Mikhail Gorbachev - Knowledge

1509: 1913: 4734: 3311: 2719: 2795: 2499: 4501: 3238: 1805: 2257: 1983: 120: 3229:, 15 of whom were killed. Gorbachev was widely blamed by liberalizers, with Yeltsin calling for his resignation. Gorbachev denied sanctioning the military operation, although some in the military claimed that he had; the truth of the matter was never clearly established. Fearing more civil disturbances, that month Gorbachev banned demonstrations and ordered troops to patrol Soviet cities alongside the police. This further alienated the liberalizers but was not enough to win over hardliners. Wanting to preserve the Union, in April Gorbachev and the leaders of nine Soviet republics jointly pledged to prepare a treaty that would renew the federation under a new constitution; but six of the republics—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia—did not endorse this. A 4103: 3702:. Gorbachev attended Putin's inauguration ceremony in May, the first time he had entered the Kremlin since 1991. Gorbachev initially welcomed Putin's rise, seeing him as an anti-Yeltsin figure. Although he spoke out against some of the Putin government's actions, Gorbachev also had praise for the new government; in 2002, he said: "I've been in the same skin. That's what allows me to say that what has done is in the interest of the majority." At the time, he believed Putin to be a committed democrat who nevertheless had to use "a certain dose of authoritarianism" to stabilize the economy and rebuild the state after the Yeltsin era. At Putin's request, Gorbachev became co-chair of the "Petersburg Dialogue" project between high-ranking Russians and Germans. 4126:

on some of his colleagues. He was sensitive to personal criticism and easily took offense. Colleagues were often frustrated that he would leave tasks unfinished, and sometimes also felt underappreciated and discarded by him. Biographers Doder and Branson thought that Gorbachev was "a puritan" with "a proclivity for order in his personal life". Taubman noted that he was "capable of blowing up for calculated effect". He also thought that by 1990, when his domestic popularity was waning, Gorbachev had become "psychologically dependent on being lionized abroad", a trait for which he was criticized in the Soviet Union. McCauley was of the view that "one of his weaknesses was an inability to foresee the consequences of his actions".

4033:

labor force and make management more effective. It was only after initial measures to achieve this proved unsuccessful that Gorbachev began to consider market mechanisms and co-operatives, albeit with the state sector remaining dominant. The political scientist John Gooding suggested that had the perestroika reforms succeeded, the Soviet Union would have "exchanged totalitarian controls for milder authoritarian ones" although not become "democratic in the Western sense". With perestroika, Gorbachev had wanted to improve the existing Marxist–Leninist system but ultimately ended up destroying it. In this, he brought an end to state socialism in the Soviet Union and paved the way for a transition to liberal democracy.

2522:, in October 1986. Gorbachev wanted to secure guarantees that SDI would not be implemented, and in return was willing to offer concessions, including a 50% reduction in Soviet long range nuclear missiles. Both leaders agreed with the shared goal of abolishing nuclear weapons, but Gorbachev ultimately thought that too out of reach and instead proposed a mutual elimination of all medium-range nuclear missiles. Reagan refused to terminate the SDI program and no deal was reached. After the summit, many of Reagan's allies criticized him for going along with the idea of abolishing nuclear weapons. Gorbachev meanwhile told the Politburo that Reagan was "extraordinarily primitive, troglodyte, and intellectually feeble". 2294:. Speaking in late summer 1985 to the secretaries for economic affairs of the central committees of the East European communist parties, Gorbachev said: "Many of you see the solution to your problems in resorting to market mechanisms in place of direct planning. Some of you look at the market as a lifesaver for your economies. But, comrades, you should not think about lifesavers but about the ship, and the ship is socialism." Gorbachev's perestroika also entailed attempts to move away from technocratic management of the economy by increasingly involving the labor force in industrial production. He was of the view that once freed from the strong control of central planners, state-owned enterprises would act as 3454: 1167: 3794: 2881:; the majority of the region's population were ethnically Armenian and wanted unification with other majority Armenian areas. As rival Armenian and Azerbaijani demonstrations took place in Nagorno-Karabakh, Gorbachev called an emergency meeting of the Politburo. Gorbachev promised greater autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh but refused the transfer, fearing that it would set off similar ethnic tensions and demands throughout the Soviet Union. In the end however, greater autonomy was never given, and instead Gorbachev ordered the further violent ethnic cleansing of Armenians in parts of Nagorno-Karabakh and the adjacent Armenian-populated Shahumyan region, in what was named 2338: 1716:, who was studying in the university's philosophy department. She was engaged to another man, but after that engagement fell apart, she began a relationship with Gorbachev; together they went to bookstores, museums, and art exhibits. In early 1953, he took an internship at the procurator's office in Molotovskoye district, but he was angered by the incompetence and arrogance of those working there. That summer, he returned to Privolnoye to work with his father on the harvest; the money earned allowed him to pay for a wedding. On 25 September 1953 he and Raisa registered their marriage at Sokolniki Registry Office and in October moved in together at the 3078:"; the latter did particularly well in urban centers. Yeltsin was elected the parliament's chair, something Gorbachev was unhappy about. That year, opinion polls showed Yeltsin overtaking Gorbachev as the most popular politician in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev struggled to understand Yeltsin's growing popularity, commenting: "he drinks like a fish ... he's inarticulate, he comes up with the devil knows what, he's like a worn-out record". The Russian Supreme Soviet was now out of Gorbachev's control; in June 1990, it declared that in the Russian Republic, its laws took precedence over those of the Soviet central government. Amid a growth in 2656:. It criticized elements of Gorbachev's reforms, attacking what she regarded as the denigration of the Stalinist era and arguing that a reformer clique—whom she implied were mostly Jews and ethnic minorities—were to blame. Over 900 Soviet newspapers reprinted it and anti-reformists rallied around it; many reformers panicked, fearing a backlash against perestroika. On returning from Yugoslavia, Gorbachev called a Politburo meeting to discuss the letter, at which he confronted those hardliners supporting its sentiment. Ultimately, the Politburo arrived at a unanimous decision to express disapproval of Andreyeva's letter and publish a rebuttal in 2321:

the campaign would improve health and work efficiency—oversaw its implementation. Alcohol production was reduced by around 40%, the legal drinking age rose from 18 to 21, alcohol prices were increased, stores were banned from selling it before 2 pm, and tougher penalties were introduced for workplace or public drunkenness and home production of alcohol. The program also recommended that drinking scenes be censored from old movies. The All-Union Voluntary Society for the Struggle for Temperance was formed to promote sobriety; it had over 14 million members within three years.Anti-alcohol propaganda was distributed, mostly by way of

3206:" programme. This called for further decentralization and some privatization. Gorbachev described the plan as "modern socialism" rather than a return to capitalism but had many doubts about it. In September, Yeltsin presented the plan to the Russian Supreme Soviet, which backed it. Many in the Communist Party and state apparatus warned against it, arguing that it would create marketplace chaos, rampant inflation, and unprecedented levels of unemployment. The 500 Days plan was abandoned. At this, Yeltsin railed against Gorbachev in an October speech, claiming that Russia would no longer accept a subordinate position to the Soviet government. 4399:

of democratic socialism. Taubman characterized Gorbachev as "a visionary who changed his country and the world—though neither as much as he wished". Taubman regarded Gorbachev as being "exceptional ... as a Russian ruler and a world statesman", highlighting that he avoided the "traditional, authoritarian, anti-Western norm" of both predecessors like Brezhnev and successors like Putin. McCauley thought that in allowing the Soviet Union to move away from Marxism–Leninism, Gorbachev gave the Soviet people "something precious, the right to think and manage their lives for themselves", with all the uncertainty and risk that that entailed.

2689: 4122:. Medvedev also considered Gorbachev "a charismatic leader", something Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko had not been. Doder and Branson called him "a charmer capable of intellectually seducing doubters, always trying to co-opt them, or at least blunt the edge of their criticism". McCauley thought Gorbachev displayed "great tactical skill" in maneuvering successfully between hardline Marxist–Leninists and liberalisers for most of his time as leader, adding, though, that he was "much more skilled at tactical, short-term policy than strategic, long-term thinking", in part because he was "given to making policy on the hoof". 1825:. In January 1963, Gorbachev was promoted to personnel chief for the regional party's agricultural committee, and in September 1966 became First Secretary of the Stavropol City Party Organization ("Gorkom"). By 1968 he was increasingly frustrated with his job—in large part because Khrushchev's reforms were stalling or being reversed—and he contemplated leaving politics to work in academia. However, in August 1968, he was named Second Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, making him the deputy of First Secretary Leonid Yefremov and the second most senior figure in Stavropol Krai. In 1969, he was elected as a deputy to the 2963:, the idea that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene militarily in other Marxist–Leninist countries if their governments were threatened. In December 1987 he announced the withdrawal of 500,000 Soviet troops from Central and Eastern Europe. While pursuing domestic reforms, he did not publicly support reformers elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc. Hoping instead to lead by example, he later related that he did not want to interfere in their internal affairs, but he may have feared that pushing reform in Central and Eastern Europe would have angered his own hardliners too much. Some Eastern Bloc leaders, like Hungary's 2010:), replacing his old patron Kulakov, who had died of a heart attack. Gorbachev concentrated his attentions on agriculture: the harvests of 1979, 1980, and 1981 were all poor, due largely to weather conditions, and the country had to import increasing quantities of grain. He had growing concerns about the country's agricultural management system, coming to regard it as overly centralized and requiring more bottom-up decision making; he raised these points at his first speech at a Central Committee Plenum, given in July 1978. He began to have concerns about other policies too. In December 1979, the Soviets sent the 2948: 27457: 26778: 3626: 3683: 5090: 3404:(CIS) as its successor. Gorbachev only learned of this development when Shushkevich phoned him; Gorbachev was furious. He desperately looked for an opportunity to preserve the Soviet Union, hoping in vain that the media and intelligentsia might rally against the idea of its dissolution. Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian Supreme Soviets then ratified the establishment of the CIS. On 9 December, Gorbachev issued a statement calling the CIS agreement "illegal and dangerous". On 20 December, the leaders of 11 of the 12 remaining republics—all except Georgia—met in Kazakhstan and signed the 2409:

Soviet regime". Several days after it occurred, he gave a televised report to the nation. He cited the disaster as evidence for what he regarded as widespread problems in Soviet society, such as shoddy workmanship and workplace inertia. Gorbachev later described the incident as one which made him appreciate the scale of incompetence and cover-ups in the Soviet Union. From April to the end of the year, Gorbachev became increasingly open in his criticism of the Soviet system, including food production, state bureaucracy, the military draft, and the large size of the prison population.

4037:

in socialism, insisting that it wasn't worthy of the name unless it was truly democratic". As Soviet leader, Gorbachev believed in incremental reform rather than a radical transformation; he later referred to this as a "revolution by evolutionary means". Doder and Branson noted that over the course of the 1980s, his thought underwent a "radical evolution". Taubman noted that by 1989 or 1990, Gorbachev had transformed into a social democrat. McCauley suggested that by at least June 1991 Gorbachev was a "post-Leninist", having "liberated himself" from Marxism–Leninism. After the

3726:

had attempted to "turn into some kind of backwater". He rejected the idea—expressed by Bush—that the US had "won" the Cold War, arguing that both sides had cooperated to end the conflict. He declared that since the fall of the Soviet Union, the US, rather than cooperating with Russia, had conspired to build a "new empire headed by themselves". He was critical of how the US had expanded NATO right up to Russia's borders despite their initial assurances that they would not do so, citing this as evidence that the US government could not be trusted. He spoke out against the 1999

3442: 3416:

Gorbachev then gave his speech in the Kremlin in front of television cameras, allowing for international broadcast. In it, he announced, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He expressed regret for the breakup of the Soviet Union but cited what he saw as the achievements of his administration: political and religious freedom, the end of totalitarianism, the introduction of democracy and a market economy, and an end to the arms race and Cold War. Gorbachev was the third out of eight Soviet leaders, after

2570: 26756: 3023: 2433:—the first time a Soviet leader had directly addressed his country's diplomats—Gorbachev spoke of a "radical restructuring" of foreign policy. A major issue facing his leadership was Soviet involvement in the Afghan Civil War, which had then been going on for over five years. Over the course of the war, the Soviet Army took heavy casualties and there was much opposition to Soviet involvement among both the public and military. On becoming leader, Gorbachev saw withdrawal from the war as a key priority. In October 1985, he met with Afghan Marxist leader 2111: 1801:. With an ability to outmanoeuvre rivals, some colleagues resented his success. In September 1956, he was promoted First Secretary of the Stavropol city's Komsomol, placing him in charge of it; in April 1958 he was made deputy head of the Komsomol for the entire region. At this point he was given better accommodation: a two-room flat with its own private kitchen, toilet, and bathroom. In Stavropol, he formed a discussion club for youths, and helped mobilize local young people to take part in Khrushchev's agricultural and development campaigns. 1676:. He and other rural students felt at odds with their Muscovite counterparts, but he soon came to fit in. Fellow students recall him working especially hard, often late into the night. He gained a reputation as a mediator during disputes and was also known for being outspoken in class, although he would reveal some of his views only privately; for instance, he confided in some students his opposition to the Soviet jurisprudential norm that a confession proved guilt, noting that confessions could have been forced. During his studies, an 4232: 2283:("acceleration"), a term he used regularly in the first two years of his leadership. The Soviet Union was behind the United States in many areas of production, but Gorbachev claimed that it would accelerate industrial output to match that of the US by 2000. The Five Year Plan of 1985–1990 was targeted to expand machine building by 50 to 100%. To boost agricultural productivity, he merged five ministries and a state committee into a single entity, Agroprom, although by late 1986 he acknowledged this merger as a failure. 2583:

attentions on economic reform, holding discussions with government officials and economists. Many economists proposed reducing ministerial controls on the economy and allowing state-owned enterprises to set their own targets; Ryzhkov and other government figures were skeptical. In June, Gorbachev finished his report on economic reform. It reflected a compromise: ministers would retain the ability to set output targets but these would not be considered binding. That month, a plenum accepted his recommendations and the

2183:

the Politburo supported him. Shortly after Chernenko's death, the Politburo unanimously elected Gorbachev as his successor; they wanted him rather than another elderly leader. He thus became the eighth leader of the Soviet Union. Few in the government imagined that he would be as radical a reformer as he proved. Although he was not a well-known figure to the Soviet public, there was widespread relief that the new leader was not elderly and ailing. Gorbachev's first public appearance as leader was at Chernenko's

3099:, then the US secretary of state, he set out his position that "a broadening of the NATO zone is not acceptable" to which Baker agreed. Scholars are puzzled why Gorbachev never pursued a written pledge. In May 1990, he visited the US for talks with President Bush; there, he agreed that an independent Germany would have the right to choose its international alliances. Ultimately he acquiesced to the reunification on the condition that NATO troops not be posted to the territory of Eastern Germany. There remains 2849: 32102: 4050: 2418: 26730: 26509: 2697:

conference brought together 5,000 delegates and featured arguments between hardliners and liberalisers. The proceedings were televised, and for the first time since the 1920s, voting was not unanimous. In the months following the conference, Gorbachev focused on redesigning and streamlining the party apparatus; the Central Committee staff—which then numbered around 3,000—was halved, while various Central Committee departments were merged to cut down the overall number from twenty to nine.

4425: 3547: 3365: 899: 4247: 25596: 699: 32126: 3108: 25608: 4074:, to which he publicly clarified that he was an atheist. Since studying at university, Gorbachev considered himself an intellectual; Doder and Branson thought that "his intellectualism was slightly self-conscious", noting that unlike most Russian intelligentsia, Gorbachev was not closely connected "to the world of science, culture, the arts, or education". When living in Stavropol, he and his wife collected hundreds of books. Among his favorite authors were 1632:; he stayed there during the week while walking the 19 km (12 mi) home during weekends. As well as being a member of the school's drama society, he organized sporting and social activities and led the school's morning exercise class. Over the course of five consecutive summers from 1946 onward he returned home to assist his father in operating a combine harvester, during which they sometimes worked 20-hour days. In 1948, they harvested over 8,000 26665: 26437: 4465:

radicalism to really break from Marxism–Leninism and establish a free market liberal democracy. Conversely, many of his Communist Party critics thought his reforms were reckless and threatened the survival of Soviet socialism; some believed he should have followed the example of China's Communist Party and restricted himself to economic rather than governmental reforms. Many Russians saw his emphasis on persuasion rather than force as a sign of weakness.

2298:. Gorbachev and other Soviet leaders did not anticipate opposition to the perestroika reforms; according to their interpretation of Marxism, they believed that in a socialist society like the Soviet Union there would not be "antagonistic contradictions". However, there would come to be a public perception in the country that many bureaucrats were paying lip service to the reforms while trying to undermine them. He also initiated the concept of 3674:, he traveled across Russia giving rallies in twenty cities. He repeatedly faced anti-Gorbachev protesters, while some pro-Yeltsin local officials tried to hamper his campaign by banning local media from covering it or by refusing him access to venues. In the election, Gorbachev came seventh with approximately 386,000 votes, or around 0.5% of the total. Yeltsin and Zyuganov went through to the second round, where the former was victorious. 3470:, or "Gorbachev Foundation", launched in March 1992; Yakovlev and Revenko were its first vice presidents. Its initial tasks were in analyzing and publishing material on the history of perestroika, as well as defending the policy from what it called "slander and falsifications". The foundation also tasked itself with monitoring and critiquing life in post-Soviet Russia, presenting alternative development forms to those pursued by Yeltsin. 32205: 26618: 26571: 26385: 26348: 3915:"form the basis for the settlement" of the conflict. In 2016, he said that "Politicians who think that problems and disputes can be solved by using military force—even as a last resort—should be rejected by society, they should clear the political stage." In July 2016, Gorbachev criticized NATO for deploying more troops to Eastern Europe amid escalating tensions between the military alliance and Russia. In June 2018, he welcomed the 3010:, and led to Ceaușescu's overthrow and execution. Gorbachev was too preoccupied with domestic problems to pay much attention to these events. He believed that democratic elections would not lead Eastern European countries into abandoning their commitment to socialism. In 1989, he visited East Germany for the fortieth anniversary of its founding; shortly after, in November, the East German government allowed its citizens to cross the 26535: 32188: 32222: 1893:, Gorbachev "had now joined the Party's super-elite". As regional leader, Gorbachev initially attributed economic and other failures to "the inefficiency and incompetence of cadres, flaws in management structure or gaps in legislation", but eventually concluded that they were caused by an excessive centralization of decision making in Moscow. He began reading translations of restricted texts by Western Marxist authors such as 32171: 4392:, 46% of Russian citizens have a negative opinion towards Gorbachev, 30% are indifferent, while only 15% have a positive opinion. Many, particularly in Western countries, see him as the greatest statesman of the second half of the 20th century. US press referred to the presence of "Gorbymania" in Western countries during the late 1980s and early 1990s, as represented by large crowds that turned out to greet his visits, with 27434: 32114: 4153: 3014:, a decision Gorbachev praised. Over the following years, much of the wall was demolished. Neither Gorbachev nor Thatcher or Mitterrand wanted a swift reunification of Germany, aware that it would likely become the dominant European power. Gorbachev wanted a gradual process of German integration but Kohl began calling for rapid reunification. With German reunification in 1990, many observers declared the Cold War over. 26717: 26496: 3277:. Tens of thousands of protesters massed outside it to prevent troops storming the building to arrest him. Outside of the White House, Yeltsin, atop a tank, gave a memorable speech condemning the coup. Gorbachev feared that the coup plotters would order him killed, so had his guards barricade his dacha. However, the coup's leaders realized that they lacked sufficient support and ended their efforts. On 21 August, 2078:—a longstanding Brezhnev ally—was appointed general secretary, but he too was in very poor health. Chernenko was often too sick to chair Politburo meetings, with Gorbachev stepping in last minute. Gorbachev continued to cultivate allies both in the Kremlin and beyond, and also gave the main speech at a conference on Soviet ideology, where he angered party hardliners by implying that the country required reform. 2592:

irreplaceable weapon of perestroika". He nevertheless insisted that people should use the newfound freedom responsibly, stating that journalists and writers should avoid "sensationalism" and be "completely objective" in their reporting. Nearly two hundred previously restricted Soviet films were publicly released, and a range of Western films were also made available. In 1989, Soviet responsibility for the 1940

32154: 25618: 3187: 2003:. As part of the Moscow political elite, Gorbachev and his wife now had access to better medical care and to specialized shops; they were also given cooks, servants, bodyguards, and secretaries, although many of these were spies for the KGB. In his new position, Gorbachev often worked twelve to sixteen hour days. He and his wife socialized little, but liked to visit Moscow's theaters and museums. 2892:, Azerbaijani gangs began killing members of the Armenian minority. Local troops tried to quell the unrest but were attacked by mobs. The Politburo ordered additional troops into the city, but in contrast to those like Ligachev who wanted a massive display of force, Gorbachev urged restraint. He believed that the situation could be resolved through a political solution, urging talks between the 1669:(MSU), then the most prestigious university in the country. They accepted him without asking for an exam, likely because of his worker-peasant origins and his possession of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. His choice of law was unusual; it was not a well-regarded subject in Soviet society at that time. At age 19, he traveled by train to Moscow, the first time he had left his home region. 4099:. He was a skilled manager, and had a good memory. A hard worker or workaholic, as general secretary, he would rise at 7:00 or 8:00 in the morning and not go to bed until 1:00 or 2:00. He commuted from the western suburbs between 9 and 10 in the morning and returned home around 8 in the evening. Taubman called him "a remarkably decent man"; he thought Gorbachev to have "high moral standards". 2128: 45: 4041:, the newly formed Communist Party of the Russian Federation would have nothing to do with him. However, in 2006, he expressed his continued belief in Lenin's ideas: "I trusted him then and I still do". He claimed that "the essence of Lenin" was a desire to develop "the living creative activity of the masses". Taubman believed that Gorbachev identified with Lenin on a psychological level. 3040:

head of government to a presidency from which he could not be removed. He decided that the presidential election should be held by the Congress of People's Deputies. He chose this over a public vote because he thought the latter would escalate tensions and feared that he might lose it; a spring 1990 poll nevertheless still showed him as the most popular politician in the country.

1864:, a philosophy professor of the Stavropol agricultural institute whose ideas were regarded as critical of Soviet agricultural policy; Gorbachev ensured that Sadykov was fired from teaching but ignored calls for him to face tougher punishment. Gorbachev later related that he was "deeply affected" by the incident; "my conscience tormented me" for overseeing Sadykov's persecution. 1499:, where his grandfather christened him Mikhail. His relationship with his father, Sergey Andreyevich Gorbachev, was close; his mother, Maria Panteleyevna Gorbacheva (née Gopkalo), was colder and punitive. His parents were poor, and lived as peasants. They had married as teenagers in 1928, and in keeping with local tradition had initially resided in Sergey's father's house, an 4461:

as the Baltic States, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Poland, after violent repressions against the local populations who sought independence. Locals have stated that they consider western veneration of the man an injustice and have said they do not understand his positive legacy in the west, with a group of Lithuanians having pursued legal action against him.

2807:

Gorbachev related that they spoke "on friendly terms". They reached an agreement on notifying each other before conducting ballistic missile tests and made agreements on transport, fishing, and radio navigation. At the summit, Reagan told reporters that he no longer considered the Soviet Union an "evil empire" and the two revealed that they considered themselves friends.

32090: 4477:, one of those who orchestrated the 1991 coup attempt against Gorbachev, for instance called him "a renegade and traitor to your own people". Many of his critics attacked him for allowing the Marxist–Leninist governments across Eastern Europe to fall, and for allowing a reunited Germany to join NATO, something they deem to be contrary to Russia's national interest. 4025:

what should be said, rather than his personal philosophy. Otherwise he could not have survived politically." Like many Russians, Gorbachev sometimes thought of the Soviet Union as being largely synonymous with Russia and in various speeches described it as "Russia"; in one incident he had to correct himself after calling the USSR "Russia" while giving a speech in

2248:) in July 1985. Most of these appointees were from a new generation of well-educated officials who had been frustrated during the Brezhnev era. In his first year, 14 of the 23 heads of department in the Secretariat were replaced. Doing so, Gorbachev secured dominance in the Politburo within a year, faster than either Stalin, Khrushchev, or Brezhnev had achieved. 3210:

which included governmental reforms, among them the abolition of the presidential council. By this point, Gorbachev was isolated from many of his former close allies and aides. Yakovlev had moved out of his inner circle and Shevardnadze had resigned. His support among the intelligentsia was declining, and by the end of 1990 his approval ratings had plummeted.

3582: 3104:

and that it was kept. In July, Kohl visited Moscow and Gorbachev informed him that the Soviets would not oppose a reunified Germany being part of NATO. Domestically, Gorbachev's critics accused him of betraying the national interest; more broadly, they were angry that Gorbachev had allowed the Eastern Bloc to move away from direct Soviet influence.

2549:" of Marxist–Leninist governed states—the Eastern Bloc countries, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba—were a drain on the Soviet economy, receiving a far greater amount of goods from the Soviet Union than they collectively gave in return. He sought improved relations with China, a country whose Marxist government had severed ties with the Soviets in the 1970:. He was surprised by how openly West Europeans offered their opinions and criticized their political leaders, something absent from the Soviet Union, where most people did not feel safe speaking so openly. He later related that for him and his wife, these visits "shook our a priori belief in the superiority of socialist over bourgeois democracy". 1731:'s office, which was then focusing on the rehabilitation of the innocent victims of Stalin's purges, but found that they had no work for him. He was then offered a place on an MSU graduate course specializing in kolkhoz law, but declined. He had wanted to remain in Moscow, where Raisa was enrolled in a PhD program, but instead gained employment in 18842: 18837: 1442:. Gorbachev has a complicated legacy in Russia. While in power, he had net positive approval ratings, being viewed as a reformer and changemaker. However, as the Soviet Union collapsed as a result of these reforms, so did his approval rating; contemporary Russians often deride him for weakening Russia's global influence and precipitating an 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18832: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 3980:—believing in, as he later put it, equality of opportunity, publicly supported education and medical care, a guaranteed minimum of social welfare, and a "socially oriented market economy"—all within a democratic political framework. Exactly when this transformation occurred is hard to say, but surely by 1989 or 1990 it had taken place. 2774:

Gorbachev sought to give the Soviet Union the moral high ground and weaken the West's self-perception of moral superiority. Aware that Reagan would not budge on SDI, Gorbachev focused on reducing "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces", to which Reagan was receptive. In April 1987, Gorbachev discussed the issue with US secretary of state

18860: 18789: 18814: 2050:

with Andropov's encouragement, Gorbachev sometimes chaired Politburo meetings. Andropov encouraged Gorbachev to expand into policy areas other than agriculture, preparing him for future higher office. In April 1983, in a sign of growing ascendancy, Gorbachev delivered the annual speech marking the birthday of the Soviet founder

4086:, while he also enjoyed reading detective fiction. He enjoyed going for walks, having a love of natural environments, and was also a fan of association football. He favored small gatherings where the assembled discussed topics like art and philosophy rather than the large, alcohol-fueled parties common among Soviet officials. 1508: 2401:

criticized Yeltsin for several hours. After this, Gorbachev also criticized Yeltsin, claiming that he cared only for himself and was "politically illiterate". Yeltsin then resigned both as Moscow party secretary and as a member of the Politburo. From this point, tensions between the two men developed into a mutual hatred.

3911:, and he accused Western powers, particularly the US, of adopting an attitude of "triumphalism" towards Russia. In December 2014, he said that both sides in the war in Donbas "have been violating the terms of the ceasefire; both sides are guilty of using dangerous types of weapons and violating human rights", adding that 2487:(SDI), to which Gorbachev was strongly opposed. The duo's wives also met and spent time together at the summit. The summit ended with a joint commitment to avoiding nuclear war and to meet for two further summits: in Washington, DC, in 1986 and in Moscow in 1987. Following the conference, Gorbachev traveled to 3923:, although in October criticized Trump's threat to withdraw from the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, saying the move "is not the work of a great mind". He added: "all agreements aimed at nuclear disarmament and the limitation of nuclear weapons must be preserved, for the sake of life on Earth". 2334:

substitutes, resulting in a rise in poisoning cases. Gorbachev later considered the campaign to have been an error, and it was terminated in October 1988. After it ended, it took several years for production to return to previous levels, after which alcohol consumption soared in Russia between 1990 and 1993.

2359:, or "openness". According to Doder and Branson, this meant "greater openness and candour in government affairs and for an interplay of different and sometimes conflicting views in political debates, in the press, and in Soviet culture". Encouraging reformers into prominent media positions, he brought in 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 4021:

and remains, a Russian imperialist". Gooding thought that Gorbachev was "committed to democracy", something marking him out as different from his predecessors. Gooding also suggested that when in power, Gorbachev came to see socialism not as a place on the path to communism, but a destination in itself.

4460:

at the same time. McCauley noted that in facilitating the merger of East and West Germany, Gorbachev was "a co-father of German unification", assuring him long-term popularity among the German people. However, he remains a controversial figure in former Soviet-occupied and administered countries such

4061:

on the top of his head. Gorbachev reached an adult height of 5 foot 9 inches (1.75 m). Throughout the 1960s, he struggled against obesity and dieted to control the problem; Doder and Branson characterized him as "stocky but not fat". He spoke in a southern Russian accent, and was known

2709:

head of state—with 2,123 votes in favor to 87 against. Its sessions were televised live, and its members elected the new Supreme Soviet. At the Congress, Sakharov spoke repeatedly, exasperating Gorbachev with his calls for greater liberalization and the introduction of private property. When Sakharov

2582:

In January 1987, Gorbachev attended a Central Committee plenum where he talked about perestroika and democratization while criticizing widespread corruption. He considered putting a proposal to allow multi-party elections into his speech, but decided against doing so. After the plenum, he focused his

2203:

Gorbachev's leadership style differed from that of his predecessors. He would stop to talk to civilians on the street, forbade the display of his portrait at the 1985 Red Square holiday celebrations, and encouraged frank and open discussions at Politburo meetings. To the West, Gorbachev was seen as a

1748:

In August 1955, Gorbachev started work at the Stavropol regional procurator's office, but disliked the job and used his contacts to get a transfer to work for Komsomol, becoming deputy director of Komsomol's agitation and propaganda department for that region. In this position, he visited villages in

19182: 19177: 19172: 18715: 18710: 4284:

Russian president Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences on the death of Gorbachev, and paid tribute to him at the Moscow hospital where the ex-president had died but, according to spokesman Dmitry Peskov, had no time to attend his funeral due to a busy work schedule. Putin also sent a telegram to

4172:

for health reasons. On 22 October 2013, it became known that Gorbachev was undergoing another examination in a German clinic. He was also hospitalized in the Central Clinical Hospital on 9 October 2014. Also in 2014, Gorbachev underwent oral surgery. Gorbachev was briefly hospitalized in May 2015 as

4020:

According to Doder and Branson, Gorbachev also wanted to "dismantle the hierarchical military society at home and abandon the grand-style, costly, imperialism abroad". However, Jonathan Steele argued that Gorbachev failed to appreciate why the Baltic nations wanted independence and "at heart he was,

4016:

could obliterate humanity. He began to move away from the Marxist–Leninist belief in class struggle as the engine of political change, instead viewing politics as a way of coordinating the interests of all classes. However, as Gooding noted, the changes that Gorbachev proposed were "expressed wholly

3926:

Following the death of former president George H. W. Bush in 2018, a critical partner and friend of his time in office, Gorbachev stated that the work they had both accomplished led directly to the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race, and that he "deeply appreciated the attention, kindness

3725:

Gorbachev was critical of US hostility to Putin, arguing that the US government "doesn't want Russia to rise" again as a global power and wants "to continue as the sole superpower in charge of the world". More broadly, Gorbachev was critical of US policy following the Cold War, arguing that the West

3103:

over whether US secretary of state James Baker led Gorbachev to believe that NATO would not expand into other countries in Eastern Europe as well. There was no oral or written US promise that explicitly said so. Gorbachev himself has stated that he was only made such a promise regarding East Germany

2395:

Some in the party thought Gorbachev was not going far enough in his reforms; a prominent liberal critic was Yeltsin. He had risen rapidly since 1985, attaining the role of party secretary in Moscow. Like many members of the government, Gorbachev was skeptical of Yeltsin, believing that he engaged in

2320:

In the Soviet Union, alcohol consumption had risen steadily between 1950 and 1985. By the 1980s, drunkenness was a major social problem and Andropov had planned a major campaign to limit alcohol consumption, but died before the plan was put into action. Encouraged by his wife, Gorbachev—who believed

2182:

On 10 March 1985, Chernenko died. Gromyko proposed Gorbachev as the next general secretary; as a longstanding party member, Gromyko's recommendation carried great weight among the Central Committee. Gorbachev expected much opposition to his nomination as general secretary, but ultimately the rest of

1937:

by Brezhnev in a Moscow ceremony. Gorbachev always sought to maintain Brezhnev's trust; as regional leader, he repeatedly praised Brezhnev in his speeches, for instance referring to him as "the outstanding statesman of our time". Gorbachev and his wife holidayed in Moscow, Leningrad, Uzbekistan, and

1692:

to ensure the government's desire for near-total turnout; Gorbachev found that most of those who voted did so "out of fear". In 1952, he was appointed a full member of the Communist Party. As a party and Komsomol member, he was tasked with monitoring fellow students for potential subversion; some of

4398:

naming him its "Man of the Decade" in the 1980s. In the Soviet Union itself, opinion polls indicated that Gorbachev was the most popular politician from 1985 through to late 1989. For his domestic supporters, Gorbachev was seen as a reformer trying to modernise the Soviet Union, and to build a form

4125:

Doder and Branson thought Gorbachev "a Russian to the core, intensely patriotic as only people living in the border regions can be". Taubman also noted that the former Soviet leader has a "sense of self-importance and self-righteousness" as well as a "need for attention and admiration" which grated

4036:

Taubman nevertheless thought Gorbachev remained a socialist. He described Gorbachev as "a true believer—not in the Soviet system as it functioned (or didn't) in 1985 but in its potential to live up to what he deemed its original ideals". He added that "until the end, Gorbachev reiterated his belief

3995:

to be committed to memory". Biographers Doder and Branson related that after Stalin's death, Gorbachev's "ideology would never be doctrinal again", but noted that he remained "a true believer" in the Soviet system. Doder and Branson noted that at the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, Gorbachev

3593:

In contrast to her husband's political activities, Raisa had focused on campaigning for children's charities. In 1997, she founded a sub-division of the Gorbachev Foundation known as Raisa Maksimovna's Club to focus on improving women's welfare in Russia. The Foundation had initially been housed in

3265:

to seize control of the Soviet Union. The phone lines to his dacha were cut and a group arrived, including Boldin, Shenin, Baklanov, and General Varennikov, informing him of the take-over. The coup leaders demanded that Gorbachev formally declare a state of emergency in the country, but he refused.

