20310:1917–1918
20256:Faded Page
19431:Nottingham
19118:B0018ES7TI
18912:B0000CN8J6
18826:(2003a) .
18434:See also:
15866:North 2010
15854:North 2010
14936:Lewin 2005
14633:North 2010
14579:North 2010
14429:Figes 2017
12951:1572921242
12928:North 2010
12900:29 January
12744:. London.
12518:26 October
12471:North 2010
12403:6 November
12290:10 January
11965:Swain 2006
11795:10 January
11680:10 January
11170:24 October
10997:Pipes 1996
10985:Pipes 1996
10973:Pipes 1996
10814:Tony Cliff
10802:Pipes 1996
10571:6 November
8987:22 October
8929:Trotsky's
8827:Warth 1978
8548:24 October
8508:29 January
8465:North 2010
8409:North 2010
8317:17 October
8172:Figes 2017
8164:Lewin 2005
8156:Pipes 1993
8011:References
7909:expressed
7724:The Chosen
7604:Labor army
7548:David Ives
7351:—Trotsky,
7336:technology
6861:Mao Zedong
6818:Trotskyism
6775:centralism
6739:the purges
6657:conditions
6622:democratic
6567:in 1917".
6532:revolution
6490:, painter
6472:John Dewey
6367:Historian
6221:commission
6037:V.I. Lenin
5967:historian
5839:Paul Dukes
5823:Historian
5651:Historian
5639:repression
5494:literature
5418:Khrushchev
5414:Kaganovich
5399:Historian
5235:L. Trotsky
5227:oppression
4914:Historical
4775:Historical
4493:New Course
4454:Alan Woods
4414:J. Posadas
4339:Tony Cliff
4334:Chen Duxiu
4329:Hal Draper
4251:Third camp
4085:Trotskyism
4010:Chen Duxiu
3771:Trygve Lie
3467:Kuomintang
3288:Red Square
3286:parade in
3139:Since the
3128:Ilya Repin
2987:Karl Radek
2519:Desertions
2478:anarchists
2433:White Army
2425:Red Terror
2395:Red Terror
2348:White Army
2318:wearing a
2312:White Army
1468:Ivan Sytin
1372:Bolsheviks
1368:Mensheviks
1243:depression
1213:economists
1019:Trotskyist
985:Bereslavka
936:Red Terror
916:democratic
760:Bolsheviks
756:Mensheviks
723:Trotskyism
329:1879-11-07
95:condensing
47:Davidovich
43:patronymic
23252:Socialism
23240:Communism
21880:(1991–92)
21872:(1987–91)
21864:(1984–87)
21856:(1976–84)
21848:(1967–76)
21840:(1957–67)
21832:(1955–57)
21824:(1953–55)
21801:(1951–53)
21793:(1950–51)
21754:(1949–50)
21746:(1947–49)
21738:(1946–47)
21697:(1939–46)
21689:(1938–39)
21681:(1937–38)
21658:(1941–46)
21650:(1940–41)
21642:(1934–40)
21610:(1925–34)
21594:(1918–25)
21586:(1917–18)
21325:Right SRs
21050:elections
20869:Civil War
20840:July Days
20814:Civil War
20730:Lev Sedov
19777:758390021
19668:189785735
19578:cite book
19409:: 87–97.
18808:0039-3797
18089:207809829
18081:1573-0948
17876:140420352
17860:0022-0094
17700:0260-9592
16805:0002-8762
16307:Carr 1978
15429:0309-2984
12750:0261-3077
12706:4 January
12447:Free Rein
12259:6 January
12229:31 August
12173:8 January
11922:0039-3592
11832:8 January
11641:1 January
11607:1 January
11573:1 January
10903:14 August
10635:0031-2746
10350:ThoughtCo
10230:Kort 2015
9716:"My Life"
9610:Wade 2004
9461:31 August
9431:1 January
9028:0004-9522
8911:'My Life'
8446:cite book
8438:Моя жизнь
8148:Kort 2015
8064:"Trotsky"
7942:proposal.
