2071:
3093:" that any nation under imperial Russian rule should be immediately given the power of self-determination, the Bolsheviks had begun to usurp the power of the Provisional Government in the territories of Central Asia soon after the establishment of the Turkestan Committee in Tashkent. In April 1917 the Provisional Government set up the committee, which was mostly made up of former Tsarist officials. The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful, and many leaders were arrested. However, because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers, they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately because of a public outcry, and a successful takeover of that government body took place two months later in November. The Leagues of Mohammedam Working People (which Russian settlers and natives who had been sent to work behind the lines for the Tsarist government in 1916 formed in March 1917) had led numerous strikes in the industrial centers throughout September 1917. However, after the Bolshevik destruction of the Provisional Government in
869:
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667:
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631:
619:
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8590:, who published a series of articles about Russia in Edinburgh newspaper "The Scotsman" touched upon the death statistics in an essay on terror (No. 7, November 1923.). He summarized the outcome of the Bolshevik massacre as follows: 28 bishops, 1219 clergy, 6000 professors and teachers, 9000 doctors, 54,000 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 70,000 policemen, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 professionals, 193,290 workers, 815,000 peasants. The author did not provide the sources of that data. Needless to say that the precise counts seem fictional, but the author's of terror in Russia in general matches reality." The note is somewhat abbreviated in the 1925 English edition indicated in the bibliography: in particular, there is no mention of the imaginative nature of the data (p. 111, note n. 1).
211:
224:
3414:
592:
3685:, who assisted the Mensheviks in Ashkhabad (now the capital of Turkmenistan) with a small Anglo-Indian force. However, he failed to gain control of Tashkent, Bukhara and Khiva. The third was Major General Dunsterville, who was driven out by the Bolsheviks of Central Asia only a month after his arrival in August 1918. Despite setbacks as a result of British invasions during 1918, the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence. The first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convened in the city of Tashkent in June 1918 in order to build support for a local Bolshevik Party.
381:
577:
1146:
332:
2360:
counterrevolutionaries and seeking to "organize armed attacks against the workers and peasants" (though
Mensheviks had not supported them), while the Left SRs advocated forming a government of all socialist parties. The Left SRs agreed with extrajudicial execution of political opponents to stop the counterrevolution, but opposed having the government legally pronouncing death sentences, an unusual position that is best understood within the context of the group's terrorist past. The Left SRs strongly opposed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and opposed Trotsky's insistence that no one try to attack German troops in Ukraine.
3469:) followed the Red Army, conducting field tribunals and summary executions of soldiers and officers who deserted, retreated from their positions, or failed to display sufficient offensive zeal. The Cheka Special Investigations Forces were also charged with the detection of sabotage and counter-revolutionary activity by Red Army soldiers and commanders. Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy. In August, frustrated at continued reports of Red Army troops breaking under fire, Trotsky authorised the formation of
3793:
withdrew. He repeatedly asked permission to withdraw his army across the border to
Estonia. However, units retreating across the border were disarmed and interned by orders of the Estonian government, which had entered into peace negotiations with the Soviet Government on 16 September and had been informed by the Soviet authorities of their 6 November decision that if the White Army was allowed to retreat into Estonia, it would be pursued across the border by the Reds. In fact, the Reds attacked Estonian army positions and fighting continued until a ceasefire went into effect on 3 January 1920. After the
3159:. That suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. However, after the military fiasco of the summer offensive (June 1917) by the Russian Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian Army, it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace. Even before the failed summer offensive the Russian population was very skeptical about the continuation of the war. Western socialists had promptly arrived from France and from the UK to convince the Russians to continue the fight, but could not change the new pacifist mood of Russia.
1100:
1031:
2751:. The revolts were bloodily crushed by the Bolsheviks: in the Voronezh Oblast, the Red Guards killed sixteen peasants during the pacification of the village, while another village was shelled with artillery in order to force the peasants to surrender and in the Novgorod Oblast the rebelling peasants were dispersed with machine-gun fire from a train sent by a detachment of Latvian Red Army soldiers. While the Bolsheviks immediately denounced the rebellion as orchestrated by the SRs, there is actually no evidence that they were involved into peasant violence, which they deemed as counterproductive.
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1176:
369:
393:
1136:
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308:
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forces in
Siberia. Although the communication failure weakened the Red Army, the Bolsheviks continued their efforts to gain support for the Bolshevik Party in Central Asia by holding a second regional conference in March. During the conference, a regional bureau of Muslim organisations of the Russian Bolshevik Party was formed. The Bolshevik Party continued to try to gain support among the native population by giving it the impression of better representation for the Central Asian population and throughout the end of the year could maintain harmony with the Central Asian people.
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825:
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4612:, a total of 140,000 people were shot in 1917–1922, but Jonathan D. Smele estimates they were considerably fewer, "perhaps less than half that many". Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolay Zayats states that the number of people shot by the Cheka in 1918–1922 is about 37,300 people, shot in 1918–1921 by the verdicts of the tribunals — 14,200, i.e. about 50,000–55,000 people in total, although executions and atrocities were not limited to the Cheka, having been organized by the Red Army as well. In 1924, an anti-Bolshevik
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419:
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suffered another reverse after a mass defection of units in the Crimea to the anarchist
Insurgent Army under Nestor Makhno, enabling anarchist forces to consolidate power in Ukraine. Leon Trotsky soon reformed the Red Army, concluding the first of two military alliances with the anarchists. In June the Red Army first checked Kolchak's advance. After a series of engagements, assisted by an Insurgent Army offensive against White supply lines, the Red Army defeated Denikin's and Yudenich's armies in October and November.
2914:
3013:
4623:'s estimates of 1,766,188 deaths from the Bolshevik policies. He questioned the accuracy of the figures, but endorsed Saroléa's "chracterisation of terror in Russia", stating it matches reality. Modern historian Sergei Volkov, assessing the Red Terror as the entire repressive policy of the Bolsheviks during the years of the Civil War (1917–1922), estimates the direct death toll of the Red Terror at 2 million people. Volkov's calculations, however, do not appear to have been confirmed by other major scholars.
4597:
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1018:
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406:
7011:, p. 258 quotes such comments from the peasant soldiers during the first weeks of the war: We have talked it over among ourselves; if the Germans want payment, it would be better to pay ten roubles a head than to kill people. Or: Is it not all the same what Tsar we live under? It cannot be worse under the German one. Or: Let them go and fight themselves. Wait a while, we will settle accounts with you. Or: 'What devil has brought this war on us? We are butting into other people's business.'
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887:
495:
4074:
986:
59:
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719:
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1080:
701:
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December 1917 to
February 1922. Estimates for the number of people shot during the initial period of the Red Terror are at least 10,000. Estimates for the whole period go for a low of 50,000 to highs of 140,000 and 200,000 executed. Most estimations for the number of executions in total put the number at about 100,000. According to Vadim Erlikhman's investigation, the number of the Red Terror's victims is at least 1,200,000 people. According to
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539:
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years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths. Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David
Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).
3646:
13580:
275:
263:
250:
4375:
1070:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
727:
709:
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2391:, the British military, once invited in, proceeded to execute members of the Bolshevik Party who had peacefully stood down from the Soviet when they failed to win the elections. As a result, the Bolsheviks banned each opposition party when it turned against the Soviet government. In some cases, bans were lifted. This banning of parties did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the
13570:
857:
440:
236:
2576:
4297:. Repression and minor concessions only temporarily quelled the discontent as Petrograd protests continued that year in March. This time the factory workers were joined by sailors stationed on the nearby island-fort of Kronstadt. Disappointed in the direction of the Bolshevik government, the rebels demanded a series of reforms including: reduction in Bolshevik privileges, newly elected
4653:, out of a population of around three million. An estimated 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine. Punitive organs of the All Great Don Cossack Host sentenced 25,000 people to death between May 1918 and January 1919. Kolchak's government shot 25,000 people in Ekaterinburg province alone. The White Terror, as it would become known, killed about 300,000 people in total.
3074:. Volunteers of the small army were mostly officers of the old Russian army, military cadets and students. In December 1917, Alekseev was joined by General Lavr Kornilov, Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail, where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution. On 9 December, the
3896:. On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk. Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after the defeat; White Army forces in Siberia had essentially ceased to exist by December. Retreat of the eastern front by White armies lasted three months, until mid-February 1920, when the survivors, after crossing Lake Baikal, reached the
8051:, 28 August 1934: In addition to supplying White Army forces and their sympathizers with food, a successful seizure of the 1920 Ukrainian grain harvest would have had a devastating effect on food supplies to Bolshevik-held cities, while depriving both Red Army and Ukrainian Insurgent Army troops of their usual bread rations.
4222:
disastrous
Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again. It remained an organized force in the Crimea throughout 1920.
2070:
3789:
for a little army of 15,000 ex-officers to master a working-class capital of 700,000 inhabitants." He settled on a strategy of urban defense, proclaiming that the city would "defend itself on its own ground" and that the White Army would be lost in a labyrinth of fortified streets and there "meet its grave".
4673:
collapsed, with barter increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money. 70% of locomotives were in need of repair, and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven
4357:
and joined
Semyonov's troops, forming the Far Eastern army. With the support of the Japanese army, it was able to hold Chita, but after the withdrawal of Japanese soldiers from Transbaikalia, Semenov's position became untenable and in November 1920 he was driven by the Red Army from Transbaikalia and
4212:
By the beginning of 1920, the main body of the Armed Forces of South Russia was rapidly retreating towards the Don, to Rostov. Denikin hoped to hold the crossings of the Don, then rest and reform his troops, but the White Army was not able to hold the Don area, and at the end of
February 1920 started
4141:
By
February 1919 the British government had pulled its military forces out of Central Asia. Despite the success for the Red Army, the White Army's assaults in European Russia and other areas broke communication between Moscow and Tashkent. For a time, Central Asia was completely cut off from Red Army
3719:
was put down by the Bolsheviks, mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed, and executions became more frequent. Chamberlin noted, "The time of relative leniency toward former fellow-revolutionists was over. The Left Socialist Revolutionaries, of course, were no longer tolerated as members of
3262:
on 22 February 1918, where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Yekaterinodar. The Soviets recaptured Rostov on the next day. Kornilov was killed in the fighting on 13 April, and Denikin took over command. Fighting off its pursuers without respite, the army succeeded in
2032:
of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. The Bolsheviks overcame opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. The forced conscription drive had mixed results, successfully creating a larger army than the
4681:
by refusing to till the land. By 1921, cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of normal. The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37 million. The exchange rate with the US
4349:
in Irkutsk. Six days later, the regime was replaced by a Bolshevik-dominated Military-Revolutionary Committee. On 6–7 February Kolchak and his prime minister Victor Pepelyaev were shot, and their bodies were thrown through the ice of the frozen Angara River, just before the arrival of the White Army
4301:
to include socialist and anarchist groups, economic freedom for peasants and workers, dissolution of the bureaucratic governmental organs created during the civil war, and the restoration of worker rights for the working class. The workers and sailors of the Kronstadt rebellion were promptly crushed
4007:
for single-handedly storming and capturing the fortified city of Tsaritsyn, under heavy shell fire in a single tank, which led to the capture of over 40,000 prisoners. The fall of Tsaritsyn is viewed "as one of the key battles of the Russian Civil War" and greatly helped the White Russian cause. The
3792:
Trotsky armed all available workers, men and women, and ordered the transfer of military forces from Moscow. Within a few weeks, the Red Army defending Petrograd had tripled in size and outnumbered Yudenich three to one. Yudenich, short of supplies, then decided to call off the siege of the city and
3601:
In 1919, 616 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's draconian measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to
3549:
established Kolchak as supreme leader. Two members of the Directory were arrested, and subsequently deported, while Kolchak was proclaimed "Supreme Ruler", and "Commander-in-Chief of all Land and Naval Forces of Russia." By mid-December 1918, the White armies had to leave Ufa, but they balanced that
3182:
on the Eastern Front, encountering virtually no resistance in a campaign that lasted 11 days. Signing a formal peace treaty was the only option in the eyes of the Bolsheviks because the Russian Army was demobilized, and the newly formed Red Guard could not stop the advance. They also understood that
4092:
Kenez states, "In October Denikin ruled more than forty million people and controlled the economically most valuable parts of the Russian Empire." Yet, "The White armies, which had fought victoriously during the summer and early fall, fell back in disorder in November and December." Denikin's front
3672:
In February 1918, the Red Army overthrew the White Russian-supported Kokand Autonomy of Turkestan. Although that move seemed to solidify Bolshevik power in Central Asia, more troubles soon arose for the Red Army as the Allied Forces began to intervene. British support of the White Army provided the
2976:
The second period of the war lasted from January to November 1919. At first the White armies' advances from the south (under Denikin), the east (under Kolchak) and the northwest (under Yudenich) were successful, forcing the Red Army and its allies back on all three fronts. In July 1919 the Red Army
2655:
My name is Fanya Kaplan. Today I shot Lenin. I did it on my own. I will not say from whom I obtained my revolver. I will give no details. I had resolved to kill Lenin long ago. I consider him a traitor to the Revolution. I was exiled to Akatui for participating in an assassination attempt against a
2453:
Of all the revolutionary elements in Russia it is the Anarchists who now suffer the most ruthless and systematic persecution. Their suppression by the Bolsheviki began already in 1918, when — in the month of April of that year — the Communist Government attacked, without provocation or warning, the
2359:
had 352 delegates compared to 745 Bolsheviks out of 1132 total. The Left SRs raised disagreements on the suppression of rival parties, the death penalty, and mainly, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks excluded the Right SRs and Mensheviks from the government on 14 June for associating with
1693:
By 1919, the White armies were in retreat and by the start of 1920 were defeated on all three fronts. Although the Bolsheviks were victorious, the territorial extent of the Russian state had been reduced, for many non-Russian ethnic groups had used the disarray to push for national independence. In
6234:
See Jonathan D. Smele. Op. cit., p.32 ("Op. cit." means to refer to a work cited earlier in the citations. this means you copied it from a citation list, and are citing something that you have not read. instead you should cite what you read and say it refers to this, or if you can get the original
4564:
The results of the civil war were momentous. Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that 300,000 men were killed in action during the Civil War and Polish-Soviet War – 125,000 in the Red Army, 175,500 White armies and Poles – and the total number of military personnel from both sides dead from
3788:
By 19 October, Yudenich's troops had reached the outskirts of the city. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. Trotsky himself declared, "It is impossible
3785:
well-executed, using night attacks and lightning cavalry maneuvers to turn the flanks of the defending Red Army. Yudenich also had six British tanks, which caused panic whenever they appeared. The Allies gave large quantities of aid to Yudenich, but he complained of receiving insufficient support.
3596:
How do things stand with the blocking units? As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no personnel. It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to
2941:
began amassing support. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. There were also many German commanders who offered support against the Bolsheviks, fearing a confrontation
2294:
The Union of Regeneration was founded in Moscow in April 1918 as an underground agency organizing democratic resistance to the Bolshevik dictatorship, composed of the Popular Socialists, Right Socialist Revolutionaries, and Defensists, among others. They were tasked with propping up anti-Bolshevik
2254:
4318:
and, according to some critics, made the democratic procedures within the party an empty formality, and helped Stalin to consolidate much more authority under the party. Soviets were transformed into the bureaucratic structure that existed for the rest of the history of the Soviet Union and were
2988:
had gathered the remnants of Denikin's armies, occupying much of the Crimea. An attempted invasion of southern Ukraine was rebuffed by the Insurgent Army under Makhno's command. Pursued into Crimea by Makhno's troops, Wrangel went over to the defensive in the Crimea. After an abortive move north
3784:
That rendered possible another threat to the Red Army, from General Yudenich, who had spent the summer organizing the Northwestern Army in Estonia with local and British support. In October 1919, he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men. The attack was
2204:
had been a demand of the Bolsheviks against the Provisional Government, which kept delaying it. After the October Revolution the elections were run by the body appointed by the previous Provisional Government. It was based on universal suffrage but used party lists from before the Left-Right SR
4607:
As many as 10 million people died as a result of the Russian Civil War, and the overwhelming majority of these were civilian casualties. There is no consensus among the Western historians on the number of deaths from the Red Terror. One source gives estimates of 28,000 executions per year from
2534:
In a mid-August 1920 letter, having received information that in Estonia and Latvia, with which Soviet Russia had concluded peace treaties, volunteers were being enrolled in anti-Bolshevik detachments, Lenin wrote to E. M. Sklyansky, deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the
3250:
In Ukraine, the German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag had by April 1918 removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine. The German and Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were caused by the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops to their Austro-Hungarian and German
4221:
proved to be a dark event for the White Army. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or were captured by the Red Army. Following the
4133:. On 6 January, the Reds reached the Black Sea at Mariupol and Taganrog, and on 9 January, they reached Rostov. According to Kenez, "The Whites had now lost all the territories which they had captured in 1919, and held approximately the same area in which they had started two years before."
2187:
political movement representing an array of political opinions in Russia united in their opposition to the Bolsheviks—from the republican-minded liberals and Kerenskyite social-democrats on the left through monarchists and supporters of a united multinational Russia to the ultra-nationalist
4145:
Communication difficulties with Red Army forces in Siberia and European Russia ceased to be a problem by mid-November 1919. Red Army successes north of Central Asia caused communication with Moscow to be re-established and the Bolsheviks to claim victory over the White Army in Turkestan.
2306:
and recognized the Union's leading role, putting aside political ideology and class for the purpose of Russia's salvation. They decided to start an uprising against the Bolsheviks with the goal of reconvening the Russian Constituent Assembly. While preparations were under way, the
2044:); sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty. At the start of the civil war, former Tsarist officers formed three-quarters of the Red Army officer-corps. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.
3523:), the Siberian Army (of the Siberian Provisional Government) and insurgent Cossack units of Orenburg, the Urals, Siberia, Semirechye, Baikal, and Amur and Ussuri Cossacks, nominally under the orders of Gen. V.G. Boldyrev, Commander-in-Chief, appointed by the Ufa Directorate.
4288:
in March 1921, followed by peasant revolts – all of which were put down by the Bolsheviks. The outset of the year was marked by strikes and demonstrations – in both Moscow and Petrograd, as well as the countryside – due to discontent with the results of policies that made up
3460:
After a series of reverses at the front, the Bolsheviks' War Commissar, Trotsky, instituted increasingly harsh measures in order to prevent unauthorised withdrawals, desertions, and mutinies in the Red Army. In the field, the Cheka Special Investigations Forces (termed the
2219:
that formal democracy was impossible because of class conflicts, conflicts with Ukraine and the Kadet-Kaledin uprising. He argued the Constituent Assembly must unconditionally accept sovereignty of the soviet government or it would be dealt with "by revolutionary means".
3951:
and Crimea, but evacuated Odessa on 6 April 1919, and the Crimea by the end of the month. According to Chamberlin, "France gave far less practical aid to the Whites than did England; its sole independent venture in intervention, at Odessa, ended in a complete fiasco."
7053:, p. 419 "It was partly a case of the usual military failings: units had been sent into battle without machine-guns; untrained soldiers had been ordered to engage in complex maneuvers using hand grenades and ended up throwing them without first pulling the pins."
4686:
in 1914 to 1,200 Rbls in 1920. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union.
2672:. The order was carried out by the commander of the Kremlin, the former Baltic sailor P. D. Malkov and a group of Latvian Bolsheviks on September 3, 1918, with a bullet to the back of the head. Her corpse was bundled into a barrel and set alight. The order came from
3939:
Denikin's military strength continued to grow in 1919, with significant munitions supplied by the British. In January, Denikin's Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR) completed the elimination of Red forces in the northern Caucasus and moved north, in an effort to
2454:
Anarchist Club of Moscow and by the use of machine guns and artillery "liquidated" the whole organisation. It was the beginning of Anarchist hounding, but it was sporadic in character, breaking out now and then, quite planless, and frequently self-contradictory.
2683:
These events persuaded the government to heed Dzerzhinsky's lobbying for greater terror against opposition. The campaign of mass repressions would officially begin thereafter. The Red Terror is considered to have officially begun between 17 and 30 August 1918.
3441:—known as the "Komuch". By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. The Komuch pursued an ambivalent social policy, combining democratic and socialist measures, such as the institution of an
3050:
The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October 1917. It was supported by the Junker Mutiny in Petrograd but was quickly put down by the Red Guard, notably including the Latvian Rifle Division.
3801:
planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd. However, he did not gain the necessary support for the endeavour. Lenin considered it "completely certain, that the slightest aid from Finland would have determined the fate of ".
3931:
The Cossacks had been unable to organise and capitalise on their successes at the end of 1918. By 1919 they had begun to run short of supplies. Consequently, when the Soviet Russian counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik commander
1912:, which until then had been controlled by the Socialist Revolutionaries. Promising an end to the war and "all power to the Soviets", the Bolsheviks then ended dual power by overthrowing the Provisional Government in late October, on the eve of the
2789:
with Great Britain and France sending troops into Russian ports. There were violent clashes with the Bolsheviks. Britain intervened in support of the White forces to defeat the Bolsheviks and prevent the spread of communism across Europe.
2179:
was used, while almost every individual formation had its own characteristics. The military art of the White Army was based on the experience of World War I, which, however, left a strong imprint on the specifics of the Civil War.
13407:
2773:
and the possibility that Communist revolutionary ideas would spread (a concern shared by many Central Powers). Hence, many of the countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies.
2639:
Lenin, who sought to eliminate political dissent, opposition, and any other threat to Bolshevik power. As a result of the failed attempt on Lenin's life, he began to crack down on his political enemies in an event known as the
3298:
allies were opposed to it, but on 25 July the majority of the Soviets voted to call in the British and the Bolsheviks resigned. The Baku Soviet Commune ended its existence and was replaced by the Central Caspian Dictatorship.
3602:
one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted
13845:
8604:[Historian Sergei Volkov: "Russia's genetic pool suffered monstrous damage, so far not repaired" (interview with the famous historian of the Civil War, Doctor of Historical Sciences Sergei Vladimirovich Volkov)].
2539:
Great plan! Finish it with Dzerzhinsky. While pretending to be the "greens" (we will blame them later), we will advance by 10–20 miles (versts) and hang kulaks, priests, landowners. Prize: 100.000 rubles for each hanged
4390:
no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. However, the perceived threat of continued popular discontent, combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries—most notably the
12593:
4493:
fled Russia, many with General Wrangel, some through the Far East and others west into the newly independent Baltic countries. The émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population of Russia.
3994:
Although Britain had withdrawn its own troops from the theatre, it continued to give significant military aid (money, weapons, food, ammunition and some military advisers) to the White Armies during 1919. Major
4283:
began with an attempted assassination of Makhno by Cheka agents. Anger at continued repression by the Bolshevik Communist government and at its liberal use of the Cheka to put down anarchist elements led to a
3187:. The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty, and the formal agreement, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was ratified on 3 March. The Soviets viewed the treaty as merely a necessary and expedient means to end the war.
2960:
Most of the fighting in the first period was sporadic, involved only small groups and had a fluid and rapidly shifting strategic situation. Among the antagonists were the Czechoslovak Legion, the Poles of the
1913:
5866:
3892:. In September 1919 a White offensive was launched against the Tobol Front, the last attempt to change the course of events. However, on 14 October the Reds counterattacked, and thus began the uninterrupted
3884:
on the 7th and continued to push forward. Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost.
15112:
3166:
and peace talks began. As a condition for peace, the proposed treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting
5387:
and the famine of 1921–22", the roughly number of "victims of the various kinds of terror, and red and white repressions" amounting to a few hundred thousand— which is indeed a dreadful number in itself,
13304:
12581:
8031:
13892:
7891:
Liddell Hart, Basil. "The Tanks: The History Of The Royal Tank Regiment And Its Predecessors, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps And Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945. Vol I". Cassell: 1959, p. 211.
5963:: Typically, men of military age (17 to 40 years old) in a village would vanish when Red Army draft-units approached. The taking of hostages and a few summary executions usually brought the men back.
12709:
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by Red Army forces, with a thousand rebels killed in battle and another thousand executed the following weeks, with many more fleeing abroad and to the countryside. These events coincided with the
2516:
Do all this so that for miles (versts) around people see it all, understand it, tremble, and tell themselves that we are killing the bloodthirsty kulaks and that we will continue to do so ...