2591:

By 1987, the ethos of glasnost had spread through Soviet society: journalists were writing increasingly openly, many economic problems were being publicly revealed, and studies appeared that critically reassessed Soviet history. Gorbachev was broadly supportive, describing glasnost as "the crucial,

1973:

Gorbachev had remained close to his parents; after his father became terminally ill in 1974, Gorbachev traveled to be with him in Privolnoe shortly before his death. His daughter, Irina, married fellow student Anatoly Virgansky in April 1978. In 1977, the Supreme Soviet appointed Gorbachev to chair

1852:

to put an end to the Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization in the Marxist–Leninist country. Although Gorbachev later stated that he had had private concerns about the invasion, he publicly supported it. In September 1969 he was part of a Soviet delegation sent to Czechoslovakia, where

19207: 19167: 4065:

Throughout his life, he tried to dress fashionably. Having an aversion to hard liquor, he drank sparingly and did not smoke. He was protective of his private life and avoided inviting people to his home. Gorbachev cherished his wife, who in turn was protective of him. He was an involved parent and

3945:

to begin talks with the Kremlin to make the two countries' "intentions and actions clearer" and "in order to normalize relations". On 24 December 2021, Gorbachev said that the United States "grew arrogant and self-confident" after the collapse of the Soviet Union, resulting in "a new empire. Hence

3886:

in 1954, when both were part of the Soviet Union, the Crimean people had not been asked at the time, whereas in the 2014 referendum they had. After sanctions were placed on Russia as a result of the annexation, Gorbachev spoke out against them. His comments led to Ukraine banning him from entering

3721:

due to its failure to establish local offices with at least 500 members in the majority of Russian regions, which is required by Russian law for a political organization to be listed as a party. Later that year, Gorbachev founded a new movement, the Union of Social Democrats. Stating that it would

3209:

By mid-November 1990, much of the press was calling for Gorbachev to resign and predicting civil war. Hardliners were urging Gorbachev to disband the presidential council and arrest vocal liberals in the media. In November, he addressed the Supreme Soviet where he announced an eight-point program,

2944:, a human chain across the three countries to symbolize their wish to restore independence. That month, the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet ruled the 1940 Soviet annexation of their country to be illegal; in January 1990, Gorbachev visited the republic to encourage it to remain part of the Soviet Union. 2400:

in February, Yeltsin called for more far-reaching reforms than Gorbachev was initiating and criticized the party leadership, although he did not cite Gorbachev by name, claiming that a new cult of personality was forming. Gorbachev then opened the floor to responses, after which attendees publicly

2049:

leader in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was enthusiastic about the appointment. However, although Gorbachev hoped that Andropov would introduce liberalizing reforms, the latter carried out only personnel shifts rather than structural change. Gorbachev became Andropov's closest ally in the Politburo;

4024:

Gorbachev's political outlook was shaped by the 23 years he served as a party official in Stavropol. Doder and Branson thought that throughout most of his political career prior to becoming general secretary, "his publicly expressed views almost certainly reflected a politician's understanding of

3565:

Gorbachev had promised to refrain from criticizing Yeltsin while the latter pursued democratic reforms, but soon the two men were publicly criticizing each other again. After Yeltsin's decision to lift price caps generated massive inflation and plunged many Russians into poverty, Gorbachev openly

3415:

Gorbachev reached a deal with Yeltsin that called for Gorbachev to formally announce his resignation as Soviet president and Commander-in-Chief on 25 December, before vacating the Kremlin by 29 December. Yakovlev, Chernyaev and Shevardnadze joined Gorbachev to help him write a resignation speech.

3292:

That evening, Gorbachev returned to Moscow, where he thanked Yeltsin and the protesters for helping to undermine the coup. At a subsequent press conference, he pledged to reform the Soviet Communist Party. Two days later, he resigned as its general secretary and called on the Central Committee to

3094:

In January 1990, Gorbachev privately agreed to permit East German reunification with West Germany, but rejected the idea that a unified Germany could retain West Germany's NATO membership. His compromise that Germany might retain both NATO and Warsaw Pact memberships did not attract support. On 9

3039:

accused Gorbachev of reducing the country to "anarchy" and "ruin" and of pursuing Western approval at the expense of the Soviet Union and the Marxist–Leninist cause. Gorbachev was aware that the Central Committee could still oust him as general secretary, and so decided to reformulate the role of

2773:

Following the failures of earlier talks with the US, in February 1987, Gorbachev held a conference in Moscow, titled "For a World without Nuclear Weapons, for Mankind's Survival", which was attended by various international celebrities and politicians. By publicly pushing for nuclear disarmament,

2696:

These proposals reflected Gorbachev's desire for more democracy; however, in his view there was a major impediment in that the Soviet people had developed a "slave psychology" after centuries of Tsarist autocracy and Marxist–Leninist authoritarianism. Held at the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, the

2672:

in its place in June 1988. He hoped that by allowing a broader range of people to attend than at previous conferences, he would gain additional support for his reforms. With sympathetic officials and academics, Gorbachev drafted plans for reforms that would shift power away from the Politburo and

4032:

McCauley noted that perestroika was "an elusive concept", one which "evolved and eventually meant something radically different over time". McCauley stated that the concept originally referred to "radical reform of the economic and political system" as part of Gorbachev's attempt to motivate the

4484:

stressed the connection between Gorbachev and his predecessor, Andropov. In Galeotti's view, Andropov was "the godfather of the Gorbachev revolution", because—as a former head of the KGB—he was able to put forward the case for reform without having his loyalty to the Soviet cause questioned, an

3344:

To keep unity within the country, Gorbachev continued to pursue plans for a new union treaty but found increasing opposition to the idea of a continued federal state as the leaders of various Soviet republics bowed to growing nationalist pressure. Yeltsin stated that he would veto any idea of a

3155:

in July 1991. There, he continued to call for financial assistance; Mitterrand and Kohl backed him, while Thatcher—no longer in office—also urged Western leaders to agree. Most G7 members were reluctant, instead offering technical assistance and proposing the Soviets receive "special associate"

3146:

With the Soviet budget deficit climbing and no domestic money markets to provide the state with loans, Gorbachev looked elsewhere. Throughout 1991, Gorbachev requested sizable loans from Western countries and Japan, hoping to keep the Soviet economy afloat and ensure the success of perestroika.

2806:

A second US–Soviet summit occurred in Moscow in May–June 1988, which Gorbachev expected to be largely symbolic. Again, he and Reagan criticized each other's countries—Reagan raising Soviet restrictions on religious freedom; Gorbachev highlighting poverty and racial discrimination in the US, but

2408:

occurred. In the immediate aftermath, officials fed Gorbachev incorrect information to downplay the incident. As the scale of the disaster became apparent, 336,000 people were evacuated from the area around Chernobyl. Taubman noted that the disaster marked "a turning point for Gorbachev and the

2276:

as encompassing a complex series of reforms to restructure society and the economy. He was concerned by the country's low productivity, poor work ethic, and inferior quality goods; like several economists, he feared this would lead to the country becoming a second-rate power. The first stage of

1912: 18824: 2704:

were held. Of the 2,250 legislators to be elected, one hundred—termed the "Red Hundred" by the press—were directly chosen by the Communist Party, with Gorbachev ensuring many were reformists. Although over 85% of elected deputies were party members, many of those elected—including Sakharov and

18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 4485:

approach that Gorbachev was able to build on and follow through with. According to McCauley, Gorbachev "set reforms in motion without understanding where they could lead. Never in his worst nightmare could he have imagined that perestroika would lead to the destruction of the Soviet Union".

4464:

He also faced domestic criticism during his rule. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. Across society more broadly, his inability to reverse the decline in the Soviet economy brought discontent. Liberals thought he lacked the

1792:

suggested that Gorbachev "embodied" the "reformist spirit" of the Khrushchev era. Gorbachev was among those who saw themselves as "genuine Marxists" or "genuine Leninists" in contrast to what they regarded as the perversions of Stalin. He helped spread Khrushchev's anti-Stalinist message in

19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 18852: 18781: 18036: 2333:

from declining alcohol sales, resulting in losses of up to US$ 100 billion between 1985 and 1990. Another serious problem was the strain on the Soviet healthcare system, as uneducated Soviet citizens had resorted to drinking rubbing alcohol, nail polish remover or cologne as dangerous

4404:

Gorbachev succeeded in destroying what was left of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union; he brought freedom of speech, of assembly, and of conscience to people who had never known it, except perhaps for a few chaotic months in 1917. By introducing free elections and creating parliamentary

3867:, Gorbachev was opposed to the idea. He complained that Putin's new measures had "tightened the screws" on Russia and that the president was trying to "completely subordinate society", adding that United Russia now "embodied the worst bureaucratic features of the Soviet Communist party". 3233:

brought 76.4% in favor of continued federation but the six rebellious republics had not taken part. Negotiations took place to decide what form the new constitution would take, again bringing together Gorbachev and Yeltsin in discussion; it was planned to be formally signed in August.

18041: 18016: 1957:

The government considered Gorbachev sufficiently reliable that he was sent as part of Soviet delegations to Western Europe; he made five trips there between 1970 and 1977. In September 1971 he was part of a delegation that traveled to Italy, where they met with representatives of the

4066:

grandparent. He sent his daughter, his only child, to a local school in Stavropol rather than to a school set aside for the children of party elites. Unlike many of his contemporaries in the Soviet administration, he was not a womanizer and was known for treating women respectfully.

3578:. Gorbachev continued to defend perestroika but acknowledged that he had made tactical errors as Soviet leader. While he still believed that Russia was undergoing a process of democratization, he concluded that it would take decades rather than years, as he had previously thought. 4289:

called Gorbachev an "outstanding statesman". Other reactions were less positive, with the leader of Russia's Communist Party, Gennady Zyuganov, stating that Gorbachev was a leader whose rule brought "absolute sadness, misfortune and problems" for "all the peoples of our country".

2387:

were freed from internal exile or prison. Gorbachev saw glasnost as a necessary measure to ensure perestroika by alerting the Soviet populace to the nature of the country's problems in the hope that they would support his efforts to fix them. Particularly popular among the Soviet

2392:, who became key Gorbachev supporters, glasnost boosted his domestic popularity but alarmed many Communist Party hardliners. For many Soviet citizens, this newfound level of freedom of speech and press—and its accompanying revelations about the country's past—was uncomfortable. 18001: 4447:

Gorbachev's negotiations with the US helped bring an end to the Cold War and reduced the threat of nuclear conflict. His decision to allow the Eastern Bloc to break apart prevented significant bloodshed in Central and Eastern Europe; as Taubman noted, this meant that the

4094:

Gorbachev's university friend, Mlynář, described him as "loyal and personally honest". He was self-confident, polite, and tactful; he had a happy and optimistic temperament. He used self-deprecating humor, and sometimes profanities, and often referred to himself in the

2557:. In June 1985 he signed a US$ 14 billion five-year trade agreement with the country and in July 1986, he proposed troop reductions along the Soviet-Chinese border, hailing China as "a great socialist country". He made clear his desire for Soviet membership of the 1872:

In April 1970, Yefremov was promoted to a higher position in Moscow and Gorbachev succeeded him as the First Secretary of the Stavropol kraikom. This granted Gorbachev significant power over the Stavropol region. He had been personally vetted for the position by senior

18031: 17946: 3709:. In June 2002, he participated in a meeting with Putin, who praised the venture, suggesting that a center-left party could be good for Russia and that he would be open to working with it. In 2003, Gorbachev's party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the 16910: 2975:, were hostile to it. In May 1987 Gorbachev visited Romania, where he was appalled by the state of the country, later telling the Politburo that there "human dignity has absolutely no value". He and Ceaușescu disliked each other, and argued over Gorbachev's reforms. 3934:, Gorbachev declared, "The storming of the capitol was clearly planned in advance, and it's obvious by whom." He did not clarify to whom he was referring. Gorbachev also stated that the attack "called into question the future fate of the United States as a nation". 1756:

Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife Raisa initially rented a small room in Stavropol, taking daily evening walks around the city and on weekends hiking in the countryside. In January 1957, Raisa gave birth to a daughter, Irina, and in 1958 they moved into two rooms in a

18283: 3293:

dissolve. Several members of the coup committed suicide; others were fired. Gorbachev attended a session of the Russian Supreme Soviet on 23 August, where Yeltsin aggressively criticized him for having appointed and promoted many of the coup members to start with.

2869:. Gorbachev ordered a commission, headed by Gromyko, to examine their situation. Gromyko's report opposed calls for assisting Tatar resettlement in Crimea. By 1988, the Soviet "nationality question" was increasingly pressing. In February, the administration of the 1990:

In November 1978, Gorbachev was appointed a Secretary of the Central Committee. His appointment had been approved unanimously by the Central Committee's members. To fill this position, Gorbachev and his wife moved to Moscow, where they were initially given an old

32332: 32327: 32322: 32317: 32312: 17956: 3465:

Out of office, Gorbachev had more time to spend with his wife and family. He and Raisa initially lived in their dilapidated dacha on Rublevskoe Shosse, and were also allowed to privatize their smaller apartment on Kosygin Street. He focused on establishing his

18006: 17971: 11524: 3058:

replaced the Politburo. At the same Congress meeting, he presented the idea of repealing Article 6 of the Soviet constitution, which had ratified the Communist Party as the "ruling party" of the Soviet Union. The Congress passed the reform, undermining the

1654:

I would consider it a high honour to be a member of the highly advanced, genuinely revolutionary Communist Party of Bolsheviks. I promise to be faithful to the great cause of Lenin and Stalin, to devote my entire life to the party's struggle for Communism.

4204:. Shortly before his death, Gorbachev underwent four more operations, lost 40 kilograms of weight, and could no longer walk. In interviews given shortly before his death, Gorbachev had complained about health and appetite problems. Gorbachev was receiving 3337:. The event was co-sponsored by the US and Soviet Union, one of the first examples of such cooperation between the two countries. There, he again met with Bush. En route home, he traveled to France where he stayed with Mitterrand at the latter's home near 2587:

passed a "law on enterprises" implementing the changes. Economic problems remained: by the late 1980s there were still widespread shortages of basic goods, rising inflation, and declining living standards. These stoked a number of miners' strikes in 1989.

735: 18011: 17986: 17976: 2308:

reform which linked salaries to output and allowed collective farms to sell 30% of their produce directly to shops or co-operatives rather than giving it all to the state for distribution. In a September 1986 speech, he embraced the idea of reintroducing

4524:; in 1990, he was given the Nobel Peace Prize for "his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community". Out of office he continued to receive honors. In 1992, he was the first recipient of the 3990:

According to his university friend Zdeněk Mlynář, in the early 1950s "Gorbachev, like everyone else at the time, was a Stalinist". Mlynář noted, however, that unlike most other Soviet students, Gorbachev did not view Marxism simply as "a collection of

32267: 17961: 3957:

stated on 26 February that " affirm the need for an early cessation of hostilities and immediate start of peace negotiations. There is nothing more precious in the world than human lives." At the end of July 2022, Gorbachev's close friend, journalist

2786:

incident—in which a West German teenager was able to fly undetected from Finland and land in Red Square—Gorbachev fired many senior military figures for incompetence. In December 1987, Gorbachev visited Washington, DC, where he and Reagan signed the

32307: 32302: 32297: 32292: 17991: 17951: 31281: 18946: 18941: 18647: 18529: 18406: 32287: 32282: 32277: 32272: 4492:, "Few leaders in the 20th century, indeed in any century, have had such a profound effect on their time. In little more than six tumultuous years, Mr. Gorbachev lifted the Iron Curtain, decisively altering the political climate of the world." 2730:

Gorbachev tried to improve relations with the UK, France, and West Germany; like previous Soviet leaders, he was interested in pulling Western Europe away from US influence. Calling for greater pan-European co-operation, he publicly spoke of a

2705:

Yeltsin—were liberalisers. Gorbachev was happy with the result, describing it as "an enormous political victory under extraordinarily difficult circumstances". The new Congress convened in May 1989. Gorbachev was then elected its chair—the new

18951: 18514: 18391: 18386: 18381: 2219:

Gorbachev was aware that the Politburo could remove him from office, and that he could not pursue more radical reform without a majority of supporters in the Politburo. He sought to remove several older members from the Politburo, encouraging

18637: 18519: 18396: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 17966: 2081:

In April 1984, Gorbachev was appointed chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Soviet legislature, a largely honorific position. In June he traveled to Italy as a Soviet representative for the funeral of Italian Communist Party leader

2638:

of 1917—which brought Lenin and the Communist Party to power—Gorbachev produced a speech on "October and Perestroika: The Revolution Continues". Delivered to a ceremonial joint session of the Central Committee and the Supreme Soviet in the

1550:(collective farm) in 1929, becoming its chair. This farm was 19 kilometres (12 mi) outside Privolnoye village and when he was three years old, Gorbachev left his parental home and moved into the kolkhoz with his maternal grandparents. 19109: 19104: 19099: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 5091: 4332:'s conclusion. Queen Elizabeth II, in her condolence and in one of her last public messages, stated that "through his courage and vision, he gained the admiration, affection and respect of the British people". Canadian prime minister 3134:

permitting force to be used in expelling the Iraqi Army from Kuwait. Gorbachev later called it a "watershed" in world politics, "the first time the superpowers acted together in a regional crisis". However, when the US announced plans for

13413: 4843:

On 14 March 1990, the provision on the CPSU monopoly on power was removed from Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR. Thus, in the Soviet Union, a multi-party system was officially allowed, and the CPSU ceased to be part of the state

1687:

At MSU, Gorbachev became the Komsomol head of his entering class, and then Komsomol's deputy secretary for agitation and propaganda at the law school. One of his first Komsomol assignments in Moscow was to monitor the election polling in

32362: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 3622:. In September she fell into a coma and died. After Raisa's passing, Gorbachev's daughter Irina and his two granddaughters moved into his Moscow home to live with him. When questioned by journalists, he said that he would never remarry. 2835:

and repealing the Stevenson and Baird Amendments. There, they agreed to a joint press conference, the first time that a US and Soviet leader had done so. Gorbachev also urged Bush to normalize relations with Cuba and meet its president,

2204:

more moderate and less threatening Soviet leader; some Western commentators however believed this an act to lull Western governments into a false sense of security. His wife was his closest adviser, and took on the unofficial role of a "

1438:, in the West he is praised for his role in ending the Cold War, introducing new political and economic freedoms in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of Marxist–Leninist administrations in eastern and central Europe and the 3513:, enabling him to keep the foundation afloat. With his wife's assistance, Gorbachev worked on his memoirs, which were published in Russian in 1995 and in English the following year. He also began writing a monthly syndicated column for 18293: 18288: 3034:

In February 1990, both liberalisers and Marxist–Leninist hardliners intensified their attacks on Gorbachev. A liberalizer march took place in Moscow criticizing Communist Party rule, while at a Central Committee meeting, the hardliner

2475:. At the Geneva summit, discussions between Gorbachev and Reagan were sometimes heated, and Gorbachev was initially frustrated that his US counterpart "does not seem to hear what I am trying to say". As well as discussing the Cold War 19368: 19149: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 1859: 18524: 18401: 4468:

For much of the Communist Party nomenklatura, the Soviet Union's dissolution was disastrous as it resulted in their loss of power. In Russia, he is widely despised for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing

4011:

to the situation of early 20th century Russia. For instance, he thought that rhetoric about global revolution and overthrowing the bourgeoisie—which had been integral to Leninist politics—had become too dangerous in an era where

3892:

Russia can succeed only through democracy. Russia is ready for political competition, a real multiparty system, fair elections and regular rotation of government. This should define the role and responsibility of the president.

19373: 19358: 1816:

In March 1961, Gorbachev became First Secretary of the regional Komsomol, in which position he went out of his way to appoint women as city and district leaders. In 1961, Gorbachev played host to the Italian delegation for the

13318: 4405:

institutions, he laid the groundwork for democracy. It is more the fault of the raw material he worked with than of his own real shortcomings and mistakes that Russian democracy will take much longer to build than he thought.

19363: 18245: 4208:, but was allowed to leave the hospital for short periods of time. On 29 August 2022, Gorbachev arrived at the Central Clinical Hospital for another hemodialysis, where he died on 30 August at approximately 10:00 p.m. 4069:

Gorbachev was baptized Russian Orthodox and when he was growing up, his grandparents had been practicing Christians. In 2008, there was some press speculation that he was a practicing Christian after he visited the tomb of

3962:, said that Gorbachev was very upset when he found out that Putin had launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. According to Venediktov, Gorbachev believed that Putin "destroyed his life's work". Gorbachev's interpreter, 3825:

in efforts to "reset" strained US–Russian relations, and attended an event in Berlin commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 2011, an eightieth birthday gala for him was held at London's

2660:. Yakovlev and Gorbachev's rebuttal claimed that those who "look everywhere for internal enemies" were "not patriots" and presented Stalin's "guilt for massive repressions and lawlessness" as "enormous and unforgiveable". 18926: 16937: 1446:. Mikhail Gorbachev also ran unsuccessfully in 1996 which despite neoliberal reforms in Russia at the time, showed mass unpopularity with the results of his administration and possibly regret in the collapse of the USSR. 2860:

On taking power, Gorbachev found some unrest among different national groups within the Soviet Union. In December 1986, riots broke out in several Kazakh cities after a Russian was appointed head of the region. In 1987,

2073:

In February 1984, Andropov died; on his deathbed he indicated his desire that Gorbachev succeed him. Many in the Central Committee nevertheless thought the 53-year-old Gorbachev was too young and inexperienced. Instead,

1796:

Gorbachev rose steadily through the ranks of the local administration. The authorities regarded him as politically reliable, and he would flatter his superiors, for instance gaining favor with prominent local politician

26949: 19393: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18986: 20408: 20170: 19940: 19741: 18936: 18931: 18921: 18916: 13257: 3713:—which, however, faced much internal division and failed to gain traction with voters. Gorbachev resigned as party leader in May 2004 following a disagreement with the party's chairman over the direction taken in the 3006:, most of the Marxist–Leninist states of Central and Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change. In most countries, like Poland and Hungary, this was achieved peacefully, but in Romania, the 11516: 30596: 18981: 18976: 18971: 2735:" and of a Europe "from the Atlantic to the Urals". In March 1987, Thatcher visited Gorbachev in Moscow; despite their ideological differences, they liked one another. In April 1989 he visited London, lunching with 2814:

where he announced a unilateral reduction in the Soviet armed forces by 500,000; he also announced that 50,000 troops would be withdrawn from Central and Eastern Europe. He then met with Reagan and President-elect

1924:

Gorbachev's main task as regional leader was to raise agricultural production levels, a task hampered by severe droughts in 1975 and 1976. He oversaw the expansion of irrigation systems through construction of the

19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 18966: 18961: 18956: 3428:, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally voted the country out of existence. As of 31 December 1991, all Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased to function. 1886: 1603:

The village school was closed during much of the war but re-opened in autumn 1944. Gorbachev did not want to return but when he did he excelled academically. He read voraciously, moving from the Western novels of

821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 733: 3657:

candidate whom Yeltsin saw as a Stalinist hardliner. He never expected to win outright but thought a centrist bloc could be formed around either himself or one of the other candidates with similar views, such as

12129: 3473:

To finance his foundation, Gorbachev began lecturing internationally, charging large fees to do so. On a visit to Japan, he was well received and given multiple honorary degrees. In 1992, he toured the US in a

2026:; Gorbachev privately thought it a mistake. At times he openly supported the government position; in October 1980 he for instance endorsed Soviet calls for Poland's Marxist–Leninist government to crack down on 31033: 26153: 13057: 3648:

were scheduled for June 1996, and although his wife and most of his friends urged him not to run, Gorbachev decided to do so. He hated the idea that the election would result in a run-off between Yeltsin and

28702: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 2094:; she was aware that he was a potential reformer and wanted to meet him. At the end of the visit, Thatcher said: "I like Mr. Gorbachev. We can do business together". He felt that the visit helped to erode 3143:; he was flattered but acknowledged "mixed feelings" about the accolade. Polls indicated that 90% of Soviet citizens disapproved of the award, which was widely seen as a Western and anti-Soviet accolade. 31288: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 12967: 11861: 4336:

said "He helped bring an end to the Cold War, embraced reforms in the Soviet Union, and reduced the threat of nuclear weapons. He leaves behind an important legacy", while former Canadian prime minister

4323:

said Gorbachev was a "one-of-a-kind statesman who changed the course of history and a towering global leader, committed multilateralist, and tireless advocate for peace", as former US secretary of state

13500: 20626: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 2245: 2007: 798: 794: 790: 786: 4349:

stated that Gorbachev had "increased the scope of freedom of the enslaved peoples of the Soviet Union in an unprecedented way, giving them hope for a more dignified life". Lithuanian foreign minister

3307:

After the coup, the Supreme Soviet indefinitely suspended all Communist Party activity, effectively ending communist rule in the Soviet Union. From then on, the country collapsed with dramatic speed.

18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18421: 18416: 18411: 3164:. Gorbachev was frustrated that the US would spend $ 100 billion on the Gulf War but would not offer his country loans. Other countries were more forthcoming; West Germany had given the Soviets 2823:. On becoming US president, Bush appeared interested in continuing talks with Gorbachev but wanted to appear tougher on the Soviets than Reagan, and had to allay criticism from the right wing of his 2677:. While the soviets had become largely powerless bodies that rubber-stamped Politburo policies, he wanted them to become year-round legislatures. He proposed the formation of a new institution, the 27004: 26068: 26032: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 4215:

Russian president Vladimir Putin bid an official farewell to Gorbachev on 1 September 2022 during a visit to the Central Clinical Hospital, where he laid flowers at his coffin. His press secretary

2035: 1321: 978: 779: 772: 768: 764: 760: 16216: 13404: 1628:, the Soviet political youth organization, becoming leader of his local group and then being elected to the Komsomol committee for the district. From primary school he moved to the high school in 18662: 18657: 18652: 12160: 3408:, agreeing to dismantle the Soviet Union and formally establish the CIS. They also provisionally accepted Gorbachev's resignation as president of what remained of the Soviet Union. Accepting the 2444:

Gorbachev had inherited a renewed period of high tension in the Cold War. He believed strongly in the need to sharply improve relations with the United States; he was appalled at the prospect of

13130: 20401: 20163: 19933: 19734: 18642: 18125: 3202:, was also elected. Seeking compromise with the liberalizers, Gorbachev assembled a team of both his own and Yeltsin's advisers to come up with an economic reform package: the result was the " 30857: 30589: 25458: 19066: 13470: 2441:

agreement with the opposition. That month, the Politburo approved Gorbachev's decision to withdraw combat troops from Afghanistan, although the last troops did not leave until February 1989.

30849: 19159: 18770: 18702: 17928: 10288:

Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.

2990:", the Soviet Union did not interfere and the media-informed Eastern European population realized that on the one hand their rulers were increasingly losing power and on the other hand the 2747:, although he later informally apologized and in October 1988 visited Moscow. In June 1989 Gorbachev then visited Kohl in West Germany. In November 1989 he also visited Italy, meeting with 732: 18343: 3198:

in July 1990, hardliners criticized the reformists, but Gorbachev was re-elected party leader with the support of three-quarters of delegates, and his choice of deputy general secretary,

2669: 1999:, before finally being allocated a newly built brick house. He was also given an apartment inside the city, but gave that to his daughter and son-in-law; Irina had begun work at Moscow's 14274: 3100: 31026: 19303: 17996: 3083: 354: 16346: 12693: 11944: 4345:

called Gorbachev "a man of peace whose choices opened up a path of liberty for Russians". US president Joe Biden called Gorbachev "a man of remarkable vision". Polish foreign minister

28695: 23567: 20394: 20156: 19926: 19727: 19313: 13310: 3130:

and feared for the safety of the 9,000 Soviet citizens in Iraq, although Gorbachev argued that the Iraqis were the clear aggressors in the situation. In November the Soviets endorsed

2782:

rockets and allow US inspectors to visit Soviet military facilities to ensure compliance. There was hostility to such compromises from the Soviet military, but following the May 1987

4003:

country. In this context, Gorbachev argued that the Communist Party had to adapt and engage in creative thinking much as Lenin had creatively interpreted and adapted the writings of

30861: 30582: 13160: 3467: 2090:, Bulgaria to attend celebrations of the fortieth anniversary of its liberation from the Nazis by the Red Army. In December, he visited Britain at the request of its prime minister 1723:

In June 1955, Gorbachev graduated with a distinction; his final paper had been on the advantages of "socialist democracy" (the Soviet political system) over "bourgeois democracy" (

29617: 2643:, it praised Lenin but criticized Stalin for overseeing mass human rights abuses. Party hardliners thought the speech went too far; liberalisers thought it did not go far enough. 2383:

dean of the State Historical Archive Faculty, from where Afansiev could press for the opening of secret archives and the reassessment of Soviet history. Prominent dissidents like

1693:

his fellow students said that he did so only minimally and that they trusted him to keep confidential information secret from the authorities. Gorbachev became close friends with

21773: 14701: 26929: 26924: 26022: 25448: 20619: 19268: 13567: 13380: 13288: 4364:

wrote to the Gorbachev Foundation to express his "condolences to his daughter, Irina Virganskaya and members of his family, his friends and supporters". Japan's prime minister

1600:

before returning to his family, injured. After Germany was defeated, Gorbachev's parents had their second son, Aleksandr, in 1947; he and Mikhail would be their only children.

31019: 13248: 10711: 4294:, widow of former Russian president Boris Yeltsin, said that Gorbachev "sincerely wanted to change the Soviet system" and transform the USSR into a "free and peaceful state". 4168:

clinic Schön Klinik München Harlaching. On 11 June 2013, it was reported that Gorbachev was hospitalized for a routine examination. Two months earlier, he had not come to the

2396:

too much self-promotion. Yeltsin was also critical of Gorbachev, regarding him as patronizing. In early 1986, Yeltsin began sniping at Gorbachev in Politburo meetings. At the

1573:, were arrested and interned in labor camps, if not executed. Both of Gorbachev's grandfathers were arrested (his maternal in 1934 and his paternal in 1937) and spent time in 16783: 32262: 30874: 28688: 26997: 24902: 19907: 19408: 19353: 18021: 17981: 17737: 17667: 3086:

as a branch of the larger Soviet Communist Party. Gorbachev attended its first congress in June, but soon found it dominated by hardliners who opposed his reformist stance.

734: 3047:, in which Gorbachev was the only candidate. He secured 1,329 in favor to 495 against; 313 votes were invalid or absent. He therefore became the first (and only) executive 2313:

to the country alongside limited private enterprise, citing Lenin's New Economic Policy as a precedent; he nevertheless stressed that he did not regard this as a return to

32432: 32407: 19585: 19537: 18903: 17818: 17754: 17677: 13593: 4196:. At the beginning of 2020, Gorbachev was placed under the continuous supervision of doctors. Gorbachev's condition deteriorated even further in July 2022 as he developed 2042: 1882: 1313: 1222: 932: 134: 2607:. The reforms also included greater tolerance of religion; an Easter service was broadcast on Soviet television for the first time and the millennium celebrations of the 2463:

Both Gorbachev and Reagan wanted a summit to discuss the Cold War, but each faced some opposition to such a move within their respective governments. They agreed to hold

31274: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 15294: 10648:

Savranskaya, Svetlana; Blanton, Thomas; Zubok, Vladislav (2010). "Document No. 119: Record of Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker, February 9, 1990".

1946:, who was favorable towards him and who became an important patron. Gorbachev also developed good relationships with senior figures including the Soviet prime minister, 1765:

from the local Stavropol Agricultural Institute, receiving his diploma in 1967. His wife had also pursued a second degree, attaining a PhD in sociology in 1967 from the

459: 2770:. Gorbachev did not condemn the massacre publicly but it reinforced his commitment not to use violent force in dealing with pro-democracy protests in the Eastern Bloc. 2456:

publicly appeared to not want a de-escalation of tensions, having scrapped détente and arms controls, initiating a military build-up, and calling the Soviet Union the "

32387: 29846: 28910: 26285: 26063: 20612: 19867: 19428: 18911: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 13656: 12203: 4521: 3310: 13193: 13047: 10306:

Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse, 16 August 2018.

32372: 32347: 21178: 20417: 20179: 19949: 19750: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 8126: 2940:

declared their economic "autonomy" from the Soviet central government and introduced measures to restrict Russian immigration. In August 1989, protesters formed the

8080: 3570:, Gorbachev called on him to resign. In 1995, his foundation held a conference on "The Intelligentsia and Perestroika". It was there that Gorbachev proposed to the 2718: 32377: 26990: 25826: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18140: 18135: 18130: 11983: 4733: 3195: 2397: 1962:; Gorbachev loved Italian culture but was struck by the poverty and inequality he saw in the country. In 1972, he visited Belgium and the Netherlands, and in 1973 1822: 12854: 11595:"Page 1. Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I "О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом"" 19897: 19547: 19532: 11853: 3527: 3478:

private jet to raise money for his foundation. During the trip he met up with the Reagans for a social visit. From there he went to Spain, where he attended the

12957: 32437: 30773: 30291: 26831: 18506: 17938: 17918: 13492: 4118:

Zhores Medvedev thought he was a talented orator, in 1986 stating that "Gorbachev is probably the best speaker there has been in the top Party echelons" since

3493:, who had become a friend of his. He further visited Israel and Germany, where he was received warmly by many politicians who praised his role in facilitating 3126:; Gorbachev endorsed President Bush's condemnation of it. This brought criticism from many in the Soviet state apparatus, who saw Hussein as a key ally in the 2794: 30938: 29027: 26135: 23753: 17232: 15663: 12756: 3870:

In 2015, Gorbachev ceased his frequent international traveling. He continued to speak out on issues affecting Russia and the world. In 2014, he defended the

2346: 1075: 13224: 12119: 7986: 1343:

Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and its Marxist–Leninist ideals, Gorbachev believed significant reform was necessary for its survival. He

31042: 30172: 28711: 23184: 18373: 17913: 16739: 16100: 4588: 2678: 2031: 1434:

Gorbachev is considered one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century. The recipient of a wide range of awards, including the

1388: 1317: 14758: 13341:"Gorbachev: The West and Russia must defrost relations before it is too late. Talks are vital, but neither side needs to lose face, says ex-Soviet leader" 3996:

was seen to be an orthodox Marxist–Leninist; that year, the biographer Zhores Medvedev stated that "Gorbachev is neither a liberal nor a bold reformist".

3754:

Barred by the constitution from serving more than two consecutive terms as president, Putin stood down in 2008 and was succeeded by his chosen successor,

32447: 32422: 26238: 25654: 18092: 16208: 16014: 14809: 3946:

the idea of NATO expansion". He also endorsed the upcoming security talks between the United States and Russia, saying, "I hope there will be a result."

12151: 11800: 32452: 31297: 30347: 28557: 27627: 23232: 19882: 19852: 13122: 2208:" by appearing with him on foreign trips; her public visibility was a breach of standard practice and generated resentment. His other close aides were 2058:

of the 1920s, and encouraged Gorbachev's own conviction that reform was needed. In May 1983, Gorbachev was sent to Canada, where he met Prime Minister

1881:. Aged 39, he was considerably younger than his predecessors in the position. As head of the Stavropol region, he automatically became a member of the 1854: 1197: 299: 4053:

The official Soviet portrait of Gorbachev. Many official photographs and visual depictions of Gorbachev removed the port-wine birthmark from his head.

30890: 30220: 26944: 26939: 26934: 26919: 21997: 19902: 17730: 16903: 16186: 1720:

dormitory. Raisa discovered that she was pregnant and although the couple wanted to keep the child she fell ill and required a life-saving abortion.

21753: 16298: 13466: 1027: 29938: 29143: 24887: 24414: 23164: 19837: 19578: 17373: 12935: 3594:

the former Social Science Institute building, but Yeltsin introduced limits to the number of rooms it could use there; the American philanthropist

16814: 13545:[In Gorbachev's opinion, the riots that took place in Washington "called into question the future fate of the United States as a nation".] 3770:

between Russia and South Ossetian separatists on one side and Georgia on the other, Gorbachev spoke out against US support for Georgian president

32342: 31166: 25054: 22731: 21216: 16982: 16973: 16747: 15393: 15373: 15320: 10796: 5156: 1781: 1750: 335: 16052: 5172: 3856:, inspired by the fall of the Iron Curtain. Proceeds from the event went to the Raisa Gorbachev Foundation. That year, Medvedev awarded him the 26969: 26964: 26959: 26954: 26205: 24973: 22482: 22291: 19892: 16743: 4500: 3875: 3131: 2751:. Gorbachev's relationships with these West European leaders were typically far warmer than those he had with their Eastern Bloc counterparts. 26185: 26163: 12684: 3270:

in their dacha. The coup plotters publicly announced that Gorbachev was ill and thus Vice President Yanayev would take charge of the country.

30698: 29810: 29543: 26864: 26173: 26130: 26058: 16338: 15442: 11936: 12998: 2325:

extolling the virtues of a sober workforce. As a result, crime rates fell and life expectancy grew slightly between 1986 and 1987. However,

32472: 32417: 31193: 31149: 29394: 27533: 25976: 25689: 24963: 19457: 19273: 17723: 15570: 15469: 14282: 3671: 3639: 3237: 2000: 1475:. At the time, Privolnoye was divided almost evenly between ethnic Russians and ethnic Ukrainians. Gorbachev's paternal family were ethnic 1468: 1257: 1133: 16272: 14724: 13152: 4285:

Gorbachev's family, calling him "a politician and statesman who had a huge impact on the course of world history". Russian prime minister

3941:

on 20 January 2021, Gorbachev said that relations between the United States and Russia are of "great concern", and called on US president

3361:

on 1 December with a 90% turnout for secession from the Union was a fatal blow; Gorbachev had expected Ukrainians to reject independence.

