Russian Empire - Knowledge

7512: 2773: 6242: 3274: 5944: 1727: 8331:, at the university level promoted more academic freedom for the faculty, who were under suspicion by reactionary church officials. Uvarov raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened the admission doors a bit wider. Nicholas tolerated Uvarov's achievements until 1848, then reversed his innovations. For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignored elementary and secondary educational needs. By 1900 there were 17,000 university students, and over 30,000 were enrolled in specialized technical institutes. The students were conspicuous in Moscow and Saint Petersburg as a political force typically at the forefront of demonstrations and disturbances. The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification. Other educational institutions in the empire included the 3374: 8076:, which was responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments. For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent, which could be fulfilled by personal labour. The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown, for forty-nine years at 6% interest. The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments but was considered as compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs. Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments that the peasants had occupied under serfdom, and frequently deprived them of precisely that land of which they were most in need: pasture lands around their houses. The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters. 1571: 7133: 8493: 2931:, which freed the serfs, was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history, and the beginning of the end of the landed aristocracy's monopoly on power. The 1860s saw further socio-economic reforms to clarify the position of the Russian government with regard to property rights. Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities, stimulating industry; and the middle class grew in number and influence. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special lifetime tax to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. In numerous cases the peasants ended up with relatively small amounts of the least productive land. All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the 1960: 3278: 3277: 3588: 3279: 6619: 7836: 3276: 9954:Новороссия, состоящая из губерний Бессарабской, Херсонской, Таврической, Екатеринославской, области Войска Донского и Ставропольской губернии, занимает южную окраину Европейской России, примыкающую к Чёрному морю и к Манычу». (Россия. Полное географическое описание нашего отечества. Настольная и дорожная книга для русских людей / Под ред. В. П. Семенова и под общим руководством П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского и В. И. Ламанского. — Т. XIV. Новороссия и Крым Архивная копия от 31 октября 2015 на Wayback Machine / Сост. Б. Г. Карпов, П. А. Федулов, В. И. Каратыгин и др. — СПб.: Изд. А. Ф. Девриена, 1910. — 983 с. 3985: 2823: 6754: 1988: 7500: 2634: 8172:

estimated at 11 to 17 hectares (28 to 42 acres). This land was of necessity rented from the landlords. The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275% of the normal rental value of the allotments, not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes, the church, roads, local administration, and so on, chiefly levied on the peasants. This burden increased every year; consequently, one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses and cattle disappeared. Every year more than half the adult males (in some districts three-quarters of the men and one-third of the women) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of work. In the governments of the

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ignored reform issues. In sharp contrast to Western Europe, the entire empire had a very small bureaucracy – about 17,000 public officials, most of whom lived in two of the largest cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Modernization of government required much larger numbers; but that, in turn, required an educational system that could provide suitable training. Russia lacked that, and for university education, young men went to Western Europe. The army and the church had their own training programs, narrowly focused on their particular needs. The most important successful reform under Alexander I was the creation of a national system of education.

6033: 102: 4066: 6363:) belonged to Asian Russia. Of the rest, 8 Governorates were in Finland and 10 in Congress Poland. European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast (that of the Don). The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest each had a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. In addition, there were governors-general, generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers, usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. In 1906, there were governors-general in Finland, Warsaw, 298: 5921:

estates worked by serfs, and militarism rooted in the army officer corps. Regarding irrationality, Russia avoided the full force of the European Enlightenment, which gave priority to rationalism, preferring the romanticism of an idealized nation state that reflected the beliefs, values, and behavior of the distinctive people. The distinctly liberal notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative notion of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened the socialist intellectual

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province of the empire, except Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to which were those returned by several large cities. The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these, in their turn, were elected by assemblies of the three classes: landed proprietors, citizens, and peasants. In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the

4724: 7023: 5909:. While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional, far less parliamentary. But the "unlimited autocracy" had given way to a "self-limited autocracy". Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes, or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat, became a subject of heated 334: 8279:

highest for the nobility (84 to 87 percent), merchants (over 75 percent), then the workers and peasants. Serfs were the least literate. In every group, women were far less literate than men. By contrast in Western Europe, urban men had about a 50 percent literacy rate. The Orthodox hierarchy was suspicious of education, seeing no religious need for literacy whatsoever. Peasants did not need to be literate, and those who did — such as artisans, businessmen, and professionals — were few in number. As late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities.

6762: 2831: 932: 4426: 10073: 8033: 7492: 3280: 2270: 4022:, a strike was organized at a factory in the capital, followed by thousands of people took to the streets in Petrograd to protest food shortages. A day later, protesters rose to two hundred thousand, demanding that Russia withdraw from the war and the emperor be deposed. Eighty thousand Russian troops, half of the men sent to restore order, had gone on strike and refused the senior officers' orders. Any imperial symbols were destroyed and burned. The capital was out of control and gripped by protest and strife. 74: 3682: 8271: 6314: 4588:, the Russian Empire was one indivisible state. In addition, the 26th article stated that "With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland". Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article, "The Grand Principality of Finland, constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state, in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws", and by the law of 10 June 1910. 3906:. His offensive was a great success, taking 76,000 prisoners from the main attack and 1,500 from the Austrian bridgehead. But the offensive was halted by inadequate ammunition and a lack of supplies. The eponymous offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I, practically destroying the Austro-Hungarian army as an independent force, but the slaughter of many casualties (approximately one million men) forced the Russian forces not to rebuild or launch any further attacks. 15420: 4564: 2874: 1703:, and Alexey Kelin. During Peter's reign, the obligation of the nobility to serve was reinforced, and serf labour played a significant role in the growth of the industry; therefore, Peter's objectives required the preservation of antiquated traditions. The volume of the country's international trade turnover increased as a result of Peter I's industrial reforms. However, imports of goods overtook exports, strengthening the role of foreigners in Russian trade, particularly the 344: 6287:; an audit office; a high court of justice for all political offences; and one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the empire, notably in differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the 8045: 8141: 2481: 7373: 4058: 2341: 67: 3275: 3429:(legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied, but the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the emperor's position was strengthened, allowing him to roll back some of the concessions with the new 7825: 7113: 6010: 3259: 8287: 8365: 5830: 8156: 975: 961: 6509: 15408: 282: 6530:. All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants, artisans, and workmen were enrolled on lists, in descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation was then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which would elect an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive was in the hands of an elected mayor and an 2772: 8351: 2505: 1515: 8228:

calculated to have far-reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia. Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it. The order of November 1906 provided that the

8494: 8676:. In 1889, Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace, except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire, and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury. The combining of judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges. In 1909, the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace. 2779: 2497:, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new weaknesses for the empire seeking to play a role as a great power. Russia's status as a great power concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic and social backwardness. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms, but though 7511: 8299:

the national government operated six universities, forty-eight secondary state schools, and 337 improved primary schools. Highly qualified teachers arrived from France, fleeing the revolution there. Exiled Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. At the highest level, universities were based on the German model—in

1752:), also known as Peter the Great, played a major role in introducing the European state system into Russia. While the empire's vast lands had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those in the West. Nearly the entire population was devoted to agriculture, with only a small percentage living in towns. The class of 6056:; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the emperor only in concert with the two chambers. The Council of the Empire, or Imperial Council, as reconstituted for this purpose, consisted of 196 members, of whom 98 were nominated by the emperor, while 98 were elective. The ministers, also nominated, were 2935:, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. Although serfdom was abolished, since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants, revolutionary tensions did not abate. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into 7784:'s population and half of its urban residents were Russians, four-fifths of them agricultural colonists. In the other four oblasts in the same year, Russians constituted only 4 percent of the population, and the overwhelming majority lived in European-style settlements alongside the native quarters in the major towns. 2036:. However, the cost of these campaigns further burdened the already oppressive social system, under which serfs were required to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners' land. A major peasant uprising took place in 1773, after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land. Inspired by a 3126:, tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. Pobedonostsev taught his imperial pupils to fear freedom of speech and the press, as well as dislike democracy, constitutions, and the parliamentary system. Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were persecuted—by the 3114:(1881–1894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. During his reign, Russia formed the 8298:

was established in 1802, and the country was divided into six educational regions. The long-term plan was for a university in every region, a secondary school in every major city, upgraded primary schools, and – serving the largest number of students – a parish school for every two parishes. By 1825,

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In November 1906, however, Emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation, all redemption dues being remitted. This measure, which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908, was

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for the land allotted to peasants. There was an increase of wealth among the few, but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mir—framed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the land—the overall effect was

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issued on 28 April 1906. However, he retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation, and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself. His ministers were responsible solely to

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The Russian Empire was predominantly a rural society spread over vast spaces. In 1913, 80% of the people were peasants. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the

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Conservatism was the ideology of most of the Russian leadership, albeit with some reformist activities from time to time. The structure of conservative thought was based upon anti-rationalism of the intellectuals, religiosity rooted in the Russian Orthodox Church, traditionalism rooted in the landed

2691:. Russia attempted to expand to the southwest, at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, using recently acquired Georgia at its base for its Caucasus and Anatolian front. The late 1820s were successful years militarily. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the 2044:

and proclaiming "Hang all the landlords!", the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with

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During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30%, or from 850,000 to 610,000 km (210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres); during the following four years an additional 8,577 km (2,119,500 acres) were sold; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate, until in

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The situation of the former serf-proprietors was also unsatisfactory. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been

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Economic conditions steadily improved after 1890, thanks to new crops such as sugar beets, and new access to railway transportation. Total grain production increased, as well as exports, even with rising domestic demand from population growth. As a result, there was a slow improvement in the living

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party was a conservative force, with a base of landowners and businessmen. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. Liberal elements

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In order to ensure the continued support of the nobility, which was essential to her reign, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must eventually be ended, going so far in her

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A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. The other classes were the nobility, 0.6%; clergy, 0.1%; the burghers and merchants, 9.3%; and military, 6.1%. More than 88 million Russians were peasants, some of whom were former serfs (10,447,149 males in 1858) – the

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In the late 1870s, Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans. From 1875 to 1877, the Balkan crisis intensified, with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities, which the Ottoman Turks had dominated since the 15th century. This was seen as a political risk in

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Educational standards were very low in the Russian Empire, though they slowly increased in its last century of existence. By 1800, the level of literacy among male peasants ranged from 1 to 12 percent and from 20 to 25 percent for urban men. Literacy among women was very low. Literacy rates were

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that the situation was more hopeful. In Ukraine, where the allotments were personal (the mir existing only among state peasants), the state of affairs was not better, on account of high redemption taxes. In the western provinces, where the land was more cheaply valued and the allotments somewhat

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After 1860, the planning and building of the railway network had far-reaching effects on the economy, culture, and ordinary life of Russia. The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions, but local elites made demands for rail linkages. Local nobles, merchants, and

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The accession in 1801 of Alexander I (1801–1825) was widely welcomed as an opening to fresh liberal ideas from the European Enlightenment. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and

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nobility retained considerable powers of self-government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education, police, and the local administration of justice. After 167 years of German language administration and education, in 1888 and 1889 laws were passed transferring administration of the

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Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49 million in 1794. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12

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After Emancipation reform, one-quarter of peasants received allotments of only 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) per male, and one-half received less than 3.4 to 4.6 hectares (8.5 to 11.4 acres); the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is

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indicators, and taxation of peasants. He argues that those reforms brought about measurable improvements in social welfare. More generally, he finds that the well-being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914.

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of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy (especially the landed classes) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations. Each

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By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties were increasing, and inflation was mounting. Strikes rose among low-paid factory workers, and there were reports that peasants, who wanted reforms of land ownership, were restless. The

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In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government. Police spies were planted everywhere. Under Nicholas I, would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia, with

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The former serfs became peasants, joining the millions of farmers who already had peasant status. Most peasants lived in tens of thousands of small villages under a highly patriarchal system. Hundreds of thousands moved to cities to work in factories, but they typically retained their village

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that gave legal status to non-Orthodox religions. This created a "Golden Age of Old Faith" for the previously persecuted Old Believers until the emergence of the Soviet Union. In the early 20th century, some of the restrictions of the Pale of Settlement were reversed, though were not formally

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and urban delegates), the progressives had little chance of representation at all, save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the

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to present a petition to the emperor. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared, which demanded a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the

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members. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the "black" clergy (the monks), 3 by the "white" clergy (secular), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by local governmental

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fighters. As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the "saviour of Europe". He presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the

2324:; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments. Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars, thus causing inflation. As a result of its spending, Russia developed a large and well-equipped army, a very large and complex bureaucracy, and a court that rivaled those of 1880:. Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes, and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign. Meanwhile, all vestiges of local self-government were removed. Peter continued and intensified his predecessors' requirement of state service from all nobles, in the 218: 6425:

law – was predicated on the separation of judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, public trials and oral procedure, and the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the

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ceased this harsh treatment and pursued a more bureaucratic type of assimilation, such as compensating the Cantonists for their previous military service, including those who remained Jewish, although certain military ranks were still limited to Christians. In contrast, Emperor

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The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past. The latter path was advocated by

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which strengthened Russia's standing on the world stage. Internal transformations and military victories contributed to the transformation of Russia into a great power, playing a major role in European politics. On the day of the announcement of the Treaty of Nystad, the 2

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Nicholas II was deeply devoted to his wife, Alexandra, whom he married on 26 November 1894. They had five children: Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsesarevich Alexei. The Russian Imperial Romanov family was executed by who were believed to be drunken

1390:. Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in 1772–1815, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. Most of the empire's growth in the 19th century came from gaining territory in central and eastern Asia south of Siberia. By 1795, after the 177: 3366:. The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. The Bolsheviks, under 2492:

Although the Russian Empire played a leading political role in the next century, thanks to its role in defeating Napoleonic France, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress to any significant degree. As Western European economic growth accelerated during the

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was expanded. The higher forms of education were reserved for a very small elite, with only a few hundred students at the universities by 1825 and 5500 in the secondary schools. There were no schools open to girls. Most rich families still depended on private tutors.

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entrepreneurs imagined a future of promoting their regional interests, from "locality" to "empire". Often, they had to compete with other cities. By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire's economy.

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promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894, municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in the Caucasus.

172: 2222:. He favored modernization through foreign loans and strong ties with France, but was reluctant to give significant roles to the new parliament (the Duma).He signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to counter Germany’s influence in the Middle East, ending the 173: 176: 5970:

of 1917. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority, both of which were intended to protect the existing system: the emperor and his consort must both belong to the

170: 171: 167: 166: 3611:, Austria-Hungary's ally, saw the call to arms as a threat; when Russia mustered its troops, Germany affirmed the state of "imminent danger of War", followed by the declaration of war on 1 August 1914. The Russians were imbued with patriotic earnestness and 175: 169: 10098: 7310:, which had a degree of imperial jurisdiction over the organization of Islamic practice in the country. As the Russian Empire expanded, tsarist administrators found it expedient to draw on existing Islamic religious institutions that were already in place. 168: 2909:. Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Emperor Nicholas I's regime. 174: 178: 8183:

was only 0.36 hectares (0.90 acres), and for allotments from 1.2 to 2.3 hectares (2.9 to 5.8 acres) the peasants paid 5 to 10 rubles in redemption tax. The state peasants were better off; but they, too, were emigrating in masses. It was only in the

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in military institutions in the east aiming to compel them to convert to Christianity, attempted to stratify Jews into "useful" and "not useful" based on wealth and further restricted religious and commercial rights within the Pale of Settlement.

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standards of Russian peasants in the empire's last two decades before 1914. Recent research into the physical stature of Army recruits shows they were bigger and stronger. There were regional variations, with more poverty in the heavily populated

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Ivan III (1462–1505) and his son, Vasili III (1505–1533), completed Moscow's quest to dominate Great Russia. Of the two rulers, Ivan III (the Great) accomplished the most, and Russian historians have called him 'the gatherer of the Russian

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were demanded against Muslims in the early Russian Empire. In the 18th century, Catherine II issued an edict of toleration that gave legal status to Islam and allowed Muslims to fulfill religious obligations. Catherine also established the

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for 11 million rubles (7.2 million dollars) in 1867. Initially, many Americans considered this newly gained territory to be a wasteland and useless, and saw the government wasting money, but later, much gold and petroleum were discovered.

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Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. These allotments were given over to the rural commune, the

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in order to secure Russia's position in the European states system. While later rulers did not discard the new title, the Russian monarch was commonly known as the tsar or tsaritsa until the imperial system was abolished during the

1644:, trade, and industry, including shipbuilding, as well as the growth of the Russian educational system. Every tenth Russian acquired an education during Peter I's reign, when there were 15 million people in the country. The city of 8223:

was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land, the former serfs, or rather their descendants, had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 78,900 km (19,500,000 acres) from their former masters.

9963:В. М. Хмарський. Новоросійський край (укр.). Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 7: Мі-О / Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. — К.: В-во «Наукова думка», 2010. — 728 с.: іл.. 2991:

Russia, which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia. Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor with its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and

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in 1892. Witte began by raising revenues through a monopoly on alcohol, which brought in 300 million rubles 1894. These reforms returned the peasants to essentially being serfs again. In 1900, a peasant class (also known as

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Censorship was heavy-handed until the reign of Alexander II, but it never went away. Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, and intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets.

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river, to replace Moscow, which had long been Russia's cultural center. This relocation expressed his intent to adopt European elements for his empire. Many of the government and other major buildings were designed under

6144:. These elected their delegates to the Duma directly, and though their votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates. 165: 6067:, 16 by local governments having no zemstvos, and 6 by Poland. As a legislative body the powers of the council were coordinate with those of the Duma; in practice, however, it has seldom if ever initiated legislation. 3568:

that demanded an obligation for the heir's death, and Austria-Hungary cut all diplomatic ties and declared war on 28 July 1914. Russia supported Serbia because it was a fellow Slavic state, and two days later, Emperor

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held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding; the Duma, however, on the advice of the government, left its implementation to the future, regarding it as an ideal that could only gradually be realized.

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on 5 August 1915. In the same month, the emperor dismissed Grand Duke Nicholas and took personal command; this was a turning point for the Russian army and the beginning of the worst disaster. The Germans continued

3079:. To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory, the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from ethnically diverse communities in Kars Oblast, particularly 12838: 3007:

in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, an exhausted Russia backed down. At the

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solution), or to put it into collective local ownership. The Socialist Revolutionaries also differed from the Social Democrats in that the SRs believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry.

2017:, the German heir to the Russian crown. After the death of Empress Elizabeth, Catherine came to power after she effected a coup d'état against her very unpopular husband. She contributed to the resurgence of the 9312:

Ivan III in his own time already had the reputation of the builder of the Russian state... The consolidation of Russia as a state was not just a territorial issue, for Ivan also began the development of a state

6457:, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, were the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases. 4073:

By the end of the 19th century the area of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers (8,600,000 sq mi), or almost one-sixth of the Earth's landmass; its only rival in size at the time was the

1766:, thus counting them for poll taxation. Russian agricultural kholops had been formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. They were largely tied to the land, in a feudal sense, until the late 19th century. 217: 7283:, which further restricted Jewish settlements and rights to own property, as well as limiting the types of professions available, and the expulsion of Jews from Kiev in 1886 and Moscow in 1891. The overall 6241: 4599: – the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The result of this was that, while the British and 4943: 4882: 5995:

him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. Thus, while the emperor's personal powers were limited in scope after 28 April 1906, they remained formidable.

1167:, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. Russia further expanded to the west, south, and east, strengthening its position as a European power. Its victories in the 7239:), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. When the state lacked resources to provide a secular bureaucracy across its entire territory, guided 'reformation' of faiths provided elements of social control. 4867: 21177: 7261:, an area of Tsarist Russia inside which Jews were authorized to settle, and outside of which were deprived of various rights such as freedom of movement or commerce. Particularly repressive was 6669:

was appointed as the new minister of finance in 1886, he increased the pressure on peasants by increasing taxes on land and prescribing how they harvested grain. These policies led to the severe

5713: 5692: 5671: 5650: 5562: 7345:. Throughout the late 19th century, the term "Circassian" became a common adage for "highwayman" across the Balkan and Anatolian regions, due to the prevalence of homeless Circassian refugees. 5546: 6735:

From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing a famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people, especially in the

3514:, when both agreed to settle their differences and joined to oppose the new rising power of Germany. Russia and France's relations remained isolated before the 1890s when both sides agreed to 9945:Кабузан В. М. Заселение Новороссии (Екатеринославской и Херсонской губерний) в XVIII — первой половине XIX века (1719—1858 гг.). — М. : Наука, 1976. — 308 с 8262:, which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture. 7152:) and was deemed "the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church" (Article 64 3370:, supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat, in order to seize power by force. 1007:

in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass, making it the

9489: 4239:, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries. 2261:

revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky, as ordered by the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918. This marked the end of the Russian Empire and Imperial Russia.

1096:". Between 1550 and 1700, the Russian state grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. Major events during this period include the transition from the 248: 13572: 8083:

or sent to military service. Owners had the right to sell slaves, depending on whether they were targeting land or accused (i.e., had escaped from working). Children of serfs received less

4341:

of the United States; thereafter, the Russian territorial expansion only encountered nomadic or feudal societies which is strikingly similar to the Westward Expansion of the United States.

15228: 2766:

being imposed on its schools and courts. However, Russification policies in Poland, Finland and among the Germans in the Baltics largely failed and only strengthened political opposition.

163: 13848: 7404:

was strictly controlled during Catherine II's reign, which was considered an epoch of relative tolerance for Catholicism. Catholics were distrusted by the Russian Empire as elements of

5554: 4333:

noted that the methodological procedure how the Russian Empire started to expand their territory was in comparable to that of how the United States had done the same. Russian statesman

13666: 4422:

appointed by him. The emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such.

15988: 15360:——— (2001), "The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia, 'national' identity, and theories of empire", in Holquist, Peter; Suny, Ronald Grigor; Martin, Terry (eds.), 12916: 5172: 3318:

On the political right, the reactionary elements of the aristocracy strongly favored the large landholders, who, however, were slowly selling their land to the peasants through the

2544:

as a constitutional monarch. The revolt was easily crushed, but it caused Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of

10338: 8099:

system was introduced in 1865 as a rural assembly with administrative authority over the local population, including education and welfare, which ex-serfs were unable to acquire.

6166:, the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consisted of all the ministers and of the heads of other principal departments. The ministries were as follows: 1272:, it suffered a series of defeats that further galvanized the population against the emperor. In 1917, mass unrest among the population and mutinies in the army culminated in the 249: 13415:

Rubinstein, Samara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gokcumen, Omer; Zhadanov, Sergey; Osipova, Ludmila; Cocca, Maggie; Mehta, Nishi; Gubina, Marina; Posukh, Olga; Schurr, Theodore G. (2008).

3315:

By the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire dominated its territorial extent, covering a surface area of 22,800,000 km, making it become the world's third-largest empire.

3296:, who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him. Nicholas II proved as an ineffective ruler, and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by the Russian 12851:

The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million

9747: 13738:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by faiths and regions] (in Russian). archipelag.ru. Archived from 9780: 7156:). Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not settle questions of dogma or church teaching. The principal ecclesiastical authority of the 164: 9666: 7865:

of 1853–56 caused great soul-searching and resulted in proposals for reform. However, the Russian forces fell further behind the technology, training, and organization of the

2116:("Instruction") to say that serfs were "just as good as we are" – a comment received with disgust by the nobility. Catherine advanced Russia's southern and western frontiers, 5795: 4529:, then a part of Germany; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia. While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the 8327:

Emperor Nicholas I was a reactionary who wanted to neutralize foreign ideas, especially those he ridiculed as "pseudo-knowledge". Nevertheless, his minister of education,

6283:, consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. It was the supreme 6604:. In 1893, district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire. 15029: 8201:, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Only one-quarter of the peasants were farmers; the remainder were mere laborers. 5986:

On 17 October 1905, the situation changed: the ruler voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the

13182: 3355: 2826:

The Imperial Standard of the Tsar between from 1858 to 1917. Previous variations of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time.

12540: 6111:

In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. Since the majority consisted of conservative elements (the

2249:, further eroded his popularity. By March 1917, public support for Nicholas II had dwindled, leading to his forced abdication and the end of the 304-year rule of the 13921: 12999: 8834:

After all, Orthodoxy was both the majority faith in the Russian Empire – approximately 70 percent subscribed to this faith in the 1897 census–and the state religion.

7333:

In the 19th century, the restrictive policies became much more oppressive during the Russo-Turkish Wars, and the Russian Empire perpetrated persecutions such as the

6724:, in which serfs worked in exchange for cash or goods from the master, allowing them to work outside the estate. These systems were based on a legal code called the 3734: 13074: 13033: 12372: 1954: 2091:, a high-ranking noblewoman, on charges of torturing and murdering serfs. Whilst these gestures garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe during the 18394: 7356:. During the latter portion of the 19th century, the status of Islam in the Russian Empire became associated with the tsarist regime's ideological principles of 2021:

that began after the death of Peter the Great, abolishing State service and granting them control of most state functions in the provinces. She also removed the

9795: 2332:. But the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country". 1785:

was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. Peter's ambitions for a "window to the sea" led him, in 1699, to make a secret alliance with

21252: 5897:, established in the Russian Empire after October 1905. Before this date, the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the emperor as "autocratic and 16512: 9567:[Petition of the senators to Tsar Peter I for the adoption of the title of "Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of all the Russias, Peter the Great"]. 2508:

This 1892 painting imagines a scene of Russian troops forming a bridge with their bodies, moving equipment to prepare for invading Persian forces during the

9125: 2460:

strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country. In the harsh and bitter winter, thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant

1133:, which marked the birth of the imperial era, and led a cultural revolution that introduced a modern, scientific, rationalist, and Western-oriented system. 13542: 7923:

assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th-century, especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, agricultural output trends, various

2233:

However, his reign was marked by criticism for the government’s suppression of political dissent and perceived failures or inaction during events like the

7400:

was not promulgated, so Jesuits survived in Russian Empire, and this "Russian Society" played a role in re-establishing the Jesuits in the west. Overall,

5879:) who ruled as an absolute monarch. After the Revolution of 1905, Russia developed a new type of government, which became difficult to categorize. In the 3232:

in 1894, with large-scale loans to Russia, sales of arms, and warships, as well as diplomatic support. Once Afghanistan was informally partitioned by the

21247: 16205: 13098:"Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire. A Critical Analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar Emigration of 1860–1861" 6108:. Workmen were treated in a special manner, with every industrial concern employing fifty hands electing one or more delegates to the electoral college. 2641: 1125:

transformed the tsardom into an empire, and fought numerous wars that turned a vast realm into a major European power. He moved the Russian capital from

13946:(2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274.; Steven Nafziger, "Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, 2012). 7984:

remainder being "state peasants" (9,194,891 males in 1858, exclusive of the Archangel governorate) and "domain peasants" (842,740 males the same year).

6028:, which was the headquarters of the Army General Staff. Today, it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District/Joint Strategic Command West. 597: 15822: 12246:(previously, Article 40): "The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession." 12216:

Walter Sperling, "Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: 'Locality,' 'Region,' 'Russia,' 'Empire' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia",

8219:

1903 alone close to 8,000 km (2,000,000 acres) passed out of their hands. On the other hand, since 1861, and more especially since 1882, when the

6682:) had emerged, representing less than 20 per cent of the population, who were characterised by owning some of their land, machinery, and livestock. An 6202: 5943: 4199:

An important feature of Russia is its few free outlets to the open sea, outside the ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean. The deep indentations of the

3236:

in 1907, Britain, France, and Russia came increasingly close together in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The three would later comprise the

6465:

Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions:

4211:

territory, and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the

13950: 12450: 6175: 1031:

census, the only one it conducted, found a population of 125.6 million with considerable ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic diversity.

13733: 12901: 3119: 1941:). But she did not carry out significant structural reforms. Her reign, which lasted nearly 20 years, is also known for Russia's involvement in the 6300: 13564: 4104:, apart from Finland and its portion of Poland, coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East-European plains. To the north was the 20713: 20569: 14672: 12957: 8295: 7764:. As of the 1897 census, Russian Central Asia's five oblasts contained 5,260,300 inhabitants, 13.9 percent of them urban. The largest towns were 6223: 5542: 3033: 1241:. Notwithstanding its extensive territorial gains and great power status, the empire entered the 20th century in a perilous state. A devastating 8176:

the state of matters was hardly better. Many peasants took "gratuitous allotments", whose amount was about one-eighth of the normal allotments.

2320:

percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. The deficit required borrowing, primarily from bankers in

101: 16821: 5629: 5526: 4533:, which comprised the northern part of East Prussia, this differs from the area captured by the empire in 1914, though there was some overlap: 3373: 2099: 19426: 14203: 10715: 7451:

abolished until the February Revolution. However, some historians evaluate Tsar Nicholas II as having given tacit approval to the antisemitic

6253:

The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay

5534: 5516: 1726: 1696: 89: 13942:

Steven Hoch, "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions".