7803:
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line was overstretched, while his reserves dealt with Makhno's anarchists in the rear. Between September and October, the Reds mobilized one hundred thousand new soldiers and adopted the Trotsky-
12608:
2011:
3824:
alongside United States forces. With the retreat of Kolchak in Siberia, they pulled their troops out of the cities before the winter trapped them in the port. The remaining White forces under
3589:, to station blocking detachments behind unreliable Red Army infantry regiments in the 1st Red Army, with orders to shoot if front-line troops either deserted or retreated without permission.
13358:
13341:
13059:
13458:
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1292:
13476:
13468:
10128:
Smele, Jonathan D. "'If Grandma had Whiskers...': Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? Or, the Constraints and Conceits of Counterfactual History."
4070:, threatening to split the Don and Volunteer Armies. Fierce fighting took place at the key rail junction of Kastornoye, which was taken on 15 November. Kursk was retaken two days later.
13363:
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between 1914 and 1922 were about 16 million, of which 4–5 were military, the rest civilian; the overwhelming majority of the latter resulted from "starvation, typhus, epidemics, the
3101:). The White Russians supported that government body, which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow. In January 1918 the Soviet forces, under Lt. Col.
15524:
5252:
4097:
strategy with the Ninth and Tenth armies forming V. I. Shorin's Southeastern Front between Tsaritsyn and Bobrov, while the Eighth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth armies formed
2910:
In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern and the northwestern. It can also be roughly split into the following periods.
3390:. Uprisings overthrew other Bolshevik towns. On 7 July, the western portion of the legion declared itself to be a new eastern front, anticipating allied intervention. According to
11907:
4121:'s Caucasian army at Tsaritsyn, and an additional was in the Northern Caucasus attempting to capture Astrakhan. On 20 October, May–Mayevsky was forced to evacuate Orel during the
4042:
Denikin's forces constituted a real threat and for a time threatened to reach Moscow. The Red Army, stretched thin by fighting on all fronts, was forced out of Kiev on 30 August.
2295:
forces and to create a Russian state system based on civil liberties, patriotism, and state-consciousness with the goal to liberate the country from the "Germano-Bolshevik" yoke.
3175:. Leon Trotsky, representing the Bolsheviks, refused at first to sign the treaty while continuing to observe a unilateral cease-fire, following the policy of "No war, no peace".
11922:
4201:
At the beginning of 1920, Denikin was reduced to defending Novorossia, the Crimean peninsula, and the Northern Caucasus. On 26 January, the Caucasian army retreated beyond the
12588:
12106:
4050:
were taken, on 20 September and 14 October, respectively. The latter, only 205 miles (330 km) from Moscow, was the closest the AFSR would come to its target. The Cossack
3592:
In December 1918, Trotsky ordered that detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation in the Red Army. On December 18 he cabled:
12674:
7065:, p. 412 "This new civic patriotism did not extend beyond the urban middle classes, although the leaders of the Provisional Government deluded themselves that it did."
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with all opposition parties outlawed. A simultaneous demonstration in favor of the Constituent Assembly was dispersed with force, but there was little protest afterwards.
7168:
15958:
13334:
10151:
4362:, finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East. On 25 October 1922 Vladivostok fell to the Red Army, and the
3848:
At the beginning of March 1919, the general offensive of the Whites on the eastern front began. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the
3183:
the impending counter-revolutionary resistance was more dangerous than the concessions of the treaty, which Lenin viewed as temporary in the light of aspirations for a
15107:
13385:
13206:
6071:
4293:. The Bolsheviks, in response to the protests, enacted martial law and sent the Red Army to disperse the workers. This was followed up by mass arrests executed by the
3674:
6014:
Military Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editorial Board: Alexander Gorkin, Vladimir Zolotarev et al. – Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, RIPOL Classic, 2002 – 1664 Pages
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which was exacerbated by a range of factors including the war, the presence of the White Army and the methods of war communism. The outbreaks of diseases such as
1968:
parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was also approved by the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and
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14469:
13211:
13174:
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1470:
1224:
2769:. They were worried about a possible Russo-German alliance, the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good on their threats to default on Imperial Russia's massive
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After the defeat of Wrangel, the Red Army immediately repudiated its 1920 treaty of alliance with Nestor Makhno and attacked the anarchist Insurgent Army; the
4280:
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The initial groups that fought against the Communists were local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government. Kaledin of the
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in 1920 to 1922 resulting from the war, executions, and imprisonment in concentration camps as approximately 240,000. By 1922, there were at least 7,000,000
2148:, in the Russian Civil War and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in
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Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold, Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the
4257:
attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel's troops in southern Ukraine, forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year's grain harvest.
4019:. After six weeks of heavy fighting the counteroffensive failed, and Denikin was able to capture more territory. By November, White Forces had reached the
1265:
7323:, p. 31 Frequently the deserters' families were taken hostage to force a surrender; a portion were customarily executed, as an example to the others.
3348:, thirteen thousand soldiers under Wrangel and Kazanovich in the center of the front, Stankevich's almost three thousand men with the Don Cossacks, while
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region in late May-early June 1918 and the center of SR activity shifted there. On June 8, 1918, five Constituent Assembly members formed the All-Russian
1928:, and the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Bolsheviks in retaliation. The Bolsheviks soon lost the support of other far-left allies, such as the
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rebelled, with the Bolsheviks controlling the city for five days until the Alekseev Organization supported Kaledin in recapturing the city. According to
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and some followers were arrested for organizing a conspiracy. This was the first time Bolsheviks used this kind of repression against a socialist party.
2065:
1715:
286:
228:
223:
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War communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. Some peasants responded to
4341:
as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. Not long afterward, Kolchak was arrested by the disaffected Czechoslovak Legion as he traveled towards
10330:
8778:
7783:
4310:
within the Bolshevik party still assured democracy. However, faced with support for Kronstadt within Bolshevik ranks, Lenin also issued a "temporary"
3916:
Anti-Bolshevik propaganda poster "For united Russia" representing Soviet Russia as a fallen communist dragon and the White Cause as a crusading knight
2989:
against the Red Army, Wrangel's troops were forced south by Red Army and Insurgent Army forces; Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated to
2263:
The Constituent Assembly met on January 18, 1918. The Right SR Chernov was elected president defeating the Bolshevik supported candidate, the Left SR
16155:
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12153:
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4209:
started fighting the Fourteenth Red Army. On 20 February, Denikin succeeded in recapturing Rostov, his last victory, before giving it up soon after.
10275:
15176:
14506:
13201:
4512:, commander of the Dungan Cavalry Regiment, to fight against the Basmachis. The Communist Party did not completely dismantle the group until 1934.
3673:
greatest threat to the Red Army in Central Asia during 1918. Britain sent three prominent military leaders to the area. One was Lieutenant Colonel
3438:
3399:
3369:
3024:
and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the
2442:(Sovnarkom) decided to liquidate criminal recklessness associated with anarchists and disarm all anarchist groups in the face of their militancy.
2324:
2271:, she was shot on Stalin's orders in 1941). The Bolsheviks subsequently disbanded the Constituent Assembly and proceeded to rule the country as a
15295:
11994:
11352:
3530:'s White detachment captured Kazan on 7 August, but Red Forces recaptured the city on 8 September 1918 following a counteroffensive. On the 11th
10036:
5631:
4012:
comments that Bruce's tank action during the battle is to be seen as "one of the most remarkable feats in the whole history of the Tank Corps".
3020:
In the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of
2925:
The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice, or roughly March 1917 to November 1918. Already on the date of the Revolution,
2250:
made a resolution saying the slogan "all power to the constituent assembly" was counterrevolutionary and equivalent to "down with the soviets".
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and Soviet Union, under which both renounced all territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations.
4311:
3541:
In Omsk, the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence and later the dominance of its new War Minister, the rear-admiral
2028:
In June 1918, when it had become apparent that a revolutionary army composed solely of workers would not suffice, Trotsky instituted mandatory
1372:
10783:
4508:(armed bands of Islamic guerrillas) had formed to fight the Bolshevik takeover. The Soviets engaged non-Russian peoples in Central Asia, like
15853:
15466:
15149:
10845:
6323:
2336:
1615:, opposed the Bolsheviks, the Whites and the foreign interventionists. Thirteen foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the
423:
7359:, p. 180: By December 1918 Trotsky had ordered the formation of special detachments to serve as blocking units throughout the Red Army.
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2664:
Kaplan referenced the Bolsheviks' growing authoritarianism, citing their forcible shutdown of the Constituent Assembly in January 1918, the
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4580:, worsened the disaster still further, killing roughly 5 million people. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of
3224:
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2384:
2372:
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1522:
1382:
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471:
190:
86:
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Rex A. Wade, "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917."
8314:
1638:
The Bolsheviks initially consolidated control over most of the former empire. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was an emergency peace with the
16038:
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15102:
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The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army as part of Lenin's
3147:
The Bolsheviks decided to immediately make peace with the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people before the Revolution.
2286:
in Petrograd began in April 1918. On May 1, 1918, a pitched battle took place in Moscow between the anarchists and the Bolshevik police.
2007:
1568:. Bolshevik seizure of power was not universally accepted, and the country descended into civil war. The two largest combatants were the
1217:
500:
6121:
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weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters to the army.
3473:– stationed behind unreliable Red Army units and given orders to shoot anyone withdrawing from the battle line without authorisation.
2093:
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13573:
12913:
10628:
6471:
2636:
2376:
14335:
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5738:
3574:). The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from the Cheka punitive detachments or from regular Red Army infantry regiments.
3066:
were prominent among them. The leading Tsarist officers of the Imperial Russian Army also started to resist. In November, General
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Other prominent works of fiction by the Soviet writers that didn't follow the methods and doctrine of Socialist realism include:
4320:
4254:
2889:
2818:
2703:
The policies of "food dictatorship" proclaimed by the Bolsheviks in May 1918 sparked violent resistance in numerous districts of
2247:
2057:
1957:
1333:
958:
10148:
10052:
Ford, Chris. "Reconsidering the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1921: The Dialectics of National Liberation and Social Emancipation."
7559:
7112:
2596:
incomplete sentence starting with 'and sought to eliminate...'. Next sentence explains 'the term', which hasn't been introduced.
2559:
on August 17, 1918, outside the Petrograd Cheka headquarters in retaliation for the execution of his friend and other officers.
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15671:
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15181:
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14408:
13932:
13723:
13108:
12576:
12428:
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7165:
3794:
3395:
2897:
1406:
1210:
203:
10212:
7532:
16313:
15814:
15780:
15768:
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4181:, as half of the participants perished. In March 1920 her remnants crossed the border into the Northwestern region of China.
2367:, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either
16240:
13533:
7029:
4337:
In Siberia, Admiral Kolchak's army had disintegrated. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen.
2383:
who were democratically elected to the Soviets in some areas, then proceeded to use their mandate to welcome in Tsarist and
1916:, in what would be the second Revolution of 1917. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on
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the Soviets; from this time the Soviet regime became a pure and undiluted dictatorship of the Communist Party." Similarly,
3562:
In the Red Army, the concept of barrier troops first arose in August 1918 with the formation of the заградительные отряды (
3229:
10343:
9977:
Werth, Nicolas; Bartosek, Karel; Panne, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois, Stephane (1999).
7683:
3724:'s surprise attacks were suppressed, with many of the conspirators being executed, as "Mass Red Terror" became a reality.
2785:
After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. To meet that danger, the
1896:, was unable to solve the most pressing issues of the country, most importantly to end the war with the Central Powers. A
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In particular, they seem quite at odds with the demographic considerations elaborated by Italian historian and professor
4387:
3613:
policies, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population. These policies in part led to the
3244:
2841:
2445:
From early 1918, the Bolsheviks started physical elimination of opposition, other socialist and revolutionary fractions.
1631:
also intervened, rivaling the Allied intervention with the main goal of retaining the territory they had received in the
1573:
891:
216:
13553:
13543:
12360:
8602:"Istorik Sergey Volkov: "Geneticheskomu fondu Rossii byl nanesen chudovishchnyy, ne vospolnennyy do sego vremeni, uron""
7194:
4576:
At the end of the Civil War the Russian SFSR was exhausted and near ruin. The droughts of 1920 and 1921, as well as the
3488:
In September 1918, the Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government, and other anti-Bolshevik Russians agreed during the
1866:, elected councils of workers, soldiers, and peasants, were organized throughout the country, leading to a situation of
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fighting against Soviet control of food supplies. In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, they took
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15555:
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Special Punitive Department of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combat of Counter-Revolution and Sabotage
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breaking its way through back towards the Don by May, where the Cossack uprising against the Bolsheviks had started.
2826:
2618:
2439:
1794:
1754:
were occupied by the Red Army. By 1921, Soviet Russia had defeated the Ukrainian national movements and occupied the
1643:
1413:
410:
10319:
10113:
Smele, Jonathan D. "Still Searching for the 'Third Way': Geoffrey Swain's Interventions in the Russian Civil Wars".
5569:
Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20'
2644:. More broadly, the term is usually applied to Bolshevik political repression throughout the Civil War (1917–1922),
16681:
16560:
16548:
16372:
16362:
16318:
16133:
15809:
15758:
15641:
14912:
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14673:
14586:
13855:
13609:
12903:
12888:
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11400:
10438:
6748:
5524:
Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20
5107:
4585:
3999:
of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army. He was awarded the
3658:
3075:
2029:
4161:
and their families, totaling about 15,000 people, headed south along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea towards
3445:, with "restorative" actions, such as returning both factories and land to their former owners. After the fall of
2668:
to which they had lost. When it became clear that Kaplan would not implicate any accomplices, she was executed in
2503:(1) Hang (I mean hang publicly, so that people see it) at least 100 kulaks, rich bastards, and known bloodsuckers.
16706:
16565:
16553:
16409:
16394:
16308:
16210:
15792:
15612:
15305:
15065:
15050:
14991:
14350:
13922:
13750:
12975:
12534:
12471:
12276:
12256:
12043:
11979:
11802:
11671:
10575:
10495:
10433:
10229:
8291:
4447:
4402:, but were only partially successful at re-establishing territorial control of the other provinces of the former
4273:
4016:
3614:
3407:
2830:
1798:
1782:
1747:
1683:
1387:
1316:
336:
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4173:
and other troops who rebelled against the Bolsheviks. During the winter 1919–20, the Orenburg Army retreated to
2949:
out of the hands of the Provisional Government and White Army, setting up a base for the Communist Party in the
1940:
had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (
16506:
16486:
16183:
15797:
15622:
15550:
14773:
14737:
14304:
14201:
14173:
14001:
13954:
13902:
13825:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12251:
11945:
10590:
10565:
10463:
10286:
8735:
8448:
6633:
5366:
See note regarding Library of Congress Country Studies. Chapter 7 – The Communist Party. Democratic Centralism.
5102:
4419:
4415:
4363:
3865:
3704:
3275:
3271:
3240:
3196:
3097:, Muslim elites formed an autonomous government in Turkestan, commonly called the "Kokand autonomy" (or simply
2412:
2356:
1965:
1937:
1929:
1859:
1707:
1703:
1679:
1608:
1561:
1534:
1514:
1443:
444:
324:
9407:
Grebenkin, I. N. (2017). "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process".
9241:——— (December 1951). "The Kronstadt Revolt of 1921: A Study in the Dynamics of Revolution".
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10478:
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10443:
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7659:
6184:
The lost opportunity: attempts at unification of the anti-Bolsheviks, 1917–1919 – Moscow, Kiev, Jassy, Odessa
4338:
3497:
3200:
3114:
2656:
Tsarist official in Kiev. I spent 11 years at hard labour. After the Revolution, I was freed. I favoured the
2499:
uprising in your five districts must be crushed without pity ... You must make example of these people.
2299:
1956:) and local government (Trutovsky). The Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and
1909:
1889:
1340:
787:
5951:
4584:
throughout the war. Millions more also died of widespread starvation, wholesale massacres by both sides and
2236:
1801:
in November 1920. After that, anti-Bolshevik resistance was sporadic for several years until the capture of
16173:
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15171:
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5262:
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3059:
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2201:
1751:
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1719:
1458:
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1377:
1357:
1306:
385:
279:
8803:
8346:
7291:
3413:
1642:, who had captured vast swathes of the Russian territory during the chaos of the revolution. In May 1918,
16676:
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16436:
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15678:
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11665:
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10981:
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10768:
10763:
10532:
10520:
10515:
9303:
The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941: A Military Political History, 1918–1941
7856:
6702:
Howard Fuller, "Great Britain and Russia's Civil War: The Necessity for a Definite and Coherent Policy".
5928:, p. 166 " the Russian Army disintegrated after the failure of the Galician offensive in July 1917."
5594:
5175:
5080:
5007:
4613:
4435:
4323:. Red Army attacks on the anarchist forces and their sympathisers increased in ferocity throughout 1921.
4098:
4000:
3737:
3449:, Vladimir Lenin called for the dispatch of Petrograd workers to the Kazan Front: "We must send down the
3067:
2966:
2962:
2872:
formed their own armies immediately after the abolition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and the start of the
2822:
1727:
1620:
1311:
544:
11042:
3677:, who recorded a mission to Tashkent, from where the Bolsheviks forced him to flee. Another was General
3577:
The first use of the barrier troops by the Red Army occurred in the late summer and fall of 1918 in the
2426:
The Bolsheviks had begun to see the anarchists as a legitimate threat and associate criminality such as
16641:
16449:
16426:
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14838:
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14798:
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12853:
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9824:
8956:
8134:
5072:
4781:
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3212:
3152:
3110:
2985:
1687:
1433:
1367:
10264:
7107:
5638:
3266:
The Baku Soviet Commune was established on 13 April. Germany landed its Caucasus Expedition troops in
1813:
until 1934. There were an estimated 7 to 12 million casualties during the war, mostly civilians.
16491:
16464:
16367:
15139:
15033:
14833:
14294:
13312:
12883:
12808:
12778:
12720:
12355:
12123:
11707:
11695:
11450:
11435:
11156:
11047:
10741:
10719:
10468:
10458:
10391:
9709:
6583:
Lyandres, Semion (Autumn 1989). "The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence".
5628:
4986:
4439:
4346:
4166:
3933:
3811:
3340:
In December, three-fourths of the army was in the Northern Caucasus. That included three thousand of
3037:
2779:
2591:
1731:
1647:
1282:
397:
16459:
11302:
10030:
Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922
3763:
1521:, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the
16701:
16696:
16651:
16646:
16572:
15280:
14986:
14561:
14365:
14309:
14289:
13711:
13701:
13424:
13228:
13196:
13042:
12928:
12918:
12898:
12868:
12330:
11817:
11807:
11736:
11689:
11677:
11617:
11425:
11420:
11342:
10751:
10724:
10428:
7588:
Experiencing Russia's Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917-1922
7500:
4727:
4716:
4702:
4696:
4473:
4379:
4264:
of 1919–1920. The Red Army eventually halted the offensive, and Wrangel's troops had to retreat to
3988:
3893:
3391:
2527:
2480:
1770:
1735:
1671:
1541:
1448:
1350:
49:
10297:
4939:
1924:. Despite the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, they lost to the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the
15821:
15193:
14922:
14541:
13706:
12938:
12878:
12401:
12393:
12335:
12095:
11790:
11553:
11380:
11375:
11307:
11166:
11151:
11146:
11126:
11007:
10884:
8248:
Collective of authors. Revolution and Civil War in Russia: 1917-1923. Encyclopedia in 4 volumes -
6683:
6325:
Confronting Dostoevsky's Demons: Anarchism and the Specter of Bakunin in Twentieth-century Russia
5767:
The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture
5300:
5183:
5140:
4850:
4708:
4265:
4234:
3897:
3130:
2803:
2778:
declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle". The British and French had supported
2195:
2101:
1933:
1632:
675:
11347:
3797:, most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. Former Imperial Russian and then Finnish General
3070:, the Tsar's Chief of Staff during the First World War, began to organize the Volunteer Army in
16501:
16093:
16031:
15395:
15070:
14591:
14526:
14319:
13775:
13233:
12858:
12745:
12168:
11892:
11827:
11683:
11410:
11337:
11287:
11272:
11254:
11227:
11141:
11108:
10773:
10734:
10714:
10525:
10418:
8911:"Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922"
6660:
Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923
6629:
Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923
5472:
5148:
4887:
4870:
4762:
4619:(1879–1956) published a detailed account on the Red Terror in Russia, where he cited Professor
4601:
4577:
4423:
3379:
2857:
1711:
300:
14783:
9164:
The Russian Revolution, Volume II: 1918–1921: From the Civil War to the Consolidation of Power
8200:
5978:, p. 446 By the end of the civil war, one-third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist
2491:
who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments:
16620:
15592:
15325:
15285:
15045:
14974:
14423:
14314:
13991:
13798:
13735:
13504:
13419:
13275:
13186:
13164:
12943:
12783:
12158:
11812:
11701:
11477:
11440:
11370:
11317:
11239:
11207:
11181:
11131:
11062:
10964:
10917:
10701:
10570:
10453:
9281:
9055:
7561:
Inventing a Soviet Countryside: State Power and the Transformation of Rural Russia, 1917-1929
7518:
6072:Концепция социалистической демократии: опыт реализации в СССР и современные перспективы в СНГ
5191:
5113:
5041:
4771:
4757:
4573:
in Russia as a result of nearly ten years of devastation from World War I and the civil war.
4559:
4523:
4411:
4307:
4261:
4110:
3956:
3924:
3578:
3349:
3303:
3179:
3118:
2893:
2849:
2552:
2408:
2283:
1995:
1855:
1739:
1695:
1651:
1418:
1326:
528:
106:
8752:
6085:
The Bolsheviks: the intellectual and political history of the triumph of communism in Russia
5445:
5379:
in the light of the good quality Tsarist and early Soviet statistics. According to him, the
3321:
On 8 October, Alekseev died. On 8 January 1919, Denikin became the Supreme Commander of the
2837:. Following Germany's Armistice in World War I in November 1918, the states were abolished.
1832:
The Russian Empire fought in World War I from 1914 alongside France and the United Kingdom (
16382:
16245:
16065:
15863:
15577:
14858:
14531:
14428:
14398:
12508:
12423:
11103:
11077:
11027:
10384:
8570:(reprint of the 1924 Olga Diakow edition) (in German). Berlin: OEZ. p. 186, note 182.
5607:
Robert L. Willett, "Russian Sideshow" (Washington, D.C., Brassey's Inc., 2003), p. 267
5257:
5124:
5091:
4944:
4250:
4242:
4122:
4081:
3751:
3582:
3489:
3086:, "The operation, begun on December 9, can be regarded as the beginning of the Civil War."
2861:
2853:
2022:
1600:
1345:
909:
829:
16469:
13559:
13529:
11052:
8399:
The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia
8212:
Nestor Makhno — Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine, 1917–1921
3151:'s political enemies attributed that decision to his sponsorship by the Foreign Office of
2379:
and other Bolshevik leaders. Liebman noted that opposition parties such as the Cadets and
8:
16609:
16338:
16143:
16072:
15880:
15729:
15607:
15529:
15502:
15433:
15363:
15220:
14748:
14683:
14454:
14211:
13961:
13887:
13780:
13650:
13481:
13248:
13017:
12848:
12815:
12793:
12725:
12490:
11629:
11493:
11445:
11322:
11282:
11277:
11222:
10905:
10899:
10800:
9204:
8455:... the best estimates set the probable number of executions at about a hundred thousand.
7779:
6427:
5239:
4999:
4794:
4766:
4711:-inspired revolutions was a sobering experience in Moscow, and the Bolsheviks moved from
4555:
4315:
4285:
4035:
4004:
3741:
3519:
By the fall of 1918, anti-Bolshevik White forces in the east included the People's Army (
3378:
The revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion broke out in May 1918, and proceeded to occupy the
3287:
2814:
2697:
2308:
2176:
1999:
1991:
1849:
1778:
1675:
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80:
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8712:
8582:
An online English translation of the second edition of Melgunov's work is accessible at
6468:
4066:'s cavalrymen defeated them there on 24 October. That allowed the Red Army to cross the
3936:, the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. The Red Army captured Kiev on 3 February 1919.