32367: 32352: 31103: 27502: 26849: 26053: 24937: 23824: 21920: 21093: 19571: 17257: 17124: 15420: 2767: 16242: 15588: 15544: 12885: 5116:

Gorbachev at the time asserted that no one in Moscow gave orders to start the violent confrontations of the so-called January Events in

4456:

several decades before. Similarly, under Gorbachev, the Soviet Union broke apart without falling into civil war, as happened during the

3168:

60 billion by mid-1991. Bush visited Moscow in late July, when he and Gorbachev concluded ten years of negotiations by signing the

2498: 2098:'s dominance of Soviet foreign policy while at the same time sending a signal to the United States government that he wanted to improve 31132: 30813: 27543: 26017: 24927: 21621: 19594: 17242: 17192: 17167: 14691: 4814: 1577:

labor camps before being released. After his December 1938 release, Gorbachev's maternal grandfather discussed having been tortured by

1443: 1022: 30574: 25757: 16148: 13557: 13280: 4328:

stated that "history will remember Mikhail Gorbachev as a giant who steered his great nation towards democracy" in the context of the

1804: 32427: 31097: 30472: 30098: 29020: 28995: 28862: 27497: 26883: 26841: 26469: 25162: 25016: 19505: 19328: 19263: 19238: 17132: 16074: 13372: 4368:

said Gorbachev had "left behind great as a world leader supporting the abolishment of nuclear weapons". Germany's former chancellor

3654: 3258: 2893: 1684:; Gorbachev publicly defended Volodya Liberman, a Jewish student who was accused of disloyalty to the country by one of his fellows. 1120: 1032: 13678: 32502: 31070: 29613: 29445: 29402: 29208: 25694: 25453: 24968: 23001: 21809: 19552: 17275: 17107: 16780: 14994: 12564: 4912: 4341:

said that "he was a very pleasant man to deal with" and "history will remember him as a transformational leader". French president

3710: 2788: 1153: 838: 607: 13625: 13350: 2739:. In May 1987, Gorbachev again visited France, and in November 1988 Mitterrand visited him in Moscow. The West German chancellor, 1982: 1592:

invaded the Soviet Union. German forces occupied Privolnoye for four and a half months in 1942. Gorbachev's father had joined the

32392: 30988: 30747: 29962: 27147: 25782: 25647: 25123: 24404: 23048: 20099: 20024: 17581: 15163: 13443: 12612: 5104: 4164:

and underwent several surgeries and hospital stays. In April 2011, Gorbachev underwent complex spinal surgery in Germany, at the

3718: 3044: 2762:; Deng shared Gorbachev's belief in economic reform but rejected calls for democratization. Pro-democracy students had massed in 21925: 14525:

A day in the life of the Soviet Union : photographed by 100 of the world's leading photojournalists on one day, 15 May 1987

13589: 12787: 3722:

not contest the forthcoming elections, Gorbachev declared: "We are fighting for power, but only for power over people's minds".

3566:

criticized him, comparing the reform to Stalin's policy of forced collectivization. After pro-Yeltsin parties did poorly in the

2256: 2232:

into retirement. He promoted Gromyko to head of state, a largely ceremonial role with little influence, and moved his own ally,

30340: 27620: 26869: 26092: 25929: 25621: 24897: 23169: 21304: 21241: 17700: 17152: 12809: 10703: 10297:"Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German – 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. 4219:

said that the "tight schedule of the president" would not allow him to be present at the funeral, as he was scheduled to visit

4135: 3999:

By the mid-1980s, when Gorbachev took power, many analysts were arguing that the Soviet Union was declining to the status of a

3931: 3883: 3763: 3706: 3498: 3358: 2701: 2452:

and thought that the continued focus on high military spending was detrimental to his desire for domestic reform. US president

2304:(state acceptance of production) during his time as leader, which represented quality control. In April 1986, he introduced an 2054:; this required him re-reading many of Lenin's later writings, in which the latter had called for reform in the context of the 1845: 1728: 1190: 1158: 1148: 1008: 599: 15269: 13704: 13649:"Первый президент СССР Горбачёв прокомментировал спецоперацию – Solenka.info – Мировые новости и светская хроника шоу-бизнеса" 13087: 5147: 31564: 30995: 30447: 26854: 26009: 25981: 25733: 24892: 22827: 22514: 22492: 22017: 21849: 21829: 21804: 21706: 21651: 20802: 17207: 12725: 8120: 8074: 3778:

into the sphere of its national interest. Gorbachev nevertheless remained critical of Russia's government and criticized the

3531: 3334: 1709:

system. After Stalin died in March 1953, Gorbachev and Mlynář joined the crowds massing to see Stalin's body lying in state.

1308:. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, overseeing the construction of the 23915: 15081: 13648: 12195: 3262: 3181: 1412: 1042: 32467: 32397: 31178: 29013: 28936: 26215: 26168: 23734: 23659: 23319: 22919: 21869: 21859: 19522: 17685: 16685: 16619: 16600: 16548: 16529: 11977: 5117: 4895: 3916: 3687: 3067: 2933: 2874: 1966:. Gorbachev and his wife visited France in 1976 and 1977, on the latter occasion touring the country with a guide from the 1535: 119: 16849: 16835: 15627: 15020: 13183: 8106: 7037: 4144:

in Moscow on 30 August 2022, at the age of 91. He died after a "severe and prolonged illness," according to the hospital.

32492: 32142: 29036: 28825: 28727: 27492: 27207: 25844: 25839: 25821: 25480: 25047: 24932: 23339: 22472: 21905: 21236: 20931: 20798: 17763: 17746: 17695: 17690: 17537: 15134: 8064: 7942: 4824: 4805:

during a mission where the playable character infiltrates the KGB headquarters. Gorbachev is portrayed by David Agranov.

4102: 3412:

of the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gorbachev revealed that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was a reality.

2799: 2515: 1766: 1527: 1408: 1273: 960: 583: 22581: 22509: 20386: 20148: 19918: 19719: 15112: 12846: 11967: 4911:

Himself as the Chairman of the United Social Democratic Party of Russia until 24 November 2001, and the Chairman of the

1665:

In June 1950, Gorbachev became a candidate member of the Communist Party. He also applied to study at the law school of

31161: 31046: 30837: 30198: 30064: 29477: 28876: 27198: 25805: 25640: 25411: 25107: 25021: 24374: 23469: 22447: 22332: 22286: 22281: 22227: 21874: 21701: 20984: 16806:

McHugh, James T. "Last of the enlightened despots: A comparison of President Mikhail Gorbachev and Emperor Joseph II."

16126: 11594: 4899: 3864: 3699: 3645: 3401: 3322: 3030:

in 1988. During the speech, he dramatically announced deep unilateral cuts in Soviet military forces in Eastern Europe.

2929: 2913: 2878: 2870: 2019: 1826: 1629: 1344: 1171: 1003: 230: 25891: 15866:"Suing Gorbachev 31 years after the USSR's collapse, a group of Lithuanians sought to hold its last leader to account" 2038:), the highest decision-making authority in the Communist Party. At the time, he was the Politburo's youngest member. 1853:

he found the Czechoslovak people largely unwelcoming to them. That year, the Soviet authorities ordered him to punish

1793:

Stavropol, but encountered many who continued to regard Stalin as a hero or who praised the Stalinist purges as just.

32477: 30563: 30558: 30553: 30548: 30543: 30533: 30528: 30523: 30518: 30513: 30333: 29679: 27613: 27538: 26874: 25986: 24106: 23669: 22939: 22880: 21148: 21133: 20717: 19243: 15696: 15518: 15242: 10659: 3779: 3714: 3567: 3354: 2937: 2897: 2866: 1641: 1578: 1183: 22677: 16152: 3670:. After securing the necessary one million signatures of nomination, he announced his candidacy in March. Launching 2611:

were given media attention. Independent organizations appeared, most supportive of Gorbachev, although the largest,

32497: 32462: 30878: 27211: 27074: 27054: 26125: 25877: 25738: 23809: 23804: 23299: 23262: 22991: 22437: 22194: 21895: 21879: 21153: 20760: 19542: 19469: 7131: 4801: 4178: 3350: 2824: 2600: 1841: 23487: 23349: 23033: 16321: 13530: 12748: 11233: 32482: 32412: 31127: 30715: 29473: 29091: 27177: 26158: 26100: 25699: 24529: 23910: 23839: 23739: 23617: 23389: 23379: 22966: 22353: 22102: 22032: 21783: 21666: 21661: 21267: 21086: 20855: 19323: 17619: 16182: 15496: 13543:По его мнению, произошедшие в Вашингтоне беспорядки "поставили под вопрос дальнейшую судьбу США как государства". 13216: 7978: 5806: 4883: 4372:, who grew up in East Germany, said he completely changed her life and the world while current German chancellor 4038: 3852: 3373: 3302: 3027: 2811: 2027: 1934: 1230: 1218: 1047: 988: 725: 286: 31673: 23304: 23191: 23179: 16104: 3966:, also stated that Gorbachev was psychologically traumatized by the invasion in the months preceding his death. 698: 32402: 30385: 28078: 27167: 27059: 26909: 26220: 25994: 25611: 25550: 25529: 25463: 25432: 25040: 23960: 23729: 23309: 23211: 22944: 22388: 22383: 21940: 21231: 19433: 19248: 17614: 17604: 17594: 16989: 16370: 14750: 8184: 3903:

At a November 2014 event marking 25 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, Gorbachev warned that the ongoing

3871: 2329:

production rose considerably, and the reform imposed large costs on the Soviet economy, namely from decreasing

1698: 1554: 1384: 844: 255: 23629: 23359: 22870: 22642: 20604: 16847:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR) 15998: 15614: 4388:

Opinions on Gorbachev are deeply divided. According to a 2017 survey carried out by the independent institute

3758:, who reached out to Gorbachev in ways that Putin had not. In September 2008, Gorbachev and business oligarch 2191:, where he spoke to assembled crowds. In June he traveled to Ukraine, in July to Belarus, and in September to 32357: 32337: 29986: 28492: 27456: 25966: 24907: 23922: 23875: 23639: 23562: 23294: 22112: 21711: 21696: 20568: 20457: 20325: 20219: 20122: 19689: 19403: 19333: 19308: 17609: 17599: 17589: 17423: 17398: 17157: 16996: 16676: 16119:"CIDADÃOS ESTRANGEIROS AGRACIADOS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas" 14838: 13052: 12831: 12590: 11793: 11623: 7315: 7239: 4925: 4561: 3904: 3314: 3289:, Anatoly Lukyanov, and Vladimir Ivashko arrived at Gorbachev's dacha to inform him that they were doing so. 3048: 1705:. Mlynář recalled that the duo remained committed Marxist–Leninists despite their growing concerns about the 1404: 1238: 939: 211: 23354: 23063: 22986: 22657: 15360:

Spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Mr Putin's work schedule would not permit him to attend the event on Saturday.

6125: 3793: 32177: 30670: 27901: 27287: 26904: 26761: 26200: 23940: 23900: 23870: 23819: 23679: 23597: 23593: 23464: 23394: 23159: 22976: 22742: 22637: 22569: 22022: 21987: 21977: 21935: 21748: 19318: 19293: 19283: 17290: 17217: 17212: 17100: 10082: 7615: 4545: 4169: 3254: 3230: 2986:

planned as a test of Gorbachev, resulted in a large mass exodus of East German refugees. According to the "

2640: 2484: 2187:

funeral, held on 14 March. Two months after being elected, he left Moscow for the first time, traveling to

1543: 1324:) as a non-voting member in 1979 and a voting member in 1980. Three years after the death of Soviet leader 31266: 30819: 16174: 32211: 30948: 30807: 30606: 29870: 28440: 27157: 26096: 26044: 25682: 24912: 24384: 24379: 24096: 23774: 23502: 23247: 23206: 23150: 23053: 22934: 22892: 22797: 22322: 22276: 22002: 21915: 21768: 21641: 19298: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17270: 17172: 17137: 17054: 4525: 4509: 3950: 3453: 3161: 3052: 2832: 2236:, to Gromyko's former post in charge of foreign policy. Other allies whom he saw promoted were Yakovlev, 1974:

the Standing Commission on Youth Affairs due to his experience with mobilizing young people in Komsomol.

1213:(2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as the last 26821: 26002: 16414: 16388: 12927: 6261: 6149: 4605:. In 2005, Gorbachev was awarded the Point Alpha Prize for his role in supporting German reunification. 32247: 32080: 31011: 30604: 29950: 29151: 28680: 27342: 27084: 26088: 26084: 25748: 25391: 25157: 24749: 23970: 23955: 23945: 23799: 23399: 22887: 22690: 22457: 22067: 21721: 21716: 21079: 20661: 19527: 19487: 19278: 19258: 19253: 18253: 16811: 12155: 4257:

A funeral for Gorbachev was held on 3 September 2022 from 10 a.m. to 12 noon in the Column Hall of the

3727: 3218: 3139:, Gorbachev opposed it, urging instead a peaceful solution. In October 1990, Gorbachev was awarded the 2810:

The third summit was held in New York City in December. Arriving there, Gorbachev gave a speech to the

1460: 1253: 1214: 1166: 858: 540: 10792: 10734: 9984: 9536: 7723: 7431: 2754:

Gorbachev continued to pursue good relations with China to heal the Sino-Soviet Split. In May 1989 he

32487: 32457: 30868: 30801: 30381: 28172: 27152: 26027: 25663: 25571: 25255: 24978: 24854: 24799: 24619: 23607: 23314: 22875: 22487: 22404: 22082: 20684: 19288: 17247: 16048: 6593: 5169: 4584: 4141: 3735: 3523: 3330: 2688: 1143: 615: 415: 17: 27438: 20873: 9249: 7487: 6485: 1749:

the area and tried to improve the lives of their inhabitants; he established a discussion circle in

31937: 30853: 30630: 30366: 28617: 27564: 27244: 27017: 25934: 25924: 24604: 24171: 23434: 23324: 23078: 22622: 22097: 22047: 21686: 21676: 21445: 21206: 20903: 20851: 20365: 20086: 19857: 19475: 16799:

Lane, David. "The Gorbachev revolution: The role of the political elite in regime disintegration."

15605:

KREMLIN 'DID NOT ORDER TROOPS TO USE FORCE'; Seattle Post – Intelligencer. 14 January 1991. pg. a.1

13682: 13620: 13345: 10654:. National Security Archive Cold War Readers. Central European University Press. pp. 675–684. 8112: 6297: 4602: 4572: 4533: 4057:

By 1955, Gorbachev's hair was thinning, and by the late 1960s he was bald, revealing a distinctive

3273:

Yeltsin, now President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, went inside the Moscow

3123: 3071: 2820: 2337: 1420: 1138: 1093: 998: 263: 29822: 29802: 26982: 24344: 21543: 4192:

The length of his hospital visits increased in 2019, with Gorbachev hospitalized in December with

3821:, to raise money for a charity devoted to his late wife. That year, he also met with US president 2947: 2437:, urging him to acknowledge the lack of widespread public support for his government and pursue a 1546:. Gorbachev's maternal grandfather joined the Communist Party and helped form the village's first 30743: 30660: 30507: 29717: 27636: 27094: 26120: 25864: 25777: 25728: 25716: 25140: 23834: 23779: 23764: 23704: 23512: 23492: 23252: 22929: 22534: 22148: 22087: 22027: 21930: 21854: 21814: 21681: 21671: 21450: 21367: 21299: 21211: 17093: 16695:

Tuminez, Astrid S. (2003). "Nationalism, Ethnic Pressures, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union".

12990: 11517:"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991)" 9832: 9732: 5210: 5069: 4819: 4758: 3603: 3425: 2755: 2608: 2554: 2530: 2430: 2154: 2099: 1986:

Gorbachev was skeptical of the deployment of Soviet troops in Afghanistan (pictured here in 1986)

1959: 1666: 1596:

and fought on the frontlines; he was wrongly declared dead during the conflict and fought in the

1492: 1383:("restructuring") sought to decentralize economic decision-making to improve its efficiency. His 1285: 1103: 670: 71: 32333:

Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32328:

Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32323:

Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32318:

Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32313:

Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26550: 22737: 19772: 3625: 2467:, in November 1985. In the buildup to this, Gorbachev sought to improve relations with the US's 32160: 31371: 30692: 30416: 30309: 30298: 30279: 30264: 30253: 30242: 30227: 30216: 30205: 30194: 30179: 30168: 30157: 30138: 30127: 30116: 30105: 30090: 30075: 30060: 30049: 30038: 30027: 30012: 29697: 29686: 29675: 29664: 29656: 29647: 29635: 29628: 29624: 29347: 29119: 29115: 29055: 28783: 28122: 28016: 27584: 27559: 26210: 26195: 25971: 25955: 25939: 25906: 25536: 25371: 24624: 24128: 23522: 23196: 22672: 22432: 22427: 22220: 22052: 21864: 21435: 21282: 20911: 20507: 20264: 20019: 19439: 17478: 16264: 14409: 9189: 4774: 4553: 4350: 3682: 3575: 3112: 2681:, whose members were to be elected in a largely free vote. This congress would in turn elect a 2558: 2162: 2138: 1967: 1416: 1113: 1060: 591: 79: 55: 24834: 20893: 12877: 3766:, and in May 2009 Gorbachev announced that the launch was imminent. After the outbreak of the 2472: 31413: 30664: 30424: 30142: 29774: 29386: 29127: 28808: 28774: 27991: 27770: 27710: 27694: 27528: 27507: 27264: 26899: 26638: 26591: 26104: 25849: 25515: 25063: 24859: 24143: 24138: 23905: 23794: 23749: 23709: 23644: 23588: 23507: 23289: 23103: 22981: 22899: 22807: 22772: 22682: 22627: 22524: 22365: 22153: 22107: 22092: 22057: 21844: 21788: 21377: 21143: 17222: 16238: 15412: 11019: 10519: 10170: 10050: 9852: 9556: 9516: 8671: 4779: 4457: 3843: 3787: 3731: 3385: 2195:, urging party members in these areas to take more responsibility for fixing local problems. 2015: 1926: 1917: 1762: 1562: 1348: 1309: 1261: 21017: 20810: 19827: 11451: 9153: 8770: 5436: 4428: 3441: 1694: 355:

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

32268:

Candidates of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32257: 32252: 31750: 31156: 30757: 30257: 29243: 29163: 29075: 28981: 28483: 28156: 28032: 27963: 27943: 27939: 27925: 27794: 26914: 26078: 25831: 25543: 25401: 25245: 25199: 25152: 24399: 24166: 24021: 23975: 23890: 23885: 23684: 23583: 23532: 23527: 23419: 23374: 23329: 23267: 23098: 23073: 23023: 22951: 22865: 22715: 22317: 22296: 22062: 21563: 21558: 21518: 21387: 21372: 21027: 20969: 20730: 20573: 20512: 20259: 19822: 19660: 17880: 17801: 17571: 17358: 17285: 17227: 17202: 16930: 16920: 16872: 16294: 13249:"Mikhail Gorbachev warns global powers have put the world 'on the brink of a new Cold War'" 9269: 4557: 4301: 4273: 4251: 4071: 3954: 3497:. To supplement his lecture fees and book sales, Gorbachev appeared in commercials such as 3494: 3274: 3242: 3172:

treaty, a bilateral agreement on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.

2732: 2723: 2464: 2075: 2063: 1818: 1539: 1513: 1439: 1374: 1333: 1242: 1098: 1083: 569: 191: 32308:

Members of the Secretariat of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32303:

Members of the Secretariat of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32298:

Members of the Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32293:

Members of the Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32194: 27461: 26816: 21332: 20921: 16642:

Tarschys, Daniel (1993). "The Success of a Failure: Gorbachev's Alcohol Policy, 1985–88".

16078: 15865: 15046: 14968: 14942: 14916: 5619: 5456: 2972: 2853: 2798:

Reagan and Gorbachev with wives (Nancy and Raisa, respectively) attending a dinner at the

2541:—frustrating, and his best personal relationship was instead with India's prime minister, 8: 32106: 31898: 31845: 31617: 31220: 31173: 30954: 30636: 29063: 28655: 26788: 26623: 26586: 26425: 26390: 26358: 25396: 25361: 25351: 25335: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25305: 25300: 25295: 25290: 25285: 25265: 25250: 25219: 25214: 24844: 24759: 24754: 24654: 24517: 24314: 24198: 24113: 24001: 23854: 23849: 23829: 23814: 23724: 23719: 23624: 23557: 23547: 23459: 23454: 23444: 23344: 23284: 23257: 23083: 23068: 23038: 23016: 22802: 22792: 22519: 22442: 22412: 22396: 22007: 21982: 21778: 21763: 21362: 21102: 20888: 20583: 20563: 20416: 20345: 20340: 20294: 20274: 20178: 20014: 20004: 19948: 19787: 19749: 17503: 17493: 15632: 14786:[Source: no deterioration in Gorbachev's health] (in Russian). TASS. 20 June 2022 4891: 4565: 4474: 4297: 3879: 3857: 3771: 3663: 3599: 3598:

then donated over $ 1 million to enable the foundation to build new premises on the

3479: 3079: 3007: 3003: 2979: 2968: 2682: 2623:

wishing to migrate to Israel would be allowed to do so, something previously prohibited.

2511: 2233: 2209: 2150: 2055: 2011: 2006:

In 1978, Gorbachev was appointed to the Central Committee's Secretariat for Agriculture (

1777: 1689: 1557:, in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died. This was followed by the 1464: 1396: 1065: 993: 67: 31: 32288:

Members of the Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32283:

Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32278:

Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32273:

Members of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

30769: 29954: 29902: 29597: 29335: 23699: 23612: 21493: 21007: 20825: 20735: 17072: 13493:"Former Soviet Leader Gorbachev Lauds George HW Bush for Political Abilities, Character" 10106: 9948: 8276: 8204: 8156: 4320: 3611: 3022: 2964: 2865:

protested in Moscow to demand resettlement in Crimea, the area from which they had been

2519: 1391:

undermined the one-party state. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various

1088: 32442: 32018: 31701: 31420: 31251: 30896: 30654: 30642: 30287: 30209: 29535: 29461: 29378: 29273: 29107: 29099: 28755: 27885: 27861: 27818: 27786: 27594: 27388: 27079: 26734: 26420: 26273: 26263: 26258: 26180: 25919: 25896: 25872: 25600: 25578: 25260: 25235: 25145: 24998: 24794: 24779: 24704: 24684: 24679: 24664: 24511: 24259: 24011: 23895: 23649: 23552: 23537: 23449: 23439: 23414: 23409: 23174: 23128: 23043: 23028: 22971: 22787: 22710: 22586: 22477: 22467: 21950: 21839: 21834: 21824: 21819: 21012: 20472: 20224: 20045: 19989: 19812: 19624: 17850: 17844: 17483: 17408: 16877: 16720: 16712: 16659: 16575: 16482: 16469: 16441: 16118: 13615: 13340: 12825: 12779: 10598: 7595: 7539: 7339: 7263: 5584: 5189: 4793: 4746: 4597: 4549: 4049: 3963: 3767: 3515: 3278: 2648: 2635: 2457: 2405: 2158: 2144: 2110: 2067: 1758: 1673: 1609: 1269: 1249:

by the early 1990s. He was the only Soviet leader born after the country's foundation.

983: 75: 61: 24694: 24523: 21309: 21047: 20883: 20863: 17715: 13435: 12604: 6422: 3629:

Gorbachev, daughter Irina and his wife's sister Lyudmila at the funeral of Raisa, 1999

3602:. In 1999, Gorbachev made his first visit to Australia, where he gave a speech to the 3581: 3490: 2668:

Although the next party congress was not scheduled until 1991, Gorbachev convened the

2569: 1491:. His parents named him Viktor at birth, but at the insistence of his mother—a devout 32382: 31997: 31824: 31810: 31434: 31406: 31364: 31357: 31322: 31139: 30903: 30825: 30492: 30461: 30436: 30430: 30401: 30372: 30183: 30068: 29581: 29565: 29527: 29308: 29300: 29179: 29139: 29040: 29005: 28359: 28312: 28244: 28220: 28132: 28048: 28024: 27983: 27967: 27917: 27909: 27834: 27762: 27654: 27322: 27172: 26836: 26653: 26648: 26633: 26601: 26405: 26327: 26305: 26300: 26073: 25914: 25721: 25704: 25381: 25011: 24864: 24809: 24784: 24739: 24669: 24644: 24609: 24599: 24568: 24455: 24339: 24309: 24046: 24036: 23950: 23844: 23689: 23404: 23201: 23058: 23011: 22909: 22860: 22834: 22812: 22652: 22632: 22576: 22564: 22378: 22213: 22128: 21758: 21646: 21603: 21598: 21548: 21342: 21118: 21037: 20954: 20830: 20740: 20482: 20355: 20269: 20229: 20114: 19969: 19802: 19782: 19563: 19445: 18278: 17862: 17783: 17528: 17448: 17443: 17237: 17162: 17116: 17029: 16938:

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

16887: 16681: 16615: 16596: 16544: 16525: 16487: 16461: 16006: 15637: 12584: 11973: 10655: 8116: 8070: 7950: 6545: 6089: 5746: 4762: 4666:

Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism

4470: 4377: 4286: 4083: 4079: 3959: 3827: 3818: 3759: 3743: 3659: 3405: 3397: 3318: 3140: 3075: 3036: 2983: 2960: 2819:, following which he rushed home, skipping a planned visit to Cuba, to deal with the 2816: 2748: 2550: 2295: 2213: 2091: 2083: 2023: 1773: 1724: 1621: 1613: 1605: 1435: 1370: 1305: 1265: 686: 135:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32363:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

29231: 24988: 24659: 19842: 16724: 16323:

Theatre play "Gorbachev" спектакл "Горбачёв" about Mikhail Gorbachev Михаил Горбачёв

14692:"Last Soviet leader Gorbachev, who ended Cold War and won Nobel prize, dies aged 91" 7763: 7455: 7207: 5536: 4313: 4231: 1829:

and made a member of its Standing Commission for the Protection of the Environment.

1761:. In 1961, Gorbachev pursued a second degree, in agricultural production; he took a 460:

Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32094: 31873: 31796: 31585: 31448: 31315: 31092: 31083: 30302: 30187: 30109: 29894: 29830: 29370: 29327: 29277: 29239: 28746: 28296: 28236: 28164: 27975: 27951: 27947: 27589: 27403: 27332: 27162: 26826: 26811: 26695: 26675: 26484: 26452: 26410: 26400: 26363: 26322: 26268: 26248: 26115: 26110: 25901: 25854: 25787: 25677: 25522: 25494: 25376: 25240: 24774: 24699: 24629: 24614: 24594: 24541: 24324: 24319: 24299: 24249: 24239: 24066: 24031: 24016: 23965: 23694: 23634: 23474: 23133: 23113: 22822: 22764: 22758: 22725: 22705: 22695: 22544: 22345: 22337: 22077: 21945: 21578: 21483: 21430: 21352: 21287: 21168: 21032: 20997: 20916: 20745: 20725: 20697: 20578: 20517: 20487: 20360: 20350: 20279: 20244: 20132: 20127: 20081: 20071: 20050: 20032: 20009: 19767: 19701: 19642: 19618: 19493: 19463: 17892: 17560: 17513: 17498: 17458: 17453: 17368: 17353: 17295: 17197: 17039: 16947: 16792:

Kramer, Mark. "Mikhail Gorbachev and the Origins of Perestroika: A Retrospective."

16704: 16651: 16567: 16508: 16477: 16453: 13079: 12120:""Perestroika in den ÖBB"? – Michail Gorbatschow dreht für die ÖBB einen Werbefilm" 10811: 8937: 8857: 8102: 8060: 6934: 5262: 5084: 5032: 5026: 4961: 4789: 4592: 4537: 4529: 4309: 4008: 3912: 3847: 3835: 3749: 3650: 3458: 3446: 3389: 3199: 3074:, the Communist Party faced challengers from an alliance of liberalisers known as " 2987: 2775: 2763: 2674: 2604: 2526: 2506:

of East Germany. Privately, Gorbachev told Chernyaev that Honecker was a "scumbag".

2291: 2261: 2237: 2225: 2188: 2030:. That same month, he was promoted from a candidate member to a full member of the 1785: 1713: 1681: 1585: 1301: 1289: 1260:, to a poor peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage. Growing up under the 1246: 1070: 1037: 674: 633: 320: 203: 29731: 29071: 25800: 20750: 12715: 10649: 9716: 9128: 3249:

In August, Gorbachev and his family holidayed at their dacha, "Zarya" ('Dawn') in

32130: 32046: 32039: 31905: 31789: 31775: 31659: 31592: 31529: 31501: 31466: 31427: 31122: 30982: 30942: 30795: 30648: 30480: 30283: 30150: 30053: 29878: 29766: 29743: 29723: 29296: 29251: 28812: 28760: 28600: 28524: 28448: 28264: 28144: 28136: 28102: 28008: 28000: 27987: 27877: 27826: 27810: 27802: 27734: 27702: 27662: 27277: 27249: 27239: 27219: 27112: 26700: 26690: 26643: 26596: 26581: 26479: 26447: 26395: 26373: 26315: 26310: 26295: 26290: 26278: 26253: 25859: 25487: 25427: 25406: 25189: 25128: 25075: 24993: 24849: 24839: 24824: 24804: 24789: 24764: 24709: 24474: 24442: 24334: 24294: 24056: 24051: 23991: 23932: 23664: 23542: 23369: 23334: 23242: 23237: 22961: 22855: 22529: 22462: 22452: 22417: 22373: 22360: 22312: 22143: 22133: 21992: 21900: 21221: 21196: 21173: 20992: 20959: 20949: 20778: 20692: 20636: 20593: 20558: 20553: 20492: 20437: 20370: 20335: 20330: 20320: 20289: 20284: 20234: 20199: 20091: 19999: 19994: 19887: 19877: 19847: 19817: 19807: 19797: 19777: 19707: 19648: 19636: 19630: 19612: 19499: 19451: 17868: 17789: 17550: 17523: 17518: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17438: 17403: 17348: 17182: 17021: 16853: 16839: 16818: 16787: 16671: 15347: 15073: 14751:"Mikhail Gorbachev, former Soviet president who took down the Iron Curtain, dies" 13467:"Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'" 13405:"Mikhail Gorbachev says Nato is escalating Cold War with Russia 'into a hot one'" 5194: 5176: 5151: 4955: 4738: 4394: 4361: 4342: 4325: 4258: 4240: 4205: 4058: 4013: 3977: 3908: 3755: 3667: 3574:

a law that would reduce many of the presidential powers established by Yeltsin's

3482: 3381: 3111:

In September 1990, Gorbachev met repeatedly with US president George Bush at the

2917: 2856:

in 1985. According to Taubman, Ceaușescu was Gorbachev's "favorite punching bag".

2744: 2534: 2384: 2287: 2221: 1894: 1890: 1878: 1789: 1597: 1523: 1419:

against Gorbachev's wishes. After resigning from the presidency, he launched the

1325: 1281: 492: 236: 163: 158: 30761: 30731: 29519: 27971: 22956: 21488: 15189: 11969:

Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis

10735:"Did The West Promise Moscow That NATO Would Not Expand? Well, It's Complicated" 6767: 4541: 3817:, an album of Russian romantic ballads, sung by him and accompanied by musician 3550: 32011: 31983: 31969: 31965: 31715: 31694: 31680: 31631: 31385: 31378: 31329: 31200: 30765: 30709: 30705: 30682: 30272: 30161: 30083: 30016: 29942: 29914: 29910: 29786: 29762: 29690: 29589: 29573: 29223: 28788: 28732: 28627: 28590: 28500: 28465: 28411: 28346: 28342: 28280: 28176: 28160: 28061: 27893: 27738: 27726: 27718: 27678: 27408: 27383: 27378: 27282: 27254: 27234: 27102: 26766: 26744: 26705: 26685: 26628: 26606: 26523: 26474: 26368: 25810: 25767: 25557: 25508: 25386: 25366: 25356: 24819: 24744: 24734: 24729: 24589: 24329: 24118: 24041: 23769: 23674: 23424: 23364: 22996: 22914: 22817: 22777: 22747: 22647: 22602: 22168: 22072: 21588: 21568: 21347: 21128: 20939: 20815: 20783: 20773: 20707: 20634: 20548: 20543: 20502: 20497: 20477: 20467: 20462: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20315: 20249: 20239: 20214: 20209: 20109: 20066: 20040: 19979: 19695: 19666: 17832: 17771: 17662: 17555: 17508: 17433: 17428: 17418: 17413: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17363: 17280: 17187: 16965: 16846: 16832: 16708: 13156: 13153:"Former Soviet leader Gorbachev warns against 'new Cold War' in Ukraine crisis" 11237: 10039: 9764: 8292: 7021: 4750: 4513: 4453: 4354: 4338: 4333: 4291: 4236: 4182: 3806: 3695: 3506: 3393: 3226: 3152: 3119: 2882: 2862: 2848: 2653: 2593: 2584: 2546: 2538: 2503: 2389: 2380: 2370: 2360: 2310: 2229: 2095: 2059: 2051: 1951: 1947: 1906: 1849: 1798: 1637: 1428: 1356: 1234: 377: 30676: 29862: 29735: 29668: 26545: 21042: 21022: 20835: 16756:

The human factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the end of the Cold War

16655: 16589: 16571: 15321:"Russia's Putin expresses deepest condolences on death of Gorbachev -Interfax" 15105:"Похудел на 40 кг: опубликовано последнее фото Михаила Горбачева – TOPNews.RU" 13217:"Gorbachev throws shade at Putin: 'Russia can succeed only through democracy'" 11726: 11638: 11171: 11039: 9884: 9804: 9640: 9393: 9361: 9345: 8434: 8340: 7707: 7371: 5144: 2417: 32241: 32118: 32053: 31887: 31852: 31817: 31782: 31768: 31729: 31687: 31599: 31578: 31557: 31536: 31487: 31399: 31061: 30725: 30721: 30486: 30455: 30325: 30231: 30146: 29978: 29966: 29930: 29926: 29794: 29605: 29492: 29362: 29312: 29131: 29083: 28977: 28741: 28639: 28574: 28565: 28444: 28430: 28367: 28350: 28338: 28272: 28256: 28252: 28228: 28212: 28106: 28094: 27979: 27959: 27955: 27935: 27778: 27754: 27670: 27393: 27368: 27337: 27327: 27317: 27224: 27127: 27122: 27107: 27049: 26739: 26680: 26518: 26457: 26415: 25772: 25762: 25209: 25194: 25133: 24983: 24829: 24724: 24689: 24674: 24634: 24176: 24006: 23744: 23654: 23517: 23497: 23384: 23145: 23123: 23088: 22667: 22662: 22617: 22539: 22499: 22248: 22173: 22163: 22158: 22042: 21910: 21593: 21573: 21553: 21533: 21508: 21465: 21407: 21397: 21226: 20964: 20944: 20878: 20768: 20702: 20538: 20432: 20375: 20310: 20254: 20194: 20076: 19964: 19862: 19832: 19792: 19654: 19481: 17874: 17856: 17838: 17826: 17795: 17777: 17566: 17488: 17343: 17338: 17147: 16465: 16010: 15641: 15104: 13311:"Gorbachev: Ukraine could explode into 'hot war' between Russia and the West" 7954: 7663: 7283: 4887: 4784: 4670: 4505: 4481: 4449: 4389: 4369: 4365: 4305: 4266: 4216: 4075: 3927:

and simplicity typical of George, Barbara and their large, friendly family".

3839: 3783: 3510: 3346: 3286: 3253:. Two weeks into his holiday, a group of senior Communist Party figures—the " 3250: 3165: 2925: 2924:, resulting in various deaths. Independence sentiment was also rising in the 2909: 2759: 2710:

died shortly after, Yeltsin became the figurehead of the liberal opposition.