7840:romanized
7770:romanized
7528:in 2017,
7135:Karl Marx
7126:bourgeois
6995:Trotsky,
6945:Politburo
6767:modernist
6718:discredit
6653:one-party
6637:socialist
6633:presidium
6549:Petrograd
6524:liberator
6350:CLR James
6137:authority
5978:portraits
5948:E.H. Carr
5798:socialism
5748:Tsaritsyn
5725:voluntary
5669:alternate
5657:intellect
5555:, sister
5370:Politburo
5239:Coyoacán.
5038:Stalinism
4429:Lev Sedov
4349:Ted Grant
4289:Tariq Ali
3978:Stalinism
3845:Jonas Lie
3804:, led by
3779:Norderhov
3702:rightists
3586:, titled
3554:Projector
3171:posts in
3038:magazine.
2800:Kronstadt
2655:Politburo
2525:deserters
2507:Tsaritsyn
2377:defection
2369:the train
2328:Sovdepiya
2320:pentagram
2196:Centrists
2163:Lithuania
2139:Red Guard
2101:Ukrainian
2072:, led by
2004:Lashevich
1956:Steinberg
1843:Petrograd
1764:The Bronx
1525:Siberia.
1394:'s novel
1338:in 1898,
1312:Lev Sedov
1223:The Spark
1135:studying
1101:Black Sea
1097:Nikolayev
1043:Ukrainian
997:Bolshevik
924:socialism
884:Comintern
854:Stalinism
843:Politburo
525:Signature
396:Stateless
277:In office
227:In office
164:In office
103:talk page
91:splitting
89:Consider
55:Bronstein
23264:Religion
23156:Politics
21924:and the
21358:Left SRs
21139:Left SRs
21035:Red Army
20983:Siberian
20726:(sister)
20275:LibriVox
20258:(Canada)
20109:(1982).
19911:20644428
19700:. Haus.
19660:20099669
19425:(1976).
19085:(2013).
18816:20100543
18556:85504744
18465:(1970).
18366:29 April
17893:Archived
17736:Archived
17279:Ree 1998
17141:Cox 1992
16873:Lee 2005
16813:23308381
16581:Day 1990
15780:Archived
13486:85504744
13478:20099925
12867:Archived
12841:Archived
12700:Archived
12675:Archived
12639:Archived
12585:Archived
12512:Archived
12487:Archived
12422:Archived
12397:Archived
12284:Archived
12253:Archived
12197:Archived
12167:Archived
12088:4 August
11930:45367174
11826:Archived
11789:Archived
11763:Archived
11715:Westport
11500:21 April
11478:21 April
11355:Archived
11278:Archived
11247:Archived
11180:cite web
11144:Archived
11123:Archived
11101:Archived
10894:Archived
10852:Archived
10821:Archived
10786:Archived
10736:Archived
10714:Archived
10695:Archived
10671:22 April
10665:Archived
10565:Archived
10439:(391): 4
10405:24 March
10214:Archived
10068:10 April
10040:10 April
10015:10 April
9975:10 April
9947:(1938).
9928:10 April
9914:(1919).
9896:10 April
9863:Archived
9842:Archived
9817:Archived
9723:Marxists
9628:Archived
9569:Archived
9542:Archived
9505:Archived
9455:Archived
9366:Archived
9295:Archived
9274:Archived
9241:Archived
9095:Archived
9076:Archived
9044:Archived
8981:Archived
8934:Archived
8914:Archived
8891:Archived
8747:Archived
8542:Archived
8518:cite web
8341:Archived
8084:Red Army
8001:pickaxes
7993:ice pick
7982:Trotsky.
7937:Lenin's
7579:Entryism
7567:See also
7543:in 1982.
7478:Snowball
7447:his view
7436:Futurism
7372:Einstein
7340:artistic
7196:conquest
7193:military
7106:mural (
7056:for the
7001:Zinoviev
6733:and the
6676:leniency
6557:soldiers
6451:(2001).
6267:Gatchina
6259:Coyoacán
6203:Tsiurupa
6173:holding
6171:peasants
6169:Russian
6102:and the
5897:Leninism
5852:Bulgaria
5844:literate
5818:in 1932.