16476:
16387:
15704:
15617:
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15497:
15423:
15405:
15358:
15340:
15320:
14959:
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14449:
14229:
14153:
13665:
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13134:
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11588:
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10358:
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9714:
9620:
9457:
9424:
9268:
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7463:
7401:, transl. and edited by Harold Shukman, HarperCollins Publishers, London (1996), p. 180
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39:
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10301:
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10268:
8651:
Kenez, Peter (1991). "The Prosecution of Soviet History: A Critique of Richard Pipes'
8587:
6297:
4620:
4565:
disease as 450,000. Boris Sennikov estimated the total losses among the population of
4094:
3888:
Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the
16584:
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16303:
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Newsreels about Russian Civil War // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive
10145:
The White Armies of Russia: A Chronicle of Counter-Revolution and Allied Intervention
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killed by Bolsheviks, 1918. Above them stand also members of the Czechoslovak Legion.
3315:
3162:
On 16 December 1917 an armistice was signed between Russia and the Central Powers in
3135:
3063:
2954:
2934:
2905:
2877:
2865:
2845:
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2692:
Protests against grain requisitioning of the peasantry were a major component of the
2586:
2459:
2404:
2264:
2257:
2075:
1973:
1921:
1806:
1766:
1759:
1723:
1611:, were involved in conflict against the Bolsheviks. They, as well as non-ideological
1487:
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1277:
861:
713:
380:
9888:
The White Armies of Russia A Chronicle of Counter-Revolution and Allied Intervention
9665:
8023:
Viktor G. Bortnevski, "White Administration and White Terror (the Denikin Period)."
7744:
Ian C.D. Moffat, "The Allies Act—Murmansk and Archangel." in Ian C. D. Moffat. ed.,
5940:, p. 237 By 1920, 77% of the Red Army's enlisted ranks were peasant conscripts.
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Malkov P. Notes of the Kremlin commandant. – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1968.S. 148–149
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on 30 June, which forced the Reds to abandon Crimea. On 3 July, Denikin issued his
3979:, increasing his army's strength in the process. On 25 June, May–Mayevsky captured
3960:
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3759:
3716:
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3682:
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2980:
The third period of the war was the extended siege of the last White forces in the
2970:
2740:
2693:
2669:
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and declared it the new supreme authority in the country. The Social Revolutionary
2116:
1945:
1941:
1871:
1863:
1774:
1565:
1453:
1399:
1202:
913:
775:
735:
10137:
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9420:
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6740:
Mieczysław B. Biskupski, "War and the Diplomacy of Polish Independence, 1914–18."
6715:
6386:
3955:
Denikin then reorganized the Armed Forces of South Russia under the leadership of
3617:, which killed about five million people. However, the famine was preceded by bad
2913:
1599:
opposition to Bolshevik rule. In addition, rival militant socialists, notably the
700:
16496:
15709:
15661:
15567:
15335:
15082:
14934:
14902:
14576:
14556:
14259:
14110:
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13329:
13129:
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11082:
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9579:
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9102:
9074:
9050:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
9006:
8586:, whence the following translated text is drawn (p. 85, note n. 128): "Professor
8565:
8561:
8544:
8295:
8035:
7759:
Civil war in Siberia: the anti-Bolshevik government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920
7666:
7495:
7198:
7176:
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7021:
6821:
6752:
6690:
6658:
6627:
6494:
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6209:
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3513:
3394:, "Two governments emerged as a result of the first successes of the Czechs: the
3307:
2950:
2834:
2748:
2736:
2728:
2704:
2487:
in response to a suspected civilian uprising there, and to "crush" landowners in
2484:
2272:
1949:
1936:
presented by the German Empire. Conversely, a number of prominent members of the
1897:
1810:
1659:
1576:
1428:
582:
486:
43:
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on 14 November 1920, ending the struggle of Reds and Whites in Southern Russia.
3028:
and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia.
3012:
2375:, or participated in sabotage, collaboration with the deposed Tsarists, or made
1552:, and Russia was in a state of political flux. A tense summer culminated in the
16516:
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15008:
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7679:
6811:
The Baltic revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the path to independence
5821:
5644:
5064:
5015:
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4908:
4502:
In Central Asia, Red Army troops continued to face resistance into 1923, where
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4206:
4178:
4102:
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3721:
3662:
3535:
3470:
3442:
3216:
3155:, offered to Lenin in hope that, with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from
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3045:
2938:
2930:
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said the arrest was not related to his membership in the Constituent Assembly.
2189:
2137:
2087:
2053:
2010:). In January 1918, after significant Bolshevik reverses in combat, the future
1953:
1837:
1833:
1790:
1628:
1604:
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1580:
1510:
1089:
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671:
659:
623:
597:
462:
254:
136:
10078:
The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War
9688:
8548:
6833:
6570:
6298:"How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago"
6211:
Dear comrades: Menshevik reports on the Bolshevik revolution and the civil war
3254:
Under Soviet pressure, the Volunteer Army embarked on the epic Ice March from
2196:
Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, early Constituent Assembly rebellions
2040:
The Red Army also utilized former Tsarist officers as "military specialists" (
2002:
as their main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the
16635:
16377:
15378:
15215:
14853:
14249:
14219:
14191:
14181:
14105:
14062:
14052:
14047:
14037:
13675:
13453:
12294:
11582:
11576:
11012:
10929:
10840:
10099:
10005:
9660:
9264:
9243:
8934:
7459:
7451:
7191:
6779:"Revolutionary ferment in Finland and the origins of the civil war 1917–1918"
6765:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
5217:
5167:
5161:
5052:
4881:
4670:
4566:
4546:
4407:
4399:
4354:
4290:
4246:
4158:
4118:
4031:
3984:
3964:
3841:
3708:
3666:
3610:
3430:
3403:
3334:
3326:
3163:
3079:
3071:
3041:
2770:
2732:
2420:
2021:
in order to create a more effective fighting force. The Bolsheviks appointed
1901:
1699:
1639:
1099:
1030:
904:
873:
811:
763:
751:
731:
718:
647:
567:
514:
267:
74:
4073:
58:
16260:
16081:
15475:
15134:
14658:
14624:
14379:
14244:
14186:
14130:
14095:
13893:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
13882:
13872:
12644:
11744:
11171:
9214:
9196:
9186:
8513:
8315:
And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930
7440:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920"
6426:
Llewellyn, Jennifer; McConnell, Michael; Thompson, Steve (11 August 2019).
6117:
5318:
The old spelling was retained by the Whites to differentiate from the Reds.
5096:
5026:
4864:
4662:
4519:
4214:
4194:
4085:
3869:
3836:
3626:
3551:
3546:
3353:
3172:
3140:
3055:
2946:
2901:
2810:
2798:
2744:
2632:
2463:
2153:
2014:
1663:
1612:
1526:
1022:
635:
449:
162:
14895:
9939:
A Vision Unfulfilled. Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century
9283:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
8994:
8525:
8186:"Chaos and Utopia: The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution and Civil War"
7135:
2471:
On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the
16123:
16085:
16077:
15699:
15683:
15597:
15539:
15240:
14969:
14890:
14823:
14653:
14254:
14234:
14085:
14009:
11955:
11860:
11558:
10986:
10407:
10059:
9497:
9200:
9002:
8750:
6871:
5384:
5156:
5035:
4972:
4966:
4833:
4828:
4666:
4538:
with the Soviet Union in 1925, when their forces were finally withdrawn.
3821:
3387:
3345:
3168:
3156:
3083:
2340:
2320:
2079:
1914:
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
1827:
1802:
1624:
1545:
10171:
8828:
6745:
4345:
without the protection of the army and was turned over to the socialist
3243:
at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the
2512:(4) Single out the hostages per my instructions in yesterday's telegram.
16113:
15275:
15225:
15144:
15013:
14072:
13942:
13937:
13730:
13499:
13265:
12740:
12639:
10033:
9480:
Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921
9272:
8942:
8910:
7534:
Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief
7493:
7414:
Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine
7235:
6604:
5118:
4478:
3975:, and then captured Tsaritsyn on 1 July. Sidorin advanced north toward
3861:
3798:
3773:
3302:
In June 1918 the Volunteer Army, numbering some 9,000 men, started its
2933:
refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the
2766:
2641:
2472:
2415:. He was the director of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (aka
2380:
2157:
2141:
2025:
to each unit of the Red Army to maintain morale and to ensure loyalty.
1969:
1905:
1867:
1557:
1287:
990:
405:
92:
15444:
9799:
Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence
8676:
7467:
7439:
6718:
Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identity and Cultural Differences
4641:
Victims of a pogrom perpetrated by Ukrainian forces in Khodorkiv, 1919
4088:, which abstractly represents the defeat of the Whites by the Red Army
2813:
within its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: the
1854:
The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Emperor
16333:
16328:
16150:
16043:
15873:
15534:
14863:
13655:
13491:
12955:
11750:
11517:
10064:
Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army
9224:
A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev
8601:
8286:
4919:
4839:
4527:
4359:
4154:
3853:
3311:
3283:
3255:
3204:
3021:
2446:
2427:
2392:
2034:
1961:
1917:
1773:. Bolshevik forces advanced east, despite encountering resistance in
1506:
1035:
373:
12519:
10331:
Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire)
10092:
The Allied Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920: The Diplomacy of Chaos
9256:
8926:
6596:
3868:
at the end of April. The Red 5th Army, led by the capable commander
3476:
2267:(she would later break with the Bolsheviks and after the decades of
2253:
16323:
15868:
15602:
15562:
15428:
15290:
13850:
12634:
12010:
10335:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
10324:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
10313:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
10302:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
10291:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
10280:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
10269:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
9869:
The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years That Shook the World
9390:
The USSR of Lenin and Stalin. History of the Soviet Union 1914–1945
8804:"Russian Civil War - Intervention, Allies, Bolsheviks | Britannica"
8668:
7825:
7247:
4646:
4637:
4531:
4225:
4059:
4051:
3976:
3817:
3618:
3531:
3512:
lawyer V. A. Vinogradov, Siberian Premier Vologodskii, and General
3330:
3094:
2990:
2712:
2708:
2229:
2184:
1998:, started to disintegrate; the Bolsheviks used the volunteer-based
1985:
1786:
1755:
1588:
1569:
942:
68:
9162:
8620:
7531:
Götz, Norbert; Brewis, Georgina; Werther, Steffen (23 July 2020).
6834:"Каледин, Алексей Максимович. A biography of Kaledin (in Russian)"
5824:(2011). "Russian Civil War (1917–1920)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.).
5526:, Solihull, UK, 2017, pp. 394, 526–528, 530–535; Clifford Kinvig,
3766:
the Baltic Germans a month later, aiding the establishment of the
3645:
3566:), translated as "blocking troops" or "anti-retreat detachments" (
3359:
2566:
Vladimir Pchelin's depiction of the assassination attempt on Lenin
16215:
15719:
10276:
International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire)
8751:
R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993).
7605:
7085:
7083:
5253:
Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War
4683:
4661:
The civil war had a devastating impact on the Russian economy. A
4483:
4378:
A map of Europe in 1923 after the Russian Civil War, among other
4374:
4342:
3980:
3877:
3873:
3857:
3630:
3622:
3603:
3434:
3426:
3295:
3239:
showing a map of the Russian Imperial territories claimed by the
2926:
2724:
2435:
2312:
2183:
During the Russian Civil War, the White movement functioned as a
2164:), also known as the White Guard (Бѣлая гвардія / Белая гвардия,
2149:
1658:, saw the reduction of Bolshevik-controlled territory to most of
1155:
392:
312:
10199:
The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917–1921: Documents
9911:
World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
9716:
Russia and Nationalism in Central Asia: The Case of Tadzhikistan
9386:
L'URSS di Lenin e Stalin. Storia dell'Unione Sovietica 1914–1945
9280:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999).
7192:
War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919
4395:—contributed to the continued militarization of Soviet society.
4184:
4105:
was in overall command of the two fronts. On Denikin's left was
3711:
and Nikolai Andreyev, assassinated the German ambassador, Count
2562:
1714:
and Soviet Russia. Soviet Russia sought to re-conquer all newly
14367:
8514:К вопросу о масштабах красного террора в годы Гражданской войны
5610:
4581:
4358:
took refuge in China. The Japanese, who had plans to annex the
4202:
4174:
4020:
3948:
3881:
3849:
3650:
3634:
3520:
3291:
3098:
2981:
2716:
2332:
2303:
2215:
1165:
1115:
824:
361:
274:
262:
249:
102:
96:
10376:
10341:
Russian Revolution and Civil War archive at libcom.org/library
9561:
Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920
9540:
Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919–1920
9503:
Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites
7959:
7957:
7374:
7271:
7080:
5447:
Rostov in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920: The Key to Victory
4165:. Only a few hundred of them reached Persia in June 1920. The
16138:
16016:
13927:
12178:
6954:
5528:
Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia 1918–1920
4294:
4047:
4043:
3889:
3509:
3446:
3259:
3190:
2720:
2648:
2496:
2488:
2416:
2279:
2268:
2003:
9581:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
9522:
Red Attack, White Resistance; Civil War in South Russia 1918
8228:
7969:
7857:"Distinguished Service Order citation for Bruce in the 1920"
7641:
7362:
4306:. There, Lenin argued that the soviets and the principle of
3453:
number of Petrograd workers: (1) a few dozen 'leaders' like
3278:) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918. Subsequently, the
16250:
16026:
8632:
7993:
7954:
7617:
7127:
6716:
Keith Bullivant, Geoffrey J. Giles and Walter Pape (1999).
4751:
writers; it was championed in the works of such authors as
3755:
3581:
during the Russian Civil War, when Leon Trotsky authorized
3267:
3143:
greeted by German officers at Brest-Litovsk, 8 January 1918
3106:
1529:
in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the
10371:"Civil War of 1917–1922 at Encyclopedia of Russian History
9976:
9850:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
8754:
The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945
8599:
8165:
8078:
8005:
7930:
7894:
7338:
6966:
6942:
6918:
6348:
5696:
5694:
4268:, pursued by both the Red and Black cavalry and infantry.
2957:, where nearly two million Russian settlers were located.
1718:
of the former Empire, although their success was limited.
16235:
16055:
10192:
The Russian Civil War: Documents from the Soviet Archives
7875:
7873:
7726:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7103:"Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence"
6553:
The house of government: a saga of the Russian Revolution
5407:
4304:
10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4281:
campaign to liquidate Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists
3637:
were also contributing factors to the famine casualties.
3383:
2012:
Russian People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
9962:. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins.
9348:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
8683:
7942:
7837:
7813:
7629:
7159:
5681:
5679:
5571:. Solihull, UK: Helion. pp. 490–492, 498–500, 504.
4319:
completely under the control of party officials and the
4129:
captured Voronezh, and Kursk on 15 November, during the
2945:
During the first period, the Bolsheviks took control of
2765:
The Western Allies armed and supported opponents of the
16:
Multi-party war in the former Russian Empire (1917–1922)
13408:
Ural Cossacks March from Fort Aleksandrovskoe to Persia
10160:
Stone, David R. "The Russian Civil War, 1917–1921," in
10023:
Critical companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921
9758:. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge.
9324:
A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution
8254:
8054:
7494:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (8 June 2023).
7259:
6978:
6906:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6238:
6187:. Lanham: University Press of America. pp. 42–43.
6091:
6053:
6029:
6017:
5990:
5988:
5718:
5691:
3572:заградотряды, заградительные отряды, отряды заграждения
3425:
The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries supported
2844:
in December 1917 and established itself in the ensuing
2687:
1836:) against Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire (
9438:
Consumed by War: European Conflict in the 20th Century
8288:
Tambov rebellion and liquidation of peasants in Russia
8153:
7870:
7326:
7208:
7068:
6990:
6930:
6894:
6852:
6526:
Donaldson, Norman; Donaldson, Betty (1 January 1983).
5550:
5548:
5491:
3538:. The Whites fell back eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg.
2175:
When the White Army was created, the structure of the
15162:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
9107:. International Studies. Cambridge University Press.
9029:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Libros de Anarres. 2004.
8495:
8141:
8114:
8102:
8090:
8066:
7981:
7918:
7187:
7185:
7136:"The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18"
6693:
Interview with Jeffrey Wallin. (The Churchill Centre)
5676:
5305:
4730:
was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the
4326:
2339:
came to power on 29 June 1918, after the uprising in
2168:) or White Guardsmen (Бѣлогвардейцы / Белогвардейцы,
2131:
2106:
1513:
sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic
13624:
10100:
The Civil War in Russia: Its Causes and Significance
8974:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
8897:
Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography
8417:
8376:
7906:
6250:
6180:
6153:
5985:
5740:
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution
5248:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
5229:
4205:. On 7 February, the Reds occupied Odessa, but then
3306:, capturing Yekaterinodar on 16 August, followed by
2209:
with the majority of the seats, after which Lenin's
1904:
in September 1917 led to a surge in support for the
1232:
9979:
Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
9690:
The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia
9104:
Britain and the Origins of the New Europe 1914–1918
8744:
6235:
work and look at it then you can cite it directly.)
6207:
6041:
5545:
5273:
Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
4586:
pogroms against Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia
4398:The Bolsheviks managed to consolidate control over
4149:In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the Red
3967:. On 22 May, Wrangel's Caucasian army defeated the
3402:in Samara." On 17 July, shortly before the fall of
3031:
2707:: revolts and clashes between the peasants and the
2066:
Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
2017:headed the reorganization of the Red Guards into a
1678:in October. The advances were later checked by the
13505:White Army War Crimes during the Russian Civil War
9936:
9713:
9708:
9687:
9664:
9619:
9456:
9321:
9168:. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. 1987 .
9161:
9130:
9047:
8982:
8364:
7611:
7292:"Workers' Organizations in the Russian Revolution"
7182:
6525:
6364:Красный и Белый террор в России в 1917—1922 годах
5706:
5664:
3457:; (2) a few thousand militants 'from the ranks'".
3178:Therefore, on 18 February 1918, the Germans began
2346:
2082:(behind Kolchak) observing military exercise, 1919
1805:in October 1922, but continued on with the Muslim
9913:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 554–555.
9455:Haupt, Georges & Marie, Jean-Jacques (1974).
9279:
7885:
7530:
5616:
2177:Russian Army of the Provisional Government period
2156:(1939–1945). The movement's military arm was the
573:
16633:
16324:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
15177:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
14507:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
13500:Red Army War Crimes during the Russian Civil War
9367:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925
9226:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
6354:
5871:. International Universities Press. p. 130.
3991:, in which his armies would converge on Moscow.
3727:
3439:Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
3417:Czechoslovak legionaries of the 8th Regiment at
3400:Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
3370:Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
3356:, and de Bode commanded two thousand in Crimea.
3124:
2325:Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
2298:On May 7, 1918, the Eighth Party Council of the
2289:
1646:in Siberia. In reaction, the Allies began their
588:
535:
491:
126:7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922
15296:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
15211:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
12616:
11353:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
10071:Red victory: A history of the Russian Civil War
9046:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999).
9045:
8441:Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War
7484:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131
6160:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 65.
4925:Works by the Western and contemporary authors:
4534:remained under Japanese occupation until their
4101:'s Southern Front between Zhitomir and Bobrov.
3360:Eastern Russia, Siberia and the Far East (1918)
2438:with anarchist associations. Subsequently, the
2419:), a predecessor of the KGB that served as the
10361:(Spartacus History, downloaded 3 January 2006)
9286:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's.
6663:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 68.
6112:
5329:Small caption in the lower right corner reads:
4779:; one of the best-known examples is the novel
4489:Around one to two million people known as the
4312:ban on factions in the Russian Communist Party
2809:The German Empire created several short-lived
1874:was proclaimed in September of the same year.
1702:was signed, splitting disputed territories in
15460:
15150:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
14351:
13610:
13396:British intervention in Transcaspia (1918–19)
12535:
10392:
9720:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8317:, Thomas J. Hegarty, Canadian Slavonic Papers
7417:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109.
7095:
5971:
5969:
5816:
5814:
4241:After Moscow's Bolshevik government signed a
4185:South Russia, Ukraine and Kronstadt (1920–21)
3947:On 18 December 1918, French forces landed in
2676:, who only six weeks earlier had ordered the
2125:
2091:
2033:Whites, but with members indifferent towards
1932:, after their acceptance of the terms of the
1762:in Central Asia lasted until the late 1920s.
1619:, whose primary goal was re-establishing the
1583:, and the loosely allied forces known as the
1218:
10049:(many editions) Harper & Row Publishers.
9905:Smith, David A.; Tucker, Spencer C. (2014).
9506:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9195:
8857:. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 236.
7963:
7746:The Allied Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920
7672:
7623:
7564:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 52.
6972:
6960:
6948:
6924:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
5888:. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.
5542:, University of Toronto Press (2016), p. 229
4747:The Civil War was a popular theme among the
4550:Street children during the Russian Civil War
4015:On 14 August, the Bolsheviks launched their
3649:London Geographical Institute's 1919 map of
3496:in Omsk, headed by a Directory of five: two
3225:Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia
2761:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2373:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2337:Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia
2062:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
1979:
1523:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1444:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army
15103:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
15098:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
11843:
10367:(On War website, downloaded 4 January 2006)
9904:
9643:Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History
9482:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
9440:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
8600:Perevozchikov', Artyom (9 September 2010).
8551: — 2-ое изд., доп. — Берлин, 1924
8414:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 838.
8393:
8391:
7591:. Princeton University Press. p. 202.
7089:
6082:
5864:
2883:
1666:. In 1919, the White Army launched several
15467:
15453:
14419:Military history of the Russian Federation
14358:
14344:
13617:
13603:
12542:
12528:
10399:
10385:
9957:
9577:
9454:
9160:
9151:
8779:"Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921"
8347:"Russian Civil War – Foreign intervention"
8084:
7831:
7647:
7537:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
7380:
7368:
7356:
7344:
7320:
7277:
6591:(3). Cambridge University Press: 432–448.
6108:
6106:
5966:
5885:The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)
5811:
5622:
4333:Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War
4233:was one of the largest and best-organised
3191:Ukraine, South Russia, and Caucasus (1918)
3091:Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia
2802:Borders of the buffer states drawn by the
2047:
1926:1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election
1654:. That, combined with the creation of the
1644:the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia revolted
1225:
1211:
85:American troops in Vladivostok during the
14669:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
9998:The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia
9772:
9406:
9364:
9342:
8852:
8757:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
8638:
8481:(in Russian). Moscow: Russkaya panorama.
8466:
7732:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7133:
6794:
6487:
6434:. Alpha History. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
6282:
5881:
5700:
5152:(1970), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov
5076:(1956), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov
4665:emerged in Russia, despite the threat of
3866:counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces
3805:
3762:on 22 May, but the Estonian 3rd Division
3290:, the commander of the British troops in
3016:European theatre of the Russian Civil War
2619:Learn how and when to remove this message
2407:was appointed to the duty of rooting out
2096:Бѣлое движеніе / post–1918 Белое движение
558:
16687:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
11642:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
10162:The Military History of the Soviet Union
9934:
9659:
9477:
9392:] (in Italian). Bologna: il Mulino.
9383:
9300:
9244:American Slavic and East European Review
8980:
8902:
8725:
8689:
8626:
8560:
8388:
8234:
7975:
7948:
7635:
7514:
7482:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921
7217:
7074:
6996:
6984:
6900:
6582:
6576:
6157:White Siberia: the politics of civil war
6087:. Harvard University Press. p. 397.
5790:
5770:. Oxford University Press. p. 224.
5724:
5601:
5588:
5509:Belash, Victor & Belash, Aleksandr,
5497:
5413:
4636:
4595:
4545:
4477:
4373:
4224:
4188:
4117:'s Don Cossacks were further east, with
4072:
4025:
3919:
3911:
3835:
3772:
3644:
3550:failure with a successful drive towards
3475:
3412:
3228:
3134:
3011:
2912:
2797:
2561:
2252:
2235:
2069:
1994:, the successor-organisation of the old
519:
15474:
14630:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
14500:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
13878:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
13821:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
12650:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
12019:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
10353:"BBC History of the Russian Revolution"
9995:
9885:
9823:
9617:
9542:. Washington, DC: New Academia. 2004b.