2453: 2438: 2434: 2330: 2241: 2192: 1943: 1902: 1717: 1702: 1660:— Gorbachev's letter requesting membership of the Communist Party, 1950 1617: 1531: 1424: 1352: 1329: 1300:

youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the

1226: 31831: 30921: 25632: 16512: 16415:"10 Unintentionally Hilarious Things About Call Of Duty: Black Ops Cold War" 11598: 11452:"1991 Soviet coup attempt | Facts, Results, & Significance | Britannica" 10352: 8790: 7511: 1672:

In Moscow, Gorbachev resided with fellow MSU students at a dormitory in the

31976: 31951: 31923: 31891: 31838: 31803: 31722: 31571: 31508: 31473: 31343: 31296: 31241: 30964: 30884: 30791: 30120: 30079: 30042: 30031: 29994: 29922: 29838: 29701: 29500: 29453: 29159: 29059: 28915: 28889: 28881: 28816: 28667: 28582: 28561: 28548: 28540: 28516: 28508: 28391: 28383: 28328: 28196: 28140: 28086: 28065: 28040: 27869: 27746: 27686: 27605: 27398: 27373: 27312: 27194: 26462: 25102: 24769: 24719: 24649: 24639: 24493: 24481: 24468: 24274: 24101: 23602: 22850: 22700: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22255: 22037: 21656: 21583: 21538: 21272: 21163: 21138: 21002: 20868: 20640: 20104: 19598: 17064: 16491: 16374: 15723: 15474: 15378: 14595: 12275: 12124: 12040: 11344: 6799: 5846: 4769: 4580: 4576: 4353:

said that Lithuanians would not glorify Gorbachev or forget about the 1991

4346: 4201: 4119: 4107: 3920: 3831: 3822: 3798: 3619: 3586: 3282: 3267: 3127: 2991: 2837: 2828: 2783: 2736: 2542: 1963: 1898: 1837: 1833: 1809: 1677: 1472: 1407:

threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading the hardliners within the

1277: 1108: 544: 300:

Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

168: 30619: 15688: 14891:"Горбачев находится в Германии на плановом обследовании в одной из клиник" 14864: 13048:"Mikhail Gorbachev says Putin should not run for Russian presidency again" 12273:

Roche, Douglas (March–May 2003). "World Summit on Nobel Peace laureates".

12218: 11710: 11428: 11372: 11316: 11300: 11284: 11244: 11067: 11003: 10959: 10943: 10915: 10668: 10555: 10503: 10487: 10456: 10440: 10266: 10190: 10126: 10016: 9968: 9289: 9173: 9137: 9080: 9048: 9020: 8921: 8655: 8477: 8037: 7299: 7061: 3677: 3364: 32004: 31958: 31880: 31859: 31736: 31708: 31638: 31624: 31550: 31522: 31494: 31480: 31350: 31210: 30831: 30783: 30753: 30737: 30392: 30357: 30268: 30235: 29854: 29818: 29782: 29343: 28953: 28927: 28612: 28604: 28204: 28168: 28152: 28114: 27347: 27292: 27069: 26806: 26783: 26243: 25795: 24814: 24419: 24389: 24244: 24234: 24133: 23996: 23789: 23278: 23108: 23093: 22904: 22752: 22720: 22607: 22422: 22327: 22266: 21636: 21523: 21498: 21440: 21402: 21392: 21262: 20669: 19872: 17546: 17142: 15890: 14810:"Представитель Горбачева подтвердил наличие проблем с почками у политика" 14393: 14099: 9588: 9438: 9436: 9221: 9064: 7870: 7747: 6843: 6783: 6712: 5969: 4854: 4373: 4262: 4246: 4220: 4209: 4000: 3739: 3214: 3096: 3011: 2901: 2743:, had initially offended Gorbachev by comparing him to Nazi propagandist 2740: 2620: 2616: 2510:

In January 1986, Gorbachev publicly proposed a three-stage programme for

2492: 2445: 2375: 2305: 2300: 1558: 1400: 1392: 1379: 965: 32125: 31041: 30996:

Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture

28710: 16716: 16473: 16457: 15215: 15074:"Гемодиализ и ухудшение состояния: Подробности смерти Михаила Горбачева" 14890: 14146: 11854:"11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers" 6696: 6565: 5408: 4269:. The service included rites administered by a Russian Orthodox priest. 3107: 32025: 31944: 31866: 31743: 31652: 31645: 31543: 31392: 30787: 30777: 30246: 30131: 30020: 29171: 28965: 28901: 28867: 28853: 28769: 28659: 28479: 28403: 28320: 28148: 28069: 27842: 27363: 26670: 26442: 26190: 24573: 24284: 24254: 24208: 24123: 24091: 24083: 24026: 23714: 23429: 23118: 23006: 22612: 22138: 22012: 21626: 21412: 21357: 21327: 21257: 20788: 20674: 20137: 19984: 16883: 16389:"'Tetris': A heady Cold War thriller about the fight over a video game" 15545:"Global reactions to the death of last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev" 15519:"Mikhail Gorbachev: World leaders react to death of last Soviet leader" 14995:"Михаил Горбачев: 12 неизвестных фактов из жизни политика | StarHit.ru" 14429: 14115: 13522: 11966:

Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.; Sullivan, Paige (1997).

6061: 6033: 5730: 5690: 4929: 4160:

For a number of years before his death, Gorbachev suffered from severe

3595: 3571: 3421: 3157: 2941: 2791:. Taubman called it "one of the highest points of Gorbachev's career". 2561:

and for greater ties to Pacific countries, especially China and Japan.

2480: 2322: 2314: 2279: 2205: 2184: 1570: 1484: 664: 23227: 21071: 17177: 16663: 16579: 14783: 14489: 12812:. mosnews.com. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 11889: 11770: 11742: 11682: 11654: 11571: 11555: 11539: 11412: 11143: 10975: 10863: 10539: 10336: 10142: 9452: 9433: 9377: 9329: 8953: 8232: 7387: 6221: 6001: 5903: 5901: 5830: 5364: 4575:

by the European Academy of Yuste Foundation. Gorbachev, together with

3615: 3043:

In March, the Congress of People's Deputies held the first (and only)

1312:. In 1978, he returned to Moscow to become a Secretary of the party's 898: 31990: 31515: 30932: 29974: 29465: 28924:

Blah Blah Blah: Stories About Clams, Swamp Monsters, Pirates and Dogs

28647: 28635: 28395: 27272: 27117: 27013: 25564: 25501: 24869: 24714: 24563: 24536: 24349: 24304: 24213: 24181: 24161: 24153: 23482: 23272: 22178: 21972: 21691: 21631: 21513: 21123: 20820: 18070: 18046: 14839:"Mikhail Gorbachev was hospitalized in the Central Clinical Hospital" 8754: 8304: 8248: 7979:"Gorbachev's "Perestroika" as the beginning of the end of the empire" 7679: 7403: 7191: 7005: 6815: 6641: 5348: 4193: 4174: 4111: 4004: 3942: 3802: 3400:, which declared the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and formed the 3221:

rescind its pro-independence reforms. Soviet troops occupied several

2476: 2449: 2326: 1930: 1732: 1706: 1589: 1488: 1293: 969: 870: 32228: 25032: 17085: 16359:

The production runs from October, 2020. Next dates: 8 September 2021

15830: 13590:"Gorbachev says U.S. became 'arrogant' after Soviet Union collapsed" 6454: 6377: 6321: 5941: 3694:

In December 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was succeeded by his deputy,

3380:

Without Gorbachev's knowledge, Yeltsin met with Ukrainian president

3217:, especially Lithuania, in January 1991 Gorbachev demanded that the 2634:

at the suggestion of US publishers. For the 70th anniversary of the

2599:

In September 1987, the government stopped jamming the signal of the

1336:—in 1985, the Politburo elected Gorbachev as general secretary, the 31666: 31441: 30960: 28941: 28830: 28457: 28375: 28057: 27012: 25079: 24448: 24289: 24186: 24061: 23880: 23784: 22924: 22782: 22236: 21528: 21503: 21460: 21294: 21277: 21201: 19398: 18026: 16856:М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. – 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6. 16442:"The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia's Mortality Crisis" 15628:"Biden, Putin and other leaders react to Mikhail Gorbachev's death" 15571:"West mourns Gorbachev the peacemaker, Russia recalls his failures" 13562: 13558:"Gorbachev: US-Russia relations of 'great concern' but salvageable" 13526: 13188: 12720: 12152:"The first advertisement to feature Mikhail Gorbachev will also..." 6349: 6109: 6017: 5985: 5898: 5778: 5568: 5246: 4329: 4186: 4161: 3775: 3607: 3417: 3369: 3203: 3136: 3084:

Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

2365: 2355: 2041:

After Brezhnev's death in November 1982, Andropov succeeded him as

1996: 1625: 1593: 1480: 1476: 1365: 1360: 1297: 973: 30:"Gorbachev" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see 23568:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

11615: 5392: 2353:

In the second year of his leadership, Gorbachev began speaking of

32060: 31144: 30843: 30094: 28608: 28532: 27064: 26576: 26353: 25709: 24394: 24279: 24269: 24218: 23759: 22504: 21455: 18629: 17923: 15443:"Mikhail Gorbachev, former Soviet leader, dies – global reaction" 14696: 12962: 10230: 4937: 4276:, in the same grave as his wife Raisa, as requested by his will. 4152: 4096: 3526:, which focused on encouraging sustainable futures, and then the 3486: 3468:

International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies

3338: 3222: 3169: 2921: 2889: 2627: 2518:

by the end of the 20th century. An agreement was then reached to

2342: 2240:, and Vadim Medvedev. Another of those promoted by Gorbachev was 1938:

resorts in the North Caucasus; he holidayed with the head of the

1877:

leaders and was informed of their decision by the Soviet leader,

1874: 1633: 1566: 1547: 1496: 1241:

from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to

32032: 15589:"Reactions to the death of last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev" 15394:"Praise and Blame: How Russia Reacted to the Death of Gorbachev" 15374:"Praise and Blame: How Russia Reacted to the Death of Gorbachev" 15021:"Михаил Горбачев попал в больницу: что известно о его состоянии" 13799: 13281:"Mikhail Gorbachev: world on brink of new cold war over Ukraine" 9668: 9096: 8833: 8392: 8316: 3863:

After Putin announced his intention to run for president in the

3750:

2008–2022: growing criticism of Putin and foreign policy remarks

3082:

sentiment, Gorbachev had reluctantly allowed the formation of a

30976: 29639: 27512: 27433: 26722: 26540: 26501: 24462: 24264: 24203: 23138: 21382: 18063: 15870: 12749:"Gorbachev Vows Revolution If New Orleans Levees Don't Improve" 11937:"End of the Soviet Union: Text of Gorbachev's Farewell Address" 8146: 8144: 4765:

played the roles of Gorbachev and his wife Raisa respectively.

4552:. In 2000, he was presented with the Golden Plate Award of the 4439: 4304:

paid tribute to him on Twitter, as did the UK's prime minister

4197: 4165: 3557: 3475: 2612: 2488: 2471:

allies, visiting France in October 1985 to meet with President

2422: 2115: 1530:, and during Gorbachev's childhood was under the leadership of 1483:

several generations before; his maternal family were of ethnic

16826:

Gorbachev and the decline of ideology in Soviet foreign policy

16440:

Bhattacharya, Jay; Gathmann, Christina; Miller, Grant (2013).

16175:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 15999:"Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Reformist Soviet Leader, Is Dead at 91" 15664:"'Man of peace': How has Europe reacted to Gorbachev's death?" 14450: 14448: 14136: 14134: 13905: 13903: 13901: 7788: 7786: 3502: 3186: 2831:. Bush offered to assist the Soviet economy by suspending the 32136: 24947: 24903:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

24409: 24192: 22271: 19409:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

13679:"'A big blow': Mikhail Gorbachev died shocked by Ukraine war" 13436:"The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit" 13184:"Mikhail Gorbachev Banned from Ukraine after Crimea Comments" 12780:"Gorbachev launches political party with Russian billionaire" 5047: 5038: 5035: 5009: 4979: 3992: 3734:

led by the US. In June 2004, Gorbachev nevertheless attended

2779: 2087: 1992: 1977: 1836:

countries, in 1966 he was part of a delegation which visited

1680:

campaign spread through the Soviet Union, culminating in the

1574: 1500: 19538:

League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

16842:– М.: Алгоритм-Эксмо, 2010. – 544 с. ISBN 978-5-699-40627-2. 16794:

Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization

16029: 15978: 15906: 15878: 15818: 15775: 15763: 15739: 14583: 14571: 14369: 14309: 14254: 14027: 13927: 13847: 13823: 13811: 13763: 12571:. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007 11965: 11055: 10242: 9680: 9108: 8845: 8730: 8532: 8520: 8368: 8356: 8172: 8141: 8066:

Time of Change: An Insider's View of Russia's Transformation

7179: 6978: 4997: 4970: 3424:, not to die in office. The following day, 26 December, the 3017: 2843: 2663: 2626:

In August 1987, Gorbachev holidayed in Nizhnyaya Oreanda in

1883:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1753:

village to help its peasant residents gain social contacts.

1223:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

31930: 30970: 28911:

Marlo Thomas and Friends: Thanks & Giving All Year Long

28475: 24487: 24369: 22261: 22205: 17642: 17265: 14917:"Последний президент СССР Михаил Горбачев госпитализирован" 14725:"Mikhail Gorbachev, who steered Soviet breakup, dead at 91" 14635: 14445: 14381: 14333: 14321: 14297: 14131: 13944: 13942: 13898: 13751: 13739: 13727: 13715: 13102: 13013: 12663: 12437: 12389: 12365: 12353: 12341: 12329: 12175: 12088: 11758: 11485: 11400: 11360: 11332: 11272: 11260: 11107: 10903: 10851: 10827: 10773: 10428: 10416: 10380: 10368: 10324: 10254: 9900: 9872: 9704: 9692: 9656: 9604: 9576: 9504: 9480: 9468: 9237: 9209: 8984: 8718: 8604: 8544: 8328: 8001: 7973: 7971: 7922: 7858: 7846: 7783: 7695: 7651: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7527: 7121: 7119: 6966: 6898: 6859: 6831: 6740: 6617: 6581: 6285: 5512: 5488: 5050: 5003: 4976: 4536:, Kentucky. In 1995, he was awarded the Grand-Cross of the 4026: 3976:

Even before he left office, Gorbachev had become a kind of

3938: 2905: 2468: 1565:", including those sympathetic to rival interpretations of 29847:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

19528:

General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia

16867: 16439: 16371:

Mikhail Gorbachev Dies: Last Leader Of Soviet Union Was 91

15796: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15711: 15497:"Message from Her Majesty the Queen to the Russian People" 15470:"Elizabeth II enjoyed robust health throughout long reign" 15243:"Прощание с Горбачевым пройдет 3 сентября в Колонном зале" 14865:"Михаил Горбачев перенес сложную операцию на позвоночнике" 14749:

Cullinane, Susannah; Smith-Spark, Laura (30 August 2022).

14537: 14535: 14533: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14017: 14015: 14002: 14000: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13915: 13876: 13874: 13030: 13028: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12903: 12653: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12632: 12630: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12526: 12524: 12511: 12509: 12496: 12494: 12481: 12479: 12454: 12452: 12319: 12317: 12292: 12290: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12239: 12237: 12078: 12076: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12030: 12028: 11835: 11833: 11794:"Заявление Президента СССР М. С. Горбачёва 9 декабря 1991" 11475: 11473: 10631: 10629: 10576: 10574: 10477: 10475: 10314: 10312: 10044:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

9936: 8974: 8972: 8811: 8809: 8708: 8706: 8621: 8619: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8510: 8508: 8455: 8453: 8424: 8422: 8409: 8407: 8298: 8286: 8214: 8198: 8166: 8025: 7886: 7106: 7104: 7077: 6995: 6993: 6888: 6886: 6757: 6755: 6674: 6672: 6533: 5012: 4982: 4522:

Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development

4156:

Gorbachev in Moscow, 2019, receiving assistance in walking

3241:

Tens of thousands of anti-coup protesters surrounding the

2713: 2448:, was aware that the Soviet Union was unlikely to win the 1867: 1701:

student who later became a primary ideologist of the 1968

1431:, and campaigned for Russia's social-democratic movement. 1415:

against Gorbachev in August 1991. In the coup's wake, the

24942: 24922: 24917: 21179:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

21158: 20418:

25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

20180:

26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

19950:

27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

19751:

28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17077: 14754: 13705:"How Gorbachev's political legacy was destroyed by Putin" 6475: 6473: 6400: 6398: 6396: 5336: 5311: 5309: 4994: 4967: 3554:

interview with Gorbachev on his memoirs, 24 November 1996

1939: 1769:; while in Stavropol she too joined the Communist Party. 1542:

ideas, he believed would help convert the country into a

849:

1970–1978: First Secretary, Stavropol Regional Committee

30922:

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

28974:

Julie Andrews' Collection of Poems, Songs, and Lullabies

25827:

Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

16911:

First Secretary of the Stavropol CPSU Regional Committee

15930: 15846: 15751: 15295:"Gorbachev buried in Moscow in funeral snubbed by Putin" 15270:"Gorbachev buried in Moscow in funeral snubbed by Putin" 14671: 14623: 14559: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14220: 14218: 14075: 14051: 14039: 13954: 13939: 13775: 12013: 10891: 10586: 10158: 9924: 9616: 9036: 7968: 7419: 7167: 7116: 6185: 5929: 5886: 5862: 5680: 5678: 5609: 5607: 5500: 5424: 5326: 5324: 4634:

PERESTROIKA - New Thinking for Our Country and the World

3949:

Gorbachev made no personal comment publicly on the 2022

3089: 2692:

Gorbachev and his wife Raisa on a trip to Poland in 1988

1823:

22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26859: 19548:

Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

19533:

League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad

17745: 15966: 15954: 15942: 15806: 15787: 14659: 14647: 14611: 14547: 14530: 14505: 14477: 14357: 14345: 14242: 14230: 14198: 14186: 14174: 14063: 14012: 13997: 13978: 13886: 13871: 13835: 13025: 12900: 12642: 12627: 12536: 12521: 12506: 12491: 12476: 12464: 12449: 12425: 12413: 12401: 12377: 12314: 12302: 12287: 12249: 12234: 12100: 12073: 12056: 12025: 11917: 11905: 11877: 11830: 11818: 11698: 11670: 11497: 11470: 11388: 11211: 11199: 11187: 11159: 11131: 11119: 11095: 11083: 10991: 10931: 10879: 10839: 10761: 10749: 10684: 10647: 10626: 10614: 10571: 10472: 10404: 10392: 10309: 10218: 10206: 10070: 10004: 9912: 9820: 9792: 9780: 9752: 9628: 9492: 9421: 9409: 9317: 9305: 9130:

Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World

9008: 8996: 8969: 8909: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8821: 8806: 8742: 8703: 8691: 8643: 8631: 8616: 8587: 8568: 8556: 8505: 8493: 8465: 8450: 8419: 8404: 8380: 8264: 8220: 8013: 7910: 7898: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7639: 7475: 7359: 7227: 7155: 7101: 7089: 6990: 6954: 6922: 6910: 6883: 6871: 6752: 6728: 6684: 6669: 6657: 6629: 4853:

Briefly suspended from 19 to 21 August 1991 during the

3678:

1999–2008: promoting social democracy in Putin's Russia

3148: 2852:

Gorbachev meeting the Romanian Marxist–Leninist leader

2632:

Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and Our World

1503:-walled hut, before a hut of their own could be built. 1292:

in 1953 and received his law degree in 1955. Moving to

30620:

Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

29035: 19593: 15918: 14162: 14087: 13859: 13080:"Gorbachev says Putin 'castrated' democracy in Russia" 13072: 12005:

Plokhy, S. (2015). "Chapter 18: Christmas in Moscow".

6521: 6509: 6470: 6442: 6410: 6393: 6365: 5957: 5639: 5306: 5282: 2066:. There, he met and befriended the Soviet ambassador, 32078: 30939:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

30716:

United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia

16377:; published August 30, 2022; retrieved April 11, 2024 16075:"Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library" 14460: 14215: 13966: 13787: 13123:"Mikhail Gorbachev hails Crimea annexation to Russia" 11228: 11226: 6337: 6249: 6237: 6209: 6197: 6173: 6077: 6049: 5917: 5874: 5794: 5766: 5718: 5706: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5604: 5556: 5524: 5476: 5380: 5321: 5234: 5074: 5053: 5041: 5015: 4991: 4985: 4715:

What Is at Stake Now: My Appeal for Peace and Freedom

3790:

over the election, Gorbachev praised the protesters.

3147:

Although the Soviet Union had been excluded from the

2994:

was falling apart as a bracket for the Eastern Bloc.

2971:, were sympathetic to reform; others, like Romania's 2873:

officially requested that it be transferred from the

2533:

credentials or a pro-Soviet attitude—such as Libya's

2483:

and human rights issues, the pair discussed the US's

2244:, who was made a Secretary of the Central Committee ( 1459:

Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in the village of

1351:

and embarked on summits with United States president

711: 32263:

Candidates in the 1996 Russian presidential election

30173:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

28712:

Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children

19399:

All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)

16740:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

16265:"Prokofiev Peter and the Wolf – Beintus Wolf Tracks" 15415:[Naina Yeltsina – About Mikhail Gorbachev]. 14748: 12196:"Mikhail Gorbachev's Pizza Hut Thanksgiving Miracle" 11610: 11608: 5294: 5000: 4973: 4894:. Functions of the presidency were succeeded by the 4181:. Also in 2016, he underwent surgery to replace his 4147: 3368:

Changes in national boundaries after the end of the

3175: 1788:

process throughout Soviet society. Later biographer

1772:

Stalin was ultimately succeeded as Soviet leader by

336:

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

32433:

Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

26239:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh

16761:Duncan, W. Raymond, and Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl. 16595:. Profiles in Power. London and New York: Longman. 16339:"Review: Gorbachev at The State Theatre Of Nations" 14527:. New York: Collins. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-00217972-0. 13523:"Горбачев увидел угрозу судьбе США как государства" 12989:Kulish, Nicholas; Dempsey, Judy (9 November 2009). 12007:

