Soviet Armed Forces

2658: 3067: 3279: 2670: 3375: 3797: 3176: 3059: 2210: 6641: 3648:(voenkomats) located throughout the Soviet Union. Between January and May of every year, every young Soviet male citizen was required to report to the local voenkomat for assessment for military service, following a summons based on lists from every school and employer in the area. The voenkomat worked to quotas sent out by a department of the General Staff, listing how young men are required by each service and branch of the Armed Forces. The new conscripts were then picked up by an officer from their future unit and usually sent by train across the country. On arrival, they would begin the Young Soldiers' course, and become part of the system of hazing and domination by an older class of draftees, known as 1991: 1026: 3424:, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander", and similar titles. In 1924 it supplemented this system with "service categories", from K-1 (lowest) to K-14 (highest). The service categories essentially operated as ranks in disguise: they indicated the experience and qualifications of a commander. The insignia now denoted the category, not the position of a commander. However, one still had to use functional titles to address commanders, which could become as awkward as "comrade deputy head-of-staff of corps". If one did not know a commander's position, one used one of the possible positions—for example: "Regiment Commander" for K-9. 2481: 2646:, the Red Army drafted a staggering 29,574,900 in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of these it lost 6,329,600 KIA, 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 MIA (most captured). Of these 11,444,100, however, 939,700 re-joined the ranks in the subsequently re-took Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. The majority of the losses were ethnic Russians (5,756,000), followed by ethnic Ukrainians (1,377,400). The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA (most killed) and 3,576,300 captured (total 7,181,100). 2527: 6745: 394: 6762: 6822: 6810: 3853: 2513: 2994: 2312: 2937: 2251:, which drove the Mongolians over the river. The Soviet troops quartered there in accordance with the mutual defence protocol intervened and obliterated the detachment. Escalation of the conflict appeared imminent, and both sides spent June amassing forces. On July 1 the Japanese force numbered 38,000 troops. The combined Soviet-Mongol force had 12,500 troops. The Japanese crossed the river, but after a three-day battle their opponents threw them back over the river. The Japanese kept probing the Soviet defences throughout July, without success. 6774: 238: 3148:

overthrowing Gorbachev (absent on the Black Sea coast at the time) or the government. The coup failed primarily because the participants did not take any decisive action, and after several days of their inaction the coup simply stopped. Only one confrontation took place between civilians and the tank crews during the coup, which led to the deaths of three civilians. Although the victims became proclaimed heroes, the authorities acquitted the tank crew of all charges. Nobody issued orders to shoot at anyone.

6834: 6465: 3942: 1687: 3512:) ranks being added in the Army and Air Force for contract NCOs since the rank of Starshina (Sergeant Major) was from now on for conscripts. But in the Soviet Navy, it meant that the Naval rank of Midshipman became a rank for Naval warrant officers since the Navy created the new rank of Ship Chief Sergeant Major for its NCOs in naval service. The year of 1974 saw the rank insignia changed for Army Generals and Navy Fleet Admirals in their parade dress and working and combat dress uniforms. 403: 6786: 2952:. The Soviet Army came to back a Soviet-friendly communist government threatened by multinational, mainly Afghan, insurgent groups called the mujahideen. The insurgents received military training in neighboring Pakistan, China, and billions of dollars from the United States, Saudi Arabia, and other countries. Technically superior, the Soviets did not have enough troops to establish control over the countryside and to secure the border. This resulted from hesitancy in the 3613: 6798: 2166: 6477: 6849: 66: 3325:. Stalin was the last civilian/politician Minister of Defence; from 1947 onwards, the Minister of Defence was a serving general (though the last was an airman). Between 1934 and 1946, 1950 and 1953, a separate Ministry of the Navy existed and the Ministry of Defence was responsible only for land and air forces. In practice, the Navy Minister was a far more junior official and the Defence Ministry continued to dominate policymaking. 888: 168: 3553:(М.В. Фрунзе) Military Academy of the RKKA. The senior and supreme commanders received training at the Higher Military Academic Courses (Высшие военно-академические курсы), renamed in 1925 as the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command (Курсы усовершенствования высшего начальствующего состава); in 1931, the establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. On April 2, 1936, the 25: 2650: 2750: 2797:

were released from the armed forces. Two military districts were disestablished in 1956. Soviet law required all able-bodied males of age to serve a minimum of two years. As a result, the Soviet Ground Forces remained the largest active army in the world from 1945 to 1991. Soviet units which had taken over the countries of Eastern Europe from German rule remained to secure the régimes in what became

2357:, which had included a secret protocol delimiting the "spheres of interest" of each party, set the scene for the remarkably smooth partition of Poland between Germany and the USSR. The defined Soviet sphere of interest matched the territory subsequently captured in the campaign. The Soviet and German troops met each other on a number of occasions. Most remarkably, on 22 September 1939, the German 2657: 2980:. Tactically, both sides concentrated on attacking supply lines, but Afghan mujahideen were well dug-in with tunnels and defensive positions, holding out against artillery and air attacks. The decade long war resulted in millions of Afghans fleeing their country, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. At least half a million Afghan civilians were killed in addition to the rebels in the war. 2861:. To improve capabilities for war at a theatre level, in the late 1970s and early 1980s four high commands were established, grouping the military districts, groups of forces, and fleets. The Far Eastern High Command was established first, followed by the Western and South-Western High Commands towards Europe, and the Southern High Command at Baku, oriented toward the Middle East. 3436:" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "Brigade Commissar", "Army Commissar 2nd Rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "Engineer 3rd Rank", "Division Engineer"), for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. The year before (1934), the revival of personal ranks began with the 3652:, literally "rule by the grandfathers." The "..armed forces of the USSR and Warsaw Pact, working to a common Soviet model, ..relied on young officers to conduct in units all the junior command and training tasks which in many Western armies are done in depots or by regular professional long-service NCOs." There were only a very small number of professional 2291:, and the conflict concluded with an agreement between the USSR, Mongolia and Japan signed on September 15 in Moscow. In the conflict, the Red Army losses were 9,703 killed in action (KIA) and missing in action (MIA) and 15,952 wounded. The Japanese lost 25,000 KIA; the grand total was 61,000 killed, missing, wounded and taken prisoner. 3066: 3784:. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, and it grew to almost three times that number by June 1941. This necessitated quick promotion of junior officers, often despite their lack of experience or training, with obvious grave implications for the effectiveness of the Army in the coming war against Germany. 864:. The analysis explicitly concluded that "Soviet armies have always been massive" while "they are also highly modernized, well-equipped, and have great firepower... mobility", which meant that "manpower and materiel combined make the present Soviet ground forces a very formidable land army." Although Soviet 2956:, which allowed only a "limited contingent", averaging between 80,000 and 100,000 troops. Consequently, local insurgents could effectively employ hit-and-run tactics, using easy escape-routes and good supply-channels. This made the Soviet situation hopeless from the military point of view (short of using " 3820:

had a number of mechanisms of control over the country's armed forces. First, starting from a certain rank, only a Party member could be a military commander, and was thus subject to Party discipline. Second, the top military leaders had been systematically integrated into the highest echelons of the

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and the Soviet Navy) of the late-Cold War military because of suspicions of loyalty of ethnic minorities to the Kremlin. Around 80% or more of combat units were staffed by Slavic nationalities while non-combat units usually contained 70% to 90% non-Slavs, especially Central Asians and Caucasians. The

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Following the coup attempt of August 1991, the leadership of the Soviet Union retained practically no authority over the component republics. Nearly every Soviet Republic declared its intention to secede and began passing laws defying the Supreme Soviet. On December 8, 1991, the Presidents of Russia,