5706:and the
5602:New Life
5504:and the
5231:violence
4965:Chavismo
4374:Lal Khan
4261:Pabloism
4256:Posadism
4240:Branches
4158:Leninism
4153:Entryism
4102:Concepts
4077:a series
4075:Part of
4056:—
3926:Coyoacán
3783:Hønefoss
3744:Barbizon
3656:Büyükada
3636:Büyükada
3632:Istanbul
3196:Chairman
3167:holding
2918:that????
2808:Red Army
2788:Red Army
2558:1st Army
2339:en route
2206:TROTZKY.
2188:and the
2167:Courland
2083:against
2081:Red Army
2000:Zinoviev
1996:Sverdlov
1960:Proshian
1948:Kolegaev
1933:Gatchina
1925:Cossacks
1902:(1949).
1773:Novy Mir
1388:Iudushka
1114:populist
1106:narodnik
952:cultural
948:economic
944:military
922:form of
847:Alma Ata
833:. After
807:Red Army
770:of 1917
719:Leninist
703:de facto
646:Novgorod
496:Children
363:, Mexico
79:too long
23204:Ukraine
23180:History
23142:Portals
21575:Council
21553:of the
21160:Figures
21099:Parties
20642:Related
20560:My Life
20264:at the
20235:at the
20213:of the
20209:in the
20161:YouTube
19998:Trotsky
19978:Trotsky
19939:Trotsky
19698:Trotsky
19570:Trotsky
18973:19 July
17609:My Life
17076:3000510
16730:Trotsky
16545:Trotsky
16387:Trotsky
15731:18 June
15437:4288968
12876:The Age
12645:23 July
12203:8 March
12104:Trotsky
12016:. 1932.
11410:My Life
11097:My Life
10781:My Life
10731:My Life
10711:memoirs
10691:My Life
10433:Freedom
10210:My Life
10130:My Life
10125:"XXXVI"
9538:My Life
9362:My Life
9291:My Life
9237:My Life
8743:My Life
8617:7 April
8347:26 June
7997:picolet
7884:Trotzky
7880:Trockij
7876:Trotski
7732:Trotsky
7530:Netflix
7522:Trotsky
7237:Fascism
7204:Entente
7147:Address
6997:Kamenev
6926:Gosplan
6580:museums
6565:oratory
6561:sailors
6553:workers
6530:of the
6279:Russian
6216:My Life
6175:banners
6100:Orgburo
6088:Gosplan
5974:rallies
5923:Kamenev
5869:Germany
5789:Orgburo
5754:in the
5510:science
5479:Marxist
5473:in 1932
5422:Zhdanov
5410:Molotov
5298:ice axe
5216:atheist
4959:Campism
4849:Current
4688:Current
4684:Parties
4577:History
4003:of the
3919:Tampico
3781:, near
3682:fascist
3592:Gestapo
3567:Yakutia
3549:My Life
3486:Kalinin
3372:My Life
3250:At the
3206:of the
3198:of the
3046:" and "
3024:A 1922
2972:troika.
2902:troika.
2857:action.
2695:Estonia
2630:amnesty
2548:, when
2415:leader
2174:people.
2048:at the
1952:Karelin
1555:Berezov
1551:Obdorsk
1520:people.