The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union

5006: 4964: 3797:Gorbachev (right) being introduced to US president 3606:. Shortly after, in July, Raisa was diagnosed with 3349:with little central authority. Only the leaders of 2722:Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with Reagan at 31301:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 28877:Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf/Beintus: Wolf Tracks 16777:Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 16588: 14266: 13403: 13247: 12810:"Mikhail Gorbachev will found new political party" 12683: 11223: 4749:in Moscow, in collaboration with Latvian director 4410:— Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017 3985:— Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017 2827:. In December 1989, Gorbachev and Bush met at the 1636:of grain, a feat for which Sergey was awarded the 32388:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 30891:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 30221:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 16629:Steele, Jonathan (1996). "Why Gorbachev Failed". 16558:Gooding, John (1990). "Gorbachev and Democracy". 15164:"Опубликованы кадры прощания Путина с Горбачевым" 14778: 14776: 12958:"Obama met Gorbachev in run-up to Medvedev talks" 11605: 4200:problems, which led to him being transferred for 3782:as being rigged in favor of the governing party, 2529:, Gorbachev found many of its leaders professing 1995:outside the city. They then moved to another, at 1920:constructed under Gorbachev's regional leadership 1735:; Raisa abandoned her studies to join him there. 32373:Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 32348:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 32239: 24888:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 16770:Soviet briefing: Gorbachev and the reform period 15190:"Владимир Путин простился с Михаилом Горбачёвым" 15047:"Горбачев попал в больницу с воспалением легких" 14803: 14801: 11234:"The January bloodbath in Lithuania 25 years on" 5179:, Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 4 February 2019 4017:within the terms of Marxist-Leninist ideology". 3321:, which eliminated the USSR and established the 2105: 1743: 32378:Honorary members of the Russian Academy of Arts 23325:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 22732:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 21217:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 16983:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 16974:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 16748:bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union 16364: 16287: 16093: 4452:" ended in a far more peaceful manner than the 3858:Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-Called 2912:about 150 Azeris. Problems also emerged in the 2778:in Moscow; he agreed to eliminate the Soviets' 30355: 21998:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 16744:bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 15268:Zemlianichenko, Alexander (3 September 2022). 15267: 15158: 15156: 15135:"СМИ: перед смертью Горбачев похудел на 40 кг" 14773: 12928:"Former Soviet Leader Gorbachev Records Album" 12681: 11616:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169" 10046:. New York University Press. pp. 114–118. 7940: 4737:Waxworks of Reagan, Thatcher and Gorbachev at 1821:in Moscow; that October, he also attended the 1423:, became a vocal critic of Russian presidents 391:Himself as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet 32438:Recipients of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 32408:People of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 31282: 31027: 30699:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 30590: 30341: 29811:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 29544:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 29021: 28696: 27621: 26998: 25662: 25648: 25048: 22221: 21087: 20620: 20402: 20164: 19934: 19735: 19579: 19404:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 17731: 17101: 14833: 14831: 14798: 12988: 12682:Blomfield, Adrian; Smith, Mike (6 May 2008). 5062: 4560:near London. In 2002, Gorbachev received the 3730:because it lacked UN backing, as well as the 3633: 2908:in January 1990, followed by the Soviet Army 2564: 2161:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 1397:abandoned Marxist–Leninist governance in 1989 1191: 946: 78:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 27635: 27534:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 24964:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 22515:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 18022:Political Administration of the Armed Forces 16833:Кто поставил Горбачёва? (Who put Gorbachev?) 16519: 16446:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 16035: 15912: 15896: 15884: 15781: 15769: 15745: 15729: 15240: 14784:"Источник: ухудшения здоровья Горбачева нет" 14641: 14577: 14454: 14435: 14415: 14403: 14375: 14339: 14315: 14303: 14260: 14152: 14140: 14121: 14105: 14033: 13921: 13909: 13853: 13829: 13817: 13805: 13769: 13757: 13745: 13733: 13721: 11025: 10674: 10525: 10272: 10248: 10196: 10176: 10088: 10056: 10022: 9990: 9974: 9954: 9858: 9838: 9810: 9770: 9738: 9722: 9686: 9674: 9646: 9562: 9542: 9522: 9275: 9255: 9195: 9179: 9159: 9143: 9114: 9102: 9086: 9070: 9054: 9026: 8927: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8776: 8736: 8661: 8538: 8526: 8483: 8398: 8374: 8362: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8194: 8150: 8043: 7864: 7852: 7792: 7753: 7733: 7713: 7669: 7657: 7625: 7601: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7517: 7497: 7441: 7345: 7325: 7309: 7289: 7269: 7249: 7141: 7071: 7047: 7031: 6773: 6603: 6495: 6432: 6307: 6271: 6159: 6135: 6095: 6039: 5852: 5816: 5752: 5696: 5625: 5590: 5542: 5462: 5442: 5354: 5268: 5220: 5157:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 3717:. The party was later banned in 2007 by the 3640:Mikhail Gorbachev 1996 presidential campaign 3614:, she was transferred to a cancer center in 2920:Georgian pro-independence demonstrations in 2272:, first used publicly in March 1984. He saw 1581:, an account that influenced the young boy. 1469:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 27:Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 28994:In 2011, the category was merged back into 28898:The Train They Call the City of New Orleans 27503:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public 23825:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15348:"Putin will not attend Gorbachev's funeral" 15153: 10704:"Mikhail Gorbachev: I am against all walls" 10032: 5085:[mʲɪxɐˈilsʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪdʑɡərbɐˈtɕɵf] 3786:, and called for them to be re-held. After 3610:. With the assistance of German chancellor 3436: 3095:February 1990 in a phone conversation with 2766:during Gorbachev's visit but after he left 1950:, and the longstanding senior party member 1933:district, in March 1972 he was awarded the 1929:. For overseeing a record grain harvest in 1449: 32423:Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia) 31289: 31275: 31034: 31020: 30814:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 30597: 30583: 30348: 30334: 29028: 29014: 28703: 28689: 27628: 27614: 27544:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry 27005: 26991: 25655: 25641: 25055: 25041: 24928:United States involvement in regime change 22483:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 22228: 22214: 21094: 21080: 20627: 20613: 20409: 20395: 20171: 20157: 19941: 19927: 19742: 19728: 19586: 19572: 17738: 17724: 17243:Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev 17108: 17094: 16763:Moscow and the third world under Gorbachev 16386: 16336: 16330: 15499:. British Embassy Moscow. 2 September 2022 14828: 12004: 3296: 3156:status—rather than full membership—of the 2685:, which would do most of the legislating. 1978:Secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU 1198: 1184: 118: 30099:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 28962:Aaaaah! Spooky, Scary Stories & Songs 28863:There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly 27498:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 26470:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 26154:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 19506:State Committee on the State of Emergency 16481: 16319: 16209:"Previous Recipients of Keys to the City" 14689: 14272: 12991:"Leaders in Berlin Retrace the Walk West" 12875: 12844: 4544:, and in 1998 the Freedom Award from the 3937:In an interview with Russian news agency 3655:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3266:Gorbachev and his family were kept under 3259:State Committee on the State of Emergency 3018:1990–1991: presidency of the Soviet Union 2997: 2844:Nationality question and the Eastern Bloc 2664:Forming the Congress of People's Deputies 2619:in nature. Gorbachev also announced that 2286:The purpose of reform was to prop up the 2198: 2070:, who later became a key political ally. 1561:, in which individuals accused of being " 429:11 March 2000 – 15 November 2017 224:15 March 1990 – 25 December 1991 29614:International Committee of the Red Cross 29446:International Committee of the Red Cross 29403:Nansen International Office for Refugees 29209:International Committee of the Red Cross 28564:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 25977:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 25695:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia 19553:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad 16641: 16609: 16586: 16538: 16295:"Reunification Politicians Accept Prize" 16241:. European Academy of Yuste Foundation. 15984: 15972: 15936: 15852: 15840: 15824: 15757: 15733: 15371: 14677: 14629: 14601: 14589: 14565: 14553: 14495: 14483: 14419: 14399: 14192: 14081: 14057: 14045: 13960: 13948: 13933: 13781: 13646: 13278: 13246:Buchanan, Rose Troup (9 November 2014). 13245: 12685:"Gorbachev: US could start new Cold War" 12565:"Russia Bans Party Founded by Gorbachev" 12224: 12193: 12046: 12019: 11895: 11776: 11748: 11732: 11716: 11688: 11660: 11644: 11577: 11561: 11545: 11434: 11418: 11378: 11350: 11322: 11306: 11290: 11250: 11177: 11149: 11073: 11045: 11029: 11009: 10981: 10965: 10949: 10921: 10897: 10869: 10817: 10604: 10592: 10561: 10545: 10529: 10509: 10493: 10462: 10446: 10358: 10342: 10200: 10180: 10164: 10148: 10132: 10112: 10092: 10060: 9994: 9958: 9942: 9930: 9890: 9862: 9842: 9742: 9622: 9594: 9566: 9546: 9526: 9458: 9442: 9399: 9383: 9367: 9351: 9335: 9295: 9259: 9227: 9199: 9163: 9042: 8959: 8943: 8796: 8780: 8760: 8681: 8677: 8440: 8299:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8287:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8282: 8254: 8242: 8238: 8215:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8210: 8199:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8190: 8167:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8162: 8047: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7941:Bialer, Seweryn; Afferica, Joan (1985). 7916: 7892: 7876: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7773: 7769: 7737: 7729: 7701: 7685: 7629: 7621: 7605: 7549: 7545: 7521: 7501: 7493: 7465: 7461: 7445: 7437: 7425: 7409: 7393: 7377: 7349: 7329: 7321: 7305: 7273: 7253: 7245: 7217: 7213: 7197: 7173: 7145: 7137: 7125: 7095: 7067: 7051: 7043: 7027: 7011: 6944: 6940: 6928: 6849: 6821: 6809: 6805: 6789: 6718: 6702: 6663: 6647: 6607: 6599: 6571: 6555: 6551: 6527: 6515: 6499: 6491: 6464: 6460: 6436: 6428: 6387: 6383: 6355: 6327: 6311: 6303: 6275: 6267: 6227: 6163: 6155: 6139: 6131: 6115: 6099: 6067: 6023: 6007: 5991: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5947: 5907: 5836: 5820: 5812: 5784: 5756: 5736: 5645: 5629: 5594: 5574: 5546: 5466: 5446: 5414: 5398: 5370: 5315: 5272: 5252: 5224: 5216: 4732: 4499: 4245: 4230: 4173:well. In November 2016, Gorbachev had a 4151: 4101: 4048: 3907:had brought the world to the brink of a 3792: 3681: 3624: 3580: 3499:a television advertisement for Pizza Hut 3452: 3440: 3363: 3309: 3236: 3185: 3106: 3021: 2946: 2847: 2793: 2789:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 2717: 2687: 2652:published an open letter by the teacher 2568: 2497: 2416: 2336: 2268:Gorbachev recurrently employed the term 2255: 2109: 2043:General Secretary of the Communist Party 2028:growing internal dissent in that country 1981: 1911: 1803: 1647: 1507: 472:9 February 1984 – 10 March 1985 30989:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative 30748:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 29963:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 25572:Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary) 25124:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen 23054:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 21622:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 21101: 16694: 16670: 16557: 16499:Bunce, Valerie (1992). "On Gorbachev". 16373:, by Ted Johnson and Erik Pedersen; at 15960: 15948: 15812: 15800: 15717: 15615:Condolences Regarding Mikhail Gorbachev 15345: 15071: 14807: 14665: 14653: 14617: 14605: 14541: 14511: 14499: 14471: 14439: 14423: 14387: 14363: 14351: 14327: 14248: 14236: 14224: 14209: 14180: 14168: 14156: 14125: 14109: 14093: 14069: 14021: 14006: 13991: 13892: 13880: 13841: 13616:"Statement of the Gorbachev Foundation" 13464: 13181: 13108: 13034: 13019: 12925: 12913: 12669: 12657: 12636: 12551: 12530: 12515: 12500: 12485: 12470: 12458: 12443: 12431: 12419: 12407: 12395: 12383: 12371: 12359: 12347: 12335: 12323: 12308: 12296: 12260: 12243: 12228: 12181: 12106: 12094: 12082: 12067: 12050: 12034: 11923: 11911: 11899: 11883: 11852:Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). 11839: 11824: 11780: 11764: 11752: 11736: 11720: 11704: 11692: 11676: 11664: 11648: 11581: 11565: 11549: 11503: 11491: 11479: 11438: 11422: 11406: 11394: 11382: 11366: 11354: 11338: 11326: 11310: 11294: 11278: 11266: 11254: 11217: 11205: 11193: 11181: 11165: 11153: 11137: 11125: 11113: 11101: 11089: 11077: 11061: 11049: 11033: 11013: 10997: 10985: 10969: 10953: 10937: 10925: 10909: 10885: 10873: 10857: 10845: 10833: 10821: 10779: 10767: 10755: 10690: 10678: 10641: 10635: 10620: 10608: 10580: 10565: 10549: 10533: 10513: 10497: 10481: 10466: 10450: 10434: 10422: 10410: 10398: 10386: 10374: 10362: 10346: 10330: 10318: 10276: 10260: 10236: 10224: 10212: 10184: 10152: 10136: 10120: 10116: 10100: 10096: 10076: 10064: 10038: 10026: 10010: 9998: 9978: 9962: 9918: 9906: 9894: 9878: 9866: 9846: 9826: 9814: 9798: 9786: 9774: 9758: 9746: 9726: 9710: 9698: 9662: 9650: 9634: 9610: 9598: 9582: 9570: 9550: 9530: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9462: 9446: 9427: 9415: 9403: 9387: 9371: 9355: 9339: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9283: 9263: 9243: 9231: 9215: 9203: 9183: 9167: 9147: 9090: 9074: 9058: 9030: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8963: 8947: 8931: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8879: 8867: 8827: 8815: 8800: 8784: 8764: 8748: 8724: 8712: 8697: 8685: 8665: 8649: 8637: 8625: 8610: 8598: 8581: 8562: 8550: 8514: 8499: 8487: 8471: 8459: 8444: 8428: 8413: 8386: 8350: 8270: 8258: 8226: 8178: 8101: 7949:. No. America and the World 1985. 7928: 7904: 7880: 7777: 7757: 7741: 7717: 7689: 7673: 7645: 7633: 7609: 7553: 7533: 7505: 7481: 7469: 7449: 7413: 7397: 7381: 7365: 7353: 7333: 7293: 7277: 7257: 7233: 7221: 7201: 7185: 7161: 7149: 7110: 7083: 7055: 7015: 6999: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6837: 6825: 6793: 6777: 6761: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6706: 6690: 6678: 6651: 6635: 6623: 6611: 6587: 6575: 6559: 6539: 6503: 6479: 6448: 6416: 6404: 6371: 6359: 6343: 6331: 6315: 6291: 6279: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6143: 6119: 6103: 6083: 6071: 6055: 6043: 6027: 6011: 5995: 5979: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5840: 5824: 5800: 5788: 5772: 5760: 5740: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5684: 5669: 5657: 5633: 5613: 5598: 5578: 5562: 5550: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5450: 5430: 5418: 5402: 5386: 5374: 5358: 5342: 5330: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5256: 5240: 5228: 4383: 3917:Russia–United States summit in Helsinki 3719:Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 2888:That month, in the Azerbaijani city of 2714:Relations with China and Western states 2347:Lithuania's declaration of independence 1868:1970–1977: heading the Stavropol region 1727:). He was subsequently assigned to the 1454: 648: 1953; died 1999) 147:11 March 1985 – 24 August 1991 14: 32448:Russian anti–nuclear weapons activists 32343:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 32240: 26846:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping 26069:Allegations of third-party involvement 26018:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 25963:September 2009 Agdam military incident 25930:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 24898:Russian espionage in the United States 23170:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 21305:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 21242:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 16628: 16520:Doder, Dusko; Branson, Louise (1990). 16412: 16245:from the original on 17 September 2017 15996: 15924: 15900: 15467: 15247:Главные события в России и мире | RTVI 15241:Сарджвеладзе, София (31 August 2022). 14969:"Горбачеву сделали операцию на сердце" 14722: 13865: 13555: 13401: 13373:"Mikhail Gorbachev: "Never again war"" 13214: 13120: 11851: 11806:from the original on 24 September 2015 9279: 8059: 4815:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 4136:Death and funeral of Mikhail Gorbachev 3932:January 6 United States Capitol attack 3850:were invited and performed their song 3805:, March 2009. US ambassador to Russia 3764:Independent Democratic Party of Russia 3707:Russian United Social Democratic Party 2520:meet with Reagan in Reykjavík, Iceland 2425:and Gorbachev meeting in Iceland, 1986 2264:in 1986 during a visit to East Germany 1584:Following on from the outbreak of the 1553:The country was then experiencing the 1387:measures and formation of the elected 1229:beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the 32453:Soviet anti–nuclear weapons activists 31565:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 31270: 31015: 30977:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 30920: 30618: 30578: 30329: 29009: 28684: 27609: 26986: 25734:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan 25636: 25459:Military equipment used by Mujahideen 25062: 25036: 24893:Soviet espionage in the United States 23049:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 22828:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 22493:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 22209: 21652:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 21075: 20608: 20390: 20152: 19922: 19723: 19567: 17719: 17115: 17089: 17078:Articles related to Mikhail Gorbachev 17076: 16680:. New York City: Simon and Schuster. 16498: 16387:O’Sullivan, Michael (22 March 2023). 16349:from the original on 13 December 2021 16275:from the original on 20 December 2016 16219:from the original on 15 December 2017 16189:from the original on 15 December 2016 16051:. Nobel Foundation. 15 October 1990. 15836: 15661: 15413:"Наина Ельцина – о Михаиле Горбачёве" 15410: 15102: 14523:Rick Smolan and David Cohen. (1988). 13972: 13793: 13596:from the original on 24 December 2021 13570:from the original on 17 February 2021 13196:from the original on 18 December 2019 13060:from the original on 21 December 2011 12876:Gorbachev, Mikhail (19 August 2008). 12845:Gorbachev, Mikhail (12 August 2008). 12790:from the original on 26 February 2013 12272: 11986:from the original on 17 December 2020 10732: 9126: 5083: 4728: 4520:In 1988, India awarded Gorbachev the 4226: 3969: 3532:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates 3151:, Gorbachev secured an invitation to 3090:German reunification and the Gulf War 367:1 October 1988 – 25 May 1989 32143: 30858:Malaria Research and Training Centre 30607:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 28937:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 28041:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 26216:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians 25960:January 2009 Agdam military incident 25690:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 25617: 24969:Soviet Union–United States relations 23320:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 19523:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans 18947:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 16301:from the original on 5 November 2018 16055:from the original on 8 November 2010 15346:Plummer, Robert (1 September 2022). 15216:"Путин простился с Горбачевым в ЦКБ" 13533:from the original on 10 January 2021 13473:from the original on 9 November 2020 13163:from the original on 20 October 2014 13133:from the original on 8 November 2014 12970:from the original on 30 January 2019 12857:from the original on 22 October 2010 12777: 12759:from the original on 13 October 2007 12696:from the original on 10 January 2022 12206:from the original on 1 December 2019 10714:from the original on 31 January 2022 5120:that cost the lives of 14 civilians. 4830: 4495: 3882:. In his judgment, while Crimea was 3357:supported Gorbachev's approach. The 2875:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 2251: 2121: 1738: 1534:. Stalin had initiated a project of 312:25 May 1989 – 15 March 1990 38: 32473:Russian people of Ukrainian descent 30838:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 28826:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 27493:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 27148:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair 25845:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli 25840:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 25822:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 24933:Soviet involvement in regime change 20932:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 17747:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 17233:Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis 16017:from the original on 30 August 2022 15468:Boffey, Daniel (8 September 2022). 15423:from the original on 31 August 2022 15115:from the original on 31 August 2022 15084:from the original on 31 August 2022 14761:from the original on 30 August 2022 14704:from the original on 30 August 2022 14690:Ljunggren, David (30 August 2022). 13659:from the original on 31 August 2022 13556:Adkins, William (20 January 2021). 13279:Johnston, Chris (9 November 2014). 12926:Odynova, Alexandra (19 June 2009). 12615:from the original on 4 January 2022 12605:"Gorbachev sets up Russia movement" 12194:Musgrave, Paul (28 November 2019). 11947:from the original on 4 January 2020 7989:from the original on 30 August 2022 4898:and the Executive Secretary of the 4825:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 4589:Best Spoken Word Album for Children 4571:In 2002, Gorbachev was awarded the 3705:In 2000, Gorbachev helped form the 3585:Gorbachev with Argentine president 2867:deported on Stalin's orders in 1944 2577: 2016:neighbouring Afghanistan to support 1889:) in 1971. According to biographer 1767:Moscow State Pedagogical University 1233:from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the 256:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet 24: 32368:Heads of state of the Soviet Union 32353:Former Russian Orthodox Christians 31047:1996 Russian presidential election 30199:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 30065:International Atomic Energy Agency 29478:American Friends Service Committee 27199:Commonwealth of Independent States 25412:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 25108:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 24974:Soviet Union–United States summits 22448:1947 Polish parliamentary election 22333:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 20985:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 20803:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 16733: 16413:Wojnar, Jason (21 November 2020). 15997:Berger, Marilyn (30 August 2022). 15411:Naina, Yeltsina (31 August 2022). 15372:Latypova, Leyla (31 August 2022). 14943:"Михаил Горбачев попал в больницу" 14808:Вишнева, Светлана (20 June 2022). 13465:Ellyatt, Holly (22 October 2018). 13121:Haynes, Danielle (18 March 2014). 12746: 12132:from the original on 13 March 2021 11864:from the original on 14 April 2017 10793:"Oral History – Mikhail Gorbachev" 8129:from the original on 15 April 2021 8083:from the original on 15 April 2021 7943:"The Genesis of Gorbachev's World" 4900:Commonwealth of Independent States 4432:interview with William Taubman on 3884:transferred from Russia to Ukraine 3505:and photograph advertisements for 3402:Commonwealth of Independent States 3345:unified state, instead favoring a 3329:On 30 October, Gorbachev attended 3323:Commonwealth of Independent States 2938:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republics 2914:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 2879:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 2871:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 2840:, although Bush refused to do so. 2429:In a May 1985 speech given to the 1909:, and came under their influence. 1827:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1369:("openness") allowed for enhanced 1004:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 25: 32514: 30850:Manhiça Centre of Health Research 29680:International Labour Organization 27539:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 26010:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 25987:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 25982:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 25792:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) 23735:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 23670:United States invasion of Grenada 22940:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 22881:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 21149:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 21134:Criticism of communist party rule 20718:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 17276:1983 false nuclear alarm incident 16875:collected news and commentary at 16861: 16522:Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin 16501:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 16129:from the original on 3 March 2013 15699:from the original on 4 March 2021 15072:Ерохина, Алена (31 August 2022). 14273:Rodriguez, Alex (23 March 2008). 13647:Родионов, Эдуард (24 July 2022). 13446:from the original on 17 July 2018 13383:from the original on 15 July 2022 13353:from the original on 15 July 2022 13321:from the original on 15 July 2022 13227:from the original on 12 June 2019 13090:from the original on 7 April 2022 12938:from the original on 15 June 2011 12847:"A Path to Peace in the Caucasus" 12778:Gray, Sadie (30 September 2008). 12728:from the original on 2 April 2019 12163:from the original on 3 March 2022 11626:from the original on 1 March 2021 11597:. 7 December 2013. Archived from 11527:from the original on 21 July 2018 10737:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8108:The Awakening of the Soviet Union 4913:Social Democratic Party of Russia 4319:United Nations secretary-general 4272:Gorbachev was buried at Moscow's 4148:Preceding deterioration of health 4062:to sing both folk and pop songs. 3711:Social Democratic Party of Russia 3457:Gorbachev giving a speech at the 3431: 3335:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 3176:August coup and government crises 2412: 2114:Gorbachev in 1985 at a summit in 1642:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 1516:maternal grandparents, late 1930s 1479:and had moved to the region from 1154:Social Democratic Party of Russia 839:Social Democratic Party of Russia 32428:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 32220: 32203: 32186: 32169: 32152: 32124: 32112: 32100: 32088: 30879:National Transplant Organization 28950:Yes to Running! Bill Harley Live 28728:Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales 27455: 27432: 27075:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 27055:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 26776: 26754: 26728: 26715: 26663: 26616: 26569: 26533: 26507: 26494: 26435: 26383: 26346: 25878:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives 25616: 25607: 25606: 25594: 23810:United States invasion of Panama 23660:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 23300:1971 Turkish military memorandum 23263:Communist insurgency in Thailand 23233:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 23165:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 22992:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 22920:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 22438:Restatement of Policy on Germany 22195:Human rights in the Soviet Union 21154:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 20799:Hungarian Working People's Party 20761:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 19543:Siberian Social-Democratic Union 16758:(Oxford University Press, 2020). 16406: 16380: 16313: 16297:. Deutsche Welle. 17 June 2005. 16257: 16231: 16201: 16167: 16141: 16111: 16067: 16041: 15990: 15858: 15681: 15662:Askew, Joshua (31 August 2022). 15655: 15620: 15608: 15599: 15581: 15563: 15537: 15511: 15489: 15461: 15435: 15404: 15386: 15365: 15339: 15313: 15287: 15261: 15234: 15208: 15182: 15127: 15096: 15065: 15039: 15013: 14987: 14961: 14935: 14909: 14883: 14857: 14742: 14716: 14683: 14517: 13697: 13671: 13640: 13628:from the original on 24 May 2022 13608: 13582: 13549: 13515: 13503:from the original on 8 July 2022 13485: 13458: 13428: 13416:from the original on 14 May 2022 13395: 13365: 13333: 13303: 13291:from the original on 5 June 2016 13272: 13260:from the original on 14 May 2022 13239: 13208: 13175: 13145: 13114: 13040: 13001:from the original on 8 June 2019 12982: 12950: 12919: 12869: 12838: 12802: 12771: 12740: 12708: 12675: 12597: 12557: 12266: 12187: 12144: 12112: 11998: 11959: 11929: 11845: 11786: 11587: 11509: 11444: 10799:from the original on 1 July 2022 10785: 10726: 10696: 10300: 10291: 10282: 9120: 8095: 8053: 7934: 7046:, pp. 7, 102–103, 106–107; 5110: 5098: 5031: 4960: 4802:Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War 4423: 4179:Moscow Central Clinical Hospital 4044: 3700:March 2000 presidential election 3545: 2601:British Broadcasting Corporation 2553:and had since undergone its own 2141:to read and navigate comfortably 2126: 1846:the Soviet Union led an invasion 1444:economic collapse in the country 1328:—following the brief tenures of 1165: 897: 730: 697: 282:Gennady Yanayev (1991, disputed) 58:to read and navigate comfortably 43: 32503:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery 32418:People of the Soviet–Afghan War 30862:Kintampo Health Research Centre 29879:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 29092:Institut de Droit International 27178:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 25999:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 25700:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 24530:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 23911:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 23840:Fall of the inner German border 23740:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 23390:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 23380:Spanish transition to democracy 23340:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 22967:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 22473:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 22354:Occupation of the Baltic states 22103:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22033:Fall of the inner German border 16337:Arutyunyan, Ani (7 July 2021). 16183:American Academy of Achievement 15617:, dalailama.com, 31 August 2022 15103:Сокол, Ирина (31 August 2022). 14275:"Gorbachev a closet Christian?" 13215:Nelson, Louis (20 April 2017). 13182:Sharkov, Damian (26 May 2016). 12888:from the original on 1 May 2011 9127:Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich. 5107:only nine days after Gorbachev. 4947: 4886:and powers were transferred to 4792:in the 2024 biographical drama 4608: 4554:American Academy of Achievement 4308:, former US secretary of state 3919:between Putin and US president 3618:, Germany, and there underwent 3396:, on 8 December and signed the 3374:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3333:in Madrid trying to revive the 3315:Leaders of the Soviet Republics 3303:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3182:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 3063:nature of the one-party state. 3028:United Nations General Assembly 2916:; in April 1989, Soviet troops 2812:United Nations General Assembly 2724:a summit in Geneva, Switzerland 2465:a summit in Geneva, Switzerland 2349:, which passed two months later 2143:. When this tag was added, its 1935:Order of the October Revolution 1840:, and in 1969 and 1974 visited 1776:, who denounced Stalin and his 1487:heritage and had migrated from 1231:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 1048:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 645: 60:. When this tag was added, its 32393:Moscow State University alumni 31442:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 30899:for the Advancement of Science 27168:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews 26910:NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration 26221:Berkadzor fuel depot explosion 25995:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 25806:1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing 25783:Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms 25464:Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv 23310:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 22945:Mozambican War of Independence 22384:Indonesian National Revolution 22093:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 21232:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 19434:Group of Democratic Centralism 17168:Brezhnev assassination attempt 16990:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet 16320:Kangarooo (8 September 2022). 16149:"NCRM: Freedom Awards Winners" 15222:(in Russian). 1 September 2022 15053:(in Russian). 19 December 2019 14723:Heintz, Jim (30 August 2022). 13592:. CBS News. 24 December 2021. 5195:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5182: 5163: 5138: 5076:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov 4918: 4905: 4876: 4860: 4847: 4837: 4089: 3809:is pictured in the background. 3762:announced they would form the 3688:inauguration of Vladimir Putin 3646:Russian presidential elections 3445:Gorbachev visiting Reagan, at 2345:in 1990 in an attempt to stop 1363:. Domestically, his policy of 1225:from 1985 and additionally as 754:Central institution membership 13: 1: 31308:Leaders & revolutionaries 30609:for International Cooperation 29618:League of Red Cross Societies 29144:Paul Estournelles de Constant 28756:Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf 27027: 26286:Armenian-occupied territories 25967:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 24908:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 23923:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 23876:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 23598:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 23563:Seven Days to the River Rhine 23295:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 22582:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 22510:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 22113:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 21712:Inter-regional Deputies Group 21697:National League for Democracy 18942:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) 18927:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 18042:Transportation-Communications 18037:Trade and Consumers' Services 18017:Planning and Financial Organs 17158:1968 Red Square demonstration 16997:President of the Soviet Union 16845:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011). 16831:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2010). 16677:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 14897:(in Russian). 22 October 2013 13053:The Christian Science Monitor 9993:, pp. 267–268, 299–300; 5127: 4926:Eastern Slavic naming customs 4753:, staged a production called 4562:Freedom of the City of Dublin 4434:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 3876:Russia's annexation of Crimea 3196:28th Communist Party Congress 3049:President of the Soviet Union 2928:; the Supreme Soviets of the 2898:Azerbaijani Communist Parties 2702:elections to the new Congress 2679:Congress of People's Deputies 2398:Twenty-Seventh Party Congress 2106:General Secretary of the CPSU 1782:speech given in February 1956 1744:1955–1969: Stavropol Komsomol 1389:Congress of People's Deputies 1239:president of the Soviet Union 1211:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev 940:President of the Soviet Union 933:General Secretary of the CPSU 212:President of the Soviet Union 28918:& Various Artists (2005) 28749:& Various Artists (1994) 26905:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration 26762:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 26201:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 25892:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état 25739:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations 23901:Fall of communism in Albania 23871:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 23820:Polish Round Table Agreement 23160:1968 Polish political crisis 22977:Eritrean War of Independence 22743:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 22638:East German uprising of 1953 22570:Chinese Communist Revolution 22235: 22023:Alexanderplatz demonstration 21988:Polish Round Table Agreement 21662:People's Movement of Ukraine 20856:Polish United Workers' Party 17291:1984 Summer Olympics boycott 17213:1978 Georgian demonstrations 16541:Gorbachev and his Revolution 16049:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1990" 15301:. New York. 3 September 2022 15196:(in Russian). September 2022 15170:(in Russian). September 2022 15141:(in Russian). 31 August 2022 14923:(in Russian). 9 October 2014 13402:Worley, Will (9 July 2016). 10824:, pp. 540–541, 566–567. 10611:, pp. 500–501, 515–516. 8950:, pp. 434–435, 449–450. 8069:. I. B. Tauris. p. 30. 5132: 4546:National Civil Rights Museum 4528:, and in 1994 was given the 4279: 4170:funeral of Margaret Thatcher 3887:the country for five years. 