9718: 8880: 4247:

From 1860 to 1905, the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present-day Russian Federation, with the exception of the present-day

3875:, the first attempt to capture the fortress failed, but the second attempt seized the redoubt in March 1915. On 2 May, the Russian army was 21232: 20627: 17442: 17270: 17185: 16924: 15610: 13658: 13241: 8443: 7413: 3055:

Another significant result of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War in Russia's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of

2983: 2813: 1919: 1297: 1191: 14585: 13293: 12924: 8996: 8966: 8506: 4041:

as his legitimate successor. The Tsarist system was fully overthrown. After a series of deportations and imprisonments, in July 1918, the

4029:, 262 kilometres (163 mi) southwest from the capital, many generals and politicians advised the Emperor to abdicate in favour of the 3393:(1904–1905) was a major blow to the tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest. In January 1905, an incident known as " 1354:. By the early 16th century, all of the semi-independent and petty princedoms in Russia had been unified with Moscow. During the reign of 21217: 20622: 18502: 15702: 14618: 14571:

World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

14269: 14236: 14155: 12413: 11712: 11634: 11595: 11556: 11505: 11415: 11337: 11286: 11160: 11109: 11070: 10460: 9260: 5858: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 3475: 2886: 2751: 2003: 209: 12183: 12049: 11454: 11376: 11211: 10531: 10499: 10322: 9179: 3418:(councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Russia was paralyzed, and the government was desperate. 21222: 21202: 15662: 11673: 9564: 9221: 9026: 6196: 6153: 5138: 4430: 4038: 3864: 2920:

as inefficient. In 1859, there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions. Alexander II decided to abolish

2528:, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the 9923: 9741: 21207: 21167: 20723: 9770: 6217: 6190: 6021: 5706: 4231:, a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia. But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the 3553: 2541: 2152:. Upon achieving victory, she established Russian rule over it and expelled the newly established Persian garrisons in the Caucasus. 1895:

was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Peter abolished the

15393: 9656: 4507:

The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of

4399:

on 17 September 1809, the eastern half of Sweden, the area that then became Finland, was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an

17339: 16587: 13642: 12510: 7203:

within the empire. In a policy influenced by Catherine II but solidified in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia exhibited increasing "

7191:

clergy had to be married when appointed, but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again; this rule continues to apply today.

4144: — the administrative boundary, however, partly extended into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. To the south, were the 3003:

and the Ottomans surrendered. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the

2072:(the garrison of the fortress of St. Elizabeth was disbanded, it lost its military importance and received the rights of a city) , 1570: 15321:

Olson, Gust, and Aleksei I. Miller. "Between Local and Inter-Imperial: Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm."

13265:"How the Jesuits Survived Their Suppression: The Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire (1773–1814), written by Mark Inglot, S.J." 2540:(December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother 20578: 17657: 16124: 16029: 15944: 15471: 8801: 6748: 5913:

between conflicting parties in the state. Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as "a

5488: 5299: 4030: 3694: 2406: 12686:

Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910

8775: 8095:

23 million serfs to become free, but they remained indigent throughout the former enslaved population despite their rights. The

21162: 16929: 16828: 16245: 15194: 13721:

To the tsar, the pogroms organized by the police seemed like a holy outburst of popular indignation against the revolutionaries

8079:

Serfs lived in deplorable conditions, working in the fields for nearly seven days a week and being exiled to the harsh land of

7793: 3343: 15174: 15026: 14791: 9851: 9348:

Under Ivan III's reign, the uniting of separate Russian principalities into a centralized state made great and rapid progress.

6257:, representing the emperor, and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kiev, the Archbishop of 3587: 20918: 20379: 19761: 17709: 17264: 16340: 16003: 15682: 15243: 15146: 15096: 14974: 14928: 14724: 14655: 14612: 14579: 14492: 14459: 14438: 14407: 14374: 14330: 14296: 14263: 14230: 14197: 13702: 13605: 13068: 13027: 12947: 12883: 12865: 12793: 12768: 12693: 12643: 12480: 12328: 12278: 12177: 12033: 12008: 11909: 11706: 11667: 11628: 11589: 11550: 11499: 11448: 11409: 11370: 11331: 11280: 11205: 11154: 11103: 11064: 10886: 10564: 10525: 10493: 10454: 10414: 10389: 10332: 10058: 10021: 9982: 9827: 9691: 9605: 9536: 9520: 9452: 9369: 9329: 9293: 9254: 9215: 9165: 8827: 7357: 7132: 6400: 6181: 5315: 4554: 2545: 1145: 1020: 17674: 16724: 15120: 14498: 14465: 14413: 14380: 14302: 13708: 13619: 12737: 12657: 10795: 9335: 9299: 6052:

Under Russia's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906, the State Council was associated with the Duma as a legislative

4603:

empires declined in the 20th century, a large portion of the Russian Empire's territory remained together, first within the

3327:

among industrial capitalists and nobility, who believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, formed the

2218:

During his rule, Nicholas II supported the economic and political reforms proposed by his prime ministers, Sergei Witte and

1937:

being put on the Russian throne. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture, and the sciences (for example, the founding of

21212: 16894: 16674: 16386: 15639: 12532: 9429: 9192:

The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.

8308: 7937: 6280: 5815: 5685: 5492: 5445: 4983: 3997: 3032:

for failing to back Russia. Disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions, and helped Serbia,

2603: 1861: 1734: 1534: 1509: 20285: 14041:

Mironov, Boris N. (1991). "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries".

10808:

In the days of the Great Game, Mongolia was an object of imperialist encroachment by Russia, as Tibet was for the British.

7835: 6673:

that lasted from 1891 to 1892, with four hundred thousand perishing from starvation. Vyshnegradsky was succeeded by Count

3193:. China was too weak to resist, and was pulled increasingly into the Russian sphere. Russia obtained treaty ports such as 3177:

Expansion into the vast stretches of Siberia was slow and expensive, but finally became possible with the building of the

21197: 20562: 19017: 18162: 16617: 15561: 12364: 12342: 12292: 8378: 7397: 3718: 3557: 3107: 2817: 2556:

camps. The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements.

2524:(1825–1855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the 2057: 1896: 108: 12818: 10611: 9633: 6618: 3984: 2195:

of Finland. His reign started on 1 November 1894 and ended with his abdication on 15 March 1917. Born on 18 May 1868 at

2191:

Nicholas II, also known as Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, was the final Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and

2052:, in result of which Russian Empire conquered the vast lands in the south including the Black and Azov seas coasts, the 1567:. The adoption of the latter title by Peter I is usually seen as the beginning of the "imperial" period of Russia. 20999: 20875: 20431: 19431: 18871: 18167: 16119: 15738: 14138:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

13812: 11881: 10291:

Burant, Stephen R. (1985). "The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt".

9093: 8930: 7417: 7361: 7307: 7284: 7248: 6646:

attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependant on a single economic sector. During the reign of

6572: 6288: 5480: 5470: 4400: 3714: 3122:; and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from China. The emperor's most influential adviser was 2924:

from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution.

2029: 1959: 1790: 1426: 1304:

ended Russia's involvement in the war, but who nevertheless were opposed by various factions known collectively as the

1039: 13460: 4384:

got their names from Russian settlers, who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of

3996:

emperor eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress

1987: 1284:. Political dysfunction, continued involvement in the widely unpopular war, and widespread food shortages resulted in 21237: 21054: 20982: 20948: 19075: 17432: 16552: 16441: 16376: 15677: 15536: 15073: 14889: 14859: 14742: 14523: 14145: 13915: 12993: 12832: 12723: 10781: 7360:

requiring Russian Orthodoxy. Nonetheless, in certain areas Islamic institutions were allowed to operate, such as the

7125: 6701: 6695: 6596:

was being carried out in the same provinces, in all departments of administration, in the higher schools, and in the

5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 4897: 4438: 3442: 3253: 2835: 2807: 2708: 2692: 2668: 2645: 2627: 2509: 2357: 2049: 1846: 1842: 1716: 1366:

were conquered by Russia in the mid-16th century, leading to the development of an increasingly multinational state.

1210: 1168: 13735:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам 13417:"Russian Old Believers: genetic consequences of their persecution and exile, as shown by mitochondrial DNA evidence" 9565:"Прошение сенаторов к царю Петру I о принятии им титула "Отца Отечества, императора Всероссийского, Петра Великого"" 6770:

Output in 1912 of mining and heavy industries of the Russian Empire, as a percentage of national output, by region.

6753: 3346:

wanted to expropriate the land, without payment, but debated whether to distribute the land among the peasants (the

19002: 18597: 17977: 16300: 16283: 15949: 15298: 13511: 10582:"The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" 7909: 6623: 6246: 6208: 5727: 5273: 5261: 5162: 4193: 3848: 3668: 2498: 2199:, Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire, he was the eldest son and successor of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (later known as 1888: 1379: 1249:

in Europe, the empire saw rapid political radicalization and the growing popularity of revolutionary ideas such as

1230: 1176: 241: 13344: 12607: 21227: 20057: 19027: 18630: 18495: 17375: 16919: 16094: 15632: 15412: 15350: 9490:"Perspective | Russian Orthodox Old Believers: Keeping their faith and fighting fires in the West Siberian Plain" 9115: 8905: 7439:

were banished in internal exile to Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with some further emigrating to the Americas.

6670: 6410: 5851: 5466: 4489: 4485: 4042: 4004:(1869–1916). His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles could not restore the emperor's lost prestige. 3328: 2996: 2822: 1242: 475: 19219: 13534: 7499: 3876: 3838: 2995:

independent. In early 1877, Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces, leading to the

20892: 20887: 20555: 18814: 18647: 18585: 17954: 17457: 16699: 16325: 15758: 15342:

Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"

8304: 6454: 6170: 6004: 5197: 5112: 4680:

against the colony. After a brief resistance, the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to

4558: 3952:

This led Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November. The Russians, led by Baltic German General

3582: 2565: 2401:

in 1807. After Alexander was defeated in Friedland, he agreed to negotiate and sued for peace with France; the

1688: 1277: 954: 660: 9636:[The title "emperor" and the concept of "empire" in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century]. 8672:

of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of

7296: 5891:". This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system, transitional and 2633: 1675:. Afterwards, the concept was developed in the writings of an associate of Peter I, Archbishop Professor 20902: 20495: 19022: 18931: 17791: 16495: 16210: 16034: 15994: 15748: 15672: 15667: 15571: 13155:"The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia by Paul W. Werth" 8673: 7452: 7224: 7107: 6613: 6597: 6592:

justice from Baltic German control to officials of the central government. About the same time, a process of

5420: 5250: 4965: 4623: 3525:

The relations between Russia and the Triple Alliance, especially Germany and Austria, were like those of the

3339: 3202: 2564:, who held the "decadent" West in contempt. The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy, who preferred the 1967:, who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an 1865: 1632: 1543: 14136:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

3770: 2916:

ascended the throne in 1855, the desire for reform was widespread. A growing humanitarian movement attacked

1680: 20963: 20808: 20682: 20490: 20374: 18445: 17427: 17415: 16934: 16781: 16761: 16664: 16315: 16265: 16129: 15974: 15939: 15622: 12243: 8873: 8062:

The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and had become enshrined in law in 1649, was

7913: 7828: 7528:

of 1897, adherents of the different religious communities in the empire numbered approximately as follows.

7149: 5991: 5902: 5664: 5643: 5134: 4019: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3454: 3430: 3043: 2180: 2176: 808: 541: 13947: 12442: 11982:

Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I

9912:

Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev's revolt, 1773–1775

8872:"The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma". 7318: 4453:, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the empire. This area ( 3162:. That rivalry between the two empires has been considered to have included far-flung territories such as 21079: 20838: 20769: 20500: 19537: 18981: 18976: 18592: 18308: 18222: 18117: 18032: 17949: 17447: 17319: 17174: 16679: 16416: 16288: 16195: 16149: 16139: 16104: 15984: 15859: 15844: 15498: 15464: 13739: 12893: 8092: 8063: 8027: 7919:

revolutions of the early 20th century. Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation.

7840: 7480: 7313: 7121: 6631: 6626:

was founded in 1860 as a central bank structure (headquarters in Saint Petersburg, photographed in 1905).

6076: 5987: 5901:". After October 1905, while the imperial style was still "Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias", the 5775: 5622: 5538: 5288: 5011: 4995: 4415: 3545:

had nearly led to war and in 1912–13 relations between Saint Petersburg and Vienna were tense during the

3448: 3426: 3020:, as a vassal state and an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire, respectively. As a result, 2928: 2582:

of the West. More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left, such as

2164: 2088: 1627: 1387: 1262: 1195: 1105: 751: 677: 14084:

Franklin A. Walker, "Enlightenment and religion in Russian education in the reign of Tsar Alexander I."

2849: 21187: 20870: 20843: 19037: 19032: 18488: 18455: 18370: 17959: 17857: 16739: 16572: 16354: 16335: 16235: 16225: 16220: 15812: 15692: 15435: 15314:

Kuzio, Taras. "Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: towards a new framework."

10995:

Radkey, Oliver H. (1953). "An Alternative to Bolshevism: The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism".

10224:

The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance

9527: 9457: 8989:"The Price of Expansion: The Nationality Problem in Russia of the Eighteenth-Early Twentieth Centuries" 8320: 6435: 5872: 5844: 5430: 5365: 5003: 4703: 4661: 4442: 4377: 4188:, taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace east-central Poland, and separating Russia from 3988: 3730: 3642:, which both had been allied with Russia since 1892, fearing the rise of Germany as the new power. The 3309: 3037: 2951: 2145: 1762:, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter converted household kholops into house 781: 18147: 13777:

I. N. Grebenkin, "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process."

12965: 9120: 6205:(including police, health, censorship and press, posts and telegraphs, foreign religions, statistics); 2671:, they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation of Georgia, and also became involved in the 21192: 21172: 20708: 20458: 19606: 19170: 19007: 18761: 18722: 18425: 18112: 18047: 18037: 18022: 17357: 17304: 17214: 16791: 16771: 16744: 16500: 16260: 16019: 15898: 15827: 15707: 15170: 13790: 13317:"The Roman Catholic Church and Its Legal Position under the Provisional Government in Russia in 1917" 7920: 7623: 7424: 7161: 7148:. The emperor was not allowed to "profess any faith other than the Orthodox" (Article 62 of the 1906 7103: 5558: 5550: 5075: 4845: 4650: 4615: 4534: 4369: 4034: 3798: 3774: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3710: 3676: 2754:, and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so. The Russian press and state 2656: 2513: 2445: 2363: 2149: 2141: 2053: 1604:, who were obedient nobles that served the state for the rest of their lives. He also introduced the 18247: 11197:

Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I

8242: 6654:

was founded in 1883 to provide loans for Russian peasants, both as individuals and in communes. The

2095:, the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors. Indeed, her son 1213:, ruled from 1762 until 1917. By the start of the 19th century, Russian territory extended from the 21069: 20735: 20670: 20416: 20391: 20241: 19900: 19895: 17867: 17847: 17812: 17765: 17719: 17071: 16887: 16305: 16144: 16114: 15979: 15893: 15802: 15765: 11095:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

8300: 7971: 7691: 6258: 5207: 4569: 4345: 3758: 3722: 3519: 3511: 3233: 3171: 3123: 3013: 1704: 1667:, was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite 1350:

The foundations of a Russian national state were laid in the late 15th century during the reign of

1321: 10039:"The Real and Live Ethnographic Map of Russia: The Russian Empire in The Mirror of The State Duma" 9708: 9086:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History" 6032: 21242: 21182: 21132: 21122: 21064: 21004: 20850: 20677: 20660: 20483: 20364: 19905: 19858: 19801: 19500: 19444: 19192: 19012: 18670: 17745: 17437: 17420: 17410: 17385: 17229: 16955: 16811: 16786: 16622: 16471: 16431: 16134: 16079: 15964: 15832: 15330:

Historiography of imperial Russia: The profession and writing of history in a multinational state

10190: 8877: 8601: 8565: 8472: 7545: 7276: 7220: 7157: 7145: 6647: 6537: 5972: 5884: 5522: 5504: 5484: 5371: 5343: 4835: 4619: 4411: 3785: 3672: 3515: 3229: 3115: 3111: 2200: 2155:

Catherine's expansionist policy caused Russia to develop into a major European power, as did the

2061: 2033: 1892: 1822: 1301: 1254: 1008: 458: 66: 20: 14222:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]

7479:

that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by imperial

7086:. Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the empire and facilitated migration. 6245:

The Senate and Synod headquarters – today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on

4737: 4630: 20923: 20860: 20643: 20505: 20406: 20401: 20089: 20037: 19957: 19890: 19794: 19779: 19672: 19439: 19393: 19234: 19121: 18836: 18665: 18465: 18380: 18227: 17939: 17872: 17740: 17689: 17621: 17521: 17511: 17309: 17244: 17051: 16980: 16749: 16607: 16577: 16532: 16483: 16478: 16411: 16295: 16255: 16215: 16049: 15959: 15954: 15775: 15687: 15554: 15457: 14569: 13264: 8988: 8946: 8744: 8160: 8088: 8037: 7432: 7393: 7271: 7117: 7095: 7027: 6651: 6414: 5053: 4931: 4741: 4654: 4600: 4407: 4396: 4361: 4280: 4267:, but gained Tuva as a protectorate in 1914. Prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of 3491: 3319: 3178: 3151: 2992: 2913: 2430: 2422: 2210: 1968: 1581: 1519: 1452: 1180: 273: 15423: 15383: 14920: 14602: 14253: 14220: 14152: 13905: 12973: 12810: 12405: 12000: 11696: 11618: 11579: 11540: 11489: 11399: 11321: 11270: 11144: 11093: 11054: 10874: 10444: 9244: 4065: 2159:

and the Golden age in Russia. But after Catherine died in 1796, she was succeeded by her son,

1537:, which significantly altered Russia's political and social structure, and as a result of the 1320:

across most of the Russian territory; it would be one of four continental empires to collapse

21009: 20865: 20687: 20597: 20436: 20396: 20209: 20084: 19148: 19138: 19097: 19068: 18916: 18781: 18450: 18430: 18410: 18273: 18237: 18192: 18137: 17929: 17924: 17699: 17646: 17471: 17380: 17349: 17289: 17239: 17021: 17011: 16776: 16517: 16490: 16451: 16391: 16190: 16159: 16069: 15817: 15753: 15311:(Yale University Press, 2002), compares Russian with British, Habsburg & Ottoman empires. 13056: 13015: 12167: 12053: 11438: 11360: 11195: 10824: 10554: 10515: 10483: 9681: 9595: 9157: 7858: 7854: 7525: 7067: 7047: 6639: 6453:

of cassation. The first tribunal, based on the English model, were the courts of the elected

6305: 6045: 5947: 5353: 4497: 4365: 4220: 3856: 3818: 3639: 3612: 3570: 3518:

when peace was threatened. France also granted loans for building infrastructure, especially

3471: 3465: 3301: 3293: 3225: 3206: 3167: 3048: 3004: 2724: 2696: 2638: 2608: 2494: 2485: 2386: 2367: 2168: 2156: 1972: 1911: 1773:. His attention then turned to the north. Russia lacked a secure northern seaport, except at 1733:

officially proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor. He instituted

1668: 1623: 1619: 1561: 1483: 1269: 1258: 1149: 1054:. From the 10th to 17th centuries, the Russians had been ruled by a noble class known as the 1028: 875: 581: 438: 20324: 17601: 15253:

Stolberg, Eva-Maria. (2004) "The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History",

11657: 9805: 9572: 9205: 9018: 8426: 8087:. These serfs were heavily taxed, making them the poorest in any Russians. In 1861, Emperor 3198: 1034:

The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the

21014: 20933: 20928: 20648: 20529: 20359: 20329: 20204: 20135: 20106: 20025: 19359: 19197: 19187: 18971: 18966: 18906: 18841: 18746: 18435: 18354: 18318: 18268: 18127: 18052: 17837: 17714: 17506: 17281: 17259: 17254: 17219: 17161: 16806: 16714: 16709: 16461: 16396: 16154: 16089: 16084: 16074: 16044: 16039: 15999: 15506: 15335:

Smith, Steve. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism."

13968: 8111: 7967: 7866: 7819: 7338: 7262: 7254: 7160:—which extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the empire, including the ex- 6725: 6655: 6643: 5327: 5130: 4515: 4219:

and the Baltic belong also to territory that was not inhabited by Slavs, but by Baltic and

3965: 3810: 3754: 3702: 3686: 3643: 3394: 2890: 2747: 2660: 2521: 2390: 2325: 2238: 2137: 2125: 2092: 1979: 1877: 1786: 1676: 1596:

of the regime. During the reign of Peter I, the last vestiges of the independence of the

1391: 1363: 1148:, and diplomacy, while continuing Peter's policy of modernization towards a Western model. 297: 20309: 9934: 8210:

effected. The forests were sold, and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted

3872: 3868: 3607:'s declaration of war on Serbia, Nicholas II ordered the mobilisation of 4.9 million men. 2758:

used the Polish uprising to justify the need for unity in the empire. The semi-autonomous

1849:

several areas of Iran to Russia, which after the death of Peter were returned in the 1732

8: 20994: 20803: 20757: 20728: 20221: 20101: 20067: 19969: 19789: 19784: 19596: 19315: 19251: 19126: 19111: 18936: 18866: 18809: 18726: 18552: 18460: 18405: 18242: 18232: 18217: 18207: 18172: 18102: 18017: 17987: 17934: 17651: 17405: 17400: 17299: 17294: 17061: 17016: 16975: 16880: 16801: 16557: 16507: 16426: 16330: 16164: 16109: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16009: 15969: 15934: 15876: 15790: 15721: 15583: 15444: 15016:

The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: The geopolitics of expansion and containment

14110:

Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848."

12564:"Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire" 10820: 10365: 10273: 10000:"Legal Basis of Control and Prevention of Crimes by Subaltern Officers in Russian Empire" 8389: 8316: 8084: 7888:

and the fierce political struggles inside army units led to irreversible disintegration.

7885: 7447: 7342: 7334: 7322: 7204: 7180: 7169: 6554: 6387:) had administrative systems of their own, independent of the governorates; in these the 6254: 5967: 5295: 5240: 5108: 4893: 4723: 4542: 4334: 4316: 4300: 4260: 4095: 4013: 3822: 3738: 3323: 2861: 2762:

of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with

2704: 2398: 2014: 2010: 1964: 1942: 1934: 1904: 1825:

influence. In 1722, he turned his aspirations toward increasing Russian influence in the

1672: 1329: 1273: 1134: 823: 593: 19937: 19927: 13793:, "The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s–1870s", 13634: 12502: 12273:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 404, 407–408. 10712: 7377: 7301:

Islam had a "sheltered but precarious" place in the Russian Empire. Initially, sporadic

7022: 3304:

began to show significant influence in Russia, but the country remained rural and poor.

2695:, Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms granted by the 1630:). Civil lettering was adopted during Peter I's reign, and the first Russian newspaper, 21127: 21094: 21059: 20938: 20855: 20833: 20813: 20779: 20334: 20314: 20297: 20248: 20113: 19922: 19873: 19806: 19724: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19611: 19581: 19473: 19371: 19239: 19214: 19042: 18946: 18730: 18682: 18677: 18580: 18570: 18527: 18519: 18359: 18182: 18177: 18142: 18122: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18062: 18057: 18002: 17909: 17755: 17626: 17516: 17496: 17452: 17395: 17390: 17367: 17334: 17324: 17314: 17196: 16729: 16704: 16694: 16684: 16669: 16654: 16612: 16542: 16527: 16466: 16446: 16436: 16406: 16381: 16366: 16310: 16250: 16240: 16099: 15922: 15908: 15903: 15849: 15785: 15595: 14066: 14058: 14023: 14015: 13503: 13452: 13397: 13336: 13233: 13135: 13127: 12599: 12591: 12026:

The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

10038: 8922: 8654: 8529: 8312: 8249: 7924: 7901: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7405: 7384:

Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy, several Christian denominations were professed.

7265:, who sought the forced assimilation of Jews, from 1827 conscripted Jewish children as 7258: 7216: 7208: 6761: 6666: 6576: 6348: 6284: 5609: 5573: 5512: 5500: 5408: 5361: 5101: 4999: 4987: 4901: 4889: 4809: 4530: 4493: 4458: 4248: 3957: 3899: 3842: 3814: 3560:, raised Europe's tensions, which led to the confrontation between Austria and Russia. 3411: 3390: 3382: 3297: 3263: 3218: 3009: 2830: 2746:

reason to rebel, by assailing national core values of language, religion, and culture.

2734:

Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the

2688: 2477:" was proclaimed, linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 2466: 2410: 2402: 2382: 2349: 2246: 2242: 2117: 1910:

Peter died in 1725, leaving an unsettled succession. After a short reign by his widow,

1802: 1538: 1523: 1375: 1351: 1289: 1093: 1063: 618: 156: 20547: 13998:

Dianina, Katia (2003). "Passage to Europe: Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade".

12917:"Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary – Genocide is a Crime against Humanity!" 10050: 9612:

This explains much of the difficulty encountered by Peter I when he adopted the title

8846:

Williams, Beryl (1 December 1994). "The concept of the first Duma: Russia 1905–1906".

8797: 4638: 3502:. Previously, Saint Petersburg and Paris, along with London, were belligerents in the 2731:. Following a brief occupation, the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia. 2102:

in his short reign aimed directly against the spread of French culture in response to

1652:

that had been conquered during the Great Northern War, served as the state's capital.

21114: 21099: 20975: 20943: 20897: 20443: 20339: 20275: 20270: 20199: 20096: 19811: 19739: 19734: 19576: 19505: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19278: 19229: 18921: 18896: 18876: 18856: 18846: 18736: 18718: 18687: 18620: 18537: 18511: 18385: 18375: 18338: 18212: 18197: 18072: 18042: 18012: 18007: 17982: 17919: 17914: 17904: 17775: 17724: 17611: 17606: 17329: 16965: 16950: 16847: 16599: 16567: 16562: 16547: 16522: 16371: 16320: 16270: 16200: 16178: 16023: 15807: 15743: 15733: 15697: 15600: 15566: 15544: 15489: 15239: 15142: 15092: 15069: 14970: 14924: 14895: 14885: 14855: 14738: 14720: 14651: 14608: 14575: 14519: 14488: 14455: 14434: 14403: 14370: 14326: 14292: 14259: 14226: 14193: 14141: 14070: 14027: 13911: 13808: 13698: 13611: 13601: 13495: 13444: 13436: 13401: 13389: 13328: 13285: 13237: 13225: 13174: 13119: 13064: 13023: 12989: 12943: 12879: 12861: 12828: 12789: 12764: 12729: 12719: 12689: 12649: 12639: 12603: 12583: 12334: 12324: 12284: 12274: 12173: 12029: 12004: 11915: 11905: 11877: 11702: 11663: 11624: 11585: 11546: 11495: 11444: 11405: 11366: 11327: 11276: 11201: 11150: 11099: 11060: 11056:

China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China

10915: 10882: 10847: 10787: 10777: 10603: 10560: 10521: 10489: 10450: 10410: 10385: 10328: 10054: 10017: 9978: 9823: 9687: 9601: 9532: 9365: 9325: 9289: 9250: 9211: 9161: 8958: 8823: 8767: 8254: 8229: 8220: 8023: 7897: 7811: 7781: 7504: 7401: 7302: 7236: 6713: 6635: 6568: 6526:

Since 1870, the municipalities in European Russia had institutions like those of the

5938: 5910: 5898: 5888: 5880: 5496: 5460: 5456: 5349: 5176: 5158: 5146: 5021: 5007: 4991: 4958: 4911: 4764: 4712: 4693: 4508: 4470: 4419: 4296: 4292: 3915: 3860: 3834: 3777:

and Second armies were severely mauled, and the Second army was nearly surrounded in

3654:

before moving east to attack Russia, whose massive army was much slower to mobilise.

3561: 3422: 3104: 3091:, each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions. 2959: 2735: 2676: 2619: 2537: 2533: 2273:

Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 mm (

2250: 2129: 2103: 2041: 1999: 1938: 1763: 1738: 1593: 1589: 1576: 1383: 1355: 1345: 1309: 1246: 1082: 937: 794: 736: 550: 529: 15290:

Hellie, Richard. "The structure of modern Russian history: Toward a dynamic model."

15200: 14991:

Gatrell, Peter. "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914 – February 1917."