9524:. Washington, DC: New Academia. 2004a.
9240:
9221:
9072:
8989:. New York: Columbia University Press.
8985:Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
8908:
8829:"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls"
8730:. Издательский дом «Русская панорама».
8435:
8326:
8260:
8183:
8132:
8060:
7584:
7557:
7332:
6936:
6858:
6321:
6261:
6103:
5898:
5763:
5736:
5654:
5650:
5470:
3840:Russian soldiers of the anti-Bolshevik
3828:evacuated the region in February 1920.
3001:
2890:Southern Front of the Russian Civil War
2782:on a massive scale with war materials.
2248:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
2058:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
1972:, both groups were in favour of a more
1439:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army
16634:
15493:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
15251:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
15182:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
15041:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
15019:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
14733:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
14409:Military history of the Russian Empire
13933:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
13549:
10206:The Russian Civil War: Primary Sources
9558:
9538:
9520:
9100:
9025:
9001:
8528:[The Red Terror: 1918– ...?].
8209:
8171:
8159:
8120:
8108:
8072:
8011:
7936:
7900:
7879:
7843:
7819:
7386:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7229:
6912:
6657:Smith, Scott Baldwin (15 April 2011).
6626:Smith, Scott Baldwin (15 April 2011).
6405:
6403:
6401:
6228:
5925:
5905:. London : J. Cape. p. 237.
5743:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343.
5584:
5566:
5443:
4591:
4136:
3907:
3640:
3406:, the former tsar and his family were
2898:Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War
2754:
1843:
1572:, fighting for the establishment of a
15448:
15401:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
14779:Russian colonization of North America
14339:
13598:
12549:
12523:
11972:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
11308:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
10380:
10085:Lenin's Revolution: Russia, 1917–1921
9866:
9847:
9685:
9496:
9319:
8650:
8567:Der rote Terror in Russland 1918–1923
8501:
8467:Erlikhman, Vadim Viktorovich (2004).
8443:. Simon & Schuster. p. 384.
8401:. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.
8147:
8096:
7999:
7987:
7924:
7912:
7807:
7558:Heinzen, James W. (1 February 2004).
7437:
7410:
7302:from the original on 21 February 2018
7148:from the original on 11 November 2019
7062:
7050:
7008:
6776:
6656:
6625:
6149:
6147:
5975:
5820:
5794:The Russian Revolution: A New History
5554:
5218:Battlefield 1 In the Name of the Tsar
4442:all repelled Soviet invasions, while
4003:for his bravery during the June 1919
3314:. By early 1919, they controlled the
2842:declared its independence from Russia
2353:Fifth All–Russian Congress of Soviets
2115:
1877:
1858:. As a result, the social-democratic
1734:all repelled Soviet invasions, while
1206:
111:A review of Red Army troops in Moscow
14414:Military history of the Soviet Union
13761:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
13569:
13060:Peasant Uprising in Penza Government
13023:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
12376:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
10169:The Origins of the Russian Civil War
10047:The Encyclopedia of Military History
9795:
9781:] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Argo.
9753:
9734:
9640:
9463:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
9435:
9128:
8549:«Красный террор» в России 1918—1923.
8423:
8382:
8370:
8276:. Moscow, Progress publishers, 1971.
7786:from the original on 12 October 2012
6878:. Not Panicking, Ltd. 20 July 2005.
6840:from the original on 8 November 2017
6783:Scandinavian Economic History Review
6550:
6295:
6244:
6097:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
5998:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987),
5955:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987),
5937:
5712:
5670:
5658:
4633:Pogroms during the Russian Civil War
4497:
4193:Polish anti-Soviet poster depicting
4131:Voronezh-Kastornoye operation (1919)
3089:Having stated in the November 1917 "
2840:Finland was the first republic that
2688:Revolts against grain requisitioning
2651:, she made the following statement:
2569:
2377:assassination attempts against Lenin
2282:repression involving the killing of
2205:split. The anti-Bolshevik Right SRs
15155:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
13724:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
13459:New States during Russian Civil War
12305:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
11099:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
10309:Post-war Societies (Russian Empire)
9622:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police
9598:
9209:. New York: Philosophical Library.
9156:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan.
8957:"Volga River: All You Need to Know"
8542:Часть IV. На гражданской войнe. //
8475:Population losses in the XX century
7289:
7032:from the original on 10 August 2020
6684:Cover Story: Churchill's Greatness.
6519:
6398:
5737:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994).
5685:
4843:(1927, fully published in 1971) by
4690:
4388:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4353:Remnants of Kolchak's army reached
3688:
3352:'s three thousand were sent to the
1920:occurred largely without any human
1888:The Provisional Government, led by
1194:1–2 million refugees outside Russia
13:
15201:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
14567:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
13846:Council of the People's Commissars
13125:Capture of Kazan by the White Army
11038:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
10184:
10108:Year One of the Russian Revolution
10014:
10000:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
9960:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
9133:The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923
8329:"The Horror Of Russia's Civil War"
7748:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). 68–82.
7585:Raleigh, Donald J. (11 May 2021).
7411:Reese, Roger R. (3 October 2023).
7399:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
7134:Tynchenko, Yaros (23 March 2018),
6704:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
6409:Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "
6144:
5060:(1939), directed by A. Faintsimmer
4656:
4626:
4327:Siberia and the Far East (1920–22)
4274:him and his army to Constantinople
4078:Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge
3864:–Sharlyk line. Reds started their
3554:, which they took on 24 December.
3494:Provisional All-Russian Government
3374:Provisional All-Russian Government
3325:, uniting the Volunteer Army with
2466:, "Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"
2385:foreign capitalist military forces
2211:Theses on the Constituent Assembly
1656:Provisional All-Russian Government
1587:, which functioned as a political
21:Russian Civil War (disambiguation)
14:
16723:
16712:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
15066:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
13289:Uprisings against the White Army
13150:Counteroffensive of Eastern Front
13120:Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion
13088:Uprisings against the White Army
12689:The Storming of the Winter Palace
10320:Revolutions (East Central Europe)
10223:
9154:The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921
8470:Poteri narodonaseleniya v XX veke
7772:"Bolsheviki Grain Near Petrograd"
7686:from the original on 4 March 2016
7680:"Generalkommando VI Reservekorps"
7244:, pp. 166–174, 182, 189–190.
7115:from the original on 15 June 2008
6882:from the original on 19 July 2012
5268:Timeline of the Russian Civil War
4470:Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920)
4410:, signed in March 1921 after the
3894:retreat of the Whites to the east
3831:
3750:of the Red Army by January 1919.
3557:
3366:Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion
3337:became Denikin's Chief of Staff.
3113:held power. With the help of the
2942:with them was impending as well.
2140:forces that fought the communist
16616:
16615:
16603:
15120:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
14913:Russian conquest of Central Asia
14849:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
14645:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
14587:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
13856:Military Revolutionary Committee
13578:
13568:
13558:
13548:
13538:
13528:
11401:Second Battle of the Piave River
11023:Russian invasion of East Prussia
9459:Makers of the Russian revolution
8949:
8889:
8871:
8846:
8821:
8796:
8771:
8728:Потери народонаселения в XX веке
8719:
8695:
8644:
8593:
8554:
8536:
8518:
8507:
8460:
8429:
8404:
8339:
8327:Chapple, Amos (9 January 2019).
8320:
8308:
8279:
8266:
8240:
8177:
8126:
8041:
8017:
7849:
7764:
7751:
7738:
7706:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921
7698:
7653:
7578:
7551:
7524:
7487:
7474:
7431:
7404:
7350:
7314:
7205:, August 2013 (page 102 and 103)
6530:. Greenwich House. p. 221.
6296:Bird, Danny (5 September 2018).
6268:. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348.
6122:"Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"
5996:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921
5952:The Russian Revolution 1917–1921
5868:The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939
5865:Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985).
5369:
5360:
5321:
5232:
4526:until June 1923. The regions of
4237:challenging the Bolshevik regime
3245:West Ukrainian People's Republic
3076:Military Revolutionary Committee
3032:Initial anti-Bolshevik uprisings
2819:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2793:
2700:was introduced as a concession.
2574:
2136:), was a loose confederation of
1952:), post offices and telegraphs (
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1055:
1029:
1016:
1000:
984:
965:
952:
936:
903:
885:
867:
855:
835:
823:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
725:
717:
707:
699:
689:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
590:
575:
560:
537:
521:
507:
493:
479:
456:
438:
417:
404:
391:
379:
367:
354:
342:
330:
318:
306:
294:
273:
261:
248:
234:
222:
209:
196:
183:
57:
16692:Wars involving the Soviet Union
15406:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
15051:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
14992:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
13751:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
12472:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
11672:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
10406:
9867:——— (2016) .
9563:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
8967:
8881:. 26 March 2016. Archived from
8333:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
8184:Mentzel, Peter C. (Fall 2017).
7782:. 15 November 1919. p. 4.
7708:, Blackwell Publishing (1987),
7283:
7166:Germany Takes Control of Crimea
7056:
7044:
7014:
7002:
6864:
6826:
6803:
6770:
6757:
6734:
6709:
6696:
6677:
6650:
6619:
6544:
6505:
6458:
6437:
6420:
6380:
6342:
6315:
6201:
6174:
6076:
6065:
6008:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5892:
5875:
5858:
5784:
5757:
5730:
5617:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
5444:Murphy, Brian (2 August 2004).
5347:Instead of freedom they brought
5312:
5285:
4649:were killed or deported during
4454:were occupied by the Red Army.
4243:military and political alliance
4213:a retreat across Kuban towards
4023:, the Ukrainian-Polish border.
4017:Southern Front counteroffensive
3286:started negotiations with Gen.
3105:, invaded Ukraine and invested
2696:and similar uprisings; Lenin's
2347:Exclusion of Mensheviks and SRs
2019:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
1684:Southern Front counteroffensive
1627:. Three foreign nations of the
16667:Civil wars of the 20th century
15088:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
14738:War of the Austrian Succession
14285:German Revolution of 1918–1919
13826:Russian Provisional Government
12295:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
12154:Deportations from East Prussia
11951:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
10066:(U of California Press, 1971).
10021:Acton, Edward, V. et al. eds.
9943:. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
9890:. Naval & Military Press.
9754:——— (2005).
9601:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia
9011:. Princeton University Press.
8879:"The Soviet Union: GDP growth"
8526:""Красный террор": 1918– ...?"
7296:International Socialist Review
6796:10.1080/03585522.1978.10407894
6634:University of Pittsburgh Press
5834:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow533
5797:. Basic Books. p. 1-496.
5791:McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017).
5560:
5516:
5503:
5471:Bullock, David (6 June 2014).
5464:
5437:
5419:
5351:Instead of land – confiscation
5202:
4457:
4364:Provisional Priamur Government
4314:. This ban remained until the
3927:Soviet propaganda poster, 1920
3705:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
2483:"to introduce mass terror" in
2440:Council of People's Commissars
2357:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
1966:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
1938:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
1930:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
1860:Russian Provisional Government
1821:
1785:. Soon the Red Army split the
1738:, Belarus (as a result of the
1680:Eastern Front counteroffensive
1609:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
1535:key events of the 20th century
1515:Russian Provisional Government
148:
1:
16156:Political abuse of psychiatry
15948:Congress of People's Deputies
15311:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
15189:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
14940:Russian invasion of Manchuria
14930:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
14876:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
14871:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
14814:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
14804:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
14769:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
14764:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
14754:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
14744:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
14722:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
14717:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
14694:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
14689:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
14664:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
14640:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
14635:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
14620:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
14495:List of wars involving Russia
14490:Sino-Russian border conflicts
13950:Socialist Revolutionary Party
13697:Ukrainian War of Independence
12934:Donets Basin Offensive (1919)
12206:Ukrainian Canadian internment
10365:"Russian Civil War 1918–1920"
10138:10.1080/09546545.2019.1675961
10123:10.1080/09668136.2016.1257094
10028:Brovkin, Vladimir N. (1994).
9421:10.1080/10611983.2017.1392213
9076:The Russian Civil War 1918–22
8298:. Moscow: Posev. In Russian.
7256:, pp. 195, 204, 267–270.
6214:. Hoover Press. p. 135.
6181:Christopher Lazarski (2008).
6154:Norman G. O. Pereira (1996).
5474:The Russian Civil War 1918–22
5395:
5068:(1939), directed by Dovzhenko
4742:
4737:
4541:
4386:With the end of the war, the
4054:under the command of General
3728:Estonia, Latvia and Petrograd
3201:Kiev Arsenal January Uprising
3125:Peace with the Central Powers
2921:in South Russia, January 1918
2398:
2300:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2290:Constituent Assembly uprising
2223:On December 30, 1917, the SR
1890:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1816:
1544:ended with the abdication of
1414:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt
1191:7–12 million total casualties
79:Bolshevik suppression of the
15266:Eritrean War of Independence
15236:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
15231:East German uprising of 1953
15172:Eastern Front (World War II)
15061:Red Army invasion of Georgia
15056:Red Army invasion of Armenia
15024:Estonian War of Independence
14965:Russian occupation of Tabriz
14886:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
14844:War of the Seventh Coalition
14727:War of the Polish Succession
14674:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
13861:Russian Constituent Assembly
13756:Red Army invasion of Georgia
13741:Estonian War of Independence
12361:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
11660:Estonian War of Independence
11328:Southern Palestine offensive
10287:Revolutions (Russian Empire)
10249:Resources in other libraries
9981:. Harvard University Press.
9852:. Rowman & Littlefield.
9152:Chamberlin, William (1935).
8711:(in Russian). Archived from
8199:(2): 173–181. Archived from
6469:The Record of the Red Terror
6351:, Chapter 4: The Red Terror.
6208:Vladimir N. Brovkin (1991).
5828:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
5538:, p. 297; Timothy Winegard,
5400:
5307:Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii
5263:Revolutionary Mass Festivals
5210:Last Train Home (video game)
4800:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy
4707:The complete failure of the
4369:
4010:Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart
3734:Estonian War of Independence
3597:strength and deploying them.
3323:Armed Forces of South Russia
3221:Central Caspian Dictatorship
3026:Russian Constituent Assembly
2831:Belarusian People's Republic
2680:of the Tsar and his family.
2647:During interrogation by the
2311:overthrew Bolshevik rule in
2202:Russian Constituent Assembly
2160:(Бѣлая армія / Белая армия,
2117:[ˈbʲɛləɪdvʲɪˈʐenʲɪɪ]
1769:were eventually forced on a
1696:a related war against Poland
7:
16672:Revolution-based civil wars
16319:Academy of Medical Sciences
15306:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
15256:Sino-Soviet border conflict
15125:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
15093:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
15029:Latvian War of Independence
14918:Russian conquest of Bukhara
14809:War of the Fourth Coalition
14794:War of the Second Coalition
14305:Workers' Councils in Poland
13903:Ukrainian People's Republic
13746:Latvian War of Independence
12315:USA against Austria-Hungary
11714:Turkish War of Independence
11666:Latvian War of Independence
11391:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
10982:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
9958:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996).
9871:. Oxford University Press.
9848:Smele, Jonathan D. (2015).
9756:Lenin: A Revolutionary Life
9739:. Oxford University Press.
9626:. Oxford University Press.
9222:Daniels, Robert V. (1993).
9101:Calder, Kenneth J. (1976).
9054:. New York: Basic. p.
8909:Mueller, Gordon H. (1976).
8133:Berkman, Alexander (1922).
8047:Berland, Pierre, "Makhno",
6813:(Yale UP, 1993) pp. 54–61.
6417:. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
5595:University of Toronto Press
5355:Instead of bread – famine.
5306:
5225:
5176:Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno
4414:, split the territories in
4001:Distinguished Service Order
3738:Latvian War of Independence
3615:Russian famine of 1921–1922
3294:. The Bolsheviks and their
3241:Ukrainian People's Republic
3233:February 1918 article from
3197:Ukrainian People's Republic
2856:from January–May 1918. The
2594:. The specific problem is:
2132:
2107:
1990:From mid-1917 onwards, the
1910:took control of the soviets
1266:Central Powers intervention
10:
16728:
15301:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
14839:War of the Sixth Coalition
14829:War of the Fifth Coalition
14799:War of the Third Coalition
14404:Military history of Russia
14366:Armed conflicts involving
14325:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
13967:General Jewish Labour Bund
13836:Pro-independence movements
12993:German Caucasus expedition
12746:Soviet–Finnish war 1921–22
12398:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
11946:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
11406:Second Battle of the Marne
11293:Second battle of the Aisne
11162:Second Battle of Champagne
11003:German invasion of Belgium
10190:Butt, V. P., et al., eds.
9996:Wheeler, Geoffrey (1964).
9935:Thompson, John M. (1996).
9735:Read, Christopher (1996).
9710:Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa
9694:. New York: W. W. Norton.
9578:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997).
9409:Russian Studies in History
8971:
8855:Imperial and Soviet Russia
8562:Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich
8210:Skirda, Alexandre (2004).
6720:. Rodopi. pp. 28–29.
6328:. Peter Lang. p. 48.
5589:Winegard, Timothy (2016).
5296:Гражданская война в России
4782:How the Steel Was Tempered
4700:
4694:
4669:against profiteering. The
4630:
4553:
4520:continued armed resistance
4467:
4461:
4330:
4219:evacuation of Novorossiysk
4109:, while in his center was
3809:
3731:
3692:
3484:reviewing the troops, 1919
3398:and the Government of the
3396:West Siberian Commissariat
3363:
3213:German Caucasus Expedition
3194:
3153:Wilhelm II, German Emperor
3128:
3111:Central Council of Ukraine
3035:
3005:
2996:
2969:and the pro-Bolshevik Red
2887:
2852:and pro-Russian Bolshevik
2758:
2509:(3) Seize all their grain.
2051:
1983:
1881:
1847:
1825:
18:
16657:1920s in the Soviet Union
16597:
16541:
16515:
16435:
16358:
16349:
16294:
16201:
16164:
16104:
16007:
15969:
15889:
15751:
15742:
15692:
15640:
15631:
15483:
15414:
15349:
15140:Soviet invasion of Poland
14950:
14834:French invasion of Russia
14702:
14600:
14519:
14445:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
14437:
14394:
14387:
14295:Hungarian Soviet Republic
14272:
14210:
14172:
14139:
14071:
14028:
14000:
13982:
13975:
13913:
13813:
13684:
13671:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
13643:
13636:
13517:
13490:
13467:
13446:
13439:
13335:Tashkent Rebellion (1919)
13313:Tashkent Rebellion (1917)
13303:
13261:Izhevsk–Votkinsk Uprising
13257:Anti-Bolshevik uprisings
13107:
13051:Anti-Bolshevik Uprisings
12904:Ukrainian Front Offensive
12829:
12766:
12752:Anti-Bolshevik Uprisings
12721:North Russia intervention
12717:Arkhangelsk and Murmansk
12708:
12695:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
12673:
12664:
12607:
12557:
12504:
12463:
12384:
12323:
12285:
12229:
12218:
12179:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
12122:
12094:
12042:
11964:
11938:
11890:
11783:
11776:
11708:Irish War of Independence
11604:
11486:
11451:Armistice of Villa Giusti
11436:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
11361:
11263:
11190:
11091:
11048:First Battle of the Marne
10995:
10957:
10892:
10883:
10826:
10700:
10689:
10655:
10627:
10589:
10541:
10494:
10487:
10414:
10244:Resources in your library
10117:68.10 (2016): 1793–1812.
9773:Rosenthal, Reigo (2006).
9559:Kinvig, Clifford (2006).
9436:Hall, Richard C. (2015).
9384:Graziosi, Andrea (2007).
8981:Allworth, Edward (1967).
8853:Christian, David (1997).
8629:, pp. 171 & 570.
8135:"The Kronstadt Rebellion"
8034:30 September 2020 at the
7171:30 September 2019 at the
5882:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
5487:– via Google Books.
5295:
4987:Derek Robinson (novelist)
4818:A Young Doctor's Notebook
4682:dollar declined from two
4286:naval mutiny at Kronstadt
4167:Orenburg Independent Army
3812:North Russia intervention
3571:
3498:Socialist-Revolutionaries
3467:Special Punitive Brigades
3038:Kerensky-Krasnov uprising
2874:Soviet westward offensive
2848:between pro-independence
2780:Russia during World War I
2522:P.S. Find tougher people.
2126:
2092:
1980:Formation of the Red Army
1793:, forcing evacuations in
1246:
1187:
1048:
926:
607:
240:Regional socialist forces
172:
118:
101:Hanging of Bolsheviks in
56:
37:
32:
15281:South African Border War
15206:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
15108:Chechen uprising of 1932
14789:Russo-Persian War (1796)
14290:Bavarian Soviet Republic
14280:Revolutions of 1917–1923
13197:Great Siberian Ice March
12971:Rostov and Novocherkassk
12966:North Caucasus (1918–19)
12919:West Ukraine (1918-1919)
12331:Constantinople Agreement
11624:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
11487:Co-belligerent conflicts
11456:Second Romanian campaign
11426:Third Transjordan attack
11137:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
11043:Battle of Grand Couronné
10346:7 September 2014 at the
10167:Swain, Geoffrey (2015).
9886:Stewart, George (2009).
9618:Leggett, George (1981).
9599:Lee, Stephen J. (2003).
9478:Holquist, Peter (2002).
9365:Goldstein, Erik (2013).
9301:Erickson, John. (1984).
8726:Эрлихман, Вадим (2004).
8703:
7964:Coates & Coates 1951
7834:, pp. 151, 165–167.
7660:Baltic War of Liberation
7624:Coates & Coates 1951
7501:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6973:Coates & Coates 1951
6961:Coates & Coates 1951
6949:Coates & Coates 1951
6925:Coates & Coates 1951
6484:(November 1927):198–205.
6474:21 December 2018 at the
6445:The Red Terror in Russia
6443:Melgunov, Sergey 1975.
6262:Liebman, Marcel (1985).
5899:Liebman, Marcel (1975).
5353:Instead of work – misery
5331:The Bolsheviks promised:
5278:
5168:Corto Maltese in Siberia
4728:Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
4717:socialism in one country
4703:Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
4697:Revolutions of 1917-1923
4474:Evacuation of the Crimea
4177:in what is known as the
4058:continued north towards
3942:protect the Don district
3752:Baltic German volunteers
3675:Frederick Marshman Baile
3653:after Brest-Litovsk and
3392:William Henry Chamberlin
2884:Geography and chronology
2727:and in the districts of
2637:attempted to assassinate
2506:(2) Publish their names.
2246:On January 4, 1918, the
1760:anti-Bolshevik uprisings
1686:, and the defeat of the
1668:offensives from the east
1449:Great Siberian Ice March
63:Clockwise from top left:
50:aftermath of World War I
16682:Wars involving Chechnya
16610:Soviet Union portal
14923:Khivan campaign of 1873
14774:Russo-Polish War (1792)
13707:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
13323:Enver Pasha's Rebellion
13145:Spring Offensive (1919)
13080:Tambov Peasant Uprising
12874:Voronezh and Kastornoye
12394:Modus vivendi of Acroma
12346:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
11654:Greater Poland Uprising
11554:National Protection War
11431:Meuse–Argonne offensive
11381:German spring offensive
11376:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
11152:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
11127:Second Battle of Artois
11008:Battle of the Frontiers
9907:"Operation Faustschlag"
9686:Overy, Richard (2004).
9320:Figes, Orlando (1997).
9206:Soviets in Central Asia
9073:Bullock, David (2008).
8410:Pipes, Richard (2011).
8285:Sennikov, B.V. (2004).
7669:Encyclopedia Britannica
7612:Rakowska-Harmstone 1970
7438:Figes, Orlando (1990).
7108:Encyclopædia Britannica
7090:Smith & Tucker 2014
6751:27 January 2020 at the
6322:Goodwin, James (2010).
5826:The Encyclopedia of War
5639:Encyclopædia Britannica
5591:The First World Oil War
5567:Wright, Damien (2017).