3813:In 2009, Gorbachev released 3788:protests broke out in Moscow 3780:2011 parliamentary elections 3774:and for moving to bring the 3742:to see the damage caused by 3530:. In 1995, he initiated the 3522:In 1993, Gorbachev launched 3489:and met with Prime Minister 3045:Soviet presidential election 2646:In March 1988, the magazine 2641:Kremlin Palace of Congresses 2615:, was ultra-nationalist and 2485:Strategic Defense Initiative 2277:Gorbachev's perestroika was 1784:, after which he launched a 1288:, he married fellow student 7: 32468:Russian democracy activists 32398:Nobel Peace Prize laureates 30949:Hispanic Society of America 30875:The Transplantation Society 30824:2004: The European Union's 30808:International Space Station 26159:2020–2021 Armenian protests 26126:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 23775:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 23503:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 23248:Corrective Movement (Syria) 23212:New People's Army rebellion 23207:Sino-Soviet border conflict 22935:Angolan War of Independence 22798:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 22678:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 22323:Jamaican political conflict 22068:January Events in Lithuania 22003:Hungarian Round Table Talks 21642:Democratic Party of Albania 17271:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 17173:Sino-Soviet border conflict 17138:Glassboro Summit Conference 17055:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 16697:Journal of Cold War Studies 16614:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 14871:(in Russian). 14 April 2011 12878:"Russia Never Wanted a War" 12716:"Reagan funeral guest list" 10733:Eckel, Mike (20 May 2021). 5075: 4882:This post was abolished on 4808: 4768:Gorbachev was portrayed by 4526:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 4510:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 4376:hailed Gorbachev's role in 4261:. The ceremony included an 3951:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3162:International Monetary Fund 2153:content into sub-articles, 1538:which, in keeping with his 1536:mass rural collectivization 70:content into sub-articles, 10: 32519: 32493:Soviet democracy activists 31459:Artists & entertainers 30971:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 30292:Center for Civil Liberties 29152:International Peace Bureau 28797:The Children's Shakespeare 27902:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 27343:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 27085:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 26206:2023 Azerbaijani offensive 26164:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher 26136:Treatment of Armenian POWs 25392:Battle of Arghandab (1987) 23971:Sino-Indian border dispute 23800:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 23730:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 23488:1976 Argentine coup d'état 23400:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 23350:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 23034:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 23002:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 22691:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 22458:Asian Relations Conference 21722:Hungarian Democratic Forum 21717:Alliance of Free Democrats 21707:Union of Democratic Forces 20662:Party of Labour of Albania 19488:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 19482:Union of Marxist-Leninists 17153:Invasion of Czechoslovakia 16737: 16709:10.1162/152039703322483765 16432: 14845:(in Russian). 11 June 2013 13127:United Press International 12156:United Press International 4924:In this name that follows 4265:, but was not an official 4133: 3830:, featuring tributes from 3728:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 3637: 3634:1996 presidential campaign 3300: 3219:Lithuanian Supreme Council 3179: 2565:1987–1989: further reforms 2525:In his relations with the 1588:in 1939, in June 1941 the 1316:; he joined the governing 1276:, which then governed the 1264:in his youth, he operated 1237:from 1989 to 1990 and the 1215:leader of the Soviet Union 1134:1996 presidential campaign 859:Leader of the Soviet Union 29: 31915: 31761:Scientists & thinkers 31760: 31609: 31458: 31307: 31233: 31114: 31081: 31053: 30927: 30916: 30869:World Health Organization 30820:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 30802:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 30625: 30614: 30502: 30471: 30446: 30415: 30400: 30380: 30365: 30004: 29753: 29510: 29287: 29047: 28992: 28841: 28805:Listen to the Storyteller 28718: 28422: 28188: 27853: 27843:The American Fighting-Man 27646: 27577: 27552: 27521: 27485: 27478: 27447: 27424: 27417: 27356: 27305: 27263: 27206: 27193: 27186: 27140: 27093: 27042: 27035: 27024: 26892: 26799: 26561: 26338: 26231: 26174:September 2022 escalation 26146: 26043: 25948: 25747: 25670: 25664:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 25588: 25579:Bitter Lake (documentary) 25472: 25441: 25420: 25344: 25278: 25228: 25182: 25175: 25116: 25095: 25088: 25070: 25007: 24956: 24878: 24855:William Appleman Williams 24800:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 24582: 24554: 24503: 24435: 24428: 24362: 24227: 24152: 24082: 24075: 23984: 23931: 23863: 23576: 23315:Bangladesh Liberation War 23305:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 23220: 23192:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 23180:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 22843: 22618:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 22595: 22305: 22243: 22187: 22121: 22083:1991 protests in Belgrade 21963: 21888: 21797: 21739: 21730: 21612: 21474: 21421: 21318: 21250: 21187: 21109: 20983: 20930: 20902: 20850: 20797: 20759: 20716: 20685:Bulgarian Communist Party 20683: 20660: 20651: 20647: 20531: 20425: 20303: 20187: 20059: 19957: 19758: 19682: 19605: 19515: 19421: 19386: 19346: 19231: 19224: 19158: 19065: 18902: 18893: 18851: 18823: 18780: 18768: 18701: 18628: 18505: 18372: 18363: 18356: 18244: 18091: 18084: 18055: 18012:Organisational-party Work 17937: 17906: 17817: 17762: 17753: 17676: 17635: 17628: 17580: 17536: 17304: 17256: 17248:Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev 17123: 17083: 17061: 17051: 17036: 17026: 17018: 17013: 16980: 16962: 16957: 16944: 16935: 16927: 16917: 16908: 16900: 16895: 16656:10.1080/09668139308412074 16610:Medvedev, Zhores (1986). 16587:McCauley, Martin (1998). 16572:10.1080/09668139008411864 16101:"1994– Mikhail Gorbachev" 14949:(in Russian). 28 May 2015 12830:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12589:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10239:, pp. 381, 382, 383. 9258:, pp. 192–193, 324; 7140:, pp. 118, 121–122; 5827:, pp. 45, 53, 56–57. 5064:Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв 5063: 4896:Council of Heads of State 4556:at an awards ceremony at 4422: 4417: 4142:Central Clinical Hospital 3872:Crimean status referendum 3568:1993 legislative election 3544: 3539: 3524:Green Cross International 3384:and Belarusian president 3257:"—calling themselves the 3190:Gorbachev in October 1991 3026:Gorbachev addressing the 3008:revolution turned violent 2758:and there met its leader 2700:In March and April 1989, 2495:leaders of developments. 2288:centrally planned economy 2020:Soviet-aligned government 1624:. In 1946, he joined the 1304:reforms of Soviet leader 1219:the country's dissolution 1144:Green Cross International 884: 856: 750: 726:Mikhail Gorbachev's voice 719: 705: 693: 682: 663: 655: 627: 576: 565: 551: 527: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 486: 476: 465: 457: 445: 433: 422: 416:Union of Social Democrats 412: 408: 401: 397: 383: 371: 360: 353: 343: 326: 316: 305: 298: 273: 242: 228: 217: 210: 197: 185: 177: 151: 140: 133: 129: 117: 108: 101: 32478:Russian social democrats 30854:Ifakara Health Institute 29987:Médecins Sans Frontières 28799:– Various Artists (1998) 28742:The Lion King Read-Along 28560:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 27018:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 26884:2023 ceasefire agreement 26842:2020 ceasefire agreement 26822:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 26093:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 25935:1994 Bagratashen bombing 25925:1994 Baku Metro bombings 25433:Kabul students' uprising 23630:1980 Turkish coup d'état 23465:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 23435:1978 Somali coup attempt 23395:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 23360:1973 Chilean coup d'état 23185:Revolutionary Government 23079:South African Border War 22871:1960 Turkish coup d'état 22788:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 22643:1953 Iranian coup d'état 22623:1952 Egyptian revolution 22073:January Events in Latvia 22063:Reunification of Germany 22048:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 21978:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 21702:National Salvation Front 21687:Belarusian Popular Front 21677:Popular Front of Estonia 21446:Polish underground press 21207:List of socialist states 20904:Romanian Communist Party 18002:Light- and Food Industry 17218:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 17208:1977 Soviet constitution 17014:Awards and achievements 16896:Party political offices 16036:Doder & Branson 1990 15913:Doder & Branson 1990 15897:Doder & Branson 1990 15885:Doder & Branson 1990 15782:Doder & Branson 1990 15770:Doder & Branson 1990 15746:Doder & Branson 1990 15730:Doder & Branson 1990 14642:Doder & Branson 1990 14578:Doder & Branson 1990 14455:Doder & Branson 1990 14436:Doder & Branson 1990 14416:Doder & Branson 1990 14404:Doder & Branson 1990 14376:Doder & Branson 1990 14340:Doder & Branson 1990 14316:Doder & Branson 1990 14304:Doder & Branson 1990 14261:Doder & Branson 1990 14153:Doder & Branson 1990 14141:Doder & Branson 1990 14122:Doder & Branson 1990 14106:Doder & Branson 1990 14034:Doder & Branson 1990 13922:Doder & Branson 1990 13910:Doder & Branson 1990 13854:Doder & Branson 1990 13830:Doder & Branson 1990 13818:Doder & Branson 1990 13806:Doder & Branson 1990 13770:Doder & Branson 1990 13758:Doder & Branson 1990 13746:Doder & Branson 1990 13734:Doder & Branson 1990 13722:Doder & Branson 1990 13621:The Gorbachev Foundation 13346:The Gorbachev Foundation 11026:Doder & Branson 1990 10675:Doder & Branson 1990 10526:Doder & Branson 1990 10273:Doder & Branson 1990 10249:Doder & Branson 1990 10197:Doder & Branson 1990 10177:Doder & Branson 1990 10089:Doder & Branson 1990 10057:Doder & Branson 1990 10023:Doder & Branson 1990 9991:Doder & Branson 1990 9975:Doder & Branson 1990 9955:Doder & Branson 1990 9859:Doder & Branson 1990 9839:Doder & Branson 1990 9811:Doder & Branson 1990 9771:Doder & Branson 1990 9739:Doder & Branson 1990 9723:Doder & Branson 1990 9687:Doder & Branson 1990 9675:Doder & Branson 1990 9647:Doder & Branson 1990 9563:Doder & Branson 1990 9543:Doder & Branson 1990 9523:Doder & Branson 1990 9276:Doder & Branson 1990 9256:Doder & Branson 1990 9196:Doder & Branson 1990 9180:Doder & Branson 1990 9160:Doder & Branson 1990 9144:Doder & Branson 1990 9115:Doder & Branson 1990 9103:Doder & Branson 1990 9087:Doder & Branson 1990 9071:Doder & Branson 1990 9055:Doder & Branson 1990 9027:Doder & Branson 1990 8928:Doder & Branson 1990 8864:Doder & Branson 1990 8852:Doder & Branson 1990 8840:Doder & Branson 1990 8777:Doder & Branson 1990 8737:Doder & Branson 1990 8662:Doder & Branson 1990 8539:Doder & Branson 1990 8527:Doder & Branson 1990 8484:Doder & Branson 1990 8447:, pp. 323, 326–328. 8399:Doder & Branson 1990 8375:Doder & Branson 1990 8363:Doder & Branson 1990 8347:Doder & Branson 1990 8335:Doder & Branson 1990 8323:Doder & Branson 1990 8313:, pp. 75, 140, 142. 8311:Doder & Branson 1990 8195:Doder & Branson 1990 8151:Doder & Branson 1990 8113:Harvard University Press 8044:Doder & Branson 1990 7865:Doder & Branson 1990 7853:Doder & Branson 1990 7793:Doder & Branson 1990 7754:Doder & Branson 1990 7734:Doder & Branson 1990 7714:Doder & Branson 1990 7670:Doder & Branson 1990 7658:Doder & Branson 1990 7626:Doder & Branson 1990 7602:Doder & Branson 1990 7590:Doder & Branson 1990 7578:Doder & Branson 1990 7566:Doder & Branson 1990 7518:Doder & Branson 1990 7498:Doder & Branson 1990 7442:Doder & Branson 1990 7346:Doder & Branson 1990 7326:Doder & Branson 1990 7310:Doder & Branson 1990 7290:Doder & Branson 1990 7270:Doder & Branson 1990 7250:Doder & Branson 1990 7142:Doder & Branson 1990 7072:Doder & Branson 1990 7048:Doder & Branson 1990 7032:Doder & Branson 1990 6774:Doder & Branson 1990 6604:Doder & Branson 1990 6496:Doder & Branson 1990 6433:Doder & Branson 1990 6308:Doder & Branson 1990 6272:Doder & Branson 1990 6160:Doder & Branson 1990 6136:Doder & Branson 1990 6096:Doder & Branson 1990 6040:Doder & Branson 1990 5853:Doder & Branson 1990 5817:Doder & Branson 1990 5753:Doder & Branson 1990 5697:Doder & Branson 1990 5626:Doder & Branson 1990 5591:Doder & Branson 1990 5543:Doder & Branson 1990 5463:Doder & Branson 1990 5443:Doder & Branson 1990 5355:Doder & Branson 1990 5269:Doder & Branson 1990 5221:Doder & Branson 1990 4540:by Portuguese president 4534:University of Louisville 4312:and Ireland's Taoiseach 4129: 4039:fall of the Soviet Union 3437:1991–1999: initial years 3213:Amid growing dissent in 2768:were massacred by troops 2630:, Crimea, there writing 2379:. He made the historian 2001:Second Medical Institute 1808:Gorbachev on a visit to 1450:Early life and education 1139:The Gorbachev Foundation 906:This article is part of 109: 32498:Time Person of the Year 32463:Russian Nobel laureates 30744:Government of Guatemala 30671:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 30661:University of Salamanca 29474:Friends Service Council 28058:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 27158:Jackson–Vanik amendment 26893:International documents 26870:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 26064:International reactions 26014:2019 clash near Chinari 25778:Zvartnots Airport clash 25729:Azerbaijanis in Armenia 25717:Armenians in Azerbaijan 25141:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 23835:Fall of the Berlin Wall 23780:People Power Revolution 23765:Central American crisis 23705:1986 Black Sea incident 23355:1973 Afghan coup d'état 23253:Western Sahara conflict 23064:1966 Syrian coup d'état 22987:1963 Syrian coup d'état 22930:Portuguese Colonial War 22893:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 22658:1954 Syrian coup d'état 22535:Annexation of Hyderabad 22478:1947–1949 Palestine war 22149:Economic liberalization 22088:1991 Belarusian strikes 22028:Fall of the Berlin Wall 21682:Public Against Violence 21672:Popular Front of Latvia 21451:Political demonstration 21300:Chinese economic reform 21212:People Power Revolution 16786:31 October 2021 at the 16539:Galeotti, Mark (1997). 16513:10.1163/187633292X00108 16215:. Dublin City Council. 11456:Encyclopædia Britannica 10651:MASTERPIECES OF HISTORY 4820:List of peace activists 4772:in the 2019 miniseries 4591:for their recording of 3686:Gorbachev attended the 3426:Soviet of the Republics 3297:Final days and collapse 3231:referendum on the issue 2959:Gorbachev rejected the 2833:Jackson–Vanik amendment 2609:Russian Orthodox Church 2545:. He thought that the " 2531:revolutionary socialist 2516:world's nuclear weapons 2431:Soviet Foreign Ministry 1960:Italian Communist Party 1667:Moscow State University 1522:The Soviet Union was a 1286:Moscow State University 671:Moscow State University 32483:Soviet Nobel laureates 32413:People of the Cold War 31372:Martin Luther King Jr. 30693:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 30508:Nobel Prize recipients 30448:Physiology or Medicine 29871:UN Peacekeeping Forces 29720: (declined award) 29629:Martin Luther King Jr. 28017:Martin Luther King Jr. 27585:Russian Jews in Israel 26945:UNGA Resolution 62/243 26940:UNGA Resolution 60/285 26935:UNGA Resolution 48/114 26196:2022 Armenian protests 26028:Protests in Azerbaijan 25972:2010 Mardakert clashes 25956:2008 Mardakert clashes 25940:Refugees in Azerbaijan 25907:1993 Summer Offensives 25601:Afghanistan portal 25454:War in popular culture 25449:Soviet aircraft losses 25372:Battle of Maravar Pass 24129:Neoclassical economics 23640:Gulf of Sidra incident 23197:1969 Libyan revolution 22888:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 22673:1954 Geneva Conference 22433:Turkish straits crisis 22428:Corfu Channel incident 21283:New political thinking 20912:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 20635:Leaders of the ruling 20508:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 20265:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 20020:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 17907:Decision-making bodies 16852:30 August 2022 at the 16824:Woodby, Sylvia Babus. 16808:Social Science Journal 12932:Saint Petersburg Times 12128:(in Austrian German). 8103:Hosking, Geoffrey Alan 4869:until 21 August 1991; 4742: 4517: 4407: 4351:Gabrielius Landsbergis 4254: 4243: 4157: 4140:Gorbachev died at the 4115: 4054: 3982: 3895: 3810: 3738:, and in 2007 visited 3736:Reagan's state funeral 3715:2003 election campaign 3691: 3630: 3590: 3462: 3450: 3377: 3326: 3246: 3191: 3115: 3072:Russian Supreme Soviet 3031: 2998:Unraveling of the USSR 2956: 2902:anti-Armenian violence 2857: 2803: 2727: 2693: 2596:was finally revealed. 2574: 2559:Asian Development Bank 2507: 2426: 2373:as editor-in-chief of 2350: 2290:—not to transition to 2265: 2199:1985–1986: early years 2119: 2086:, and in September to 1987: 1968:French Communist Party 1921: 1832:Cleared for travel to 1813: 1712:At MSU, Gorbachev met 1657: 1517: 1417:Soviet Union dissolved 1252:Gorbachev was born in 1221:in 1991. He served as 778:1979–1980: Candidate, 741:Recorded November 2012 595:(1991–2000; from 2013) 32403:People from Stavropol 31610:Builders & titans 31414:Franklin D. Roosevelt 30665:University of Coimbra 30143:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 29823:Alfonso García Robles 29803:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 29775:Amnesty International 29387:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 28996:Best Children's Album 28474:The Good Samaritans: 27771:Franklin D. Roosevelt 27711:Franklin D. Roosevelt 27695:Franklin D. Roosevelt 27529:Jewish Defense League 27508:Moscow Helsinki Group 26900:Astrakhan Declaration 26875:EUMA Feb 2023–present 26639:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 26592:Norat Ter-Grigoryants 26147:Post-ceasefire events 25869:Capture of Artsvashen 25850:Capture of Garadaghly 24979:Russia–NATO relations 24860:Jonathan Reed Winkler 24144:Democratic capitalism 24139:Supply-side economics 24107:American conservatism 23906:Breakup of Yugoslavia 23795:Bougainville conflict 23710:South Yemen civil war 23645:Martial law in Poland 23508:Nicaraguan Revolution 23483:Dirty War (Argentina) 23290:1971 JVP insurrection 23104:Years of Lead (Italy) 22982:North Yemen civil war 22900:Berlin Crisis of 1961 22876:Albanian–Soviet split 22808:1959 Tibetan uprising 22773:Syrian Crisis of 1957 22628:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 22488:1948 Arab–Israeli War 22154:Post-Soviet conflicts 22108:Tajikistani Civil War 22058:Revolution on Granite 22018:Monday Demonstrations 21544:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 21378:Mengistu Haile Mariam 21144:Eastern Bloc politics 20852:Polish Workers' Party 19898:Dzhumgalbek Amanbayev 18071:Bolshevik / Kommunist 18032:Science and Education 17947:Administrative Organs 17914:Politburo / Presidium 17133:Collective leadership 16838:7 August 2022 at the 16817:15 April 2021 at the 16796:29.3 (2021): 255–258. 16123:ordens.presidencia.pt 14729:Associated Press News 13440:Associated Press News 9545:, pp. 217, 220; 6808:, pp. 108, 113; 4915:until 20 October 2007 4799:Gorbachev appears in 4736: 4503: 4458:breakup of Yugoslavia 4402: 4249: 4234: 4155: 4105: 4052: 3974: 3890: 3844:Arnold Schwarzenegger 3801:by US vice president 3796: 3732:2003 invasion of Iraq 3685: 3628: 3600:Leningradsky Prospekt 3584: 3528:World Political Forum 3456: 3444: 3386:Stanislav Shushkevich 3367: 3359:referendum in Ukraine 3313: 3240: 3189: 3180:Further information: 3110: 3025: 2950: 2851: 2797: 2721: 2691: 2670:19th Party Conference 2572: 2501: 2420: 2341:Gorbachev's visit to 2340: 2259: 2113: 1985: 1927:Great Stavropol Canal 1918:Great Stavropol Canal 1915: 1807: 1763:correspondence course 1652: 1648:1950–1955: university 1563:enemies of the people 1511: 1405:constituent republics 1310:Great Stavropol Canal 1262:rule of Joseph Stalin 1028:Assassination attempt 979:Anti-alcohol campaign 843:1985–1991: Chairman, 837:2001–2004: Chairman, 403:Additional positions 32358:Grammy Award winners 32338:Club of Rome members 31751:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 31157:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 30774:Fatana Ishaq Gailani 30758:Olayinka Koso-Thomas 30706:Frederik W. de Klerk 30258:World Food Programme 28982:Emma Walton Hamilton 28591:The Silence Breakers 28458:The American Soldier 28439:The Whistleblowers: 28297:The Endangered Earth 28079:The Middle Americans 28033:William Westmoreland 27926:Dwight D. Eisenhower 27795:Dwight D. Eisenhower 26930:PACE Resolution 2085 26925:PACE Resolution 1416 26920:OIC Resolution 10/37 26915:OIC Resolution 10/11 26551:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 26079:Aras Valley campaign 25991:2016 Odundağ clashes 25911:Operation Geghamasar 25832:Siege of Stepanakert 25544:The Living Daylights 25530:Charlie Wilson's War 25402:Battle for Hill 3234 25246:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 25200:Konstantin Chernenko 25153:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 24400:Non-Aligned Movement 24022:Peaceful coexistence 23976:North Borneo dispute 23891:German reunification 23886:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 23584:Salvadoran Civil War 23533:Grand Mosque seizure 23528:Yemenite War of 1979 23420:Mozambican Civil War 23375:Carnation Revolution 23330:Yemenite War of 1972 23268:1970 Polish protests 23099:1967 Hong Kong riots 23074:Argentine Revolution 23024:Guatemalan Civil War 22952:Cuban Missile Crisis 22866:Bay of Pigs Invasion 22738:1956 Poznań protests 22716:Geneva Summit (1955) 22318:Hukbalahap Rebellion 22297:Non-Aligned Movement 21564:Vytautas Landsbergis 21559:Viacheslav Chornovil 21388:Denis Sassou Nguesso 20970:Konstantin Chernenko 20574:Konstantin Chernenko 20513:Konstantin Chernenko 20260:Konstantin Chernenko 19823:Nursultan Nazarbayev 19773:Mykolas Burokevičius 18922:3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) 18638:7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 17881:Konstantin Chernenko 17802:Konstantin Chernenko 17572:Konstantin Chernenko 17286:Uzbek cotton scandal 17228:1980 Summer Olympics 17203:1977 Moscow bombings 16931:Konstantin Chernenko 16921:Vsevolod Murakhovsky 16873:Mikhail S. Gorbachev 16543:. London: Palgrave. 15695:. 15 February 2017. 14608:, pp. 134, 135. 14422:, pp. 23, 273; 13349:. 11 December 2014. 12227:, pp. 258–259; 12053:, pp. 651, 654. 11943:. 26 December 1991. 11735:, pp. 254–255; 11647:, pp. 248–249; 11437:, pp. 237–238; 11357:, pp. 602, 605. 11325:, pp. 206–207; 11309:, pp. 209–210; 11253:, pp. 199–200; 11180:, pp. 193–194; 11076:, pp. 185–186; 11064:, pp. 525, 528. 11048:, pp. 183–185; 10968:, pp. 218–219; 10924:, pp. 218–219; 10607:, pp. 174–175; 10512:, pp. 165–166; 10496:, pp. 164–165; 10449:, pp. 160–161; 10183:, pp. 157–158; 10135:, pp. 126–127; 10119:, pp. 436–437; 10099:, pp. 504–505; 9893:, pp. 140–141; 9841:, pp. 356–357; 9777:, pp. 411, 413. 9741:, pp. 284–285; 9725:, pp. 234–237; 9529:, pp. 83, 142; 9402:, pp. 106–107; 9370:, pp. 104–105; 9354:, pp. 104–105; 9282:, pp. 144–145; 9198:, pp. 305–306; 8870:, pp. 307, 309. 8866:, pp. 191–192; 8779:, pp. 159–162; 8680:, pp. 237–238; 8301:, pp. 233, 238. 8193:, pp. 187–188; 8181:, pp. 232, 234. 7624:, pp. 194–195; 7380:, pp. 158–159; 7324:, pp. 138–139; 7188:, pp. 181, 191. 6987:, pp. 165, 166. 6294:, pp. 103, 105. 5521:, pp. 8, 28–29. 5497:, pp. 9, 27–28. 5473:, pp. 8, 26–27. 5453:, pp. 7, 20–22. 5170:"Gorbachev, Mikhail" 5150:2 April 2015 at the 4558:Hampton Court Palace 4512:to Gorbachev at the 4504:Former US president 4384:Reception and legacy 4302:Ursula von der Leyen 4274:Novodevichy Cemetery 4252:Novodevichy Cemetery 4235:Corpse of Gorbachev 4072:St Francis of Assisi 3955:Gorbachev Foundation 3604:country's parliament 3495:German reunification 3122:'s Iraqi government 3053:Presidential Council 2978:In August 1989, the 2733:Common European Home 2076:Konstantin Chernenko 1819:World Youth Festival 1455:1931–1950: childhood 1440:German reunification 1421:Gorbachev Foundation 1413:an unsuccessful coup 1334:Konstantin Chernenko 1296:, he worked for the 1149:Pizza Hut commercial 1121:Letter from Khomeini 570:Novodevichy Cemetery 482:Konstantin Chernenko 452:Party disestablished 252:Office established; 192:Konstantin Chernenko 31899:Ludwig Wittgenstein 31846:John Maynard Keynes 31618:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 31221:Vladimir Bryntsalov 31174:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 30955:Amref Health Africa 30637:Enrique V. Iglesias 30631:José López Portillo 29939:Pugwash Conferences 28656:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 27640:Persons of the Year 26865:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 26789:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 26624:Republic of Artsakh 26587:Gurgen Dalibaltayan 26426:Samvel Shahramanyan 26391:Republic of Artsakh 26359:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 26211:Protests in Armenia 26003:Shelling of Alxanlı 25882:Operation Həsənqaya 25397:Operation Magistral 25362:Panjshir offensives 25352:Operation Storm-333 25345:Military operations 25266:Burhanuddin Rabbani 25251:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 25220:Abdul Rashid Dostum 25215:Mohammad Najibullah 24845:Alex von Tunzelmann 24835:Vladimir Tismăneanu 24760:Thomas J. McCormick 24755:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 24655:Robert Hugh Ferrell 24518:Crusade for Freedom 24315:Illiberal democracy 24199:Ho Chi Minh Thought 24002:Eisenhower Doctrine 23855:Peaceful Revolution 23850:Romanian Revolution 23830:Revolutions of 1989 23815:1988 Polish strikes 23725:Operation INFEKTION 23720:1987 Lieyu massacre 23625:Eritrean Civil Wars 23608:Peruvian Revolution 23558:1979 Herat uprising 23548:Sino-Vietnamese War 23513:Uganda–Tanzania War 23493:Egyptian–Libyan War 23460:Third Indochina War 23455:Sino-Albanian split 23445:Ethiopian Civil War 23345:Eritrean Civil Wars 23285:Ping-pong diplomacy 23258:Cambodian Civil War 23084:Korean DMZ Conflict 23069:Cultural Revolution 23039:Dominican Civil War 23017:Tlatelolco massacre 22803:1959 Mosul uprising 22793:1958 Lebanon crisis 22520:Al-Wathbah uprising 22443:First Indochina War 22413:Iran crisis of 1946 22008:Pan-European Picnic 21983:1988 Polish strikes 21363:Wojciech Jaruzelski 21103:Revolutions of 1989 20894:Mieczysław Rakowski 20889:Wojciech Jaruzelski 20584:Eduard Shevardnadze 20564:Mikhail Solomentsev 20346:Eduard Shevardnadze 20341:Mikhail Solomentsev 20295:Eduard Shevardnadze 20275:Mikhail Solomentsev 20119:Alexandra Biryukova 20015:Eduard Shevardnadze 20005:Mikhail Solomentsev 19788:Alexander Dzasokhov 19683:Vice heads of state 19440:Workers' Opposition 19067:Auditing Commission 18357:Leadership sittings 17819:General Secretaries 16810:32.1 (1995): 69–85 16644:Europe-Asia Studies 16458:10.1257/app.5.2.232 16393:The Washington Post 16326:– via Rumble. 16239:"Mikhail Gorbachev" 16107:on 13 October 2011. 15987:, pp. 257–258. 15827:, pp. 278–279. 15633:The Washington Post 15274:TelegraphHerald.com 14592:, pp. 268–269. 14390:, pp. 136–137. 14330:, pp. 114–115. 13936:, pp. 262–263. 13808:, pp. 116–117. 13317:. 29 January 2015. 13159:. 16 October 2014. 13111:, pp. 681–682. 13022:, pp. 682–683. 12851:The Washington Post 12672:, pp. 685–686. 12611:. 20 October 2007. 12446:, pp. 660–661. 12398:, pp. 666–667. 12374:, pp. 658–659. 12362:, pp. 664–665. 12350:, pp. 663–664. 12338:, pp. 652–653. 12184:, pp. 654–655. 12097:, pp. 656–657. 11767:, pp. 634–635. 11739:, pp. 629–630. 11723:, pp. 628–629. 11651:, pp. 631–632. 11601:on 7 December 2013. 11494:, pp. 614–615. 11409:, pp. 608–610. 11385:, pp. 607–608. 11369:, pp. 607–608. 11341:, pp. 580–582. 11297:, pp. 577–578. 11281:, pp. 576–577. 11269:, pp. 575–576. 11184:, pp. 534–535. 11116:, pp. 530–531. 11052:, pp. 521–524. 11036:, pp. 519–520. 11016:, pp. 596–598. 10956:, pp. 595–596. 10912:, pp. 568–569. 10860:, pp. 588–589. 10836:, pp. 567–568. 10782:, pp. 540–541. 10710:. 16 October 2014. 10568:, pp. 513–514. 10536:, pp. 510–522. 10469:, pp. 508–509. 10437:, pp. 506–507. 10425:, pp. 505–506. 10389:, pp. 488–494. 10377:, pp. 462–463. 10365:, pp. 484–485. 10333:, pp. 465–466. 10263:, pp. 384–385. 10067:, pp. 369–370. 9909:, pp. 496–497. 9897:, pp. 494–496. 9881:, pp. 467–470. 9869:, pp. 422–426. 9849:, pp. 421–422. 9817:, pp. 416–417. 9749:, pp. 401–403. 9729:, pp. 396–397. 9713:, pp. 394–396. 9701:, pp. 393–394. 9677:, pp. 208–209. 9665:, pp. 479–480. 9653:, pp. 478–479. 9613:, pp. 476–478. 9601:, pp. 388–389. 9585:, pp. 387–388. 9573:, pp. 475–476. 9553:, pp. 390–392. 9549:, p. 84, 143; 9513:, pp. 386–387. 9489:, pp. 456–457. 9477:, pp. 445–448. 9406:, pp. 431–432. 9374:, pp. 429–430. 9358:, pp. 428–429. 9302:, pp. 353–354. 9246:, pp. 349–350. 9234:, pp. 346–349. 9218:, pp. 345–346. 9170:, pp. 320–321. 9105:, pp. 186–187. 8993:, pp. 338–339. 8842:, pp. 154–155. 8803:, pp. 297–301. 8727:, pp. 289–291. 8688:, pp. 278–279. 8613:, pp. 272–273. 8553:, pp. 242–243. 8401:, pp. 146–147. 8353:, pp. 250–251. 8325:, pp. 142–143. 7931:, pp. 236–237. 7879:, pp. 51, 55; 7720:, pp. 219–220. 7676:, pp. 224–226. 7556:, pp. 211–212. 7536:, pp. 205–206. 7384:, pp. 193–195. 7296:, pp. 190–191. 7260:, pp. 182–185. 7152:, pp. 179–180. 7058:, pp. 175–177. 6975:, pp. 164–175. 6907:, pp. 153–154. 6868:, pp. 151–152. 6856:, pp. 150–151. 6840:, pp. 149–150. 6796:, pp. 145–146. 6780:, pp. 138–139. 6749:, pp. 128–129. 6725:, pp. 131–132. 6626:, pp. 121–122. 6590:, pp. 125–126. 6542:, pp. 123–124. 6282:, pp. 105–106. 6170:, pp. 111–113. 6146:, pp. 115–116. 6134:, pp. 56, 62; 5175:13 May 2019 at the 4892:President of Russia 4700:In a Changing World 4583:, were awarded the 4566:Dublin City Council 4298:European Commission 3880:Russo-Ukrainian War 3772:Mikheil Saakashvili 3698:, who then won the 3664:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 3227:attacked protesters 3080:Russian nationalist 3004:Revolutions of 1989 2980:Pan-European Picnic 2969:Wojciech Jaruzelski 2821:Armenian earthquake 2802:in Washington, 1987 2683:USSR Supreme Soviet 2479:in Afghanistan and 2473:François Mitterrand 2234:Eduard Shevardnadze 2210:Georgy Shakhnazarov 2145:readable prose size 2100:Soviet–US relations 2064:Canadian Parliament 2056:New Economic Policy 2024:Islamist insurgents 1778:cult of personality 1690:Presnensky District 1555:famine of 1930–1933 1465:North Caucasus Krai 1272:before joining the 1076:International trips 1066:Murmansk Initiative 994:Law on Cooperatives 804:1971–1991: Member, 785:1978–1991: Member, 759:1980–1991: Member, 547:, Soviet Union 413:Co-Chairman of the 62:readable prose size 32:Gorbachev (surname) 32019:Emmeline Pankhurst 31938:Lady Diana Spencer 31916:Heroes & icons 31702:Charles E. Merrill 31421:Theodore Roosevelt 31252:Viktor Chechevatov 30897:Max Planck Society 30643:Belisario Betancur 30425:Jerome I. Friedman 30210:Juan Manuel Santos 29536:George C. Marshall 29379:Carl von Ossietzky 29274:Austen Chamberlain 29140:A. M. F. Beernaert 29108:Theodore Roosevelt 29100:Bertha von Suttner 28221:Ayatollah Khomeini 27886:John Foster Dulles 27389:Benjamin Netanyahu 26735:Viktor Polyanichko 26421:Arayik Harutyunyan 26274:Shahumyan Province 26264:Martakert Province 26259:Kashatagh Province 25920:Operation Kalbajar 25897:Battle of Kalbajar 25873:Operation Goranboy 25836:Operation Dashalty 25551:The Magic Mountain 25261:Abdul Rahim Wardak 25236:Ahmad Shah Massoud 25146:Maktab al-Khidamat 24999:Russian Revolution 24795:Mary Elise Sarotte 24780:William B. Pickett 24705:Patrick J. Hearden 24685:Gabriel Gorodetsky 24680:Timothy Garton Ash 24665:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 24260:Ethnic nationalism 24012:Hallstein Doctrine 23896:Yemeni unification 23685:1985 Geneva Summit 23650:Casamance conflict 23553:New Jewel Movement 23538:Iranian Revolution 23523:Chadian–Libyan War 23470:Cambodian conflict 23450:Lebanese Civil War 23440:Western Sahara War 23415:June 1976 protests 23410:Cambodian genocide 23175:17 July Revolution 23129:Nigerian Civil War 23044:Rhodesian Bush War 23029:Colombian conflict 22972:Ramadan Revolution 22711:Bandung Conference 22587:Operation Valuable 22468:Partition of India 21368:Slobodan Milošević 21237:Vatican Opposition 21018:Dragoslav Marković 20922:Nicolae Ceaușescu 20473:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 20225:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 20100:Alexander Yakovlev 20046:Vladimir Kryuchkov 20025:Alexander Yakovlev 19990:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 19828:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 19813:Vladimir Movsisyan 19225:Wider organisation 19160:Control Commission 18773:Control Commission 17929:Control Commission 17851:Vyacheslav Molotov 17845:Nikolay Krestinsky 17258:Events (1982–1985) 17193:Vladivostok Summit 17125:Events (1964–1982) 17048:Award established 16958:Political offices 16878:The New York Times 16828:(Routledge, 2019). 16803:44.1 (1996): 4–23. 16772:(Routledge, 2019). 16765:(Routledge, 2019). 16524:. London: Futura. 16003:The New York Times 15720:, pp. 1, 539. 14426:, pp. 5, 689. 13685:. 2 September 2022 13529:. 7 January 2021. 13086:. 18 August 2011. 12995:The New York Times 12882:The New York Times 12159:. 7 October 1994. 11941:The New York Times 11858:The New York Times 11240:. 13 January 2021. 10361:, pp. 35–36; 9262:, pp. 94–95; 9202:, pp. 93–94; 8799:, pp. 80–81; 8010:, pp. 56, 57. 7983:UaWarExplained.com 7704:, pp. 52, 55. 7520:, pp. 63–64; 7328:, pp. 51–52; 7252:, pp. 46–47; 7086:, pp. 177–78. 7030:, pp. 95–96; 6776:, pp. 35–36; 6705:, pp. 31–32; 6574:, pp. 28–29; 6554:, pp. 64–65; 6010:, pp. 20–21; 5978:, pp. 20–21; 5859:, pp. 59, 63. 5815:, pp. 36–37; 5743:, pp. 45, 52. 5417:, pp. 15–16; 5345:, pp. 16, 17. 4873:until 4 September. 4747:Theatre of Nations 4745:In 2020/2021, the 4743: 4729:In popular culture 4598:Peter and the Wolf 4550:Memphis, Tennessee 4518: 4490:The New York Times 4475:General Varennikov 4436:, October 15, 2017 4255: 4244: 4227:Funeral and burial 4158: 4116: 4055: 3970:Political ideology 3964:Pavel Palazhchenko 3811: 3768:Russo-Georgian War 3692: 3631: 3591: 3516:The New York Times 3501:, another for the 3463: 3451: 3378: 3327: 3279:Vladimir Kryuchkov 3247: 3192: 3116: 3051:. A new 18-member 3032: 2957: 2858: 2804: 2728: 2694: 2649:Sovetskaya Rossiya 2636:October Revolution 2575: 2508: 2427: 2406:Chernobyl disaster 2404:In April 1986 the 2351: 2266: 2120: 2068:Aleksandr Yakovlev 1988: 1922: 1814: 1759:communal apartment 1674:Sokolniki District 1610:Vissarion Belinsky 1518: 1512:Gorbachev and his 1493:Orthodox Christian 1266:combine harvesters 1245:but moved towards 984:Chernobyl disaster 876:None (last holder) 832:Other offices held 824:Central Committee 32248:Mikhail Gorbachev 32139:Mikhail Gorbachev 32076: 32075: 32070: 32069: 31998:Charles Lindbergh 31931:The American G.I. 31825:Robert H. Goddard 31811:Alexander Fleming 31435:Margaret Thatcher 31407:Eleanor Roosevelt 31365:Ruhollah Khomeini 31358:Pope John Paul II 31337:Mikhail Gorbachev 31323:Winston Churchill 31264: 31263: 31186:Mikhail Gorbachev 31140:Grigory Yavlinsky 31009: 31008: 31005: 31004: 30912: 30911: 30904:Fulbright Program 30826:Erasmus Programme 30687:Mikhail Gorbachev 30605:Laureates of the 30572: 30571: 30493:William F. Sharpe 30473:Economic Sciences 30462:E. Donnall Thomas 30437:Richard E. Taylor 30431:Henry Way Kendall 30408:Mikhail Gorbachev 30373:Elias James Corey 30323: 30322: 30184:Kailash Satyarthi 30069:Mohamed ElBaradei 29887:Mikhail Gorbachev 29582:Philip Noel-Baker 29566:Lester B. Pearson 29528:Albert Schweitzer 29309:Ferdinand Buisson 29301:Gustav Stresemann 29180:Henri La Fontaine 29041:Nobel Peace Prize 29003: 29002: 28886:Mikhail Gorbachev 28678: 28677: 28660:Spirit of Ukraine 28360:Pope John Paul II 28337:The Peacemakers: 28313:George H. W. Bush 28305:Mikhail Gorbachev 28289:Mikhail Gorbachev 28133:Susan Brownmiller 28049:Lyndon B. Johnson 28025:Lyndon B. Johnson 27934:U.S. Scientists: 27918:Charles de Gaulle 27910:Nikita Khrushchev 27862:Mohammed Mosaddeq 27835:Winston Churchill 27763:Winston Churchill 27655:Charles Lindbergh 27603: 27602: 27573: 27572: 27474: 27473: 27470: 27469: 27462:Nicolae Ceaușescu 27439:Władysław Gomułka 27323:George H. W. Bush 27301: 27300: 27230:Mikhail Gorbachev 27173:Operation Solomon 27136: 27135: 26980: 26979: 26837:Madrid Principles 26817:Tehran Communiqué 26654:Mikael Arzumanyan 26649:Jalal Harutyunyan 26634:Kristapor Ivanyan 26602:Tiran Khachatryan 26514:Mikhail Gorbachev 26406:Leonard Petrosyan 26339:Political leaders 26328:Zangilan District 26306:Kalbajar District 26301:Jabrayil District 26074:Madagiz offensive 25915:Operation Horadiz 25888:Operation Qazançı 25865:Capture of Shusha 25815:Voskepar massacre 25722:Armenians in Baku 25705:Karabakh movement 25630: 25629: 25421:Civilian protests 25382:Battles of Zhawar 25274: 25273: 25205:Mikhail Gorbachev 25171: 25170: 25064:Soviet–Afghan War 25030: 25029: 25017:List of conflicts 24865:Rudolph Winnacker 24810:Giles Scott-Smith 24785:Ronald E. Powaski 24740:Melvyn P. Leffler 24670:John Lewis Gaddis 24645:Robert D. English 24610:Warren H. Carroll 24600:Michael Beschloss 24569:Nuclear arms race 24550: 24549: 24456:Neues Deutschland 24358: 24357: 24340:White nationalism 24310:Liberal democracy 24047:Ulbricht Doctrine 24037:Brezhnev Doctrine 23845:Velvet Revolution 23589:Soviet–Afghan War 23405:Angolan Civil War 23202:Goulash Communism 23059:ASEAN Declaration 23012:Mexican Dirty War 22910:Annexation of Goa 22861:1960 U-2 incident 22835:Sino-Soviet split 22813:Laotian Civil War 22653:Bricker Amendment 22633:Mau Mau rebellion 22577:Malayan Emergency 22565:Chinese Civil War 22525:Tito–Stalin split 22379:Division of Korea 22203: 22202: 22129:Colour revolution 21959: 21958: 21926:Congo-Brazzaville 21647:Democratic Russia 21604:Pope John Paul II 21599:George H. W. Bush 21549:Vladimir Bukovsky 21338:Mikhail Gorbachev 21333:Nicolae Ceaușescu 21119:Era of Stagnation 21069: 21068: 21065: 21064: 21060: 21059: 21056: 21055: 20975:Mikhail Gorbachev 20955:Nikita Khrushchev 20874:Władysław Gomułka 20844: 20843: 20637:Communist parties 20602: 20601: 20589:Mikhail Gorbachev 20532:Candidate members 20523:Mikhail Gorbachev 20384: 20383: 20356:Vitaly Vorotnikov 20304:Candidate members 20270:Vitaly Vorotnikov 20205:Mikhail Gorbachev 20146: 20145: 20115:Georgy Razumovsky 20060:Candidate members 19975:Mikhail Gorbachev 19970:Vitaly Vorotnikov 19916: 19915: 19803:Absamat Masaliyev 19783:Stanislav Hurenko 19763:Mikhail Gorbachev 19717: 19716: 19561: 19560: 19470:United Opposition 19417: 19416: 19382: 19381: 19342: 19341: 19220: 19219: 19216: 19215: 18904:Central Committee 18889: 18888: 18764: 18763: 18703:Control Committee 18366:Central Committee 18352: 18351: 18085:National meetings 18080: 18079: 17957:Chemical Industry 17887:Mikhail Gorbachev 17863:Nikita Khrushchev 17808:Mikhail Gorbachev 17784:Nikita Khrushchev 17755:Central Committee 17713: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17305:Politburo members 17223:Soviet–Afghan War 17163:Brezhnev Doctrine 17117:Era of Stagnation 17071: 17070: 17062:Succeeded by 17053:Recipient of the 17037:Succeeded by 17030:Nobel Peace Prize 17028:Recipient of the 17008:Office abolished 16978: 16945:Succeeded by 16918:Succeeded by 16884:Mikhail Gorbachev 16801:Political studies 16775:Kotkin, Stephen. 