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neighbors to fend for themselves. That same year Soviet forces left Afghanistan. By the end of 1990, the entire Eastern Bloc had collapsed in the wake of democratic revolutions. As a result, Soviet citizens quickly began to turn against the Soviet government as well. As the Soviet Union moved towards

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Shortly after the cease-fire, the Japanese negotiated access to the battlefields to collect their dead. Finding thousands upon thousands of dead bodies came as a further shock to the already shaken morale of the Japanese soldiers. The scale of the defeat probably became a major factor in discouraging

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Soviet forces suffered heavy damage in the field as a result of poor levels of preparedness, which was primarily caused by a reluctant, half-hearted and ultimately belated decision by the Soviet Government and High Command to mobilize the army. Equally important was a general tactical superiority of

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was the second of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II. On 25 June 1941 the Soviet Union conducted an air raid on Finnish cities, prompting Finland to declare war and to allow German troops stationed in Finland to begin an offensive. By September 1941, Finland had

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cartridge used by the Mosin–Nagants. The rifle, though of sound design, was never manufactured in the same numbers as the Mosin–Nagants and did not replace them. Soviet experimentation with small-arms began during the Second World War. In 1945 the Red Army adopted the Simonov SKS, a semi-automatic

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supervised party organizations and conducted party political work within a military unit. He lectured troops on Marxism–Leninism, the Soviet view of international affairs, and the party's tasks for the armed forces. During World War II the zampolit lost veto authority over the commander's decisions

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than in the Red Army." At the height of World War II, infantry units in the armed forces were composed of Russians (62.95%), Ukrainians (14.52%), Belarusians (1.9%), and various other ethnicities (20.63%). The war had shown that the integration of various ethnic groups was questionable and fragile.

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Despite the official view, the history of inter-ethnic relations in the military was more complicated. As the Bolsheviks consolidated power in the late 1910s and early 1920s, the central leadership became suspicious of the size of the national units. Their sizes were restricted, they were put under

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influenced the Soviet Cold War doctrine of fighting enemies on their own territory, or in a buffer zone under Soviet hegemony, but in any case preventing any war from reaching Soviet soil. In order to secure Soviet interests in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Army moved in to quell anti-Soviet uprisings

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In early 1942 all the functional ranks in technical and administrative corps became regularised ranks (e.g., "Engineer Major", "Engineer Colonel", "Captain of the Intendant Service", etc.). On October 9, 1942, the authorities abolished the system of military commissars, together with the commissar

3156:(CIS). Gorbachev finally resigned on December 25, 1991, and the following day the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body, dissolved itself, officially ending the Soviet Union's existence. For the next year and a half various attempts were made to keep the Soviet military in existence as the 2686:

outclassed any other tanks the Germans had when they appeared in 1941, yet most of the Soviet armoured units were less advanced models; likewise, the same supply problem handicapped even the formations equipped with the most modern tanks. The Soviet Air Force initially performed poorly against the

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was temporarily increased to thirty-three, dropping to twenty-one in 1946. The size of the Ground Forces during most of the Cold War remained between 4 million and 5 million, according to Western estimates. However, there was a large-scale reduction in force size in 1953–56; 1.1 million personnel

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At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree of May 29, 1918, imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks

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and masses of artillery (57,000 troops in total), stormed the 75,000 Japanese force deeply entrenched in the area. On August 23 the entire Japanese force found itself encircled, and on August 31 largely destroyed. Artillery and air attacks wiped out those Japanese who refused to surrender. Japan

3168:, the Soviet Army dissolved and the USSR's successor states shared out its assets among themselves. The share out mostly occurred on a regional basis, with Soviet soldiers from Russia becoming part of the new Russian Army, while Soviet soldiers originating from Kazakhstan became part of the new 2372:

According to post-1991 Russian sources, the Red Army force in Poland numbered 466,516. The Red Army troops faced little resistance, mainly due to the entanglement of the majority of the Polish forces in fighting Germans along the Western border, but partly due to an official order by the Polish

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For years, Soviet leadership argued that Soviet military played a role in decreasing ethnic tensions and nationalist loyalties. According to professor Deborah Yarsike Ball, Soviet historians, such as B. F. Klochkov, argued that, "the Red Army strengthened friendship between soldiers of various

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occurred in June 1944. The attack drove the Finns from most of the territories that they had gained during the war, but the Finnish Army halted the offensive in August 1944. Hostilities between Finland and the USSR ended with a ceasefire, which was called on 5 September 1944, formalised by the

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defined it in 1975 as 'a system of views on the nature of war and methods of waging it, and on the preparation of the country and army for war, officially adopted in a given state and its armed forces.' Soviet theorists emphasised both the political and 'military-technical' sides of military

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of old-guard communists. Commanders sent tanks into the streets of Moscow, but (according to all the commanders and soldiers) only with orders to ensure the safety of the people. It remains unclear why exactly the military forces entered the city, but they clearly did not have the goal of

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At the time of the Nazi assault on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Red Army had 303 divisions and 22 brigades (4.8 million troops), including 166 divisions and 9 brigades (2.9 million troops) stationed in the western military districts. Their Axis opponents deployed on the

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doctrine, while from the Soviet point of view, Westerners ignored the political side. According to Harriet F Scott and William Scott, the political parts of Soviet military doctrine best explained the international moves that the Soviet Union undertook during the Cold War.

2369:, when the German 137th Gebirgsjägerregimenter (mountain infantry regiment) attacked a Soviet reconnaissance detachment.; After a few casualties on both sides, the parties negotiated, the German troops left the area, and the Red Army troops entered L'viv on 22 September. 3278: 2342:), using the official pretext of coming to the aid of the Ukrainians and the Belarusians threatened by Germany, which had attacked Poland on September 1, 1939. The Soviet invasion opened a second front for the Poles and forced them to abandon plans for defence in the 3764:

military branches associated with high technology services, such as the Navy, Strategic Rocket Forces, and the Air Force, were disproportionately made up of Russians. In addition, Russians made up 69.4% of the officer corps, while the Slavic number is up to 89.7%.

2964:, Soviet media started to report heavy losses, which made the war very unpopular in the USSR in general, even though actual losses remained modest, averaging 1670 per year. The war also became a sensitive issue internationally, which finally led General Secretary 3187:, comprising the bulk of what was still left of the military. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993. In the next few years, the former Soviet forces withdrew from central and Eastern Europe (including the 3767:

By 1990, Slavic troops still made a majority of Soviet soldiers. In total, 69.2% of all military members were ethnic Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian), 1.9% were Baltic people, 20.6% were Muslim-Turkic people and 8.3% were all other types of people.

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rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II. Over 17 million model 91/30 Mosin–Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals. In 1943 design started on the M44, designed to replace the

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In the highest echelons of the Red Army the Purges removed 3 of the 5 marshals, 13 of 15 generals of the army, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, 16 of 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

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on January 19–20, 1990, removing the rebellious republic government and allegedly killing hundreds of civilians in the process. On January 13, 1991, Soviet forces stormed the State Radio and Television Building and the television retranslation tower in

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close supervision, and eventually disbanded by 1938. The national units were briefly brought back during World War II before being disbanded again in the mid-1950s. In 1956, when soldier were ordered to respond to protesters in the Georgian capital of

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In the first part of the war, the Red Army fielded weaponry of mixed quality. It had excellent artillery, but it did not have enough trucks to manoeuvre and supply it; as a result the Wehrmacht (which rated it highly) captured much of it. Red Army

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the German army, which was conducting the kind of warfare that it had been combat-testing and fine-tuning for two years. The hasty pre-war growth and over-promotion of the Red Army cadres as well as the removal of experienced officers caused by the