1461:Finland
1455:member
1202:Zinaida
1194:Ust-Kut
1190:Siberia
1153:Kherson
1118:Marxism
1099:on the
1052:My Life
1047:Surzhyk
1035:Russian
1012:Yiddish
989:Poltava
742:Siberia
715:Marxist
503:Zinaida
487:
479:
467:
455:
451:
438:Spouses
340:Yanovka
236:Premier
173:Premier
77:may be
18:Trotsky
23228:Mexico
23192:Russia
21710:(1946)
21602:(1925)
21578:(1917)
21107:Kadets
20998:Groups
20973:Allied
20821:Events
20711:Family
20603:(1938)
20595:(1937)
20587:(1937)
20579:(1932)
20571:(1930)
20563:(1930)
20555:(1925)
20547:(1925)
20539:(1924)
20531:(1924)
20523:(1920)
20515:(1919)
20507:(1908)
20499:(1906)
20491:(1904)
20136:
20117:
20086:
20063:
20044:
20025:
20004:
19985:
19964:
19945:
19926:
19909:
19870:
19851:
19832:
19813:
19792:
19775:
19765:
19744:
19723:
19704:
19685:
19666:
19658:
19620:
19599:
19557:
19536:
19515:
19496:
19477:
19456:
19437:
19390:
19369:
19348:
19329:
19310:
19276:
19255:
19236:
19217:
19196:
19175:
19156:
19135:
19116:
19097:
19053:
19034:
19013:
18992:
18948:
18929:
18910:
18891:
18872:
18853:
18834:
18814:
18806:
18771:
18752:
18731:
18710:
18693:131248
18691:
18660:
18605:
18573:
18554:
18523:
18504:
18485:
18475:
18451:
18418:
18392:1 June
18339:
18312:
18285:
18258:
18206:
18176:
18149:
18112:
18087:
18079:
18038:
17961:
17935:
17905:, 117.
17874:
17868:260195
17866:
17858:
17817:
17792:
17767:
17742:3 June
17698:
17631:
17572:
17515:
17490:
17445:
17394:
17343:
17304:
17262:
17235:
17190:
17163:
17074:
17033:
17005:
16978:
16951:
16924:
16897:
16836:
16811:
16803:
16762:
16737:
16686:
16661:
16634:
16607:
16552:
16525:
16498:
16473:
16446:
16419:
16394:
16364:
16337:
16278:
16229:
16202:
16175:
16148:
16121:
16094:
16067:
16040:
16013:
15986:
15959:
15938:(160).
15913:
15888:
15837:
15806:
15646:
15619:
15592:
15553:
15526:
15499:
15460:
15435:
15427:
15398:
15371:
15344:
15317:
15292:
15265:
15240:
15201:
15176:
15137:
15093:
15066:
15039:
15012:
14985:
14958:
14951:Stalin
14919:
14892:
14867:
14842:
14815:
14790:
14751:
14707:
14680:
14655:
14604:
14558:
14528:
14503:
14476:
14400:
14373:
14346:
14319:
14294:
14252:
14227:
14200:
14173:
14146:
14119:
14092:
14065:
14026:
13964:
13922:
13871:
13844:
13802:
13739:
13695:
13668:
13641:
13597:
13534:
13509:
13484:
13476:
13435:
13398:
13354:
13327:
13289:
13250:
13211:
13143:
13116:
13089:
13050:
13025:
12975:
12948:
12778:
12755:25 May
12748:
12611:
12565:
12358:
12335:
12312:
12063:
12053:
11935:29 May
11928:
11920:
11874:29 May
11721:
11632:
11598:
11564:
11332:
11307:
11207:
11140:Stalin
11119:Stalin
11061:
11022:
10932:
10765:24 May
10663:. UK.
10643:650938
10641:
10633:
10596:
10495:
10471:
10370:
10321:
10291:
10264:
10195:149174
10193:
10152:
10103:
9794:
9769:26 May
9595:26 May
9484:
9422:
9026:
8979:(11).
8721:
8682:
8585:
8485:20 May
8234:
8123:
8096:
8036:
7954:Stalin
7939:letter
7428:, 1921
7422:Cubist
7355:, 1924
7344:nature
7118:Engels
7021:NEPmen
7017:kulaks
6941:N.E.P.