5540:The First World Oil War
5431:Encyclopædia Britannica
5341:Despicably they cheated
5141:White Sun of the Desert
5103:And Quiet Flows the Don
4992:
4709:Communist International
4266:Crimea in November 1920
3585:, the commander of the
3534:fell, and on 8 October
3270:on 8 June. The Ottoman
3139:Soviet delegation with
3131:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2804:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2389:In one incident in Baku
2363:According to historian
2048:Anti-Bolshevik movement
1934:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1633:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1533:, which was one of the
147:Bolshevik victory (see
16707:Wars involving Ukraine
16502:Stalinist architecture
16256:Science and technology
16166:Ideological repression
16094:Soviet Airborne Forces
16032:Destruction battalions
15396:Western Libya campaign
15071:East Karelian uprising
14592:Wagner Group rebellion
14527:Uprising of Bolotnikov
14320:Slovak Soviet Republic
14300:Hungarian–Romanian War
14002:Provisional Government
12419:Paris Peace Conference
12407:Ukraine–Central Powers
12201:Massacres of Albanians
12169:Late Ottoman genocides
11976:Bulgarian occupations
11684:Third Anglo-Afghan War
11648:Hungarian–Romanian War
11466:Naval Victory Bulletin
11461:Armistice with Germany
11411:Hundred Days Offensive
11338:Battle of La Malmaison
11288:Second battle of Arras
11255:Battle of Transylvania
11109:Second Battle of Ypres
10977:Sarajevo assassination
10866:South African Republic
10329:Melancon, Michael S.:
10204:Murphy, A. Brian, ed.
10197:McCauley, Martin, ed.
8653:The Russian Revolution
8412:The Russian Revolution
8397:Stone, Bailey (2013).
8214:. Chico CA: AK Press.
7665:8 October 2014 at the
7452:10.1093/past/129.1.168
5634:26 August 2009 at the
5335:We'll give you freedom
4905:An Evening with Claire
4888:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
4763:Alexander Serafimovich
4642:
4604:
4602:Russian famine of 1921
4578:Russian famine of 1921
4551:
4486:
4383:
4238:
4198:
4157:. During winter 1920,
4089:
4039:
3928:
3917:
3845:
3806:Northern Russia (1919)
3781:
3669:
3599:
3485:
3443:eight-hour working day
3422:
3380:Trans-Siberian Railway
3247:
3144:
3017:
2922:
2858:Second Polish Republic
2806:
2662:
2567:
2542:
2532:
2469:
2449:were among the first:
2284:libertarian socialists
2260:
2243:
2083:
1652:Siberian interventions
1562:provisional government
1383:Armenia and Azerbaijan
608:Commanders and leaders
16284:List of metro systems
15837:Collective leadership
15391:Intervention in Syria
15326:Tajikistani Civil War
15034:Lithuanian–Soviet War
14975:Battle of Robat Karim
14424:Post-Soviet conflicts
13992:Nicholas II of Russia
13305:Central Asian Theater
13187:Siberian Intervention
12976:North Caucasus (1920)
12944:Slutsk Defence Action
12854:Voronezh and Povorino
12779:Polish–Lithuanian War
12429:Treaty of St. Germain
12402:Russia–Central Powers
12356:Sykes–Picot Agreement
12184:Pontic Greek genocide
12159:Destruction of Kalisz
12135:Eastern Mediterranean
11696:Polish–Lithuanian War
11478:Armistice of Belgrade
11441:Armistice of Salonica
11371:Operation Faustschlag
11318:Third Battle of Oituz
11240:Baranovichi offensive
11208:Lake Naroch offensive
11182:Battle of Robat Karim
11157:Vistula–Bug offensive
11132:Battles of the Isonzo
11063:First Battle of Ypres
10056:15.3 (2007): 279–306.
9833:. London: Macmillan.
9802:. London: Routledge.
9671:. New York: Pegasus.
9667:The Russian Civil War
9641:Lowe, Norman (2002).
9603:. London: Routledge.
9584:. London: Greenhill.
9369:. London: Routledge.
8027:52.3 (1993): 354–366
8002:, pp. 1082–1083.
7761:(Cambridge UP, 2006).
7026:Spartacus Educational
6820:16 March 2021 at the
6777:Kirby, D. G. (1978).
6706:32.4 (2019): 553–559.
6499:Spartacus Educational
5764:Bergman, Jay (2019).
5587:, pp. 289, 315;
5511:Dorogi Nestora Makhno
5133:The Red and the White
5042:Knight Without Armour
5032:We Are from Kronstadt
4983:A Splendid Little War
4772:An Optimistic Tragedy
4640:
4599:
4560:White Terror (Russia)
4549:
4524:Ayano-Maysky District
4481:
4377:
4308:democratic centralism
4228:
4192:
4111:Vladimir May-Mayevsky
4084:propaganda poster by
4080:, a famous Bolshevik
4076:
4029:
3957:Vladimir May-Mayevsky
3923:
3915:
3839:
3816:The British occupied
3776:
3748:cleared its territory
3707:and Cheka employees,
3648:
3594:
3564:zagraditelnye otriady
3479:
3416:
3350:Vladimir May-Mayevsky
3304:Second Kuban campaign
3232:
3180:Operation Faustschlag
3138:
3115:Kiev Arsenal Uprising
3015:
2916:
2894:North Russia Campaign
2801:
2653:
2631:On August 30, the SR
2565:
2553:Imperial Russian Army
2537:
2528:Lenin's Hanging Order
2493:
2451:
2409:counter-revolutionary
2355:of July 4, 1918, the
2256:
2239:
2078:(seated) and General
2073:
2006:(the Bolshevik state
1996:Imperial Russian Army
1862:was established, and
1856:Nicholas II of Russia
1771:mass retreat eastward
1049:Casualties and losses
161:Establishment of the
107:Austro-Hungarian Army
16662:Civil wars in Russia
16246:Net material product
16189:Censorship of images
16106:Political repression
16066:Soviet Border Troops
15999:First Deputy Premier
15583:1965 economic reform
15578:Soviet space program
15374:Annexation of Crimea
15078:Central Asian Revolt
14987:Ukrainian–Soviet War
14859:Russo-Circassian War
14542:Pugachev's Rebellion
14485:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
14429:Russian Armed Forces
14399:Early modern warfare
14310:Polish–Ukrainian War
13712:Polish–Ukrainian War
13702:Ukrainian–Soviet War
13454:War communism policy
13369:Belovodskoe Uprising
13347:Aktyubinsk Operation
13043:Turkish–Armenian War
12594:Military engagements
12424:Treaty of Versailles
12140:Mount Lebanon famine
12055:in the United States
12023:Russian occupations
11737:Turkish–Armenian War
11678:Polish–Ukrainian War
11618:Ukrainian–Soviet War
11565:Central Asian Revolt
11348:Armistice of Focșani
11078:Battle of Sarikamish
11028:Battle of Tannenberg
10424:Military engagements
10215:27 June 2020 at the
10177:28 July 2020 at the
10154:27 June 2015 at the
10130:Revolutionary Russia
10039:28 July 2020 at the
9796:Ryan, James (2012).
9737:From Tsar to Soviets
9328:. New York: Viking.
9129:Carr, E. H. (1985).
8783:publishing.cdlib.org
8206:on 29 February 2020.
7280:, pp. 6–12, 91.
7197:3 April 2019 at the
6265:Leninism Under Lenin
5902:Leninism under Lenin
5333:We'll give you peace
5258:Nikolayevsk incident
5195:(2014), directed by
5160:(1981), directed by
5125:The Elusive Avengers
5117:(1965), directed by
5106:(1958), directed by
5095:(1957), directed by
5092:The Communist (film)
5084:(1956), directed by
5051:(1938), directed by
5034:(1936), directed by
5025:(1936), directed by
4945:Marguerite Yourcenar
4645:Some 10,000–500,000
4251:Ukrainian anarchists
4123:Orel-Kursk operation
3703:On 6 July 1918, two
3583:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
3545:. On 18 November, a
3490:State Meeting in Ufa
2823:Kingdom of Lithuania
2660:and am still for it.
2658:Constituent Assembly
2601:improve this section
2590:to meet Knowledge's
2309:Czechoslovak Legions
2144:, also known as the
2120:) also known as the
2023:political commissars
1898:failed military coup
1809:in Central Asia and
1635:with Soviet Russia.
1601:Ukrainian anarchists
1346:Ukrainian-Soviet War
433:Anti-Bolshevik left:
19:For other uses, see
16314:Academy of Sciences
16129:Population transfer
16073:Soviet Armed Forces
15936:Congress of Soviets
15917:Presidium/Politburo
15881:Soviet anti-Zionism
15730:West Siberian Plain
15608:Revolutions of 1989
15545:Great Patriotic War
15530:New Economic Policy
15434:Sphere of influence
15364:Russo-Ukrainian War
15221:First Indochina War
15194:Soviet–Japanese War
15130:Xinjiang War (1937)
14999:Kazakhstan Campaign
14784:Kościuszko Uprising
14684:Second Northern War
14562:Coup attempt (1991)
14455:Soviet-Finnish wars
13962:Union of October 17
13781:Kronstadt rebellion
13776:Workers' Opposition
13651:February Revolution
13482:New Economic Policy
13381:Transcaspian Front
13018:Armeno-Georgian War
12864:Mamantov Corps Raid
12816:Kronstadt rebellion
12726:Battle of Shenkursk
12491:They shall not pass
12414:Treaty of Bucharest
12371:Treaty of Bucharest
12310:USA against Germany
12287:Declarations of war
11991:German occupations
11904:British casualties
11763:Soviet–Georgian War
11690:Egyptian Revolution
11630:Armeno-Georgian War
11494:Somaliland campaign
11446:Armistice of Mudros
11323:Battle of Caporetto
11313:Battle of Mărășești
11283:Zimmermann telegram
11278:February Revolution
11223:Battle of the Somme
11147:Bug-Narew Offensive
11122:Battle of Gallipoli
11114:Sinking of the RMS
10906:Scramble for Africa
10900:Franco-Prussian War
10556:Sinai and Palestine
10359:"Russian Civil War"
10285:Read, Christopher:
10115:Europe-Asia Studies
10069:Lincoln, W. Bruce.
10025:(Indiana UP, 1997).
9350:. New York: Knopf.
8959:. 4 September 2017.
8532:. 7 September 2018.
8274:Wars and Population
8237:, pp. 319–321.
8174:, pp. 210–211.
8014:, pp. 236–239.
7978:, pp. 232–233.
7939:, pp. 213–223.
7903:, pp. 43, 154.
7780:Library of Congress
7757:Jonathan D. Smele,
7397:Dmitri Volkogonov,
7383:, pp. 177–178.
7232:, pp. 115–118.
7201:by Mikhail Akulov,
7092:, pp. 554–555.
6349:Werth et al. (1999)
6247:, pp. 161–164.
6100:, pp. 120–121.
6062:, pp. 115–116.
6038:, pp. 113–115.
6026:, pp. 111–112.
5427:"Russian Civil War"
5337:We'll give you land
5240:Soviet Union portal
4851:Quiet Flows the Don
4795:The Road to Calvary
4767:Vsevolod Vishnevsky
4592:Civilian casualties
4556:Red Terror (Russia)
4426:and Soviet Russia.
4316:revolutions of 1989
4207:Makhno's anarchists
4137:Central Asia (1919)
4113:'s Volunteer Army,
4005:Battle of Tsaritsyn
3908:South Russia (1919)
3742:Battle of Petrograd
3641:Central Asia (1918)
3526:On the Volga, Col.
3437:, establishing the
3344:'s soldiers around
3274:(in coalition with
2967:5th Rifle Divisions
2815:United Baltic Duchy
2755:Allied intervention
2698:New Economic Policy
1850:February Revolution
1844:February Revolution
1716:independent nations
1694:March 1921, during
1617:Allied intervention
1550:February Revolution
1261:Allied intervention
1256:Left-wing uprisings
1007:Czechoslovak Legion
972:Kronstadt mutineers
842:C. G. E. Mannerheim
472:Allied intervention
87:Allied intervention
81:Kronstadt rebellion
16677:Russian Revolution
15959:Military Collegium
15827:Capital punishment
15705:Caucasus Mountains
15618:Post-Soviet states
15498:Russian Revolution
15424:Russian Revolution
15359:Russo-Georgian War
15341:Second Chechen War
15321:Georgian Civil War
14960:Russo-Japanese War
14712:Great Northern War
14610:Russo-Crimean Wars
14582:Second Chechen War
14480:Russo-Turkish wars
14475:Russo-Swedish wars
14465:Russo-Persian Wars
14450:Russo-Crimean Wars
14230:Stepan Petrichenko
14154:Alexander Kerensky
13666:October Revolution
13626:Russian Revolution
13415:Bukhara Revolution
13293:Minusinsk Uprising
13281:Sorokino rebellion
13271:Pitchfork uprising
13097:Bashtanka Uprising
13075:Sapozhkov Uprising
13070:Grigoriev Uprising
12683:October Revolution
12451:Treaty of Lausanne
12366:Paris Economy Pact
12300:UK against Germany
12230:Entry into the war
12196:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
11915:Ottoman casualties
11725:Franco-Turkish War
11605:Post-War conflicts
11589:Russian Revolution
11571:Invasion of Darfur
11536:Kelantan rebellion
11524:Kurdish rebellions
11500:Mexican Revolution
11333:October Revolution
11298:Kerensky offensive
11273:Capture of Baghdad
11250:Monastir offensive
11235:Brusilov offensive
11073:Battle of Kolubara
10912:Russo-Japanese War
10307:Beyrau, Dietrich:
10296:Peeling, Siobhan:
10263:Sumpf, Alexandre:
10110:(Haymarket, 2015).
10087:(Routledge, 2014).
10083:Marples, David R.
10080:(Routledge, 2017).
10076:Luckett, Richard.
9830:Lenin: A Biography
9079:. Oxford: Osprey.
8808:www.britannica.com
8294:2019-03-30 at the
8193:Independent Review
7778:. Washington, DC.
7444:Past & Present
7203:Harvard University
7141:The Ukrainian Week
6872:"The Czech Legion"
6689:2006-10-04 at the
6636:. pp. 68–70.
6432:Russian Revolution
6114:Berkman, Alexander
5688:, pp. 84, 88.
5416:, pp. 3, 230.
5343:They started a war
5058:The Baltic Marines
4915:Novel with Cocaine
4643:
4605:
4552:
4517:Anatoly Pepelyayev
4487:
4424:Republic of Poland
4384:
4366:was extinguished.
4239:
4235:peasant rebellions
4199:
4090:
4040:
4008:notable historian
3997:Ewen Cameron Bruce
3973:Velikoknyazheskaya
3971:in the battle for
3929:
3918:
3846:
3782:
3768:Republic of Latvia
3699:Yaroslavl Uprising
3670:
3625:especially in the
3502:Nikolai Avksentiev
3486:
3423:
3419:Nikolsk-Ussuriysky
3248:
3236:The New York Times
3209:26 Baku Commissars
3145:
3018:
3008:October Revolution
3002:October Revolution
2993:in November 1920.
2937:region, where the
2923:
2880:in November 1918.
2807:
2568:
2545:Leonid Kannegisser
2403:In December 1917,
2261:
2244:
2225:Nikolai Avksentiev
2084:
2035:communist ideology
1894:Alexander Kerensky
1884:October Revolution
1878:October Revolution
1712:Republic of Poland
1554:October Revolution
1531:Russian Revolution
1519:October Revolution
1505:was a multi-party
1251:October Revolution
696:Alexander Kerensky
40:Russian Revolution
16642:Russian Civil War
16629:
16628:
16593:
16592:
16585:Hammer and sickle
16527:and their groups
16525:Soviet dissidents
16304:Communist Academy
16221:Economic planning
16197:
16196:
16090:Soviet Air Forces
16009:Security services
15929:General Secretary
15912:Central Committee
15854:Political parties
15786:Brezhnev Doctrine
15781:Foreign relations
15738:
15737:
15679:Autonomous okrugs
15593:Soviet–Afghan War
15573:Sino-Soviet split
15515:Russian Civil War
15442:
15441:
15331:First Chechen War
15286:Soviet–Afghan War
15271:Angolan Civil War
15046:Polish–Soviet War
15004:Finnish Civil War
14982:Russian Civil War
14881:November Uprising
14819:Anglo-Russian War
14759:Bar Confederation
14572:First Chechen War
14552:Russian Civil War
14547:Decembrist revolt
14537:Bulavin Rebellion
14532:Razin's Rebellion
14515:
14514:
14470:Russo-Polish Wars
14438:Lists by opponent
14333:
14332:
14315:Polish–Soviet War
14268:
14267:
14202:Alexander Antonov
14197:Maria Spiridonova
14126:Felix Dzerzhinsky
14043:Alexander Kolchak
14020:Alexander Guchkov
13809:
13808:
13736:Polish–Soviet War
13719:Finnish Civil War
13692:Russian Civil War
13592:
13591:
13513:
13512:
13435:
13434:
13425:Bukhara operation
13140:Syzran and Samara
13003:Shamkhor massacre
12914:Ukraine (1918–19)
12660:
12659:
12551:Russian Civil War
12517:
12516:
12500:
12499:
12484:The Golden Virgin
12478:Mutilated victory
12459:
12458:
12439:Treaty of Trianon
12434:Treaty of Neuilly
12341:Damascus Protocol
12214:
12213:
12174:Armenian genocide
12131:Allied blockades
12103:Belgian refugees
11886:
11885:
11796:Strategic bombing
11772:
11771:
11757:Franco-Syrian War
11731:Greco-Turkish War
11719:Anglo-Turkish War
11702:Polish–Soviet War
11636:German Revolution
11612:Russian Civil War
11595:Finnish Civil War
11421:Battle of Megiddo
11396:Battle of Goychay
11343:Battle of Cambrai
11303:Battle of Mărăști
11218:Battle of Jutland
11198:Erzurum offensive
11053:Siege of Przemyśl
11033:Siege of Tsingtao
11018:Battle of Galicia
10948:Second Balkan War
10936:Italo-Turkish War
10893:Pre-War conflicts
10879:
10878:
10769:Portuguese Empire
10685:
10684:
10647:German New Guinea
10629:Asian and Pacific
10373:(3 February 2007)
10355:(3 February 2007)
10265:Russian Civil War
10235:Russian Civil War
10230:Library resources
10208:(Springer, 2000)
10201:(Springer, 1980).
10194:(Springer, 2016).
10143:Stewart, George.
10090:Moffat, Ian, ed.
9969:978-0-002-55272-1
9950:978-0-669-28291-7
9920:978-1-851-09965-8
9897:978-1-847-34976-7
9878:978-0-190-61321-1
9859:978-1-442-25281-3
9840:978-0-333-72625-9
9809:978-1-138-81568-1
9779:Northwestern Army
9765:978-0-415-20649-5
9746:978-0-195-21241-9
9727:978-0-801-81021-3
9701:978-0-393-02030-4
9678:978-1-681-77009-3
9652:978-0-333-96307-4
9633:978-0-198-22552-2
9610:978-0-415-28718-0
9591:978-1-853-67280-4
9570:978-1-847-25021-6
9549:978-0-974-49345-9
9531:978-0-974-49344-2
9513:978-0-520-03346-7
9470:978-0-801-40809-0
9447:978-0-813-15995-9
9399:978-8-815-13786-9
9376:978-1-317-883-678
9357:978-1-400-04005-6
9344:Gellately, Robert
9335:978-0-670-85916-0
9312:978-0-367-29600-1
9233:978-0-874-51616-6
9175:978-1-400-85870-5
9144:978-0-393-30195-3
9114:978-0-521-20897-0
9086:978-1-846-03271-4
9065:978-0-465-00312-9
8899:9.1 (2016): 9-38.
8764:978-0-521-45770-5
8641:, pp. 70–71.
8437:Lincoln, W. Bruce
8137:. pp. 10–11.
7846:, pp. 37–41.
7822:, pp. 20–35.
7714:978-0-631-15083-1
7704:Williams, Beryl,
7650:, pp. 50–59.
7598:978-1-4008-4374-9
7571:978-0-8229-7078-1
7544:978-1-108-49352-9
7424:978-0-8061-9356-4
7371:, pp. 20–21.
7268:, pp. 28–29.
6963:, pp. 68–69.
6915:, pp. 64–67.
6670:978-0-8229-7779-7
6643:978-0-8229-7779-7
6562:978-1-5384-7835-6
6528:How Did They Die?
6335:978-1-4331-0883-9
6275:978-0-85036-261-9
6221:978-0-8179-8981-1
6194:978-0-7618-4120-3
6167:978-0-7735-1349-5
6083:Adam Bruno Ulam.
6004:978-0-631-15083-1
5994:Williams, Beryl,
5961:978-0-631-15083-1
5949:Williams, Beryl,
5912:978-0-224-01072-6
5843:978-1-4051-9037-4
5804:978-0-465-09497-4
5777:978-0-19-884270-5
5750:978-0-631-19525-2
5629:Russian Civil War
5578:978-1-911-51210-3
5484:978-1-472-81032-8
5457:978-1-134-27129-0
5304:
4951:Byzantium Endures
4934:William Gerhardie
4856:Mikhail Sholokhov
4787:Nikolai Ostrovsky
4777:Aleksandr Fadeyev
4749:Socialist realism
4679:food requisitions
4614:Popular Socialist
4498:Ensuing rebellion
4412:Polish–Soviet War
4393:German Revolution
4262:Polish–Soviet War
4171:Orenburg Cossacks
4163:Fort Alexandrovsk
4125:. On 24 October,
4038:, 15 October 1919
3969:10th Army (RSFSR)
3659:treaties of Tartu
3506:Vladimir Zenzinov
3482:Alexander Kolchak
3316:Northern Caucasus
3119:captured the city
3117:, the Bolsheviks
3064:Siberian Cossacks
2984:in 1920. General
2906:Finnish Civil War
2878:Polish-Soviet War
2846:Finnish Civil War
2827:Kingdom of Poland
2787:Allies intervened
2776:Winston Churchill
2711:were reported in
2629:
2628:
2621:
2592:quality standards
2583:This section may
2460:Alexander Berkman
2423:for the Soviets.
2413:Soviet government
2405:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2265:Maria Spiridonova
2258:Maria Spiridonova
2207:won the elections
2108:Beloye dvizheniye
2105:
2076:Alexander Kolchak
1974:radical democracy
1958:Central Executive
1807:Basmachi movement
1765:The armies under
1740:Polish–Soviet War
1688:Northwestern Army
1503:Russian Civil War
1496:
1495:
1238:Russian Civil War
1201:
1200:
862:Maria Spiridonova
714:Alexander Kolchak
424:Northern Caucasus
168:
167:
33:Russian Civil War
16719:
16619:
16618:
16608:
16607:
16606:
16356:
16355:
16264:
16119:Collectivization
15864:Marxism–Leninism
15749:
15748:
15638:
15637:
15469:
15462:
15455:
15446:
15445:
15316:Transnistria War
15261:War of Attrition
15167:Continuation War
15116:
14908:January Uprising
14749:Seven Years' War
14649:Time of Troubles
14615:Russo-Kazan Wars
14460:Russo-Kazan Wars
14392:
14391:
14360:
14353:
14346:
14337:
14336:
14225:Maria Nikiforova
14121:Nikolai Bukharin
14091:Grigory Zinoviev
14058:Nikolai Yudenich
13980:
13979:
13841:Petrograd Soviet
13771:Tambov Rebellion
13766:Left SR uprising
13641:
13640:
13619:
13612:
13605:
13596:
13595:
13582:
13572:
13571:
13562:
13552:
13551:
13542:
13532:
13444:
13443:
13420:March of Kolesov
13401:Battle of Dushak
13359:Semirechye Front
13342:Aktyubinsk Front
13116:Volga and Urals
13092:Bender Rebellion
13055:Sheksna uprising
12884:Northern Tavriya
12879:Donbas Operation
12831:Southern Theater
12710:Northern Theater
12700:Left SR uprising
12671:
12670:
12627:
12626:
12614:
12613:
12544:
12537:
12530:
12521:
12520:
12444:Treaty of Sèvres
12336:Treaty of London
12227:
12226:
12005:Northeast France
11936:
11935:
11908:Parliamentarians
11841:
11840:
11803:Chemical weapons
11781:
11780:
11542:Senussi campaign
11512:Muscat rebellion
11506:Maritz rebellion
11474:
11416:Vardar offensive
11245:Battle of Romani
11213:Battle of Asiago
11203:Battle of Verdun
11167:Kosovo offensive
10942:First Balkan War
10890:
10889:
10789:Russian Republic
10698:
10697:
10492:
10491:
10434:Economic history
10401:
10394:
10387:
10378:
10377:
10274:Mawdsley, Evan:
10103:(Novosti, 1981).