3780:. The Purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of "politically unreliable elements", mainly among the higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a convenient pretext for settling personal vendettas and eventually resulted in a 3528:. Many of the former RKKA Staff officers had served as General Staff officers in the Russian Empire and became General Staff officers in the USSR. General Staff officers typically had extensive combat experience and solid academic training. 3093:

From 1985 to 1991, the new leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, attempted to reduce the strain the Army placed on economic demands. His government slowly reduced the size of the army. By 1989 Soviet troops were leaving their

2611:, and instead invoked the deeper-rooted patriotic feelings of the population, embracing Tsarist Russian history. Propagandists proclaimed the War against the German aggressors as the "Great Patriotic War", in allusion to the 2397:

began when the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, two months after the invasion of Poland by Germany that started World War II. Because the attack was judged as illegal, the Soviet Union was expelled from the

282:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2111:. Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command, the Party leadership considered political control over the military necessary, as the Army relied more and more on experienced officers from the pre-revolutionary 3643:

The Soviet Armed Forces were manned through conscription, which had been reduced in 1967 from three to two years (with remaining three years service in naval forces). This system was administered through the thousands of

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had developed detailed plans for a Soviet campaign. On February 3, 1941, the final plan of Operation Barbarossa gained approval, and the attack was scheduled for the middle of May, 1941. However, the events in Greece and

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applied, which meant that all able-bodied males aged eighteen and older were drafted into the armed forces. International observers regarded the armed organizations as collectively one of the strongest such forces in

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hegemony. Nazi Germany and Britain had no common land border, but a state of war existed between them; the Germans had an extensive land border with the Soviet Union, but the latter remained neutral, adhering to a

3463:; the other senior functional ranks ("Division Commissar", "Division Engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. On November 2, 1940, the system underwent further modification with the abolition of functional ranks for 3427:

On September 22, 1935, the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included

3333: 2548:', which opened by saying "the German Armed Forces must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign before the end of the war against England". Even before the issuing of the directive, the German 3671:

nationalities." The official view of the military was that it was a "school of internationalism," where all the various people of the Soviet Union could develop unity and respect for each other. During the

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of the RKKA (Академия Генерального штаба РККА), an alias of the Nicholas General Staff Academy (Николаевская академия Генерального штаба) of the Russian Empire. On August 5, 1921, the academy became the

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disintegration, the reduced military was rendered feeble and ineffective and could no longer prop up the ailing Soviet government. The military got involved in trying to suppress conflicts and unrest in

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bombers and their U.S. and allied fighter escorts The Soviet Union invested heavily in nuclear capabilities, especially in the production of ballistic missiles and of nuclear submarines to deliver them.

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Germans. The quick advance of the Germans into the Soviet territory made reinforcement difficult, if not impossible, since much of the Soviet Union's military industry lay in the west of the country.

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and some other breakaway republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets. Following

2232:, agreed to co-operate in the field of defence. On March 12, 1936, the co-operation increased with the ten-year Mongolian-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which included a mutual defence protocol. 2385:, robbing and murdering Poles. Nonetheless, the Red Army sustained losses of 1,475 killed and missing and 2,383 wounded. The losses of the opposing Polish troops are estimated at 6,000–7,000. 3505:

in 1955. In the 1960s however, it became a rank of its own when new regulations revived the Fleet Admiral rank in the Soviet Navy, thus becoming the naval equivalent to General of the Army.

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had occupied Brest-Litovsk, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade approached Brest-Litovsk, the commanders negotiated a German withdrawal, and a

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Lester W. Grau and Ali Ajmad Jalali, "The Campaign for the Caves: The Battles for Ahawar in the Soviet-Afghan War" Foreign Military Studies Office, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, reprinted from

783:, which subsumed much of the Soviet Armed Forces. Multiple sections of the former Soviet Armed Forces in the other, smaller Soviet republics gradually came under those republics' control. 3336:

also held the title of First Deputy Minister of Defence. By the 1980s there was another eleven Deputy Minister of Defence; including the commanders-in-chief of the five service branches.

2960:" tactics, which the Soviets did not practice except in World War II in their own territory). The understanding of this made the war highly unpopular within the Army. With the coming of 5384: 3656:(NCOs), as most NCOs were conscripts sent on short courses to prepare them for section commanders' and platoon sergeants' positions. These conscript NCOs were supplemented by 2607:

The Soviet government adopted a number of measures to improve the state and morale of the retreating Red Army in 1941. Soviet propaganda turned away from political notions of

2061:. Democratic election of officers was also abolished by decree, while separate quarters for officers, special forms of address, saluting, and higher pay were all reinstated. 2037:. February 23 became an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later celebrated as "Soviet Army Day", and it continues as a celebration day in present-day Russia as 5286: 3157: 2092:"). A number of prominent Red Army commanders had previously served as Imperial Russian generals. In fact, a number of former Imperial military men, notably a member of the 490: 2569:

on the ground, the loss of major equipment, tanks, artillery, and major Soviet defeats as German forces trapped hundreds of thousands of Red Army soldiers in vast pockets.

5788: 5771: 3309: 2635:—although it soon restored them. The Red Army re-introduced military ranks and adopted many additional individual distinctions such as medals and orders. The concept of a 1509: 1121: 1106: 557: 292: 5818: 3521: 2792:

Men within the Soviet Armed Forces dropped from around 11.3 million to approximately 2.8 million in 1948. In order to control this demobilisation process, the number of

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Lehrke, Jesse Paul. "The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988–2005." Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge (2013). See especially Chapters 1–4 (see:

4106: 3861: 3332:, who was responsible for operations and planning, and the First Deputy Minister of Defence for General Affairs, who was responsible for administration. From 1955 the 2669: 6753: 3965: 3482:

In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the

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There were further modifications to the system. 1937 saw the Junior Lieutenant and Junior Military Technician ranks being added. On May 7, 1940, the ranks of "

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but retained the power to report to the next highest political officer or organization on the political attitudes and performance of the unit's commander.

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assault rifle replaced the AKM: it utilized no less than 51% of the AKM's parts. Designers put together the new weapon as a counterpart to the American

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By mid-1991, the Soviet Union had reached a state of emergency. According to the official commission (the Soviet Academy of Sciences) appointed by the

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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was crucial in the organization, many non-Slavic servicemen entered the military with "no previous to communicate in Russian." According to a 1980

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that superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary

2544:(German for "Drive towards the East") remained the order of the day. This culminated, on December 18, in the issuing of 'Directive No. 21 – Case 1178: 3557:

was re-instated; it became a principal school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army and a centre for advanced military studies.

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ranks. The functional ranks remained only in medical, veterinary and legislative corps. By then the Naval rank of Midshipman was revived in the

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in general merited comment, "the ground forces constituted the largest of the five Soviet military services" as of the date the research ended.

6640: 4793: 4056: 3023: 2077: 5713: 5326: 4606: 3132:, both under opposition control, killing 14 people and injuring 700. This action was perceived by many as heavy-handed and achieved little. 2453:

equipment. The conflict stabilised with only minor skirmishes until the tide of the war turned against the Germans and the Soviet strategic

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assault rifle began: planners envisaged troops using it in conjunction with the SKS, but it soon replaced the SKS completely. In 1959 the

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Christopher Donnelly, "The Pattern of Military Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe," IISS conference paper, Moscow, March 2001.

6155: 6115: 6025: 5836: 5352: 5100: 3960: 3955: 3243:. While in many places the withdrawal and division took place without any problems, the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet remained in the 3183:

In mid-March 1992, Yeltsin appointed himself as the new Russian Minister of Defence, marking a crucial step in the creation of the new

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offset the balance even more favourably for the Germans. Finally, the sheer numeric superiority of the Axis cannot be underestimated.

