Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

99: 83: 815: 188: 3210: 3199: 790: 776: 762: 734: 748: 2121: 7350: 3442: 3349: 2866: 7473: 2987: 7485: 2376: 2536: 7294: 2479: 1079: 7461: 1024: 3701: 2915: 2359:. On the eve of Germany's occupation of Minsk, some members of the disbanded Belarusian National Council emerged from hiding and formed a provisional government, hoping to achieve German recognition. However, the Germans did not recognise it as another assembly in Vilna was created under their auspices. The Minsk and Vilna organisations issued a joint proclamation on 25 March establishing the 2762: 4637:Закон Республики Беларусь № 1085-XII от 19 сентября 1991 года № 1085-XII «О названии Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и внесении изменений в Декларацию Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики о государственном суверенитете Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР» 2367:

government less jurisdiction compared to the one in Ukraine. An increase in repression by the Germans also led to an agrarian revolt, although not as violent as the one in Ukraine, which benefitted the communists. The communist underground were directed by the party's Northwestern Regional Committee in Smolensk, which aimed for an alliance with the peasantry.

2906:. On 24 November the Polish units left the town, and for nearly a month the Slutsk partisans resisted Soviet attempts to re-gain control of the area. Eventually the Red Army had to mobilise two divisions to overcome the resistance, when the last units of Slutsk militia crossed the Moroch River and interned by the Polish border guards. 2401:. After Germany was defeated in the First World War, it announced its evacuation from the occupied territories. The Germans began to depart in November 1918; however, there was no nationalist organisation in Belarus that was capable of assuming political authority, unlike in Ukraine. On 13 November, Moscow annulled the 2363:(BDR) with German approval. The new government also sought material aid from Germany. The more radical nationalists who disapproved of collaboration with the Germans went to the communists and fled to Russia. The communists who did not escape to the east during the German occupation were driven underground. 2307:

government in Belarus was established at the end of December by communist organs in Minsk with the support of Russian troops of the Western Front. However, its authority only extended to the regions occupied by pro-communist forces and the major cities, where the local soviets followed Bolshevik leadership.

2978:, Russia returned most of territories that made up the Vitebsk and Mogilev Governorates, as well as parts of Smolensk. The passing of land that largely survived the destruction of war not only doubled the SSRB's area to 110,600 square kilometres, but also raised the population to 4.2 million people. 2934:

An interesting paradox arose in the status of SSRB within the future Bolshevik state. On one hand its small geographic, population and almost negligent economic indicators did not warrant it much political weight on Soviet affairs. In fact the leader of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (Bolshevik),

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Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB). This was conferred by the First Congress of deputies, composed of workers, soldiers and Red Army soldiers, which met on 2–3 February 1919, to adopt a new socialist constitution. The Red Army continued its westward advance, capturing the city of Grodno on New Year's Day

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governorates that were not occupied by the German army, to administer the Belarusian lands in the frontal zone. On 26 November (6 December), the Executive Committee of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies for the Western Oblast was merged with the Western front's executive committee, creating a

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Economically the republic remained largely self-centred, and most of the effort was put into restoring and repairing the war-damaged industry (if in 1923 there was only 226 different fabrics and factories, then by 1926 the number climbed to 246. However, the employed manpower jumped from 14 thousand

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as a military formation, rather than governmental. As a result, on 7 (20) December, when the first All-Belarusian Congress convened, the Minsk Bolsheviks commanded the pro-Soviet troops to disbanded it. Following this, they proclaimed the rule of soviets dominated by the Bolsheviks. The first Soviet

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The stalemate and the occasional, though fruitless, negotiations gave Russia a much needed pause to concentrate on other regions. During the latter half of 1919, the Red Army successfully defeated Denikin in the south, taking over the Don, North Caucasus and eastern Ukraine, and pushed Kolchak from

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offered the Belarusians federal ties instead; however, the Polish occupation authorities disregarded the social radicalism of the masses and nationalist sentiments among parts of the Belarusian intelligentsia, with the Poles ordering for the lands confiscated by the communists to be returned to the

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numbering approximately 2,000 soldiers under General Wejtko, began to fight against the local communist and advancing Bolshevik forces. Each side was trying to secure the territories for its own government. The newly formed Polish Army began sending its organised units to reinforce the militias. On

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on 17 November. The Belarusian National Republic barely resisted, evacuating Minsk on 3 December. The Soviets maintained a distance of about 10–15 kilometres (6.2–9.3 mi) between the two armies, and took Minsk on 10 December. As the Red Army re-occupied Belarus, the soviets in the country were

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rivers. However, the region to the east of those lines was historically mixed among a population of Belarusians, Poles and Lithuanians, with a sizeable Jewish minority. The local communities of each respective group wanted to be part of the respective states that were establishing themselves.

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In the spring of 1918, the Germans disapproved of the socialist inclinations of the nationalists in the Belarusian government and forced a change in leadership of the puppet government; however, the Germans were also displeased with him and removed him. As a result, the Germans permitted the

2883:, the Soviet side saw the armistice as only a temporary setback in its western advance. Seeing the failure of overcoming the Polish nationalist rhetoric with Communist propaganda, the Soviet government chose a different tactic, by appealing to the minorities of the Polish state, creating a 3221:. According to incomplete calculations, about 600,000 people fell victim to Soviet repressions in Belarus between 1917 and 1953. Other estimates put the number at higher than 1.4 million persons., of which 250,000 were sentenced by judicial or executed by extrajudicial bodies ( 2801:

In June, the RSFSR was finally ready to open its major Western advance. To preserve the neutrality of Lithuania (though the peace treaty was still being negotiated), on 6 June the exiled government of Litbel was disbanded. Within a few days, the 3rd Cavalry Corps under command of

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Lenin feared that a Polish offensive was incoming, and offered to accept the current frontline as a permanent border between Poland and Russia, which would include nearly all of Belarus going to Poland. However, Piłsudski had greater ambitions, and he also made an agreement with

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it states, "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."

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putting an end of hostilities in Europe, and Belarus in particular. Six years of war had left the land neglected and looted, and the endless change of occupying regimes, each worse than the previous, left their mark on the Belarusian people, who were now divided. Almost half

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Encouraged by their success, in Smolensk on 30–31 December 1918, the Sixth Western Oblast Party conference met and announced its split from the Russian Communist Party, proclaiming itself as the first congress of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (KP(b)B). The next day, the

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By late summer of 1919, the Polish advance was also exhausted. The defeat of the Red Army allowed the outbreak of another historic disagreement over territory between Poland and Lithuania; their competition to control the city of Vilna soon erupted into a

3108:, which made up 82% of the rural population, but less than half of the urban one (40.1%). The Belarusian national sentiment was a lot weaker than that of neighbouring Ukraine, this was greatly exploited by the Bolshevik-Polish power struggle in the 2931:) now belonged to Poland. Eastern Belarus (Gomel, Vitebsk and parts of Smolensk guberniyas) were administered by the RSFSR. The rest was the SSRB, a republic with 52,400 square kilometres and a population of a mere 1.544 million people. 2200:

in Russia in February 1917, activated a rather dormant political life in Belarus. As central authority waned, different political and ethnic groups strived for greater self-determination and even secession from the increasingly ineffective

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on Kiev, which although was initially successful, ended in a Polish defeat. The Soviet Red Army was much more organised than it was a year earlier, and though Polish troops managed to make several gains in Ukraine, notably the capture of

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concept, and as said above, viewed the Treaty of Riga as only a temporary setback to the process, and a future advance would require a prepared bridgehead. This justified giving the SSRB the status of a full union republic within the

2895:. During the negotiations, RSFSR offered all of BSSR to Poland in return for concessions in Ukraine, which were rejected by the Polish side. Eventually a compromising armistice line was agreed, which would see the Belarusian city of 2240:

hit Russia; that same day, on 25 October (7 November) 1917, the Minsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies took over the administration of the city. The Bolshevik All-Russian Council of Soviets declared the creation of the

2107:

renamed the Soviet republic to the Republic of Belarus, with the short form "Belarus". Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the

4604:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 18 сентября 1991 г. № 1078-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов БССР и народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от Белорусской ССР» 3089:– to allocate land to Jewish families, in 1926 a total of 32,700 hectares were given for 6,860 Jewish families. Jews would continue to play a major role in Byelorussian politics, society and economy right up to the 3421:. Belarus received independence on 25 December 1991. A day later the Soviet Union ceased to exist. However, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Republic of Belarus of 1978, was retained after independence. 4636: 1973: 580: 2974:. In accordance with which, expansionist and irredentist claims were removed from Soviet ideology, which instead would focus on making regions economically viable. Thus in March 1924, by decree of the 175: 2902:

News of Belarus' upcoming permanent division angered the population, and using the town's Polish occupation, the local population began self-organising into a militia and associating itself with the

2315:

The Russo-German front in Belarus remained static since 1915 and formal negotiations began only on 19 November (2 December N.S.), when the Soviet delegation traveled to the German-occupied city of

7796: 4615:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 19 сентября 1991 г. № 1087-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР от Республики Беларусь» 3333:. At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Germans and some or all their inhabitants killed (out of 9,200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during 2841:(as chairmen of the Central Committee of the Belarusian Communist Party). The SSRB sought to join further territories, as the Red Army crossed into Poland, but the decisive Polish victory at the 2322:

However, the German party soon went back on its word and took full advantage of the situation, and the Bolsheviks' demand of a treaty "without annexations or indemnities" was unacceptable to the

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or kulak family members to regions outside the Belarusian Soviet Republic. The scale of Soviet terror in Belarus was higher than in Russia or Ukraine which resulted in a much stronger extent of

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in early April, but the Western Army was too thinly spread to fight both the Polish and Lithuanian troops, and the German units assisting them. The Polish offensive quickly gained momentum, and

2221:, formed a Belarusian Central Council. However, the national parties in Belarus were unable to secure mass support, and the nationalist movement was confined to a small, divided and ineffective 2806:

broke the Polish front, causing a collapse and a retreat. On 11 July Minsk was re-taken, and on 31 July 1920 once again the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belorussia was re-established in Minsk.

3405:, the republic proclaimed its political and economic independence from the Soviet Union, however, continued to consider herself part of the USSR. On 19 September the republic was renamed the 7019: 2173:

being occupied by Germany. The resulting front, passing at 100 kilometres to the west of Minsk, remained static towards the end of the conflict, despite Russian attempts to break it at the

1317: 2684:, with Poland winning. Facing Denikin and Kolchak, Soviet Russia could not spare men for the western front. A stalemate with localised skirmishes developed between Poland and Lithuania. 5345: 3464:(CPSU/KPSS). Like all other Soviet republics, it was one of the 15 constituent republics composing the Soviet Union from its entry into the union in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. 2330:

was of immediate success, and within 11 days, they were able to make a serious advance eastward, taking over Ukraine, the Baltic region, and occupying eastern Belarus. This forced the

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together with the Soviet Union and Ukrainian SSR, becoming one of the founding members of the UN. This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the

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breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. Many of the cuisines within Byelorussia also shared its cuisine with

2718: 950: 2349:, which was signed on 3 March 1918. For the German Empire, Operation Faustschlag achieved one of their strategic plans for World War I, to create a German-centered hegemony of 98: 7272: 3167:

that was held at the same time reported a population of 4,982,623. Of the latter 83% was rural, and Belarusians made up 80.6% (though only 39.2% of urban, yet 89% of rural).

