1156:
1123:
623:
1088:
1254:
1262:
283:
51:
441:
558:
a French or
British protectorate for Georgian foreign affairs and defense, but was unsuccessful. Chkheidze, who had 14 years of parliamentary life experience, oversaw the writing of the Constitution by
1360:
534:: this Georgian Provisional Assembly decided to appoint a government, to prepare elections and to create a constitutional commission. In February 1919 he was elected a member of the
1489:
1434:
1429:
1469:
538:
and on 12 March president of this assembly, but could not participate in its first session because he was located in Paris. Chairing the
Georgian delegation to the
1424:
1414:
1155:
1122:
1474:
1484:
758:
1409:
1233:
1459:
1058:
1439:
361:
1509:
408:). From his marriage with Alexandra Taganova (X-1943), he would have four children including a daughter who would accompany him in exile.
1494:
1444:
1464:
587:
271:
1087:
1454:
1449:
1404:
461:
1011:
990:
969:
933:
912:
891:
870:
489:
469:
1253:
759:"Russian Revolution (1917). The Georgian deputy Nicholas Cheidze, executive president of the workers deputies and soldier"
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1051:
1144:
1111:
1030:
514:
in Russia. At the time, Chkheidze was in
Georgia. He remained in Georgia and on 23 February 1918, became leader of the
341:
282:
1261:
951:
535:
373:
163:
1325:
1076:
1044:
547:
485:
365:
683:"Russie, Géorgie et France : Véronique Chéidzé (1909-1986), fille du 1er président de Parlement géorgien"
333:
1399:
622:
575:
1499:
531:
369:
159:
796:
473:
530:
On 26 May 1918, the Act of
Independence of Georgia was adopted, Chkheidze was elected chairman of the
424:
and
Kalenike Chkheidze (his brother), became a founder of the first Georgian Social-Democratic group,
663:
515:
702:
643:
1479:
610:
of 1924, 10,000 Georgians were executed, and between 50,000 and 100,000 Georgians were deported to
1203:
1183:
318:
1504:
397:
778:"Géorgie, Russie et France : Nicolas Chéidzé (1864-1926), homme d'État russe et géorgien"
1301:
921:
539:
377:
167:
1394:
1389:
1306:
1067:
835:"Membres du gouvernement et chefs de file de l'opposition aux obsèques de Nicolas Tcheidze"
8:
1419:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1213:
1163:
357:
345:
128:
815:
777:
682:
1269:
1218:
999:
555:
551:
511:
393:
223:
1242:
1228:
1208:
1193:
1173:
1130:
1007:
986:
965:
947:
929:
908:
887:
866:
713:
631:
560:
417:
405:
337:
299:
243:
20:
1168:
1135:
900:
879:
739:
591:
477:
353:
309:
85:
1290:
1279:
1223:
1188:
978:
607:
261:
1036:
834:
1198:
1178:
1096:
583:
543:
364:(April–May 1918). Later he became president of parliamentary assemblies of the
227:
1383:
1101:
884:
Socialism in
Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy 1883–1917
858:
717:
496:
421:
389:
247:
219:
120:
926:
Prelude to
Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising
630:
On 13 June 1926 Chkheidze committed suicide at his official residence in
465:
425:
590:
in exile, Chkheidze opposed a national uprising in
Georgia. Chkheidze,
508:
481:
453:
55:
606:
were too strong, and the unarmed
Georgian people too weak. After the
457:
349:
50:
1006:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press,
962:
The
Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd
599:
572:
488:. However, he did support its policies and advocated revolutionary
944:
The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd
611:
449:
401:
594:, Datiko Sharashidze, and Kale Kavtaradze formed a group called
635:
579:
519:
440:
251:
639:
603:
356:(until September 1917). Later he served as president of the
863:
A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution
703:"The Russian Masonic Movement in the Years 1906 - 1918"
360:(February 1918 to May 1918), and he held office in the
1490:
Politicians from Georgia (country) who died by suicide
886:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
563:
and 14 other MPs of the majority and the opposition.
323:
1435:
Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire
1430:
Members of the 3rd State Duma of the Russian Empire
344:movement in Georgia. He became a key figure in the
964:, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press,
928:, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press,
522:. Some months later the federation was dissolved.