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Brenda J. Vallance, "Corruption and reform in the Soviet military," The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 7, 1994 - Issue 4

3412:. It was seen as a "heritage of tsarism.". In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word "officer" and used the word " 3175: 6522: 6048: 5965: 5858: 3502: 2411: 1644: 1609: 1339: 1077: 3915:

came out as a modernised version of the AK-47, this was created to ease manufacture and improve aspects of the AK-47. In 1978 the

130: 6623: 5988: 5795: 5662: 4403: 3541: 2419: 1659: 1649: 1319: 1168: 4261: 102: 6873: 6577: 5686: 5531: 4239: 3184: 2769:, was formed in 1948. The Ministry was briefly divided into two again from 1950 to 1953, but then was amalgamated again as the 2378: 1393: 1235: 1697: 6868: 6173: 5674: 5640: 5628: 5623: 5514: 4970: 4893: 4511: 4098: 1710: 814:

were under the joint management of the Defence and Interior Commissariats. In 1989, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the

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The scheme of command and control of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union at the beginning of 1989 (V.I. Feskov et al. 2013)

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re-appeared: units which had shown exceptional heroism in combat gained the names of "Guards Regiment", "Guards Army", etc.

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stopped, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle. The Communist Party abolished the institution of

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181 divisions and 18 brigades (3.8 million troops). The first weeks of the war saw the annihilation of virtually the entire

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warrant officers, positions created in the 1960s to support the increased variety of skills required for modern weapons.

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in Hungary. In the Soviet Union itself, forces were divided by the 1950s among fifteen military districts, including the

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and its allies dominated most of the European continent. Only the United Kingdom (in the West) was actively challenging

2080:(Лев Маркович Глезаров), and by August 1920 had drafted about 315,000 ex-officers. Most often they held the position of 178: 6548: 6138: 6133: 5853: 5801: 5053: 3399: 3301: 3297: 3153: 2713:) on 9 August 1945, and in combination with Mongolian and Chinese Communist forces rapidly overwhelmed the outnumbered 2415: 1504: 1344: 1273: 1188: 1060: 954: 735: 577: 310: 4736: 3058: 6595: 6553: 6390: 6341: 6274: 6085: 5813: 5415: 5319: 4944: 4439: 4312:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Supreme Command not to engage in combat with the Soviet troops, and also partly because many Polish citizens in the

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Confrontation with the US and NATO during the Cold War mainly took the form of threatened mutual deterrence with

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a Japanese attack on the USSR during World War II, which allowed the Red Army to switch a large number of its

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According to the all-union military service law of September 1925, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the

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The late 1930s saw the "Purges of the Red Army cadres", occurring against the historical background of the

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A U.S. government poster showing a friendly Soviet soldier as portrayed by the Allies during World War II

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There were also a number of armed organisations beyond the Ministry of Defence; in 1989 these included

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since 2004. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine maintain cooperation with NATO as well.

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but it often proved incapable of restoring peace and order. On April 9, 1989, the army, together with

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offered the Bolsheviks his professional services in 1920, they decided to permit the conscription of

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Telegram from the German Ambassador in the Soviet Union, (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office

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saw the recruitment of 600,000 to 1,400,000 former Soviet citizens into the German military on the

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Soviet minorities were not treated equally and many carried anti-regime views. According to a 1983

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represented the first foreign campaign of the Red Army. The Soviet counter-offensive following the

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Inter-ethnic relations in the military did not improve after World War II. In fact, although the

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Belarus, and Ukraine declared the Soviet Union dissolved and signed the document setting up the

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The Soviet Union only had Ground Forces, Air Forces, and the Navy in 1945. The two ministries (

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commemorating the Soviet Armed Forces and some of its most important World War II battles –

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was much different from U.S. military usage of the term. Soviet Minister of Defence Marshal

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area, thus hastening the Polish defeat. The Soviet and German advance halted roughly at the

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at first met with success, but Polish forces halted it at the disastrous (for the Soviets)

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The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a political commissar, or

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of the Soviet Union and to deter and to fend off pro-independence resistance and later

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Losses Suffered by USSR Armed Forces in Wars, Combat Operations, and Military Conflicts

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Soviet Army conscript's military service book.#1, Place of birth, #2 Nationality (i.e.

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By 1972, the final transformation of military ranks began as the rank of Praporshchik (

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On September 17, 1939, the Red Army marched its troops into the eastern territories of

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members. Over 90% of all officers in the armed forces were party or Komsomol members.

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and the USSR, recognising the threat from the mounting Japanese military presence in

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rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organised local revolts, e.g. in

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Beneath the Minister of Defence were two First Deputy Ministers of Defence; the

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of February 23, 1918, marked the day of the first mass draft of the Red Army in

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and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II. The semiautomatic Tokarev

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were also generally barred from joining elite or strategic positions (like the

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schools, mandatory for officers applying for senior ranks (e.g., the rank of

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region—Ukrainians and Belarusians—viewed the advancing troops as liberators.

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rank (which, from 1945 was already equivalent to Marshal) was later renamed

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The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988–2005

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Sabch’ota Sotsialist’uri Resp’ublik’ebis K’avshiris Sheiaraghebuli Dzalebi

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Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present

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throughout the armed forces to influence the activities of the military.

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indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the

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Soviet and Russian military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars

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1958 stamp depicting the three main branches: Air Force, Navy and Army.

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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Suvorov 1982 gives the figure of six months with a training division.

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In 1989 over 20% of all armed forces personnel were party members or

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On September 22, 1935, the authorities renamed the RKKA Staff as the

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and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

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The Soviet Union established an indigenous arms industry as part of

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After the end of the war in Europe, the Red Army attacked Japan and

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by cutting the northern supply routes and by digging in until 1944.

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Key Personnel and Organisations of the Soviet Military High Command

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took place. The Soviet Union and the United States supported loyal

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or to cut the Kirov (Murmansk) Railway, a transit route for Soviet

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Sovetakan sots’ialistakan hanrapetut’yunneri miut’yan zinvats uzher

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Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

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regained its post–Winter War concessions to the Soviet Union: the

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opened a major offensive with heavy air attack and three hours of

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Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

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Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

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in 1984 found that the Soviets maintained a notable reach across

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Military forces of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1918–1993)

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assault rifle, and the Russian army continues to use it today.

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education in the Red Army was provided by the facilities named

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Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqining qurolli kuchlari

861: 806:. The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the 539: 4741:

Central European Journal of International and Security Studies

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Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjungos Ginkluotosios Pajėgos

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United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States

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Uzbrojenyja Sily Sajuza Savieckich Sacyjalistyčnych Respublik

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Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

4737:"Military Defection During the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 4577: 4489: 4487: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3408:

The early Red Army never adopted the idea of a professional

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1923:

Quvvahoji Musallahi Ittihodi Çumhurihoji Şūraviji Sosialistī

1906:

Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikalar Soyuzu Kuralduu Küçtörü

1878:

Forțele armate ale Uniuna Republicilori Socialisti Sovietici

1852:

Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqının Silahlı Qüvvələri

1846:Совет Сосиалист Республикалары Иттифагынын Силаһлы Гүввәләри 1767:

Zbroyni Syly Soyuzu Radyansʹkykh Sotsialistychnykh Respublik

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proved decisive in what became known to the Soviets as the

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uses largely the same system. The old functional ranks of

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A generation of brilliant Soviet commanders (most notably

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A colorized photo of Red Army soldiers during World War II

2041:. Credit as the founder of the Red Army generally goes to 1900:Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу Куралдуу Күчтөрү 6095: 5915: 4484: 4460: 4174:"Soviets have not hardened position on SLCM – Akhromeyev" 4074: 3966:

List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

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carbine. In 1949 production of the 7.62×39mm Kalashnikov

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Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienības Bruņotie Spēki

1850: 695: 690: 3714:. In addition, more than 250,000 volunteer nationals of 2925: 2619:. References to ancient Russian military heroes such as 2584:) learned from the defeats, and Soviet victories in the 2014:) (January 28, 1918), basing it on the already-existing 1957:

Sowet Sosialistik Respublikalary Soýuzy Ýaragly Güýçleri

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Keńestik Socıalistik Respýblıkalar Odaǵy Qarýly Kúshteri

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to this template: there are already 928 articles in the

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Red Banner: the Soviet military system in peace and war

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report by Alexander Alexiev and S. Enders Wimbush, the

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Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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Alexiev, Alexander; Wimbush, S. Enders (August 1983).