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to 21.3 thousand workers). The majority was food industry followed by metal and wood working combines. A lot more was centred in local and private sector, as allowed by the

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was widely implemented. Belarusian language, folklore and culture was put at front of everything else. This went on par with the Soviet policy of liquidation of illiteracy (

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made up only around 2% of the total population (most of the latter lived next to the state border in the Minsk and Borisov districts). The most important minority was the

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in August ended these ambitions. Once again, the Red Army found itself on the defensive in Belorussia. The Poles were able to successfully break the Russian lines at the

2061:. This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, that they were variants of the Russian people. 2218: 5095: 2943:. Moreover, the weak national sentiment of the Belarusian people would easily have allowed SSRB to be disbanded and annexed to the RSFSR, unlike for example Ukraine. 2809:

As the front moved west, and more Belarusian lands were adjoined to the new republic, the first administrative decrees were issued. The entity was divided into seven

1382: 929: 2656:'s decree put all of Litbel's armed forces under the command of the Red Army. On 17 July, the Defence Soviet was liquidated, and its function was passed to Minsk's 362: 2998:, in 1925 SSRB was a largely rural country. Out of the 4,342,800 people that inhabited it, only 14.5% lived in urban areas. Administratively it was split into ten 1609: 1941:

with Lithuania, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was re-founded on 31 July 1920 and later became known as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

7517: 6651: 5779: 2857:

too. However early autumn rains halted the Polish advance, which exhausted itself by October. A cease-fire agreed on 12 October, came into effect on 18 October.

2617:. However, the Belarusian nationalists disapproved that the republic was being expanded, and Zhylunovich resigned shortly after, followed by other nationalists. 4582:ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 1019-XII «Об обеспечении политической и экономической самостоятельности Белорусской ССР» 7816: 7771: 6656: 4003:

28 July 1990 from Art. 6 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR, the provision on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Byelorussia on power was excluded

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The Polish Sejm had also declared that the territories of Belarus were an inalienable part of the Polish Commonwealth. As the Sejm was voting for annexation,

6285: 6066: 4525: 2487: 1930: 1689: 739: 7732: 3342: 2574: 2501: 1926: 156: 104: 82: 7821: 7811: 7676: 5938: 5440: 3322: 2281: 1487: 1418: 5067:

Wexler, Paul (1985). "Belorussification, Russification and Polonization Trends in the Belorussian Language 1890–1982". In Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.).

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was passed to the Western Oblast. At the end of February, the Germans entered Minsk, which the Soviet authorities had already cleared a few days prior.

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of the USSR, in 1925 these number 38.5 thousand who employed almost 50 thousand people. Most being textile workshops and lumber yards and blacksmiths.

88: 4807: 2566:, and the German units that had withdrawn there began to assist the Lithuanian forces to defeat the Soviets; they repelled the Red offensive against 554: 3506:

joined the UN when the organization was founded with the other 50 states on 24 October 1945. In effect, this provided the Soviet Union (a permanent

7009: 3377: 3081:, which had a long history of targeted oppression under the Tsars, and in 1925 made up almost 44% of the urban population and began to be aided by 7776: 7202: 7117: 1673: 2990:

Minsk Railway Station (1926), with the city's name given in Belarusian, Russian, Polish and Yiddish (or interwar Belarus's 4 official languages)

6845: 4703:

Baranova, Olga (2008). "Nationalism, anti-Bolshevism or the will to survive? Collaboration in Belarus under the Nazi occupation of 1941–1944".

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during the summer. Representatives of Belarusian regions and of different (mostly left-wing) newly established political powers, including the

2096:(its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially. In 1936, with the proclamation of the 1833: 7258: 3546: 7588: 7570: 7361: 6894: 6458: 5850: 5832: 5472: 1949: 1155: 1052: 4444: 7711: 7510: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7107: 6787: 5973: 5772: 5325: 4796: 4593:ЗАКОН БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. N 1018-XII «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР» 1423: 1247: 7801: 5644: 3518: 3357: 3240: 3164: 2540: 2493: 2410: 7303: 7039: 6774: 6314: 6119: 3298: 3148: 1200: 2963:

that was signed on 30 December 1922. SSR Byelorussia became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922 and became known as BSSR.

7670: 7627: 7338: 7177: 7142: 7091: 6876: 6157: 6061: 5932: 5889: 5535: 5269: 5205: 3550: 2419: 2384: 1918: 1323: 980: 517: 20: 7806: 6524: 5699: 5460: 5296: 3799:

In interwar Soviet Belarus, between 1924 and 1938, four languages were official, namely, Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Yiddish.

2975: 2653: 3719:. Typically, Byelorussians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day. Wheat and 7503: 7165: 6799: 6692: 6529: 6261: 6013: 5765: 5570: 5445: 5408: 4626:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 20 сентября 1991 г. № 1101-XII «О таможенной службе Республики Беларусь» 2277: 2104: 1969: 1534: 584: 337: 4648:Закон Белорусской ССР от 28 июля 1990 г. №212-XII "Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона Белорусской ССР)" 4494: 4096: 2765:

After the decisive Polish victory in Warsaw, the Red Army was forced to retreat from Polish territories, but attempts to hold

7693: 7137: 6340: 6227: 5955: 4686: 4187: 4133: 4106: 3947:

the term "SSRB" was suppressed, but there is documentary evidence of the usage of the term SSRB rather than BSSR, see, e.g.,

3542: 704: 3402: 7699: 7645: 7555: 7014: 6989: 6536: 6199: 5961: 5907: 5817: 5477: 4873: 3829: 3570: 2741:, gave way for a peace treaty with the former on 2 February 1920 and a cease-fire agreement with the latter a day earlier. 1551: 1368: 1252: 1145: 1110: 4204: 2482:

Planned border (blue line) for the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic superimposed on state borders in 1922

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was exercised by the Byelorussian Communist Party authorities, at its top sits the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

3461: 1957: 1170: 1150: 567: 404: 7250: 6794: 6088: 4986: 1653: 7635: 7565: 7550: 7182: 6871: 6809: 6320: 6076: 5897: 5827: 5812: 5732: 5492: 5264: 5043: 4975: 4843: 4753:

Guthier, Steven L. (1977). "The Belorussians: National identification and assimilation, 1897–1970: Part 1, 1897–1939".

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Towards the autumn, political stability continued to shake, and countering the rising nationalist tendencies, were the

1938: 1826: 1571: 1442: 1277: 1195: 1125: 1120: 1105: 956: 541: 448: 3376:, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc. A Byelorussian, G.G. Chernushchenko, served as 2939:

would represent Byelorussian communists at seven party congresses in Moscow, but not once be elected into the party's

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Eager to win support, the Bolshevik government decided to merge the Lithuanian and Byelorussian republics into the

2559: 2269: 1595: 1363: 1216: 1130: 1045: 4536: 7616: 7596: 7313: 7049: 6398: 6281: 6132: 6071: 5878: 5858: 5115: 4808:"Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia Under Soviet Occupation: The Development of Socialist Farming, 1939–1941" 4177: 3574: 3511: 3507: 3373: 3361: 3307:

In the summer of 1941, Belarus was occupied by Nazi Germany. A large part of the territory of Belarus became the

2609:, which was created on 26 April. The two parties of the republics were also combined. The republic was headed by 1981: 1790: 1497: 1451: 1237: 1175: 1160: 988: 633: 3147:

On 6 December 1926, the SSRB was once again enlarged, in order to make the republic prosperous and continue the

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Smilovitsky, Leonid (1997). "Righteous Gentiles, the Partisans, and Jewish Survival in Belorussia, 1941–1944".

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Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts

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consisted mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or

3457: 3326: 3125: 3094: 3078: 2903: 2390: 2360: 2242: 2214: 2202: 2162: 1976:

in 1990. On 25 August 1991, the Byelorussian SSR declared independence, and on 19 September it was renamed the

1914: 1891: 1715: 1272: 1257: 1206: 6764: 2610: 2562:

between regular armies took place and a front emerged. The operations in Lithuania brought the front close to

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were totally annihilated. Altogether, over 2,000,000 people were killed in Belarus during the three years of

3218: 2947: 2520: 2210: 1887: 1879: 1819: 1805: 1539: 1293: 1211: 1089: 216: 2652:(19 May). As the Litbel lost territory, its powers were quickly stripped by Moscow. For example, on 1 June, 7125: 6824: 6814: 6583: 6388: 6252: 6242: 6081: 5415: 5303: 5198: 4987:"West Ukraine and west Belorussia: Historical tradition, social communication, and linguistic assimilation" 3493: 3430: 2140: 1800: 1755: 1710: 1519: 1514: 1509: 142: 7328: 7170: 7076: 6850: 6444: 6373: 6147: 5689: 5589: 3680: 3262: 3112:. (In fact to avoid being annexed to Poland, at the census of 1920, many chose to be label themselves as 2605:. The Vitebsk and Mogilev governorates were transferred to the Russian SFSR, and were soon joined by the 1890:

of the USSR from 1922 to 1991, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the

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In February 1921, the delegations of the Second Polish Republic and the Russian SFSR finally signed the

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The head of government (chairman of the Soviet of People's Commissars) was by now then newly appointed

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Countering this, the Belarusian Central Council reorganised itself as the Belarusian National Council (

1770: 1581: 1298: 795: 767: 71: 2422:

was proclaimed in Smolensk, terminating the Western Commune, and on 7 January, it was moved to Minsk.