16125:(in Portuguese). 15874:. 3 October 2022. 15595:. 31 August 2022. 15577:. 31 August 2022. 15400:. 31 August 2022. 14869:Российская газета 13711:. 30 August 2022. 13379:. 13 March 2022. 12966:. 23 March 2009. 9945:, pp. 74–75. 8122:978-0-674-05551-3 8076:978-1-85043-305-7 8061:Chiesa, Giulietto 8034:, pp. 61–62. 7985:. 29 March 2022. 7895:, pp. 50–51. 7034:, pp. 38–39. 6234:, pp. 96–98. 6194:, pp. 90–91. 6074:, pp. 81–83. 5982:, pp. 73–74. 5938:, pp. 70–71. 5895:, pp. 72–73. 5871:, pp. 59–63. 5843:, pp. 57–58. 5636:, pp. 40–41. 5601:, pp. 8, 34. 5509:, pp. 29–30. 5433:, pp. 18–19. 5377:, pp. 12–13. 5198:. Merriam-Webster 5073: 4831:Explanatory notes 4782:in the 2023 film 4763:Chulpan Khamatova 4726: 4725: 4641:Harper & Row 4585:2004 Grammy Award 4508:awards the first 4496:Awards and honors 4471:economic collapse 4445: 4444: 4378:reuniting Germany 4287:Mikhail Mishustin 4177:installed at the 4106:Gorbachev at the 4084:Chinghiz Aitmatov 3960:Alexei Venediktov 3898:– Gorbachev, 2017 3828:Royal Albert Hall 3819:Andrey Makarevich 3760:Alexander Lebedev 3744:Hurricane Katrina 3660:Grigory Yavlinsky 3576:1993 constitution 3563: 3562: 3406:Alma-Ata Protocol 3398:Belavezha Accords 3319:Belovezha Accords 3153:its London summit 3141:Nobel Peace Prize 3137:a ground invasion 3076:Democratic Russia 3037:Vladimir Brovikov 2984:Otto von Habsburg 2973:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2961:Brezhnev Doctrine 2953:Thank you, Gorbi! 2854:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2817:George H. W. Bush 2749:Pope John Paul II 2737:Elizabeth II 2573:Gorbachev in 1987 2555:structural reform 2551:Sino-Soviet split 2260:Gorbachev at the 2252:Domestic policies 2214:Anatoly Chernyaev 2180: 2179: 2092:Margaret Thatcher 2084:Enrico Berlinguer 2062:and spoke to the 1844:. In August 1968 1774:Nikita Khrushchev 1739:Early CPSU career 1729:Soviet Procurator 1725:liberal democracy 1622:Mikhail Lermontov 1614:Alexander Pushkin 1606:Thomas Mayne Reid 1579:the secret police 1544:socialist society 1495:—he had a secret 1436:Nobel Peace Prize 1403:sentiment within 1371:freedom of speech 1349:Soviet–Afghan War 1314:Central Committee 1306:Nikita Khrushchev 1208: 1207: 1159:Death and funeral 999:Spitak earthquake 923: 922: 915:Mikhail Gorbachev 888: 887: 736: 687:Nobel Peace Prize 545:Russian SFSR 498: 497: 440:Party established 262:Gennady Yanayev ( 124:Gorbachev in 1987 103:Mikhail Gorbachev 97: 96: 64:was 17,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 32510: 32488:Soviet reformers 32458:Russian atheists 32233: 32225: 32224: 32223: 32216: 32208: 32207: 32206: 32199: 32191: 32190: 32189: 32182: 32174: 32173: 32172: 32165: 32157: 32156: 32155: 32145: 32129: 32128: 32117: 32116: 32115: 32105: 32104: 32103: 32093: 32092: 32091: 32084: 32063: 32056: 32049: 32042: 32035: 32028: 32021: 32014: 32007: 32000: 31993: 31986: 31979: 31972: 31961: 31954: 31947: 31940: 31933: 31926: 31908: 31901: 31894: 31883: 31876: 31874:William Shockley 31869: 31862: 31855: 31848: 31841: 31834: 31827: 31820: 31813: 31806: 31799: 31797:Philo Farnsworth 31792: 31785: 31778: 31771: 31753: 31746: 31739: 31732: 31725: 31718: 31711: 31704: 31697: 31690: 31683: 31676: 31669: 31662: 31655: 31648: 31641: 31634: 31627: 31620: 31602: 31595: 31588: 31586:Steven Spielberg 31581: 31574: 31567: 31560: 31553: 31546: 31539: 31532: 31525: 31518: 31511: 31504: 31497: 31490: 31483: 31476: 31469: 31451: 31444: 31437: 31430: 31423: 31416: 31409: 31402: 31395: 31388: 31381: 31374: 31367: 31360: 31353: 31346: 31339: 31332: 31325: 31318: 31316:David Ben-Gurion 31291: 31284: 31277: 31268: 31267: 31115:Other candidates 31093:Gennady Zyuganov 31036: 31029: 31022: 31013: 31012: 30918: 30917: 30877:and the Spanish 30770:Rigoberta Menchú 30616: 30615: 30599: 30592: 30585: 30576: 30575: 30510: 30456:Joseph E. Murray 30350: 30343: 30336: 30327: 30326: 30316: 30305: 30303:Narges Mohammadi 30294: 30275: 30260: 30249: 30238: 30223: 30212: 30201: 30190: 30188:Malala Yousafzai 30175: 30164: 30153: 30134: 30123: 30112: 30110:Martti Ahtisaari 30101: 30086: 30071: 30056: 30045: 30034: 30023: 29997: 29989: 29981: 29969: 29957: 29955:José Ramos-Horta 29945: 29933: 29917: 29905: 29903:Rigoberta Menchú 29897: 29895:Aung San Suu Kyi 29889: 29881: 29873: 29865: 29857: 29849: 29841: 29833: 29825: 29813: 29805: 29797: 29789: 29777: 29769: 29767:Mairead Corrigan 29746: 29738: 29726: 29711: 29710: 29704: 29693: 29682: 29671: 29660: 29659: 29651: 29650: 29642: 29631: 29620: 29608: 29600: 29598:Dag Hammarskjöld 29592: 29584: 29576: 29568: 29560: 29559: 29553: 29552: 29546: 29538: 29530: 29522: 29503: 29495: 29487: 29486: 29480: 29468: 29456: 29448: 29440: 29439: 29433: 29432: 29426: 29425: 29419: 29418: 29412: 29411: 29405: 29397: 29389: 29381: 29373: 29371:Arthur Henderson 29365: 29357: 29356: 29350: 29338: 29336:Nathan Söderblom 29330: 29328:Frank B. Kellogg 29322: 29321: 29315: 29303: 29280: 29268: 29267: 29261: 29260: 29254: 29246: 29240:Hjalmar Branting 29234: 29226: 29218: 29217: 29211: 29203: 29202: 29196: 29195: 29189: 29188: 29182: 29174: 29166: 29154: 29146: 29134: 29122: 29110: 29102: 29094: 29086: 29078: 29066: 29030: 29023: 29016: 29007: 29006: 28985: 28969: 28957: 28945: 28931: 28919: 28905: 28893: 28871: 28857: 28850:Mama Don't Allow 28834: 28820: 28800: 28792: 28778: 28764: 28750: 28747:Robert Guillaume 28736: 28705: 28698: 28691: 28682: 28681: 28671: 28663: 28651: 28643: 28631: 28623: 28621: 28594: 28586: 28578: 28570: 28568: 28552: 28544: 28536: 28528: 28520: 28512: 28504: 28496: 28488: 28486: 28469: 28461: 28453: 28451: 28434: 28431:Rudolph Giuliani 28415: 28407: 28399: 28387: 28379: 28371: 28363: 28355: 28353: 28332: 28324: 28316: 28308: 28300: 28292: 28284: 28276: 28268: 28260: 28248: 28240: 28232: 28224: 28216: 28208: 28200: 28181: 28179: 28165:Billie Jean King 28131:American Women: 28126: 28118: 28110: 28098: 28090: 28082: 28074: 28072: 28052: 28044: 28036: 28028: 28020: 28012: 28004: 27996: 27994: 27976:William Shockley 27952:Joshua Lederberg 27948:Donald A. Glaser 27929: 27921: 27913: 27905: 27897: 27889: 27881: 27873: 27865: 27846: 27838: 27830: 27822: 27814: 27806: 27798: 27790: 27782: 27774: 27766: 27758: 27750: 27742: 27730: 27722: 27714: 27706: 27698: 27690: 27682: 27674: 27666: 27658: 27630: 27623: 27616: 27607: 27606: 27590:Yisrael BaAliyah 27483: 27482: 27460: 27459: 27437: 27436: 27422: 27421: 27404:Nehemiah Levanon 27333:Henry M. Jackson 27288:Eduard Kuznetsov 27204: 27203: 27191: 27190: 27163:Helsinki Accords 27040: 27039: 27029: 27007: 27000: 26993: 26984: 26983: 26950:UNSC resolutions 26827:OSCE Minsk Group 26812:Bishkek Protocol 26782: 26780: 26779: 26760: 26758: 26757: 26733: 26732: 26731: 26721: 26719: 26718: 26696:Mais Barkhudarov 26676:Isgandar Hamidov 26669: 26667: 26666: 26622: 26620: 26619: 26575: 26573: 26572: 26562:Military leaders 26539: 26537: 26536: 26512: 26511: 26510: 26500: 26498: 26497: 26485:Tural Ganjaliyev 26453:Abulfaz Elchibey 26441: 26439: 26438: 26411:Arkadi Ghukasyan 26401:Robert Kocharyan 26389: 26387: 26386: 26364:Robert Kocharyan 26352: 26350: 26349: 26323:Qubadli District 26269:Martuni Province 26249:Askeran Province 26121:Battle of Shusha 26116:Lachin offensive 26111:Battle of Hadrut 25949:Interwar clashes 25902:Battle of Aghdam 25885:Battle of Lachin 25855:Khojaly massacre 25788:Kirovabad pogrom 25678:Nagorno-Karabakh 25657: 25650: 25643: 25634: 25633: 25620: 25619: 25610: 25609: 25599: 25598: 25597: 25495:Afghan Breakdown 25377:Badaber uprising 25241:Abdul Ali Mazari 25180: 25179: 25163:Ittehad i-Islami 25093: 25092: 25057: 25050: 25043: 25034: 25033: 24775:David S. Painter 24700:John Earl Haynes 24630:Nicholas J. Cull 24615:Adrian Cioroianu 24595:Thomas A. Bailey 24542:Voice of America 24433: 24432: 24345:White separatism 24325:Social democracy 24320:Guided democracy 24300:Authoritarianism 24250:Ultranationalism 24240:Anti-imperialism 24167:Marxism–Leninism 24080: 24079: 24067:Kinmen Agreement 24032:Johnson Doctrine 24017:Kennedy Doctrine 23933:Frozen conflicts 23916:1991 August Coup 23805:Afghan Civil War 23700:Reykjavík Summit 23695:Somali Rebellion 23635:Ugandan Bush War 23613:Gdańsk Agreement 23134:Protests of 1968 23114:War of Attrition 22823:Cuban Revolution 22759:We will bury you 22726:Cyprus Emergency 22706:Kashmir Princess 22696:Jebel Akhdar War 22545:Western betrayal 22230: 22223: 22216: 22207: 22206: 22078:Transnistria War 21737: 21736: 21579:Aung San Suu Kyi 21494:Alexander Dubček 21431:Civil resistance 21288:Sinatra Doctrine 21268:Demokratizatsiya 21169:Shortage economy 21096: 21089: 21082: 21073: 21072: 21033:Milanko Renovica 21008:Dušan Dragosavac 20998:Stevan Doronjski 20917:Gheorghe Apostol 20848: 20847: 20736:Alexander Dubček 20726:Klement Gottwald 20698:Valko Chervenkov 20658: 20657: 20654: 20653: 20649: 20648: 20629: 20622: 20615: 20606: 20605: 20579:Nikolai Tikhonov 20569:Vasili Kuznetsov 20518:Nikolai Tikhonov 20488:Nikolai Podgorny 20458:Andrei Kirilenko 20411: 20404: 20397: 20388: 20387: 20361:Viktor Chebrikov 20351:Vladimir Dolgikh 20326:Vasili Kuznetsov 20280:Viktor Chebrikov 20245:Nikolai Tikhonov 20220:Andrei Kirilenko 20173: 20166: 20159: 20150: 20149: 20133:Yevgeny Primakov 20128:Anatoly Lukyanov 20123:Alexander Vlasov 20082:Nikolay Slyunkov 20072:Vladimir Dolgikh 20051:Vladimir Ivashko 20033:Nikolay Slyunkov 20010:Viktor Chebrikov 19943: 19936: 19929: 19920: 19919: 19883:Anatoly Malafeev 19853:Enn-Arno Sillari 19768:Vladimir Ivashko 19744: 19737: 19730: 19721: 19720: 19588: 19581: 19574: 19565: 19564: 19494:Anti-Party Group 19464:Right Opposition 19384: 19383: 19344: 19343: 19232:Republican-level 19229: 19228: 18900: 18899: 18778: 18777: 18370: 18369: 18361: 18360: 18304:11th (Dec. 1921) 18089: 18088: 18007:Machine Industry 17972:Defence Industry 17893:Vladimir Ivashko 17841:(Mar.–Dec. 1919) 17760: 17759: 17740: 17733: 17726: 17717: 17716: 17633: 17632: 17629:National economy 17296:Friendship Games 17198:Helsinki Accords 17110: 17103: 17096: 17087: 17086: 17074: 17073: 17040:Aung San Suu Kyi 17019:Preceded by 17001: 16994: 16987: 16969: 16963:Preceded by 16952: 16948:Vladimir Ivashko 16928:Preceded by 16901:Preceded by 16893: 16892: 16868:Official website 16812:online abstract 16728: 16691: 16687:978-1-47114796-8 16672:Taubman, William 16667: 16638: 16625: 16621:978-0-39302308-4 16606: 16602:978-0-58221597-9 16594: 16583: 16554: 16550:978-0-33363855-2 16535: 16531:978-0-70884940-8 16516: 16495: 16485: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16410: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16399: 16384: 16378: 16368: 16362: 16361: 16356: 16354: 16334: 16328: 16327: 16317: 16311: 16310: 16308: 16306: 16291: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16261: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16250: 16235: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16224: 16205: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16194: 16171: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16155:on 30 March 2014 16151:. Archived from 16145: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16134: 16115: 16109: 16108: 16103:. Archived from 16097: 16091: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16077:. Archived from 16071: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16060: 16045: 16039: 16033: 16027: 16026: 16024: 16022: 15994: 15988: 15982: 15976: 15970: 15964: 15958: 15952: 15946: 15940: 15934: 15928: 15922: 15916: 15910: 15904: 15894: 15888: 15882: 15876: 15875: 15862: 15856: 15850: 15844: 15834: 15828: 15822: 15816: 15810: 15804: 15798: 15785: 15779: 15773: 15767: 15761: 15755: 15749: 15743: 15737: 15727: 15721: 15715: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704: 15685: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15659: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15648: 15624: 15618: 15612: 15606: 15603: 15597: 15596: 15585: 15579: 15578: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15556: 15551:. 30 August 2022 15541: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15530: 15525:. 31 August 2022 15515: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15504: 15493: 15487: 15486: 15484: 15482: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15454: 15449:. 30 August 2022 15439: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15428: 15408: 15402: 15401: 15390: 15384: 15383: 15369: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15355: 15343: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15332: 15327:. 30 August 2022 15317: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15306: 15291: 15285: 15284: 15282: 15280: 15265: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15254: 15238: 15232: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15212: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15194:Президент России 15186: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15175: 15160: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15131: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15100: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15089: 15069: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15043: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15032: 15017: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15006: 14991: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14980: 14965: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14954: 14939: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14928: 14913: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14902: 14887: 14881: 14880: 14878: 14876: 14861: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14850: 14835: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14805: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14780: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14746: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14720: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14687: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14651: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14627: 14621: 14615: 14609: 14599: 14593: 14587: 14581: 14575: 14569: 14563: 14557: 14551: 14545: 14539: 14528: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14493: 14487: 14481: 14475: 14469: 14458: 14452: 14443: 14433: 14427: 14413: 14407: 14397: 14391: 14385: 14379: 14373: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14343: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14301: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14290: 14281:. Archived from 14270: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14213: 14207: 14196: 14190: 14184: 14178: 14172: 14166: 14160: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14129: 14119: 14113: 14103: 14097: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14073: 14067: 14061: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14025: 14019: 14010: 14004: 13995: 13989: 13976: 13970: 13964: 13958: 13952: 13946: 13937: 13931: 13925: 13919: 13913: 13907: 13896: 13890: 13884: 13878: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13851: 13845: 13839: 13833: 13827: 13821: 13815: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13712: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13644: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13624:. 1 March 2022. 13612: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13553: 13547: 13546: 13540: 13538: 13519: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13489: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13442:. 28 June 2018. 13432: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13407: 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13337: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13307: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13251: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13118: 13112: 13106: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13095: 13076: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13056:. 2 March 2011. 13044: 13038: 13032: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13006: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12943: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12873: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12829: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12724:. 10 June 2004. 12712: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12687: 12679: 12673: 12667: 12661: 12655: 12640: 12634: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12588: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12534: 12528: 12519: 12513: 12504: 12498: 12489: 12483: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12456: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12327: 12321: 12312: 12306: 12300: 12294: 12285: 12284: 12270: 12264: 12258: 12247: 12241: 12232: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12116: 12110: 12104: 12098: 12092: 12086: 12080: 12071: 12065: 12054: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11979:978-1-56324637-1 11963: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11933: 11927: 11921: 11915: 11909: 11903: 11893: 11887: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11849: 11843: 11837: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11805: 11798: 11790: 11784: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11746: 11740: 11730: 11724: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11668: 11658: 11652: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11620:Президент России 11612: 11603: 11602: 11591: 11585: 11575: 11569: 11559: 11553: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11448: 11442: 11432: 11426: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11358: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11320: 11314: 11304: 11298: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11258: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11230: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11043: 11037: 11023: 11017: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10979: 10973: 10963: 10957: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10929: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10682: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10569: 10559: 10553: 10543: 10537: 10523: 10517: 10507: 10501: 10491: 10485: 10479: 10470: 10460: 10454: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10356: 10350: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10307: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10289: 10286: 10280: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10194: 10188: 10174: 10168: 10162: 10156: 10146: 10140: 10130: 10124: 10110: 10104: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10036: 10030: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9988: 9982: 9972: 9966: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9888: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9856: 9850: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9750: 9736: 9730: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9560: 9554: 9540: 9534: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9456: 9450: 9440: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9397: 9391: 9381: 9375: 9365: 9359: 9349: 9343: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9293: 9287: 9273: 9267: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9193: 9187: 9177: 9171: 9157: 9151: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9084: 9078: 9068: 9062: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8967: 8957: 8951: 8941: 8935: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8804: 8794: 8788: 8774: 8768: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8675: 8669: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8585: 8579: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8448: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8417: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8252: 8246: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8208: 8202: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8057: 8051: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7975: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7781: 7767: 7761: 7751: 7745: 7727: 7721: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7683: 7677: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7619: 7613: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7515: 7509: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7459: 7453: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7343: 7337: 7319: 7313: 7303: 7297: 7287: 7281: 7267: 7261: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7211: 7205: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7114: 7108: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7065: 7059: 7041: 7035: 7025: 7019: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6819: 6813: 6803: 6797: 6787: 6781: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6716: 6710: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6569: 6563: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6468: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6325: 6319: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6153: 6147: 6129: 6123: 6113: 6107: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6037: 6031: 6021: 6015: 6005: 5999: 5989: 5983: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5905: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5850: 5844: 5834: 5828: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5750: 5744: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5628:, p. 6, 8; 5623: 5617: 5611: 5602: 5588: 5582: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5445:, pp. 5–6; 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5421:, pp. 7, 8. 5412: 5406: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5368: 5362: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5266: 5260: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5186: 5180: 5167: 5161: 5142: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4922: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4884:25 December 1991 4880: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4790:Aleksander Krupa 4613: 4612: 4593:Sergei Prokofiev 4538:Order of Liberty 4530:Grawemeyer Award 4427: 4426: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4321:António Guterres 4310:Condoleezza Rice 4009:Friedrich Engels 3986: 3913:Minsk agreements 3899: 3846:. The rock band 3651:Gennady Zyuganov 3612:Gerhard Schröder 3549: 3548: 3537: 3536: 3459:Legislative Yuan 3447:Rancho del Cielo 3390:Belovezha Forest 3200:Vladimir Ivashko 3118:In August 1990, 2988:Sinatra Doctrine 2825:Republican Party 2776:George P. Shultz 2764:Tiananmen Square 2605:Voice of America 2578:Domestic reforms 2527:developing world 2491:to inform other 2311:market economics 2292:market socialism 2262:Brandenburg Gate 2238:Anatoly Lukyanov 2226:Nikolai Tikhonov 2175: 2172: 2166: 2147:was 4,800 words. 2130: 2129: 2122: 1863: 1855:Fagim B. Sadykov 1786:de-Stalinization 1661: 1640:and his son the 1608:to the works of 1586:Second World War 1540:Marxist–Leninist 1526:governed by the 1302:de-Stalinization 1247:social democracy 1243:Marxism–Leninism 1200: 1193: 1186: 1169: 1104:Governors Island 1071:Sinatra Doctrine 1038:New Union Treaty 989:Demokratizatsiya 919: 918: 916: 909: 901: 894: 893: 890: 889: 869: 738: 737: 715: 714: 712:Official website 701: 678: 649: 647: 620: 612: 604: 596: 588: 558: 537: 535: 523:Personal details 489: 479: 470: 448: 436: 427: 418: 399: 398: 386: 374: 365: 349:Anatoly Lukyanov 346: 329: 321:Anatoly Lukyanov 310: 291: 288:Office abolished 276: 245: 233: 222: 204:Vladimir Ivashko 200: 188: 181:Vladimir Ivashko 145: 122: 112: 99: 98: 92: 89: 83: 47: 46: 39: 21: 32518: 32517: 32513: 32512: 32511: 32509: 32508: 32507: 32238: 32237: 32236: 32226: 32221: 32219: 32215:from Wikisource 32209: 32204: 32202: 32192: 32187: 32185: 32175: 32170: 32168: 32158: 32153: 32151: 32148: 32144:sister projects 32141:at Knowledge's 32135: 32123: 32113: 32111: 32101: 32099: 32089: 32087: 32079: 32077: 32072: 32071: 32066: 32059: 32052: 32047:Andrei Sakharov 32045: 32040:Jackie Robinson 32038: 32031: 32024: 32017: 32010: 32003: 31996: 31989: 31982: 31975: 31964: 31957: 31950: 31943: 31936: 31929: 31922: 31911: 31906:Wright brothers 31904: 31897: 31886: 31879: 31872: 31865: 31858: 31851: 31844: 31837: 31830: 31823: 31816: 31809: 31802: 31795: 31790:Albert Einstein 31788: 31781: 31776:Tim Berners-Lee 31774: 31767: 31756: 31749: 31742: 31735: 31728: 31721: 31714: 31707: 31700: 31693: 31686: 31679: 31672: 31665: 31660:Amadeo Giannini 31658: 31651: 31644: 31637: 31630: 31623: 31616: 31605: 31598: 31593:Igor Stravinsky 31591: 31584: 31577: 31570: 31563: 31556: 31549: 31542: 31535: 31530:Aretha Franklin 31528: 31521: 31514: 31507: 31502:Charlie Chaplin 31500: 31493: 31486: 31479: 31472: 31467:Louis Armstrong 31465: 31454: 31447: 31440: 31433: 31428:Margaret Sanger 31426: 31419: 31412: 31405: 31398: 31391: 31384: 31377: 31370: 31363: 31356: 31349: 31342: 31335: 31328: 31321: 31314: 31303: 31295: 31265: 31260: 31229: 31123:Alexander Lebed 31110: 31098:Communist Party 31077: 31049: 31040: 31010: 31001: 30983:Ellen MacArthur 30943:Paris Agreement 30923: 30908: 30796:Valeri Polyakov 30649:Contadora group 30621: 30610: 30603: 30573: 30568: 30506: 30498: 30495:(United States) 30489:(United States) 30483:(United States) 30481:Harry Markowitz 30467: 30464:(United States) 30458:(United States) 30442: 30433:(United States) 30427:(United States) 30411: 30396: 30376: 30375:(United States) 30361: 30354: 30324: 30319: 30314:to be announced 30308: 30297: 30284:Ales Bialiatski 30278: 30263: 30252: 30241: 30226: 30215: 30204: 30193: 30178: 30167: 30156: 30151:Tawakkol Karman 30137: 30126: 30115: 30104: 30089: 30074: 30059: 30054:Wangari Maathai 30048: 30037: 30026: 30011: 30000: 29992: 29984: 29972: 29960: 29948: 29936: 29920: 29908: 29900: 29892: 29884: 29876: 29868: 29860: 29852: 29844: 29836: 29828: 29816: 29808: 29800: 29792: 29780: 29772: 29760: 29749: 29744:Andrei Sakharov 29741: 29729: 29724:Henry Kissinger 29714: 29708: 29707: 29696: 29685: 29674: 29663: 29655: 29654: 29646: 29645: 29634: 29623: 29611: 29603: 29595: 29587: 29579: 29571: 29563: 29557: 29556: 29550: 29549: 29541: 29533: 29525: 29517: 29506: 29498: 29490: 29484: 29483: 29471: 29459: 29451: 29443: 29437: 29436: 29430: 29429: 29423: 29422: 29416: 29415: 29409: 29408: 29400: 29392: 29384: 29376: 29368: 29360: 29354: 29353: 29348:Nicholas Butler 29341: 29333: 29325: 29319: 29318: 29306: 29297:Aristide Briand 29294: 29283: 29271: 29265: 29264: 29258: 29257: 29252:Fridtjof Nansen 29249: 29244:Christian Lange 29237: 29229: 29221: 29215: 29214: 29206: 29200: 29199: 29193: 29192: 29186: 29185: 29177: 29169: 29157: 29149: 29137: 29125: 29113: 29105: 29097: 29089: 29081: 29069: 29054: 29043: 29034: 29004: 28999: 28988: 28972: 28960: 28948: 28934: 28922: 28908: 28896: 28874: 28860: 28848: 28837: 28823: 28813:Wynton Marsalis 28803: 28795: 28784:Winnie-the-Pooh 28781: 28767: 28761:Patrick Stewart 28753: 28739: 28725: 28714: 28709: 28679: 28674: 28666: 28654: 28646: 28634: 28626: 28601:Jamal Khashoggi 28599:The Guardians: 28598: 28597: 28589: 28581: 28573: 28556: 28555: 28547: 28539: 28531: 28525:Mark Zuckerberg 28523: 28515: 28507: 28499: 28491: 28473: 28472: 28464: 28456: 28449:Sherron Watkins 28438: 28437: 28429: 28418: 28410: 28402: 28390: 28382: 28374: 28366: 28358: 28336: 28335: 28327: 28319: 28311: 28303: 28295: 28287: 28279: 28271: 28265:Peter Ueberroth 28263: 28251: 28243: 28235: 28227: 28219: 28211: 28203: 28195: 28184: 28137:Kathleen Byerly 28130: 28129: 28121: 28113: 28103:Henry Kissinger 28101: 28093: 28085: 28077: 28056: 28055: 28047: 28039: 28031: 28023: 28015: 28009:Pope John XXIII 28007: 28001:John F. Kennedy 27999: 27992:Robert Woodward 27988:James Van Allen 27933: 27932: 27924: 27916: 27908: 27900: 27892: 27884: 27878:Konrad Adenauer 27876: 27868: 27860: 27849: 27841: 27833: 27827:Harry S. Truman 27825: 27819:George Marshall 27817: 27811:James F. Byrnes 27809: 27803:Harry S. Truman 27801: 27793: 27787:George Marshall 27785: 27777: 27769: 27761: 27753: 27745: 27735:Chiang Kai-shek 27733: 27725: 27717: 27709: 27703:Hugh S. Johnson 27701: 27693: 27685: 27679:Mohandas Gandhi 27677: 27669: 27663:Walter Chrysler 27661: 27653: 27642: 27634: 27604: 27599: 27569: 27548: 27517: 27466: 27454: 27443: 27431: 27413: 27352: 27297: 27278:Natan Sharansky 27259: 27250:Adolf Shayevich 27240:David Dragunsky 27220:Leonid Brezhnev 27197: 27182: 27132: 27089: 27031: 27020: 27011: 26981: 26976: 26888: 26795: 26777: 26775: 26755: 26753: 26729: 26727: 26716: 26714: 26701:Hikmat Mirzayev 26691:Valeh Barshadly 26664: 26662: 26644:Monte Melkonian 26617: 26615: 26597:Jirair Sefilian 26582:Vazgen Sargsyan 26570: 26568: 26557: 26534: 26532: 26508: 26506: 26495: 26493: 26480:Nizami Bahmanov 26448:Ayaz Mutallibov 26436: 26434: 26396:Artur Mkrtchyan 26384: 26382: 26374:Nikol Pashinyan 26347: 26345: 26334: 26316:Lachin corridor 26311:Lachin District 26296:Fuzuli District 26291:Aghdam District 26279:Shushi Province 26254:Hadrut Province 26227: 26142: 26039: 25944: 25860:Maraga massacre 25743: 25666: 25661: 25631: 25626: 25595: 25593: 25584: 25537:The Kite Runner 25488:The 9th Company 25473:Films about war 25468: 25437: 25428:3 Hoot uprising 25416: 25407:Operation Arrow 25340: 25270: 25224: 25190:Leonid Brezhnev 25167: 25129:Jamiat-e Islami 25112: 25084: 25076:Afghan conflict 25066: 25061: 25031: 25026: 25003: 24994:Second Cold War 24952: 24880: 24874: 24850:Odd Arne Westad 24840:Patrick Vaughan 24825:Athan Theoharis 24805:Ellen Schrecker 24790:Yakov M. Rabkin 24765:Timothy Naftali 24710:Tvrtko Jakovina 24695:Jussi Hanhimäki 24578: 24556: 24546: 24524:Paix et Liberté 24499: 24443:Active measures 24424: 24354: 24335:White supremacy 24295:Totalitarianism 24223: 24148: 24071: 24057:Reagan Doctrine 24052:Carter Doctrine 23992:Truman Doctrine 23980: 23927: 23859: 23754:Soviet reaction 23665:Ndogboyosoi War 23572: 23543:Saur Revolution 23370:1973 oil crisis 23335:Munich massacre 23243:Alcora Exercise 23238:Black September 23216: 22962:Sino-Indian War 22856:Simba rebellion 22839: 22683:Capture of the 22591: 22530:Berlin Blockade 22463:May 1947 crises 22453:Truman Doctrine 22418:Greek Civil War 22407:Blacklist Forty 22374:Gouzenko Affair 22361:Cursed soldiers 22313:Morgenthau Plan 22301: 22239: 22234: 22204: 22199: 22183: 22144:Democratization 22134:Decommunization 22117: 22053:Helsinki Summit 21993:April 9 tragedy 21965: 21955: 21884: 21793: 21741: 21732: 21726: 21614: 21608: 21476: 21470: 21423: 21417: 21373:Mathieu Kérékou 21320: 21314: 21246: 21222:Reagan Doctrine 21197:Active measures 21189: 21183: 21174:Totalitarianism 21111: 21105: 21100: 21070: 21061: 21052: 21048:Milan Pančevski 21028:Vidoje Žarković 20993:Josip Broz Tito 20979: 20960:Leonid Brezhnev 20950:Georgy Malenkov 20926: 20898: 20884:Stanisław Kania 20864:Bolesław Bierut 20854: 20840: 20801: 20793: 20779:Walter Ulbricht 20755: 20731:Antonín Novotný 20712: 20693:Georgi Dimitrov 20679: 20643: 20633: 20603: 20598: 20594:Tikhon Kiselyov 20559:Sharof Rashidov 20554:Boris Ponomarev 20527: 20493:Grigory Romanov 20438:Leonid Brezhnev 20421: 20415: 20385: 20380: 20371:Nikolai Talyzin 20336:Sharof Rashidov 20331:Boris Ponomarev 20321:Tikhon Kiselyov 20299: 20290:Nikolai Ryzhkov 20285:Yegor Ligachyov 20235:Grigory Romanov 20200:Leonid Brezhnev 20183: 20177: 20147: 20142: 20092:Nikolai Talyzin 20055: 20000:Nikolai Ryzhkov 19995:Yegor Ligachyov 19953: 19947: 19917: 19912: 19903:Gregory Yeremey 19888:Stepan Pogosyan 19878:Gennady Yanayev 19848:Galina Semenova 19818:Ayaz Mutallibov 19808:Qahhor Mahkamov 19798:Petru Lucinschi 19778:Givi Gumbaridze 19754: 19748: 19718: 19713: 19678: 19601: 19592: 19562: 19557: 19511: 19476:Left-Right Bloc 19452:Left Opposition 19429:Ban on factions 19413: 19378: 19338: 19212: 19154: 19061: 18912:1st (1898–1903) 18895: 18885: 18847: 18819: 18772: 18769:Elected by the 18760: 18697: 18624: 18501: 18365: 18348: 18299:10th (May 1921) 18269:4th (Nov. 1907) 18264:3rd (Aug. 1907) 18240: 18076: 18051: 17933: 17902: 17869:Leonid Brezhnev 17813: 17790:Leonid Brezhnev 17749: 17744: 17714: 17705: 17678:Five-year plans 17672: 17624: 17576: 17532: 17306: 17300: 17252: 17183:1973 oil crisis 17119: 17114: 17079: 17067: 17058: 17042: 17033: 17024: 17022:14th Dalai Lama 17003: 16999: 16995: 16992: 16988: 16985: 16968: 16953: 16950: 16941: 16933: 16923: 16914: 16906: 16904:Leonid Yefremov 16864: 16859: 16854:Wayback Machine 16840:Wayback Machine 16819:Wayback Machine 16788:Wayback Machine 16779:(2nd ed. 2008) 16754:Brown, Archie. 16750: 16736: 16734:Further reading 16731: 16688: 16631:New Left Review 16622: 16603: 16551: 16532: 16435: 16430: 16420: 16418: 16411: 16407: 16397: 16395: 16385: 16381: 16369: 16365: 16352: 16350: 16335: 16331: 16318: 16314: 16304: 16302: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16278: 16276: 16263: 16262: 16258: 16248: 16246: 16237: 16236: 16232: 16222: 16220: 16207: 16206: 16202: 16192: 16190: 16179:achievement.org 16173: 16172: 16168: 16158: 16156: 16147: 16146: 16142: 16132: 16130: 16117: 16116: 16112: 16099: 16098: 16094: 16084: 16082: 16081:on 10 June 2008 16073: 16072: 16068: 16058: 16056: 16047: 16046: 16042: 16034: 16030: 16020: 16018: 15995: 15991: 15983: 15979: 15971: 15967: 15959: 15955: 15947: 15943: 15935: 15931: 15923: 15919: 15911: 15907: 15899:, p. 416; 15895: 15891: 15883: 15879: 15864: 15863: 15859: 15851: 15847: 15839:, p. 205; 15835: 15831: 15823: 15819: 15811: 15807: 15799: 15788: 15780: 15776: 15768: 15764: 15756: 15752: 15744: 15740: 15732:, p. 286; 15728: 15724: 15716: 15712: 15702: 15700: 15687: 15686: 15682: 15672: 15670: 15660: 15656: 15646: 15644: 15626: 15625: 15621: 15613: 15609: 15604: 15600: 15587: 15586: 15582: 15569: 15568: 15564: 15554: 15552: 15543: 15542: 15538: 15528: 15526: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15502: 15500: 15495: 15494: 15490: 15480: 15478: 15466: 15462: 15452: 15450: 15441: 15440: 15436: 15426: 15424: 15409: 15405: 15392: 15391: 15387: 15370: 15366: 15353: 15351: 15344: 15340: 15330: 15328: 15319: 15318: 15314: 15304: 15302: 15293: 15292: 15288: 15278: 15276: 15266: 15262: 15252: 15250: 15239: 15235: 15225: 15223: 15214: 15213: 15209: 15199: 15197: 15188: 15187: 15183: 15173: 15171: 15162: 15161: 15154: 15144: 15142: 15133: 15132: 15128: 15118: 15116: 15101: 15097: 15087: 15085: 15070: 15066: 15056: 15054: 15045: 15044: 15040: 15030: 15028: 15019: 15018: 15014: 15004: 15002: 14993: 14992: 14988: 14978: 14976: 14967: 14966: 14962: 14952: 14950: 14941: 14940: 14936: 14926: 14924: 14915: 14914: 14910: 14900: 14898: 14889: 14888: 14884: 14874: 14872: 14863: 14862: 14858: 14848: 14846: 14837: 14836: 14829: 14819: 14817: 14806: 14799: 14789: 14787: 14782: 14781: 14774: 14764: 14762: 14747: 14743: 14733: 14731: 14721: 14717: 14707: 14705: 14688: 14684: 14676: 14672: 14664: 14660: 14652: 14648: 14640: 14636: 14628: 14624: 14616: 14612: 14604:, p. 161; 14600: 14596: 14588: 14584: 14576: 14572: 14564: 14560: 14552: 14548: 14540: 14531: 14522: 14518: 14510: 14506: 14498:, p. 270; 14494: 14490: 14482: 14478: 14470: 14461: 14453: 14446: 14434: 14430: 14414: 14410: 14398: 14394: 14386: 14382: 14374: 14370: 14362: 14358: 14350: 14346: 14338: 14334: 14326: 14322: 14314: 14310: 14302: 14298: 14288: 14286: 14279:Chicago Tribune 14271: 14267: 14259: 14255: 14247: 14243: 14239:, pp. 4–5. 14235: 14231: 14223: 14216: 14208: 14199: 14191: 14187: 14179: 14175: 14167: 14163: 14151: 14147: 14139: 14132: 14120: 14116: 14104: 14100: 14092: 14088: 14080: 14076: 14068: 14064: 14056: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14032: 14028: 14020: 14013: 14005: 13998: 13990: 13979: 13971: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13947: 13940: 13932: 13928: 13920: 13916: 13908: 13899: 13891: 13887: 13879: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13852: 13848: 13840: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13816: 13812: 13804: 13800: 13792: 13788: 13780: 13776: 13768: 13764: 13756: 13752: 13744: 13740: 13732: 13728: 13720: 13716: 13703: 13702: 13698: 13688: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13672: 13662: 13660: 13645: 13641: 13631: 13629: 13614: 13613: 13609: 13599: 13597: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13573: 13571: 13554: 13550: 13536: 13534: 13521: 13520: 13516: 13506: 13504: 13491: 13490: 13486: 13476: 13474: 13463: 13459: 13449: 13447: 13434: 13433: 13429: 13419: 13417: 13410:The Independent 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13371: 13370: 13366: 13356: 13354: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13324: 13322: 13309: 13308: 13304: 13294: 13292: 13277: 13273: 13263: 13261: 13254:The Independent 13244: 13240: 13230: 13228: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13180: 13176: 13166: 13164: 13151: 13150: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13119: 13115: 13107: 13103: 13093: 13091: 13078: 13077: 13073: 13063: 13061: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13033: 13026: 13018: 13014: 13004: 13002: 12987: 12983: 12973: 12971: 12956: 12955: 12951: 12941: 12939: 12924: 12920: 12912: 12901: 12891: 12889: 12874: 12870: 12860: 12858: 12843: 12839: 12823: 12822: 12815: 12813: 12808: 12807: 12803: 12793: 12791: 12776: 12772: 12762: 12760: 12745: 12741: 12731: 12729: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12699: 12697: 12680: 12676: 12668: 12664: 12656: 12643: 12635: 12628: 12618: 12616: 12603: 12602: 12598: 12582: 12581: 12574: 12572: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12550: 12537: 12529: 12522: 12514: 12507: 12499: 12492: 12484: 12477: 12469: 12465: 12457: 12450: 12442: 12438: 12430: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12394: 12390: 12382: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12358: 12354: 12346: 12342: 12334: 12330: 12322: 12315: 12307: 12303: 12295: 12288: 12271: 12267: 12259: 12250: 12242: 12235: 12223: 12219: 12209: 12207: 12192: 12188: 12180: 12176: 12166: 12164: 12150: 12149: 12145: 12135: 12133: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12105: 12101: 12093: 12089: 12081: 12074: 12066: 12057: 12049:, p. 258; 12045: 12041: 12033: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12003: 11999: 11989: 11987: 11980: 11972:. M.E. Sharpe. 