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Alexiev, Alexander; Wimbush, S. Enders (August 1983).

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Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William Fontaine (1979).

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of the RKKA (Военная академия РККА), and in 1925 the

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to withdraw the Soviet forces from Afghanistan. The "

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forces. The greatest Soviet military presence was in

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Nõukogude Sotsialistlike Vabariikide Liidu Relvajõud

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a machine-translated version of the Russian article.

4275: 1921: 1799: 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4955: 4654: 4518: 3898:Model 38 and Model 40 were chambered for the same 3890:The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate 3339:In 1989, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the 5048:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 4099:"Soviet Military Budget: $ 128 Billion Bombshell" 3665: 3467:(NCOs) and the introduction of the Podpolkovnik ( 2557:necessitated a delay—to the second half of June. 1844: 6860: 6184:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 4216:"Принят закон "О всеобщей воинской обязанности"" 3479:as an NCO rank, a role lasting until the 1970s. 3015:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 2402:on 14 December. The war ended on 13 March 1940. 1861: 1776: 182:, potentially preventing the article from being 4859:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field" 4510:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFeskov_et_al2004 ( 4270:Avalon Project: Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939–1941 4151:"Soviet military spending put at 20–25% of GNP" 3292:The Soviet Armed Forces were controlled by the 1871:(called "Moldavian" in the USSR; also known as 1759: 4930:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4820:"The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces" 4817: 4777:"The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces" 4774: 3540:the commander cadres received training at the 3115:in Georgia. The next major crisis occurred in 2983: 2972:" suffered by the Army parallels the American 2892:(UNC) forces. Two Soviet air divisions flying 2243:cavalry in the disputed territory east of the 1966: 1932: 1827: 834:. The relative advancement and development of 698:200-300 billion (CIA, Pentagon estimate, 1988) 317:accompanying your translation by providing an 262:Click for important translation instructions. 249:expand this article with text translated from 6715: 6507: 5320: 5094: 4962:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 4730: 4728: 4726: 4596:Warner, Edward; Bonan, Packman (April 1984). 4332: 4128:"Soviets to trim military production by 1990" 2538:, no dilemma ever existed in this situation. 2213:A soldier of the Red Army, 1926, wearing the 1949: 1887: 1742: 1718: 995: 379: 5045:Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy 4671: 4669: 4505: 3821:party. Third, the party placed a network of 3603: 3308:(the Politburo, in turn, was chaired by the 3111:units, massacred about 190 demonstrators in 1898: 1810: 5074:Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961–1991 5015:For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. 5007:Zickel, Raymond E; Keefe, Eugene K (1991). 5006: 4605:. RAND Notes. RAND Corporation. p. 8. 4536: 4377:. 1/2005. Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego. 4085: 4009: 3856:1986 map showing the Soviet Military Forces 3273: 2466:Barbarossa, 1941–1945 (Great Patriotic War) 1915: 1793: 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6879:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 6729: 6722: 6708: 6514: 6500: 5327: 5313: 5101: 5087: 4953: 4902: 4881: 4723: 4583: 4493: 4466: 4454: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4268:, 10 September 1939, at Yale Law School's 4202: 3961:Comparative military ranks of World War II 3956:List of Soviet Union military bases abroad 3451:" replaced the senior functional ranks of 3076:Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces 2976:trauma over their own unsuccessful war in 2888:directly fought against United States and 2690: 1725: 1711: 1002: 988: 886: 759:(1946–1991), were the armed forces of the 202:reliable, independent, third-party sources 6827:Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania 4934: 4794:"The U.S.S.R.: Moscow's Military Machine" 4752: 4666: 4630: 4417: 4232:"The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics" 3046:Learn how and when to remove this message 767:(1922–1991) from their beginnings in the 359:Learn how and when to remove this message 220:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 4939:. London: Headline Book Publishing PLC. 4227: 4225: 3864:in the 1920s and 1930s. The five-round, 3851: 3847: 3795: 3503:Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union 3497:By the end of the Second World War, the 3373: 3277: 3174: 3119:, when the Soviet army forcibly entered 3065: 3057: 2935: 2748: 2668: 2656: 2648: 2525: 2511: 2479: 2388: 2310: 2208: 2165: 2030:and the first combat action against the 1989: 775:in 1991. In May 1992, Russian President 710:7.7–11.5% (CIA, Pentagon estimate, 1988) 196:by replacing them with more appropriate 5334: 4997: 4979: 4856: 4478: 4430:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 4281: 329:{{Translated|ru|Вооружённые силы СССР}} 179:too closely associated with the subject 6861: 6521: 5353:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 4734: 4423: 4358: 4338: 3440:rank bestowed upon 5 Army Commanders. 3416:" instead. The Red Army never adopted 3211:. In 2020, Russian forces remained in 3185:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 2379:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 2319: 6703: 6675:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula 6495: 5308: 5082: 4676:Ball, Deborah Yarsike (Winter 1994). 4222: 4033:Vooruzhyonnyye Sily Sovetskogo Soyuza 3531: 2940:A Soviet soldier in Afghanistan, 1988 2926:The limited contingent in Afghanistan 2781:, were also active by this time as a 2530:Soviet ski troops during World War II 2100:, had joined the Bolsheviks earlier. 5108: 5036:, Vol. 14, September 2001, Number 3. 4922: 4675: 4660: 4524: 3607: 3334:Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Pact 2987: 2908: 2900:fighter jets were sent against U.S. 2159: 2129: 1981:Military history of the Soviet Union 971:Military history of the Soviet Union 724:Military history of the Soviet Union 231: 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 6884:Military wings of communist parties 4928:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 4427:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944 4236:United States Department of Defense 3747:article citing an analyst from the 3393: 3294:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3160:. Steadily, the units stationed in 2783:Reserve of the Supreme High Command 2516:A Soviet junior political officer ( 2306: 2109:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 413:the Banner of the USSR Armed Forces 13: 5034:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 5019: 3862:Stalin's industrialization program 3808:), #4 Year of entering the VLKSM ( 3400:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 3154:Commonwealth of Independent States 3062:Monument to the Red Army in Berlin 2944:In 1979, however, the Soviet Army 2665:by Red Army soldiers, January 1945 2627:appeared. Repressions against the 2443:joint German-Finnish forces failed 2175:appears to contradict the article 955:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 736:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 14: 6895: 5062: 4025:Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза 3792:Party control of the Armed Forces 3404:History of Russian military ranks 3304:, generally a full member of the 2811:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 2717:. Soviet forces also attacked in 2303:in the desperate autumn of 1941. 976:History of Russian military ranks 657:92,345,764 (1991), age 18–35 34:This article has multiple issues. 