14772: 14753: 13368:""Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863–1905"" 13139: 7431:

were seen as dangerous elements and persecuted heavily. Various minor sects such as

7223:

faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam,

7207:" pursuing top-down reorganization of the empire's faiths, also referred to as the " 7179:

The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three

3847:

Austria-Hungary went to war with Russia on 6 August. The Russians started to invade

2720: 1626:

that was reformed in the manner of European style and educational institutions (the

21109: 20989: 20784: 20718: 20665: 20607: 20292: 20079: 20074: 20030: 20017: 19947: 19915: 19910: 19774: 19769: 19751: 19712: 19645: 19628: 19569: 19559: 19554: 19495: 19451: 19421: 19381: 19364: 19347: 19310: 19061: 18911: 18826: 18771: 18741: 18692: 18652: 18635: 18625: 18560: 18532: 18401: 18365: 18283: 18107: 17877: 17822: 17785: 17760: 17750: 17684: 17636: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17536: 17531: 17224: 16970: 16796: 16734: 16689: 16632: 16537: 16456: 16421: 16230: 15881: 15780: 15588: 15180: 14643: 14554: 14050: 14007: 13456: 13428: 13379: 13275: 13217: 13166: 13109: 12575: 11962: 11004: 10593: 10300: 10204: 10046: 10007: 9843: 9048: 8914: 8855: 8736: 8719: 8696: 8639:" (according to the Western European view), and thus Westerners began to translate 8592: 8580: 8556: 8487: 8383: 8332: 8194: 8190: 8173: 7640: 7584: 7456: 7409: 7187:

and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. The

6729: 6580: 6513: 6352: 6270: 6117: 6037: 5980: 5922: 5914: 5452: 5311: 5229: 5186: 4979: 4969: 4669: 4519: 4425: 4357: 4338: 4324: 4308: 4078:. The majority of the population lived in European Russia. More than 100 different 4001: 3969: 3895: 3616: 3534: 3499: 3415: 3406: 3378: 2967: 2739: 2583: 2413:. By 1812, Russia had occupied many territories in Eastern Europe, holding some of 2379: 2362:

In 1801, over four years after Paul became the emperor of Russia, he was killed in

2234: 2196: 2160: 2096: 2018: 1873: 1813: 1684: 1645: 1601: 1547: 1359: 1281: 1202: 1130: 1101: 1004: 968: 836: 700: 645: 631: 423: 419: 415: 411: 391: 381: 361: 14559: 14542: 12472: 9542: 9462: 8859: 7352:

were forced to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire following the Russian defeat in the

3961: 2002:. Suvorov's victory was immortalized with the empire's newfound national anthem: " 1841:

the centre of military efforts against Persia, and waged the first full-scale war

1737:

and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power. Painting by

1245:

killed hundreds of thousands and led to popular discontent. As the last remaining

1229:

in the east. By the end of the 19th century, Russia had expanded its control over

21089: 21084: 20752: 20612: 20592: 20510: 20478: 20351: 20319: 20302: 20258: 20253: 20231: 20226: 20184: 20177: 20152: 20012: 20007: 19848: 19729: 19623: 19618: 19586: 19411: 19401: 19295: 19288: 19283: 19268: 19224: 19106: 19092: 18951: 18926: 18714: 18697: 18542: 18278: 18027: 17997: 17992: 17852: 17842: 17807: 17797: 17780: 17616: 17571: 17486: 17204: 17179: 17026: 16856: 16816: 16719: 16659: 16649: 16637: 16582: 16401: 15795: 15770: 15549: 15354: 15302: 15124: 15117: 15033: 14934: 14903: 14865: 14529: 14482: 14449: 14397: 14364: 14336: 14286: 14187: 14159: 14140:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. 13954: 13692: 13595: 12713: 12633: 11923: 11897: 10923: 10892: 10855: 10771: 10719: 10446:

Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814–1914

9319: 9283: 9171: 9151: 8884: 8805: 8055: 8032: 7717: 7571: 7491: 7212: 7165: 7136:

Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897)

7099: 6564: 6560: 6446: 6388: 6236: 5954: 5592: 5126: 5064: 5042: 4921: 4814: 4592: 4462: 4457:) was among the Russian Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. At the 4330: 4312: 4268: 4264: 4204: 4200: 4177: 4173: 4113: 4101: 3953: 3789: 3647: 3620: 3604: 3495: 3241: 3214: 3210: 3100: 3084: 3025: 3017: 2979: 2963: 2947: 2878: 2792: 2649: 2616: 2591: 2587: 2525: 2470: 2418: 2414: 2394: 2371: 2345: 2269: 2124:, and incorporating territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 1993: 1923: 1900: 1854: 1850: 1809: 1730: 1660: 1551: 1530: 1466: 1226: 1122: 1109: 1024: 768: 764: 569: 407: 403: 19932: 15131:

From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia

14693:

The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World

13384: 13367: 11022:

Cavendish, Richard (2003). "The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903".

9424:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897]. 9421: 7515:

Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by Pauli Gustav-Fedor Khristianovich 1862

7026:

Watercolor-tinted lithgraph, from the 1840s, depicting the arrival of the first

4614:

Furthermore, the empire at times controlled concession territories, notably the

2453: 1955:

Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War

21033: 20880: 20762: 20747: 20655: 20453: 20411: 20386: 20369: 20265: 20236: 20194: 20042: 20002: 19997: 19952: 19878: 19838: 19828: 19818: 19633: 19512: 19406: 19273: 19155: 18891: 18886: 18881: 18861: 18851: 18766: 18709: 18602: 18565: 18420: 18202: 18152: 17892: 17887: 17770: 17704: 17576: 17234: 17209: 17114: 17031: 16985: 16754: 16627: 15888: 15854: 15531: 14698: 14635: 14360: 14348: 14318: 13761: 13432: 12985: 12824: 11966: 10304: 8900: 8896: 8356: 8198: 7996: 7846: 7423:

Tsarist religious policy was focused on punishing Orthodox dissenters, such as

7349: 7141: 7031: 5150: 5142: 5086: 4798: 4784: 4753: 4574: 4466: 4165: 4133: 4117: 4075: 3925: 3792:, allowing the Germans to capture many cities, including the kingdom's capital 3681: 3542: 3479: 3367: 3237: 3194: 3163: 3000: 2971: 2894: 2623: 2457: 2449: 2426: 2227: 2219: 2045:

minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law.

1930: 1915: 1881: 1798: 1794: 1770: 1700: 1605: 1333: 1305: 1238: 1047: 1035: 1012: 723: 462: 79: 73: 15429: 14647: 14543:"Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles" 13280: 13221: 10556:

The Fires of Patriotism: Alaskans in the Days of the First World War 1910–1920

8270: 6575:, were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the 3221:

of 1904–1905. Japan took over Korea, and Manchuria remained a contested area.

21156: 21026: 21021: 20692: 20602: 20534: 20421: 20216: 20189: 20162: 20140: 20118: 19885: 19868: 19853: 19697: 19650: 19638: 19564: 19456: 19330: 19325: 19300: 19182: 18997: 18796: 18067: 17832: 17827: 17249: 17107: 17066: 17046: 16861: 16766: 16275: 16014: 15605: 14962: 14877: 13659:"In the former Soviet Union, statues and hero worship for leaders of pogroms" 13615: 13499: 13440: 13393: 13332: 13289: 13229: 13178: 13123: 12653: 12587: 12338: 12288: 10607: 10581: 10360: 9641: 9634:"ТИТУЛ "ИМПЕРАТОР" И ПОНЯТИЕ "ИМПЕРИЯ" В РОССИИ В ПЕРВОЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XVIII ВЕКА" 8962: 8370: 8328: 8010: 7905: 7610: 7464: 7459:

suggested that many pogroms were incited by authorities and supported by the

7428: 7389: 6705: 6593: 6584: 6450: 6449:

and coming in contact with each other only in the Senate, which acted as the

6422: 6384: 6344: 6313: 6044:, was the summer residence of the imperial family. It is named after Empress 6041: 6025: 5834: 5530: 5218: 5168: 4855: 4825: 4578: 4501: 4481: 4373: 4320: 4252: 4228: 4169: 4129: 4109: 4046: 3632: 3624: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3487: 3402: 3190: 3135: 3068: 3029: 2763: 2728: 2672: 2664: 2612: 2579: 2474: 2438: 2069: 1876:, in effect a supreme council of state. The countryside was divided into new 1615: 1556: 1422: 1325: 1164: 1097: 1016: 903: 538: 535: 526: 19962: 19942: 17596: 14899: 14533: 14484:

Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire

13205: 12942:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 91, 92. 12733: 11919: 10791: 9175: 9085: 8918: 7974:, Siberia, and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called 7884:

and became a center of unrest and revolutionary activity. The events of the

7325:, Russian military historian Rostislav Fadeyev wrote: "The state needed the 6658:, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. The 6048:, who reigned from 1725 to 1727 (watercolor painting from the 19th century). 4563: 4164:

with the Caspian. The western boundary was purely arbitrary: it crossed the

2488:, Russia had burned the city just before Napoleon could reach and occupy it. 2444:

Following a dispute with Emperor Alexander I, in 1812, Napoleon launched an

1805:, which ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia. 1374:

Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the

20426: 20167: 20157: 20123: 20052: 20047: 19974: 19764: 19746: 19707: 19702: 19682: 19677: 19549: 19542: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19416: 19354: 19335: 19320: 19256: 18956: 18786: 18657: 18575: 18157: 17679: 17641: 17541: 17124: 16642: 15627: 15617: 15362:

A state of nations: Empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin

15223:

Mironov, Boris N. (2010) "Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913",

15047:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

14938: 14907: 14869: 14149: 13986:

News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press

13766:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

13448: 13416: 12878:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 88–93. 11927: 10927: 10896: 10859: 8072: 8003: 7874: 7472: 7420:

were built across Congress Poland, but no forced conversion was attempted.

7188: 7043: 6736: 6674: 6495: 6471: 6104:

were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called

5976: 5926: 5397: 5386: 5303: 4975: 4646: 4604: 4526: 4450: 4216: 4153: 4105: 4079: 3937: 3921: 3852: 3706: 3698: 3628: 3398: 3285: 3072: 2955: 2936: 2873: 1834: 1636:, was published. Peter I promoted the advancement of science, particularly 1317: 1234: 1214: 1074: 1051: 452: 15419: 14695:(1997) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship. 14340: 13114: 13097: 12318: 12268: 10919: 10851: 9743:

Formation of the system of Russian education during the reforms of Peter I

8901:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 6536:, which consisted of several members elected by the municipal duma. Under 6141: 5983:. Beyond this, the power of the Russian autocrat was virtually limitless. 4649:

of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. See also

4476:

Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the

4128:. To the east were the Asiatic territories of the empire: Siberia and the 3778: 3146:

Russia had little difficulty expanding to the south, including conquering

2906: 2742:

in 1863. In 1863, the Russian autocracy had given the Polish artisans and

1808:

As a result, Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the

21141: 21104: 21074: 21038: 20969: 20954: 20798: 20145: 20130: 19979: 19692: 19601: 19591: 19517: 19165: 19160: 18941: 18819: 18804: 18776: 18612: 18389: 17898: 17694: 17586: 17581: 17501: 17092: 17076: 15837: 15644: 15521: 15008:

Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace

14967:

The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire

13843: 13170: 12977: 12814: 10156: 9663:

Peter I in Russian historiography of the late 18th – early 20th centuries

8820:

Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Source Book on Lived Religion

8732: 8645: 8430: 8135: 7954: 7881: 7870: 7862: 7730: 7597: 7385: 7353: 7326: 7228: 7200: 7071: 7063: 6642:

of 1897, 95 per cent of the Russian population lived in the countryside.

6431: 6418: 6279:, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the 6086: 6053: 5893: 5474: 5375: 5357: 5335: 5323: 4745: 4585: 4403: 4392: 4236: 4161: 4141: 3973: 3573:

ordered a mobilisation to attempt to force Austria-Hungary to back down.

3565: 3546: 3503: 3483: 3155: 3076: 3040:

gain independence from, and strengthen themselves against, the Ottomans.

3021: 2975: 2940: 2898: 2843: 2561: 2434: 1864:

based on the latest political models of the time, molding Russia into an

1830: 1774: 1692: 1664: 1172: 671: 654: 15295: 15114:

Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600–1850

13507: 13483: 13131: 10751: 7317:

Portrait of Muslim Circassian tribes fleeing from persecution after the

6532: 3888: 3809:. Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania, part of the 2060:

in 1775, on the former lands of the Ukrainian Cossacks were created the

343: 333: 20774: 20740: 20172: 19989: 19863: 19823: 19756: 18704: 17944: 17882: 17801: 17041: 17006: 15866: 15526: 15516: 14355:. Vol. II, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Cambridge University Press. 14019: 13752:

Encyclopaedia of russian history, by James R. Miller, "Turkestan" entry

13340: 13316: 12763:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. p. 76. 12715:

For prophet and tsar : Islam and empire in Russia and Central Asia

12595: 12563: 10844:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

8926: 8118: 8050: 8044: 7678: 7440: 7376:

Corpses of Jewish victims collected for burial in the aftermath of the

7184: 6683: 6427: 6372: 6367:, Kiev, Moscow, and Riga. The larger cities (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, 6058: 5116: 4522:("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. 4514:

Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the

4454: 4381: 4288: 4276: 4181: 4137: 3933: 3507: 3363: 3359: 3267: 3159: 2839: 2755: 2684: 2529: 2258: 2245:, which resulted in the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the 2223: 2192: 1869: 1782: 1649: 1470: 1313: 1293: 1222: 1043: 15440: 15347: 15109:(Polity Press, 2011); discussion of serfdom, the peasant commune, etc. 14062: 10598: 8140: 7372: 7367: 6716:), who did not get any rights from slave masters under the system of " 2480: 2448:. It was catastrophic for France, whose army was decimated during the 1073:), who greatly expanded his domain, established a centralized Russian 20789: 20062: 19833: 19717: 19687: 19468: 19342: 19133: 18751: 18303: 18293: 17862: 17169: 17056: 15511: 13863:

Serfdom and social control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a village in Tambov

13154: 10443:

Polunov, Alexander Y.; Owen, Thomas C.; Zakharova, Larisa G. (2015).

10012: 9999: 8945:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).

8627: 8413: 8211: 8131: 7976: 7944: 7777: 7761: 7665: 7266: 7211:". The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within 7079: 7055: 6406: 6323: 6112: 6097: 5587: 5307: 5122: 4642: 4385: 4232: 4145: 4057: 3825:

in Ukraine; thereafter the front with Germany was stable until 1917.

3685:

Russian POWs and equipments which were captured by Germany after the

3347: 3186: 3182: 3147: 3088: 3080: 3071:, which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of 2854: 2679:. At the conclusion of the war, Persia irrevocably ceded what is now 2570: 2461: 2340: 2321: 2179:,—he inflicted a series of defeats on the French; in particular, the 2121: 2064:, and on the sites of Cossack settlements were founded the cities of 2022: 1945:, where it was successful militarily, but gained little politically. 1838: 1778: 1637: 1285: 1250: 1218: 18480: 15217:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917

14011: 13973:

Peasant Russia: family and community in the post-emancipation period

13799:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917

12579: 12317:

Davies, Franziska; Wessel, Martin Schulze; Brenner, Michael (2015).

12028:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 285. 10773:

Soviet Russia and Tibet: the debacle of secret diplomacy, 1918-1930s

8144:

Young Russian peasant women in front of a traditional wooden house (

7042:

During the 1880s, the Russian army built two major railway lines in

6717: 3884: 3762: 3713:. Russia suffered a massive defeat at the Masurian Lakes twice, the 2532:

of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to

1781:, where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year. Access to the 1144:) presided over further expansion of the Russian state by conquest, 19463: 19246: 19204: 19143: 18961: 18756: 18440: 18323: 18313: 18132: 17631: 16903: 14782:. Vol. III, The Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. 14763:. Vol. I, From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press. 14054: 13849:

Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

13565:"On This Day: Nicholas II Signs Decree for "Tolerance Development"" 11146:

The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities

11008: 9779:] (Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. 9665:] (Doctor of Historical Sciences thesis) (in Russian). Moscow. 9207:

The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd

8409: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7773: 7765: 7704: 7636: 7280: 7083: 6659: 6589: 6442: 6380: 6360: 6101: 5604: 5508: 5331: 5154: 4774: 4673: 4595:. With the exception of this territory – modern-day 4477: 4446: 4157: 4149: 4121: 4083: 3941: 3806: 2784: 2712: 2680: 2077: 2037: 2028:

Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the

1826: 1812:, securing access to the sea. There he built Russia's new capital, 1656: 1610: 1276:, which led to the abdication of Nicholas II, the formation of the 1160: 516: 498: 469: 15449: 14366:

The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution

14112:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers 2000

8878:"Chapter One On the Essence of Supreme Sovereign Power Article 7." 8286: 8091:

saw serfs as a problem that held back Russia's development, so he

7966:. Native people of the Caucasus, non-ethnic Russian areas such as 7824: 7172:

of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide

7112: 6441:

The system established by the law of 1864 had two wholly separate

6009: 3766: 3258: 2241:, and the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution. The 19376: 19305: 19261: 19116: 18831: 18642: 18333: 18288: 18263: 17817: 17526: 17144: 17097: 17036: 16960: 16914: 15989:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

15871: 15157:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

14821:

An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders

10369:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 315–333, 352–63. 8636: 8336: 8180: 8155: 8096: 8080: 7468: 7436: 7232: 7075: 6709: 6638:

in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. By the

6527: 6486: 6364: 6359:(Uriankhai). Of these, 11 Governorates, 17 oblasts, and 1 okrug ( 6340: 6291:, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. 6064: 5962: 5875:, the Russian Empire was led by the emperor (also referred to as 5339: 4677: 4665: 4284: 4272: 4224: 4189: 4125: 3880: 3773:

on 11 November against the main army's right flank and rear; the

3651: 3131: 3127: 3060: 2921: 2917: 2716: 2700: 2553: 2375: 2204: 2172: 2133: 2081: 1759: 1641: 1206: 1000: 511: 492: 19177: 13597:

Europe 1850–1914 : progress, participation and apprehension

12718:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 293–294. 11953:

Stepanov, Valerii L. (2009). "Revisiting Russian Conservatism".

9658:Петр I в Отечественной Историографии: Конца XVIII – Начала XX ВВ 9019:"Population of the Major European Countries in the 19th Century" 8252:, for example, ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers, such as 6508: 4000:, in charge in the capital. She fell under the spell of a monk, 21178:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

19209: 19084: 18415: 18328: 17591: 17491: 17134: 16990: 15480: 15407: 13414: 12229:

Sarah Searight, "Russian railway penetration of Central Asia",

10689: 10482:

Akinsha, Konstantin; Kozlov, Georgi; Hochfleid, Sylvya (2008).

9422:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г." 8740: 8185: 7769: 7471:, even if some happened spontaneously. According to Radzinsky, 6541: 6477: 6368: 6329: 6137: 6129: 6121: 6105: 4681: 4608: 4596: 4353: 4349: 4304: 4185: 3793: 3726: 3312:; and there were temporary downturns in 1891–93 and 1905–1908. 3217:

strongly opposed Russian expansion, and defeated Russia in the

3056: 2902: 2788: 2759: 2743: 2329: 2144:, and her own political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war 2065: 1754: 1395: 1126: 1078: 996: 427: 369: 14258:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556. 14125:

Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1881 – 1917

12860:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 357. 9886:

The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia

8036:

1856 painting imagining the announcement of the coronation of

4676:. However this attempt angered the French, who dispatched two 3920:

On 29 October 1914, a prelude to the Russo-Turkish front, the

3737:, the Russian commander-in-chief, now had the order to invade 2939:

in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the urban

19843: 16872: 13964: 13962: 10517:

Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

10485:

The Holy Place: Architecture, Ideology, and History in Russia

9519:

Osipov, Yuriy, ed. (2015). "The Great Northern War 1700–21".

8668: 7558: 7051: 6679: 6601: 6376: 6335: 6317:

Residence of the governor of Moscow (1778–82) as seen in 2015

6116:

peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns —

5319: 4805: 4634: 4573:

and the Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day

4208: 4026: 3949: 3945: 3929: 3903: 3158:; and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called the 2866: 2504: 2112: 2073: 1597: 1514: 1055: 486: 15236:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

14852:

The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government

13879:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

11775: 8635:

was also used to refer to other monarchs below the rank of "

6430:

and the election of judges. This system was disliked by the

4525:

During World War I, Russia briefly occupied a small part of

3358:, in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist 2520:

The liberal Alexander I was replaced by his younger brother

2087:

She furthered these efforts by ordering the public trial of

1679:. Several of Peter I's associates are well-known, including 1394:, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of 18298: 17139: 17129: 17119: 17102: 13903: 13805:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Russia, 1700-1917

12788:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. 12320:

Jews and Muslims in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

11934: 11751: 9772:Внешняя торговля и финансово-экономическая политика Петра I 9717:] (Dissertation abstract thesis) (in Russian). Moscow. 8621: 7460: 7388:

were particularly tolerated with the invited settlement of

7257:, there were restrictions placed against Jews known as the 7059: 6700:

Russia had a long-standing economic bargain on fundamental

6356: 6133: 6125: 6091: 5958: 5950:

was the last emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 to 1917.

4256: 4212: 3802: 3638:

The Russian entry into the First World War was followed by

3064: 1817: 1655:

This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the

1592:

was enshrined. The Military Regulations made a note of the

1268:

When Russia entered the First World War on the side of the

1092:), became in 1547 the first Russian monarch to be crowned " 1059: 19053: 15040:

Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy

14919:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13959: 12533:"This Day in Jewish History May Laws Punish Russia's Jews" 12365:"1791: Catherine the Great Tells Jews Where They Can Live" 11034: 9777:

Foreign trade and financial and economic policy of Peter I

3506:. The relations with Britain were in disquietude from the 3356:

2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

3228:, looking for allies against Germany after 1871, formed a 2905:, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic during the related 2301: in) (thickness), and weighs 1,041 g (2 lb 1316:. After emerging victorious in 1923, they established the 1201:

From 1721 until 1762, the Russian Empire was ruled by the

15199:, vol. 2: Patterns of State Building, archived from 13697:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 69, 77, 79. 13022:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–98. 12323:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 47–52. 12198: 11581:

Russian Revolution of 1917: The Essential Reference Guide

10961: 10643: 10641: 10407:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

10188:

Baykov, Alexander. "The economic development of Russia."

9531:. 2004–2017 (in Russian). Vol. 29. pp. 617–20. 4511:

in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885.

4469:

with Russia. However, this autonomy was eroded after the

3118:, to contain the growing power of Germany; completed the 3012:

in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller

2901:, which Russia lost. The war was fought primarily in the 1769:

Peter's first military efforts were directed against the

15164:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

13488:

Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers

12638:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–25. 12137: 12135: 11819:

To kill Rasputin: the life and death of Grigori Rasputin

11787: 11488:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla M., eds. (2005).

10943:

Nicholas II: the life and reign of Russia's last monarch

10738: 8547:

First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire.

7408:, a perception which especially increased following the 7199:

All non-Orthodox religions were formally forbidden from

5990:, a freely elected national assembly established by the 20577: 15227:(Jan 2010) 69#1 pp. 47–72, with 13 tables and 3 charts 15053: 15021:

Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."

13907:

Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921

12120: 12108: 12096: 11848: 11824: 11469: 11440:

Tannenberg 1914: Destruction of the Russian Second Army

11250: 11175: 10665: 10653: 9746:(Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Pyatigorsk. 8619:

Originally there was no distinction between the titles

2469:(1815), which ultimately made Alexander the monarch of 1265:, although he still retained absolute political power. 15091:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288. 12147: 12084: 11799: 11763: 11739: 11727: 11520: 11362:

Power in Uncertain Times: Strategy in the Fog of Peace

11301: 11226: 10677: 10638: 10626: 10481: 10254: 10242: 10137: 9620:

had been glossed over and the title had been devalued.

6739:, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. 6309:

Map showing subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914

3150:, until Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened 3047:

Russian troops fighting against Ottoman troops at the

2366:

in a coup. Paul was succeeded by his 23-year-old son,

1588:

Following the reforms, the governance of Russia by an

1529:

The foundations of the Russian Empire was laid during

1261:

authorized the creation of a national parliament, the

15323:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

14325:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640. 13884: 13063:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 98. 12132: 12072: 12060: 11124: 10949: 10125: 9998:

Nikitin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (29 October 2021).

8606: 8570: 8477: 7980:(non-Slavic, literally: "people of another origin"). 7524:

According to returns published in 1905, based on the

6321:

As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (

4480:

in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of

4337:

justified the Russian expansion in consonance of the

2978:. Meanwhile, Russia decided to sell the indefensible 2374:

with the French Republic under the leadership of the

1926:, an Ottoman vassal and long-term Russian adversary. 1887:

As part of Peter's reorganisation, he also enacted a

11999:. University of North Carolina Press Books. p. 11836: 11238: 10442: 10176:

Alexander I of Russia: the man who defeated Napoleon

9288:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 9197: 8346: 7942:

Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into

7853:

The military of the Russian Empire consisted of the

7321:

during the 1860s. Summing up the imperial policy of

6559:

The formerly Swedish-controlled Baltic provinces of

4132:

steppes, from both of which it was separated by the

2966:

ceded much of the Manchu Homeland, and in 1860, the

2877:

Capturing of the Ottoman Turkish redoubt during the

2203:) and his wife Maria Fyodorovna (formerly Dagmar of 15107:

Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience

14771:. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 14737:. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. 14719:. New York: Longman Publishing Group. p. 496. 14717:

The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689–1917

13873: 13871: 12635:

The Muslim question and Russian imperial governance

12316: 11269:Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger, eds. (2003). 10209:

Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias

9683:

Theological Reflection in Eighteenth-Century Russia

9382: 9066: 8429:to reflect anti-German sentiments of Russia during 8315:(refounded as the Imperial University in 1803) and 7475:(appointed Prime Minister in 1905) remarked in his 7416:policies intensified and Orthodox churches such as 7368:

Policy towards non-Eastern Orthodox Christian sects

7279:resumed an atmosphere of oppression, including the 7116:Contemporary painting of the procession of Emperor 3879:by joint Austro-German forces, retreating from the 3717:ending with a hundred thousand casualties; and the 3486:; these three powers were formed up in response to 2699:, including the formal acquisition of what are now 2100:

introduced a number of increasingly erratic decrees

1933:in Russian politics resulted in Peter I's daughter 1062:. The groundwork of the Russian Empire was laid by 15066:Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire 15023:Journal of International Relations and Development 14917:Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–2001 14830:(Oxford University Press, 1993), new topical maps. 13797:(July/Aug 2009) 50#4 pp 36–48.; Boris N. Mironov, 10278:The last years of the Georgian monarchy, 1658–1832 9866: 9808:, Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences. 9324:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 687. 4591:Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled 3801:the front until they were halted in the line from 2801: 2120:against the Ottoman Empire for territory near the 1948: 1922:. This resulted in a significant weakening of the 1286:mass demonstrations against the government in July 14947: 14735:A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond 10230: 9569:Russian educational portal | Historical documents 9049:"Population of Russia and the USSR, 1913 to 1928" 7253:After Catherine II annexed eastern Poland in the 4664:, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, 4120:were considered part of European Russia, but the 3733:had retreated from the frontier in East Prussia. 3421:In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly issued the 3292:In 1894, Alexander III was succeeded by his son, 2441:; it also gained some territory in the Caucasus. 2335: 1648:, which was built in 1703 on territory along the 1003:from its proclamation in November 1721 until the 21154: 15285:Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia 15196:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 15176:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 14823:(Yale University Press, 1970), new topical maps. 14767:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg. 13868: 13694:The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II 13484:"Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience" 11904:. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 142. 9597:Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russi 9242: 9145: 9143: 8944: 7446:In 1905, Emperor Nicholas II issued a religious 6301:History of the administrative division of Russia 6089:of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the 5725: 5418: 4687: 3591:The Russian Emperor Nicholas II declared war on 3436: 1058:, above whom was an absolute monarch titled the 15388:Kennard, Howard Percy, and Netta Peacock, eds. 15255:Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 11326:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 255. 10881:. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–210. 6261:, and a number of bishops sitting in rotation. 3650:, which first eliminated France via nonaligned 2999:. Within one year, Russian troops were nearing 2727:, received extensive support from the region's 2405:led to the Franco-Russian alliance against the 1175:(1853–1856), leading to a period of reform and 15112:Franklin, Simon, and Bowers, Katherine (eds). 15062:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 13839: 13837: 11659:Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I 11268: 4622:, both conceded by Qing China, as well as the 4465:, which on paper was an autonomous kingdom in 4356:. The company also established settlements in 4227:. The east coast of the Black Sea belonged to 3099:In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated by the 3024:were left with a legacy of bitterness against 1929:The discontent over the dominant positions of 1918:. She slowed the reforms and led a successful 1721: 1159:) helped defeat the militaristic ambitions of 859:22,800,000 km (8,800,000 sq mi) 21253:States and territories disestablished in 1917 20563: 19069: 18496: 16888: 15465: 15278:Imperial Russia: new histories for the Empire 15000:Russia and the Origins of the First World War 14807:Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia 14130: 12894:"Circassian Genocide: Overview & History" 12808: 11487: 11401:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 10910:Harcave, Sidney (1964). "The "Two Russias"". 10776:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–15, 37, 67, 96. 10094:Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 9631: 9243:Planert, Ute; Retallack, James, eds. (2017). 9140: 8947:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 8709: 8686: 8500: 8465: 6409:of the Russian Empire was established by the 5852: 4364:(1817), and as far south in North America as 4061:Topographic map of the Russian Empire in 1912 3705:, owing to a message sent without wiring and 3697:with unexpected speed the German province of 3185:; and Russian interests focused on Mongolia, 3141: 2597: 265: 258: 233: 226: 201: 194: 148: 141: 125: 47: 41: 35: 20526:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 15269: 15169: 14513: 10979: 10757: 10695: 10431:The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762–1907 9638:World of History: Russian Electronic Journal 8193:, the situation was better. Finally, in the 7329:' land, but had absolutely no need of them." 7297:Persecution of Muslims § Russian Empire 6742: 4473:in 1831, and was finally abolished in 1867. 3425:, which conceded the creation of a national 3377:Russian soldiers in combat against Japanese 2814:Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia 2723:and, posing as protector and saviour of the 2715:and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of 2642:Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships 2512:, which occurred contemporaneously with the 1899:and replaced it with a collective body, the 1622:was built by Peter the Great, along with an 1600:were lost. He transformed them into the new 1298:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 14673:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 14451:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution 13834: 12974:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 12811:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 11545:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 11275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. 10912:First blood: the Russian Revolution of 1905 10819: 10404: 10173: 9768: 9281: 9249:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331. 9203: 8772:St. Petersburg International Economic Forum 7364:, but were designated with a lower status. 7183:(Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev), fourteen 6294: 4567:1814 artwork depicting the Russian warship 2344:An 1843 painting imagining Russian general 2214:Tsar Nicholas II depicted in a royal cloak. 2056:played key role in this victory. After the 21248:States and territories established in 1721 20570: 20556: 19076: 19062: 18503: 18489: 16895: 16881: 15472: 15458: 15431:Film «Moscow clad in snow», 00:07:22, 1908 15344:Comparative Studies in Society and History 15139:The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic History 14798: 14709:The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias 14399:The Russian Origins of the First World War 14291:(2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. 12891: 11577: 10559:. University of Alaska Press. p. 21. 10409:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 7519: 7503:Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by 7495:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries 6154:Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire 5859: 5845: 4242: 3964:. In December, Russia obtained success at 3533:were deteriorating, and tensions over the 2958:, which was occupied fighting against the 2622:by the Russian forces under leadership of 2048:During the reign of Catherine there was a 1983:1764, Rouble Catherine II ММД, Krasny Mint 342: 332: 296: 19:For other places with a similar name, see 15309:Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals 15276:Burbank, Jane, and David L. Ransel, eds. 14733:McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran. 14702:Empire; The Russian Empire and Its Rivals 14558: 14176: 13904:Vladimir IUrevich Cherniaev, ed. (1997). 13690: 13600:. Oxon, England: Routledge. p. 325. 13383: 13279: 13113: 12971: 11896: 11365:. Stanford University Press. p. 40. 11319: 11142: 11021: 10982:The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914 10597: 10379: 10316: 10314: 10011: 9739: 9593: 9416: 9400: 8895: 7290: 7287:led to significant sustained emigration. 6081:The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma ( 4492:and the respectively ensuing treaties of 4406:. The emperor eventually ended up ruling 4152:, being separated from the latter by the 4082:lived in the Russian Empire, with ethnic 3979: 3170:. The maneuvering largely ended with the 2943:had effectively replaced the landowners. 2171:in 1798. Russian commander Field Marshal 1998:, by Russian troops under the command of 1376:first Russian colonization of the Pacific 16:1721–1917 empire spanning Europe and Asia 15136: 15081:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 14914: 14395: 14284: 13481: 13203: 13095: 12937: 12873: 12783: 12758: 12631: 12266: 12050:"Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire" 11952: 11793: 11781: 11578:Kalic, Sean N.; Brown, Gates M. (2017). 11538: 11256: 11193: 11059:. Oxford University Press. p. 764. 10841: 10671: 10659: 10327:. Oxford: University Press. p. 23. 10036: 9975:Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman 9899:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 9817: 9686:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. x. 9654: 9450: 8845: 8285: 8269: 8159:Peasants in Russia (photograph taken by 8154: 8139: 8043: 8031: 7834: 7823: 7510: 7498: 7490: 7396:. During the reign of Catherine II, the 7371: 7312: 7285:anti-Jewish policy of the Russian Empire 7131: 7111: 7021: 6760: 6752: 6617: 6507: 6312: 6304: 6240: 6209:Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets 6031: 6008: 5942: 4562: 4424: 4064: 4056: 3983: 3709:, causing the destruction of the entire 3680: 3586: 3372: 3272: 3257: 3042: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2829: 2821: 2632: 2607: 2503: 2479: 2339: 2268: 2209: 1986: 1978: 1958: 1725: 1569: 1513: 1205:; its matrilineal branch of patrilineal 327: 20350: 16125:Collective Security Treaty Organization 15214: 14961: 14849: 14714: 14636:"The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917" 14633: 14604:World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide 14480: 14218: 14185: 14099:Russian Identities: A Historical Survey 14040: 13997: 13890: 13802: 13593: 13262: 12204: 12165: 12153: 12141: 12126: 12114: 12102: 12090: 12078: 12066: 11940: 11871: 11757: 11745: 11733: 11662:. Cornell University Press. p. 9. 11616: 11436: 11397: 11358: 11181: 11098:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 208. 11091: 10909: 10879:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History 10769: 10683: 10647: 10632: 10513: 10260: 10248: 10203: 10143: 10131: 10079: 9997: 9769:Novosyolova, Nataliya Ivanovna (1999). 9706: 9679: 8848:Parliaments, Estates and Representation 8822:. Indiana University Press. p. 4. 8817: 8151:), photograph taken by Prokudin-Gorskii 7755: 6749:Industrialization in the Russian Empire 6460: 6147: 4548: 4541:in German) was the site of the initial 4461:(1815), Russia gained sovereignty over 4086:composing about 45% of the population. 4007: 3761:and concentrated between the cities of 3138:was carried out throughout the empire. 1872:(council of nobles) with a nine-member 1177:intensified expansion into Central Asia 1077:, and secured independence against the 21155: 16930:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 15380:Documents Of Russian History 1914–1917 15089:The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825 15005: 14986:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 14814:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia 14758: 14600: 14567: 14359: 14347: 14317: 14251: 13686: 13684: 12892:Cataliotti, Joseph (22 October 2023). 12707: 12705: 12679: 12677: 12675: 12627: 12625: 12561: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12312: 12310: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12023: 11979: 11874:The Routledge Atlas of Russian History 11805: 11769: 11701:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 449. 11526: 11494:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 380. 11475: 11307: 11244: 11232: 11130: 11052: 11040: 10994: 10967: 10955: 10872: 10746: 10723: 10580:Grinev, Andrei V. (18 February 2010). 10579: 10359: 10324:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964 10320: 10311: 10290: 10221: 10155: 10037:Semyonov, Alexander (1 January 2010), 9972: 9872: 9715:Industrial and trade policy of Peter I 9616:. The etymological origin of the word 9518: 9512: 9317: 9224:from the original on 10 September 2015 9182:from the original on 19 September 2015 8969:from the original on 17 September 2016 8608:Imperator i Samoderzhets Vserossiyskiy 8215:not encouraging of individual effort. 7948:, or social estates (classes) such as 7794:Military history of the Russian Empire 7455:that resulted from reactionary riots. 7034:from St. Petersburg on 30 October 1837 5925:, who warned of a Russia governed by " 4307:, and the former Ottoman provinces of 3701:, ending with a humiliating defeat at 2429:; from Northern Europe, it had gained 20551: 19057: 18510: 18484: 17160: 16876: 15683:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 15453: 15086: 14876: 14621:from the original on 26 December 2022 14588:from the original on 26 December 2022 14540: 14447: 14428: 14383:from the original on 27 February 2024 14206:from the original on 27 February 2024 13924:from the original on 27 February 2024 13711:from the original on 27 February 2024 13532: 13365: 13321:The Slavonic and East European Review 13314: 13244:from the original on 27 February 2024 13185:from the original on 27 February 2024 13152: 13077:from the original on 27 February 2024 13036:from the original on 27 February 2024 13002:from the original on 27 February 2024 12958:"Forgotten genocides of the Caucasus" 12955: 12855: 12841:from the original on 16 December 2023 12809:Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999). 12711: 12683: 12345:from the original on 27 February 2024 12295:from the original on 27 February 2024 12052:. chapter1, article 7. Archived from 11994: 11854: 11842: 11830: 11715:from the original on 27 December 2022 11694: 11676:from the original on 27 December 2022 11637:from the original on 28 December 2022 11598:from the original on 28 December 2022 11559:from the original on 27 December 2022 11508:from the original on 26 December 2022 11457:from the original on 26 December 2022 11379:from the original on 27 December 2022 11340:from the original on 27 December 2022 11289:from the original on 27 December 2022 11214:from the original on 29 December 2022 11200:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40. 11163:from the original on 29 December 2022 11112:from the original on 29 December 2022 11073:from the original on 28 December 2022 10940: 10739:Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, David. 10552: 10488:. Yale University Press. p. 74. 10366:God's Playground: A History of Poland 10341:from the original on 27 February 2024 10236: 9854:from the original on 5 September 2021 9801: 9710:Промышленно-торговая политика Петра 1 9707:Dubakov, Maxim Valentinovich (2004). 9500:from the original on 13 November 2020 9484: 9482: 9480: 9362:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917 9263:from the original on 11 February 2023 9149: 9128:from the original on 25 December 2022 9072: 9029:from the original on 28 February 2024 8933:from the original on 19 November 2018 8718: 8695: 8579: 8486: 7760:Russian Central Asia was also called 6765:Russian and US equities, 1865 to 1917 6417:. This system – based partly on 6401:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 5883:for 1910, Russia was described as "a 4555:Russian colonization of North America 4433:of the western Russian Empire in 1910 3615:, including the name of the capital, 3576: 3247: 2974:, also founded the outpost of future 2546:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 1554:invested the tsar with the titles of 1288:. The republic was overthrown in the 16822:Unified Sports Classification System 15390:The Russian Year-book: Volume 2 1912 15359: 15233: 15083:(2002), comprehensive topical survey 15054:Economic, social, and ethnic history 14777: 14501:from the original on 10 January 2023 14468:from the original on 12 January 2023 14454:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 14323:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 14305:from the original on 20 January 2023 14239:from the original on 12 January 2023 13645:from the original on 2 February 2022 13575:from the original on 29 October 2021 13545:from the original on 17 October 2021 13535:"Canada's little-known Russian sect" 13514:from the original on 17 October 2021 13463:from the original on 27 October 2021 13347:from the original on 17 October 2021 13296:from the original on 17 October 2021 13054: 13013: 12874:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 12759:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 12610:from the original on 29 October 2021 12543:from the original on 28 October 2021 12513:from the original on 2 February 2022 12483:from the original on 2 February 2022 12443:"Russia Virtual Jewish History Tour" 12416:from the original on 15 October 2019 12375:from the original on 17 October 2021 12186:from the original on 16 January 2023 11655: 10798:from the original on 24 January 2023 10614:from the original on 2 February 2022 10586:European Journal of American Studies 10534:from the original on 20 January 2023 10502:from the original on 17 January 2023 10463:from the original on 21 January 2023 10272: 9884:Philip Longworth and John Charlton, 9432:from the original on 4 February 2012 9388: 9359: 9338:from the original on 26 October 2023 8597:Император и Самодержец Всероссийский 8274:Saint Petersburg Imperial University 8197:nearly all the land belonged to the 8058:, depicting a Russian city in winter 7938:Social estates in the Russian Empire 7443:came to settle primarily in Canada. 6281:Government reform of Peter the Great 5871:From its initial creation until the 4584:According to the 1st article of the 4395:of 1808–1809 and the signing of the 4391:Following the Swedish defeat in the 3459: 2604:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 1758:, whose status was close to that of 1628:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1510:Government reform of Peter the Great 1280:, and the proclamation of the first 1171:were later checked by defeat in the 1027:between 1799 and 1867. The empire's 1005:proclamation of the Russian Republic 21233:Historical transcontinental empires 20579:International relations (1814–1919) 19018:History of the Mediterranean region 15479: 14416:from the original on 7 January 2023 14181:. Heinemann Educational Publishers. 13803:Mironov, Boris Nikolaevich (2012). 13691:Radzinsky, Edvard (30 March 2011). 13681: 13146: 12702: 12672: 12622: 12428: 12387: 12307: 12249: 11418:from the original on 4 January 2023 10763: 10726:Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought 10520:. Infobase Publishing. p. 54. 10006:. Publishing house Sreda: 176–178. 9078: 8798:18th Century in the Russian History 8290:Russian primary school in the 1900s 8243:History of journalism § Russia 7194: 6600:, the name of which was altered to 6548: 6347:of the Russian Empire included the 6214:Ministry of Ways of Communications; 5998: 3960:the frontier but failed to capture 3828: 3721:suffering 200,000. By October, the 2655:After Russian armies liberated the 2501:, no major changes were attempted. 2058:liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich 13: 21218:Former monarchies of North America 16925:List of current sovereign monarchs 16120:Commonwealth of Independent States 15371: 15141:. New York: Longman. p. 480. 14850:Manning, Roberta Thompson (1982). 14812:Channon, John, and Robert Hudson. 14666: 14541:Stein, Howard F. (December 1976). 14288:Russia and the Russians: A History 14272:from the original on 26 March 2023 13902:Orlando Figes, "The Peasantry" in 13669:from the original on 27 April 2022 13622:from the original on 26 March 2023 13263:Binzley, Ronald A. (1 June 2017). 12904:from the original on 20 March 2023 12740:from the original on 26 March 2023 12660:from the original on 26 March 2023 12453:from the original on 23 April 2020 12233:(June 1992) 23#2 pp. 171–180. 11868:Routledge Atlas of Russian History 10101:from the original on 22 April 2016 9721:from the original on 14 April 2018 9477: 9403:, pp. 8–31; Gilbert, Martin. 9302:from the original on 23 April 2023 9153:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution 9096:from the original on 10 April 2022 8778:from the original on 6 August 2022 7861:. Its poor performance during the 7418:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw 7308:Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly 7249:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 7176:powers in ecclesiastical matters. 6503: 6394: 6289:Supreme Court of the United States 6230: 5732: 4633:, a Russian entrepreneur, went to 4235:, was in foreign hands, while the 4037:, but he bequeathed the throne to 3909: 3855:on 20 August, and annihilated the 3784:Exhausted Russian troops began to 3757:, retreated from the frontline in 3537:had reached a breaking point with 2667:'s occupation of 1802, during the 2287: in) (diameter), 26 mm ( 2013:was a German princess who married 2004:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! 1857:as a deal to oppose the Ottomans. 1486:, excludes Grand Duchy of Finland 1382:which led to the incorporation of 210:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! 14: 21264: 21223:Former monarchies of Central Asia 21203:Former countries in North America 15400: 15262:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 15162:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 15155:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 14835:An historical geography of Russia 14816:(Viking, 1995), new topical maps. 14778:Suny, Ronald Grigor, ed. (2006). 13829:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 13656: 12220:(2006) Issue 2, pp. 101–134. 11617:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014a). 10741:Russian foreign policy, 1815–1917 10382:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar 10174:Strakhovsky, Leonid Ivan (1970). 10051:10.1163/ej.9789004175716.i-280.35 9820:The Revolution of Peter the Great 9783:from the original on 29 June 2018 9750:from the original on 29 June 2018 9669:from the original on 7 July 2018. 8999:from the original on 8 March 2023 8951:Journal of World-Systems Research 8768:"St. Petersburg through the Ages" 8488:[rɐˈsʲijskəjəɪmˈpʲerʲɪjə] 8386:- Russian conquest of Afghanistan 7780:(54,900). By 1911, 17 percent of 7012: 6696:Agriculture in the Russian Empire 6490:in the 34 governorates of Russia; 6197:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 6158:In 1905, a Council of Ministers ( 5746: 4639:negotiated a treaty of protection 4100:The administrative boundaries of 4069:Map of the Russian Empire in 1745 3662: 3443:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 3130:, with thousands being exiled to 2946:Seeking more territories, Russia 1671:(1621), the Archimandrite of the 1211:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 1163:and subsequently constituted the 228:Коль славенъ нашъ Господь в Сіонҍ 21208:Former countries in Central Asia 21168:1917 disestablishments in Russia 19003:Bibliography of European history 18598:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 17443:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15418: 15406: 15280:(Indiana University Press, 1998) 15179:, Westview Press, archived from 14882:The Fall of the Russian Monarchy 14601:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2019). 14568:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014). 14117: 14104: 14091: 14078: 14034: 13991: 13978: 13936: 13896: 13855: 13821: 13784: 13771: 13755: 13746: 13726: 13587: 13557: 13526: 13475: 13408: 13359: 13308: 13256: 13206:"Lutherans in Russia since 1990" 13197: 13153:Paert, Irina (1 February 2017). 13089: 13048: 12956:Peach, Gary (10 November 2010). 12931: 12802: 12777: 12752: 12555: 12525: 12495: 12465: 12357: 12267:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017). 12236: 12223: 12210: 12159: 12042: 12017: 11988: 11973: 11946: 11890: 11860: 11811: 11688: 11649: 11610: 11571: 11532: 11481: 11430: 11391: 11352: 11313: 11262: 11187: 11136: 11085: 11046: 10222:Mazour, Anatole Gregory (1961). 9640:(in Russian) (5). Archived from 8725: 8702: 8679: 8660: 8653:, Peter claimed equality to the 8649:("king"). By adopting the title 8363: 8349: 7910:Technology in the Russian Empire 7337:during the 1860s. Following its 7242: 6624:State Bank of the Russian Empire 5828: 4722: 4607:, and after 1991 in the smaller 3924:, with German support, began to 3669:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3094: 2771: 1407:Population of Russia (millions) 973: 959: 930: 278: 246: 242:How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion 235:Kol' slaven nash Gospod' v Sione 214: 161: 100: 72: 65: 19028:History of Western civilization 18631:Christianity in the Middle Ages 16920:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 15260:Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. 14809:(2015), copies of historic maps 14780:The Cambridge History of Russia 14761:The Cambridge History of Russia 14640:European History in Perspective 14353:The Cambridge History of Russia 13910:. Indiana UP. pp. 543–53. 11015: 10988: 10973: 10934: 10866: 10835: 10813: 10732: 10701: 10573: 10546: 10475: 10436: 10423: 10398: 10373: 10353: 10284: 10266: 10215: 10197: 10182: 10167: 10149: 10112: 10085: 10030: 9991: 9966: 9957: 9948: 9939: 9928: 9917: 9904: 9891: 9878: 9836: 9811: 9762: 9733: 9700: 9673: 9648: 9625: 9587: 9557: 9444: 9410: 9394: 9353: 9321:Encyclopedia of Russian History 9275: 9236: 9204:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2008). 9108: 9041: 9011: 8981: 8906:International Studies Quarterly 8889: 8613: 8586: 8581:[ɐˈtʲet͡sɐˈtʲet͡ɕɪstvə] 8550: 8541: 8512: 8458: 8379:Expansion of Russia (1500–1800) 7348:Many groups of Muslims such as 7074:on the Caspian Sea and reached 5740:Not internationally recognized. 4660:In 1889, a Russian adventurer, 4323:, and the northeastern part of 4184:, and then to the mouth of the 3863:, leading to the occupation of 3531:Russia's relations with Germany 3510:in Central Asia until the 1907 3329:Constitutional Democratic Party 3181:, 1890 to 1904. This opened up 2818:Russia–United Kingdom relations 2802:Second half of the 19th century 2795:in 1819 (hand-drawn lithograph) 2683:, eastern Georgia, and most of 2484:An 1813 painting depicting the 2264: 2148:in 1796 after they had invaded 2025:instituted by Peter the Great. 1971:, she played a key role in the 1949:Catherine the Great (1762–1796) 1833:at the expense of the weakened 1747: 1710: 1546:22 October] 1721, the 1497:includes new Asian territories 1312:, the Bolsheviks conducted the 1185: 1154: 1139: 1114: 1087: 1068: 1009:third-largest empire in history 18872:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 18815:Christianity in the modern era 18586:Christianity in late antiquity 16902: 15215:——— (2012), 15006:——— (2011), 14948:Military and foreign relations 14854:. Princeton University Press. 14169: 14086:History of Education Quarterly 14043:History of Education Quarterly 13827:Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, 13204:Stricker, Gerd (1 June 2001). 12972:Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). 8866: 8839: 8811: 8790: 8760: 8735:was the dominant faith of the 8449: 8436: 8425:In 1914, the city was renamed 8419: 8402: 7654:Other non-Christian religions 6708:, which was worked by Russian 6689: 6573:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6469:the peasant assemblies in the 6224:Ministry of National Education 6171:Ministry of the Imperial Court 6005:State Council (Russian Empire) 5917:under an autocratic emperor". 5734: 5198:General Secretariat of Ukraine 4559:First Russian circumnavigation 4295:, the Central Asian states of 3631:; and was thus renamed to the 3583:Russian entry into World War I 3556:of the Austro-Hungarian heir, 3201:. In 1900, the Russian Empire 3154:, with the implicit threat to 2711:, Russia invaded northeastern 2693:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 2552:hundreds of thousands sent to 2456:reached Moscow, the Russians' 2389:, Napoleon defeated Russia at 2336:First half of the 19th century 2167:against the new-revolutionary 2030:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1920:war against the Ottoman Empire 1914:, the crown passed to Empress 1791:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1278:Russian Provisional Government 1227:Alaska, Hawaii, and California 1040:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 999:that spanned most of northern 1: 21163:1721 establishments in Russia 20949:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20903:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20893:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 19023:History of the European Union 16030:Political abuse of psychiatry 15116:(Open Book Publishers, 2017) 14759:Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). 14704:(Yale University Press, 2001) 14560:10.1525/eth.1976.4.4.02a00010 13795:Russian Social Science Review 13366:Weeks, Ted (1 January 2011). 13159:The English Historical Review 13096:Williams, Brian Glyn (2000). 12923:. 21 May 2023. Archived from 11980:Martin, Alexander M. (1997). 10004:Law, Economics and Management 9901:(Yale University Press, 1981) 9600:. Routledge. pp. 40–42. 9594:Madariaga, Isabel De (2014). 8860:10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857 8753: 8518:Historiographically known as 8204: 8145: 7880:The army performed poorly in 7486: 7319:Russian conquest of Circassia 7108:History of the Jews in Russia 6720:". Another system was called 6650:, many reforms occurred. The 6614:Economy of the Russian Empire 6598:Imperial University of Dorpat 6516: 6070: 6014: 5979:of succession established by 5903:fundamental laws were changed 5748: 4966:Great Stand on the Ugra River 4688:Government and administration 4624:Russian concession of Tianjin 4518:from the early 18th century; 4439:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 3689:, a major disaster for Russia 3437:War, revolution, and collapse 3401:led an enormous crowd to the 3254:History of Russia (1892–1917) 2808:History of Russia (1855–1892) 2669:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2646:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 2628:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 2510:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2358:History of Russia (1796–1855) 2050:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 1717:History of Russia (1721–1796) 1503: 1369: 20809:Second Industrial Revolution 20683:League of the Three Emperors 16935:List of monarchy referendums 16675:Traditions and superstitions 15426:travel guide from Wikivoyage 15346:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–79 14884:. Phoenix. pp. 94–143. 14842: 14516:The Russian empire 1801–1917 14402:. Harvard University Press. 14219:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). 13639:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12688:. Brill. pp. 1–3, 100. 12507:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12477:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12447:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12410:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12270:The Russian Empire 1450–1801 12166:Ziegler, Charles E. (2009). 