7187: 7059: 5487: 5357: 4396: 3534: 3473: 3270: 2995: 2681: 2512: 1683: 7130: 7054: 6687: 6588: 5530: 5274: 5259: 4466: 3750: 3294: 3057:

is clearly evidenced in the national policies. The republic initially had four official languages:

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As the negotiations between the Polish Republic and the Russian Bolshevik government took place in

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However the politics in Moscow took a different course of events, and eventually the accession of

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from having any influence on the population (i.e. to avoid another Slutsk uprising), a policy of

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did not break out and the Soviet High Command's 12 January directive was to cease advance on the

2402: 2346: 2158: 2109: 1906: 1765: 905: 6247: 3973:"Языки и графические системы Беларуси в период от Октябрьской революции до Второй мировой войны" 3398:, the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR declared sovereignty on 27 July 1990 over Soviet laws. 1492: 7212: 7207: 7147: 6598: 6541: 6487: 6482: 6335: 5525: 5429: 4441: 3530: 3054: 2516: 1624: 1524: 753: 352: 6237: 2621: 2068:

in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion as it became the name of the so-called

1504: 7786: 6722: 6593: 6418: 6330: 6289: 6103: 5999: 5684: 5669: 5659: 5616: 5420: 5393: 5254: 3944: 3109: 2874: 2782: 2553:("borderland") areas of Lithuania, Belarus and western Ukraine, self-organized militias, the 2406: 2327: 2205:. The momentum picked up after the incompetent actions of the 10th Army during the ill-fated 2174: 1934: 1795: 1780: 1658: 1413: 1394: 910: 437: 7495: 7293: 5757: 4925: 4048: 7241: 6974: 6884: 6707: 6635: 6603: 6553: 6548: 6266: 5664: 5611: 5575: 5482: 5403: 5313: 3586: 3243:). Excluding those sentenced in the 1920s–1930s, over 250,000 Belarusians were deported as 2936: 2834: 2688: 2500:, as the newly created Soviet republic had hoped to include Lithuania. On 16 December, the 2423: 2397:

which were stationed there. Simultaneously the Council reorganised the Western Oblast as a

2339: 2286: 2265: 2154: 2065: 1886:(USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922 as an independent state, and afterwards as one of 1725: 1720: 1700: 1466: 962: 675: 467: 424: 7217: 2120: 8: 7477: 7280: 7004: 6712: 6563: 6516: 6504: 6383: 6362: 6356: 5626: 5621: 5560: 5455: 5376: 5069:

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages: Their Past, Present and Future

4366: 4309: 3854: 3773: 3436: 3406: 3369: 3141: 3058: 2614: 2598: 2427: 2250: 2246: 2197: 2092:. Upon the establishment of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920, the term 1977: 1953: 1859: 1760: 1011: 808: 249: 125: 43: 4678:

The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Revised Edition

1561: 6999: 6578: 6568: 6393: 6276: 5718: 5654: 5636: 5513: 5388: 5335: 5291: 5226: 5140: 4720: 3712: 3695: 3676: 3274: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3082: 2717:'s army was pushed into the Arctic. On the diplomatic front, on 11 September 1919, the 2590: 2237: 2206: 2186: 2166: 2129: 2077: 1750: 1456: 1403: 867: 277: 4647: 4625: 4614: 4603: 4592: 4581: 3441: 2869:

A Belarusian caricature showing the division of their country by Poles and Bolsheviks.

2833:. (Vitebsk, Gomel and Mogilev remained part of the RSFSR.) This time the leaders were 2628:(2 March) and crossed the Neman, whilst Lithuanian advances forced the Soviets out of 6906: 6672: 6573: 6378: 5679: 5555: 5362: 5144: 5105: 5080: 5039: 4971: 4931: 4918: 4900: 4879: 4858: 4839: 4724: 4682: 4374: 4317: 4210: 4183: 4156: 4129: 4102: 4058: 3469: 3414: 3395: 3152: 2940: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2586: 2254: 2170: 2072:

that opposed the Red Bolsheviks. During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term

1678: 1604: 1461: 620: 479: 7152: 2302:), and started working on establishing governmental institutions, and discarded the 2273: 7489: 6697: 6056: 5741: 5674: 5542: 5132: 5072: 5022: 5001: 4954: 4826: 4822: 4787: 4783: 4762: 4712: 3984: 3817: 3813: 3781: 3090: 2955: 2850: 2722: 2706: 2319:. A cease-fire was quickly agreed and proper peace negotiations began in December. 2229: 1867: 1471: 781: 331: 282: 254: 57: 4774:

Horak, Stephan M. (1974). "Belorussia: Modernization, Human Rights, Nationalism".

3348: 2849:

in September 1920. As a result, the Soviets were not only forced to abandon their

2014:

An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old

1917:(BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the 6739: 6271: 6232: 6093: 5649: 5123:

Zejmis, Jakub (1997). "Belarus in the 1920s: Ambiguities of National Formation".

5036:

An Algebra of Soviet Power: Elite Circulation in the Belorussian Republic 1966-86

4676: 4448: 4428: 4014: 3809: 3740: 3724: 3498:

On the international stage, Byelorussia (along with Ukraine) was one of only two

3465: 3453: 3450: 3302: 3183: 3174:, bringing its laws in tie with those of the USSR and changing the name from the 3121: 3066: 3003: 2928: 2865: 2854: 2803: 2766: 2661: 2641: 2264:. During the autumn of 1917 and winter of 1918, the Western Oblast was headed by 2146: 1663: 1566: 340: 334: 272: 136: 4502: 4442:Рэпрэсіі супраць беларускай iнтэлiгенцыi і сялянства ў 1930—1940 гады. Лекцыя 2. 3989: 3972: 3368:

After World War II, the Byelorussian SSR was given a seat in the United Nations

3053:

Trotsky's plan for the SSRB to act as a future magnet for the minorities in the

2496:

was not limited to Byelorussia; Soviet forces similarly moved to the north into

2393:

ordered the creation of the Western Defence region in the Western Oblast out of

2345:

Faced with the German demands, the Bolsheviks accepted their terms at the final

7465: 7112: 6677: 6413: 6408: 5746: 5244: 5164: 5101: 4461: 4373:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 355–359. 4054: 3745: 3728: 3704: 3691: 3639: 3353: 3285:. The annexation was internationally recognized after the end of World War II. 3187: 3098: 2923: 2838: 2746: 2633: 2629: 2470:

on 21 January, and Baranovichi on 6 February 1919, thereby enlarging the SSRB.

2394: 2323: 2222: 2150: 2069: 2058: 2038: 2027: 1775: 1586: 1028: 900: 393: 381: 5136: 5026: 5005: 4766: 4716: 3948: 2986: 7765: 7747: 7734: 7192: 6946: 6702: 6613: 6492: 6423: 6257: 4968:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

4098:

Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism

3602: 3330: 3248: 3129: 3074: 2967: 2714: 2350: 2316: 2054: 2006: 1785: 1648: 1576: 1529: 1313: 693: 349: 328: 311: 295: 5170: 3445:

The Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia met for its legislative sessions in Minsk.

3277:

were incorporated into the Belarusian SSR, with an exception of the city of

2041:, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as 7422: 7365: 7318: 7197: 7086: 7066: 6608: 6137: 6034: 6022: 4958: 4733:

Struggle over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarussianness"

4431:: з І. Кузьняцовым гутарыць Руслан Равяка // Наша Ніва, 3 кастрычніка 1999. 3825: 3503: 3334: 3318: 3266: 2951: 2946:

On the other hand, the region's strategic role decided its fate, as a full

2884: 2774: 2726: 2563: 2458: 2355: 2178: 2050: 2033:

The latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я (

1965: 1961: 1883: 1242: 1068: 1005: 915: 193: 5076: 4316:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. p. 315. 3821: 2515:

and continuing conquest of Byelorussia were threatened by the rise of the

2100:, the republic was renamed to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 2085: 7427: 6926: 6911: 6558: 6186: 5606: 5499: 4853:

Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C.J. (1994).

4747:

The Minsk Ghetto 1941–1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism

3608: 3596: 3558: 3390: 3227: 3117: 3105: 2888: 2535: 2524: 2434: 2375: 2260: 2193: 2182: 1910: 1705: 1695: 1345: 1304: 1282: 884: 307: 2426:

emerged as head of the All-Byelorussian Central Executive Committee and

1933:, which ceased to exist as a result of the Polish occupation during the 6436: 5239: 3614: 2892: 2753:

in return for a promise to force out communists in right-bank Ukraine.

2414:

dominated by Russian and Jewish parties sympathetic to the communists.

2233: 1922: 1668: 1546: 2620:

In March 1919, Polish units opened an offensive: forces under General

7282: 6467: 6176: 6039: 4836:'Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War 3502:

to be separate members of the United Nations. Both republics and the

3282: 3047: 2710: 2657: 2528: 2497: 2478: 1556: 1358: 837: 4557: 4179:

Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark

2954:

and his supporters within the Soviet leadership still supported its

164:

Dzyarzhawny himn Byelaruskay Savyetskay Satsyyalistychnay Respubliki

6628: 5183: 4206:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Volume 4

3664: 3623: 3160: 3113: 3070: 3050:. Only 25 towns and cities and an additional 49 urban settlements. 2814: 2673: 2665: 2649: 2454: 2335: 2015: 1730: 1428: 4421: 3700: 3479:

Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in its

7432: 6941: 6222: 6181: 5214: 3828:, were annexed in 1939 from Poland to Byelorussia, but passed to 3659: 3654: 3562: 3410: 3278: 3062: 3035: 3023: 3011: 3007: 2914: 2818: 2791: 2734: 2702: 2692:

landowners, and Polish being introduced as an official language.

2669: 2505: 2450: 2438: 1408: 1352: 1309: 833: 607: 302: 4412:Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) p. 370. 2543:, Soviet forces faced Poland as a competing power in the region. 2457:. On 30 January, the republic announced its separation from the 2433:

The new Soviet republic initially consisted of seven districts:

7797:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

6717: 6509: 5991: 3716: 3649: 3538: 3409:. On 8 December 1991 it was a signatory, along with Russia and 3338: 3329:(about 90 percent of the Jewish population) were killed during 3325:, and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. 800,000 3163:. This increased the area to 126,300 square kilometres and the 3133: 3039: 2999: 2950:

within the negotiations upon forming the future state. For one

2896: 2830: 2822: 2738: 2733:

recognition of the Lithuanian state. Similar negotiations with

2645: 2637: 2625: 2567: 2541:

1918–1919 winter conquest of Byelorussia, Ukraine and Lithuania

2446: 2089: 1968:. Towards the final years of the Soviet Union's existence, the 845: 841: 2644:

in April 1919, forced Litbel to evacuate the capital first to

1960:. Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by 7525: 6931: 6901: 5787: 5234: 4923: 3644: 3634: 3356:(right) served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as 3244: 3156: 3093:; in fact, between 1928 and 1930, the first secretary of the 3043: 3031: 3027: 3019: 2826: 2810: 2795: 2582: 2549: 2467: 2442: 2023: 1221: 236: 5013:

Szporluk, Roman (1967). "The press in Belorussia, 1955–65".

4855:

Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

3517:

Apart from the UN, the Byelorussian SSR was a member of the

2379:

The initial and provisional borders of the SSRB (dark green)

157:Дзяржаўны гімн Беларускай Савецкай Сацыялiстычнай Рэспублiкi 6916: 6840: 6782: 4033:

Webster's Encyclopedia of Dictionaries New American Edition

3321:

imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 people for

3236: 3232: 2880: 2787: 2672:(the last Lithuanian town held by Litbel) and the same day 2405:. Two days later, it transformed the Defence region into a 2124:

A 2019 stamp dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the BSSR

1267: 1232: 1095: 4083:

About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia

3589:, the population of the republic were made up as follows: 3124:

and also to prevent the nationalist element of the exiled

3720: 3085:

programmes. In 1924 the government created a committee –

2149:, the territories of modern-day Belarus were part of the 4290: 4182:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 41. 3868: 2761: 4740:

Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk

4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4228: 4226: 4915:

The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931

3916:

Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika

3901:

Byelaruskaya Savyetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika

2326:, and on 18 February, hostilities resumed. The German 2022:

that had been populated mostly by early Christianized

168:"Anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" 7449: 7281:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

4577: 4575: 4486: 4484: 3883: 3510:

member with veto powers) with another 2 votes in the

3190:

remained the first secretary of the Communist Party.