6847: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6743: 6639: 6566:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6476: 6475: 6463: 3940: 3611: 3580:since the 1950s). While a basic 3515: 3385:and soldiers of the Red Army in 2992: 2164: 1685: 1024: 749:Armed Forces of the Soviet Union 401: 392: 236: 177:may rely excessively on sources 166: 64: 23: 4829: 4811: 4786: 4768: 4645: 4636: 4612:from the original on 2014-05-31 4589: 4530: 4406:from the original on 2008-12-19 4388: 4368:Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku 4346: 4252: 4157:. 24 April 1990. Archived from 4109:from the original on 2017-03-12 3266:) became successful members of 3166:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2732: 2146:1920 Polish invasion of Ukraine 2039:Defenders of the Motherland Day 2010:by decree on January 15, 1918 ( 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 4208: 4134:. 24 July 1989. Archived from 4120: 4091: 4049: 4017: 3988: 3666:Ethnic Composition and Tension 2844:The trauma of the devastating 2767:Troops of National Air Defence 2004:Council of People's Commissars 963:History of the Soviet Military 645:2 years (Army & Air Force) 327:You may also add the template 1: 6874:1918 establishments in Russia 6016:Political abuse of psychiatry 5808:Congress of People's Deputies 5161: 5154:Army of the Tsardom of Russia 5132: 5010:Soviet Union: a country study 4857:Fischer, Benjamin B. (1999). 4808:; Zickel, Country Study, p747 4246:(No. 100-2-1). 16 July 1984. 4042: 3722:origin were organized in the 3288:Formations of the Soviet Army 2455:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive 1640:Political abuse of psychiatry 1219:Congress of People's Deputies 838:militaries was a key part of 6869:Military of the Soviet Union 4958:The armed forces of the USSR 4918:– via The Black Vault. 4802:. 1980-06-23. Archived from 4306:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1988). 4180:. 9 May 1990. Archived from 3568:in Western countries. Those 3369: 2697:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2663:Auschwitz concentration camp 2472:Eastern Front (World War II) 2118: 1018:Politics of the Soviet Union 947:Ranks of the Soviet Military 693:128 billion (official, 1988) 452:(as the Soviet Armed Forces) 7: 6179:Academy of Medical Sciences 5182:Toy army of Peter the Great 4032: 4003: 3933: 3438:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3323:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3321:) and from 1934 onwards, a 2984:The end of the Soviet Union 2855:Sino-Soviet border conflict 2155: 1956: 1939: 1922: 1905: 1877: 1851: 1834: 1817: 1800: 1783: 1766: 1749: 1179:Central Executive Committee 849:, an academic study by the 800:State Political Directorate 779:issued decrees forming the 299:will aid in categorization. 10: 6900: 6779:Czechoslovak People's Army 5002:. New York: Facts on File. 4998:Tsouras, Peter G. (1994). 4903:Krivosheev, G. F. (1993). 4882:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). 4839:(3rd Ed., North Cape 2003) 4694:10.1177/0095327X9402000205 4682:Armed Forces & Society 3397: 3330:Chief of the General Staff 3319:leader of the Soviet Union 3285: 2929: 2851:German Democratic Republic 2742: 2736: 2694: 2476:Great Patriotic War (term) 2469: 2323: 2202: 2133: 2122: 2047:People's Commissar for War 1985: 1978: 1974: 854:U.S. Department of Defense 603:Chief of the General Staff 274:Machine translation, like 6845: 6738: 6683: 6648: 6637: 6529: 6457: 6401: 6375: 6295: 6218: 6209: 6154: 6061: 6024: 5964: 5867: 5829: 5749: 5611: 5602: 5552: 5500: 5491: 5343: 5277: 5252: 5227: 5209: 5190: 5144: 5114: 4935:Schofield, Carey (1991). 4424:Glantz, David M. (2002). 4308:"Ukrainian Collaborators" 4024: 3995: 3654:non-commissioned officers 3604:Manpower and enlisted men 3465:non-commissioned officers 3080:Defense of Brest Fortress 2946:intervened in a civil war 2902:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 2839:Baltic Military Districts 2326:Soviet invasion of Poland 2235:In May 1939, a Mongolian 1950: 1933: 1916: 1899: 1845: 1828: 1811: 1794: 1777: 1760: 1743: 1535:Material balance planning 1236:1989 Legislative election 818:, the Ground Forces, the 729: 719: 714: 702: 684: 679: 669: 661: 651: 639: 631: 626: 601: 576: 556: 549: 525: 512:Soviet Air Defence Forces 497: 456: 418: 400: 391: 380: 378: 373: 251:the corresponding article 3981: 3771: 3274:Structure and leadership 3001:This section includes a 2827:Southern Group of Forces 2815:Northern Group of Forces 2420:conquest of East Karelia 2094:Supreme Military Council 1350:Administrator of Affairs 871: 860:and particularly inside 6803:Hungarian People's Army 6767:Bulgarian People's Army 6470:Soviet Union portal 5177:Army of Peter the Great 4863:Studies in Intelligence 4847:Donnelly, Christopher, 4735:Anisin, Alexei (2022). 4543:OAH Magazine of History 4086:Zickel & Keefe 1991 3828:A political commander ( 3757:Strategic Rocket Forces 3341:Strategic Rocket Forces 3030:more precise citations. 2846:German invasion of 1941 2819:Central Group of Forces 2775:Strategic Rocket Forces 2691:The Manchurian Campaign 2629:Russian Orthodox Church 2488:By the autumn of 1940, 2484:Soviet war poster, 1941 2355:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2150:Battle of Warsaw (1920) 1692:Soviet Union portal 1204:Soviet of Nationalities 908:Strategic Rocket Forces 840:the history of the USSR 816:Strategic Rocket Forces 516:Strategic Rocket Forces 424:; 106 years ago 338:For more guidance, see 6791:National People's Army 6750:Albanian People's Army 6690:Allies of World War II 6362:Stalinist architecture 6116:Science and technology 6026:Ideological repression 5954:Soviet Airborne Forces 5892:Destruction battalions 5116:Principality of Moscow 4986:Inside the Soviet Army 4937:Inside the Soviet Army 4837:The Mosin-Nagant Rifle 4584:Scott & Scott 1979 4555:10.1093/maghis/14.3.20 4537:O'Neill, Mark (2000). 4494:Scott & Scott 1979 4467:Scott & Scott 1979 4314:. McFarland. pp. 4240:Department of the Army 4203:Scott & Scott 1979 3926:cartridge used in the 3857: 3813: 3646:Military commissariats 3390: 3300:. At its head was the 3283: 3180: 3090: 3063: 2941: 2913:The Soviet meaning of 2890:United Nations Command 2880:countries. During the 2876:or rebel movements in 2779:Soviet Airborne Forces 2773:. Six years later the 2754: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2531: 2523: 2485: 2462:on 19 September 1944. 2316: 2217: 2205:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 2182:Please discuss at the 2177:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 2098:Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich 2055:Military commissariats 1999: 1998:parade in Moscow, 1922 1967: 1888: 1862: 1635:Ideological repression 1525:Science and technology 845:In the context of the 810:in 1934, and thus its 480:; 30 years ago 474:Soviet Union dissolved 462:; 32 years ago 442:; 78 years ago 411:was also being used as 6144:List of metro systems 5697:Collective leadership 5200:Imperial Russian Army 3855: 3848:Weapons and equipment 3799: 3555:General Staff Academy 3542:General Staff Academy 3377: 3343:, the Ground Forces, 3281: 3178: 3141:events of August 1991 3069: 3061: 2939: 2787:Tyl, or Rear Services 2752: 2672: 2660: 2652: 2613:Patriotic War of 1812 2529: 2515: 2483: 2430:. It participated in 2389:The Finnish campaigns 2363:joint parade was held 2314: 2212: 2074:Imperial Russian Army 1993: 1068:Collective leadership 825:In the USSR, general 708:4.9% (official, 1988) 478:24 December 1993 460:26 December 1991 440:25 February 1946 422:23 February 1918 340:Knowledge:Translation 311:copyright attribution 99:"Soviet Armed Forces" 6815:Polish People's Army 6106:Net material product 6049:Censorship of images 5966:Political repression 5926:Soviet Border Troops 5859:First Deputy Premier 5443:1965 economic reform 5438:Soviet space program 4184:on 24 September 2015 4161:on 24 September 2015 4138:on 24 September 2015 3976:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3560:Red Army (and later 3499:Admiral of the Fleet 2677:in Berlin, June 1945 2633:political commissars 2265:, after which three 2059:political commissars 2035:Imperial German Army 1645:Political repression 1610:Censorship of images 1340:First Deputy Premier 1078:Presidential Council 781:Russian Armed Forces 773:collapse of the USSR 771:of 1917–1923 to the 763:(1917–1922) and the 755:(1918–1946) and the 747:, also known as the 592:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 84:improve this article 6839:Soviet Armed Forces 6174:Academy of Sciences 5989:Population transfer 5933:Soviet Armed Forces 5796:Congress of Soviets 5777:Presidium/Politburo 5741:Soviet anti-Zionism 5590:West Siberian Plain 5468:Revolutions of 1989 5405:Great Patriotic War 5390:New Economic Policy 5219:Russian Army (1917) 5171:New Order Regiments 4888:. Greenhill Books. 