11320:Ruthchild, Rochelle (2010). 10760:, pp. 441–444, 679–682. 9844:"BOUNDARIES ii. With Russia" 9822:. Harvard University Press. 9740:Yarysheva, Svetlana (2001). 9522:Romania to Saint-Jean-de-Luz 9461:(in Russian). Archived from 9451:Anisimov, Yevgeniya (2017). 9364:. Anthem Press. p. 88. 8818:Coleman, Heather J. (2014). 8319:—while the relatively young 8265: 7914:Cinema of the Russian Empire 7829:Battle of the Trebbia (1799) 6203:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4089: 4052: 3968:, where the Russian General 3527:League of the Three Emperors 3455:Eastern Orthodoxy by country 3431:Russian Constitution of 1906 3209:'s intervention against the 2885:In 1854–1855, Russia fought 2177:Italian and Swiss expedition 1380:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 542:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 21213:Former monarchies of Europe 20839:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19083: 18982:Russian invasion of Ukraine 18593:Crisis of the Third Century 16341:Water supply and sanitation 14514:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967). 14487:. Oxford University Press. 14481:Sanborn, Joshua A. (2014). 14431:Russia under the Old Regime 13482:Hardwick, Susan W. (1993). 13385:10.1016/j.euras.2010.10.008 13372:Journal of Eurasian Studies 13210:Religion, State and Society 12632:Campbell, Elena I. (2015). 11539:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2020). 11143:Fortescue, William (2017). 10980:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1952). 10728:. Indiana University Press. 10045:, BRILL, pp. 191–228, 9285:A Concise History of Russia 8607: 8571: 8478: 8342: 8125: 8028:Emancipation reform of 1861 7787: 7748: 7745: 7737: 7734: 7724: 7721: 7711: 7708: 7698: 7695: 7685: 7682: 7672: 7669: 7659: 7656: 7648: 7645: 7630: 7627: 7617: 7614: 7604: 7601: 7591: 7588: 7578: 7575: 7565: 7562: 7552: 7549: 7089: 7017: 6671:Russian famine of 1891–1892 6411:statute of 20 November 1864 6176:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6136:, and the Polish cities of 6077:State Duma (Russian Empire) 5262:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 4641:with the island's governor 4490:Russo-Persian War (1826–28) 4486:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 4445:, the eastern parts of the 4416:Governor-General of Finland 4412:semi-constitutional monarch 4344:Between 1742 and 1867, the 4207:were surrounded by what is 4043:Romanov family was executed 3926:raid Russian coastal cities 3693:By August 1914, Russia had 3657: 3449:Eastern Front (World War I) 3381:(inside China), during the 2997:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 2929:Emancipation Reform of 1861 2838:of a Russian naval base at 2709:1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War 2348:, giving orders during the 2163:. He brought Russia into a 2140:, signed with the Georgian 2089:Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova 1868:state. He replaced the old 1722:Peter the Great (1682–1725) 1409: 1406: 1388:Russian conquest of Siberia 1221:in the south, and from the 835:• Proclamation of the 266: 234: 202: 149: 126: 48: 10: 21269: 21198:Former countries in Europe 20888:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 19038:Military history of Europe 19033:Maritime history of Europe 15441:The Empire that was Russia 15238:. Boston: Addison-Wesley. 15137:Kappeler, Andreas (2001). 14969:. New York: I. B. Tauris. 14677: 14670: 14285:Geoffrey, Hosking (2011). 14189:Imperial Russia, 1801-1905 13779:Russian Studies in History 13594:Sperber, Jonathan (2013). 13433:10.3378/1534-6617-80.3.203 11995:Wolfe, Bertram D. (2018). 11967:10.2753/RSH1061-1983480200 11955:Russian Studies in History 11698:A Companion to World War I 11620:500 Great Military Leaders 11443:. Bloomsbury. p. 61. 11398:Zabecki, David T. (2014). 11272:The Origins of World War I 11149:. Routledge. p. 109. 10842:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 10724:Byrnes, Robert F. (1968). 10514:Borrero, Mauricio (2009). 10449:. Routledge. p. 164. 10380:Radzinsky, Edvard (2006). 10305:10.1177/026569148501500201 10293:European History Quarterly 9973:Massie, Robert K. (2011). 9655:Solovyov, Yevgeny (2006). 9528:Great Russian Encyclopedia 9458:Great Russian Encyclopedia 9282:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012). 8321:Imperial Moscow University 8240: 8129: 8021: 8017: 7935: 7931: 7895: 7891: 7797: 7791: 7743:Other Christian religions 7294: 7246: 7093: 6746: 6728:, which was introduced by 6693: 6611: 6607: 6552: 6398: 6298: 6268: 6234: 6151: 6074: 6002: 5936: 5932: 4691: 4662:Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov 4552: 4443:Treaty of Bucharest (1812) 4156:depression, which in post- 4093: 4011: 3989:Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow 3913: 3832: 3666: 3646:had therefore devised the 3580: 3463: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3310:central black earth region 3251: 3142:Foreign policy (1864–1907) 2811: 2805: 2601: 2598:Foreign policy (1800–1864) 2355: 1952: 1862:reorganized his government 1714: 1507: 1343: 1339: 318: Spheres of influence 143:За Веру, Царя и Отечество! 18: 21047: 20911: 20824: 20709:European balance of power 20701: 20636: 20585: 20519: 20471: 19988: 19392: 19091: 19008:Genetic history of Europe 18990: 18795: 18611: 18551: 18518: 18347: 18256: 17970: 17733: 17667: 17479: 17470: 17366: 17348: 17280: 17195: 17153: 17085: 16999: 16943: 16910: 16841: 16598: 16362: 16353: 16186: 16177: 15930: 15921: 15729: 15720: 15655: 15497: 15488: 15443:: color photographs from 15270:Historiography and memory 14993:Journal of Modern History 14988:(1998); military strategy 14711:(1983), narrative history 14648:10.1007/978-1-349-25483-5 14177:Catchpole, Brian (1974). 14097:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, 13281:10.1163/22141332-00403007 13268:Journal of Jesuit Studies 13222:10.1080/09637490120074792 13061:A History of the Caucasus 13020:A History of the Caucasus 12980:; Roberts, Penny (eds.). 12938:Richmond, Walter (2013). 12858:The Thistle and the Drone 12784:Richmond, Walter (2013). 12712:Crews, Robert D. (2006). 11623:. ABC-CLIO. p. 556. 11584:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11491:World War I: Encyclopedia 11437:McNally, Michael (2022). 11404:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371. 10997:Journal of Modern History 10941:Warth, Robert D. (1997). 10321:Haynes, Margaret (2017). 9318:Millar, James R. (2004). 9246:Decades of Reconstruction 9210:. Indiana UP. p. 1. 8710: 8687: 8596: 8560: 8501: 8466: 8179:The average allotment in 7841:Suvorov Crossing the Alps 7831:by Alexander von Kotzebue 7231:), banning and declaring 7162:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 7104:Catholic Church in Russia 6757:100 ruble banknote (1910) 6743:Mining and heavy industry 6277:Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat 6264: 5704: 5683: 5665:Luhansk People's Republic 5662: 5644:Donetsk People's Republic 5641: 5620: 5603: 5586: 5407: 5396: 5260: 5239: 5228: 5217: 5196: 5085: 5074: 5063: 5052: 5041: 4846:Principality of Chernigov 4651:Orthodox Church in Hawaii 4616:Kwantung Leased Territory 4500:, as well as through the 4376:. Both Fort Ross and the 4370:Sonoma County, California 4368:(established in 1812) in 4020:International Women's Day 3753:. The Ninth Army, led by 3340:Socialist Revolutionaries 2725:Greek Orthodox population 2514:French invasion of Russia 2142:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 2054:Fortress of St. Elizabeth 1518:A painting depicting the 1198:of all 23 million serfs. 1129:to the new model city of 909: 899: 895: 885: 872: 868: 863: 855: 850: 846: 833: 820: 804: 791: 778: 761: 748: 733: 720: 710: 697: 693: 685: 668: 651: 641: 637: 625: 613:• 1810–1812 (first) 611: 607: 591: 587: 575: 565:• 1721–1725 (first) 563: 559: 549: 522: 510: 434: 399:Recognised languages 397: 387: 377: 357: 293: 259: 227: 203:Grom pobedy, razdavaysia! 196:Громъ побҍды, раздавайся! 195: 142: 136: 120: 84:Civil ensign (1696–1917); 61: 56: 42: 36: 30: 21238:Modern history of Russia 21000:Venezuela Naval Blockade 20671:Anglo-Russian Convention 17072:Self-proclaimed monarchy 16115:Prime Minister of Russia 14915:Westwood, J. N. (2002). 14828:Atlas of Russian history 14790:(Greenwood Press, 1999) 14691:Kamenskii, Aleksandr B. 14158:26 December 2022 at the 13734: 13315:Zatko, James J. (1960). 13057:"2: Rule and Resistance" 13016:"2: Rule and Resistance" 12921:Human Rights Association 12406:"The Pale of Settlement" 12172:. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. 11872:Gilbert, Martin (2007). 11053:Garver, John W. (2015). 10873:Ascher, Abraham (2004). 9935:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети 9924:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети 9818:Cracraft, James (2003). 9405:Atlas of Russian history 9360:Moss, Walter G. (2003). 9150:Swain, Geoffrey (2014). 8395: 8236: 6686:was introduced in 1916. 6445:, each having their own 6295:Administrative divisions 5271: 4941: 4865: 4783: 4773: 4763: 4447:Principality of Moldavia 4437:In the aftermath of the 4346:Russian-American Company 4303:, a significant part of 3894:On 4 June 1916, General 3839:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3595:, on the balcony of the 3558:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 3512:Anglo-Russian Convention 3264:First Russian Revolution 3234:Anglo-Russian Convention 3172:Anglo-Russian Convention 3124:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 3120:conquest of Central Asia 2865:Russian troops entering 2657:Eastern Georgian Kingdom 2637:1892 painting depicting 2615:'s 1893 painting of the 2568:of the medieval Russian 1440:includes part of Poland 1403: 577:• 1894–1917 (last) 322: 316: 309: 303: 21005:Alaska boundary dispute 20678:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 20661:Franco-Russian Alliance 19013:History of Christianity 17340:Vatican City (Holy See) 16553:Social entrepreneurship 16442:Forced public apologies 16377:Anti-American sentiment 15339:(1994) 46#4 pp. 563–78. 15123:5 December 2017 at the 15032:18 January 2017 at the 14833:Parker, William Henry. 14799:Geography, topical maps 14715:Longley, David (2000). 14686:Russia: A Short History 14634:Waldron, Peter (1997). 14448:Pipes, Richard (2011). 14429:Pipes, Richard (1974). 14396:McMeekin, Sean (2011). 14252:Freeze, George (2002). 14179:A Map History of Russia 12982:The Massacre in History 12940:The Circassian Genocide 12876:The Circassian Genocide 12820:The Massacre in History 12786:The Circassian Genocide 12761:The Circassian Genocide 12562:Brower, Daniel (1996). 12242:Article 62 of the 1906 12024:Plokhy, Serhii (2010). 11656:Jahn, Hubertus (1998). 11359:Goldman, Emily (2011). 11323:Equality and Revolution 11194:Yorulmaz, Naci (2014). 11092:Fromkin, David (2010). 10825:"Port Arthur Revisited" 10770:Andreev, A. I. (2003). 10718:18 January 2017 at the 10709:Alexander III of Russia 10553:Jones, Preston (2017). 10191:Economic History Review 9121:Encyclopædia Britannica 8919:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8507:modern Russian spelling 7873:, and particularly the 7520:Imperial census of 1897 6662:was abolished in 1886. 6162:) was created, under a 5975:, and he must obey the 5973:Russian Orthodox Church 5957:changed his title from 5885:constitutional monarchy 5523:Eurasian Economic Union 5372:Parade of sovereignties 4836:Principality of Polotsk 4620:Chinese Eastern Railway 4243:Territorial development 3729:, and the newly-formed 3613:Germanophobic sentiment 3397:" occurred when Father 3116:Franco-Russian Alliance 3110:. The throne passed to 2956:Manchu-ruled Qing China 2659:(allied since the 1783 2253:in Russia (1613–1917). 2237:, anti-Jewish pogroms, 2226:between Russia and the 2201:Alexander III of Russia 2118:successfully waging war 2062:Novorossiya Governorate 2034:Targowica Confederation 1975:(painted in the 1780s). 1893:Russian Orthodox Church 1878:provinces and districts 1843:against them in 1722–23 1308:. During the resulting 1302:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 388:Official languages 311: Lost in 1856–1914 21:Russia (disambiguation) 21228:Former empires in Asia 20924:Unification of Germany 20871:Taft–Katsura agreement 18837:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17622:Islands of Refreshment 17052:Legitimacy (political) 16301:Social security system 16284:Science and technology 15950:Classified information 15776:Central Russian Upland 15378:Golder, Frank Alfred. 15318:(2001) 3#2 pp. 109–32. 15166:(2nd ed. 1979), 552 pp 15079:De Madariaga, Isabel. 14433:. New York: Scribner. 13102:Cahiers du Monde russe 13055:King, Charles (2008). 13014:King, Charles (2008). 11997:Revolution and Reality 10384:. Simon and Schuster. 10118:Nicholas Riasanovsky, 9680:Drozdek, Adam (2021). 9632:Ageyeva, Olga (1999). 8993:Slavic Research Center 8745:Grand Duchy of Finland 8444:Committee of Ministers 8291: 8275: 8230:various strips of land 8164: 8161:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky 8152: 8059: 8041: 7958:), clergy, merchants, 7850: 7832: 7516: 7508: 7496: 7394:Baltic German nobility 7381: 7330: 7291:Persecution of Muslims 7137: 7129: 7096:Christianity in Russia 7058:and the oil center of 7050:connected the city of 7035: 7028:Tsarskoye Selo Railway 6766: 6758: 6627: 6523: 6522:(colorized photograph) 6318: 6310: 6250: 6049: 6029: 6022:General Staff Building 5951: 5113:Provisional Government 5054:Grand Duchy of Finland 4932:Principality of Moscow 4655:Russian Fort Elizabeth 4581: 4434: 4397:Treaty of Fredrikshamn 4281:Grand Duchy of Finland 4259:. In 1905 Russia lost 4070: 4062: 3992: 3980:Problems in the empire 3956:, opened the front by 3690: 3623:for the sake of words 3600: 3478:, was a member of the 3386: 3342:(SRs) and the Marxist 3289: 3288:from the Kremlin, 1908 3270: 3179:Trans-Siberian Railway 3128:imperial secret police 3108:terrorist organization 3052: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2853:Russian troops taking 2846: 2827: 2652: 2630: 2517: 2489: 2452:. Although Napoleon's 2385:. After he became the 2364:Saint Michael's Castle 2353: 2316: 2215: 2007: 1984: 1976: 1969:enlightened absolutist 1742: 1585: 1582:Alexander von Kotzebue 1526: 1520:Battle of Narva (1700) 1453:Grand Duchy of Finland 955:Provisional Government 366:(1721–1728; 1730–1917) 274:The Prayer of Russians 94:State flag (1858–1896) 86:State flag (1896–1917) 21010:First Moroccan Crisis 20724:Spread of nationalism 20688:Eight-Nation Alliance 20496:Medieval great powers 18917:Industrial Revolution 17433:Saint Kitts and Nevis 17022:Criticism of monarchy 17012:Abolition of monarchy 16762:Russian tsars regalia 16095:Intelligence agencies 15818:Great Russian Regions 15562:Expansion (1500-1800) 15328:Sanders, Thomas, ed. 15307:Lieven, Dominic C.B. 15283:Cracraft, James. ed. 15173:; Eklof, Ben (2000), 15087:Dixon, Simon (1999). 15068:. (Blackwell, 1998). 15025:11#2 (2008): 128–51. 14998:Lieven, Dominic C.B. 14995:87#3 (2015): 668–700. 14788:The History of Russia 14699:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14361:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14349:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14186:Chapman, Tim (2002). 14088:32.3 (1992): 343–360. 13953:29 April 2014 at the 13781:56.3 (2017): 172–187. 13663:www.timesofisrael.com 13115:10.4000/monderusse.39 12856:Ahmed, Akbar (2013). 12815:Shenfield, Stephen D. 12684:Allen, Frank (2021). 12169:The History of Russia 10163:. Simon and Schuster. 10122:(4th ed. 1984), p 284 10097:, Heritage Auctions, 9897:Isabel De Madariaga, 9156:. Routledge. p. 9090:reviews.history.ac.uk 8804:19 March 2022 at the 8296:Ministry of Education 8289: 8273: 8158: 8143: 8130:Further information: 8047: 8035: 7859:Imperial Russian Navy 7855:Imperial Russian Army 7838: 7827: 7526:Russian Empire census 7514: 7502: 7494: 7375: 7339:conquest of Circassia 7316: 7295:Further information: 7146:Orthodox Christianity 7140:The Russian Empire's 7135: 7124:in Moscow during his 7115: 7068:Trans-Caspian Railway 7048:Transcaucasus Railway 7025: 6764: 6756: 6621: 6511: 6455:justices of the peace 6316: 6308: 6299:Further information: 6244: 6187:Ministry of the Navy; 6083:Gosudarstvennaya Duma 6035: 6012: 5946: 5905:by removing the word 5754:Not fully controlled. 5588:Republic of Tatarstan 5481:Constitutional crisis 4566: 4428: 4176:. It then ran to the 4068: 4060: 4045:by the Bolsheviks in 3987: 3869:fortress of Premissel 3857:Austro-Hungarian Army 3684: 3677:Vistula–Bug offensive 3590: 3494:, comprising itself, 3466:Causes of World War I 3447:Further information: 3376: 3362:and the more radical 3302:Industrial Revolution 3283: 3261: 3207:Eight-Nation Alliance 3049:Battle of Shipka Pass 3046: 3005:Treaty of San Stefano 2876: 2864: 2852: 2833: 2825: 2812:Further information: 2697:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2687:to Russia, under the 2639:Imperial Russian Navy 2636: 2611: 2536:. The result was the 2507: 2499:a few were introduced 2495:Industrial Revolution 2483: 2343: 2272: 2213: 2181:Battle of the Trebbia 1990: 1982: 1973:Russian Enlightenment 1962: 1903:, which was led by a 1801:; they conducted the 1729: 1669:Zacharias Kopystensky 1573: 1517: 1484:Russian Empire census 1296:, who proclaimed the 21015:Algeciras Conference 20995:Annexation of Hawaii 20934:Great Eastern Crisis 20929:Unification of Italy 20919:Formation of Romania 20736:French–German enmity 20506:European colonialism 20491:Ancient great powers 18972:European debt crisis 18967:European integration 18907:Age of Enlightenment 18747:Republic of Florence 17265:United Arab Emirates 16829:World Heritage sites 16206:Droughts and famines 15759:Environmental issues 15507:Proto-Indo-Europeans 15415:at Wikimedia Commons 15394:full text in English 15353:28 July 2019 at the 15325:(2004) 5#1 pp. 7–26. 15234:Moon, David (1999). 15203:on 29 September 2008 15183:on 29 September 2008 14786:Ziegler; Charles E. 13969:Christine D. Worobec 13533:Sainsbury, Brendan. 12988:. pp. 149–162. 12984:. New York, NY, US: 12827:. pp. 149–162. 11695:Horne, John (2012). 10846:. pp. 161–279. 10821:Connaughton, Richard 10405:Baten, Jörg (2016). 10274:Lang, David Marshall 10194:7.2 (1954): 137–149. 8674:justice of the peace 8479:Rossiyskaya Imperiya 8260:Peterburgskii Listok 8189:increased after the 8112:Free agriculturalist 7820:Russo-Circassian War 7756:Russian Central Asia 7433:Spiritual Christians 7392:and the presence of 7358:Official Nationality 7343:diaspora communities 7272:Emperor Alexander II 7168:, the civilian Over 6726:Sobornoye Ulozheniye 6461:Local administration 6148:Council of Ministers 6085:), which formed the 5527:Annexation of Crimea 5135:Constituent Assembly 5012:Second Patriotic War 4631:Georg Anton Schäffer 4549:Imperial territories 4516:New Siberian Islands 4160:times connected the 4008:End of imperial rule 3687:Battle of Tannenberg 3644:German General Staff 3619:, which sounded too 2954:) from the weakened 2661:Treaty of Georgievsk 2644:in a scene from the 2352:(1812) while wounded 2239:Bloody Sunday (1905) 2138:Treaty of Georgievsk 2126:Partitions of Poland 1996:on December 22, 1790 1677:Theophan Prokopovich 1392:Partitions of Poland 1217:in the north to the 305: Russia in 1914 150:Bozhe Tsarya khrani! 49:Rossiyskaya Imperiya 21080:Philippine–American 21065:First Sino-Japanese 20898:Racconigi agreement 20844:Treaty of Frankfurt 20804:Great Rapprochement 20758:Scramble for Africa 20501:Modern great powers 18937:Revolutions of 1848 18867:Early modern France 18648:Anglo-Saxon England 18553:Classical antiquity 18461:Trinidad and Tobago 18348:Commonwealth realms 18233:United Baltic Duchy 17376:Antigua and Barbuda 17368:Commonwealth realms 17062:Order of succession 16680:Forms of addressing 16289:Academy of Sciences 16246:Financial districts 16110:President of Russia 16035:Political divisions 15995:Freedom of assembly 15877:West Siberian Plain 15623:Great Patriotic War 15584:February Revolution 15445:Library of Congress 15337:Europe‐Asia Studies 15316:National Identities 15301:5 July 2019 at the 15129:Freeze, Gregory L. 15105:Etkind, Alexander. 14984:Fuller, William C. 14956:Napoleon and Russia 14769:A History of Russia 14752:(1947) pp 221–537, 14750:A history of Russia 14707:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 14518:. Clarendon Press. 13984:Louise McReynolds, 13742:on 24 October 2012. 12968:on 25 October 2020. 11043:, pp. 160–186. 10984:. pp. 277–280. 10970:, pp. 234–268. 10743:. pp. 554–574. 10698:, pp. 445–460. 10120:A History of Russia 9910:John T. Alexander, 9023:Wesleyan University 8883:8 June 2019 at the 8697:[ˈbarɕːɪnə] 8442:As Chairman of the 8390:Russian imperialism 8191:Polish insurrection 8149: 1909 to 1915 7886:February Revolution 7624:Armenian Apostolics 7537:Count of believers 7335:Circassian genocide 7323:Circassian genocide 7205:confessionalization 7122:Dormition Cathedral 6771: 6652:Peasants' Land Bank 6555:Baltic governorates 6391:acted as governor. 6355:, and, after 1914, 6249:in Saint Petersburg 6218:Ministry of Justice 6191:Ministry of Finance 6013:This painting from 5968:February Revolution 5929:with a telegraph". 5707:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 5539:Invasion of Ukraine 5328:Great Patriotic War 5300:Cultural revolution 5241:Transcaucasian SFSR 5109:February Revolution 4996:Emancipation reform 4894:Council of Uvetichi 4744: • 4740: • 4335:Alexander Gorchakov 4301:Baltic governorates 4096:Geography of Russia 4014:February Revolution 3851:, held by Austrian 3790:Russian-held Poland 3735:Grand Duke Nicholas 3599:, on 2 August 1914. 3470:Russia, along with 3320:Peasants' Land Bank 2437:against a weakened 2165:major coalition war 2011:Catherine the Great 1965:Catherine the Great 1905:government official 1847:temporarily annexed 1689:Alexander Menshikov 1673:Kiev Pechersk Lavra 1542:November [ 1274:February Revolution 1243:famine in 1891–1892 1194:, most notably the 1135:Catherine the Great 1108:, and the reign of 1106:conquest of Siberia 824:February Revolution 787:Jan 1905 – Jul 1907 752:Emancipation reform 627:• 1917 (last) 348:Show all controlled 324: Protectorates 187:Other used anthems: 20939:Congress of Berlin 20856:Reinsurance Treaty 20834:Congress of Vienna 20814:Industrial warfare 20780:Scramble for China 19043:Crusading movement 18947:Russian Revolution 18782:Hundred Years' War 18678:Maritime republics 18581:Early Christianity 18571:Hellenistic period 18528:Paleolithic Europe 16730:Russian given name 16316:Telecommunications 16266:Petroleum industry 16130:State of emergency 15975:Far-right politics 15940:Capital punishment 15786:Meshchera Lowlands 15640:Russian Federation 15596:October Revolution 15294:4.1 (1977): 1–22. 15159:(1977) pp. 365–425 15060:Christian, David. 13171:10.1093/ehr/cew383 12927:on 22 August 2023. 11943:, p. 728–730. 11784:, p. 111–112. 11760:, p. 125–126. 10161:Napoleon in Russia 8899:(September 1997). 8655:Holy Roman Emperor 8502:Российская Империя 8467:Россійская Имперія 8455:As Prime Minister. 8408:Principalities of 8292: 8276: 8250:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 8165: 8153: 8103:Exceptional status 8060: 8048:The 1916 painting 8042: 7925:standard of living 7902:Russian literature 7851: 7833: 7816:Russo-Japanese War 7808:Russo-Persian Wars 7804:Russo-Turkish Wars 7800:Russo-Swedish Wars 7692:Armenian Catholics 7517: 7509: 7497: 7406:Polish nationalism 7398:Jesuit suppression 7382: 7331: 7303:forced conversions 7263:Emperor Nicholas I 7259:Pale of Settlement 7209:confessional state 7138: 7130: 7036: 6789:Kingdom of Poland 6769: 6767: 6759: 6667:Ivan Vyshnegradsky 6628: 6577:Great Northern War 6524: 6349:Emirate of Bukhara 6319: 6311: 6285:court of cassation 6251: 6199:(created in 1905); 6164:minister president 6050: 6030: 5952: 5623:Republic of Crimea 5574:Russian Federation 5517:Presidential terms 5409:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5362:Chernobyl disaster 5102:Russian Revolution 5000:Russo-Japanese War 4988:1812 Patriotic War 4902:Battle of Kulikovo 4890:Council of Liubech 4668:, situated on the 4609:Russian Federation 4582: 4531:Kaliningrad Oblast 4459:Congress of Vienna 4441:, and the ensuing 4435: 4249:Kaliningrad Oblast 4209:ethnically Finnish 4071: 4063: 4039:Grand Duke Michael 3993: 3843:Brusilov offensive 3691: 3601: 3577:Declaration of War 3566:Austrian ultimatum 3412:Revolution of 1905 3391:Russo-Japanese War 3387: 3383:Russo-Japanese War 3290: 3271: 3248:Early 20th century 3219:Russo-Japanese War 3053: 3010:Congress of Berlin 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2828: 2703:, Azerbaijan, and 2689:Treaty of Gulistan 2653: 2631: 2518: 2490: 2467:Congress of Vienna 2446:invasion of Russia 2411:Continental System 2403:Treaties of Tilsit 2383:Napoleon Bonaparte 2370:. Russia was in a 2354: 2350:Battle of Borodino 2317: 2247:Battle of Tsushima 2243:Russo-Japanese War 2216: 2008: 1994:Storming of Izmail 1985: 1977: 1845:. Peter the Great 1803:Great Northern War 1743: 1586: 1539:Great Northern War 1527: 1524:Great Northern War 1358:, the khanates of 1290:October Revolution 1169:Russo-Turkish Wars 1094:tsar of all Russia 1011:, behind only the 712:• Proclaimed 619:Nikolai Rumyantsev 350:territories (1866) 338:Show map of Europe 157:God Save the Tsar! 43:Российская Империя 37:Россійская Имперія 21188:Former monarchies 21150: 21149: 21119:Albanian Revolts 20976:German Naval Laws 20960:Naval arms races 20944:Berlin Conference 20876:Hague Conventions 20545: 20544: 20467: 20466: 20432:Polish–Lithuanian 19607:Gurjara-Pratihara 19051: 19050: 18977:COVID-19 pandemic 18922:French Revolution 18897:Habsburg monarchy 18877:Cossack Hetmanate 18857:Portuguese Empire 18847:Absolute monarchy 18842:Thirty Years' War 18737:Holy Roman Empire 18662:Bulgarian Empire 18621:Early Middle Ages 18538:Bronze Age Europe 18512:History of Europe 18478: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18163:Piedmont-Sardinia 17915:Sip Song Chau Tai 17725:Thirteen Colonies 17466: 17465: 16870: 16869: 16837: 16836: 16417:Domestic violence 16349: 16348: 16271:Russian oligarchs 16196:Aircraft industry 16173: 16172: 16150:Mass surveillance 16140:Search and rescue 16105:Political parties 15985:Foreign relations 15917: 15916: 15716: 15715: 15708:Historical cities 15567:Tsardom of Russia 15411:Media related to 15332:(ME Sharpe, 1999) 15245:978-0-5820-9508-3 15171:Mironov, Boris N. 15148:978-0-5822-3415-4 15098:978-0-5213-7100-1 15014:LeDonne, John P. 14976:978-1-8606-4847-2 14930:978-0-1992-4617-5 14826:Gilbert, Martin. 14726:978-0-5823-1990-5 14684:Ascher, Abraham. 14657:978-0-333-60168-6 14614:978-1-4408-6369-1 14581:978-1-8510-9965-8 14494:978-0-1996-4205-2 14461:978-0-3077-8858-0 14440:978-0-6841-4041-4 14409:978-0-6740-6210-8 14376:978-0-1431-0955-6 14332:978-0-3000-8266-1 14298:978-0-6740-6195-8 14265:978-0-1986-0511-9 14255:Russia: A History 14232:978-1-5988-4948-6 14199:978-1-1345-7970-9 14148:, 9781317118442. 14101:(2005) pp 112–18. 13704:978-0-3077-5462-2 13607:978-1-3158-3501-3 13571:. 30 April 2019. 13070:978-0-1951-7775-6 13029:978-0-1951-7775-6 12949:978-0-8135-6068-7 12885:978-0-8135-6068-7 12867:978-0-8157-2378-3 12795:978-0-8135-6068-7 12770:978-0-8135-6068-7 12695:978-9-0044-9232-5 12645:978-0-2530-1454-2 12330:978-3-6473-1028-2 12280:978-0-1992-8051-3 12179:978-0-3133-6307-8 12056:on 31 March 2017. 12035:978-0-5211-5511-3 12010:978-1-4696-5020-3 11911:978-0-6716-5991-2 11708:978-1-1199-6870-2 11669:978-0-8014-8571-8 11630:978-1-5988-4758-1 11591:978-1-4408-5093-6 11552:978-1-1084-9619-3 11501:978-1-8510-9420-2 11450:978-1-4728-5020-1 11411:978-1-5988-4981-3 11372:978-0-8047-7433-8 11333:978-0-8229-7375-1 11282:978-0-5218-1735-6 11207:978-0-8577-2518-9 11156:978-1-3515-4000-1 11105:978-1-4299-8852-0 11066:978-0-1908-8435-2 10888:978-0-8047-5028-8 10758:Seton-Watson 1967 10696:Seton-Watson 1967 10599:10.4000/ejas.7805 10566:978-1-6022-3206-8 10527:978-0-8160-7475-4 10495:978-0-3001-4497-0 10456:978-1-3174-6049-7 10416:978-1-1075-0718-0 10391:978-0-7432-8426-4 10334:978-0-1984-2144-3 10205:Lincoln, W. Bruce 10060:978-9-0474-2915-9 10043:Empire Speaks Out 10023:978-5-907411-75-3 9984:978-1-5883-6044-1 9848:iranicaonline.org 9829:978-0-6740-1196-0 9693:978-1-7936-4184-7 9644:on 16 March 2022. 9607:978-1-317-88190-2 9575:on 29 August 2018 9538:978-5-8527-0366-8 9465:on 4 January 2022 9371:978-0-8572-8752-6 9331:978-0-0286-5693-9 9295:978-0-5215-4323-1 9256:978-1-1071-6574-8 9217:978-0-2532-2042-4 9167:978-1-3178-1278-4 8829:978-0-2530-1318-7 8605: 8569: 8476: 8221:Peasant Land Bank 8064:abolished in 1861 8024:Serfdom in Russia 7898:Culture of Russia 7812:Russo-Polish Wars 7753: 7752: 7505:Heinrich Berghaus 7402:Roman Catholicism 7362:Orenburg Assembly 7255:Polish Partitions 7237:Roman Catholicism 7010: 7009: 6656:Nobles' Land Bank 6569:Duchy of Courland 5939:Emperor of Russia 5881:Almanach de Gotha 5869: 5868: 5835:Russia portal 5763: 5762: 5457:Belavezha Accords 5439: 5438: 5350:Era of Stagnation 5316:Industrialization 5282: 5281: 5159:Soviet-Polish War 5095: 5094: 5076:Russian Manchuria 5022:Tsardom of Russia 5008:October Manifesto 4992:Decembrist Revolt 4984:Petrovian reforms 4952: 4951: 4912:Novgorod Republic 4876: 4875: 4792: 4791: 4694:Tsarist autocracy 4645:, vassal of King 4509:Russian Turkestan 4471:November Uprising 4297:Russian Turkestan 4261:southern Sakhalin 4018:On 3 March 1917, 3916:Caucasus campaign 3835:Battle of Galicia 3723:German Ninth Army 3482:in antecedent to 3460:Origins of causes 3423:October Manifesto 3338:On the left, the 3281: 3262:A scene from the 3230:military alliance 3203:invaded Manchuria 3134:—and a policy of 2970:ceded the modern 2960:Taiping Rebellion 2952:Russian Manchuria 2903:Crimean peninsula 2834:The eleven-month 2736:November Uprising 2677:Caucasian Imamate 2538:Decembrist revolt 2534:autocratic Russia 2251:Romanov (dynasty) 2157:Enlightenment era 2136:. As part of the 2042:Yemelyan Pugachev 2032:, supporting the 2000:Alexander Suvorov 1939:Moscow University 1739:Jean-Marc Nattier 1594:autocratic nature 1501: 1500: 1384:left-bank Ukraine 1346:History of Russia 1322:after World War I 1310:Russian Civil War 1247:absolute monarchy 1196:1861 emancipation 1019:empires. It also 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 947: 946: 842:14 September 1917 795:October Manifesto 737:Decembrist revolt 706:10 September 1721 530:absolute monarchy 283: 251: 219: 179: 132:(God is with us!) 21260: 21193:Former countries 21173:Christian states 21070:Spanish–American 20990:Fashoda Incident 20866:Treaty of Björkö 20851:Treaty of Berlin 20785:Open Door Policy 20719:Eastern question 20666:Entente Cordiale 20572: 20565: 20558: 20549: 20548: 20348: 20347: 20013:Austro-Hungarian 19713:Chagatai Khanate 19078: 19071: 19064: 19055: 19054: 18912:Great Divergence 18827:Age of Discovery 18772:Late Middle Ages 18742:High Middle Ages 18653:Byzantine Empire 18636:Christianization 18626:Migration Period 18561:Classical Greece 18533:Neolithic Europe 18505: 18498: 18491: 18482: 18481: 18402:Irish Free State 18168:Poland–Lithuania 17477: 17476: 17428:Papua New Guinea 17158: 17157: 16897: 16890: 16883: 16874: 16873: 16850: 16797:Russian language 16740:National symbols 16360: 16359: 16279: 16236:Fishing industry 16226:Economic regions 16221:Defence industry 16184: 16183: 15928: 15927: 15882:Russian Far East 15781:Northwest Russia 15739:Cities and towns 15727: 15726: 15589:Russian Republic 15495: 15494: 15474: 15467: 15460: 15451: 15450: 15432: 15422: 15410: 15365: 15364:, pp. 23–66 15249: 15219: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15152: 15102: 15038:Saul, Norman E. 15010: 14980: 14954:Adams, Michael. 14942: 14911: 14873: 14783: 14764: 14748:Pares, Bernard. 