2581:) on 28 February 1919. Its capital was proclaimed as 2076:

was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In

2010:. There are several claims to the origin of the name 1931:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

1690:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

740:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

4735:(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010); 4330: 4269: 4238: 4223: 2519:

after the withdrawal of German forces. However, the

2030:, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts. 1946:

one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union

4410:Грамадска-палітычнае жыццё ў БССР у 1920—1930–я гг. 3772:

1920–1936: Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (

3261:In September 1939, the Soviet Union, following the 3149:

creating of well-defined national territorial units

2280:'s (RSDRP(b)) committee for the Western Oblast and 1909:in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in 4572: 4481: 4875:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 4852: 3786:Белорусская Социалистическая Советская Республика 3213:The Byelorussian SSR after the invasion of Poland 2790:, in Byelorussia, both of its offensives towards 2725:, sent a note to Lithuania with a proposal for a 2613:and the combined party was headed by nationalist 2488:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 2165:in August–September 1915 ended with the lands of 2157:more than a century earlier. During the war, the 1948:in December 1922, together with the republics of 1872:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика 51:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика 7763: 5054:Belorussia: the making of a nation: a case study 4896:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 4152:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 4094: 4040: 3378:President of the United Nations Security Council 2575:Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 963:Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 162: 154: 130: 119: 35: 4523: 4392: 4390: 3557:. Byelorussia was excluded separately from the 3345:, almost a quarter of the region's population. 3273:. The former Polish territories referred to as 3170:On 11 April 1927, the republic adopted its new 3281:and its surroundings that were transferred to 2648:(28 April), then to Minsk (28 April), then to 1925:in December, and it was later merged with the 7817:States and territories disestablished in 1941 7772:States and territories disestablished in 1991 7511: 7266: 6452: 6007: 5773: 5199: 5175: 5160:Byelorussia : speeding towards abundance 4924:Silitski, Vitali & Jan Zaprudnik (2010). 4917:(University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436pp 4121: 4029: 3778:Беларуская Сацыялістычная Савецкая Рэспубліка 3547:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 3472:was vested in the unicameral parliament, the 3104:Yet, the titular nation of the SSRB were the 2664:, that same day the capital was evacuated to 1864:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка 1827: 1046: 49: 37:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка 4387: 4202: 4012: 4944: 3417:, which replaced the Soviet Union with the 3258:was founded in 1932 and disbanded in 1935. 2080:, under Polish control until World War II, 7822:States and territories established in 1944 7812:States and territories established in 1919 7518: 7504: 7273: 7259: 6459: 6445: 6014: 6000: 5780: 5766: 5206: 5192: 3424: 2701:the Volga, beyond the Ural mountains into 2632:. A final Soviet counter-offensive retook 2181:'s inconclusive thrust around the city of 1834: 1820: 1053: 1039: 186: 5093: 4554:"The tragedy of Khatyn – Genocide policy" 4451:// «Беларускі Калегіюм», 15 чэрвеня 2008. 4046: 3988: 3476:, also dominated by the Communist Party. 3299:Belarusian resistance during World War II 3288: 2713:was checked, whilst in the far north the 530:• Second Soviet republic proclaimed 192:Location of Byelorussia (red) within the 6466: 6158:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 5012: 4984: 4892: 4794: 4702: 4148: 4122:Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). 4079:Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь 3970: 3699: 3551:World Intellectual Property Organization 3440: 3347: 3208: 3197: 3176:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia 3042:; all of which contained a total of 100 2985: 2981: 2913: 2864: 2760: 2534: 2477: 2420:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia 2385:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 2374: 2119: 2049:was formed by three parts of Russia—the 1919:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 659:207,600 km (80,200 sq mi) 21:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 4833: 4805: 4798:Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957 4752: 4365: 4359: 4308: 3949:A 1992 cancellation of a 1921 SSRB laws 3180:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 2976:All-Russian Central Executive Committee 2695: 2668:. On 28 August, Lithuanian forces took 2430:as head of the provisional government. 2276:. Myasnikyan took over as chair of the 2185:in the summer of that year, during the 2084:became commonly used in the regions of 1900:White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic 132:Pralyetaryi wsikh krain, yadnaytsyesya! 7777:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7764: 6262:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5287:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 5122: 5066: 4965: 4871: 4399:1st edition, Volume 5, p.378-413, 1927 2278:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 2105:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 1970:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 1848:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 998:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 32:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7499: 7254: 6440: 6228:1949 East German State Railway strike 6200:World Federation of Democratic Youth 5995: 5761: 5187: 5174: 5071:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 37–56. 5061:A bibliographical guide to Belorussia 5033: 4970:(1 ed.). Yale University Press. 4773: 4674: 4353: 4296: 4284: 4263: 4232: 4175: 4095:Philip G. Roeder (15 December 2011). 3843:Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 3543:International Telecommunication Union 2909: 2719:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs 2310: 196:(red and white) between 1956 and 1991 6099:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 5213: 4501:. SMC "Khatyn". 2005. Archived from 4155:. Intercultural Press. p. 260. 3571:World Federation of Democratic Youth 3487: 3269:, occupied eastern Poland after the 3155:were added, including the cities of 2781:In April 1920, Poland initiated its 2502:Lithuanian Socialist Soviet Republic 2268:as the head of the Western Oblast's 1927:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1921:was established in its place by the 1369:World Federation of Democratic Youth 5097:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 4966:Snyder, Timothy (1 December 2004). 4176:Ioffe, Grigory (25 February 2008). 4050:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 3462:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2189:further south, in western Ukraine. 632:• Internationally recognized ( 13: 6321:Sovietization of the Baltic states 4696: 4556:. SMC Khatyn. 2005. Archived from 4526:"Belarus: A Partisan Reality Show" 4422:600 000 ахвяраў — прыблізная лічба 4402: 3555:International Atomic Energy Agency 3419:Commonwealth of Independent States 3202:The Byelorussian SSR prior to the 3193: 2961:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 2860: 1443:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 14: 7833: 7802:1941 disestablishments in Belarus 6192:World Federation of Trade Unions 5500:Union State of Russia and Belarus 5152: 3971:Кожинова, Алла Андреевна (2017). 3527:International Labour Organization 2660:. When on 8 August Polish forces 2177:in late spring 1916, and General 2037:), first rose in the days of the 121:Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! 16:Soviet republic from 1920 to 1991 7483: 7471: 7459: 7348: 7292: 6409:January 1991 events in Lithuania 6067:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6021: 4675:Pipes, Richard (25 April 1997). 3567:World Federation of Trade Unions 2837:(head of Minsk's milrevcom) and 2756: 2270:Military Revolutionary Committee 1980:. The Soviet Union was formally 1974:Declaration of State Sovereignty 1364:World Federation of Trade Unions 1077: 1022: 813: 788: 774: 760: 746: 732: 225:Union Republic with priority of 173: 97: 81: 6133:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 4801:. University Press of Kentucky. 4668: 4652: 4641: 4630: 4619: 4608: 4597: 4586: 4546: 4517: 4454: 4434: 4415: 4371:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 4314:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 4302: 4196: 4169: 4142: 4115: 4088: 4071: 4023: 4006: 3937: 3920: 3580: 3575:International Olympic Committee 3362:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 3337:). More than 600 villages like 2918:BSSR between the two World Wars 2899:handed over to the Bolsheviks. 634:dissolution of the Soviet Union 493:Congress of Soviets (1920–1938) 7807:1944 establishments in Belarus 6965:Azerbaijan People's Government 5282:Belarusian Democratic Republic 5265:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5038:. Cambridge University Press. 4947:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4827:10.1080/00085006.1985.11091799 4788:10.1080/00085006.1974.11091370 4749:(U of California Press, 2008). 4101:. Princeton University Press. 4077:Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho) (1956) 3997: 3964: 3905: 3890: 3848: 3835: 3802: 3793: 3763: 3711:Whilst part of the Union, the 3519:UN Economic and Social Council 3458:Communist Party of Byelorussia 3449:Until 1990, Byelorussia was a 3383: 3151:. This time, parts of RSFSR's 3126:Belarusian Democratic Republic 3095:Communist Party of Byelorussia 2994:According to its entry in the 2904:Belarusian Democratic Republic 2391:Revolutionary Military Council 2361:Belarusian Democratic Republic 2203:Russian Provisional Government 1987: 1915:Belarusian Democratic Republic 1892:Communist Party of Byelorussia 957:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 583:, partial cancellation of the 1: 7527:Republics of the Soviet Union 6414:January 1991 events in Latvia 6404:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6153:Socialist Republic of Romania 6128:People's Republic of Bulgaria 6120:People's Republic of Albania 6089:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5789:Republics of the Soviet Union 5461:Presidential Security Service 5297:Annexation of Western Belarus 5059:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 5052:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 4838:. Columbia University Press. 