1066:
626:Tomb of Nikolay and Alexandra Chkheidze, in Paris
525:
1381:
495:. He also voted to continue the war against the
388:Chkheidze was born to an aristocratic family in
1470:Members of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples
1425:Social Democratic Party of Georgia politicians
1415:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
303:
1475:Independence activists from Georgia (country)
1149:First Secretaries of Georgian Communist Party
1052:
456:and gained popularity as a spokesman for the
448:From 1907 to 1919, Chkheidze was a member of
362:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
946:, New York City: W.W. Norton & Company,
959:
941:
920:
464:. He was an active member of the irregular
68:Leader of Social-Democrat Opposition (Duma)
1485:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to France
1059:
1045:
905:The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921)
899:
340:politician. In the 1890s, he promoted the
98:12 March 1917 – 19 September 1917
49:
1410:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
588:Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia
272:Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia
977:
907:, New York City: Philosophical Library,
621:
439:
383:
352:president of the Executive Committee of
336:9] 1864 – 13 June 1926), was a
1116:Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
348:(February 1917 to October 1917) as the
141:23 February 1918 – 26 May 1918
19:Not to be confused with the footballer
1460:Revolutionaries from Georgia (country)
1382:
1040:
983:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
878:
857:
325:Nikolay (Karlo) Semyonovich Chkheidze
1440:Russian Constituent Assembly members
998:
700:
578:, Chkheidze fled with his family to
181:26 May 1918 – 16 March 1921
158:Parliamentary President of Georgia (
1510:Politicians from the Russian Empire
797:"Hidden Story of the Georgian Hero"
586:. In 1923 and 1924, as part of the
480:. He failed to prevent the rise of
476:, Chkheidze became Chairman of the
411:
314:Никола́й (Карло) Семёнович Чхеи́дзе
13:
1495:Heads of state who died by suicide
1445:Heads of state of former countries
1260:
1252:
1159:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
1154:
1126:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
1121:
1086:
694:
416:In 1892, Chkheidze, together with
14:
1521:
1021:
1004:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1465:People of the Russian Revolution
502:
470:Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples
281:
960:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2007),
942:Rabinowitch, Alexander (1976),
850:
664:"Nikolay Semyonovich Chkheidze"
536:Constituent Assembly of Georgia
462:Russian Social Democratic Party
16:Georgian politician (1864–1926)
1455:Diplomats of Georgia (country)
1450:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1405:People from Kutais Governorate
1091:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1077:Democratic Republic of Georgia
827:
808:
789:
770:
751:
732:
689:(in French). 29 November 2013.
675:
656:
548:Democratic Republic of Georgia
526:Democratic Republic of Georgia
486:Russian Provisional Government
366:Democratic Republic of Georgia
58:portrait by Auguste Léon, 1919
1:
649:
784:(in French). 9 January 2014.
7:
1257:Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)
532:National Council of Georgia
472:. In 1917, the year of the
324:
10:
1526:
1031:Чхеидзе, Николай Семенович
985:, London: Reaktion Books,
484:and refused a post in the
380:(May 1918 to March 1921).
18:
1368:
1314:
1265:Standard of the President
1241:
1143:
1110:
1075:
865:, New York City: Viking,
816:"1ère République en exil"
566:
516:Transcaucasian Federation
435:
313:
304:
289:
277:
267:
257:
233:
206:
201:
197:
185:
174:
157:
145:
134:
126:
114:
102:
91:
83:
72:
67:
63:
48:
35:
28:
617:
571:In March 1921, when the
84:Executive President of
36:
710:Acta Poloniae Historica
668:Encyclopedia Britannica
542:, he tried to gain the
420:, Silibistro Jibladze,
354:the Soviet of Petrograd
164:Constitutional Assembly
1371:* Acting head of state
1266:
1258:
1160:
1127:
1092:
922:Rabinowitch, Alexander
644:Père Lachaise Cemetery
627:
550:. He also proposed to
445:
444:Chkheidze in June 1917
398:Zestaponi Municipality
305:ნიკოლოზ (კარლო) ჩხეიძე
1264:
1256:
1158:
1125:
1090:
701:Hass, Ludwik (1983).