14730: 14661: 14630: 14628: 14626: 14597: 14595: 14593: 14564: 14562: 14537: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14444: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14392: 14390: 14388: 14356: 14344: 14314: 14312: 14310: 14281: 14279: 14277: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14215: 14213: 14211: 14182: 14163: 14134: 14128: 14121: 14115: 14108: 14102: 14095: 14089: 14082: 14076: 14074: 14038: 14032: 14031: 13995: 13989: 13982: 13976: 13966: 13957: 13940: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13929: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13875: 13866: 13861:Steven L. Hoch, 13859: 13853: 13841: 13832: 13825: 13819: 13818: 13791:Boris N. Mironov 13788: 13782: 13775: 13769: 13759: 13753: 13750: 13744: 13743: 13730: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13716: 13688: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13654: 13652: 13650: 13631: 13629: 13627: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13580: 13569:The Moscow Times 13561: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13412: 13406: 13405: 13387: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13312: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13301: 13283: 13260: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13201: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13190: 13165:(554): 175–177. 13150: 13144: 13143: 13117: 13093: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13011: 13009: 13007: 12969: 12964:. Archived from 12953: 12935: 12929: 12928: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12889: 12871: 12853: 12848: 12846: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12781: 12775: 12774: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12709: 12700: 12699: 12681: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12629: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12469: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12439: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12402: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12314: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12264: 12247: 12244:Fundamental Laws 12240: 12234: 12227: 12221: 12214: 12208: 12207:, p. 55–56. 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12130: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12088: 12082: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12021: 12015: 12014: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11898:Kissinger, Henry 11894: 11888: 11887: 11866:Martin Gilbert, 11864: 11858: 11857:, p. 90–91. 11852: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11833:, p. 77–78. 11828: 11822: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11755: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11536: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11485: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11395: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11345: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11019: 11013: 11012: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10829:HistoryToday.com 10823:(January 2002). 10817: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10803: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10744: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10601: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10440: 10434: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10318: 10309: 10308: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10201: 10195: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10015: 10013:10.31483/r-99727 9995: 9989: 9988: 9977:. Random House. 9970: 9964: 9961: 9955: 9952: 9946: 9943: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9908: 9902: 9895: 9889: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9815: 9809: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9571:. Archived from 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9545:on 17 April 2021 9541:. Archived from 9516: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9486: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9426:Demoscope Weekly 9414: 9408: 9407:(1993) pp 33–74. 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9343: 9315: 9309: 9307: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9187: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9116:"Russian Empire" 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8893: 8887: 8874:Fundamental Laws 8870: 8864: 8863: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8815: 8809: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8764: 8747: 8737:Baltic Provinces 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720:[ɐˈbrok] 8717: 8713: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8664: 8658: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8572:Otets otechestva 8564: 8562: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8447: 8440: 8434: 8423: 8417: 8406: 8384:Panjdeh incident 8373: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8333:Nersisian School 8199:German landlords 8195:Baltic provinces 8174:Black Earth Area 8150: 8147: 7546:Russian Orthodox 7531: 7530: 7457:Edward Radzinsky 7448:toleration edict 7427:and sectarians. 7410:January Uprising 7378:Białystok pogrom 7235:(in the case of 7195:Religious policy 7150:Fundamental Laws 6780:Southern Region 6772: 6768: 6581:Treaty of Nystad 6549:Baltic provinces 6521: 6518: 6514:Moscow City Duma 6447:courts of appeal 6353:Khanate of Khiva 6271:Governing Senate 6160:Sovyet Ministrov 6118:Saint Petersburg 6038:Catherine Palace 6019: 6016: 5999:Imperial Council 5923:Alexander Herzen 5915:limited monarchy 5861: 5854: 5847: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5819: 5757: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5719: 5698: 5677: 5656: 5635: 5615: 5605:Chechen Republic 5598: 5581: 5570: 5569: 5467:USSR dissolution 5383: 5382: 5312:Collectivization 5230:Byelorussian SSR 5187:Russian Republic 5183: 5182: 5018: 5017: 4980:Treaty of Nystad 4908: 4907: 4822: 4821: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4726: 4716: 4698: 4697: 4670:Gulf of Tadjoura 4520:Severnaya Zemlya 4366:Fort Ross Colony 4339:Manifest destiny 4325:Erzurum Province 4201:Gulfs of Bothnia 4194:Austrian Galicia 4180:in the southern 4002:Grigori Rasputin 3970:Nikolai Yudenich 3896:Aleksei Brusilov 3887:line and losing 3829:Austrian theatre 3817:, and partly of 3781:on 17 November. 3617:Saint Petersburg 3535:Eastern question 3407:Saint Petersburg 3354:In 1903, at the 3344:Social Democrats 3282: 3240:alliance in the 2968:Treaty of Peking 2775: 2740:January Uprising 2738:in 1830 and the 2584:Alexander Herzen 2314: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2235:Khodynka Tragedy 2197:Alexander Palace 2104:their revolution 2019:Russian nobility 1943:Seven Years' War 1835:Safavid Persians 1814:Saint Petersburg 1751: 1750: 1682–1725 1749: 1735:sweeping reforms 1697:Mikhail Golitsyn 1685:Boris Sheremetev 1681:François Le Fort 1646:Saint Petersburg 1608:and equated the 1590:absolute monarch 1548:Governing Senate 1401: 1400: 1282:Russian Republic 1203:House of Romanov 1192:numerous reforms 1189: 1188: 1855–1881 1187: 1158: 1157: 1801–1825 1156: 1143: 1142: 1762–1796 1141: 1131:Saint Petersburg 1118: 1117: 1682–1725 1116: 1091: 1090: 1533–1584 1089: 1081:. His grandson, 1072: 1071: 1462–1505 1070: 977: 976: 969:Russian Republic 963: 962: 951: 950: 940: 934: 933: 927: 926: 911: 910: 812: 744: 743:26 December 1825 701:Treaty of Nystad 646:Governing Senate 632:Nikolai Golitsyn 621: 459:Eastern Orthodox 412:Baltic provinces 400: 382:Saint Petersburg 367: 362:Saint Petersburg 351: 346: 339: 336: 329: 325: 323: 319: 317: 312: 310: 306: 304: 300: 285: 284: 269: 267:Molitva russkikh 262: 261: 260:Молитва русскихъ 253: 252: 237: 230: 229: 221: 220: 212:") (unofficial) 205: 198: 197: 188: 181: 180: 152: 145: 144: 129: 111: 104: 76: 69: 51: 45: 44: 39: 38: 28: 27: 21268: 21267: 21263: 21262: 21261: 21259: 21258: 21257: 21153: 21152: 21151: 21146: 21085:Boxer Rebellion 21043: 20907: 20861:Treaty of Paris 20826: 20820: 20753:New Imperialism 20714:Ottoman decline 20697: 20644:Triple Alliance 20632: 20593:Austria-Hungary 20581: 20576: 20546: 20541: 20530:American Empire 20515: 20511:African empires 20463: 20346: 20038:Central African 19984: 19802:Romano-Germanic 19388: 19122:Middle Assyrian 19095: 19087: 19082: 19052: 19047: 18986: 18952:Interwar period 18927:Napoleonic Wars 18791: 18762:Mongol invasion 18715:Crown of Aragon 18607: 18547: 18543:Iron Age Europe 18514: 18509: 18479: 18470: 18395:princely states 18343: 18279:Kingdom of Fiji 18252: 17998:Austria-Hungary 17966: 17729: 17663: 17462: 17448:Solomon Islands 17362: 17344: 17276: 17191: 17149: 17081: 17027:Democratization 16995: 16939: 16906: 16901: 16871: 16866: 16853: 16846: 16833: 16792:Public holidays 16787:Political jokes 16772:Personification 16725:Names of Russia 16594: 16513:Life expectancy 16345: 16277: 16169: 16020:Law enforcement 15913: 15899:Protected areas 15796:Smolensk Upland 15791:Oka–Don Lowland 15771:European Russia 15712: 15651: 15537:Mongol invasion 15484: 15478: 15430: 15403: 15398: 15392:(London, 1912) 15374: 15372:Primary sources 15369: 15355:Wayback Machine 15303:Wayback Machine 15292:Russian History 15272: 15267: 15257:27#3 pp. 243–67 15246: 15206: 15204: 15193: 15186: 15184: 15149: 15125:Wayback Machine 15099: 15056: 15051: 15034:Wayback Machine 14977: 14950: 14945: 14931: 14892: 14862: 14845: 14840: 14837:(Aldine, 1968). 14819:Chew, Allen F. 14801: 14796: 14727: 14680: 14675: 14669: 14667:Further reading 14664: 14658: 14624: 14622: 14615: 14591: 14589: 14582: 14526: 14504: 14502: 14495: 14471: 14469: 14462: 14441: 14419: 14417: 14410: 14386: 14384: 14377: 14333: 14319:Hughes, Lindsey 14308: 14306: 14299: 14275: 14273: 14266: 14242: 14240: 14233: 14209: 14207: 14200: 14172: 14167: 14166: 14160:Wayback Machine 14135: 14131: 14122: 14118: 14109: 14105: 14096: 14092: 14083: 14079: 14039: 14035: 14012:10.2307/3185576 13996: 13992: 13983: 13979: 13967: 13960: 13955:Wayback Machine 13941: 13937: 13927: 13925: 13918: 13901: 13897: 13889: 13885: 13876: 13869: 13860: 13856: 13842: 13835: 13826: 13822: 13815: 13789: 13785: 13776: 13772: 13760: 13756: 13751: 13747: 13736: 13732: 13731: 13727: 13714: 13712: 13705: 13689: 13682: 13672: 13670: 13648: 13646: 13633: 13625: 13623: 13608: 13592: 13588: 13578: 13576: 13563: 13562: 13558: 13548: 13546: 13531: 13527: 13517: 13515: 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13413: 13409: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13327:(91): 476–492. 13313: 13309: 13299: 13297: 13261: 13257: 13247: 13245: 13202: 13198: 13188: 13186: 13151: 13147: 13094: 13090: 13080: 13078: 13071: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13030: 13005: 13003: 12996: 12950: 12936: 12932: 12915: 12907: 12905: 12886: 12868: 12844: 12842: 12835: 12807: 12803: 12796: 12782: 12778: 12771: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12726: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12682: 12673: 12663: 12661: 12646: 12630: 12623: 12613: 12611: 12580:10.2307/2502001 12560: 12556: 12546: 12544: 12531: 12530: 12526: 12516: 12514: 12501: 12500: 12496: 12486: 12484: 12471: 12470: 12466: 12456: 12454: 12441: 12440: 12429: 12419: 12417: 12404: 12403: 12388: 12378: 12376: 12363: 12362: 12358: 12348: 12346: 12331: 12315: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12281: 12265: 12250: 12241: 12237: 12228: 12224: 12215: 12211: 12203: 12199: 12189: 12187: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12140: 12133: 12125: 12121: 12113: 12109: 12101: 12097: 12089: 12085: 12077: 12073: 12065: 12061: 12048: 12047: 12043: 12036: 12022: 12018: 12011: 11993: 11989: 11978: 11974: 11951: 11947: 11939: 11935: 11912: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11870:(4th ed. 2007) 11865: 11861: 11853: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11816: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11792: 11788: 11780: 11776: 11768: 11764: 11756: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11718: 11716: 11709: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11670: 11654: 11650: 11640: 11638: 11631: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11599: 11592: 11576: 11572: 11562: 11560: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11502: 11486: 11482: 11478:, p. 1048. 11474: 11470: 11460: 11458: 11451: 11435: 11431: 11421: 11419: 11412: 11396: 11392: 11382: 11380: 11373: 11357: 11353: 11343: 11341: 11334: 11318: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11292: 11290: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11255: 11251: 11243: 11239: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11208: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11157: 11141: 11137: 11129: 11125: 11115: 11113: 11106: 11090: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11067: 11051: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11020: 11016: 10993: 10989: 10978: 10974: 10966: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10939: 10935: 10901: 10899: 10889: 10871: 10867: 10840: 10836: 10818: 10814: 10801: 10799: 10784: 10768: 10764: 10756: 10752: 10737: 10733: 10720:Wayback Machine 10706: 10702: 10694: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10666: 10658: 10654: 10646: 10639: 10631: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10528: 10505: 10503: 10496: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10464: 10457: 10441: 10437: 10433:(Longman, 2001) 10428: 10424: 10417: 10403: 10399: 10392: 10378: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10335: 10319: 10312: 10289: 10285: 10271: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10220: 10216: 10202: 10198: 10187: 10183: 10172: 10168: 10154: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10130: 10126: 10117: 10113: 10104: 10102: 10091: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10035: 10031: 10024: 9996: 9992: 9985: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9918: 9909: 9905: 9896: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9816: 9812: 9800: 9796: 9786: 9784: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9738: 9734: 9724: 9722: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9653: 9649: 9630: 9626: 9608: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9548: 9546: 9539: 9517: 9513: 9503: 9501: 9496:. 26 May 2017. 9494:Washington Post 9488: 9487: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9449: 9445: 9435: 9433: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9372: 9358: 9354: 9341: 9339: 9332: 9305: 9303: 9296: 9280: 9276: 9266: 9264: 9257: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9185: 9183: 9168: 9148: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8936: 8934: 8897:Taagepera, Rein 8894: 8890: 8885:Wayback Machine 8871: 8867: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8816: 8812: 8806:Wayback Machine 8795: 8791: 8781: 8779: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8750: 8733:Lutheran Church 8730: 8726: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8665: 8661: 8618: 8614: 8591: 8587: 8576: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8520:Imperial Russia 8517: 8513: 8492: 8491: 8483: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8441: 8437: 8424: 8420: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8369: 8364: 8362: 8355: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8268: 8245: 8239: 8207: 8148: 8138: 8128: 8056:Boris Kustodiev 8030: 8022:Main articles: 8020: 7940: 7934: 7916: 7894: 7822: 7796: 7790: 7758: 7572:Roman Catholics 7522: 7489: 7370: 7299: 7293: 7251: 7245: 7197: 7166:Most Holy Synod 7110: 7100:Islam in Russia 7094:Main articles: 7092: 7020: 7015: 6931:Iron and Steel 6751: 6745: 6712:(also known as 6698: 6692: 6616: 6610: 6557: 6551: 6519: 6506: 6504:Municipal dumas 6496:municipal dumas 6463: 6436:1905 Revolution 6407:judicial system 6403: 6397: 6395:Judicial system 6389:chief of police 6303: 6297: 6273: 6267: 6239: 6237:Most Holy Synod 6233: 6231:Most Holy Synod 6182:Ministry of War 6156: 6150: 6079: 6073: 6017: 6007: 6001: 5955:Peter the Great 5941: 5935: 5889:autocratic Tsar 5873:1905 Revolution 5865: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5773: 5765: 5764: 5745: 5744: 5731: 5717: 5696: 5675: 5654: 5633: 5613: 5596: 5579: 5568: 5563:2022 annexation 5547:Mass emigration 5535:2020 amendments 5518: 5476: 5462: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5381: 5367: 5345: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5181: 5164: 5127:Kornilov affair 5105: 5104: 5096: 5065:Congress Poland 5043:Russian America 5016: 5004:1905 Revolution 4971: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4922:Vladimir-Suzdal 4906: 4898:Mongol conquest 4886: 4885: 4877: 4820: 4815:Russkaya Pravda 4810:Baptism of Rus' 4802: 4801: 4793: 4758:pre-9th century 4736: 4734: 4714: 4707: 4696: 4690: 4672:in present-day 4593:Russian America 4561: 4551: 4543:Russian victory 4463:Congress Poland 4331:Henry Kissinger 4269:Dnieper Ukraine 4245: 4196:, and Romania. 4178:Curonian Lagoon 4174:Gulf of Bothnia 4118:Vaygach Islands 4102:European Russia 4098: 4092: 4055: 4025:In the city of 4016: 4010: 3982: 3954:Georgy Bergmann 3918: 3912: 3910:Turkish theatre 3898:carried out an 3845: 3833:Main articles: 3831: 3679: 3667:Main articles: 3665: 3660: 3648:Schlieffen Plan 3603:As a result of 3585: 3579: 3539:Austria-Hungary 3496:Austria-Hungary 3492:Triple Alliance 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3273: 3256: 3250: 3242:First World War 3211:Boxer Rebellion 3205:as part of the 3144: 3101:Narodnaya Volya 3097: 3085:Caucasus Greeks 3026:Austria-Hungary 3018:Eastern Rumelia 2980:Russian America 2964:Treaty of Aigun 2962:. In 1858, the 2879:Siege of Plevna 2820: 2810: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2793:Spasskaya Tower 2781: 2776: 2650:Ivan Aivazovsky 2617:Erivan Fortress 2606: 2600: 2592:Peter Kropotkin 2588:Mikhail Bakunin 2526:Napoleonic Wars 2471:Congress Poland 2415:Eastern Galicia 2409:and joined the 2360: 2346:Pyotr Bagration 2338: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2267: 2169:French Republic 2150:eastern Georgia 1957: 1951: 1924:Crimean Khanate 1901:Most Holy Synod 1855:Treaty of Ganja 1851:Treaty of Resht 1810:Gulf of Finland 1746: 1731:Peter the Great 1724: 1719: 1713: 1661:Little Russians 1512: 1506: 1467:Congress Poland 1372: 1348: 1342: 1330:Austria–Hungary 1255:1905 revolution 1225:in the west to 1184: 1153: 1138: 1113: 1110:Peter the Great 1104:dynasties, the 1086: 1067: 974: 960: 941: 938: 931: 888: 878: 839: 829:8–16 March 1917 826: 813: 807: 800:30 October 1905 797: 784: 782:1905 Revolution 774:18 October 1867 771: 754: 742: 739: 729:4 February 1722 726: 716:2 November 1721 713: 703: 680: 674: 663: 657: 628: 617: 614: 600: 578: 570:Peter the Great 566: 544: 534: 532: 506: 482: 442: 398: 372: 368: 365: 364: 353: 352: 349: 347: 340: 337: 330: 326: 321: 320: 315: 314: 313: 308: 307: 302: 301: 289: 286: 279: 271: 264: 254: 247: 244:") (unofficial) 239: 232: 222: 215: 207: 200: 190: 189: 186: 182: 162: 154: 147: 131: 116: 115: 114: 112: 107: 105: 97: 96: 93: 88: 85: 83: 77: 70: 52: 46: 40: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21266: 21256: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21243:Russian Empire 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21183:Former empires 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21148: 21147: 21145: 21144: 21139: 21138: 21137: 21136: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21117: 21112: 21102: 21097: 21095:Russo-Japanese 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21060:Anglo-Egyptian 21057: 21051: 21049: 21045: 21044: 21042: 21041: 21036: 21034:Bosnian Crisis 21031: 21030: 21029: 21019: 21018: 21017: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20992: 20987: 20986: 20985: 20983:Austro-Italian 20980: 20979: 20978: 20973: 20958: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20915: 20913: 20909: 20908: 20906: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20884: 20883: 20881:Martens Clause 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20847: 20846: 20836: 20830: 20828: 20822: 20821: 20819: 20818: 20817: 20816: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20795: 20794: 20793: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20767: 20766: 20765: 20763:Egyptian Lever 20750: 20748:Pax Britannica 20745: 20744: 20743: 20733: 20732: 20731: 20729:Sovereign debt 20726: 20721: 20711: 20705: 20703: 20699: 20698: 20696: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20674: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20656:Triple Entente 20653: 20652: 20651: 20640: 20638: 20634: 20633: 20631: 20630: 20625: 20623:United Kingdom 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20600: 20595: 20589: 20587: 20583: 20582: 20575: 20574: 20567: 20560: 20552: 20543: 20542: 20540: 20539: 20538: 20537: 20532: 20523: 20521: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20487: 20486: 20475: 20473: 20469: 20468: 20465: 20464: 20462: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20440: 20439: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20384: 20383: 20382: 20377: 20367: 20362: 20356: 20354: 20345: 20344: 20343: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20312: 20307: 20306: 20305: 20295: 20290: 20289: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20268: 20263: 20262: 20261: 20256: 20246: 20245: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20214: 20213: 20212: 20207: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20181: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20150: 20149: 20148: 20143: 20133: 20128: 20127: 20126: 20121: 20111: 20110: 20109: 20104: 20094: 20093: 20092: 20087: 20077: 20072: 20071: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20040: 20035: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19994: 19992: 19986: 19985: 19983: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19966: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19925: 19920: 19919: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19815: 19814: 19809: 19799: 19798: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19722: 19721: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19669: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19643: 19642: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19616: 19615: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19573: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19552: 19547: 19546: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19510: 19509: 19508: 19503: 19493: 19492: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19466: 19461: 19460: 19459: 19449: 19448: 19447: 19442: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19398: 19396: 19394:Post-classical 19390: 19389: 19387: 19386: 19385: 19384: 19374: 19369: 19368: 19367: 19362: 19352: 19351: 19350: 19340: 19339: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19292: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19259: 19249: 19244: 19243: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19201: 19200: 19195: 19193:Middle Kingdom 19190: 19180: 19175: 19174: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19153: 19152: 19151: 19149:Neo-Babylonian 19146: 19141: 19139:Old Babylonian 19131: 19130: 19129: 19124: 19114: 19109: 19103: 19101: 19089: 19088: 19081: 19080: 19073: 19066: 19058: 19049: 19048: 19046: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18994: 18992: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18902:Russian Empire 18899: 18894: 18892:British Empire 18889: 18887:Dutch Republic 18884: 18882:Swedish Empire 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18862:Spanish Empire 18859: 18854: 18852:Ottoman Empire 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18823: 18822: 18812: 18807: 18801: 18799: 18793: 18792: 18790: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18767:Serbian Empire 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18675: 18674: 18673: 18668: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18639: 18638: 18628: 18623: 18617: 18615: 18609: 18608: 18606: 18605: 18603:Late antiquity 18600: 18595: 18590: 18589: 18588: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18566:Roman Republic 18563: 18557: 18555: 18549: 18548: 18546: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18524: 18522: 18516: 18515: 18508: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18485: 18476: 18475: 18472: 18471: 18469: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18399: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18357: 18351: 18349: 18345: 18344: 18342: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18260: 18258: 18254: 18253: 18251: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18153:Ottoman Empire 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18113:Kartli-Kakheti 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17974: 17972: 17968: 17967: 17965: 17964: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17795: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17737: 17735: 17731: 17730: 17728: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17671: 17669: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17661: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17522:Central Africa 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17483: 17481: 17474: 17468: 17467: 17464: 17463: 17461: 17460: 17458:United Kingdom 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17424: 17423: 17418: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17372: 17370: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17360: 17354: 17352: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17286: 17284: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17274: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17201: 17199: 17193: 17192: 17190: 17189: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17166: 17164: 17155: 17151: 17150: 17148: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17115:Prince regnant 17112: 17111: 17110: 17100: 17095: 17089: 17087: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17032:Decolonization 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17003: 17001: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16986:Personal union 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16956:Constitutional 16953: 16947: 16945: 16941: 16940: 16938: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16900: 16899: 16892: 16885: 16877: 16868: 16867: 16865: 16864: 16859: 16852: 16851: 16843: 16842: 16839: 16838: 16835: 16834: 16832: 16831: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16646: 16645: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16604: 16602: 16596: 16595: 16593: 16592: 16591: 16590: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16498: 16488: 16487: 16486: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16363: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16306:Space industry 16303: 16298: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16281: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16187: 16181: 16175: 16174: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16145:Urban planning 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16017: 16012: 16007: 15997: 15992: 15982: 15980:Federal budget 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15919: 15918: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15889:North Caucasus 15886: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15830: 15825: 15823:Highest points 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15768: 15766:Extreme points 15763: 15762: 15761: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15730: 15724: 15718: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15659: 15657: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15647: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15615: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15598: 15593: 15592: 15591: 15581: 15579:Russian Empire 15576: 15575: 15574: 15564: 15559: 15558: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15501: 15492: 15486: 15485: 15483: articles 15477: 15476: 15469: 15462: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15438: 15427: 15424:Russian Empire 15416: 15413:Russian Empire 15402: 15401:External links 15399: 15397: 15396: 15386: 15382:(1927), 680pp 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15367: 15357: 15340: 15333: 15326: 15319: 15312: 15305: 15288: 15281: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15265: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15231: 15225:Russian Review 15221: 15212: 15167: 15160: 15153: 15147: 15134: 15127: 15110: 15103: 15097: 15084: 15077: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15045:Stone, David. 15043: 15036: 15019: 15012: 15003: 14996: 14989: 14982: 14975: 14963:Englund, Peter 14959: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14943: 14929: 14912: 14890: 14878:Pares, Bernard 14874: 14860: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14831: 14824: 14817: 14810: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14794: 14792:online edition 14784: 14775: 14765: 14756: 14746: 14731: 14725: 14712: 14705: 14696: 14689: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14671:Main article: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14662: 14656: 14631: 14613: 14598: 14580: 14565: 14553:(4): 403–438. 14538: 14524: 14511: 14493: 14478: 14460: 14445: 14439: 14426: 14408: 14393: 14375: 14357: 14351:, ed. (2006). 14345: 14331: 14315: 14297: 14282: 14264: 14249: 14231: 14216: 14198: 14183: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14129: 14116: 14103: 14090: 14077: 14055:10.2307/368437 14049:(2): 229–252. 14033: 14006:(2): 237–257. 13990: 13977: 13958: 13935: 13916: 13895: 13883: 13867: 13854: 13833: 13820: 13814:978-0415608541 13813: 13783: 13770: 13762:David R. Stone 13754: 13745: 13725: 13703: 13680: 13657:Masis, Julie. 13606: 13586: 13556: 13525: 13474: 13427:(3): 203–237. 13407: 13358: 13307: 13274:(3): 489–491. 13255: 13216:(2): 101–113. 13196: 13145: 13088: 13069: 13047: 13028: 12994: 12986:Berghahn Books 12948: 12930: 12884: 12866: 12833: 12825:Berghahn Books 12801: 12794: 12776: 12769: 12751: 12724: 12701: 12694: 12671: 12644: 12621: 12574:(3): 567–584. 12554: 12524: 12494: 12464: 12427: 12386: 12356: 12329: 12306: 12279: 12248: 12235: 12222: 12209: 12197: 12178: 12158: 12146: 12131: 12129:, p. 131. 12119: 12117:, p. 130. 12107: 12105:, p. 129. 12095: 12083: 12071: 12059: 12041: 12034: 12016: 12009: 11987: 11972: 11945: 11933: 11910: 11889: 11883:978-0415394840 11882: 11859: 11847: 11835: 11823: 11810: 11808:, p. 524. 11798: 11796:, p. 114. 11786: 11774: 11772:, p. 514. 11762: 11750: 11738: 11726: 11707: 11687: 11668: 11648: 11629: 11609: 11590: 11570: 11551: 11531: 11529:, p. 468. 11519: 11500: 11480: 11468: 11449: 11429: 11410: 11390: 11371: 11351: 11332: 11312: 11310:, p. 338. 11300: 11281: 11261: 11249: 11237: 11235:, p. 241. 11225: 11206: 11186: 11184:, p. 132. 11174: 11155: 11135: 11123: 11104: 11084: 11065: 11045: 11033: 11014: 11009:10.1086/237562 10987: 10972: 10960: 10958:, p. 391. 10948: 10933: 10887: 10865: 10834: 10812: 10782: 10762: 10750: 10731: 10707:Charles Lowe, 10700: 10688: 10686:, p. 121. 10676: 10674:, p. 316. 10664: 10662:, p. 315. 10652: 10650:, p. 114. 10637: 10635:, p. 113. 10625: 10572: 10565: 10545: 10526: 10494: 10474: 10455: 10435: 10422: 10415: 10397: 10390: 10372: 10361:Davies, Norman 10352: 10333: 10310: 10299:(2): 131–156. 10283: 10265: 10263:, p. 729. 10253: 10251:, p. 728. 10241: 10229: 10214: 10196: 10181: 10166: 10148: 10146:, p. 801. 10136: 10124: 10111: 10084: 10072: 10059: 10029: 10022: 9990: 9983: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9938: 9927: 9916: 9903: 9890: 9877: 9865: 9835: 9828: 9810: 9794: 9761: 9732: 9699: 9692: 9672: 9647: 9624: 9606: 9586: 9556: 9537: 9511: 9476: 9443: 9428:(in Russian). 9419:, p. 25; 9417:Catchpole 1974 9409: 9401:Catchpole 1974 9393: 9391:, p. 131. 9381: 9370: 9352: 9330: 9294: 9274: 9255: 9235: 9216: 9196: 9166: 9139: 9107: 9077: 9065: 9040: 9010: 8980: 8913:(3): 475–504. 8888: 8865: 8854:(2): 149–158. 