3957: 3500:republics of the Soviet Union 3474:Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia 3403:failure of the coup in Moscow 3401:On 25 August 1991, after the 3231:, special commissions of the 3219:Soviet repressions in Belarus 3217:The 1930s marked the peak of 2272:, who passed this duty on to 2215:Christian democratic movement 2211:Belarusian Socialist Assembly 1888:fifteen constituent republics 1806:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 596:• Independence declared 555:Annexation of Western Belarus 7718:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 6399:Collapse of the Soviet Union 6389:Fall of communism in Albania 5980:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 5446:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4681:. Harvard University Press. 4524:Vitali Silitski (May 2005). 3494:Foreign relations of Belarus 3431:Politics of the Soviet Union 3380:from January–February 1975. 3079:Jewish population of Belarus 3069:, despite the fact that the 2555:Samoobrona Litwy i Białorusi 2134: 1801:Fall of communism in Albania 1756:Polish Round Table Agreement 1711:Cuban intervention in Angola 989:Belarusian People's Republic 143:Workers of the world, unite! 19:Not to be confused with the 7: 7005:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 6374:End of communism in Hungary 6143:Hungarian People's Republic 5409:Central Election Commission 4878:. Oxford University Press. 4128:. Oxford University Press. 3990:10.13128/Studi_Slavis-21942 3884: 3869: 3734: 3681:Culture of the Soviet Union 2611:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas 2370: 2245:, which unified the Vilna, 2153:, which it gained from the 1189:Allied and satellite states 209:Nominally independent state 163: 131: 10: 7838: 7792:Former socialist republics 6138:German Democratic Republic 5034:Urban, Michael E. (1989). 4806:Marples, David R. (1985). 4705:European Review of History 4209:. Routledge. p. 183. 3689: 3685: 3674: 3670: 3491: 3434: 3428: 3313:Reichskommissariat Ostland 3292: 3256:Polish Autonomous District 2970:saw a new policy adopted: 2872: 2847:Battle of the Niemen River 2585:, with five governorates: 2485: 2389:On 11 September 1918, the 2382: 2219:General Jewish Labour Bund 2138: 2127: 2115: 796:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 768:Reichskommissariat Ostland 18: 7686: 7663: 7625: 7584: 7541: 7534: 7418: 7399: 7357: 7346: 7299: 7290: 7239: 7100: 7032: 6957: 6864: 6833: 6747: 6736: 6665: 6644: 6475: 6349: 6326:Information dissemination 6303: 6253:1956 Hungarian Revolution 6243:1953 East German uprising 6211: 6169: 6112: 6049: 6029: 5948: 5925: 5887: 5846: 5803: 5796: 5712: 5635: 5597: 5588: 5521: 5512: 5384: 5375: 5321: 5312: 5225: 5181: 5176:Links to related articles 5137:10.1080/00905999708408501 5027:10.1080/09668136708410553 5006:10.1080/09668137908411225 4767:10.1080/09668137708411105 4717:10.1080/13507480801931044 4397:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 4016:Art of Soviet Byelorussia 3876: 3858: 3785: 3777: 3630:The largest cities were: 3573:. In 1949, it joined the 3535:World Health Organization 3388:In its last years during 2996:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2798:were thrown back in May. 2705:. In the autumn of 1919, 2504:(LSSR) was proclaimed in 2473: 2103:On 19 September 1991 the 2000:), derives from the term 1997: 1871: 1863: 1726:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 829: 711: 700: 689: 685: 672: 668: 663: 653: 648: 644: 630: 617: 604: 594: 585:Soviet form of government 577: 564: 551: 538: 528: 514: 510: 502: 489: 485: 473: 463:• 1920–1924 (first) 461: 457: 447: 443: 431: 419:• 1920–1937 (first) 417: 413: 403: 399: 387: 377:• 1920–1923 (first) 375: 371: 361: 317: 301: 291: 265:Recognised languages 263: 242: 232: 201: 185: 155: 149: 120: 115: 77: 67: 50: 36: 30: 6311:Emigration and defection 6148:Polish People's Republic 5441:State Security Committee 5389:Administrative divisions 5260:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 4985:Szporluk, Roman (1979). 4815:Canadian Slavonic Papers 4776:Canadian Slavonic Papers 4467:European Jewish Congress 3756: 3751:Russification of Belarus 3309:General District Belarus 3295:The Holocaust in Belarus 2972:Socialism in One Country 2494:western winter offensive 2141:Western Oblast (1917–18) 2098:1936 Soviet Constitution 2020:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1547:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 921:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 542:Admitted to Soviet Union 475:• 1990–1991 (last) 389:• 1988–1990 (last) 227:Byelorussian legislation 7015:North Korea (1947–1948) 7010:North Korea (1946–1947) 6369:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6295:1981 protests in Kosovo 6233:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 5566:International sanctions 5250:Principality of Polotsk 5094:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 4899:. Intercultural Press. 4893:Richmond, Yale (1995). 4872:Plokhy, Serhii (2001). 4834:Marples, David (2014). 4795:Lubachko, Ivan (1972). 4659:Constitution of Belarus 4149:Richmond, Yale (1995). 4047:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 3425:Politics and government 3271:1939 invasion of Poland 3263:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2749:in Ukraine to exchange 2403:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2347:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2110:Constitution of Belarus 1907:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1894:. Other names included 1791:End of the Soviet Union 1766:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1326: (until 1948) 1301: (until 1977) 1290: (until 1989) 1224: (until 1961) 1203: (until 1961) 939:Early elective monarchy 906:Principality of Polotsk 243:Official languages 6737:Current and historical 5645:Awards and decorations 4913:Rudling, Pers Anders. 4447:3 October 2011 at the 3713:cuisine of Byelorussia 3708: 3531:Universal Postal Union 3460:, a branch within the 3446: 3365: 3289:Nazi German occupation 3214: 3206: 3055:Second Polish Republic 2991: 2919: 2870: 2778: 2544: 2517:Second Polish Republic 2483: 2409:. It began an initial 2380: 2125: 1480:Protests and uprisings 754:Second Polish Republic 353:parliamentary republic 6419:Breakup of Yugoslavia 5255:Principality of Turov 5077:10.1515/9783110864380 4927:The A to Z of Belarus 4427:11 March 2012 at the 4203:Andrew Ryder (1998). 4013:L. N. Drobaŭ (1971). 3945:Soviet historiography 3703: 3577:as a Union Republic. 3444: 3351: 3212: 3201: 3116:.). To appeal to the 2989: 2982:SSRB in the mid-1920s 2917: 2875:Slutsk Defence Action 2868: 2764: 2624:captured the city of 2538: 2481: 2378: 2328:Operation Faustschlag 2175:Lake Naroch offensive 2123: 1984:on 26 December 1991. 1796:Post-Soviet conflicts 1781:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1684:Albanian–Soviet split 1395:Anti-Soviet partisans 1338:Related organizations 911:Principality of Turov 518:First Soviet republic 438:Stanislav Shushkevich 23:that existed in 1919. 7782:Communism in Belarus 7242:History of socialism 6267:1970 Polish protests 6248:1956 Poznań protests 6113:Soviet-allied states 5700:World Heritage Sites 5125:Nationalities Papers 4959:10.1093/hgs/11.3.301 3592:Ethnicities (1959): 2937:Alexander Chervyakov 2835:Aleksandr Chervyakov 2769:were lost after the 2696:Pawn on a chessboard 2521:conflict with Poland 2513:Lithuanian operation 2461:and renaming as the 2424:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 2340:Smolensk Governorate 2291:as the chair of the 2266:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 2155:Partitions of Poland 2070:White military force 2066:Bolshevik Revolution 1929:in 1919 to form the 1776:Barricades in Latvia 1721:1980 Moscow Olympics 1701:Cuban Missile Crisis 581:Sovereignty declared 468:Alexander Chervyakov 425:Alexander Chervyakov 7748:54.0000°N 29.0000°E 7744: / 7687:Non-union republics 7677:Transcaucasian SFSR 7178:Estonia (1918–1919) 7072:Hungary (1949–1989) 6384:Romanian revolution 6357:Revolutions of 1989 6238:1953 Plzeň uprising 5949:Non-union republics 5939:Transcaucasian SFSR 5304:Republic of Belarus 5063:(Harvard UP, 1956). 5056:(Harvard UP, 1956). 4930:. Scarecrow Press. 4857:. Greenwood Press. 4742:(Indiana UP, 2013). 4560:on 25 February 2020 4542:on 13 October 2006. 4535:: 5. Archived from 4505:on 26 December 2018 4299:, pp. 151–152. 3707:, the national dish 3437:Politics of Belarus 3407:Republic of Belarus 3142:New Economic Policy 2676:fell to the Poles. 2622:Stanisław Szeptycki 2615:Zmicier Zhylunovich 2428:Zmicier Zhylunovich 2198:February Revolution 1978:Republic of Belarus 1761:Revolutions of 1989 1012:Republic of Belarus 809:Republic of Belarus 608:Republic of Belarus 433:• 1991 (last) 7671:Karelo-Finnish SSR 7143:Byelorussia (1919) 6394:Singing Revolution 6277:June 1976 protests 6062:Soviet occupations 5933:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5551:Telecommunications 5346:Biosphere Reserves 5292:Western Belorussia 4745:Epstein, Barbara. 4738:Bemporad, Elissa. 4533:Transitions Online 4030:Webster's (1978). 3808:Some parts, e.g., 3769:Historical names: 3709: 3696:Belarusian cuisine 3677:Culture of Belarus 3587:1959 Soviet Census 3456:, governed by the 3454:socialist republic 3447: 3366: 3215: 3207: 3204:invasion of Poland 3165:1926 Soviet census 3083:affirmative action 2992: 2920: 2910:Early Soviet years 2871: 2779: 2721:of Soviet Russia, 2570:in February 1919. 