625:
598:. In their mind, the
540:Versailles Conference
507:In October 1917, the
443:
384:Early life and family
614:or to Central Asia.
396:(in the present-day
374:Constituent Assembly
332:(21 March [
328:) commonly known as
1400:People from Imereti
1000:Suny, Ronald Grigor
740:"Nicolas Chkheidze"
638:. He was buried in
546:'s support for the
460:faction within the
358:Transcaucasian Sejm
129:Transcaucasian Sejm
1500:Suicides in France
1267:
1259:
1161:
1128:
1093:
1068:Leaders of Georgia
628:
556:David Lloyd George
552:Georges Clemenceau
474:Russian Revolution
446:
394:Kutais Governorate
346:Russian Revolution
224:Kutais Governorate
192:Office established
152:Office established
109:Office established
1377:
1376:
1372:
1248:
1150:
1117:
1082:
1013:978-0-25-320915-3
992:978-1-78-023030-6
971:978-0-25-334943-9
935:978-0-25-320661-9
914:978-0-95-600040-8
901:Kazemzadeh, Firuz
893:978-0-67-401902-7
880:Jones, Stephen F.
872:978-0-14-024364-2
632:Leuville-sur-Orge
561:Razhden Arsenidze
418:Egnate Ninoshvili
342:Social Democratic
322:
296:Nikoloz Chkheidze
293:
292:
244:Leuville-sur-Orge
127:President of the
30:Nikoloz Chkheidze
21:Nikoloz Chkheidze
1517:
1370:
1246:
1148:
1115:
1080:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1016:
995:
979:Rayfield, Donald
974:
956:
938:
917:
896:
875:
844:
842:
831:
825:
823:
812:
806:
804:
803:. 12 March 2019.
793:
787:
785:
774:
768:
766:
755:
749:
747:
736:
730:
728:
726:
724:
707:
698:
692:
690:
679:
673:
671:
660:
592:Irakly Tsereteli
478:Petrograd Soviet
450:Tiflis Gubernyia
412:Political career
370:National Council
327:
317:
315:
307:
306:
285:
240:
216:
214:
202:Personal details
188:
179:
160:National Council
148:
139:
117:
105:
96:
86:Petrograd Soviet
77:
53:
43:
39:
26:
25:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1480:Georgian exiles
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1310:
1245:
1237:
1147:
1139:
1114:
1106:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1014:
993:
972:
954:
936:
915:
894:
873:
853:
848:
847:
833:
832:
828:
814:
813:
809:
795:
794:
790:
776:
775:
771:
757:
756:
752:
738:
737:
733:
722:
720:
705:
699:
695:
681:
680:
676:
662:
661:
657:
652:
620:
608:August Uprising
576:invaded Georgia
569:
528:
505:
452:in the Russian
438:
414:
386:
330:Karlo Chkheidze
268:Political party
242:
238:
218:
212:
210:
186:
180:
175:
146:
140:
135:
115:
103:
97:
92:
78:
73:
59:
44:
42:Николай Чхеидзе
41:
40:
37:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:Margvelashvili
1299:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1251:
1249:
1243:Modern Georgia
1239:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Kartvelishvili
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1085:
1083:
1081:Prime Minister
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1022:External links
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
996:
991:
975:
970:
957:
952:
939:
934:
918:
913:
897:
892:
876:
871:
859:Figes, Orlando
854:
852:
849:
846:
845:
826:
807:
788:
769:
750:
731:
712:(48): 95–131.
693:
674:
670:. 9 June 2024.
654:
653:
651:
648:
619:
616:
584:Constantinople
568:
565:
527:
524:
504:
501:
437:
434:
413:
410:
385:
382:
291:
290:
287:
286:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
241:(aged 62)
235:
231:
230:
228:Russian Empire
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
172:
171:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
132:
131:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
89:
88:
81:
80:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
38:ნიკოლოზ ჩხეიძე
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1522:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:1926 suicides
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:Zourabichvili
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:Hronos.km.ru.