3948:Soviet Union portal 3885:semiautomatic rifle 3355:Forces were added. 3302:Minister of Defence 3298:Ministry of Defence 2771:Ministry of Defence 2602:Great Patriotic War 2598:Operation Bagration 2503:non-aggression pact 2344:Romanian bridgehead 2320:The Polish Campaign 2090:military specialist 2049:from 1918 to 1924. 1660:Suppressed research 1650:Population transfer 1520:New Economic Policy 1199:Soviet of the Union 1169:Congress of Soviets 880:Soviet Armed Forces 745:Soviet Armed Forces 578:Minister of Defence 536:Khamovniki District 532:Ministry of Defence 491:United Armed Forces 6624:Western Belorussia 6523:Soviet occupations 5819:Military Collegium 5687:Capital punishment 5565:Caucasus Mountains 5478:Post-Soviet states 5358:Russian Revolution 5295:1992–present 5279:Russian Federation 4835:Terence W. Lapin, 4586:, pp. 37, 59. 4373:2007-09-29 at the 4264:2009-11-07 at the 4103:The New York Times 3858: 3823:political officers 3814: 3623:. You can help by 3566:military academies 3532:Military education 3469:Lieutenant Colonel 3391: 3345:Air Defence Forces 3284: 3181: 3091: 3084:Battle of Smolensk 3064: 3003:list of references 2942: 2868:. But a number of 2794:military districts 2755: 2679: 2673:A giant poster of 2667: 2661:Liberation of the 2655: 2532: 2524: 2494:national socialist 2486: 2432:besieging the city 2317: 2239:unit clashed with 2218: 2000: 1394:Procurator General 1382:Military Collegium 929:Air Defence Forces 820:Air Defence Forces 319:interlanguage link 6856: 6855: 6697: 6696: 6489: 6488: 6453: 6452: 6445:Hammer and sickle 6387:and their groups 6385:Soviet dissidents 6164:Communist Academy 6081:Economic planning 6057: 6056: 5950:Soviet Air Forces 5869:Security services 5789:General Secretary 5772:Central Committee 5714:Political parties 5646:Brezhnev Doctrine 5641:Foreign relations 5598: 5597: 5539:Autonomous okrugs 5453:Soviet–Afghan War 5433:Sino-Soviet split 5375:Russian Civil War 5302: 5301: 5229:Russian Civil War 5146:Tsardom of Russia 4972:978-0-89158-276-2 4895:978-1-85367-280-4 4754:10.51870/UNYW3133 4633:, pp. 67–70. 4506:Feskov et al 2004 4030: 4013: 4001: 3971:Soviet war crimes 3673:Russian Civil War 3641: 3640: 3364:KGB Border Troops 3056: 3055: 3048: 2966:Mikhail Gorbachev 2932:Soviet–Afghan War 2915:military doctrine 2909:Military doctrine 2886:Soviet Air Forces 2777:were formed. The 2644:German–Soviet War 2400:League of Nations 2279:, supported by a 2201: 2200: 2142:Polish–Soviet War 2136:Polish–Soviet War 2130:Polish–Soviet War 2125:Russian Civil War 2032:rapidly advancing 1873:Moldovan language 1735: 1734: 1677: 1676: 1530:Era of Stagnation 1472: 1471: 1357: 1356: 1245: 1244: 1151: 1150: 1122:General Secretary 1107:Central Committee 1012: 1011: 866:military strategy 769:Russian Civil War 741: 740: 671:Reserve personnel 632:Military age 586:Nikolai Podvoisky 569:Mikhail Gorbachev 558:General Secretary 508:Soviet Air Forces 369: 368: 361: 351: 350: 263: 259: 230: 229: 222: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 6891: 6851: 6850: 6837: 6836: 6825: 6824: 6813: 6812: 6801: 6800: 6789: 6788: 6777: 6776: 6765: 6764: 6748: 6747: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6643: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6493: 6492: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6216: 6215: 6124: 5979:Collectivization 5724:Marxism–Leninism 5609: 5608: 5498: 5497: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5287:CIS Armed Forces 5211:Russian Republic 5166: 5163: 5137: 5134: 5109:Armies of Russia 5103: 5096: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5040:Michael MccGwire 5014: 5003: 4994: 4976: 4961: 4950: 4931: 4924:Odom, William E. 4919: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4899: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4865:. 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Archived from 4053: 4036: 4035: 4029:romanized: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4000:romanized: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3761:Soviet Air Force 3753:Soviet non-Slavs 3749:RAND Corporation 3738:Russian language 3692:Second World War 3688:RAND Corporation 3636: 3633: 3615: 3608: 3570:Soviet Academies 3547:Military Academy 3394:Ranks and titles 3312:, generally the 3088:Battle of Moscow 3051: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3026:this section by 3017:inline citations 2996: 2995: 2988: 2974:Vietnam Syndrome 2799:satellite states 2725:and in northern 2621:Alexander Nevski 2586:Battle of Moscow 2567:Soviet Air Force 2541:Drang nach Osten 2507:trade agreements 2505:and by numerous 2460:Moscow Armistice 2412:Karelian Isthmus 2407:Continuation War 2359:XIX Panzer Corps 2307:Second World War 2301:European Theatre 2299:troops into the 2196: 2193: 2187: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2082:military advisor 2066:Aleksei Brusilov 2053:formed regional 1970: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1891: 1880: 1865: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1625:Collectivization 1485: 1484: 1449:De-Stalinization 1423:Marxism–Leninism 1418:Soviet democracy 1412: 1411: 1315:State Committees 1258: 1257: 1164: 1163: 1096: 1095: 1028: 1014: 1013: 1004: 997: 990: 890: 876: 875: 836:the government's 802:(OGPU), and the 715:Related articles 665:4,900,000 (1985) 662:Active personnel 654:military service 572: 499:Service branches 488: 486: 481: 470: 468: 463: 450: 448: 443: 432: 430: 425: 405: 396: 383: 382: 371: 370: 364: 357: 330: 324: 298: 297:|topic= 295:, and specifying 280:Google Translate 261: 257: 240: 239: 232: 225: 218: 214: 211: 205: 170: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6698: 6693: 6679: 6644: 6635: 6619:Western Ukraine 6525: 6520: 6490: 6485: 6464: 6462: 6449: 6397: 6371: 6291: 6205: 6150: 6122: 6096:Internet domain 6091:Five-year plans 6053: 6020: 5960: 5863: 5825: 5757:Communist Party 5745: 5704:Passport system 5594: 5570:European Russia 5548: 5487: 5428:Khrushchev Thaw 5407:(World War II) 5385:Creation treaty 5339: 5333: 5303: 5298: 5273: 5248: 5223: 5205: 5202:1721–1917 5186: 5164: 5140: 5135: 5126:1380–1698 5110: 5107: 5065: 5022: 5020:Further reading 4981:Suvorov, Viktor 4973: 4947: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4896: 4872: 4870: 4869:on 13 June 2007 4844: 4843: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4733: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4455:Krivosheev 1993 4453: 4449: 4442: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4407: 4400:www.ibiblio.org 4394: 4393: 4389: 4375:Wayback Machine 4364: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4304: 4300: 4294:Krivosheev 1997 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4266:Wayback Machine 4257: 4253: 4230: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4149: 4141: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4105:. 31 May 1989. 4097: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4022: 4018: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3850: 3818:Communist Party 3794: 3774: 3668: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3621:needs expansion 3606: 3590:военное училище 3534: 3518: 3510:Warrant officer 3406: 3396: 3372: 3360:Internal Troops 3290: 3276: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3021: 3007:related reading 2997: 2993: 2986: 2970:Afghan Syndrome 2934: 2928: 2911: 2866:nuclear weapons 2817:in Poland, the 2747: 2741: 2735: 2699: 2693: 2625:Mikhail Kutuzov 2478: 2470:Main articles: 2468: 2458:signing of the 2391: 2328: 2322: 2309: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2181: 2169: 2158: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2070:former officers 2018:. The official 1988: 1983: 1977: 1731: 1702: 1698:Other countries 1686: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1590: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1445: 1409: 1399: 1398: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1293: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1093: 1091:Communist Party 1083: 1082: 1041: 1008: 925: 874: 812:Internal Troops 709: 694: 653: 646: 622: 617:Viktor Samsonov 597: 567: 562: 518: 514: 510: 506: 484: 482: 479: 477: 471: 466: 464: 461: 451: 446: 444: 441: 439: 433: 428: 426: 423: 414: 412: 384: 365: 354: 353: 352: 347: 346: 345: 328: 322: 296: 264: 258:(December 