2545: 2484: 2381: 2311:German involvement 2238:October Revolution 2207:Kerensky offensive 2192:The abdication of 2187:Brusilov offensive 2167:Grodno Governorate 2130:History of Belarus 2126: 1751:Singing Revolution 1525:Novocherkassk 1962 1029:Belarus portal 945:Deluge and decline 449:Head of government 341:socialist republic 7727: 7726: 7659: 7658: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7248: 7247: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7028: 7027: 6770:Congo-Brazzaville 6666:Regional variants 6434: 6433: 6379:Velvet Revolution 6341:Telephone tapping 6315:list of defectors 6104:Tito–Stalin split 5989: 5988: 5921: 5920: 5755: 5754: 5708: 5707: 5584: 5583: 5508: 5507: 5478:Political parties 5416:Foreign relations 5371: 5370: 4688:978-0-674-41764-9 4495:"Genocide policy" 4189:978-0-7425-5558-7 4135:978-0-19-983799-1 4108:978-0-691-13467-3 3926:Sometimes called 3882: 3867: 3585:According to the 3488:Foreign relations 3470:Legislative power 3415:Belovezha Accords 3396:Mikhail Gorbachev 3343:German occupation 3251:in the republic. 3153:Gomel Governorate 3110:Polish–Soviet War 2941:Central Committee 2682:military conflict 2607:Gomel Governorate 2558:14 February, the 2282:Moses Kalmanovich 2171:Vilna Governorate 2018:lands within the 1935:Polish–Soviet War 1874:), also known as 1844: 1843: 1679:Sino-Soviet split 1659:Tito–Stalin split 1654:Czechoslovak coup 1632: 1631: 1572:Ukraine 1989–1991 1510:East Germany 1953 1452:Soviet occupation 1063: 1062: 851: 850: 825: 824: 821: 820: 801: 800: 621:Belovezha Accords 613:19 September 1991 480:Vyacheslav Kebich 178: 72:German occupation 7829: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7753:54.0000; 29.0000 7749: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7585:Former parts of 7561:Byelorussian SSR 7539: 7538: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7455: 7352: 7296: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7098: 7097: 6955: 6954: 6745: 6744: 6740:socialist states 6619:African-American 6461: 6454: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6223:Goryani Movement 6203: 6195: 6161: 6123: 6057:Yalta Conference 6016: 6009: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5847:Former parts of 5823:Byelorussian SSR 5801: 5800: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5690:National symbols 5650:Belarusian names 5595: 5594: 5546: 5519: 5518: 5382: 5381: 5319: 5318: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5172: 5171: 5148: 5119: 5114:. Archived from 5090: 5049: 5030: 5009: 4991: 4981: 4962: 4941: 4910: 4889: 4868: 4849: 4830: 4812: 4802: 4791: 4770: 4728: 4692: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4458: 4452: 4440:Ігар Кузьняцоў. 4438: 4432: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4328: 4327: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4236: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3977:Studi Slavistici 3968: 3951: 3941: 3935: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885:Belorusskaya SSR 3881:romanized: 3880: 3878: 3872: 3870:Byelaruskaya SSR 3862: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3767: 3512:General Assembly 3508:Security Council 3374:General Assembly 3370:General Assembly 3091:Second World War 2956:World Revolution 2851:World Revolution 2843:Battle of Warsaw 2723:Georgy Chicherin 2707:Nikolai Yudenich 2463:Soviet Socialist 2411:advance westward 2290: 2196:in light of the 2026:, as opposed to 1999: 1944:The BSSR became 1873: 1865: 1856:Byelorussian SSR 1836: 1829: 1822: 1745: 1692: 1643: 1488:Poland 1944–1989 1472:Operation Jungle 1391: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1339: 1190: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1081: 1080: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1027: 1026: 1025: 951:Three partitions 871: 853: 852: 817: 816: 805: 804: 792: 791: 782:Bezirk Bialystok 778: 777: 764: 763: 750: 749: 736: 735: 729: 728: 713: 712: 640:26 December 1991 626:10 December 1991 560:15 November 1939 547:30 December 1922 427: 332:Marxist-Leninist 266: 190: 180: 179: 166: 160: 159: 134: 123: 122: 101: 85: 62: 61: 53: 52: 47: 39: 38: 28: 27: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7762: 7761: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7723: 7682: 7655: 7621: 7586: 7580: 7530: 7524: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7450: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7414: 7411: 7395: 7392: 7353: 7344: 7341: 7297: 7286: 7279: 7249: 7244: 7227: 7208:Slovakia (1919) 7108:Alsace-Lorraine 7096: 7024: 6953: 6860: 6829: 6738: 6732: 6661: 6640: 6471: 6465: 6435: 6430: 6345: 6299: 6286:Soviet reaction 6272:Croatian Spring 6216: 6214: 6207: 6201: 6193: 6165: 6159: 6121: 6108: 6094:Berlin Blockade 6045: 6044: 6025: 6020: 5990: 5985: 5944: 5917: 5883: 5848: 5842: 5792: 5786: 5756: 5751: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5704: 5695:Public holidays 5631: 5580: 5544: 5504: 5451:Internal Troops 5436:Law enforcement 5367: 5341:Protected areas 5308: 5221: 5212: 5177: 5155: 5112: 5087: 5046: 4989: 4978: 4938: 4907: 4886: 4865: 4846: 4810: 4699: 4697:Further reading 4689: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4449:Wayback Machine 4439: 4435: 4429:Wayback Machine 4420: 4416: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4367:Čepėnas, Pranas 4364: 4360: 4352: 4331: 4324: 4310:Čepėnas, Pranas 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4270: 4262: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4045: 4041: 4028: 4024: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3942: 3938: 3925: 3921: 3910: 3906: 3895: 3891: 3877:Белорусская ССР 3874: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3741:Captive Nations 3737: 3698: 3690:Main articles: 3688: 3683: 3675:Main articles: 3673: 3620:Jews – about 1% 3583: 3496: 3490: 3466:Executive power 3439: 3433: 3427: 3386: 3327:Belarusian Jews 3305: 3303:Khatyn massacre 3291: 3196: 3194:Stalinist years 3184:Nikolay Goloded 3122:Western Belarus 2984: 2929:Western Belarus 2912: 2887:element out of 2877: 2863: 2861:Slutsk uprising 2855:Western Belarus 2804:Hayk Bzhishkyan 2783:major offensive 2767:Western Belarus 2759: 2698: 2689:Józef Piłsudski 2642:Vilna offensive 2490: 2476: 2399:Western Commune 2387: 2373: 2334:to evacuate to 2313: 2284: 2147:First World War 2143: 2137: 2132: 2118: 2078:western Belarus 1990: 1840: 1811: 1810: 1746: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1688: 1664:Berlin Blockade 1644: 1642:Cold War events 1641: 1634: 1633: 1557:Kazakhstan 1986 1388: 1383: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1329: 1191: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1078: 1069: 1059: 1023: 1021: 1002: 1000: 993: 991: 984: 965: 869: 862: 844: 840: 836: 814: 789: 775: 761: 747: 733: 678: 656: 637: 623: 610: 606:• Renamed 597: 587: 573:24 October 1945 570: 557: 544: 531: 521: 494: 476: 464: 434: 423: 420: 390: 378: 363:First Secretary 357: 348: 327: 287: 264: 259: 224: 219: 215: 210: 208: 197: 181: 174: 171: 169: 167: 161: 140: 137:transliteration 129: 111: 110: 109: 107: 102: 94: 93: 91: 86: 69: 63: 55: 48: 41: 34: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7835: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7646:Lithuanian SSR 7643: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7556:Azerbaijan SSR 7553: 7547: 7545: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7493: 7492: 7480: 7468: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7314:Czechoslovakia 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7188:Hungary (1919) 7185: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7055:Czech Republic 7050:Czechoslovakia 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6990:Inner Mongolia 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6970:East Turkestan 6967: 6961: 6959: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6652:United Kingdom 6648: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6611: 6609:United Kingdom 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6464: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5908:Lithuanian SSR 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Azerbaijan SSR 5815: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5571:Stock exchange 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5488:Prime Minister 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5351:National parks 5348: 5338: 5333: 5331:Extreme points 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5270:Russian Empire 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5165:Tikhon Kiselev 5154: 5153:External links 5151: 5150: 5149: 5131:(2): 243–254. 5120: 5118:on 2 May 2016. 5110: 5102:Westview Press 5091: 5085: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5045:978-0521372565 5044: 5031: 5021:(4): 482–493. 5015:Soviet Studies 5010: 4994:Soviet Studies 4982: 4977:978-0300105865 4976: 4963: 4953:(3): 301–329. 4942: 4936: 4921: 4911: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4850: 4845:978-3838205748 4844: 4831: 4821:(2): 158–177. 4803: 4792: 4782:(3): 403–423. 4771: 4755:Soviet Studies 4750: 4743: 4736: 4731:Bekus, Nelly. 4729: 4711:(2): 113–128. 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4651: 4640: 4629: 4618: 4607: 4596: 4585: 4571: 4545: 4516: 4480: 4453: 4433: 4414: 4408:В. Ф. Кушнер. 4401: 4386: 4379: 4358: 4356:, p. 153. 4329: 4322: 4301: 4289: 4287:, p. 152. 4268: 4266:, p. 151. 4237: 4235:, p. 150. 