8838: 8828: 8810: 8789: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8724: 8701: 8678: 8659: 8612: 8585: 8561:Отец отечества 8549: 8540: 8524:Tsarist Russia 8511: 8457: 8448: 8435: 8418: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8360: 8357:History portal 8344: 8341: 8309:St. Petersburg 8267: 8264: 8241:Main article: 8238: 8235: 8206: 8203: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7997:Intelligentsia 7992: 7991: 7989: 7936:Main article: 7933: 7930: 7893: 7890: 7847:Vasily Surikov 7792:Main article: 7789: 7786: 7776:(61,900), and 7757: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7521: 7518: 7488: 7485: 7369: 7366: 7350:Crimean Tatars 7292: 7289: 7247:Main article: 7244: 7241: 7196: 7193: 7158:Russian Church 7142:state religion 7091: 7088: 7032:Tsarskoye Selo 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Infrastructure 7011: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6747:Main article: 6744: 6741: 6694:Main article: 6691: 6688: 6612:Main article: 6609: 6606: 6571:, a vassal of 6553:Main article: 6550: 6547: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6462: 6459: 6399:Main article: 6396: 6393: 6296: 6293: 6269:Main article: 6266: 6263: 6235:Main article: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6152:Main article: 6149: 6146: 6075:Main article: 6072: 6069: 6003:Main article: 6000: 5997: 5937:Main article: 5934: 5931: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5824: 5823: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5722: 5721: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5689: 5686:Kherson Oblast 5680: 5679: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5143:Bolshevik Coup 5099: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087:Uryankhay Krai 5082: 5081: 5078: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032:Russian Empire 5028: 5027: 5024: 5015: 5014: 4959:Tsarist Russia 4956: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765:Rus' Khaganate 4760: 4759: 4756: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4689: 4686: 4550: 4547: 4467:personal union 4372:just north of 4362:Fort Elizabeth 4299:, most of the 4244: 4241: 4221:Finnic peoples 4166:Kola Peninsula 4134:Ural Mountains 4094:Main article: 4091: 4088: 4076:British Empire 4054: 4051: 4012:Main article: 4009: 4006: 3981: 3978: 3914:Main article: 3911: 3908: 3877:broken through 3830: 3827: 3769:. The advance 3664: 3663:German theatre 3661: 3659: 3656: 3581:Main article: 3578: 3575: 3543:Bosnian Crisis 3464:Main article: 3461: 3458: 3441:Main article: 3438: 3435: 3389:Defeat in the 3368:Vladimir Lenin 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3238:Triple Entente 3164:Outer Mongolia 3143: 3140: 3096: 3093: 3001:Constantinople 2972:Primorsky Krai 2895:Ottoman Empire 2806:Main article: 2803: 2800: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2705:Iğdır Province 2624:Ivan Paskevich 2602:Main article: 2599: 2596: 2486:Fire of Moscow 2458:scorched earth 2450:Russian winter 2427:Ottoman Empire 2356:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2266: 2263: 2228:British Empire 2220:Pyotr Stolypin 2146:against Persia 1950: 1947: 1931:Baltic Germans 1882:Table of Ranks 1795:Denmark-Norway 1771:Ottoman Empire 1745:Peter I ( 1723: 1720: 1715:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1701:Anikita Repnin 1665:White Russians 1657:Great Russians 1606:Table of Ranks 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1371: 1368: 1344:Main article: 1341: 1338: 1334:Ottoman Empire 1239:Northeast Asia 1075:national state 1048:Ottoman Empire 1036:Swedish Empire 993:Russian Empire 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 971: 965: 964: 957: 948: 945: 944: 935: 923: 922: 917: 907: 906: 901: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 886: 883: 882: 879: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 861: 860: 857: 853: 852: 848: 847: 844: 843: 840: 834: 831: 830: 827: 821: 818: 817: 814: 805: 802: 801: 798: 792: 789: 788: 785: 779: 776: 775: 772: 762: 759: 758: 755: 749: 746: 745: 740: 734: 731: 730: 727: 724:Table of Ranks 721: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 704: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 687: 683: 682: 675: 669: 666: 665: 658: 652: 649: 648: 643: 639: 638: 635: 634: 629: 626: 623: 622: 615: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 598:Prime Minister 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 579: 576: 573: 572: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 524: 520: 519: 514: 508: 507: 505: 504: 501: 495: 489: 483: 481: 480: 479: 478: 472: 466: 448: 445: 443: 436: 432: 431: 401: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 374: 359: 355: 354: 341: 331: 295: 294: 291: 290: 288: 287: 277: 255: 245: 223: 213: 185: 184: 183: 160: 134: 133: 118: 117: 106: 99: 98: 78: 71: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 53: 34: 32:Russian Empire 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21265: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21160: 21158: 21143: 21140: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21120: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21107: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21100:Italo-Turkish 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21055:Russo-Turkish 21053: 21052: 21050: 21046: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21028: 21027:Treaty of Fes 21025: 21024: 21023: 21022:Agadir Crisis 21020: 21016: 21013: 21012: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20984: 20981: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20971: 20967: 20966: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20959: 20957: 20956: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20916: 20914: 20910: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20882: 20879: 20878: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20845: 20842: 20841: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20831: 20829: 20823: 20815: 20812: 20811: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20772: 20771: 20768: 20764: 20761: 20760: 20759: 20756: 20755: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20742: 20739: 20738: 20737: 20734: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20716: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20706: 20704: 20700: 20694: 20693:Balkan League 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20658: 20657: 20654: 20650: 20649:Dual Alliance 20647: 20646: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20639: 20635: 20629: 20628:United States 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20584: 20580: 20573: 20568: 20566: 20561: 20559: 20554: 20553: 20550: 20536: 20535:Soviet empire 20533: 20531: 20528: 20527: 20525: 20524: 20522: 20520:Miscellaneous 20518: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20481: 20480: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20470: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20438: 20435: 20434: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20372: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20353: 20349: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20317: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20304: 20301: 20300: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20291: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20273: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20219: 20218: 20215: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20202: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20155: 20154: 20151: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20138: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20129: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20119:German Empire 20117: 20116: 20115: 20112: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20099: 20098: 20095: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20082: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20045: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20023: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19995: 19993: 19991: 19987: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19930: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19884: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19861: 19860: 19859:Turco-Persian 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19804: 19803: 19800: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19727: 19726: 19723: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19700: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19648: 19647: 19644: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19621: 19620: 19617: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19557: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19511: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19498: 19497: 19494: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19471: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19399: 19397: 19395: 19391: 19383: 19380: 19379: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19357: 19356: 19353: 19349: 19346: 19345: 19344: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19271: 19270: 19267: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19158: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19136: 19135: 19132: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19119: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19094: 19090: 19086: 19079: 19074: 19072: 19067: 19065: 19060: 19059: 19056: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18998:Art of Europe 18996: 18995: 18993: 18989: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18821: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18798: 18797:Modern period 18794: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18732: 18728: 18724: 18720: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18680: 18679: 18676: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18637: 18634: 18633: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18618: 18616: 18614: 18610: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18587: 18584: 18583: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18556: 18554: 18550: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18521: 18517: 18513: 18506: 18501: 18499: 18494: 18492: 18487: 18486: 18483: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18403: 18400: 18397: 18396: 18391: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18352: 18350: 18346: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18274:Easter Island 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18261: 18259: 18255: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17973: 17969: 17962: 17961: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17900: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17813:Jabal Shammar 17811: 17809: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17793: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17738: 17736: 17732: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17666: 17660: 17659: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17484: 17482: 17478: 17475: 17473: 17469: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17359: 17356: 17355: 17353: 17351: 17347: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17305:Liechtenstein 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17283: 17279: 17273: 17272: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17200: 17198: 17194: 17188: 17187: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17165: 17163: 17159: 17156: 17152: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17109: 17108:Queen regnant 17106: 17105: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17088: 17084: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17067:Republicanism 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17047:Head of state 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17002: 16998: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16981:Non-sovereign 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16942: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16898: 16893: 16891: 16886: 16884: 16879: 16878: 16875: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16849: 16845: 16844: 16840: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16819: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16812:Seven Wonders 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16777:Playing cards 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16603: 16601: 16597: 16589: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16493: 16492: 16489: 16485: 16482: 16481: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16472:Mental health 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16432:Ethnic groups 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16176: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16135:Civil defense 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16080:Media freedom 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16005: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15990: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15965:Criminal code 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15945:Civil Service 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15920: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15846: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15760: 15757: 15756: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15731: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15719: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15654: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15616: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15606:Russian state 15604: 15603: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15573: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15487: 15482: 15475: 15470: 15468: 15463: 15461: 15456: 15455: 15452: 15446: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15433: 15428: 15425: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15409: 15405: 15404: 15395: 15391: 15387: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15363: 15358: 15356: 15352: 15349: 15345: 15341: 15338: 15334: 15331: 15327: 15324: 15320: 15317: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15304: 15300: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15286: 15282: 15279: 15275: 15274: 15263: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15247: 15241: 15237: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15213: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15182: 15178: 15177: 15172: 15168: 15165: 15161: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15144: 15140: 15135: 15132: 15128: 15126: 15122: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15094: 15090: 15085: 15082: 15078: 15075: 15074:0-6312-0814-3 15071: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15058: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15037: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15004: 15001: 14997: 14994: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14978: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14952: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14891:1-8421-2114-6 14887: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14863: 14861:0-6910-5349-9 14857: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14822: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14805:Barnes, Ian. 14804: 14803: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14757: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14743:0-5345-8698-8 14740: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14722: 14718: 14713: 14710: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14694: 14690: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14674: 14659: 14653: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14632: 14620: 14616: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14599: 14587: 14583: 14577: 14573: 14572: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14525:0-1982-2103-7 14521: 14517: 14512: 14500: 14496: 14490: 14486: 14485: 14479: 14467: 14463: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14432: 14427: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14401: 14400: 14394: 14382: 14378: 14372: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14290: 14289: 14283: 14271: 14267: 14261: 14257: 14256: 14250: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14224: 14223: 14217: 14205: 14201: 14195: 14192:. Routledge. 14191: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14175: 14174: 14161: 14157: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14146:1-3171-1844-8 14143: 14139: 14133: 14127:(1983) p 126. 14126: 14123:Hans Rogger, 14120: 14113: 14107: 14100: 14094: 14087: 14081: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14037: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 14000:Slavic Review 13994: 13987: 13981: 13974: 13970: 13965: 13963: 13956: 13952: 13949: 13945: 13944:Slavic Review 13939: 13923: 13919: 13917:0-2533-3333-4 13913: 13909: 13908: 13899: 13892: 13887: 13880: 13874: 13872: 13864: 13858: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13838: 13830: 13824: 13816: 13810: 13807:. Routledge. 13806: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13787: 13780: 13774: 13767: 13763: 13758: 13749: 13741: 13737: 13729: 13722: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13687: 13685: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13603: 13599: 13598: 13590: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13560: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13529: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13478: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13421:Human Biology 13418: 13411: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13311: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13259: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13200: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13149: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13108:(1): 79–108. 13107: 13103: 13099: 13092: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13051: 13035: 13031: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13001: 12997: 12995:1-5718-1935-5 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12934: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12881: 12877: 12869: 12863: 12859: 12852: 12840: 12836: 12834:1-5718-1935-5 12830: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12816: 12812: 12805: 12797: 12791: 12787: 12780: 12772: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12725:0-6740-2164-9 12721: 12717: 12716: 12708: 12706: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12628: 12626: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12568:Slavic Review 12565: 12558: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12528: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12498: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12468: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12313: 12311: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12245: 12239: 12232: 12231:Asian Affairs 12226: 12219: 12213: 12206: 12201: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12170: 12162: 12156:, p. 27. 12155: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12136: 12128: 12123: 12116: 12111: 12104: 12099: 12093:, p. 49. 12092: 12087: 12080: 12075: 12068: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12045: 12037: 12031: 12027: 12020: 12012: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11983: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11949: 11942: 11937: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11885: 11879: 11876:. Routledge. 11875: 11869: 11863: 11856: 11851: 11845:, p. 79. 11844: 11839: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11817:Andrew Cook, 11814: 11807: 11802: 11795: 11794:McMeekin 2011 11790: 11783: 11782:McMeekin 2011 11778: 11771: 11766: 11759: 11754: 11748:, p. 66. 11747: 11742: 11736:, p. 30. 11735: 11730: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11691: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11661: 11660: 11652: 11636: 11632: 11626: 11622: 11621: 11613: 11597: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11542:World War One 11535: 11528: 11523: 11507: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11492: 11484: 11477: 11472: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11442: 11441: 11433: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11394: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11355: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11265: 11259:, p. 88. 11258: 11257:McMeekin 2011 11253: 11246: 11241: 11234: 11229: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11199: 11198: 11190: 11183: 11178: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11139: 11133:, p. 82. 11132: 11127: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11097: 11096: 11088: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11049: 11042: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11024:History Today 11018: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10964: 10957: 10952: 10944: 10937: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10914:. Macmillan. 10913: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10875:"Coup d'État" 10869: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10809: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10783:9-0041-2952-9 10779: 10775: 10774: 10766: 10759: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10735: 10727: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10680: 10673: 10672:Geoffrey 2011 10668: 10661: 10660:Geoffrey 2011 10656: 10649: 10644: 10642: 10634: 10629: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10576: 10568: 10562: 10558: 10557: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10478: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10439: 10432: 10426: 10418: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10393: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10317: 10315: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10225: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10193: 10192: 10185: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10134:, p. 24. 10133: 10128: 10121: 10115: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10076: 10062: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10033: 10025: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9942: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9920: 9913: 9907: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9744: 9736: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9703: 9695: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9515: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9447: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9406: 9402: 9397: 9390: 9385: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9314: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9278: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9239: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9200: 9193: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9146: 9144: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9075:, p. 83. 9074: 9069: 9054: 9053:Research Gate 9050: 9044: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8803: 8800:", Rusmania. 8799: 8793: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8746: 8743:, and of the 8742: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8721: 8708:Russian: 8705: 8698: 8685:Russian: 8682: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8603: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8573: 8567: 8558: 8553: 8544: 8537: 8533: 8531: 8530:revolutionary 8525: 8521: 8515: 8508: 8495: 8489: 8480: 8474: 8464:Russian: 8461: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8416:in 1829–1856. 8415: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8371:Russia portal 8361: 8358: 8347: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8329:Sergey Uvarov 8325: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8297: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8234: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8169: 8168:connections. 8162: 8157: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8067: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8013: 8012: 8011:Zemlyachestvo 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7972:Bashkortostan 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7906:Russian opera 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7742: 7741: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7612: 7611:Old Believers 7609: 7608: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7586: 7585:Rabbinic Jews 7583: 7582: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7493: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7465:secret police 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429:Old Believers 7426: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414:Russification 7412:. After this 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7390:Volga Germans 7387: 7379: 7374: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7277:Alexander III 7273: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7243:Anti-semitism 7240: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7201:proselytizing 7192: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7181:metropolitans 7177: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7134: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6648:Alexander III 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6594:Russification 6591: 6586: 6585:Baltic German 6583:of 1721, the 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6538:Alexander III 6535: 6534: 6529: 6515: 6510: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451:supreme court 6448: 6444: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6345:protectorates 6342: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6247:Senate Square 6243: 6238: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6042:Tsarskoe Selo 6040:, located at 6039: 6034: 6027: 6026:Winter Palace 6024:opposite the 6023: 6011: 6006: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5988:Imperial Duma 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5531:War in Donbas 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5513:Five-Days War 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485:Privatization 5482: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446:Modern Russia 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5252: 5251:Russian State 5249: 5248: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5219:Ukrainian SSR 5216: 5215: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169:War Communism 5166: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5118:Dvoyevlastiye 5114: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4856:Rostov-Suzdal 4854: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4826:Novgorod Land 4824: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4580: 4579:Kodiak Island 4576: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4504:(1817–1864). 4503: 4502:Caucasian War 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449:, an Ottoman 4448: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4421: 4418:and a native 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378:Russian River 4375: 4374:San Francisco 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4348:administered 4347: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253:Kuril Islands 4250: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229:Transcaucasia 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170:Varangerfjord 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:Novaya Zemlya 4107: 4103: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4080:ethnic groups 4077: 4067: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4047:Yekaterinburg 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922:Turkish fleet 3917: 3907: 3905: 3902:by targeting 3901: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811:Baltic states 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3673:Great Retreat 3670: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3597:Winter Palace 3594: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554:assassination 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3403:Winter Palace 3400: 3396: 3395:Bloody Sunday 3392: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136:Russification 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:Alexander III 3109: 3106: 3102: 3095:Alexander III 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069:Transcaucasia 3066: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2984:United States 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2912:When Emperor 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2857:(8 June 1868) 2856: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2764:Russification 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2729:Pontic Greeks 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:Caucasian War 2670: 2666: 2665:Qajar dynasty 2662: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:siege in 1827 2618: 2614: 2613:Franz Roubaud 2610: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580:individualism 2577: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2475:Holy Alliance 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093:Enlightenment 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:Yelisavetgrad 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:church reform 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1580:, painted by 1579: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1557:Pater Patriae 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421:includes new 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Ivan III 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324:, along with 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237:and parts of 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209:descent, the 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:Holy Alliance 1162: 1151: 1147: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025:North America 1022: 1021:held colonies 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 972: 970: 967: 966: 958: 956: 953: 952: 949: 943: 936: 929: 928: 925: 924: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 904:Russian ruble 902: 898: 894: 890: 884: 880: 877: 871: 867: 862: 858: 854: 849: 845: 841: 838: 832: 828: 825: 819: 815: 810: 803: 799: 796: 790: 786: 783: 777: 773: 770: 766: 760: 756: 753: 747: 741: 738: 732: 728: 725: 719: 715: 709: 705: 702: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 676: 673: 667: 662: 661:State Council 659: 656: 650: 647: 644: 640: 636: 633: 630: 624: 620: 616: 610: 606: 602: 599: 595: 590: 586: 583: 580: 574: 571: 568: 562: 558: 554: 552: 548: 543: 540: 539:parliamentary 537: 531: 528: 525: 521: 518: 515: 513: 509: 502: 500: 496: 494: 490: 488: 484: 477: 473: 471: 467: 464: 460: 456: 455: 454: 450: 449: 447: 446: 444: 440: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 402: 396: 393: 390: 386: 383: 380: 376: 371: 363: 360: 356: 345: 335: 299: 292: 275: 268: 256: 243: 236: 224: 211: 204: 192: 191: 158: 151: 139: 135: 128: 123: 119: 110: 103: 95: 92: 87: 82: 75: 68: 60: 55: 50: 29: 26: 22: 20968: 20964:Anglo-German 20953: 20825:Treaties and 20617: 20586:Great powers 20448: 20286:Contemporary 20280: 20136:Indo-Persian 20124:Nazi Germany 20068:Contemporary 19970:Vijayanagara 19869:Great Seljuk 19780:Thessalonica 19708:Golden Horde 19348:Carthaginian 19127:Neo-Assyrian 19112:Neo-Sumerian 18957:World War II 18901: 18810:Early modern 18787:Kalmar Union 18658:Papal States 18576:Roman Empire 18451:South Africa 18446:Sierra Leone 18393: 18223:Two Sicilies 18187: 18158:Papal States 17958: 17897: 17790: 17656: 17416:Cook Islands 17269: 17255:Saudi Arabia 17184: 16750:Coat of arms 16710:Martial arts 16618:Army culture 16608:Architecture 16578:Witch trials 16533:Prostitution 16479:Human rights 16412:Demographics 16326:Trade unions 16296:Shipbuilding 16256:Homelessness 16216:Central Bank 16211:Car industry 16050:Conservatism 15960:Constitution 15955:Conscription 15628:Eastern Bloc 15618:Soviet Union 15611:Russian SFSR 15578: 15541:Feudal Rus' 15389: 15379: 15361: 15343: 15336: 15329: 15322: 15315: 15308: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15261: 15254: 15235: 15224: 15216: 15205:, retrieved 15201:the original 15195: 15185:, retrieved 15181:the original 15175: 15163: 15156: 15138: 15130: 15113: 15106: 15088: 15080: 15065: 15061: 15046: 15039: 15022: 15015: 15007: 14999: 14992: 14985: 14966: 14955: 14916: 14881: 14851: 14834: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14806: 14787: 14779: 14768: 14760: 14749: 14734: 14716: 14708: 14701: 14692: 14685: 14639: 14623:. Retrieved 14607:. ABC-CLIO. 14603: 14590:. Retrieved 14574:. ABC-CLIO. 14570: 14550: 14546: 14515: 14503:. Retrieved 14483: 14470:. Retrieved 14450: 14430: 14418:. Retrieved 14398: 14385:. Retrieved 14365: 14352: 14322: 14307:. Retrieved 14287: 14276:11 September 14274:. Retrieved 14254: 14241:. Retrieved 14225:. ABC-CLIO. 14221: 14208:. Retrieved 14188: 14178: 14150:Google Books 14137: 14132: 14124: 14119: 14111: 14106: 14098: 14093: 14085: 14080: 14046: 14042: 14036: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13985: 13980: 13972: 13943: 13938: 13926:. Retrieved 13906: 13898: 13893:, p. 9. 