6934:oblast
6910:, and
6824:, and
6695:Mexico
6615:genius
6588:heresy
6500:Lu Xun
6247:, and
6231:Legacy
5873:France
5718:" the
5686:after
5621:, and
5562:Soviet
5545:Pravda
5502:Louvre
5277:agent
5001:Maoism
4657:May 68
4565:(2017)
4555:(1984)
4545:(1946)
4537:(1938)
4527:(1936)
4517:(1930)
4507:(1924)
4497:(1924)
4487:(1924)
4477:(1920)
4273:People
3999:, and
3861:Mexico
3757:Norway
3714:France
3622:Turkey
3584:Pravda
3490:Stalin
3439:Stalin
3394:troika
3312:troika
3305:troika
3297:troika
3278:, and
3241:troika
3237:troika
3185:Berlin
3173:London
3150:troika
3145:Pravda
3141:troika
3106:Pravda
3095:troika
3090:troika
3086:Pravda
3081:troika
3026:cubist
2991:Pravda
2983:troika
2910:troika
2886:troika
2423:, the
2204:Yours,
2085:Polish
2002:, and
1892:Pravda
1702:émigré
1666:Prague
1639:Pravda
1632:Pravda
1627:Pravda
1615:Pravda
1602:Pravda
1593:Pravda
1563:Vienna
1501:Soviet
1488:Parvus
1292:Iskra,
1239:Berlin
1064:Odessa
730:Jewish
516:Sergei
424:(1917)
41:, the
21112:Nabat
20738:(son)
20732:(son)
20475:Works
20227:Works
19664:S2CID
19656:JSTOR
19636:(PDF)
18964:(PDF)
18812:JSTOR
18689:JSTOR
18552:S2CID
18487:67322
18085:S2CID
17872:S2CID
17864:JSTOR
17694:(8).
17072:JSTOR
16809:JSTOR
15433:JSTOR
13482:S2CID
13474:JSTOR
12061:JSTOR
11926:JSTOR
11440:Lenin
10897:(PDF)
10890:(PDF)
10639:JSTOR
10465:]
10443:9 May
10191:JSTOR
10033:Lenin
10008:Lenin
9859:Lenin
9838:Lenin
9719:(PDF)
8337:ФОКУС
7740:Notes
7716:Frida
6584:films
6576:books
6283:Троцк
6273:(now
6151:Rykov
6147:RSFSR
5940:Iskra
5885:trade
5877:Spain
5856:China
5802:power
5756:Volga
5752:barge
5595:with
5341:boss
3849:Hurum
3825:Hurum
3728:Royan
3724:Paris
3698:Japan
3181:Tokyo
3177:Paris
2584:this:
2562:Cheka
2470:Cheka
2413:Cheka
2316:Satan
2310:1919
2093:White
1900:Works
1352:Iskra
1348:Iskra
1340:Iskra
1287:Iskra
1268:Iskra
1227:Iskra
1218:Iskra
1031:Lyova
1015:Leiba
983:(now
747:Iskra
481:(
477:
457:(
453:
22187:the
20812:and
20504:1905
20199:and
20134:ISBN
20115:ISBN
20084:ISBN
20061:ISBN
20042:ISBN
20023:ISBN
20002:ISBN
19983:ISBN
19962:ISBN
19943:ISBN
19924:ISBN
19907:PMID
19868:ISBN
19849:ISBN
19830:ISBN
19811:ISBN
19790:ISBN
19773:OCLC
19763:ISBN
19742:ISBN
19721:ISBN
19702:ISBN
19683:ISBN
19618:ISBN
19597:ISBN
19584:link
19555:ISBN
19534:ISBN
19513:ISBN
19494:ISBN
19475:ISBN
19454:ISBN
19435:ISBN
19388:ISBN
19367:ISBN
19346:ISBN
19327:ISBN
19308:ISBN
19274:ISBN
19253:ISBN
19234:ISBN
19215:ISBN
19194:ISBN
19173:ISBN
19154:ISBN
19133:ISBN
19114:ASIN
19095:ISBN
19051:ISBN
19032:ISBN
19011:ISBN
18990:ISBN
18975:2007
18946:ISBN
18927:ISBN
18908:ASIN
18889:ISBN
18870:ISBN
18851:ISBN
18832:ISBN
18804:ISSN
18769:ISBN
18750:ISBN
18729:ISBN
18708:ISBN
18658:ISBN
18603:ISBN
18571:ISBN
18521:ISBN
18502:ISBN
18483:OCLC
18473:ISBN
18449:ISBN
18416:ISBN
18412:1905
18394:2020
18368:2023
18361:TASS
18337:ISBN
18310:ISBN
18283:ISBN
18256:ISBN
18235:2022
18204:ISBN
18174:ISBN
18147:ISBN
18110:ISBN
18077:ISSN
18036:ISBN
17959:ISBN
17933:ISBN
17856:ISSN
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