4222: 4215: 4195: 4188: 4168: 4161: 4141: 4134: 4114: 4107: 4087: 4070: 4063: 4055:Westview Press 4039: 4022: 4005: 3996: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3936: 3928:Soviet Belarus 3919: 3904: 3889: 3859:Беларуская ССР 3847: 3834: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3746:Belarusization 3743: 3736: 3733: 3692:Soviet cuisine 3687: 3684: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3582: 3579: 3489: 3486: 3429:Main article: 3426: 3423: 3385: 3382: 3354:Andrei Gromyko 3290: 3287: 3195: 3192: 3188:Vilhelm Knorin 3099:Yakov Gamarnik 2983: 2980: 2948:Union republic 2924:Treaty of Riga 2911: 2908: 2873:Main article: 2862: 2859: 2839:Wilhelm Knorin 2771:Polish victory 2758: 2755: 2747:Symon Petliura 2709:'s advance on 2697: 2694: 2662:captured Minsk 2486:Main article: 2475: 2472: 2395:Curtain forces 2383:Main article: 2372: 2369: 2324:Central Powers 2312: 2309: 2274:Kārlis Landers 2243:Western Oblast 2223:intelligentsia 2151:Russian Empire 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2117: 2114: 2064:Following the 2047:Russian Empire 2039:Russian Empire 2028:Black Ruthenia 1989: 1986: 1939:a peace treaty 1905:Following the 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771:January Events 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1582:Lithuania 1991 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1238:Czechoslovakia 1235: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1003: 996: 994: 987: 985: 981:Russian Empire 979: 974: 973: 969: 968: 967: 966: 961: 959: 954: 948: 942: 933: 932: 926: 925: 924: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 895: 894: 890: 889: 888: 887: 879: 878: 874: 873: 864: 863: 856: 849: 848: 831: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 811: 802: 799: 798: 793: 785: 784: 779: 771: 770: 765: 757: 756: 751: 743: 742: 737: 725: 724: 719: 709: 708: 707:015/016/017/02 702: 698: 697: 691: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 661: 660: 657: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 605: 602: 601: 600:25 August 1991 598: 595: 592: 591: 588: 578: 575: 574: 571: 565: 562: 561: 558: 552: 549: 548: 545: 539: 536: 535: 532: 529: 526: 525: 524:1 January 1919 522: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 500: 499: 496:Supreme Soviet 491: 487: 486: 483: 482: 477: 474: 471: 470: 465: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 432: 429: 428: 421: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 397: 396: 394:Yefrem Sokolov 391: 388: 385: 384: 382:Vilgelm Knorin 379: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 359: 358: 356: 355: 343: 321: 319: 315: 314: 305: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 286: 285: 280: 275: 269: 267: 261: 260: 258: 257: 252: 246: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 217:Union Republic 203: 199: 198: 191: 183: 182: 172: 147: 146: 113: 112: 103: 96: 95: 87: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 65: 64: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7834: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7760: 7757: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7651:Moldavian SSR 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7583: 7577: 7576:Ukrainian SSR 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7509: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362:Soviet Russia 7360: 7359: 7356: 7351: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7284: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7158:Crimea (1919) 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7020:South Vietnam 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6947:North Vietnam 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6657:United States 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6614:United States 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6493:New Australia 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6425: 6424:Yugoslav Wars 6422: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258:Prague Spring 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170:Organizations 6168: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Baltic states 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5913:Moldavian SSR 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5838:Ukrainian SSR 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5275:Russification 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5111:0-8133-1794-0 5107: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5086:9783110864380 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4937:9781461731740 4933: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4919:online review 4916: 4912: 4908: 4906:1-877864-30-7 4902: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4885:0-19-924739-0 4881: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4864:0-313-27497-5 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4380:5-89957-012-1 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4323:5-89957-012-1 4319: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4216:1-85743-058-1 4212: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4162:1-877864-30-7 4158: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4064:0-8133-1794-0 4060: 4057:. p. 2. 4056: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3841:Also spelled 3838: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3682: 3678: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352:Belarus-born 3350: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3331:the Holocaust 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3249:Russification 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3130:Korenizatsiya 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3101:, was a Jew. 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Joseph Stalin 2964: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2853:targets, but 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2757:War continues 2754: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715:Evgeny Miller 2712: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2351:buffer states 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2317:Brest-Litovsk 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:Western Front 2160: 2159:Great Retreat 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145:Prior to the 2142: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Transcaucasia 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786:Yugoslav Wars 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674:Secret Speech 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Marshall Plan 1647: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314:North Vietnam 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 999: 995: 990: 986: 982: 978: 977: 976: 975: 971: 970: 964: 960: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 936: 935: 934: 931: 928: 927: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 898: 897: 896: 892: 891: 886: 883: 882: 881: 880: 876: 875: 872: 866: 865: 860: 855: 854: 847: 843: 839: 835: 832: 830:Today part of 828: 812: 810: 807: 806: 803: 797: 794: 787: 786: 783: 780: 773: 772: 769: 766: 759: 758: 755: 752: 745: 744: 741: 738: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 694:Soviet rouble 692: 688: 684: 680: 677: 671: 667: 662: 658: 652: 647: 643: 639: 635: 629: 625: 622: 616: 612: 609: 603: 599: 593: 589: 586: 582: 576: 572: 569: 568:UN membership 563: 559: 556: 550: 546: 543: 537: 533: 527: 523: 519: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 481: 478: 472: 469: 466: 460: 456: 452: 450: 446: 442: 439: 436: 430: 426: 422: 416: 412: 408: 406: 405:Head of state 402: 398: 395: 392: 386: 383: 380: 374: 370: 366: 364: 360: 354: 351: 347: 344: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 326: 323: 322: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 304: 300: 297: 296:State atheism 294: 290: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 268: 262: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 241: 238: 235: 231: 228: 222: 218: 213: 207: 204: 200: 195: 189: 184: 165: 158: 152: 148: 144: 138: 133: 127: 118: 114: 106: 100: 90: 84: 76: 73: 66: 59: 45: 29: 26: 22: 7787:Eastern Bloc 7729: 7700:Bukharan SSR 7694:SSR Abkhazia 7636:Estonian SSR 7589:Russian SFSR 7571:Russian SFSR 7566:Georgian SSR 7560: 7551:Armenian SSR 7478:Soviet Union 7423:Eastern Bloc 7403: 7366:Soviet Union 7319:East Germany 7118:Baranya–Baja 7087:Soviet Union 7067:East Germany 6765:Burkina Faso 6361: 6035:Soviet Union 6023:Eastern Bloc 5962:Bukharan SSR 5956:SSR Abkhazia 5898:Estonian SSR 5851:Russian SFSR 5833:Russian SFSR 5828:Georgian SSR 5822: 5813:Armenian SSR 5733:Bibliography 5602:Demographics 5536:Central bank 5426:Human rights 5399:Constitution 5286: 5159: 5128: 5124: 5116:the original 5096: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5035: 5018: 5014: 5000:(1): 76–98. 4997: 4993: 4967: 4950: 4946: 4926: 4914: 4895: 4874: 4854: 4835: 4818: 4814: 4797: 4779: 4775: 4761:(1): 37–61. 4758: 4754: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4708: 4704: 4677: 4669:Bibliography 4654: 4643: 4632: 4621: 4610: 4599: 4588: 4562:. Retrieved 4558:the original 4548: 4537:the original 4532: 4519: 4507:. Retrieved 4503:the original 4498: 4491:(in English) 4471:. Retrieved 4465: 4456: 4436: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4370: 4361: 4313: 4304: 4292: 4205: 4198: 4178: 4171: 4151: 4144: 4124: 4117: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4049: 4042: 4036:. Webster's. 4032: 4025: 4015: 4008: 3999: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3850: 3842: 3837: 3826:Druskininkai 3804: 3795: 3765: 3710: 3629: 3591: 3584: 3581:Demographics 3516: 3504:Soviet Union 3497: 3481:Constitution 3478: 3448: 3400: 3389: 3387: 3367: 3335:World War II 3323:slave labour 3319:Nazi Germany 3317: 3308: 3306: 3275:West Belarus 3267:Nazi Germany 3260: 3253: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3179: 3175: 3172:Constitution 3169: 3146: 3138: 3103: 3086: 3052: 2993: 2965: 2952:Leon Trotsky 2945: 2933: 2921: 2901: 2885:fifth column 2878: 2808: 2800: 2780: 2775:Nieman River 2743: 2730: 2727:peace treaty 2699: 2686: 2678: 2619: 2578: 2572: 2564:East Prussia 2554: 2548: 2546: 2539:After their 2510: 2491: 2462: 2459:Russian SFSR 2432: 2416: 2407:Western army 2398: 2388: 2365: 2356:Mitteleuropa 2354: 2344: 2331: 2321: 2314: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2259: 2227: 2191: 2179:Alexei Evert 2169:and most of 2144: 2102: 2093: 2081: 2073: 2063: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2032: 2011: 2005: 2002:Belaya Rus' 2001: 1993: 1991: 1972:adopted the 1966:World War II 1962:Nazi Germany 1943: 1937:. Following 1904: 1899: 1896:White Russia 1895: 1884:Soviet Union 1875: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1620:to Hong Kong 1615:East Germany 1567:Tbilisi 1989 1552:Romania 1977 1520:Hungary 1956 1515:Georgia 1956 1351: 1344: 1243:East Germany 1115: 1070:Eastern Bloc 1006:West Belarus 997: 930:Early Modern 916:Golden Horde 722:Succeeded by 721: 716: 701:Calling code 655:• Total 590:27 July 1990 534:31 July 1920 345: 338:Soviet-style 324: 308:Byelorussian 220: 211: 205: 194:Soviet Union 150: 117:Motto: 116: 105:State emblem 25: 7751: / 7720:(1990–1991) 7714:(1990–1991) 7712:Abkhaz ASSR 7708:(1920–1924) 7706:Khorezm SSR 7702:(1920–1924) 7696:(1921–1931) 7679:(1922–1936) 7673:(1940–1956) 7664:Short-lived 7641:Latvian SSR 7626:Annexed in 7612:Kirghiz SSR 7602:Turkmen SSR 7529:(1922–1991) 7428:Warsaw Pact 7404:Byelorussia 7101:Short-lived 6958:Short-lived 6927:South Yemen 6912:North Korea 6872:Afghanistan 6589:New Zealand 6584:Netherlands 6350:Dissolution 6290:Martial law 6213:Revolts and 6187:Warsaw Pact 5982:(1990–1991) 5976:(1990–1991) 5974:Abkhaz ASSR 5970:(1920–1924) 5968:Khorezm SSR 5964:(1920–1924) 5958:(1921–1931) 5941:(1922–1936) 5935:(1940–1956) 5926:Short-lived 5903:Latvian SSR 5888:Annexed in 5874:Kirghiz SSR 5864:Turkmen SSR 5791:(1922–1991) 5607:Belarusians 5526:Agriculture 5245:Kievan Rus' 4661:, Art. 142. 