10097:Polyakov, Yuri.
10032:. Princeton UP.
10009:
9992:
9973:
9954:
9942:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9901:
9882:
9863:
9844:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9792:
9769:
9750:
9731:
9719:
9705:
9693:
9682:
9670:
9656:
9637:
9625:
9614:
9595:
9574:
9553:
9535:
9517:
9493:
9474:
9462:
9451:
9432:
9403:
9380:
9361:
9339:
9327:
9316:
9297:
9276:
9237:
9218:
9201:Coates, Zelda K.
9190:
9184:
9182:
9167:
9157:
9148:
9137:. W. W. Norton.
9136:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9069:
9053:
9040:
9022:
8998:
8988:
8961:
8960:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8915:Military Affairs
8906:
8900:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8833:necrometrics.com
8825:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8597:
8591:
8584:Internet Archive
8581:
8558:
8552:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8522:
8516:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8480:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8408:
8402:
8395:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8283:
8277:
8270:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8207:
8205:
8190:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8045:
8039:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7979:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7868:
7867:
7861:
7853:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7829:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7776:New York Tribune
7768:
7762:
7755:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7682:. Axis History.
7676:
7670:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7528:
7522:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7491:
7485:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7446:(129): 168–211.
7435:
7429:
7428:
7408:
7402:
7395:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7206:
7189:
7180:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7022:"Vladimir Lenin"
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6830:
6824:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6774:
6768:
6763:Timothy Snyder,
6761:
6755:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6713:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6551:Slezkine, Yuri,
6548:
6542:
6541:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6491:
6485:
6465:Melgunov, Sergei
6462:
6456:
6441:
6435:
6428:"The Red Terror"
6424:
6418:
6407:
6396:
6395:
6384:
6378:
6368:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6293:
6280:
6279:
6259:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6120:(January 1922).
6110:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6080:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6006:
5992:
5983:
5973:
5964:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5689:
5683:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5648:
5642:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5582:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5543:
5520:
5514:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5389:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5289:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5197:Nikita Mikhalkov
5108:Sergei Gerasimov
5086:Grigori Chukhrai
4978:Vladimir Sorokin
4956:Michael Moorcock
4823:Mikhail Bulgakov
4713:world revolution
4691:Political impact
4651:Decossackization
4347:Political Centre
4339:Grigory Semyonov
4231:Tambov Rebellion
4169:was formed from
4115:Vladimir Sidorin
4107:Abram Dragomirov
4056:Vladimir Sidorin
3989:Moscow directive
3961:Vladimir Sidorin
3934:Antonov-Ovseenko
3900:area and joined
3779:Nikolai Yudenich
3760:Latvian Riflemen
3717:Left SR uprising
3695:Left SR uprising
3689:Left SR Uprising
3683:Malleson Mission
3679:Wilfrid Malleson
3621:, harsh winter,
3573:
3342:Vladimir Liakhov
3282:, Right SRs and
3185:world revolution
3068:Mikhail Alekseev
2971:Latvian riflemen
2694:Tambov Rebellion
2670:Alexander Garden
2624:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2530:
2467:
2371:against the new
2278:The first large
2135:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2097:
1872:Russian Republic
1791:Volunteer armies
1566:Russian Republic
1546:Tsar Nicholas II
1542:Russian monarchy
1241:
1239:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1034:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
995:1,023,000 (peak)
989:
988:
987:
970:
969:
968:
961:: 103,000 (peak)
957:
956:
955:
948:
947:5,498,000 (peak)
941:
940:
939:
918:
908:
907:
890:
889:
888:
872:
871:
870:
860:
859:
858:
840:
839:
838:
828:
827:
810:
809:
808:
798:
797:
796:
788:Grigory Semyonov
786:
785:
784:
776:Nikolai Yudenich
774:
773:
772:
762:
761:
760:
750:
749:
748:
740:
730:
729:
728:
721:
712:
711:
710:
703:
694:
693:
692:
670:
669:
668:
658:
657:
656:
646:
645:
644:
634:
633:
632:
622:
621:
620:
600:
596:
594:
593:
585:
581:
579:
578:
570:
566:
564:
563:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
531:
527:
525:
524:
513:
511:
510:
503:
499:
497:
496:
485:
483:
482:
465:
461:
460:
459:
443:
442:
441:
422:
421:
420:
413:
409:
408:
396:
395:
384:
383:
372:
371:
370:
360:
358:
357:
347:
346:
345:
335:
334:
333:
323:
322:
321:
311:
310:
309:
299:
298:
297:
278:
277:
266:
265:
253:
252:
239:
238:
237:
227:
226:
215:
213:
212:
202:
200:
199:
189:
187:
186:
149:§ Aftermath
120:
119:
73:Soldiers of the
67:Soldiers of the
61:
52:
30:
29:
16727:
16726:
16722:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16717:
16716:
16702:1920s conflicts
16697:1910s conflicts
16652:1920s in Russia
16647:1910s in Russia
16632:
16631:
16630:
16625:
16604:
16602:
16589:
16537:
16511:
16431:
16345:
16290:
16262:
16236:Internet domain
16231:Five-year plans
16193:
16160:
16100:
16003:
15965:
15897:Communist Party
15885:
15844:Passport system
15734:
15710:European Russia
15688:
15627:
15568:Khrushchev Thaw
15547:(World War II)
15525:Creation treaty
15479:
15473:
15443:
15438:
15410:
15351:
15345:
15336:War of Dagestan
15110:
15083:August Uprising
14952:
14946:
14935:Boxer Rebellion
14903:Amur Annexation
14704:
14698:
14602:
14596:
14577:War of Dagestan
14557:August Uprising
14511:
14433:
14383:
14364:
14334:
14329:
14264:
14260:Peter Kropotkin
14206:
14168:
14135:
14111:Semyon Budyonny
14067:
14024:
13996:
13971:
13909:
13898:Tsentralna Rada
13805:
13680:
13661:Kornilov affair
13632:
13623:
13593:
13588:
13509:
13486:
13463:
13431:
13374:Verniy Uprising
13330:Kokand Autonomy
13299:
13130:Kazan Operation
13109:Eastern Theater
13103:
12981:Ulagaev Landing
12952:North Caucasus
12889:Perekop-Chongar
12859:March on Moscow
12825:
12768:Western Theater
12762:
12756:Murom rebellion
12704:
12656:
12628:
12620:
12619:
12603:
12553:
12548:
12518:
12513:
12496:
12455:
12387:
12380:
12351:Treaty of Darin
12319:
12281:
12237:Austria-Hungary
12223:
12210:
12191:Rape of Belgium
12118:
12090:
12038:
12032:Western Armenia
12027:Eastern Galicia
11960:
11934:
11898:
11897:Civilian impact
11896:
11882:
11839:
11768:
11600:
11530:Ovambo Uprising
11482:
11468:
11357:
11259:
11186:
11104:Battle of Łomża
11087:
11083:Christmas truce
11058:Race to the Sea
10991:
10953:
10875:
10846:Austria-Hungary
10822:
10757:Empire of Japan
10694:
10692:
10681:
10665:U-boat campaign
10651:
10623:
10585:
10537:
10483:
10464:Popular culture
10410:
10405:
10348:Wayback Machine
10318:Brudek, Pawe³:
10255:
10254:
10253:
10238:
10237:
10233:
10226:
10221:
10217:Wayback Machine
10187:
10185:Primary sources
10179:Wayback Machine
10156:Wayback Machine
10106:Serge, Victor.
10041:Wayback Machine
10017:
10015:Further reading
10012:
9989:
9970:
9951:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9898:
9879:
9860:
9841:
9825:Service, Robert
9814:
9812:
9810:
9789:
9766:
9747:
9728:
9702:
9679:
9653:
9634:
9611:
9592:
9571:
9550:
9532:
9514:
9490:
9471:
9448:
9400:
9377:
9358:
9336:
9313:
9294:
9257:10.2307/2492031
9234:
9180:
9178:
9176:
9145:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9066:
9037:
9027:Kronstadt, 1921
9019:
9008:Kronstadt, 1921
8976:
8970:
8965:
8964:
8955:
8954:
8950:
8927:10.2307/1986524
8907:
8903:
8894:
8890:
8885:on 17 May 2020.
8877:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8851:
8847:
8837:
8835:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8812:
8810:
8802:
8801:
8797:
8787:
8785:
8777:
8776:
8772:
8765:
8749:
8745:
8738:
8724:
8720:
8715:on 10 May 2005.
8705:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8688:
8684:
8649:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8625:
8621:
8611:
8609:
8598:
8594:
8578:
8559:
8555:
8545:Sergei Melgunov
8541:
8537:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8478:
8465:
8461:
8451:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8409:
8405:
8396:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8325:
8321:
8313:
8309:
8296:Wayback Machine
8284:
8280:
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8158:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8131:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8107:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8085:Chamberlin 1987
8083:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8046:
8042:
8036:Wayback Machine
8022:
8018:
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8006:
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7923:
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7907:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7871:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7842:
7838:
7832:Chamberlin 1935
7830:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7806:
7799:
7789:
7787:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7756:
7752:
7743:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7703:
7699:
7689:
7687:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7667:Wayback Machine
7658:
7654:
7648:Chamberlin 1935
7646:
7642:
7634:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7529:
7525:
7513:
7509:
7496:"War Communism"
7492:
7488:
7479:
7475:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7409:
7405:
7396:
7387:
7381:Chamberlin 1935
7379:
7375:
7369:Chamberlin 1935
7367:
7363:
7357:Volkogonov 1996
7355:
7351:
7345:Volkogonov 1996
7343:
7339:
7331:
7327:
7321:Chamberlin 1987
7319:
7315:
7305:
7303:
7288:
7284:
7278:Chamberlin 1935
7276:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7216:
7209:
7199:Wayback Machine
7190:
7183:
7177:New York Herald
7173:Wayback Machine
7164:
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7151:
7149:
7132:
7128:
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6983:
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6907:
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6885:
6883:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6822:Wayback Machine
6809:Anatol Lieven,
6808:
6804:
6775:
6771:
6767:(Yale UP, 2004)
6762:
6758:
6753:Wayback Machine
6739:
6735:
6728:
6714:
6710:
6701:
6697:
6691:Wayback Machine
6682:
6678:
6671:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6624:
6620:
6597:10.2307/2498997
6581:
6577:
6563:
6555:, p. 158,
6549:
6545:
6538:
6524:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6481:Current History
6476:Wayback Machine
6463:
6459:
6442:
6438:
6425:
6421:
6408:
6399:
6393:
6387:Melgunov, S.P.
6385:
6381:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
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6260:
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6104:
6096:
6092:
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6070:
6066:
6058:
6054:
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6042:
6034:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
5993:
5986:
5974:
5967:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5897:
5893:
5880:
5876:
5863:
5859:
5844:
5822:Stone, David R.
5819:
5812:
5805:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5735:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5657:, p. 402;
5653:, p. 184;
5649:
5645:
5636:Wayback Machine
5627:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5579:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5546:
5530:, London 2006,
5522:Damien Wright,
5521:
5517:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5442:
5438:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5377:Andrea Graziosi
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5238:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5205:
5081:The Forty-First
5073:Pavel Korchagin
5008:Storm Over Asia
4995:
4876:Boris Pasternak
4854:(1928–1940) by
4845:Andrei Platonov
4832:(1926–1933) by
4821:(1925–1926) by
4812:The White Guard
4798:(1922–1941) by
4753:Dmitri Furmanov
4745:
4740:
4732:Weimar Republic
4705:
4699:
4693:
4659:
4657:Economic impact
4635:
4629:
4627:Ethnic violence
4621:Charles Saroléa
4617:Sergei Melgunov
4610:Robert Conquest
4600:Victims of the
4594:
4571:street children
4562:
4544:
4510:Magaza Masanchi
4500:
4476:
4466:
4460:
4372:
4335:
4329:
4270:Wrangel's fleet
4187:
4151:Turkestan Front
4139:
4127:Semyon Budyonny
4064:Semyon Budyonny
3910:
3834:
3814:
3808:
3795:Treaty of Tartu
3744:
3732:Main articles:
3730:
3701:
3693:Main articles:
3691:
3657:and before the
3643:
3560:
3514:Vasily Boldyrev
3376:
3364:Main articles:
3362:
3227:
3195:Main articles:
3193:
3133:
3127:
3121:on 26 January.
3060:Grigory Semenov
3048:
3036:Main articles:
3034:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2917:Anti-Bolshevik
2908:
2888:Main articles:
2886:
2876:and subsequent
2835:Ukrainian State
2796:
2763:
2757:
2705:European Russia
2690:
2635:unsuccessfully
2625:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2579:
2575:
2555:, assassinated
2531:
2526:
2485:Nizhny Novgorod
2468:
2458:
2411:threats to the
2401:
2349:
2292:
2273:one-party state
2198:
2166:Belaya gvardiya
2112:
2068:
2052:Main articles:
2050:
1988:
1982:
1886:
1880:
1852:
1846:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1811:Khabarovsk Krai
1660:European Russia
1577:socialist state
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1351:Western Ukraine
1293:Eastern Karelia
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:Theaters of the
1233:
1231:
1197:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1015:
1010:
1001:
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994:
985:
983:
977:
966:
964:
953:
951:
946:
937:
935:
922:
914:
910:H. von Eichhorn
902:
896:
892:Edmund Ironside
886:
884:
878:
868:
866:
856:
854:
846:
836:
834:
830:Józef Piłsudski
822:
816:
806:
804:
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782:
780:
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768:
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756:
746:
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690:
688:
682:
666:
664:
654:
652:
642:
640:
630:
628:
618:
616:
603:
591:
589:
583:Austria-Hungary
576:
574:
561:
559:
554:Central Powers:
551:
538:
536:
534:
522:
520:
508:
506:
494:
492:
480:
478:
468:
457:
455:
454:
439:
437:
428:
418:
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403:
402:
390:
378:
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366:
355:
353:
343:
341:
331:
329:
319:
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307:
305:
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293:
272:
260:
247:
243:
235:
233:
221:
210:
208:
197:
195:
184:
182:
157:
139:
114:
91:Victims of the
62:
47:
44:Interwar period
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
16725:
16715:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16627:
16626:
16624:
16623:
16613:
16598:
16595:
16594:
16591:
16590:
16588:
16587:
16582:
16581:
16580:
16570:
16569:
16568:
16558:
16557:
16556:
16545:
16543:
16539:
16538:
16536:
16535:
16534:
16533:
16521:
16519:
16513:
16512:
16510:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16473:
16472:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16441:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16429:
16424:
16419:
16418:
16417:
16412:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16391:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16370:
16365:
16359:
16353:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16343:
16342:
16341:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16300:
16298:
16292:
16291:
16289:
16288:
16287:
16286:
16281:
16279:Rail transport
16276:
16274:Railway system
16266:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16218:
16213:
16207:
16205:
16199:
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16053:
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16046:
16036:
16035:
16034:
16024:
16019:
16013:
16011:
16005:
16004:
16002:
16001:
15996:
15994:Deputy Premier
15991:
15986:
15985:
15984:
15977:Heads of state
15973:
15971:
15967:
15966:
15964:
15963:
15962:
15961:
15951:
15945:
15942:Supreme Soviet
15939:
15933:
15932:
15931:
15926:
15925:
15924:
15919:
15909:
15904:
15893:
15891:
15887:
15886:
15884:
15883:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15859:State ideology
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15840:
15839:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15818:
15817:
15807:
15806:
15805:
15795:
15790:
15789:
15788:
15778:
15773:
15772:
15771:
15766:
15755:
15753:
15746:
15740:
15739:
15736:
15735:
15733:
15732:
15727:
15725:Ural Mountains
15722:
15717:
15715:North Caucasus
15712:
15707:
15702:
15696:
15694:
15690:
15689:
15687:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15664:
15659:
15658:
15657:
15646:
15644:
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15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
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15565:
15560:
15559:
15558:
15553:
15542:
15537:
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15517:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15505:
15495:
15489:
15487:
15481:
15480:
15472:
15471:
15464:
15457:
15449:
15440:
15439:
15437:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15419:Russian Winter
15415:
15412:
15411:
15409:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15387:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15361:
15355:
15353:
15347:
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15344:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15246:Vlora incident
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15197:
15196:
15191:
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15184:
15174:
15169:
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15147:
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15127:
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15117:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15074:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15037:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15016:
15011:
15009:Sochi conflict
15006:
15001:
14996:
14995:
14994:
14979:
14978:
14977:
14967:
14962:
14956:
14954:
14948:
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14945:
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14899:
14898:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14867:
14866:
14861:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14735:
14730:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14708:
14706:
14700:
14699:
14697:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14606:
14604:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14523:
14521:
14517:
14516:
14513:
14512:
14510:
14509:
14504:
14503:
14502:
14492:
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14441:
14439:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14395:
14389:
14385:
14384:
14363:
14362:
14355:
14348:
14340:
14331:
14330:
14328:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14276:
14274:
14270:
14269:
14266:
14265:
14263:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14240:Semen Karetnyk
14237:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14216:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14178:
14176:
14170:
14169:
14167:
14166:
14164:Boris Sokoloff
14161:
14159:Boris Savinkov
14156:
14151:
14149:Viktor Chernov
14145:
14143:
14137:
14136:
14134:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14116:Yakov Sverdlov
14113:
14108:
14103:
14101:Mikhail Frunze
14098:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14081:Vladimir Lenin
14077:
14075:
14069:
14068:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14034:
14032:
14030:White movement
14026:
14025:
14023:
14022:
14017:
14015:Pavel Milyukov
14012:
14006:
14004:
13998:
13997:
13995:
13994:
13988:
13986:
13977:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13958:
13957:
13947:
13946:
13945:
13940:
13930:
13925:
13919:
13917:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13907:
13906:
13905:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13869:
13868:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13831:White movement
13828:
13823:
13817:
13815:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13803:
13802:
13801:
13796:
13794:Central Powers
13791:
13785:Interventions
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13727:
13726:
13716:
13715:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13694:
13688:
13686:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13647:
13645:
13638:
13634:
13633:
13622:
13621:
13614:
13607:
13599:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13586:
13576:
13566:
13556:
13546:
13536:
13525:
13524:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13511:
13510:
13508:
13507:
13502:
13496:
13494:
13488:
13487:
13485:
13484:
13479:
13473:
13471:
13465:
13464:
13462:
13461:
13456:
13450:
13448:
13441:
13437:
13436:
13433:
13432:
13430:
13429:
13428:
13427:
13422:
13412:
13411:
13410:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13393:
13388:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13356:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13338:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13326:
13325:
13315:
13309:
13307:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13295:
13286:
13285:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13214:
13209:
13207:Novonikolaevsk
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13160:Perm (1918–19)
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13113:
13111:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13094:
13085:
13084:
13083:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13065:Livny Uprising
13062:
13057:
13048:
13047:
13046:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13008:Battle of Baku
13005:
13000:
12995:
12989:Transcaucasia
12986:
12985:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12949:
12948:
12947:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12929:Kharkiv (1919)
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12909:Kiev (1917–18)
12906:
12901:
12892:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12869:Orel and Kursk
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12835:
12833:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12812:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12790:Baltic states
12788:
12787:
12786:
12781:
12772:
12770:
12764:
12763:
12761:
12760:
12759:
12758:
12750:
12749:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12730:
12729:
12728:
12723:
12714:
12712:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12685:
12679:
12677:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12655:
12654:
12653:
12652:
12642:
12637:
12631:
12629:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12585:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12558:
12555:
12554:
12547:
12546:
12539:
12532:
12524:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12511:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12494:
12487:
12480:
12475:
12467:
12465:
12461:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12453:
12448:
12447:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12416:
12411:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12396:
12390:
12388:
12386:Peace treaties
12385:
12382:
12381:
12379:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12327:
12325:
12321:
12320:
12318:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12291:
12289:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12279:
12274:
12272:United Kingdom
12269:
12264:
12262:Ottoman Empire
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12233:
12231:
12224:
12219:
12216:
12215:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12187:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12166:
12164:Sack of Dinant
12161:
12156:
12151:
12150:
12149:
12144:
12143:
12142:
12128:
12126:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12112:United Kingdom
12109:
12100:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12081:
12072:
12066:POW locations
12064:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12048:
12046:
12040:
12039:
12037:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12021:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11989:
11988:
11987:
11982:
11974:
11968:
11966:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11942:
11940:
11933:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11917:
11912:
11911:
11910:
11901:
11899:
11891:
11888:
11887:
11884:
11883:
11881:
11880:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11866:United Kingdom
11863:
11861:Ottoman Empire
11858:
11853:
11847:
11845:
11838:
11837:
11835:Trench warfare
11832:
11831:
11830:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11799:
11798:
11787:
11785:
11778:
11774:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11766:
11760:
11754:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11740:
11734:
11728:
11722:
11711:
11705:
11699:
11693:
11687:
11681:
11675:
11669:
11663:
11657:
11651:
11645:
11639:
11633:
11627:
11621:
11615:
11608:
11606:
11602:
11601:
11599:
11598:
11592:
11586:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11551:
11548:Volta-Bani War
11545:
11539:
11533:
11527:
11521:
11515:
11509:
11503:
11497:
11490:
11488:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11480:
11475:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11386:Zeebrugge Raid
11383:
11378:
11373:
11367:
11365:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11269:
11267:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11194:
11192:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11177:Battle of Loos
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11095:
11093:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11068:Black Sea raid
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
10999:
10997:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10970:Historiography
10961:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10927:
10924:Bosnian Crisis
10921:
10918:Tangier Crisis
10915:
10909:
10903:
10896:
10894:
10887:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10851:Ottoman Empire
10848:
10843:
10838:
10832:
10830:
10828:Central Powers
10824:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10811:British Empire
10806:United Kingdom
10803:
10798:
10793:
10792:
10791:
10786:
10784:Russian Empire
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10702:Entente Powers
10695:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10670:North Atlantic
10661:
10659:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10633:
10631:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10595:
10593:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10583:
10581:Central Arabia
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10545:
10543:Middle Eastern
10539:
10538:
10536:
10535:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10518:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10500:
10498:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10444:Historiography
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10404:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10381:
10375:
10374:
10368:
10362:
10356:
10350:
10338:
10327:
10316:
10305:
10294:
10283:
10272:
10261:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10224:External links
10222:
10220:
10219:
10202:
10195:
10186:
10183:
10182:
10181:
10165:
10158:
10141:
10132:(2020): 1–32.
10126:
10111:
10104:
10095:
10088:
10081:
10074:
10067:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10026:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10010:
9993:
9987:
9974:
9968:
9955:
9949:
9932:
9919:
9902:
9896:
9883:
9877:
9864:
9858:
9845:
9839:
9821:
9808:
9793:
9787:
9770:
9764:
9751:
9745:
9732:
9726:
9706:
9700:
9683:
9677:
9661:Mawdsley, Evan
9657:
9651:
9638:
9632:
9615:
9609:
9596:
9590:
9575:
9569:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9548:
9536:
9530:
9512:
9494:
9488:
9475:
9469:
9452:
9446:
9433:
9415:(3): 172–187.
9404:
9398:
9381:
9375:
9362:
9356:
9340:
9334:
9317:
9311:
9298:
9292:
9277:
9251:(4): 241–254.
9238:
9232:
9219:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9174:
9149:
9143:
9126:
9113:
9098:
9085:
9070:
9064:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9035:
9017:
8999:
8977:
8969:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8948:
8921:(3): 109–117.
8901:
8888:
8870:
8863:
8845:
8820:
8795:
8770:
8763:
8743:
8736:
8718:
8694:
8692:, p. 164.
8682:
8669:10.2307/131078
8663:(3): 345–351.
8657:Russian Review
8643:
8639:Gellately 2007
8631:
8619:
8606:iskupitel.info
8592:
8576:
8553:
8535:
8517:
8506:
8504:, p. 934.
8494:
8487:
8459:
8449:
8428:
8426:, p. 151.