2020) 241: 237: 226: 215: 209: 206: 191: 171: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6897: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6854: 6853: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6793: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583:Transcarpathia 6578:Czechoslovakia 6575: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6381: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6139:Rail transport 6136: 6134:Railway system 6126: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5854:Deputy Premier 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5837:Heads of state 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5811: 5805: 5802:Supreme Soviet 5799: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5764: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5719:State ideology 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5615: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5585:Ural Mountains 5582: 5577: 5575:North Caucasus 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5192:Russian Empire 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5063:External links 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5054:978-0815755524 5037: 5030: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5004: 4995: 4977: 4971: 4951: 4945: 4932: 4920: 4900: 4894: 4879: 4854: 4842: 4841: 4828: 4810: 4806:on 2011-06-29. 4785: 4767: 4722: 4688:(2): 239–258. 4665: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4631:Schofield 1991 4623: 4588: 4576: 4529: 4517: 4498: 4496:, p. 176. 4483: 4471: 4469:, p. 131. 4459: 4447: 4440: 4416: 4387: 4357: 4345: 4331: 4324: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4251: 4221: 4207: 4195: 4119: 4090: 4088:, p. 697. 4073: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4016: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3935: 3932: 3849: 3846: 3793: 3790: 3773: 3770: 3667: 3664: 3639: 3638: 3618: 3616: 3605: 3602: 3533: 3530: 3526:Russian Empire 3517: 3514: 3395: 3392: 3379:Vladimir Lenin 3371: 3368: 3275: 3272: 3137:Supreme Soviet 3054: 3053: 3011:external links 3000: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2958:scorched earth 2930:Main article: 2927: 2924: 2919:Andrei Grechko 2910: 2907: 2874:client régimes 2823:Czechoslovakia 2737:Main article: 2734: 2731: 2695:Main article: 2692: 2689: 2609:class struggle 2467: 2464: 2416:Ladoga Karelia 2390: 2387: 2324:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2308: 2305: 2230:Inner Mongolia 2203:Main article: 2199: 2198: 2172: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2134:Main article: 2131: 2128: 2123:Main article: 2120: 2117: 2064:After General 1987: 1984: 1979:Main article: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1960: 1943: 1926: 1909: 1892: 1881: 1866: 1855: 1838: 1821: 1804: 1787: 1770: 1753: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1515:Kosygin reform 1512: 1510:Five-Year Plan 1507: 1505:Consumer goods 1502: 1494: 1493: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1389:People's Court 1386: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1345:Deputy Premier 1342: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274:Official names 1270: 1267: 1266: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1223: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1189:Supreme Soviet 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1061:Vice President 1058: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 973: 965: 964: 960: 959: 958: 957: 949: 948: 944: 943: 942: 941: 936: 931: 926: 924: 923: 918: 912: 910: 905: 897: 896: 892: 891: 883: 882: 873: 870: 739: 738: 733: 727: 726: 721: 717: 716: 712: 711: 706: 704:Percent of GDP 700: 699: 688: 682: 681: 677: 676: 673: 667: 666: 663: 659: 658: 655: 649: 648: 647:3 years (Navy) 643: 637: 636: 633: 629: 628: 624: 623: 621: 620: 614: 607: 605: 599: 598: 596: 595: 589: 582: 580: 574: 573: 560: 554: 553: 547: 546: 529: 523: 522: 501: 495: 494: 458: 454: 453: 420: 416: 415: 406: 398: 397: 389: 388: 376: 375: 367: 366: 349: 348: 344: 343: 336: 325: 303: 300: 288:adding a topic 283: 272: 265: 246: 245: 244: 242: 235: 228: 227: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6896: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6662:Northern Iran 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544:Baltic states 6542: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6482: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Printed media 6340: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6275:Cyrillisation 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:Working class 6241: 6239: 6238:Soviet people 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Energy policy 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5814:Supreme Court 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5416:The Holocaust 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5294: 5293:Ground Forces 5291: 5289:1991–93 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270:1946–92 5269: 5266: 5264:1922–46 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245:1918–22 5244: 5241: 5239:1918–23 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173:1648–98 5172: 5169: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5012: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4948: 4946:0-7472-0418-7 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4778: 4771: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4663:, p. 43. 4662: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4608: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4527:, p. 29. 4526: 4521: 4513: 4508:, p. 22. 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4481:, p. 37. 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4443: 4441:9780700612086 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4205:, p. 13. 4204: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4178:Defense Daily 4175: 4160: 4156: 4155:Defense Daily 4152: 4137: 4133: 4132:Defense Daily 4129: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4063:on 2015-05-11 4062: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4034: 4020: 4005: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3938: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3866:stripper clip 3863: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3716:Central Asian 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:Eastern Front 3693: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3619:This section 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586:военная школа 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:post-graduate 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522:General Staff 3516:General Staff 3513: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410:officer corps 3405: 3401: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3353:Civil Defence 3350: 3349:Rear services 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252:Baltic states 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233:South Ossetia 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203:(partially), 3202: 3199:(partially), 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Baltic states 3186: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3060: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2933: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723:Kuril Islands 2720: 2716: 2715:Kwantung Army 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2688: 2685: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2596:and later in 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582:Georgy Zhukov 2578: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2563:Eastern Front 2558: 2556: 2551: 2550:General Staff 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2528: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334:(now part of 2333: 2327: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2256:Georgy Zhukov 2254:On August 20 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2173:This article 2171: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1683: 1682: 1671: 1670:Soviet Empire 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1545:War communism 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1441:Khrushchevism 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377:Supreme Court 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1237: 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