4564:10 February 4509:10 February 4473:17 February 3983:: 133–156. 3818:Dieveniškės 3814:Šalčininkai 3609:Lithuanians 3597:Belarusians 3559:Warsaw Pact 3391:perestroika 3384:Dissolution 3364:(1985–1988) 3311:within the 3118:Belarusians 3106:Belarusians 3061:, Russian, 2889:Belarusians 2729:. It was a 2560:first clash 2435:Baranovichi 2332:Obliskomzap 2304:Obliskomzap 2293:Obliskomzap 2285: [ 2261:Obliskomzap 2194:Nicholas II 2183:Baranovichi 2094:Byelorussia 2082:Byelorussia 2074:Byelorussia 2012:White Rus'. 1998:Белору́ссия 1994:Byelorussia 1988:Terminology 1911:World War I 1876:Byelorussia 1706:Vietnam War 1696:Berlin Wall 1625:North Korea 1562:Brașov 1987 1530:Prague 1968 1493:Poznań 1956 1346:Warsaw Pact 1305:South Yemen 1283:North Korea 1196:Afghanistan 1116:Byelorussia 1014:(from 1991) 992:(from 1918) 983:(1795–1917) 947:(1648–1764) 941:(1569–1648) 901:Kievan Rus' 893:Middle ages 885:Early Slavs 868:History of 717:Preceded by 696:(Rbl) (SUR) 676:1989 census 498:(1938–1991) 490:Legislature 170:(1955–1991) 108:(1981–1991) 92:(1951–1991) 70:1941–1944: 7766:Categories 7739:29°00′00″E 7736:54°00′00″N 7607:Kazakh SSR 7339:Yugoslavia 7213:Tarnobrzeg 7138:Bessarabia 7092:Yugoslavia 6815:Seychelles 6810:Mozambique 6805:Madagascar 6728:Vietnamese 6723:Venezuelan 6713:Nicaraguan 6708:Melanesian 6625:Venezuela 6537:Kuomintang 6530:since 1978 6500:Bangladesh 6476:By country 6470:by country 6304:Conditions 6282:Solidarity 6215:opposition 5869:Kazakh SSR 5670:Literature 5660:Folk dance 5617:Healthcare 5545:(currency) 5473:Parliament 5421:Government 5394:Censorship 5240:Androphagi 4354:Pipes 1997 4297:Pipes 1997 4285:Pipes 1997 4264:Pipes 1997 4233:Pipes 1997 3958:References 3930:or simply 3855:Belarusian 3810:Švenčionys 3774:Belarusian 3617:– about 1% 3615:Ukrainians 3492:See also: 3435:See also: 3293:See also: 3059:Belarusian 3048:selsoviets 3046:and 1,229 2893:Ukrainians 2234:Bolsheviks 2128:See also: 2007:White Rus' 1996:(Russian: 1923:Bolsheviks 1860:Belarusian 1716:Afghan War 1669:Korean War 1505:Plzeň 1953 1384:Opposition 1324:Yugoslavia 1278:Mozambique 1176:Uzbekistan 1161:Tajikistan 1131:Kazakhstan 1111:Azerbaijan 877:Prehistory 681:10,199,709 664:Population 346:1990–1991: 325:1920–1990: 318:Government 303:Demonym(s) 250:Belarusian 206:1920–1922: 126:Belarusian 44:Belarusian 7617:Uzbek SSR 7597:Tajik SSR 7535:Principal 7490:Communism 7390:1982–1991 7385:1964–1982 7380:1953–1964 7375:1927–1953 7370:1917–1927 7283:Communist 7171:1939–1940 7126:1918–1919 6895:1982–1992 6890:1979–1992 6885:1975–1979 6881:Cambodia 6856:Nicaragua 6788:1987–1991 6783:1974–1987 6779:Ethiopia 6718:Tanzanian 6599:Sri Lanka 6542:Hong Kong 6525:Communist 6488:Australia 6483:Argentina 6468:Socialism 6363:Die Wende 6336:Economies 6177:Cominform 6160:(to 1948) 6122:(to 1961) 6050:Formation 6040:Communism 5879:Uzbek SSR 5859:Tajik SSR 5797:Principal 5665:Languages 5612:Education 5576:Transport 5483:President 5456:Militsiya 5404:Elections 5314:Geography 5145:153635749 4725:144785016 4499:Khatyn.by 4462:"Belarus" 4019:. Avrora. 3912:romanized 3897:romanized 3875:Russian: 3864:romanized 3830:Lithuania 3822:Adutiškis 3451:one-party 3413:, of the 3283:Lithuania 3186:, whilst 3087:Belkomzet 2825:, Minsk, 2711:Petrograd 2658:Milrevcom 2634:Panevėžys 2630:Panevėžys 2498:Lithuania 2353:, called 2236:when the 2135:Beginning 2086:Białystok 2016:Ruthenian 1992:The term 1982:dissolved 1587:Riga 1991 1577:Baku 1990 1467:Lithuania 1359:Cominform 1263:Kampuchea 1166:Turkmenia 1146:Lithuania 1136:Kirghizia 1091:Republics 1008:(1919–39) 1001:(1919–91) 953:(1764–95) 838:Lithuania 520:declared 335:one-party 292:Religion 278:Ukrainian 221:1990–1991 212:1922–1990 68:1920–1991 7543:Founders 7309:Bulgaria 7223:Würzburg 7198:Naissaar 7162:Finland 7122:Bavaria 7060:Slovakia 7045:Bulgaria 6975:Far East 6922:Mongolia 6834:Americas 6698:European 6629:Chavismo 6594:Pakistan 6331:Politics 5805:Founders 5742:Category 5627:Religion 5622:Language 5561:Industry 5468:Military 5377:Politics 5219:articles 4445:Archived 4425:Archived 4369:(1986). 4312:(1986). 3735:See also 3665:Bobruisk 3626:– <1% 3624:Russians 3569:and the 3553:and the 3358:Chairman 3161:Rechytsa 3114:Russians 3073:and the 3071:Russians 3004:Bobruysk 2815:Bobruysk 2731:de facto 2674:Bobruysk 2666:Smolensk 2650:Bobruysk 2455:Smolensk 2371:Creation 2336:Smolensk 2217:and the 2004:, i.e., 1880:republic 1878:, was a 1731:Gulf War 1535:Invasion 1409:Bulgaria 1273:Mongolia 1248:Ethiopia 1217:Bulgaria 1151:Moldavia 859:a series 857:Part of 690:Currency 7466:Belarus 7452:Portals 7433:Comecon 7409:Ukraine 7334:Romania 7324:Hungary 7304:Albania 7193:Ireland 7183:Galicia 7082:Romania 7040:Albania 6995:Jiangxi 6942:Vietnam 6846:Grenada 6820:Somalia 6703:Israeli 6693:Chinese 6688:Burmese 6683:British 6673:African 6645:History 6636:Vietnam 6604:Tunisia 6554:Finland 6549:Estonia 6182:COMECON 6082:Romania 6077:Hungary 5719:Outline 5655:Cuisine 5637:Culture 5590:Society 5531:Banking 5514:Economy 5336:Geology 5227:History 5215:Belarus 3932:Belarus 3866:: 3832:in 1940 3782:Russian 3705:Draniki 3686:Cuisine 3671:Culture 3660:Vitebsk 3655:Mogilev 3563:Comecon 3411:Ukraine 3360:of the 3279:Vilnius 3228:troikas 3223:dvoikas 3178:to the 3063:Yiddish 3036:Polotsk 3024:Mogilev 3016:Kalinin 3012:Vitebsk 3008:Borisov 2819:Borisov 2792:Zhlobin 2773:on the 2751:Galicia 2735:Estonia 2703:Siberia 2670:Zarasai 2599:Suwalki 2547:In the 2506:Vilnius 2451:Mogilev 2439:Vitebsk 2258:single 2251:Mogilev 2247:Vitebsk 2232:led by 2230:soviets 2161:in the 2116:History 2045:or the 1964:during 1958:Ukraine 1882:of the 1868:Russian 1596:Dissent 1498:1980–89 1457:Estonia 1434:Ukraine 1424:Romania 1414:Croatia 1404:Albania 1353:Comecon 1310:Vietnam 1299:Somalia 1294:Romania 1258:Hungary 1253:Grenada 1201:Albania 1171:Ukraine 1126:Georgia 1121:Estonia 1106:Armenia 1094:of the 870:Belarus 834:Belarus 674:• 619:• 579:• 566:• 553:• 540:• 516:• 503:History 350:Unitary 329:Unitary 283:Yiddish 255:Russian 233:Capital 151:Anthem: 58:Russian 7329:Poland 7285:period 7203:Saxony 7148:Bremen 7077:Poland 7033:Europe 7000:Kuwait 6980:Fujian 6795:Guinea 6755:Angola 6748:Africa 6564:Greece 6559:France 6521:China 6517:Canada 6510:Lulism 6505:Brazil 6202:(WFDY) 6194:(WFTU) 5747:Portal 5680:Cinema 5556:Energy 5543:Ruble 5363:Swamps 5358:Rivers 5326:Cities 5217: 5143: 5108: 5083: 5042: 4974: 4934: 4903: 4882: 4861: 4842: 4723: 4685: 4377: 4320: 4213: 4186: 4159: 4132: 4105: 4061: 3729:Poland 3725:Russia 3717:stewed 3650:Grodno 3565:, the 3539:UNESCO 3523:UNICEF 3394:under 3339:Khatyn 3301:, and 3245:kulaks 3134:likbez 3067:Polish 3065:, and 3044:raions 3040:Slutsk 3000:okrugs 2897:Slutsk 2831:Slutsk 2823:Igumen 2811:uyezds 2739:Latvia 2646:Dvinsk 2638:Grodno 2626:Slonim 2591:Grodno 2579:Litbel 2568:Kaunas 2474:Litbel 2466:1919, 2447:Grodno 2338:. The 2213:, the 2090:Grodno 2057:, and 2055:Little 2043:Russia 2035:Russia 1956:, and 1950:Russia 1913:, the 1610:Poland 1605:Soviet 1540:Moscow 1462:Latvia 1429:Serbia 1419:Poland 1288:Poland 1207:Angola 1156:Russia 1141:Latvia 972:Modern 861:on the 846:Russia 842:Poland 506: 453: 409: 367: 312:Soviet 273:Polish 202:Status 153: 54: 40: 7218:Užice 7153:Bihać 7113:Banat 6985:Gilan 6932:Syria 6902:China 6877:Burma 6851:Chile 6825:Sudan 6800:Libya 6775:Egypt 6760:Benin 6579:Italy 6569:India 5726:Index 5685:Media 5675:Music 5235:Neuri 5141:S2CID 4990:(PDF) 4811:(PDF) 4721:S2CID 4540:(PDF) 4529:(PDF) 3757:Notes 3645:Gomel 3640:Brest 3635:Minsk 3605:– 16% 3603:Poles 3599:– 81% 3265:with 3157:Gomel 3075:Poles 3032:Orsha 3028:Mozyr 3020:Minsk 2827:Mozyr 2796:Orsha 2654:Vtsik 2603:Minsk 2595:Kovno 2587:Vilna 2583:Vilna 2550:Kresy 2525:Neman 2468:Pinsk 2443:Gomel 2289:] 2255:Minsk 2059:White 2051:Great 2024:Slavs 1228:Congo 1222:China 1212:Benin 237:Minsk 7628:1940 7587:the 7166:1918 7131:1919 6937:Tuva 6917:Laos 6907:Iraq 6865:Asia 6841:Cuba 6678:Arab 6574:Iran 5890:1940 5849:the 5493:List 5430:LGBT 5106:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5040:ISBN 4972:ISBN 4932:ISBN 4901:ISBN 4880:ISBN 4859:ISBN 4840:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4566:2020 4511:2020 4475:2022 4375:ISBN 4318:ISBN 4211:ISBN 4184:ISBN 4157:ISBN 4130:ISBN 4103:ISBN 4059:ISBN 3727:and 3694:and 3679:and 3611:– 5% 3237:NKVD 3233:OGPU 3159:and 3038:and 2891:and 2881:Riga 2829:and 2794:and 2788:Kiev 2737:and 2636:and 2601:and 2511:The 2492:The 2453:and 2300:Rada 2253:and 2088:and 1852:BSSR 1846:The 1744:Fall 1268:Laos 1233:Cuba 1097:USSR 649:Area 89:Flag 5163:by 5133:doi 5073:doi 5023:doi 5002:doi 4955:doi 4823:doi 4784:doi 4763:doi 4713:doi 3985:doi 3943:In 3721:rye 3241:MGB 3136:). 3120:of 2529:Bug 1898:or 1854:or 1318:PRG 7768:: 7368:: 7364:/ 6288:/ 6284:/ 6260:/ 5139:. 5129:25 5127:. 5104:. 5100:. 5079:. 5019:18 5017:. 4998:31 4996:. 4992:. 4951:11 4949:. 4819:27 4817:. 4813:. 4780:16 4778:. 4759:29 4757:. 4719:. 4709:15 4707:. 4574:^ 4531:. 4497:. 4483:^ 4464:. 4389:^ 4332:^ 4271:^ 4240:^ 4225:^ 4085:). 4053:. 3981:14 3979:. 3975:. 3914:: 3899:: 3879:, 3861:, 3857:: 3824:, 3820:, 3816:, 3812:, 3784:: 3780:; 3776:: 3731:. 3561:, 3549:, 3545:, 3541:, 3537:, 3533:, 3529:, 3525:, 3521:, 3514:. 3315:. 3297:, 3254:A 3239:, 3235:, 3225:, 3097:, 3034:, 3030:, 3026:, 3022:, 3018:, 3014:, 3010:, 3006:, 3002:: 2821:, 2817:, 2813:: 2597:, 2593:, 2589:, 2508:. 2449:, 2445:, 2441:, 2437:, 2295:. 2287:ru 2249:, 2225:. 2112:. 2053:, 1952:, 1902:. 1870:: 1866:; 1862:: 1858:; 1316:, 705:+7 636:) 310:, 7519:e 7512:t 7505:v 7454:: 7274:e 7267:t 7260:v 6460:e 6453:t 6446:v 6317:) 6313:( 6015:e 6008:t 6001:v 5781:e 5774:t 5767:v 5432:) 5428:( 5207:e 5200:t 5193:v 5167:. 5147:. 5135:: 5089:. 5075:: 5048:. 5029:. 5025:: 5008:. 5004:: 4980:. 4961:. 4957:: 4940:. 4909:. 4888:. 4867:. 4848:. 4829:. 4825:: 4790:. 4786:: 4769:. 4765:: 4727:. 4715:: 4691:. 4568:. 4513:. 4477:. 4383:. 4326:. 4219:. 4192:. 4165:. 4138:. 4111:. 4081:( 4067:. 3993:. 3987:: 3934:. 3873:; 3845:. 3788:) 2927:( 2777:. 2577:( 2527:- 1850:( 1835:e 1828:t 1821:v 1320:) 1312:( 1054:e 1047:t 1040:v 223:: 214:: 145:" 141:" 139:) 135:( 128:) 124:( 60:) 56:( 46:) 42:(

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