13891:Chapman 2002 13886: 13878: 13877:David Moon, 13862: 13857: 13847: 13828: 13823: 13804: 13798: 13794: 13786: 13778: 13773: 13765: 13757: 13748: 13740:the original 13728: 13720: 13713:. Retrieved 13693: 13671:. Retrieved 13662: 13647:. Retrieved 13638: 13624:. Retrieved 13596: 13589: 13577:. Retrieved 13568: 13559: 13547:. Retrieved 13538: 13528: 13516:. Retrieved 13491: 13487: 13477: 13465:. Retrieved 13424: 13420: 13410: 13378:(1): 52–59. 13375: 13371: 13361: 13349:. Retrieved 13324: 13320: 13310: 13298:. Retrieved 13271: 13267: 13258: 13246:. Retrieved 13213: 13209: 13199: 13187:. Retrieved 13162: 13158: 13148: 13105: 13101: 13091: 13079:. Retrieved 13060: 13050: 13038:. Retrieved 13019: 13004:. Retrieved 12981: 12978:Levene, Mark 12966:the original 12961: 12939: 12933: 12925:the original 12920: 12906:. Retrieved 12897: 12875: 12857: 12850: 12843:. Retrieved 12823:. New York: 12819: 12804: 12785: 12779: 12760: 12754: 12742:. Retrieved 12714: 12685: 12662:. Retrieved 12634: 12612:. Retrieved 12571: 12567: 12557: 12545:. Retrieved 12536: 12527: 12515:. Retrieved 12506: 12497: 12485:. Retrieved 12476: 12473:"Cantonists" 12467: 12455:. Retrieved 12446: 12418:. Retrieved 12409: 12377:. Retrieved 12368: 12359: 12347:. Retrieved 12319: 12297:. Retrieved 12269: 12238: 12230: 12225: 12217: 12212: 12205:Waldron 1997 12200: 12188:. Retrieved 12168: 12161: 12154:Waldron 1997 12149: 12144:, p. 4. 12142:Chapman 2002 12127:Chapman 2002 12122: 12115:Chapman 2002 12110: 12103:Chapman 2002 12098: 12091:Chapman 2002 12086: 12081:, p. 5. 12079:Chapman 2002 12074: 12069:, p. 3. 12067:Chapman 2002 12062: 12054:the original 12044: 12025: 12019: 11996: 11990: 11981: 11975: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11941:Dowling 2014 11936: 11901: 11892: 11873: 11867: 11862: 11850: 11838: 11826: 11818: 11813: 11801: 11789: 11777: 11765: 11758:Sanborn 2014 11753: 11746:Sanborn 2014 11741: 11734:Sanborn 2014 11729: 11717:. Retrieved 11697: 11690: 11678:. Retrieved 11658: 11651: 11639:. Retrieved 11619: 11612: 11600:. Retrieved 11580: 11573: 11561:. Retrieved 11541: 11534: 11522: 11510:. Retrieved 11490: 11483: 11471: 11459:. Retrieved 11439: 11432: 11420:. Retrieved 11400: 11393: 11381:. Retrieved 11361: 11354: 11342:. Retrieved 11322: 11315: 11303: 11291:. Retrieved 11271: 11264: 11252: 11247:, p. 2. 11240: 11228: 11216:. Retrieved 11196: 11189: 11182:Waldron 1997 11177: 11165:. Retrieved 11145: 11138: 11126: 11114:. Retrieved 11094: 11087: 11075:. Retrieved 11055: 11048: 11036: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11003:(1): 25–39. 11000: 10996: 10990: 10981: 10975: 10963: 10951: 10942: 10936: 10911: 10900:. Retrieved 10878: 10868: 10843: 10837: 10828: 10815: 10807: 10800:. Retrieved 10772: 10765: 10753: 10740: 10734: 10725: 10708: 10703: 10691: 10684:Waldron 1997 10679: 10667: 10655: 10648:Chapman 2002 10633:Chapman 2002 10628: 10616:. Retrieved 10589: 10585: 10575: 10555: 10548: 10536:. Retrieved 10516: 10504:. Retrieved 10484: 10477: 10465:. Retrieved 10445: 10438: 10430: 10429:David Moon, 10425: 10406: 10400: 10381: 10375: 10364: 10355: 10343:. Retrieved 10323: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10277: 10268: 10261:Dowling 2014 10256: 10249:Dowling 2014 10244: 10232: 10223: 10217: 10208: 10199: 10189: 10184: 10175: 10169: 10160: 10157:Palmer, Alan 10151: 10144:Dowling 2014 10139: 10132:Dowling 2014 10127: 10119: 10114: 10103:, retrieved 10093: 10087: 10080:Waldron 1997 10075: 10064:, retrieved 10042: 10032: 10003: 9993: 9974: 9968: 9959: 9950: 9941: 9930: 9919: 9911: 9906: 9898: 9893: 9885: 9880: 9868: 9856:. Retrieved 9847: 9838: 9819: 9813: 9797: 9785:. Retrieved 9776: 9771: 9764: 9752:. Retrieved 9742: 9735: 9723:. Retrieved 9714: 9709: 9702: 9682: 9675: 9662: 9657: 9650: 9642:the original 9637: 9627: 9617: 9613: 9611: 9596: 9589: 9577:. Retrieved 9573:the original 9568: 9559: 9547:. Retrieved 9543:the original 9526: 9521: 9514: 9502:. Retrieved 9493: 9467:. Retrieved 9463:the original 9456: 9446: 9434:. Retrieved 9425: 9412: 9404: 9396: 9384: 9375: 9361: 9355: 9347: 9340:. Retrieved 9320: 9313:apparatus... 9311: 9304:. Retrieved 9284: 9277: 9265:. Retrieved 9245: 9238: 9226:. Retrieved 9206: 9199: 9191: 9184:. Retrieved 9152: 9130:. Retrieved 9119: 9110: 9098:. Retrieved 9089: 9080: 9068: 9056:. Retrieved 9052: 9043: 9031:. Retrieved 9022: 9013: 9001:. Retrieved 8992: 8983: 8973:11 September 8971:. Retrieved 8954: 8950: 8935:. Retrieved 8910: 8904: 8891: 8868: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8833: 8819: 8813: 8792: 8780:. Retrieved 8771: 8762: 8727: 8704: 8681: 8667: 8662: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8615: 8588: 8552: 8543: 8535: 8534:, or simply 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8460: 8451: 8438: 8421: 8404: 8326: 8293: 8281: 8277: 8259: 8253: 8246: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8117: 8110: 8089:Alexander II 8078: 8071: 8068: 8061: 8049: 8038:Alexander II 8009: 8004:Raznochintsy 8002: 7995: 7988:Other status 7982: 7975: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7917: 7879: 7877:militaries. 7852: 7839: 7759: 7718:Karaite Jews 7639:(Minor) and 7523: 7476: 7473:Sergei Witte 7445: 7422: 7383: 7347: 7332: 7300: 7252: 7198: 7178: 7173: 7153: 7139: 7118:Alexander II 7044:Central Asia 7041: 7037: 6777:Ural Region 6737:Volga region 6734: 6721: 6699: 6675:Sergei Witte 6664: 6629: 6579:. Under the 6558: 6531: 6525: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6440: 6415:Alexander II 6404: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6276: 6275:The Senate ( 6274: 6252: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6110: 6098:governorates 6090: 6082: 6080: 6057: 6051: 6020:depicts the 5985: 5977:Pauline Laws 5953: 5927:Genghis Khan 5919: 5906: 5892: 5876: 5870: 5753: 5747: 5739: 5733: 5728:full list... 5726: 5712: 5705: 5691: 5684: 5670: 5663: 5649: 5642: 5628: 5621: 5559:Mobilization 5551:Debt default 5493:Chechen wars 5444:since 1991: 5421:full list... 5419: 5398:Russian SFSR 5387:Soviet Union 5304:Korenization 5274:full list... 5272: 5208:Russian SFSR 5117: 5031: 4976:Zemsky Sobor 4944:full list... 4942: 4868:full list... 4866: 4813: 4799:Ancient Rus' 4659: 4647:Kamehameha I 4628: 4613: 4605:Soviet Union 4590: 4583: 4568: 4538: 4527:East Prussia 4524: 4513: 4506: 4484:through the 4475: 4451:vassal state 4436: 4431:governorates 4414:through the 4390: 4360:, including 4343: 4329: 4246: 4217:Gulf of Riga 4198: 4154:Manych River 4124:was part of 4106:Arctic Ocean 4099: 4072: 4024: 4017: 3994: 3938:Novorossiysk 3919: 3893: 3867:. While the 3853:Cisleithania 3846: 3783: 3751:Ninth armies 3699:East Prussia 3692: 3637: 3602: 3564:rejected an 3551: 3524: 3469: 3420: 3399:Georgy Gapon 3388: 3353: 3337: 3332: 3317: 3314: 3306: 3291: 3286:Moscow River 3223: 3176: 3145: 3098: 3073:Batum Oblast 3054: 3022:Pan-Slavists 2989: 2945: 2937:wage slavery 2932: 2926: 2914:Alexander II 2911: 2884: 2733: 2675:against the 2654: 2575: 2569: 2566:collectivism 2558: 2550: 2519: 2491: 2454:Grande Armée 2443: 2380:First Consul 2372:state of war 2361: 2318: 2265:State budget 2255: 2232: 2217: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2154: 2128:, alongside 2111: 2108: 2086: 2066:Katerynoslav 2047: 2027: 2009: 1991: 1928: 1909: 1897:patriarchate 1886: 1859: 1807: 1768: 1753: 1744: 1711:18th century 1707:domination. 1654: 1650:Baltic coast 1631: 1620:modern fleet 1609: 1587: 1575:The Victory 1574: 1565:of all Rusia 1562: 1555: 1531:Peter I 1528: 1429:territories 1373: 1356:Ivan IV 1349: 1318:Soviet Union 1267: 1253:. After the 1235:Central Asia 1231:the Caucasus 1215:Arctic Ocean 1200: 1190:) initiated 1181:Alexander II 1146:colonization 1121: 1033: 992: 990: 920:Succeeded by 919: 914: 887:• 1910 809:Constitution 757:3 March 1861 453:Christianity 378:Largest city 137: 127:S' nami Bog! 122:Motto: 121: 109:Coat of arms 90: 80: 25: 21142:World War I 21105:Balkan Wars 21090:Second Boer 21075:Banana Wars 21039:July Crisis 20970:Dreadnought 20955:Weltpolitik 20799:Pan-Slavism 19874:Khwarezmian 19807:Carolingian 19612:Rashtrakuta 19316:Shaishunaga 19215:Hellenistic 19198:New Kingdom 19188:Old Kingdom 18942:World War I 18932:Nationalism 18820:Reformation 18805:Renaissance 18777:Black Death 18710:Kievan Rus' 18613:Middle Ages 18390:British Raj 18362:(Sri Lanka) 18248:Württemberg 17960:South Yemen 17848:Maguindanao 17741:Afghanistan 17502:Barotseland 17438:Saint Lucia 17411:New Zealand 17320:Netherlands 17093:Chhatrapati 17077:Sovereignty 17017:Aristocracy 16802:tea culture 16655:Fairy tales 16518:Open access 16491:Immigration 16452:Gun control 16191:Agriculture 16160:Term limits 16070:Martial law 16065:Nationalism 16060:Irredentism 16055:Imperialism 15838:Caspian Sea 15754:Environment 15749:Earthquakes 15645:Union State 15633:Dissolution 15532:Kievan Rus' 15522:Early Slavs 14625:30 December 14592:30 December 14369:. Penguin. 14170:Works cited 14075:esp p. 234. 13844:Jerome Blum 13539:www.bbc.com 13494:: 127–141. 11806:Tucker 2019 11770:Tucker 2014 11719:30 December 11680:30 December 11641:30 December 11602:30 December 11563:30 December 11527:Tucker 2019 11512:30 December 11476:Tucker 2014 11461:30 December 11383:30 December 11344:30 December 11308:Lieven 2015 11293:30 December 11245:Lieven 2015 11233:Lieven 2015 11131:Lieven 2015 11041:Ascher 2004 11030:(11): 64ff. 10968:Freeze 2002 10956:Lieven 2006 10747:Lieven 2006 10105:1 September 10082:, p. . 9873:Hughes 1998 9804:, pp. 9754:20 November 9549:20 November 9469:20 November 9342:30 December 9306:30 December 8631:. However, 8431:World War I 8136:Repartition 7955:dvoryanstvo 7882:World War I 7863:Crimean War 7768:(156,400), 7576:11,467,994 7563:13,906,972 7550:87,123,604 7354:Crimean War 7327:Circassians 7229:Lutheranism 7185:archbishops 7072:Krasnovodsk 7064:Caspian Sea 6702:agriculture 6690:Agriculture 6630:Before the 6588:police and 6540:, however, 6520: 1900 6432:bureaucracy 6428:jury system 6087:lower house 6054:Upper House 6046:Catherine I 6018: 1847 5992:Organic Law 5948:Nicholas II 5911:controversy 5894:sui generis 5453:August Coup 5376:War of Laws 5358:Perestroika 5336:Warsaw Pact 5324:Great Purge 5287:1923–1991: 5151:White Guard 5131:Directorate 5100:1917–1923: 4957:1480–1917: 4883:Feudal Rus' 4881:1240–1480: 4754:Rus' people 4746:Early Slavs 4713:History of 4586:Organic Law 4575:Kodiak town 4498:Turkmenchay 4404:grand duchy 4393:Finnish War 4237:Caspian Sea 4215:river. The 4162:Sea of Azov 4142:Caspian Sea 4033:; Nicholas 3974:Enver Pasha 3711:second army 3635:Petrograd. 3633:Russianised 3571:Nicholas II 3547:Balkan Wars 3541:. The 1908 3504:Crimean War 3484:World War I 3385:(1904–1905) 3294:Nicholas II 3224:Meanwhile, 3199:Port Arthur 3152:Afghanistan 3077:Kars Oblast 2976:Vladivostok 2950:Priamurye ( 2941:bourgeoisie 2899:Crimean War 2844:Crimean War 2842:during the 2663:) from the 2626:during the 2562:Slavophiles 2542:Constantine 2187:Nicholas II 1912:Catherine I 1831:Caspian Sea 1775:Arkhangelsk 1693:Jacob Bruce 1618:. Russia's 1259:Nicholas II 1173:Crimean War 1150:Alexander I 995:was a vast 915:Preceded by 891:161,000,000 881:125,640,021 681:(1905–1917) 672:Lower house 664:(1810–1917) 655:Upper house 642:Legislature 582:Nicholas II 545:(1906–1917) 533:(1721–1906) 503:0.2% Others 474:5.7% Other 373:(1728–1730) 270:(1816–1833) 238:(1794–1816) 206:(1791–1816) 153:(1833–1917) 113:(1882–1917) 21157:Categories 20827:agreements 20775:Great Game 20741:Revanchism 20444:Portuguese 20325:Revival Le 20315:Vietnamese 19958:Later Tran 19928:Vietnamese 19824:Singhasari 19812:Holy Roman 19436:Bulgarian 19372:Satavahana 19343:Phoenician 19279:Achaemenid 19240:Indo-Greek 19220:Macedonian 19134:Babylonian 18705:Viking Age 18520:Prehistory 18456:Tanganyika 18371:The Gambia 18299:Niuē-Fekai 18238:Yugoslavia 18138:Montenegro 17945:Upper Yafa 17940:Upper Asir 17577:Madagascar 17310:Luxembourg 17042:Government 17007:Abdication 16976:Hereditary 16904:Monarchies 16807:Television 16782:Philosophy 16715:Mass media 16705:Literature 16700:Inventions 16462:Healthcare 16397:Corruption 16387:Censorship 16278:(currency) 16155:Separatism 16100:Opposition 16085:Neo-Nazism 16075:Monarchism 16045:Liberalism 16040:Propaganda 16000:Government 15867:North Asia 15668:Journalism 15527:East Slavs 15517:Sarmatians 15207:8 February 15187:8 February 15064:. Vol. 1: 14505:11 January 14472:13 January 14420:10 January 14387:10 January 14210:13 January 14114:pp 423–31. 13649:2 February 13635:"Nicholas" 13579:15 October 13549:17 October 13518:17 October 13467:15 October 13351:17 October 13300:17 October 13248:15 October 13189:15 October 13081:25 January 13040:25 January 13006:25 January 12614:15 October 12547:15 October 12517:2 February 12503:"Nicholas" 12487:2 February 12457:2 February 12420:15 October 12379:17 October 12349:17 October 12299:17 October 12218:Ab Imperio 12190:16 January 11961:(2): 3–7. 11855:Pipes 2011 11843:Pipes 2011 11831:Pipes 2011 11218:10 January 11167:10 January 11116:10 January 11077:10 January 10618:2 February 10538:21 January 10506:21 January 10467:21 January 10237:Stein 1976 9858:15 October 9802:Pipes 1974 9504:15 October 9073:Pipes 1974 8957:(2): 223. 8754:References 8212:rack-rents 8205:Landowners 8119:State serf 8051:Maslenitsa 7945:sosloviyes 7896:See also: 7798:See also: 7772:(82,100), 7679:Mennonites 7628:1,179,241 7615:2,204,596 7602:3,572,653 7589:5,215,805 7487:Demography 7441:Doukhobors 7267:Cantonists 7233:bishoprics 7221:Protestant 7219:, and the 7170:Procurator 7126:coronation 6991:Petroleum 6951:Manganese 6718:barshchina 6684:income tax 6644:Nicholas I 6632:liberation 6567:and later 6373:Sevastopol 6324:guberniyas 6255:Procurator 6113:landowners 6071:State Duma 6059:ex officio 5519:amendments 5431:Tannu Tuva 5354:Afghan War 5289:Soviet Era 4797:879–1240: 4738:Prehistory 4692:See also: 4553:See also: 4455:Bessarabia 4401:autonomous 4382:California 4289:Azerbaijan 4277:Bessarabia 4182:Baltic Sea 4140:, and the 4138:Ural River 3966:Sarikamish 3934:Sevastopol 3771:took place 3731:Tenth Army 3703:Tannenberg 3508:Great Game 3453:See also: 3364:Bolsheviks 3360:Mensheviks 3298:revolution 3268:Ilya Repin 3160:Great Game 3038:Montenegro 2840:Sevastopol 2756:propaganda 2685:Azerbaijan 2530:liberalism 2522:Nicholas I 2423:Bessarabia 2391:Austerlitz 2326:Versailles 2315: oz). 2224:Great Game 2193:Grand duke 1953:See also: 1870:Boyar Duma 1866:absolutist 1837:. He made 1823:Italianate 1783:Baltic Sea 1663:, and the 1577:at Poltava 1504:Background 1471:Bessarabia 1386:, and the 1370:Population 1332:, and the 1314:Red Terror 1300:and whose 1294:Bolsheviks 1263:State Duma 1233:, most of 1223:Baltic Sea 1052:Qing China 1044:Qajar Iran 939:Tsardom of 864:Population 816:6 May 1906 678:State Duma 594:Chancellor 523:Government 512:Demonym(s) 328:Show globe 20790:Meiji era 20637:Alliances 20437:Couronian 20075:Ethiopian 20063:Manchukuo 20018:Brazilian 19864:Ghaznavid 19834:Srivijaya 19785:Trebizond 19770:Byzantine 19752:North Sea 19747:Norwegian 19735:Almoravid 19718:Ilkhanate 19688:Majapahit 19661:Muromachi 19570:Solomonic 19555:Ethiopian 19469:Caliphate 19402:Aragonese 19230:Ptolemaic 18752:Feudalism 18723:Catalonia 18426:Mauritius 18319:Rarotonga 18304:Nuku Hiva 18294:Mangareva 18269:Bora Bora 18148:Neuchâtel 18118:Lithuania 18023:Catalonia 17910:Sri Lanka 17863:Manchukuo 17838:Kurdistan 17792:Indonesia 17715:Talamanca 17675:Araucanía 17658:and other 17637:Wassoulou 17381:Australia 17057:Oligarchy 16665:Festivals 16558:Sociology 16508:Languages 16427:Education 16331:Transport 16165:Terrorism 16010:Judiciary 16004:Apparatus 15970:Elections 15935:Anarchism 15909:Far North 15860:Volcanoes 15845:Mountains 15722:Geography 15601:Civil war 15512:Scythians 14981:, 288 pp. 14843:1801–1917 14534:18540198M 14309:5 January 14071:144460404 14028:163868977 13616:874151263 13500:0066-9628 13441:0018-7143 13402:145315419 13394:1879-3665 13333:0037-6795 13290:2214-1324 13238:145405540 13230:0963-7494 13179:0013-8266 13124:1252-6576 12908:22 August 12898:Study.com 12845:22 August 12654:902954232 12604:163469315 12588:0037-6779 12339:930490047 12289:969962873 11902:Diplomacy 11422:5 January 10608:1991-9336 9614:Imperator 9453:"Peter I" 9389:Moss 2003 9267:5 January 9176:37192398M 9132:14 August 9100:8 October 8963:1076-156X 8651:imperator 8628:imperator 8602:romanized 8566:romanized 8473:romanized 8427:Petrograd 8414:Wallachia 8266:Education 8132:Obshchina 8093:liberated 8085:education 8040:that year 7977:inorodtsy 7968:Tatarstan 7782:Semireche 7778:Samarkand 7762:Turkestan 7731:Anglicans 7637:Buddhists 7598:Lutherans 7534:Religion 7386:Lutherans 7189:parochial 7164:—was the 7080:Samarkand 7070:began at 7056:Black Sea 7030:train at 6911:Pig Iron 6811:Platinum 6783:Caucasus 6732:in 1649. 6704:on large 6443:tribunals 6381:Nikolayev 5907:unlimited 5899:unlimited 5887:under an 5812:1982–1991 5808:1964–1982 5804:1953–1964 5800:1927–1953 5796:1917–1927 5792:1894–1917 5788:1855–1894 5784:1796–1855 5780:1721–1796 5555:Sanctions 5505:Oligarchy 5435:1921–1944 5413:1940–1956 5402:1922–1991 5391:1922–1991 5308:Stalinism 5266:1921–1923 5255:1918–1920 5245:1922–1922 5234:1920–1922 5223:1919–1922 5212:1917–1922 5202:1917–1918 5191:1917–1918 5177:Emigrants 5163:Priamurye 5147:Civil War 5123:July Days 5091:1914–1921 5080:1900–1905 5069:1867–1915 5058:1809–1917 5047:1799–1867 5036:1721–1917 5026:1547–1721 4936:1263–1547 4926:1157–1331 4916:1136–1478 4860:1093–1157 4785:Garðaríki 4742:Antiquity 4643:Kaumualii 4629:In 1815, 4539:Gumbinnen 4386:New Spain 4233:Bosphorus 4223:, and by 4168:from the 4146:Black Sea 4090:Geography 4053:Territory 4031:Tsarevich 3998:Alexandra 3900:offensive 3889:Premissel 3755:Mackensen 3741:with his 3725:was near 3490:'s rival 3379:at Mukden 3324:Octobrist 3187:Manchuria 3183:East Asia 3174:of 1907. 3148:Turkestan 3089:Armenians 3081:Georgians 2907:Åland War 2855:Samarkand 2791:from the 2785:panoramic 2721:Gümüşhane 2707:. In the 2578:over the 2571:obshchina 2462:guerrilla 2433:from the 2425:from the 2407:Coalition 2399:Friedland 2393:in 1805, 2368:Alexander 2322:Amsterdam 2259:Bolshevik 2183:in 1799. 2122:Black Sea 2023:Beard tax 2015:Peter III 1935:Elizabeth 1853:and 1735 1839:Astrakhan 1816:, on the 1779:White Sea 1638:geography 1633:Vedomosti 1563:Imperator 1465:includes 1451:includes 1364:Astrakhan 1251:communism 1219:Black Sea 476:Christian 435:Religion 57:1721–1917 20417:Japanese 20380:Scottish 20360:American 20352:Colonial 20281:Imperial 20249:Moroccan 20185:Japanese 20163:Afsharid 20022:Burmese 20008:Austrian 19963:Later Le 19938:Early Le 19923:Venetian 19849:Tiwanaku 19762:Hellenic 19725:Moroccan 19656:Kamakura 19646:Japanese 19629:Saffarid 19582:Georgian 19496:Chalukya 19474:Rashidun 19464:Calakmul 19432:Bruneian 19311:Haryanka 19289:Sasanian 19284:Parthian 19235:Bactrian 19225:Seleucid 19205:Goguryeo 19183:Egyptian 19117:Assyrian 19107:Akkadian 19098:Colonies 18991:See also 18962:Cold War 18757:Crusades 18727:Valencia 18441:Rhodesia 18436:Pakistan 18355:Barbados 18324:Rimatara 18314:Rapa Iti 18243:Valencia 18218:Tavolara 18208:Scotland 18173:Portugal 18133:Moldavia 18018:Bulgaria 18013:Brittany 17988:Asturias 17868:Mongolia 17858:Maldives 17720:Trinidad 17710:Suriname 17668:Americas 17652:Zimbabwe 17647:Zanzibar 17632:Wituland 17607:Ngazidja 17602:Ndzuwani 17537:Ethiopia 17260:Thailand 17240:Malaysia 17220:Cambodia 17170:Eswatini 16966:Elective 16951:Absolute 16857:Category 16735:Nobility 16695:Internet 16690:Heraldry 16685:Graffiti 16670:Folklore 16613:Armorial 16543:Religion 16528:Polygamy 16467:HIV/AIDS 16447:Funerals 16437:Feminism 16407:Deafness 16392:Citizens 16382:Cannabis 16367:Abortion 16311:Taxation 16251:Gambling 16241:Forestry 16090:Military 15923:Politics 15904:Wildlife 15850:Caucasus 15813:Glaciers 15693:Military 15678:Internet 15656:By topic 15550:Vladimir 15545:Novgorod 15499:Timeline 15351:Archived 15299:Archived 15121:Archived 15030:Archived 14965:(2002). 14939:3569059M 14908:3532000M 14900:45990840 14880:(1939). 14870:3785581M 14619:Archived 14586:Archived 14499:Archived 14466:Archived 14414:Archived 14381:Archived 14363:(2015). 14321:(1998). 14303:Archived 14270:Archived 14237:Archived 14204:Archived 14156:Archived 13951:Archived 13922:Archived 13715:27 April 13709:Archived 13673:27 April 13667:Archived 13643:Archived 13626:19 March 13620:Archived 13573:Archived 13543:Archived 13512:Archived 13508:24040086 13461:Archived 13449:19130794 13345:Archived 13294:Archived 13242:Archived 13183:Archived 13140:36114349 13132:20171169 13075:Archived 13034:Archived 13000:Archived 12962:Politico 12902:Archived 12839:Archived 12744:19 March 12738:Archived 12734:62282613 12664:19 March 12658:Archived 12608:Archived 12541:Archived 12511:Archived 12481:Archived 12451:Archived 12414:Archived 12373:Archived 12343:Archived 12293:Archived 12184:Archived 11928:1432465M 11920:29428792 11900:(1994). 11713:Archived 11674:Archived 11635:Archived 11596:Archived 11557:Archived 11506:Archived 11455:Archived 11416:Archived 11377:Archived 11338:Archived 11287:Archived 11212:Archived 11161:Archived 11110:Archived 11071:Archived 10928:5918954M 10902:19 March 10897:3681754M 10860:5911156M 10802:22 March 10796:Archived 10792:51330174 10716:Archived 10612:Archived 10532:Archived 10500:Archived 10461:Archived 10363:(1981). 10345:11 March 10339:Archived 10276:(1957). 10207:(1978). 10159:(1967). 10099:archived 9852:Archived 9781:Archived 9748:Archived 9719:Archived 9667:Archived 9498:Archived 9436:26 March 9430:Archived 9336:Archived 9300:Archived 9261:Archived 9222:Archived 9180:Archived 9126:Archived 9094:Archived 9027:Archived 8997:Archived 8967:Archived 8931:Archived 8881:Archived 8802:Archived 8782:6 August 8776:Archived 8410:Moldavia 8343:See also 8163:in 1909) 8126:Peasants 7964:peasants 7960:cossacks 7950:nobility 7857:and the 7788:Military 7774:Namangan 7766:Tashkent 7705:Baptists 7666:Reformed 7657:285,321 7646:433,863 7643:(Minor) 7641:Lamaists 7463:Russian 7281:May Laws 7217:Buddhism 7174:de facto 7154:ex supra 7090:Religion 7084:Tashkent 7018:Railways 6786:Siberia 6730:Alexis I 6710:peasants 6660:poll tax 6590:manorial 6528:zemstvos 6487:zemstvos 6475:and the 6361:Sakhalin 6333:, and 1 6102:peasants 6065:zemstvos 5776:860–1721 5772:Timeline 5509:Putinism 5463:Protocol 5461:Alma-Ata 5366:Karabakh 5346:transfer 5332:Cold War 5155:Red Army 5139:election 4972:Troubles 4850:988–1402 4840:987–1397 4830:882–1136 4775:Arthania 4704:a series 4702:Part of 4678:gunboats 4674:Djibouti 4618:and the 4494:Gulistan 4478:Caucasus 4158:Pliocene 4150:Caucasus 4148:and the 4122:Kara Sea 4114:Kolguyev 4112:and the 4084:Russians 4035:accepted 3962:Köprüköy 3958:crossing 3942:Feodosia 3873:besieged 3819:Volhynia 3807:Tarnopol 3786:withdraw 3658:Theatres 3520:railways 3348:Narodnik 3284:View of 3105:Nihilist 3014:Bulgaria 2948:obtained 2893:and the 2787:view of 2713:Anatolia 2681:Dagestan 2175:led the 2078:Mykolaiv 1963:Empress 1829:and the 1827:Caucasus 1797:against 1614:with an 1611:votchina 1602:nobility 1161:Napoleon 1064:Ivan III 900:Currency 837:Republic 499:Buddhism 470:Catholic 463:official 20770:In Asia 20603:Germany 20484:largest 20479:Empires 20459:Swedish 20454:Spanish 20449:Russian 20412:Italian 20387:Chinese 20375:English 20370:British 20365:Belgian 20340:Vietnam 20330:Tay son 20276:Tsarist 20271:Russian 20266:Ottoman 20232:Dzungar 20227:Khoshut 20200:Mexican 20195:Maratha 20178:Pahlavi 20158:Safavid 20153:Iranian 20080:Haitian 20043:Chinese 20003:Ashanti 19975:Wagadou 19901:Eastern 19896:Western 19879:Timurid 19839:Tibetan 19829:Songhai 19819:Serbian 19740:Almohad 19730:Idrisid 19634:Samanid 19624:Tahirid 19619:Iranian 19597:Kannauj 19577:Genoese 19513:Chinese 19506:Eastern 19501:Western 19489:Fatimid 19484:Abbasid 19479:Umayyad 19452:Burmese 19412:Ayyubid 19407:Angevin 19377:Xianbei 19365:Eastern 19360:Western 19306:Magadha 19269:Iranian 19262:Xiongnu 19247:Hittite 19156:Chinese 19144:Kassite 19093:Ancient 19085:Empires 18832:Baroque 18731:Majorca 18643:Francia 18431:Nigeria 18406:Ireland 18334:Tahuata 18309:Raiatea 18289:Huahine 18264:Abemama 18257:Oceania 18228:Tuscany 18183:Romania 18178:Prussia 18143:Navarre 18123:Majorca 18103:Ireland 18098:Imereti 18093:Iceland 18088:Hungary 18083:Hanover 18078:Granada 18068:Germany 18063:Georgia 18058:Galicia 18048:Finland 18038:Corsica 18033:Cilicia 18003:Bavaria 17993:Austria 17978:Albania 17950:Vietnam 17893:Sarawak 17883:Qu'aiti 17818:Kathiri 17781:Dapitan 17756:Bukhara 17705:Miskito 17627:Tunisia 17617:Shilluk 17527:Dahomey 17517:Burundi 17507:Bagirmi 17487:Adamawa 17406:Jamaica 17401:Grenada 17386:Bahamas 17350:Oceania 17300:Denmark 17295:Belgium 17290:Andorra 17205:Bahrain 17180:Morocco 17175:Lesotho 17154:Current 17145:Pharaoh 17098:Emperor 17037:Dynasty 16991:Regency 16971:Federal 16961:Diarchy 16915:Monarch 16848:Outline 16660:Fashion 16650:Fashion 16638:Cuisine 16600:Culture 16588:in army 16573:Wedding 16568:Suicide 16563:Smoking 16548:Slavery 16523:Orphans 16496:Illegal 16372:Alcohol 16355:Society 16321:Tourism 16201:Banking 16179:Economy 16024:Prisons 15872:Siberia 15828:Islands 15808:Geology 15744:Climate 15734:Borders 15698:Outline 15673:Judaism 15663:Economy 15490:History 15436:YouTube 15264:(2008). 15250:396 pp. 15018:(1997). 15002:(1983). 14958:(2006). 14678:Surveys 14341:358704M 14020:3185576 13988:(1991). 13975:(1991). 13801:(2012) 13768:(2006). 13457:9520618 13341:4205179 12817:(ed.). 12596:2502001 12537:Haaretz 12369:Haaretz 11821:(2011). 10711:(1895) 9914:(1969). 9888:(1972). 9787:5 April 9725:4 April 9377:lands'. 9228:20 June 9186:20 June 9058:20 July 9033:20 July 9003:20 July 8937:28 June 8927:2600793 8688:барщина 8637:emperor 8604:: 8593:Russian 8568:: 8557:Russian 8305:Kharkov 8181:Kherson 8097:zemstvo 8081:Siberia 8018:Serfdom 7932:Estates 7921:Mironov 7892:Society 7875:British 7843:in 1799 7722:12,894 7709:38,139 7696:38,840 7683:66,564 7670:85,400 7559:Muslims 7477:Memoirs 7469:Okhrana 7461:Tsarist 7453:pogroms 7437:Molokan 7425:uniates 7225:Judaism 7128:in 1856 7076:Bukhara 7062:on the 7054:on the 6891:Copper 6831:Silver 6706:estates 6634:of the 6608:Economy 6565:Estonia 6561:Livonia 6542:by-laws 6478:volosts 6419:English 6341:Vassals 6330:oblasts 6259:Georgia 6106:volosts 5963:emperor 5933:Emperor 5818:present 5718:present 5697:present 5676:present 5655:present 5634:present 5614:present 5597:present 5580:present 5543:Prelude 5340:Comecon 4970:Time of 4733:Periods 4666:Sagallo 4429:Map of 4408:Finland 4309:Ardahan 4293:Georgia 4285:Armenia 4273:Belarus 4225:Germans 4205:Finland 4190:Prussia 4172:to the 4126:Siberia 3991:in 1917 3972:routed 3881:Gorlice 3865:Galicia 3861:Lemberg 3849:Galicia 3823:Podolia 3799:pushing 3759:Galicia 3739:Silesia 3695:invaded 3652:Belgium 3609:Germany 3593:Germany 3488:Germany 3480:Entente 3476:Britain 3416:Soviets 3132:Siberia 3061:Ardahan 3034:Romania 3030:Germany 2982:to the 2922:serfdom 2918:serfdom 2897:in the 2887:Britain 2869:in 1873 2752:Britain 2717:Erzurum 2701:Armenia 2554:katorga 2473:. The " 2431:Finland 2419:Austria 2387:emperor 2376:Corsica 2310:⁄ 2296:⁄ 2282:⁄ 2205:Denmark 2173:Suvorov 2134:Prussia 2130:Austria 2082:Kherson 2038:Cossack 1777:on the 1755:kholops 1741:, 1717. 1705:British 1642:geology 1584:in 1862 1535:reforms 1522:in the 1340:History 1326:Germany 1292:by the 1102:Romanov 1100:to the 1083:Ivan IV 1013:British 1001:Eurasia 874:• 822:• 811:adopted 806:• 793:• 780:• 765:Selling 763:• 750:• 735:• 722:• 699:• 686:History 670:• 653:• 551:Emperor 536:Unitary 527:Unitary 517:Russian 493:Judaism 424:Chinese 420:Swedish 416:Finnish 392:Russian 358:Capital 140: " 138:Anthem: 91:Bottom: 21128:Second 21115:Second 20912:Events 20702:Trends 20618:Russia 20598:France 20422:Mongol 20407:German 20402:French 20392:Danish 20335:Dainam 20310:Tongan 20298:Somali 20293:Sokoto 20259:'Alawi 20237:Kalmyk 20217:Mongol 20210:Second 20190:Korean 20141:Mughal 20131:Indian 20114:German 20107:Second 20097:French 20090:Second 20026:Second 19998:Afghan 19990:Modern 19916:Kyrgyz 19911:Uighur 19906:Second 19886:Turkic 19854:Toltec 19790:Epirus 19775:Nicaea 19698:Mongol 19651:Yamato 19587:Huetar 19445:Second 19382:Rouran 19331:Shunga 19326:Maurya 19301:Kushan 19274:Median 19252:Hunnic 19210:Harsha 18719:Aragon 18698:Amalfi 18683:Venice 18671:Second 18466:Uganda 18416:Malawi 18381:Guyana 18360:Ceylon 18339:Tahiti 18329:Rurutu 18284:Hawaii 18213:Serbia 18198:Saxony 18188:Russia 18073:Greece 18053:France 18043:Cyprus 18028:Crimea 18008:Bosnia 17983:Aragon 17971:Europe 17935:Taiwan 17905:Sikkim 17888:Ryukyu 17873:Najran 17771:Chehab 17751:Bengal 17700:Mexico 17685:Brazil 17612:Rwanda 17592:Maravi 17492:Ankole 17480:Africa 17472:Former 17453:Tuvalu 17396:Canada 17391:Belize 17335:Sweden 17325:Norway 17315:Monaco 17282:Europe 17235:Kuwait 17230:Jordan 17215:Brunei 17210:Bhutan 17162:Africa 17135:Sultan 17086:Titles 17000:Topics 16862:Portal 16817:Sports 16745:Anthem 16633:Cinema 16628:Ballet 16538:Racism 16501:Labour 16457:Health 16422:Doping 16276:Ruble 16261:Mining 16231:Energy 15894:Rivers 15803:Fjords 15703:Postal 15555:Moscow 15481:Russia 15384:online 15348:online 15296:Online 15287:(1993) 15242: 15229:online 15145: 15133:(1988) 15118:online 15095: 15072: 15042:(2014) 15027:online 14973: 14937: 14927: 14906: 14898: 14888: 14868: 14858: 14773:online 14754:online 14741: 14723: 14688:(2011) 14654: 14611: 14578: 14532: 14522: 14491: 14458: 14437: 14406: 14373: 14339: 14329: 14295: 14262: 14243:12 May 14229: 14196: 14144: 14069: 14063:368437 14061: 14026: 14018: 13948:online 13928:5 July 13914: 13881:(1999) 13865:(1989) 13852:(1961) 13831:(2008) 13811: 13701: 13614: 13604: 13506: 13498: 13455: 13447: 13439: 13400: 13392: 13339: 13331: 13288: 13236: 13228: 13177: 13138: 13130: 13122: 13067: 13026: 12992: 12946: 12882: 12864: 12831: 12792: 12767: 12732: 12722: 12692: 12652: 12642: 12602: 12594: 12586: 12337: 12327: 12287: 12277: 12176: 12032: 12007: 11926: 11918: 11908: 11880: 11705: 11666: 11627: 11588: 11549: 11498: 11447: 11408: 11369: 11330: 11279: 11204: 11153: 11102: 11063: 10926: 10920:405923 10918: 10895: 10885: 10858: 10852:299007 10850: 10790: 10780: 10713:online 10606: 10563: 10524: 10492: 10453: 10413: 10388: 10331: 10066:22 May 10057: 10020: 9981: 9826: 9690: 9604: 9579:9 July 9535: 9368: 9328: 9292: 9253: 9214: 9174: 9164: 8961: 8925: 8826: 8741:Ingria 8536:Russia 8532:Russia 8337:Tiflis 8317:Dorpat 8186:steppe 7962:, and 7912:, and 7871:French 7867:German 7818:, and 7770:Kokand 7746:3,952 7735:4,183 7566:11.1% 7553:69.3% 7481:Police 7467:, the 7380:(1906) 7227:, and 7106:, and 7082:, and 7066:. 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