8416:
8403:
8387:
8385:, p. 114.
8375:
8363:
8338:
8319:
8307:
8278:
8265:
8263:, p. 107.
8253:
8239:
8227:
8220:
8176:
8164:
8162:, p. 215.
8152:
8150:, p. 767.
8140:
8125:
8113:
8101:
8099:, p. 760.
8089:
8087:, p. 440.
8077:
8065:
8063:, p. 241.
8053:
8040:
8025:Russian Review
8016:
8004:
7992:
7990:, p. 139.
7980:
7968:
7953:
7951:, p. 231.
7941:
7929:
7927:, p. 218.
7917:
7905:
7893:
7884:
7882:, p. 225.
7869:
7864:London Gazette
7848:
7836:
7824:
7812:
7797:
7763:
7750:
7737:
7735:, p. 516.
7733:Rosenthal 2006
7725:
7697:
7671:
7652:
7640:
7638:, p. 232.
7628:
7616:
7604:
7597:
7577:
7570:
7550:
7543:
7523:
7507:
7486:
7480:Lih, Lars T.,
7473:
7430:
7423:
7403:
7385:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7347:, p. 175.
7337:
7325:
7313:
7290:Muldoon, Amy.
7282:
7270:
7258:
7246:
7234:
7222:
7207:
7181:
7158:
7126:
7094:
7079:
7067:
7055:
7043:
7013:
7001:
6989:
6987:, p. 226.
6977:
6965:
6953:
6941:
6939:, p. 104.
6929:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6863:
6861:, p. 103.
6851:
6825:
6802:
6769:
6756:
6744:(1990): 5–17.
6733:
6726:
6708:
6695:
6676:
6669:
6649:
6642:
6618:
6575:
6561:
6543:
6536:
6518:
6504:
6495:"Fanya Kaplan"
6486:
6457:
6436:
6419:
6411:The Red Terror
6397:
6379:
6353:
6341:
6334:
6314:
6281:
6274:
6249:
6237:
6227:
6220:
6200:
6193:
6173:
6166:
6143:
6102:
6090:
6075:
6064:
6052:
6050:, p. 115.
6040:
6028:
6016:
6007:
5984:
5965:
5942:
5930:
5918:
5911:
5891:
5874:
5857:
5842:
5810:
5803:
5783:
5776:
5756:
5749:
5729:
5727:, p. 287.
5717:
5705:
5701:Goldstein 2013
5690:
5675:
5663:
5661:, p. 206.
5643:
5621:
5609:
5600:
5597:. p. 208.
5577:
5559:
5557:, p. 160.
5544:
5515:
5502:
5500:, p. 763.
5490:
5483:
5477:. Bloomsbury.
5463:
5456:
5436:
5433:. 10 May 2024.
5418:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5368:
5359:
5339:Work and bread
5327:
5320:
5311:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5114:Doctor Zhivago
5110:
5099:
5088:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5055:
5046:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4969:
4962:Fall of Giants
4958:
4947:
4936:
4923:
4922:
4911:
4909:Gaito Gazdanov
4891:
4890:
4878:
4871:Doctor Zhivago
4867:
4861:Conquered City
4858:
4847:
4836:
4825:
4804:
4803:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4695:Main article:
4692:
4689:
4658:
4655:
4628:
4625:
4593:
4590:
4543:
4540:
4499:
4496:
4462:Main article:
4459:
4456:
4404:Russian Empire
4371:
4368:
4331:Main article:
4328:
4325:
4255:Insurgent Army
4186:
4183:
4179:Starving March
4138:
4135:
4103:Sergey Kamenev
4082:Constructivist
3909:
3906:
3902:Ataman Semenov
3880:on 2 June and
3833:
3832:Siberia (1919)
3830:
3826:Yevgeny Miller
3810:Main article:
3807:
3804:
3729:
3726:
3722:Boris Savinkov
3715:. In Moscow a
3690:
3687:
3681:, leading the
3642:
3639:
3559:
3558:Barrier troops
3556:
3492:to form a new
3471:barrier troops
3361:
3358:
3251:counterparts.
3217:Battle of Baku
3192:
3189:
3149:Vladimir Lenin
3129:Main article:
3126:
3123:
3046:Volunteer Army
3033:
3030:
3006:Main article:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:Constantinople
2939:Volunteer Army
2931:Alexey Kaledin
2919:Volunteer Army
2885:
2882:
2795:
2792:
2759:Main article:
2756:
2753:
2689:
2686:
2674:Yakov Sverdlov
2627:
2626:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2557:Moisey Uritsky
2549:military cadet
2524:
2519:Yours, Lenin.
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2495:Comrades! The
2481:sent telegrams
2477:Vladimir Lenin
2456:
2432:expropriations
2400:
2397:
2365:Marcel Liebman
2348:
2345:
2291:
2288:
2241:Viktor Chernov
2197:
2194:
2192:on the right.
2190:Black Hundreds
2170:Belogvardeytsi
2152:until roughly
2138:anti-communist
2090:(Russian:
2088:White movement
2054:White movement
2049:
2046:
1984:Main article:
1981:
1978:
1882:Main article:
1879:
1876:
1848:Main article:
1845:
1842:
1838:Central Powers
1834:Triple Entente
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1629:Central Powers
1605:Makhnovshchina
1581:Vladimir Lenin
1560:overthrew the
1525:and later the
1511:Russian Empire
1509:in the former
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:South Caucasus
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1013:
997:
980:
978:
976:
975:
962:
949:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
899:
897:
895:
894:
881:
879:
877:
876:
864:
851:
848:
847:
845:
844:
832:
819:
817:
815:
814:
802:
800:Yevgeny Miller
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
722:
704:
685:
683:
681:
680:
672:Yakov Sverdlov
662:
660:Sergey Kamenev
650:
638:
626:
624:Vladimir Lenin
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
602:
601:
598:Ottoman Empire
586:
571:
555:
552:
550:
549:
545:Czechoslovakia
532:
517:
504:
501:United Kingdom
489:
475:
469:
467:
466:
463:Makhnovshchina
452:
447:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
414:
400:
388:
376:
364:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
290:
284:
283:
282:
270:
255:White movement
244:
242:
241:
231:
219:
206:
193:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
159:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
137:Russian Empire
134:
132:
128:
127:
124:
116:
115:
113:
112:
109:
103:Yekaterinoslav
99:
89:
83:
77:
71:
64:
54:
53:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16724:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16639:
16637:
16622:
16614:
16612:
16611:
16600:
16599:
16596:
16586:
16583:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16563:
16562:
16559:
16555:
16552:
16551:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16544:
16540:
16532:
16529:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16518:
16514:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16482:Printed media
16480:
16478:
16475:
16471:
16468:
16467:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16416:
16415:Cyrillisation
16413:
16411:
16408:
16407:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16383:Working class
16381:
16379:
16378:Soviet people
16376:
16375:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16360:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16348:
16340:
16337:
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16335:
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16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
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16310:
16307:
16305:
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16301:
16299:
16297:
16293:
16285:
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16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16271:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16227:
16226:Energy policy
16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16208:
16206:
16204:
16200:
16190:
16187:
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16103:
16095:
16091:
16087:
16083:
16079:
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16075:
16074:
16071:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16058:
16057:
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16049:
16045:
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16037:
16033:
16030:
16029:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16014:
16012:
16010:
16006:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15983:
15980:
15979:
15978:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15968:
15960:
15957:
15956:
15955:
15954:Supreme Court
15952:
15949:
15946:
15943:
15940:
15937:
15934:
15930:
15927:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15914:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15899:
15898:
15895:
15894:
15892:
15888:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15861:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15838:
15835:
15834:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15811:
15808:
15804:
15801:
15800:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15787:
15784:
15783:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15761:
15760:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15741:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15695:
15691:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15673:
15670:
15669:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15651:
15648:
15647:
15645:
15643:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15630:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15557:
15556:The Holocaust
15554:
15552:
15549:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15500:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15486:
15482:
15477:
15470:
15465:
15463:
15458:
15456:
15451:
15450:
15447:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15416:
15413:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15385:
15384:2022 invasion
15382:
15380:
15379:War in Donbas
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15366:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15356:
15354:
15348:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15216:Ili Rebellion
15214:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15179:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15156:
15153:
15152:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15137:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15114:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15021:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14993:
14990:
14989:
14988:
14985:
14984:
14983:
14980:
14976:
14973:
14972:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14957:
14955:
14949:
14941:
14938:
14937:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14915:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14897:
14894:
14893:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14855:
14854:Caucasian War
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14709:
14707:
14701:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14607:
14605:
14599:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14524:
14522:
14518:
14508:
14505:
14501:
14498:
14497:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14442:
14440:
14436:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14393:
14390:
14386:
14381:
14377:
14373:
14369:
14361:
14356:
14354:
14349:
14347:
14342:
14341:
14338:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14277:
14275:
14273:International
14271:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14250:Viktor Bilash
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14220:Nestor Makhno
14218:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14209:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14192:Mark Natanson
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14182:Yakov Blumkin
14180:
14179:
14177:
14175:
14171:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14146:
14144:
14142:
14138:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14106:Joseph Stalin
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14078:
14076:
14074:
14070:
14064:
14063:Lavr Kornilov
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14053:Pyotr Krasnov
14051:
14049:
14048:Anton Denikin
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14038:Pyotr Wrangel
14036:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14027:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14007:
14005:
14003:
13999:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13987:
13985:
13981:
13978:
13974:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13948:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13920:
13918:
13916:
13912:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13818:
13816:
13812:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13720:
13717:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13699:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13683:
13677:
13676:Junker mutiny
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13642:
13639:
13635:
13631:
13627:
13620:
13615:
13613:
13608:
13606:
13601:
13600:
13597:
13585:
13581:
13577:
13575:
13567:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13555:
13547:
13545:
13541:
13537:
13535:
13531:
13527:
13526:
13523:
13520:
13519:
13516:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13493:
13489:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13470:
13466:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13449:
13445:
13442:
13438:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13417:
13416:
13413:
13409:
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13402:
13399:
13398:
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13394:
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13389:
13387:
13384:
13383:
13382:
13379:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13361:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13354:Fergana Front
13352:
13348:
13345:
13344:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13324:
13321:
13320:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13310:
13308:
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13294:
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13287:
13282:
13279:
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13274:
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13264:
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13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13218:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13192:Petropavlovsk
13190:
13188:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13181:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13170:Yekaterinburg
13168:
13166:
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12969:
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12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12899:Crimea (1918)
12897:
12896:
12894:
12893:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
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12836:
12834:
12832:
12828:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12791:
12789:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
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12765:
12757:
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12727:
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12707:
12701:
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12615:
12612:
12610:
12606:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12583:
12582:Central Asian
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12545:
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12533:
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12526:
12525:
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12510:
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12399:
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12383:
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12372:
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12364:
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12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
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12328:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12288:
12284:
12278:
12277:United States
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12228:
12225:
12222:
12217:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
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12194:
12192:
12189:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
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12167:
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12155:
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12141:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12121:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12093:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12045:
12041:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12013:
12012:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11967:
11963:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11937:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11894:
11889:
11879:
11878:United States
11876:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11848:
11846:
11842:
11836:
11833:
11829:
11828:Convoy system
11826:
11825:
11824:
11823:Naval warfare
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11764:
11761:
11758:
11755:
11752:
11749:
11746:
11743:
11738:
11735:
11732:
11729:
11726:
11723:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11712:
11709:
11706:
11703:
11700:
11697:
11694:
11691:
11688:
11685:
11682:
11679:
11676:
11673:
11670:
11667:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11646:
11643:
11640:
11637:
11634:
11631:
11628:
11625:
11622:
11619:
11616:
11613:
11610:
11609:
11607:
11603:
11596:
11593:
11590:
11587:
11584:
11583:Kaocen revolt
11581:
11578:
11577:Easter Rising
11575:
11572:
11569:
11566:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11549:
11546:
11543:
11540:
11537:
11534:
11531:
11528:
11525:
11522:
11519:
11516:
11513:
11510:
11507:
11504:
11501:
11498:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11489:
11485:
11479:
11476:
11472:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11364:
11360:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11262:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11189:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11142:Great Retreat
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11090:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11013:Battle of Cer
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
11000:
10998:
10994:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10956:
10949:
10946:
10943:
10940:
10937:
10934:
10931:
10930:Agadir Crisis
10928:
10925:
10922:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10910:
10907:
10904:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10882:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10818:United States
10816:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10736:
10735:French Empire
10733:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10688:
10678:
10677:Mediterranean
10675:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10657:Naval warfare
10654:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10626:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10540:
10534:
10533:Italian Front
10531:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10522:
10521:Eastern Front
10519:
10517:
10516:Western Front
10514:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10486:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10474:Puppet states
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
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10409:
10402:
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10390:
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10383:
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10379:
10372:
10369:
10366:
10363:
10360:
10357:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10299:
10298:War Communism
10295:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10218:
10214:
10211:
10210:online review
10207:
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10200:
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10086:
10082:
10079:
10075:
10072:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10058:
10055:
10051:
10048:
10045:Dupuy, T. N.
10044:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10019:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9994:
9990:
9988:0-674-07608-7
9984:
9980:
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9805:
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9794:
9790:
9788:9-949-41545-4
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9509:
9505:
9504:
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9495:
9491:
9489:0-674-00907-X
9485:
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9295:
9293:0-312-22458-3
9289:
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9220:
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9212:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9198:
9197:Coates, W. P.
9194:
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9036:9-872-08753-9
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9018:0-691-08721-0
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8864:0-333-66294-6
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8849:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8766:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8747:
8739:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8698:
8691:
8690:Holquist 2002
8686:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8635:
8628:
8627:Graziosi 2007
8623:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8577:9783940452474
8573:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8557:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8539:
8531:
8530:Радио Свобода
8527:
8521:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8490:
8488:5-93165-107-1
8484:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8463:
8456:
8452:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8392:
8384:
8379:
8372:
8367:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8311:
8305:
8304:5-85824-152-2
8301:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8269:
8262:
8257:
8249:
8243:
8236:
8235:Mawdsley 2007
8231:
8223:
8221:9781902593685
8217:
8213:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8156:
8149:
8144:
8136:
8129:
8123:, p. 73.
8122:
8117:
8111:, p. 52.
8110:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8075:, p. 41.
8074:
8069:
8062:
8057:
8050:
8044:
8037:
8033:
8030:
8026:
8020:
8013:
8008:
8001:
7996:
7989:
7984:
7977:
7976:Allworth 1967
7972:
7966:, p. 76.
7965:
7960:
7958:
7950:
7949:Allworth 1967
7945:
7938:
7933:
7926:
7921:
7915:, p. 44.
7914:
7909:
7902:
7897:
7888:
7881:
7876:
7874:
7865:
7858:
7852:
7845:
7840:
7833:
7828:
7821:
7816:
7809:
7804:
7802:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7760:
7754:
7747:
7741:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7722:0-631-15083-8
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7656:
7649:
7644:
7637:
7636:Allworth 1967
7632:
7626:, p. 75.
7625:
7620:
7614:, p. 19.
7613:
7608:
7600:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7527:
7520:
7516:
7515:Mawdsley 2007
7511:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7426:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7407:
7400:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7382:
7377:
7370:
7365:
7358:
7353:
7346:
7341:
7335:, p. 70.
7334:
7329:
7322:
7317:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7274:
7267:
7262:
7255:
7250:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7226:
7220:, p. 29.
7219:
7218:Mawdsley 2007
7214:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7188:
7186:
7179:(18 May 1918)
7178:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7162:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7130:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7077:, p. 42.
7076:
7075:Mawdsley 2007
7071:
7064:
7059:
7052:
7047:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7010:
7005:
6999:, p. 35.
6998:
6997:Mawdsley 2007
6993:
6986:
6985:Allworth 1967
6981:
6975:, p. 74.
6974:
6969:
6962:
6957:
6951:, p. 70.
6950:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6927:, p. 72.
6926:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6903:, p. 27.
6902:
6901:Mawdsley 2007
6897:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6860:
6855:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6742:Polish Review
6737:
6729:
6727:90-420-0678-1
6723:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6699:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6680:
6672:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6653:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6622:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6585:Slavic Review
6579:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6537:9780517403020
6533:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6508:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6454:
6453:0-88355-187-X
6450:
6447:. Hyperions.
6446:
6440:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6392:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6375:5-87849-164-8
6372:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6318:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6277:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6150:
6148:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6118:Goldman, Emma
6115:
6109:
6107:
6099:
6094:
6086:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6056:
6049:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6011:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5886:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5733:
5726:
5725:Mawdsley 2007
5721:
5715:, p. 84.
5714:
5709:
5703:, p. 50.
5702:
5697:
5695:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5673:, p. 83.
5672:
5667:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5619:, p. 30.
5618:
5613:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5536:1-852-85477-4
5533:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5506:
5499:
5498:Erickson 1984
5494:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5453:
5450:. Routledge.
5449:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5415:
5414:Mawdsley 2007
5410:
5406:
5386:
5382:
5381:excess deaths
5378:
5372:
5363:
5356:
5324:
5315:
5308:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5230:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:Warren Beatty
5159:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Ilya Trauberg
5050:
5049:The Year 1919
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4940:Coup de Grâce
4937:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:The Red Wheel
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:Tambov region
4561:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4530:and Northern
4529:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4495:
4492:
4491:White émigrés
4485:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4408:Peace of Riga
4405:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4355:Transbaikalia
4351:
4350:in the area.
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4291:war communism
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4247:Nestor Makhno
4244:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:Ural Cossacks
4156:
4153:defeated the
4152:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:Pyotr Wrangel
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4032:Pyotr Wrangel
4028:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:Ekaterinoslav
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3965:Pyotr Wrangel
3962:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3842:Siberian Army
3838:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:from the Red
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:Yakov Blumkin
3706:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:war communism
3607:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3579:Eastern front
3575:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:Yekaterinburg
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3335:Pyotr Wrangel
3332:
3328:
3327:Pyotr Krasnov
3324:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:Army of Islam
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:Yekaterinodar
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3173:conservatives
3170:
3165:
3164:Brest-Litovsk
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:Novocherkassk
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3042:Junker mutiny
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3009:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:buffer states
2805:
2800:
2794:Buffer states
2791:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2771:foreign debts
2768:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2421:secret police
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:commenced in
2301:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Belaya armiya
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:secret police
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:), property (
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:Lavr Kornilov
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:in March and
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Peace of Riga
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:in July, and
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:and parts of
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:North Russian
1645:
1641:
1640:German Empire
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Eastern Front
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:Bolshevik-led
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:Central Asian
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:13,000 killed
1081:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1011:50,000 (peak)
1008:
998:
992:
982:
981:
979:
973:
963:
960:
950:
944:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
919:
917:
911:
906:
901:
900:
898:
893:
883:
882:
880:
875:
874:Nestor Makhno
865:
863:
853:
852:
850:
849:
843:
833:
831:
826:
821:
820:
818:
813:
812:Pyotr Krasnov
803:
801:
791:
789:
779:
777:
767:
765:
764:Pyotr Wrangel
755:
753:
752:Anton Denikin
743:
741:
739:
733:
732:Lavr Kornilov
723:
720:
715:
705:
702:
697:
687:
686:
684:
679:
678:
673:
663:
661:
651:
649:
648:Joseph Stalin
639:
637:
627:
625:
615:
614:
612:
611:
606:
599:
587:
584:
572:
569:
557:
556:
553:
546:
533:
530:
518:
516:
515:United States
505:
502:
490:
488:
477:
476:
473:
470:
464:
453:
451:
448:
446:
436:
435:
432:
431:
425:
415:
412:
407:
401:
399:
394:
389:
387:
382:
377:
375:
365:
363:
352:
350:
340:
338:
328:
326:
316:
314:
304:
302:
292:
291:
288:
285:
281:
276:
271:
269:
268:Russian State
264:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
245:
232:
230:
225:
220:
218:
207:
205:
194:
192:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
164:
160:
155:
154:
150:
146:
143:
142:
138:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
117:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
84:
82:
78:
76:
75:Siberian Army
72:
70:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
16601:
16373:Demographics
16363:Antisemitism
16216:Central Bank
16134:Forced labor
16082:Spetsnaz GRU
15902:organisation
15810:Human rights
15759:Constitution
15642:Subdivisions
15520:Russian SFSR
15514:
15476:Soviet Union
15135:World War II
14981:
14659:Smolensk War
14625:Livonian War
14551:
14245:Fedir Shchus
14187:Boris Kamkov
14131:Alexei Rykov
14096:Leon Trotsky
13883:Green armies
13873:Black Guards
13691:
13629:
13584:news stories
13564:source texts
13276:West Siberia
13234:Volochayevka
13038:Ganja revolt
12645:Green armies
12609:Participants
12550:
12489:
12482:
12470:
12077: /
12009:
11844:Conscription
11808:Cryptography
11745:Iraqi Revolt
11611:
11172:Siege of Kut
11115:
10693:participants
10642:German Samoa
10576:South Arabia
10234:
10205:
10198:
10191:
10168:
10161:
10144:
10129:
10114:
10107:
10098:
10091:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10053:
10046:
10029:
10022:
9997:
9978:
9959:
9938:
9924:. Retrieved
9910:
9887:
9868:
9849:
9829:
9813:. Retrieved
9798:
9778:
9774:
9755:
9736:
9715:
9689:
9666:
9645:. Palgrave.
9642:
9621:
9600:
9580:
9560:
9539:
9521:
9502:
9498:Kenez, Peter
9479:
9458:
9437:
9412:
9408:
9389:
9385:
9366:
9347:
9323:
9305:. Westview.
9302:
9282:
9248:
9242:
9223:
9205:
9187:Project MUSE
9185:– via
9179:. Retrieved
9163:
9153:
9132:
9118:. Retrieved
9103:
9090:. Retrieved
9075:
9049:
9026:
9007:
9003:Avrich, Paul
8984:
8968:Bibliography
8951:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8896:
8891:
8883:the original
8873:
8854:
8848:
8836:. Retrieved
8832:
8823:
8811:. Retrieved
8807:
8798:
8786:. Retrieved
8782:
8773:
8753:
8746:
8727:
8721:
8713:the original
8708:
8704:Колчаковщина
8697:
8685:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8646:
8634:
8622:
8610:. Retrieved
8605:
8595:
8566:
8556:
8543:
8538:
8529:
8520:
8509:
8497:
8474:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8440:
8431:
8419:
8411:
8406:
8398:
8378:
8373:, p. 2.