1032:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
967:
963:
958:
955:
953:0-7453-2269-7
949:
945:
940:
937:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
840:
836:
830:
821:
817:
811:
802:
801:Georgia Today
798:
792:
783:
779:
773:
764:
760:
754:
745:
741:
735:
719:
715:
711:
704:
697:
688:
684:
678:
669:
665:
659:
655:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
624:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
513:
510:
503:Transcaucasia
500:
498:
497:German Empire
494:
492:
491:oboronchestvo
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
442:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:Noe Zhordania
419:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
320:
311:
301:
297:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
248:Seine-et-Oise
245:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:21 March 1864
209:
205:
200:
196:
193:
190:
184:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
150:
144:
138:
133:
130:
125:
122:
119:
113:
110:
107:
101:
95:
90:
87:
82:
76:
71:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
34:
27:
22:
1275:Shevardnadze
1270:Gamsakhurdia
1214:Shevardnadze
1204:Mirtskhulava
1145:Georgian SSR
1112:Georgian SSR
1028:(in Russian)
1003:
982:
961:
943:
925:
904:
883:
862:
851:Bibliography
841:(in French).
838:
829:
822:(in French).
819:
810:
800:
791:
781:
772:
762:
753:
744:Project 1917
743:
734:
721:. Retrieved
709:
696:
686:
677:
667:
658:
629:
595:
570:
529:
512:seized power
506:
490:
447:
429:
415:
404:province of
387:
329:
295:
294:
239:(1926-06-13)
237:13 June 1926
191:
176:
151:
136:
121:Leon Trotsky
116:Succeeded by
108:
93:
74:
1395:1926 deaths
1390:1864 births
1297:Saakashvili
1286:Saakashvili
1219:Patiashvili
1209:Mzhavanadze
1174:Gogoberidze
493:(defencism)
468:lodge, the
466:freemasonic
426:Mesame Dasi
258:Nationality
187:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
104:Preceded by
1420:Mensheviks
1384:Categories
1291:Burjanadze
1280:Burjanadze
1247:Presidents
1224:Gumbaridze
1194:Charkviani
1131:Makharadze
1097:Ramishvili
1070:since 1918
723:25 October
650:References
596:Oppozitsia
509:Bolsheviks
482:Bolshevism
454:State Duma
430:third team
378:Parliament
213:1864-03-21
168:Parliament
56:Autochrome
1315:Elections
1234:Mikeladze
1164:Lominadze
1102:Zhordania
839:Samchoblo
718:0001-6829
642:, in the
458:Menshevik
350:Menshevik
319:romanized
278:Signature
177:In office
137:In office
94:In office
79:1907–1917
75:In office
1229:Margiani
1199:Mgeladze
1169:Kakhiani
1002:(1994),
981:(2012),
924:(1968),
903:(1951),
882:(2005),
861:(1996),
600:Red Army
573:Red Army
338:Georgian
300:Georgian
262:Georgian
1179:Mamulia
1136:Mdivani
820:Colisée
782:Colisée
687:Colisée
612:Siberia
554:and to
544:Entente
406:Georgia
402:Imereti
400:of the
321::
310:Russian
1010:
989:
968:
950:
932:
911:
890:
869:
716:
636:France
580:France
567:France
520:Tiflis
436:Russia
302::
252:France
1189:Beria
763:Alamy
706:(PDF)
640:Paris
618:Death
604:Cheka
428:(the
1361:2024
1356:2018
1351:2013
1346:2008
1341:2004
1336:2000
1331:1995
1326:1992
1321:1991
1008:ISBN
987:ISBN
966:ISBN
948:ISBN
930:ISBN
909:ISBN
888:ISBN
867:ISBN
725:2017
714:ISSN
602:and
582:via
390:Puti
376:and
334:O.S.
234:Died
220:Puti
207:Born
518:in
432:).
1386::
837:.
818:.
799:.
780:.
761:.
742:.
708:.
685:.
666:.
646:.
634:,
499:.
392:,
372:,
368:,
316:,
312::
308:;
250:,
246:,
226:,
222:,
166:,
162:,
1293:*
1282:*
1060:e
1053:t
1046:v
843:.
824:.
805:.
786:.
767:.
765:.
748:.
746:.
729:.
727:.
691:.
672:.
298:(
215:)
211:(
170:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)