8366:
8354:. Retrieved
8350:
8341:
8332:
8322:
8310:
8287:
8281:
8273:
8268:
8261:Wheeler 1964
8256:
8247:
8242:
8230:
8211:
8201:the original
8196:
8192:
8179:
8167:
8155:
8143:
8128:
8116:
8104:
8092:
8080:
8068:
8061:Daniels 1951
8056:
8048:
8043:
8024:
8019:
8007:
7995:
7983:
7971:
7944:
7932:
7920:
7908:
7896:
7887:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7827:
7815:
7790:10 September
7788:. Retrieved
7775:
7766:
7758:
7753:
7745:
7740:
7728:
7705:
7700:
7688:. Retrieved
7674:
7655:
7643:
7631:
7619:
7607:
7587:
7580:
7560:
7553:
7533:
7526:
7510:
7499:
7489:
7481:
7476:
7443:
7433:
7413:
7406:
7398:
7376:
7364:
7352:
7340:
7333:Daniels 1993
7328:
7316:
7304:. Retrieved
7295:
7285:
7273:
7261:
7249:
7237:
7225:
7161:
7150:, retrieved
7139:
7129:
7117:. Retrieved
7106:
7097:
7070:
7058:
7046:
7034:. Retrieved
7025:
7016:
7004:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6956:
6944:
6937:Wheeler 1964
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6884:. Retrieved
6875:
6866:
6859:Wheeler 1964
6854:
6842:. Retrieved
6828:
6810:
6805:
6786:
6782:
6772:
6764:
6759:
6741:
6736:
6717:
6711:
6703:
6698:
6679:
6659:
6652:
6628:
6621:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6552:
6546:
6527:
6521:
6512:
6507:
6498:
6489:
6479:
6460:
6444:
6439:
6431:
6422:
6414:
6394:(in Russian)
6388:
6382:
6367:(in Russian)
6363:
6361:Alter Litvin
6356:
6344:
6324:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6301:
6264:
6240:
6230:
6210:
6203:
6183:
6176:
6156:
6134:. Retrieved
6129:
6125:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6067:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
6010:
5995:
5979:
5950:
5945:
5933:
5921:
5901:
5894:
5884:
5877:
5867:
5860:
5825:
5793:
5786:
5766:
5759:
5739:
5732:
5720:
5708:
5666:
5655:Service 2000
5651:Leggett 1981
5646:
5624:
5612:
5603:
5590:
5568:
5562:
5539:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5493:
5473:
5466:
5446:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5409:
5371:
5362:
5328:
5323:
5314:
5287:
5216:
5208:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5112:
5101:
5097:Yuli Raizman
5090:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5057:
5048:
5040:
5036:Yefim Dzigan
5031:
5027:Mikhail Romm
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4982:
4971:
4960:
4949:
4938:
4929:
4924:
4913:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4880:
4869:
4865:Victor Serge
4860:
4849:
4838:
4827:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4793:
4780:
4775:, 1933) and
4770:
4756:
4746:
4725:
4721:Soviet Union
4706:
4676:
4663:black market
4660:
4644:
4606:
4575:
4563:
4514:
4503:
4501:
4488:
4482:Refugees on
4464:White émigré
4422:between the
4397:
4385:
4352:
4336:
4278:
4259:
4240:
4215:Novorossiysk
4211:
4200:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4091:
4086:El Lissitzky
4041:
4014:
3993:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3925:Polonophobic
3887:
3870:Tukhachevsky
3847:
3815:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3745:
3702:
3671:
3627:Volga Valley
3608:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3576:
3563:
3561:
3540:
3525:
3518:
3487:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3450:
3424:
3377:
3354:Donets basin
3339:
3320:
3301:
3288:Dunsterville
3265:
3253:
3249:
3234:
3177:
3169:nationalists
3161:
3146:
3109:, where the
3088:
3058:and General
3056:Don Cossacks
3053:
3049:
3019:
2979:
2975:
2959:
2947:Central Asia
2944:
2924:
2909:
2902:Yakut Revolt
2850:White Guards
2839:
2808:
2784:
2764:
2702:
2691:
2682:
2663:
2654:
2646:
2633:Fanny Kaplan
2630:
2615:
2606:
2599:Please help
2595:
2584:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2494:
2470:
2464:Emma Goldman
2452:
2444:
2425:
2402:
2369:took up arms
2362:
2350:
2328:
2297:
2293:
2277:
2262:
2245:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2199:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:World War II
2145:
2121:
2085:
2041:
2039:
2030:conscription
2027:
2018:
2015:Leon Trotsky
1992:Russian Army
1989:
1948:), justice (
1887:
1853:
1831:
1795:Novorossiysk
1764:
1710:between the
1692:
1664:Central Asia
1637:
1613:green armies
1556:, where the
1539:
1527:Soviet Union
1502:
1500:
1464:Yakut revolt
1358:South Russia
1283:North Russia
1236:
1180:1,444 killed
1170:3,046 killed
1160:3,888 killed
1150:3,000 killed
1023:British Army
915:
737:
676:
636:Leon Trotsky
280:South Russia
246:
173:Belligerents
163:Soviet Union
38:Part of the
25:
16477:Phraseology
16422:Prohibition
16410:Linguistics
16395:Drug policy
16388:1989 census
16309:Cybernetics
16211:Agriculture
16124:Great Purge
16086:Soviet Navy
16078:Soviet Army
15950:(1989–1991)
15944:(1938–1991)
15938:(1922–1936)
15922:Secretariat
15793:Gun control
15700:Caspian Sea
15684:Closed city
15613:Dissolution
15598:Perestroika
15540:Great Purge
15241:Vietnam War
15111: [
14970:World War I
14891:Crimean War
14824:Finnish War
14740:(1740–1748)
14729:(1733–1738)
14654:Ingrian War
14370:(including
14255:Fanya Baron
14235:Lev Chernyi
14086:Lev Kamenev
14010:Georgy Lvov
13984:Monarchists
13212:Krasnoyarsk
13175:Chelyabinsk
13165:Perm (1919)
12924:Kiev (1919)
12107:Netherlands
12084:Switzerland
11965:Occupations
11956:Spanish flu
11733:(1919–1922)
11727:(1918–1921)
11721:(1918–1923)
11710:(1919–1921)
11704:(1919–1921)
11698:(1919–1920)
11674:(1918–1920)
11668:(1918–1920)
11662:(1918–1920)
11644:(1918–1920)
11626:(1918–1920)
11620:(1917–1921)
11614:(1917–1921)
11561:(1916-1918)
11559:Arab Revolt
11550:(1915–1917)
11544:(1915–1917)
11532:(1914-1917)
11526:(1914–1917)
11520:(1914–1921)
11514:(1913–1920)
11502:(1910–1920)
11496:(1900–1920)
11469: [
10987:July Crisis
10908:(1880–1914)
10571:Mesopotamia
10449:Home fronts
10408:World War I
10060:Peter Kenez
9926:27 December
9181:27 December
9092:26 December
8838:12 December
8813:14 February
8608:. Monarxist
8272:Urlanis B.
8172:Avrich 1970
8160:Avrich 1970
8121:Avrich 2004
8109:Avrich 2004
8073:Avrich 2004
8012:Kenez 2004b
7937:Kenez 2004b
7901:Kenez 2004b
7880:Kinvig 2006
7844:Kenez 2004b
7820:Kenez 2004b
7810:, p. .
7306:20 February
7266:Kenez 2004b
7254:Kenez 2004a
7242:Kenez 2004a
7230:Kenez 2004a
6913:Kenez 2004a
6844:24 February
5926:Calder 1976
5641:Online 2012
5585:Kinvig 2006
5385:Spanish flu
5345:With Poland
5203:Video games
5179:(2005/2007)
4967:Ken Follett
4884:(1971–1991)
4834:Isaac Babel
4829:Red Cavalry
4815:(1925) and
4667:martial law
4458:Evacuations
4380:revolutions
4217:. Slipshod
4195:Lev Trotsky
4099:A.I. Egorov
3983:, and then
3904:'s forces.
3876:on 26 May,
3872:, captured
3822:Arkhangelsk
3820:and seized
3547:coup d'état
3388:Vladivostok
3346:Vladikavkaz
3157:World War I
3084:Peter Kenez
2609:August 2023
2603:if you can.
2341:Vladivostok
2080:Alfred Knox
1900:by General
1892:politician
1828:World War I
1822:World War I
1803:Vladivostok
1758:, although
1625:World War I
1564:of the new
1548:during the
287:Separatists
178:Bolsheviks:
156:Territorial
16636:Categories
16517:Opposition
16507:Television
16487:Propaganda
16460:Literature
16334:Naukograds
16329:Sharashkas
16263:(currency)
16241:Inventions
16184:Censorship
16114:Red Terror
15798:Government
15672:Autonomous
15655:Autonomous
15588:Stagnation
15551:Evacuation
15276:Ogaden War
15226:Korean War
15145:Winter War
15014:Heimosodat
14601:Tsardom of
14212:Anarchists
14073:Bolsheviks
13943:Mensheviks
13938:Bolsheviks
13888:Red Guards
13731:Heimosodat
13644:Revolution
13534:definition
13492:War crimes
13266:Chapan War
12741:Heimosodat
12640:White Army
12599:Commanders
12589:Casualties
12324:Agreements
12124:War crimes
12000:Luxembourg
11893:Casualties
10764:Montenegro
10599:South West
10479:Technology
10469:Propaganda
10459:Opposition
9775:Loodearmee
8972:See also:
8788:27 October
8737:5931651071
8502:Smele 2015
8450:0671631667
8356:31 January
8351:Britannica
8148:Figes 1997
8097:Figes 1997
8000:Smele 2015
7988:Smele 2016
7925:Kenez 1977
7913:Kenez 1977
7808:Kenez 1977
7517:, p.
7152:14 October
7119:30 January
7063:Figes 1997
7051:Figes 1997
7036:29 October
7009:Figes 1997
6886:29 October
6571:1003859221
6389:Red Terror
5980:voenspetsy
5976:Overy 2004
5555:Smele 2016
5396:References
5149:The Flight
5119:David Lean
4985:(2012) by
4976:(2011) by
4965:(2010) by
4954:(1981) by
4943:(1939) by
4932:(1922) by
4918:(1934) by
4907:(1930) by
4874:(1957) by
4863:(1932) by
4785:(1934) by
4743:Literature
4738:In fiction
4701:See also:
4631:See also:
4554:See also:
4542:Casualties
4468:See also:
4448:Azerbaijan
4272:evacuated
4175:Semirechye
3862:Buguruslan
3799:Mannerheim
3284:Mensheviks
3276:Azerbaijan
2854:Red Guards
2833:, and the
2767:Bolsheviks
2642:Red Terror
2547:, a young
2535:Republic:
2473:Red Terror
2447:Anarchists
2399:Repression
2381:Mensheviks
2213:argued in
2158:White Army
2142:Bolsheviks
2042:voenspetsy
2000:Red Guards
1970:anarchists
1922:casualties
1906:Bolsheviks
1868:dual power
1817:Background
1748:Azerbaijan
1670:in March,
1585:White Army
1579:headed by
1558:Bolsheviks
1388:Azerbaijan
1363:Bessarabia
1288:Heimosodat
1104:424 killed
1094:938 killed
991:White Army
959:Makhnovtsi
450:Green Army
411:Azerbaijan
93:Red Terror
16578:Republics
16566:Republics
16554:Republics
16405:Languages
16269:Transport
16151:Holodomor
16044:Militsiya
15982:President
15874:Stalinism
15776:Elections
15650:Republics
15633:Geography
15623:Nostalgia
15535:Stalinism
14896:Åland War
14864:Murid War
14703:18th–19th
14141:Right SRs
13866:elections
13685:Civil War
13656:July Days
13630:Civil War
13544:textbooks
13469:Aftermath
13364:Cherkassy
13220:Far East
12961:2nd Kuban
12956:1st Kuban
12849:Tsaritsyn
12809:Lithuania
12794:Petrograd
12221:Diplomacy
11928:Olympians
11851:Australia
11818:Logistics
11751:Vlora War
11680:(1918–19)
11656:(1918–19)
11650:(1918–19)
11638:(1918–19)
11585:(1916–17)
11567:(1916–17)
11518:Zaian War
11508:(1914–15)
11228:first day
11116:Lusitania
10944:(1912–13)
10938:(1911–12)
10926:(1908–09)
10920:(1905–06)
10902:(1870–71)
10691:Principal
10551:Gallipoli
10454:Memorials
10439:Geography
10429:Aftermath
10006:865924756
9429:158643095
9265:1049-7544
9120:6 October
8935:0026-3931
8709:Cult Info
8564:(2008) .
8424:Lowe 2002
8383:Ryan 2012
8371:Ryan 2012
7460:0031-2746
6789:: 15–35.
6613:155228899
6467:. 1927. "
6415:ThoughtCo
6391:in Russia
6245:Carr 1985
6098:Carr 1985
6060:Carr 1985
6048:Carr 1985
6036:Carr 1985
6024:Carr 1985
5938:Read 1996
5852:153317860
5713:Hall 2015
5671:Hall 2015
5659:Read 2005
5401:Citations
5301:romanized
5192:Sunstroke
4920:M. Ageyev
4900:authors:
4840:Chevengur
4761:, 1923),
4528:Kamchatka
4440:Lithuania
4370:Aftermath
4360:Amur Krai
4321:politburo
4155:Ural Army
4068:Don River
4036:Tsaritsyn
3854:Chistopol
3754:captured
3312:Stavropol
3280:Dashanaks
3205:Ice March
3022:Petrograd
2955:Turkestan
2862:Lithuania
2741:Petrograd
2666:elections
2428:robberies
2393:Stalinist
2102:romanized
1962:Menshevik
1950:Steinberg
1918:Petrograd
1732:Lithuania
1672:the south
1597:left-wing
1507:civil war
1429:2nd Kazan
1424:1st Kazan
1322:Petrograd
1317:Lithuania
1074:1,500,000
1061:1,500,000
1036:U.S. Army
374:Lithuania
16621:Category
16174:Religion
16061:Chairmen
15907:Congress
15869:Leninism
15849:Propiska
15744:Politics
15603:Glasnost
15563:Cold War
15503:February
15429:Cold War
15291:Gulf War
14647:and the
14520:Internal
14376:Imperial
14174:Left SRs
13955:Left SRs
13851:Red Army
13799:Siberian
13522:Category
13386:Ashgabat
13318:Basmachi
13244:Primorye
13229:Mongolia
13183:Siberia
13155:Zlatoust
13135:Simbirsk
12895:Ukraine
12732:Finland
12666:Theaters
12635:Red Army
12572:Southern
12562:Northern
12509:Category
12096:Refugees
12062:Italians
12051:Germans
12011:Ober Ost
11791:Aviation
10885:Timeline
10856:Bulgaria
10637:Tsingtao
10614:Togoland
10561:Caucasus
10496:European
10488:Theatres
10344:Archived
10213:Archived
10175:Archived
10152:Archived
10037:Archived
9827:(2000).
9712:(1970).
9663:(2007).
9500:(1977).
9346:(2007).
9203:(1951).
9005:(1970).
8439:(1989).
8292:Archived
8049:Le Temps
8032:Archived
7784:Archived
7690:11 April
7684:Archived
7663:Archived
7300:Archived
7195:Archived
7169:Archived
7146:archived
7113:Archived
7030:Archived
6880:Archived
6876:h2g2.com
6838:Archived
6818:Archived
6749:Archived
6687:Archived
6472:Archived
6307:24 March
6132:(391): 4
5686:Lee 2003
5632:Archived
5513:, p. 340
5388:however.
5349:The fist
5226:See also
5023:Thirteen
4930:Futility
4758:Chapayev
4647:Cossacks
4532:Sakhalin
4515:General
4505:basmachi
4484:flatcars
4249:and the
4095:Vatsetis
4060:Voronezh
4052:Don Army
4030:General
3977:Voronezh
3818:Murmansk
3777:General
3764:defeated
3746:Estonia
3619:harvests
3587:1st Army
3532:Simbirsk
3480:Admiral
3427:peasants
3408:murdered
3331:Don Army
3103:Muravyov
3095:Tashkent
2929:General
2749:Smolensk
2737:Novgorod
2729:Kostroma
2713:Voronezh
2709:Red Army
2585:require
2525:—
2457:—
2395:regime.
2319:and the
2230:Izvestia
2185:big tent
2094:pre–1918
2074:Admiral
1986:Red Army
1960:for the
1954:Proshian
1942:Kolegaev
1783:Mongolia
1756:Caucasus
1589:big tent
1570:Red Army
1488:Basmachi
1459:Mongolia
1434:1st Perm
1334:Southern
1272:Northern
1038:: 12,950
1025:: 57,636
974:: 17,961
943:Red Army
927:Strength
445:Left SRs
131:Location
69:Don Army
16542:Symbols
16455:Fashion
16437:Culture
16351:Society
16296:Science
16261:Rouble
16203:Economy
16179:Science
15989:Premier
15970:Offices
15832:Leaders
15752:General
15720:Siberia
15693:Regions
15667:Oblasts
15508:October
15485:History
15369:Outline
15352:century
14953:century
14705:century
14388:Related
14372:Tsarist
13976:Figures
13915:Parties
13477:Effects
13447:General
13440:Aspects
13249:Yakutia
13028:Georgia
13013:Ossetia
12839:Ukraine
12799:Estonia
12775:Poland
12736:Finland
12675:Prelude
12623:leaders
12618:Armies
12577:Eastern
12567:Western
12247:Germany
12147:Germany
12075:Germany
11995:Belgium
11980:Albania
11939:Disease
11919:Sports
11871:Ireland
11784:Warfare
11777:Aspects
10965:Origins
10958:Prelude
10861:Senussi
10841:Germany
10836:Leaders
10774:Romania
10715:Belgium
10710:Leaders
10609:Kamerun
10591:African
10526:Romania
10504:Balkans
10419:Outline
10172:excerpt
10149:excerpt
10147:(2008)
10073:(1989).
10054:Debatte
10034:excerpt
9273:2492031
9215:1533874
8943:1986524
8588:Sarolea
8250:. 2008.
6815:excerpt
6605:2498997
6126:Freedom
5303::
5292:Russian
5184:Admiral
5065:Shchors
5016:Chapaev
5000:Arsenal
4893:by the
4684:roubles
4522:in the
4452:Georgia
4444:Armenia
4432:Finland
4428:Estonia
4420:Ukraine
4416:Belarus
4343:Irkutsk
4299:soviets
3981:Kharkov
3878:Sarapul
3874:Elabuga
3858:Bugulma
3844:in 1919
3713:Mirbach
3631:cholera
3623:drought
3604:amnesty
3568:Russian
3543:Kolchak
3455:Kayurov
3451:maximum
3435:Saratov
3308:Armavir
3296:Left SR
3141:Trotsky
3062:of the
2997:Warfare
2986:Wrangel
2927:Cossack
2870:Estonia
2725:Saratov
2587:cleanup
2551:of the
2436:murders
2351:At the
2313:Siberia
2150:Siberia
1946:Karelin
1864:soviets
1767:Kolchak
1752:Georgia
1744:Armenia
1736:Ukraine
1724:Finland
1720:Estonia
1708:Ukraine
1704:Belarus
1603:of the
1517:in the
1478:Bukhara
1419:Siberia
1407:Eastern
1393:Armenia
1378:Georgia
1373:Ossetia
1341:Ukraine
1307:Estonia
1300:Western
1278:Finland
1130:125,000
1120:250,000
916:†
738:†
568:Germany
398:Armenia
386:Georgia
349:Estonia
337:Belarus
325:Ukraine
313:Finland
158:changes
135:Former
105:by the
16561:Emblem
16549:Anthem
16497:Sports
16450:Cinema
16445:Ballet
16427:Racism
16400:Family
15890:Bodies
15478:topics
14679:Deluge
14603:Russia
14382:times)
14380:Soviet
14368:Russia
13923:Kadets
13814:Groups
13789:Allied
13637:Events
13554:quotes
13391:Kushka
13239:Spassk
13033:Anzali
12939:Odessa
12821:Baltic
12804:Latvia
12784:Poland
12267:Russia
12242:France
12070:Canada
11985:Serbia
11856:Canada
11813:Horses
11765:(1921)
11759:(1920)
11753:(1920)
11747:(1920)
11739:(1920)
11692:(1919)
11686:(1919)
11632:(1918)
11597:(1918)
11591:(1917)
11579:(1916)
11573:(1916)
11538:(1915)
10950:(1913)
10932:(1911)
10914:(1905)
10871:Darfur
10796:Serbia
10779:Russia
10742:Greece
10730:France
10720:Brazil
10566:Persia
10509:Serbia
10333:, in:
10322:, in:
10311:, in:
10300:, in:
10289:, in:
10278:, in:
10267:, in:
10232:about
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8029:online
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5221:(2017)
5213:(2023)
5187:(2008)
5171:(2002)
5144:(1970)
5136:(1967)
5128:(1966)
5045:(1937)
5019:(1934)
5011:(1928)
5003:(1928)
4897:émigré
4895:White
4719:, the
4582:typhus
4536:treaty
4438:, and
4436:Latvia
4406:. The
4400:Russia
4253:, the
4203:Manych
4062:, but
4021:Zbruch
3963:, and
3949:Odessa
3882:Izevsk
3850:Glazov
3740:, and
3665:, and
3651:Europe
3635:typhus
3536:Samara
3528:Kappel
3521:Komuch
3508:, the
3431:Samara
3372:, and
3292:Persia
3223:, and
3099:Kokand
3080:Rostov
3044:, and
2982:Crimea
2951:Steppe
2904:, and
2866:Latvia
2829:, the
2733:Moscow
2717:Tambov
2678:murder
2333:Samara
2329:Komuch
2315:, the
2304:Moscow
2216:Pravda
2133:Beliye
2122:Whites
2064:, and
1908:, who
1870:. The
1799:Crimea
1730:, and
1728:Latvia
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1327:Poland
1312:Latvia
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16492:Radio
16470:Opera
16465:Music
16368:Crime
16139:Gulag
16017:Cheka
15662:Krais
15115:]
13928:Nabat
13574:media
13224:Chita
12998:Sochi
12464:Other
12257:Japan
12252:Italy
12079:camps
11923:Rugby
11473:]
10752:Japan
10747:Italy
10725:China
10619:North
9777:[
9425:S2CID
9388:[
9269:JSTOR
8939:JSTOR
8673:JSTOR
8612:9 May
8479:(PDF)
8473:[
8204:(PDF)
8189:(PDF)
7860:(PDF)
7464:JSTOR
6609:S2CID
6601:JSTOR
6136:9 May
5848:S2CID
5279:Notes
4671:ruble
4295:Cheka
4245:with
4044:Kursk
3898:Chita
3890:Tobol
3655:Batum
3510:Kadet
3447:Kazan
3382:from
3260:Kuban
2745:Pskov
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2649:Cheka
2497:kulak
2489:Penza
2417:Cheka
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2321:Volga
2317:Urals
2280:Cheka
2269:gulag
2127:Белые
2004:Cheka
1779:Yakut
1775:Chita
1593:right
1483:Khiva
1454:Chita
1140:5,000
487:Japan
229:TSFSR
217:UkSSR
191:RSFSR
16573:Flag
16531:List
16339:List
16251:OGAS
16144:List
16027:NKVD
15815:LGBT
15803:List
15769:1977
15764:1936
15350:21st
14951:20th
14378:and
13628:and
13202:Omsk
12044:POWs
11363:1918
11265:1917
11191:1916
11092:1915
10996:1914
10801:Siam
10604:East
10002:OCLC
9983:ISBN
9964:ISBN
9945:ISBN
9928:2017
9915:ISBN
9892:ISBN
9873:ISBN
9854:ISBN
9835:ISBN
9817:2017
9804:ISBN
9783:ISBN
9760:ISBN
9741:ISBN
9722:ISBN
9696:ISBN
9673:ISBN
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9628:ISBN
9605:ISBN
9586:ISBN
9565:ISBN
9544:ISBN
9526:ISBN
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9465:ISBN
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9330:ISBN
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9288:ISBN
9261:ISSN
9228:ISBN
9211:OCLC
9183:2017
9170:ISBN
9139:ISBN
9122:2017
9109:ISBN
9094:2017
9081:ISBN
9060:ISBN
9031:ISBN
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8931:ISSN
8859:ISBN
8840:2017
8815:2024
8790:2021
8759:ISBN
8732:ISBN
8614:2023
8572:ISBN
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8445:ISBN
8358:2023
8300:ISBN
8216:ISBN
7792:2010
7718:ISBN
7710:ISBN
7692:2012
7593:ISBN
7566:ISBN
7539:ISBN
7456:ISSN
7419:ISBN
7308:2018
7154:2018
7121:2008
7038:2020
6888:2020
6846:2008
6722:ISBN
6665:ISBN
6638:ISBN
6567:OCLC
6557:ISBN
6532:ISBN
6449:ISBN
6371:ISBN
6330:ISBN
6309:2021
6302:Time
6270:ISBN
6216:ISBN
6189:ISBN
6162:ISBN
6138:2023
6000:ISBN
5957:ISBN
5907:ISBN
5838:ISBN
5799:ISBN
5772:ISBN
5745:ISBN
5573:ISBN
5532:ISBN
5479:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5157:Reds
4993:Film
4726:The
4558:and
4472:and
4450:and
4418:and
4229:The
4048:Orel
4046:and
3756:Riga
3697:and
3667:Riga
3663:Kars
3633:and
3552:Perm
3504:and
3433:and
3310:and
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3171:and
3107:Kiev
2965:and
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2868:and
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2479:had
2434:and
2200:The
2146:Reds
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2086:The
1964:and
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1706:and
1676:west
1650:and
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1540:The
1501:The
204:BSSR
123:Date
48:the
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16056:KGB
16051:MGB
16039:MVD
16022:GPU
15822:Law
12844:Don
10134:doi
10119:doi
9417:doi
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