11964: 11960: 11950: 11948: 11935: 11934: 11930: 11922: 11918: 11910: 11906: 11898:, p. 257; 11894: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11867: 11865: 11850: 11846: 11838: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11779:, p. 256; 11775: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11751:, p. 255; 11747: 11743: 11731: 11727: 11719:, p. 253; 11715: 11711: 11703: 11699: 11691:, p. 252; 11687: 11683: 11675: 11671: 11663:, p. 249; 11659: 11655: 11643: 11639: 11629: 11627: 11614: 11613: 11606: 11593: 11592: 11588: 11580:, p. 244; 11576: 11572: 11564:, p. 239; 11560: 11556: 11548:, p. 244; 11544: 11540: 11530: 11528: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11502: 11498: 11490: 11486: 11478: 11471: 11461: 11459: 11450: 11449: 11445: 11433: 11429: 11421:, p. 237; 11417: 11413: 11405: 11401: 11393: 11389: 11381:, p. 235; 11377: 11373: 11365: 11361: 11353:, p. 233; 11349: 11345: 11337: 11333: 11321: 11317: 11305: 11301: 11293:, p. 208; 11289: 11285: 11277: 11273: 11265: 11261: 11249: 11245: 11232: 11231: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11176: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11152:, p. 188; 11148: 11144: 11136: 11132: 11124: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11072: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11044: 11040: 11032:, p. 178; 11028:, p. 425; 11024: 11020: 11012:, p. 221; 11008: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10984:, p. 214; 10980: 10976: 10964: 10960: 10952:, p. 215; 10948: 10944: 10936: 10932: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872:, p. 220; 10868: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10820:, p. 213; 10816: 10812: 10802: 10800: 10791: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10731: 10727: 10717: 10715: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10689: 10685: 10677:, p. 422; 10673: 10669: 10662: 10646: 10642: 10634: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10603: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10579: 10572: 10564:, p. 169; 10560: 10556: 10548:, p. 170; 10544: 10540: 10532:, p. 161; 10528:, p. 408; 10524: 10520: 10508: 10504: 10492: 10488: 10480: 10473: 10465:, p. 165; 10461: 10457: 10445: 10441: 10433: 10429: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10397: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10357: 10353: 10345:, p. 133; 10341: 10337: 10329: 10325: 10317: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10275:, p. 230; 10271: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10211: 10207: 10199:, p. 212; 10195: 10191: 10179:, p. 412; 10175: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10151:, p. 128; 10147: 10143: 10131: 10127: 10115:, p. 130; 10111: 10107: 10095:, p. 159; 10091:, p. 413; 10087: 10083: 10075: 10071: 10063:, p. 119; 10059:, p. 301; 10055: 10051: 10040:De Waal, Thomas 10037: 10033: 10025:, p. 301; 10021: 10017: 10009: 10005: 9997:, p. 119; 9989: 9985: 9977:, p. 302; 9973: 9969: 9957:, p. 268; 9953: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9917: 9913: 9905: 9901: 9889: 9885: 9877: 9873: 9865:, p. 139; 9861:, p. 352; 9857: 9853: 9845:, p. 139; 9837: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9813:, p. 320; 9809: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9773:, p. 318; 9769: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9745:, p. 138; 9737: 9733: 9721: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9657: 9649:, p. 364; 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9593: 9589: 9581: 9577: 9569:, p. 143; 9565:, p. 371; 9561: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9525:, p. 231; 9521: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9461:, p. 109; 9457: 9453: 9445:, p. 108; 9441: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9398: 9394: 9386:, p. 107; 9382: 9378: 9366: 9362: 9350: 9346: 9338:, p. 100; 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9310: 9306: 9298:, p. 105; 9294: 9290: 9278:, p. 336; 9274: 9270: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9226: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9194: 9190: 9182:, p. 282; 9178: 9174: 9162:, p. 281; 9158: 9154: 9146:, p. 246; 9142: 9138: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9089:, p. 290; 9085: 9081: 9069: 9065: 9057:, p. 217; 9053: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9029:, p. 151; 9025: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8970: 8962:, p. 116; 8958: 8954: 8946:, p. 115; 8942: 8938: 8930:, p. 239; 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8814: 8807: 8795: 8791: 8775: 8771: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684:, p. 142; 8676: 8672: 8664:, p. 109; 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8588: 8580: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486:, p. 129; 8482: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8451: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8420: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8349:, p. 172; 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8281: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8253: 8249: 8241:, p. 188; 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8209: 8205: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8123: 8115:. p. 139. 8100: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8077: 8058: 8054: 8046:, p. 167; 8042: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7947:Foreign Affairs 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7784: 7772:, p. 177; 7768: 7764: 7752: 7748: 7732:, p. 177; 7728: 7724: 7716:, p. 100; 7712: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7684: 7680: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7628:, p. 101; 7620: 7616: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7516: 7512: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7464:, p. 159; 7460: 7456: 7440:, p. 159; 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7408: 7404: 7396:, p. 142; 7392: 7388: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7320: 7316: 7308:, p. 138; 7304: 7300: 7288: 7284: 7268: 7264: 7248:, p. 124; 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7216:, p. 123; 7212: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7070:, p. 107; 7066: 7062: 7042: 7038: 7026: 7022: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6820: 6816: 6804: 6800: 6788: 6784: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6717: 6713: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6570: 6566: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6471: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6394: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6326: 6322: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6154: 6150: 6130: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6070:, p. 210; 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6038: 6034: 6022: 6018: 6006: 6002: 5990: 5986: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5835: 5831: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5413: 5409: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5369: 5365: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5291:, pp. 8–9. 5287: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5177:Wayback Machine 5168: 5164: 5152:Wayback Machine 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5080: 5061:; Russian: 5046: 5034: 5025: 5024: 4990: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4906: 4881: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4811: 4759:Yevgeny Mironov 4739:Madame Tussauds 4731: 4611: 4573:Charles V Prize 4498: 4424: 4418:External videos 4413: 4409: 4386: 4362:14th Dalai Lama 4343:Emmanuel Macron 4326:James Baker III 4282: 4259:House of Unions 4241:House of Unions 4229: 4206:palliative care 4150: 4138: 4132: 4092: 4059:port-wine stain 4047: 4014:nuclear warfare 3988: 3984: 3978:social democrat 3972: 3953:, although his 3901: 3897: 3878:that began the 3815:Songs for Raisa 3756:Dmitry Medvedev 3752: 3680: 3668:Alexander Lebed 3642: 3636: 3546: 3540:External videos 3491:Felipe González 3461:in Taiwan, 1994 3439: 3434: 3382:Leonid Kravchuk 3305: 3299: 3184: 3178: 3132:a UN Resolution 3113:Helsinki Summit 3092: 3020: 3000: 2846: 2756:visited Beijing 2745:Joseph Goebbels 2716: 2666: 2580: 2567: 2535:Muammar Gaddafi 2502:Gorbachev with 2477:proxy conflicts 2415: 2385:Andrei Sakharov 2331:tax collections 2254: 2222:Grigory Romanov 2201: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2148: 2131: 2127: 2108: 1980: 1895:Antonio Gramsci 1891:Zhores Medvedev 1879:Leonid Brezhnev 1870: 1857: 1790:William Taubman 1746: 1741: 1714:Raisa Titarenko 1663: 1659: 1650: 1598:Battle of Kursk 1528:Communist Party 1524:one-party state 1520: 1519: 1457: 1452: 1409:Communist Party 1385:democratization 1357:nuclear weapons 1345:withdrew troops 1326:Leonid Brezhnev 1290:Raisa Titarenko 1282:one-party state 1274:Communist Party 1270:collective farm 1204: 1163: 1128:Post-leadership 1125: 1052: 1013: 951: 936: 928: 914: 912: 911: 910: 907: 905: 880: 865: 852: 845:Defense Council 834: 833: 828: 827: 756: 755: 746: 745: 744: 743: 742: 739: 731: 728: 710: 709: 669: 651: 643: 639: 636: 634:Raisa Titarenko 623: 618: 610: 602: 594: 586: 577:Political party 560: 556: 539: 533: 531: 493:Yegor Ligachyov 487: 477: 471: 466: 446: 434: 428: 423: 414: 404: 392: 384: 372: 366: 361: 344: 338: 327: 311: 306: 294: 285: 274: 269: 258: 243: 237:Gennady Yanayev 229: 223: 218: 198: 186: 173: 164:Valentin Pavlov 159:Nikolai Ryzhkov 146: 141: 125: 113: 111:Михаил Горбачёв 110: 104: 93: 87: 84: 65: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 32516: 32506: 32505: 32500: 32495: 32490: 32485: 32480: 32475: 32470: 32465: 32460: 32455: 32450: 32445: 32440: 32435: 32430: 32425: 32420: 32415: 32410: 32405: 32400: 32395: 32390: 32385: 32380: 32375: 32370: 32365: 32360: 32355: 32350: 32345: 32340: 32335: 32330: 32325: 32320: 32315: 32310: 32305: 32300: 32295: 32290: 32285: 32280: 32275: 32270: 32265: 32260: 32255: 32250: 32235: 32234: 32217: 32200: 32198:from Wikiquote 32183: 32166: 32137: 32134: 32133: 32121: 32109: 32097: 32074: 32073: 32068: 32067: 32065: 32064: 32057: 32050: 32043: 32036: 32029: 32022: 32015: 32012:Marilyn Monroe 32008: 32001: 31994: 31987: 31984:Kennedy family 31980: 31973: 31970:Tenzing Norgay 31966:Edmund Hillary 31962: 31955: 31948: 31941: 31934: 31927: 31919: 31917: 31913: 31912: 31910: 31909: 31902: 31895: 31884: 31877: 31870: 31863: 31856: 31849: 31842: 31835: 31828: 31821: 31814: 31807: 31800: 31793: 31786: 31779: 31772: 31764: 31762: 31758: 31757: 31755: 31754: 31747: 31740: 31733: 31726: 31719: 31716:Walter Reuther 31712: 31705: 31698: 31695:Louis B. Mayer 31691: 31684: 31681:William Levitt 31677: 31670: 31663: 31656: 31649: 31642: 31635: 31632:Willis Carrier 31628: 31621: 31613: 31611: 31607: 31606: 31604: 31603: 31596: 31589: 31582: 31575: 31568: 31561: 31554: 31547: 31540: 31533: 31526: 31519: 31512: 31505: 31498: 31491: 31484: 31477: 31470: 31462: 31460: 31456: 31455: 31453: 31452: 31445: 31438: 31431: 31424: 31417: 31410: 31403: 31396: 31389: 31386:Nelson Mandela 31382: 31379:Vladimir Lenin 31375: 31368: 31361: 31354: 31347: 31340: 31333: 31330:Mahatma Gandhi 31326: 31319: 31311: 31309: 31305: 31304: 31294: 31293: 31286: 31279: 31271: 31262: 31261: 31259: 31258: 31248: 31237: 31235: 31231: 31230: 31228: 31227: 31217: 31207: 31201:Martin Shakkum 31197: 31182: 31170: 31153: 31136: 31118: 31116: 31112: 31111: 31109: 31108: 31107: 31106: 31088: 31086: 31079: 31078: 31076: 31075: 31074: 31073: 31057: 31055: 31051: 31050: 31039: 31038: 31031: 31024: 31016: 31007: 31006: 31003: 31002: 31000: 30999: 30992: 30985: 30979: 30973: 30967: 30957: 30951: 30945: 30935: 30928: 30925: 30924: 30914: 30913: 30910: 30909: 30907: 30906: 30900: 30893: 30887: 30881: 30871: 30865: 30852:(Mozambique), 30846: 30840: 30834: 30828: 30822: 30816: 30810: 30804: 30798: 30780: 30766:Fatiha Boudiaf 30750: 30740: 30734: 30728: 30718: 30712: 30710:Nelson Mandela 30702: 30695: 30689: 30683:Jacques Delors 30679: 30673: 30667: 30657: 30651: 30645: 30639: 30633: 30626: 30623: 30622: 30612: 30611: 30602: 30601: 30594: 30587: 30579: 30570: 30569: 30567: 30566: 30561: 30556: 30551: 30546: 30541: 30536: 30531: 30526: 30521: 30516: 30511: 30503: 30500: 30499: 30497: 30496: 30490: 30484: 30477: 30475: 30469: 30468: 30466: 30465: 30459: 30452: 30450: 30444: 30443: 30441: 30440: 30434: 30428: 30421: 30419: 30413: 30412: 30410:(Soviet Union) 30406: 30404: 30398: 30397: 30391: 30389: 30378: 30377: 30371: 30369: 30363: 30362: 30353: 30352: 30345: 30338: 30330: 30321: 30320: 30318: 30317: 30306: 30295: 30276: 30273:Dmitry Muratov 30261: 30250: 30239: 30224: 30213: 30202: 30191: 30176: 30165: 30162:European Union 30154: 30135: 30124: 30113: 30102: 30087: 30084:Muhammad Yunus 30072: 30057: 30046: 30035: 30024: 30017:United Nations 30008: 30006: 30002: 30001: 29999: 29998: 29990: 29982: 29970: 29958: 29946: 29943:Joseph Rotblat 29934: 29918: 29915:F. W. de Klerk 29911:Nelson Mandela 29906: 29898: 29890: 29882: 29874: 29866: 29858: 29850: 29842: 29834: 29826: 29814: 29806: 29798: 29790: 29787:Menachem Begin 29778: 29770: 29763:Betty Williams 29757: 29755: 29751: 29750: 29748: 29747: 29739: 29727: 29712: 29705: 29694: 29691:Norman Borlaug 29683: 29672: 29661: 29652: 29643: 29632: 29621: 29609: 29601: 29593: 29590:Albert Luthuli 29585: 29577: 29569: 29561: 29554: 29547: 29539: 29531: 29523: 29514: 29512: 29508: 29507: 29505: 29504: 29496: 29488: 29481: 29469: 29457: 29449: 29441: 29434: 29427: 29420: 29413: 29406: 29398: 29390: 29382: 29374: 29366: 29358: 29351: 29339: 29331: 29323: 29316: 29304: 29291: 29289: 29285: 29284: 29282: 29281: 29269: 29262: 29255: 29247: 29235: 29232:Léon Bourgeois 29227: 29224:Woodrow Wilson 29219: 29212: 29204: 29197: 29190: 29183: 29175: 29167: 29155: 29147: 29135: 29128:Klas Arnoldson 29123: 29116:Ernesto Moneta 29111: 29103: 29095: 29087: 29079: 29067: 29064:Frédéric Passy 29051: 29049: 29045: 29044: 29033: 29032: 29025: 29018: 29010: 29001: 29000: 28993: 28990: 28989: 28987: 28986: 28970: 28958: 28946: 28932: 28920: 28906: 28894: 28872: 28858: 28845: 28843: 28839: 28838: 28836: 28835: 28821: 28801: 28793: 28789:Charles Kuralt 28779: 28765: 28751: 28737: 28733:Audrey Hepburn 28722: 28720: 28716: 28715: 28708: 28707: 28700: 28693: 28685: 28676: 28675: 28673: 28672: 28664: 28652: 28644: 28632: 28628:Greta Thunberg 28624: 28595: 28587: 28579: 28571: 28558:Ebola Fighters 28553: 28545: 28537: 28529: 28521: 28513: 28505: 28501:Vladimir Putin 28497: 28489: 28470: 28466:George W. Bush 28462: 28454: 28441:Cynthia Cooper 28435: 28426: 28424: 28420: 28419: 28417: 28416: 28412:George W. Bush 28408: 28400: 28388: 28380: 28372: 28364: 28356: 28347:Nelson Mandela 28343:F. W. de Klerk 28333: 28325: 28317: 28309: 28301: 28293: 28285: 28281:Corazon Aquino 28277: 28269: 28261: 28249: 28241: 28233: 28225: 28217: 28209: 28201: 28192: 28190: 28186: 28185: 28183: 28182: 28161:Barbara Jordan 28127: 28119: 28111: 28099: 28091: 28083: 28075: 28062:William Anders 28053: 28045: 28037: 28029: 28021: 28013: 28005: 27997: 27984:Charles Townes 27964:Edward Purcell 27940:Charles Draper 27930: 27922: 27914: 27906: 27898: 27894:Harlow Curtice 27890: 27882: 27874: 27866: 27857: 27855: 27851: 27850: 27848: 27847: 27839: 27831: 27823: 27815: 27807: 27799: 27791: 27783: 27775: 27767: 27759: 27751: 27743: 27739:Soong Mei-ling 27731: 27727:Wallis Simpson 27723: 27719:Haile Selassie 27715: 27707: 27699: 27691: 27683: 27675: 27667: 27659: 27650: 27648: 27644: 27643: 27633: 27632: 27625: 27618: 27610: 27601: 27600: 27598: 27597: 27592: 27587: 27581: 27579: 27575: 27574: 27571: 27570: 27568: 27567: 27562: 27556: 27554: 27550: 27549: 27547: 27546: 27541: 27536: 27531: 27525: 27523: 27519: 27518: 27516: 27515: 27510: 27505: 27500: 27495: 27489: 27487: 27480: 27476: 27475: 27472: 27471: 27468: 27467: 27465: 27464: 27451: 27449: 27445: 27444: 27442: 27441: 27428: 27426: 27419: 27415: 27414: 27412: 27411: 27409:Yehuda Lapidot 27406: 27401: 27396: 27391: 27386: 27384:Yitzhak Shamir 27381: 27379:Menachem Begin 27376: 27371: 27366: 27360: 27358: 27354: 27353: 27351: 27350: 27345: 27340: 27335: 27330: 27325: 27320: 27315: 27309: 27307: 27303: 27302: 27299: 27298: 27296: 27295: 27290: 27285: 27283:Yuli Edelstein 27280: 27275: 27269: 27267: 27261: 27260: 27258: 27257: 27255:Emomali Rahmon 27252: 27247: 27242: 27237: 27235:Mikhail Suslov 27232: 27227: 27222: 27216: 27214: 27208:Pro-government 27201: 27188: 27184: 27183: 27181: 27180: 27175: 27170: 27165: 27160: 27155: 27150: 27144: 27142: 27138: 27137: 27134: 27133: 27131: 27130: 27125: 27120: 27115: 27110: 27105: 27099: 27097: 27091: 27090: 27088: 27087: 27082: 27077: 27072: 27067: 27062: 27057: 27052: 27046: 27044: 27037: 27033: 27032: 27025: 27022: 27021: 27010: 27009: 27002: 26995: 26987: 26978: 26977: 26975: 26974: 26973: 26972: 26967: 26962: 26957: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26922: 26917: 26912: 26907: 26902: 26896: 26894: 26890: 26889: 26887: 26886: 26881: 26880: 26879: 26878: 26877: 26872: 26867: 26857: 26852: 26844: 26839: 26834: 26832:Prague Process 26829: 26824: 26819: 26814: 26809: 26803: 26801: 26797: 26796: 26794: 26793: 26792: 26791: 26772: 26771: 26770: 26769: 26767:Shamil Basayev 26750: 26749: 26748: 26747: 26745:Rustam Muradov 26742: 26737: 26711: 26710: 26709: 26708: 26706:Hikmat Hasanov 26703: 26698: 26693: 26688: 26686:Surat Huseynov 26683: 26678: 26659: 26658: 26657: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26629:Samvel Babayan 26612: 26611: 26610: 26609: 26607:Seyran Ohanyan 26604: 26599: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26565: 26563: 26559: 26558: 26556: 26555: 26554: 26553: 26548: 26529: 26528: 26527: 26526: 26524:Vladimir Putin 26521: 26516: 26490: 26489: 26488: 26487: 26482: 26477: 26475:Bayram Safarov 26467: 26466: 26465: 26460: 26455: 26450: 26431: 26430: 26429: 26428: 26423: 26418: 26413: 26408: 26403: 26398: 26379: 26378: 26377: 26376: 26371: 26369:Serzh Sargsyan 26366: 26361: 26342: 26340: 26336: 26335: 26333: 26332: 26331: 26330: 26325: 26320: 26319: 26318: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26283: 26282: 26281: 26276: 26271: 26266: 26261: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26235: 26233: 26232:Main locations 26229: 26228: 26226: 26225: 26224: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26203: 26198: 26193: 26188: 26183: 26178: 26177: 26176: 26166: 26161: 26156: 26150: 26148: 26144: 26143: 26141: 26140: 26139: 26138: 26128: 26123: 26118: 26113: 26108: 26083:Bombardments ( 26081: 26076: 26071: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26050: 26048: 26041: 26040: 26038: 26037: 26036: 26035: 26030: 26025: 26015: 26012: 26007: 26006: 26005: 25997: 25992: 25989: 25984: 25979: 25974: 25969: 25964: 25961: 25958: 25952: 25950: 25946: 25945: 25943: 25942: 25937: 25932: 25927: 25922: 25917: 25912: 25909: 25904: 25899: 25894: 25889: 25886: 25883: 25880: 25875: 25870: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25834: 25829: 25824: 25819: 25818:Battle of Togh 25816: 25813: 25811:Operation Ring 25808: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25790: 25785: 25780: 25775: 25770: 25768:Sumgait pogrom 25765: 25760: 25758:Çardaqlı clash 25754: 25752: 25745: 25744: 25742: 25741: 25736: 25731: 25726: 25725: 25724: 25714: 25713: 25712: 25702: 25697: 25692: 25687: 25686: 25685: 25674: 25672: 25668: 25667: 25660: 25659: 25652: 25645: 25637: 25628: 25627: 25625: 25624: 25614: 25604: 25589: 25586: 25585: 25583: 25582: 25575: 25568: 25561: 25558:Peshavar Waltz 25554: 25547: 25540: 25533: 25526: 25519: 25512: 25509:All Costs Paid 25505: 25498: 25491: 25484: 25476: 25474: 25470: 25469: 25467: 25466: 25461: 25456: 25451: 25445: 25443: 25442:Related topics 25439: 25438: 25436: 25435: 25430: 25424: 25422: 25418: 25417: 25415: 25414: 25409: 25404: 25399: 25394: 25389: 25387:Battle of Jaji 25384: 25379: 25374: 25369: 25367:Siege of Urgun 25364: 25359: 25357:Siege of Khost 25354: 25348: 25346: 25342: 25341: 25339: 25338: 25333: 25328: 25323: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25303: 25298: 25293: 25288: 25282: 25280: 25279:Events by year 25276: 25275: 25272: 25271: 25269: 25268: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25243: 25238: 25232: 25230: 25226: 25225: 25223: 25222: 25217: 25212: 25207: 25202: 25197: 25192: 25186: 25184: 25177: 25173: 25172: 25169: 25168: 25166: 25165: 25160: 25155: 25150: 25149: 25148: 25138: 25137: 25136: 25126: 25120: 25118: 25114: 25113: 25111: 25110: 25105: 25099: 25097: 25090: 25086: 25085: 25083: 25082: 25071: 25068: 25067: 25060: 25059: 25052: 25045: 25037: 25028: 25027: 25025: 25024: 25019: 25014: 25008: 25005: 25004: 25002: 25001: 24996: 24991: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24971: 24966: 24960: 24958: 24954: 24953: 24951: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24925: 24920: 24915: 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24884: 24882: 24876: 24875: 24873: 24872: 24867: 24862: 24857: 24852: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24832: 24827: 24822: 24820:Timothy Snyder 24817: 24812: 24807: 24802: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24750:Vojtech Mastny 24747: 24745:Geir Lundestad 24742: 24737: 24735:Walter Laqueur 24732: 24730:Walter LaFeber 24727: 24722: 24717: 24712: 24707: 24702: 24697: 24692: 24687: 24682: 24677: 24672: 24667: 24662: 24660:André Fontaine 24657: 24652: 24647: 24642: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24590:Gar Alperovitz 24586: 24584: 24580: 24579: 24577: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24560: 24558: 24552: 24551: 24548: 24547: 24545: 24544: 24539: 24533: 24532: 24527: 24520: 24515: 24507: 24505: 24501: 24500: 24498: 24497: 24490: 24485: 24478: 24471: 24466: 24459: 24452: 24445: 24439: 24437: 24430: 24426: 24425: 24423: 24422: 24417: 24412: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24372: 24366: 24364: 24360: 24359: 24356: 24355: 24353: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24330:Third-Worldism 24327: 24322: 24317: 24312: 24307: 24302: 24297: 24292: 24287: 24282: 24277: 24272: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24242: 24237: 24231: 24229: 24225: 24224: 24222: 24221: 24216: 24211: 24206: 24201: 24196: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24158: 24156: 24150: 24149: 24147: 24146: 24141: 24136: 24131: 24126: 24121: 24119:Libertarianism 24116: 24111: 24110: 24109: 24099: 24097:Chicago school 24094: 24088: 24086: 24077: 24073: 24072: 24070: 24069: 24064: 24059: 24054: 24049: 24044: 24042:Nixon Doctrine 24039: 24034: 24029: 24024: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23999: 23994: 23988: 23986: 23985:Foreign policy 23982: 23981: 23979: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23937: 23935: 23929: 23928: 23926: 23925: 23920: 23919: 23918: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23883: 23878: 23873: 23867: 23865: 23861: 23860: 23858: 23857: 23852: 23847: 23842: 23837: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23797: 23792: 23787: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23770:Operation RYAN 23767: 23762: 23757: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23722: 23717: 23712: 23707: 23702: 23697: 23692: 23687: 23682: 23677: 23675:Able Archer 83 23672: 23667: 23662: 23657: 23652: 23647: 23642: 23637: 23632: 23627: 23622: 23621: 23620: 23610: 23605: 23600: 23591: 23586: 23580: 23578: 23574: 23573: 23571: 23570: 23565: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23525: 23520: 23515: 23510: 23505: 23500: 23495: 23490: 23485: 23480: 23472: 23467: 23462: 23457: 23452: 23447: 23442: 23437: 23432: 23427: 23425:Oromo conflict 23422: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23387: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23367: 23365:Yom Kippur War 23362: 23357: 23352: 23347: 23342: 23337: 23332: 23327: 23322: 23317: 23312: 23307: 23302: 23297: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23260: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23230: 23224: 23222: 23218: 23217: 23215: 23214: 23209: 23204: 23199: 23194: 23189: 23188: 23187: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23148: 23143: 23142: 23141: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23020: 23019: 23009: 23004: 22999: 22997:Aden Emergency 22994: 22989: 22984: 22979: 22974: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22954: 22949: 22948: 22947: 22942: 22937: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22915:Papua conflict 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22896: 22895: 22885: 22884: 22883: 22873: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22847: 22845: 22841: 22840: 22838: 22837: 22832: 22831: 22830: 22820: 22818:Kitchen Debate 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22778:Sputnik crisis 22775: 22770: 22762: 22755: 22750: 22748:Polish October 22745: 22740: 22735: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22708: 22703: 22698: 22693: 22688: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22648:Pact of Madrid 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22603:Bamboo Curtain 22599: 22597: 22593: 22592: 22590: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22573: 22572: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22496: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22402: 22394: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22371: 22363: 22358: 22357: 22356: 22351: 22343: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22309: 22307: 22303: 22302: 22300: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22252: 22244: 22241: 22240: 22233: 22232: 22225: 22218: 22210: 22201: 22200: 22198: 22197: 22191: 22189: 22185: 22184: 22182: 22181: 22176: 22171: 22169:Post-communism 22166: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22146: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22125: 22123: 22119: 22118: 22116: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22035: 22030: 22025: 22020: 22015: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21985: 21980: 21975: 21969: 21967: 21961: 21960: 21957: 21956: 21954: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21898: 21892: 21890: 21886: 21885: 21883: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21801: 21799: 21795: 21794: 21792: 21791: 21786: 21781: 21776: 21771: 21766: 21761: 21759:Czechoslovakia 21756: 21751: 21745: 21743: 21742:Eastern Europe 21734: 21728: 21727: 21725: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21618: 21616: 21610: 21609: 21607: 21606: 21601: 21596: 21591: 21589:Isaias Afwerki 21586: 21581: 21576: 21571: 21569:Zianon Pazniak 21566: 21561: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21506: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21480: 21478: 21472: 21471: 21469: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21427: 21425: 21419: 21418: 21416: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21348:Erich Honecker 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21324: 21322: 21316: 21315: 21313: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21291: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21275: 21270: 21260: 21254: 21252: 21248: 21247: 21245: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21193: 21191: 21185: 21184: 21182: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21129:Anti-communism 21126: 21121: 21115: 21113: 21107: 21106: 21099: 21098: 21091: 21084: 21076: 21067: 21066: 21063: 21062: 21058: 21057: 21054: 21053: 21051: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20989: 20987: 20981: 20980: 20978: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20940:Vladimir Lenin 20936: 20934: 20928: 20927: 20925: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20908: 20906: 20900: 20899: 20897: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20860: 20858: 20845: 20842: 20841: 20839: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20807: 20805: 20795: 20794: 20792: 20791: 20786: 20784:Erich Honecker 20781: 20776: 20774:Otto Grotewohl 20771: 20765: 20763: 20757: 20756: 20754: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20722: 20720: 20714: 20713: 20711: 20710: 20708:Petar Mladenov 20705: 20700: 20695: 20689: 20687: 20681: 20680: 20678: 20677: 20672: 20666: 20664: 20652: 20645: 20644: 20632: 20631: 20624: 20617: 20609: 20600: 20599: 20597: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20549:Pyotr Masherov 20546: 20544:Pyotr Demichev 20541: 20535: 20533: 20529: 20528: 20526: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20503:Dmitry Ustinov 20500: 20498:Mikhail Suslov 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20478:Kirill Mazurov 20475: 20470: 20468:Fyodor Kulakov 20465: 20463:Alexei Kosygin 20460: 20455: 20453:Andrei Gromyko 20450: 20448:Viktor Grishin 20445: 20443:Andrei Grechko 20440: 20435: 20429: 20427: 20423: 20422: 20414: 20413: 20406: 20399: 20391: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20366:Sergey Sokolov 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20316:Pyotr Demichev 20313: 20307: 20305: 20301: 20300: 20298: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20250:Dmitry Ustinov 20247: 20242: 20240:Mikhail Suslov 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20215:Andrei Gromyko 20212: 20210:Viktor Grishin 20207: 20202: 20197: 20191: 20189: 20185: 20184: 20176: 20175: 20168: 20161: 20153: 20144: 20143: 20141: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20117: 20112: 20110:Yuri Maslyukov 20107: 20102: 20097: 20094: 20089: 20087:Sergey Sokolov 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20067:Pyotr Demichev 20063: 20061: 20057: 20056: 20054: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20041:Yuri Maslyukov 20038: 20037:Vadim Medvedev 20035: 20030: 20029:Viktor Nikonov 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19980:Andrei Gromyko 19977: 19972: 19967: 19961: 19959: 19955: 19954: 19946: 19945: 19938: 19931: 19923: 19914: 19913: 19911: 19910: 19908:Mikhail Surkov 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19860: 19858:Sergey Sokolov 19855: 19850: 19845: 19843:Alfrēds Rubiks 19840: 19838:Yuri Prokofiev 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19810: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19759: 19756: 19755: 19747: 19746: 19739: 19732: 19724: 19715: 19714: 19712: 19711: 19705: 19699: 19693: 19686: 19684: 19680: 19679: 19677: 19676: 19670: 19664: 19658: 19652: 19646: 19640: 19634: 19628: 19622: 19616: 19609: 19607: 19606:Heads of state 19603: 19602: 19595:Heads of state 19591: 19590: 19583: 19576: 19568: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19519: 19517: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19509: 19503: 19497: 19491: 19485: 19479: 19473: 19467: 19461: 19458:Workers' Group 19455: 19449: 19446:Workers' Truth 19443: 19437: 19431: 19425: 19423: 19419: 19418: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19390: 19388: 19380: 19379: 19377: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19350: 19348: 19340: 19339: 19337: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19314:Transcaucasian 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19269:Karelo-Finnish 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19235: 19233: 19226: 19222: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19214: 19213: 19211: 19210: 19208:28th (1990–91) 19205: 19203:16th (1930–34) 19200: 19198:15th (1927–30) 19195: 19193:14th (1925–27) 19190: 19188:13th (1924–25) 19185: 19183:12th (1923–24) 19180: 19178:11th (1922–23) 19175: 19173:10th (1921–22) 19170: 19164: 19162: 19156: 19155: 19153: 19152: 19150:27th (1986–90) 19147: 19145:26th (1981–86) 19142: 19140:25th (1976–81) 19137: 19135:24th (1971–76) 19132: 19130:23rd (1966–71) 19127: 19125:22nd (1961–66) 19122: 19120:20th (1956–61) 19117: 19115:19th (1952–56) 19112: 19110:18th (1939–52) 19107: 19105:17th (1934–39) 19102: 19100:16th (1930–34) 19097: 19095:15th (1927–30) 19092: 19090:14th (1925–27) 19087: 19085:13th (1924–25) 19082: 19080:10th (1921–24) 19077: 19071: 19069: 19063: 19062: 19060: 19059: 19057:28th (1990–91) 19054: 19052:27th (1986–90) 19049: 19047:26th (1981–86) 19044: 19042:25th (1976–81) 19039: 19037:24th (1971–76) 19034: 19032:23rd (1966–71) 19029: 19027:22nd (1961–66) 19024: 19022:20th (1956–61) 19019: 19017:19th (1952–56) 19014: 19012:18th (1939–52) 19009: 19007:17th (1934–39) 19004: 19002:16th (1930–34) 18999: 18997:15th (1927–30) 18994: 18992:14th (1925–27) 18989: 18987:13th (1924–25) 18984: 18982:12th (1923–24) 18979: 18977:11th (1922–23) 18974: 18972:10th (1921–22) 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18908: 18906: 18897: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18881:16th (1930–34) 18878: 18876:15th (1927–30) 18873: 18871:14th (1925–27) 18868: 18866:13th (1924–25) 18863: 18861:12th (1923–24) 18857: 18855: 18849: 18848: 18846: 18845: 18843:14th (1925–27) 18840: 18838:13th (1924–25) 18835: 18833:12th (1923–24) 18829: 18827: 18821: 18820: 18818: 18817: 18815:28th (1990–91) 18812: 18810:16th (1930–34) 18807: 18805:15th (1927–30) 18802: 18800:14th (1925–27) 18797: 18795:13th (1924–25) 18792: 18790:12th (1923–24) 18786: 18784: 18775: 18766: 18765: 18762: 18761: 18759: 18758: 18756:27th (1986–90) 18753: 18751:26th (1981–86) 18748: 18746:25th (1976–81) 18743: 18741:24th (1971–76) 18738: 18736:23rd (1966–71) 18733: 18731:22nd (1961–66) 18728: 18726:20th (1956–61) 18723: 18721:19th (1952–56) 18718: 18716:18th (1939–52) 18713: 18711:17th (1934–39) 18707: 18705: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18695: 18693:18th (1939–52) 18690: 18688:17th (1934–39) 18685: 18683:16th (1930–34) 18680: 18678:15th (1927–30) 18675: 18673:14th (1925–27) 18670: 18668:13th (1924–25) 18665: 18663:12th (1923–24) 18660: 18658:11th (1922–23) 18655: 18653:10th (1921–22) 18650: 18645: 18640: 18634: 18632: 18626: 18625: 18623: 18622: 18620:28th (1990–91) 18617: 18615:27th (1986–90) 18612: 18610:26th (1981–86) 18607: 18605:25th (1976–81) 18602: 18600:24th (1971–76) 18597: 18595:23rd (1966–71) 18592: 18590:22nd (1961–66) 18587: 18585:20th (1956–61) 18582: 18580:19th (1952–56) 18577: 18575:18th (1939–52) 18572: 18570:17th (1934–39) 18567: 18565:16th (1930–34) 18562: 18560:15th (1927–30) 18557: 18555:14th (1925–27) 18552: 18550:13th (1924–25) 18547: 18545:12th (1923–24) 18542: 18540:11th (1922–23) 18537: 18535:10th (1921–22) 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18511: 18509: 18503: 18502: 18500: 18499: 18497:28th (1990–91) 18494: 18492:27th (1986–90) 18489: 18487:26th (1981–86) 18484: 18482:25th (1976–81) 18479: 18477:24th (1971–76) 18474: 18472:23rd (1966–71) 18469: 18467:22nd (1961–66) 18464: 18462:20th (1956–61) 18459: 18457:19th (1952–56) 18454: 18452:18th (1939–52) 18449: 18447:17th (1934–39) 18444: 18442:16th (1930–34) 18439: 18437:15th (1927–30) 18434: 18432:14th (1925–27) 18429: 18427:13th (1924–25) 18424: 18422:12th (1923–24) 18419: 18417:11th (1922–23) 18414: 18412:10th (1921–22) 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18387:Oct.–Dec. 1917 18384: 18382:Aug.–Oct. 1917 18378: 18376: 18367: 18364:Elected by the 18358: 18354: 18353: 18350: 18349: 18347: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18250: 18248: 18242: 18241: 18239: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18097: 18095: 18086: 18082: 18081: 18078: 18077: 18075: 18074: 18067: 18059: 18057: 18053: 18052: 18050: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17987:Heavy Industry 17984: 17979: 17977:Foreign Cadres 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17943: 17941: 17935: 17934: 17932: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17916: 17910: 17908: 17904: 17903: 17901: 17900: 17890: 17884: 17878: 17872: 17866: 17860: 17854: 17848: 17842: 17836: 17833:Yakov Sverdlov 17830: 17823: 17821: 17815: 17814: 17812: 17811: 17805: 17799: 17793: 17787: 17781: 17775: 17772:Vladimir Lenin 17768: 17766: 17757: 17751: 17750: 17743: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17720: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17682: 17680: 17674: 17673: 17671: 17670: 17665: 17663:Food Programme 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17639: 17637: 17630: 17626: 17625: 17623: 17622: 17617: 17615:Tikhonov's 1st 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17586: 17584: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17558: 17553: 17542: 17540: 17534: 17533: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17334: 17333: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17281:Able Archer 83 17278: 17273: 17268: 17262: 17260: 17254: 17253: 17251: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17238:Exercise Zapad 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17188:Fall of Saigon 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17129: 17127: 17121: 17120: 17113: 17112: 17105: 17098: 17090: 17084: 17081: 17080: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17060: 17050: 17044: 17043: 17038: 17035: 17025: 17020: 17016: 17015: 17011: 17010: 17005: 16979: 16966:Andrei Gromyko 16964: 16960: 16959: 16955: 16954: 16946: 16943: 16934: 16929: 16925: 16924: 16919: 16916: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16897: 16891: 16890: 16881: 16870: 16863: 16862:External links 16860: 16858: 16857: 16843: 16829: 16822: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16773: 16766: 16759: 16751: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16729: 16692: 16686: 16668: 16639: 16626: 16620: 16607: 16601: 16584: 16566:(2): 195–231. 16560:Soviet Studies 16555: 16549: 16536: 16530: 16517: 16507:(1): 199–206. 16496: 16452:(2): 232–260. 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16405: 16379: 16363: 16329: 16312: 16286: 16256: 16230: 16200: 16166: 16140: 16110: 16092: 16066: 16040: 16038:, p. 366. 16028: 15989: 15977: 15965: 15963:, p. 691. 15953: 15951:, p. 268. 15941: 15939:, p. 276. 15929: 15927:, p. 145. 15917: 15915:, p. 324. 15905: 15903:, p. 145. 15889: 15887:, p. 388. 15877: 15857: 15855:, p. 197. 15845: 15843:, p. 275. 15829: 15817: 15815:, p. 687. 15805: 15803:, p. 688. 15786: 15784:, p. 410. 15774: 15772:, p. 396. 15762: 15760:, p. 267. 15750: 15748:, p. 391. 15738: 15736:, p. 138. 15722: 15710: 15680: 15654: 15619: 15607: 15598: 15580: 15562: 15536: 15510: 15488: 15460: 15434: 15419:(in Russian). 15417:Yeltsin Center 15403: 15385: 15364: 15338: 15312: 15286: 15260: 15233: 15207: 15181: 15152: 15126: 15111:(in Russian). 15095: 15080:(in Russian). 15064: 15038: 15027:(in Ukrainian) 15012: 14999:www.starhit.ru 14986: 14960: 14934: 14908: 14882: 14856: 14827: 14797: 14772: 14741: 14715: 14682: 14680:, p. 161. 14670: 14668:, p. 541. 14658: 14656:, p. 516. 14646: 14634: 14632:, p. 273. 14622: 14620:, p. 117. 14610: 14594: 14582: 14580:, p. 287. 14570: 14568:, p. 165. 14558: 14546: 14544:, p. 134. 14529: 14516: 14514:, p. 229. 14504: 14502:, p. 229. 14488: 14476: 14459: 14444: 14438:, p. 38; 14428: 14418:, p. 22; 14408: 14402:, p. 37; 14392: 14380: 14378:, p. 347. 14368: 14366:, p. 163. 14356: 14354:, p. 137. 14344: 14332: 14320: 14318:, p. 150. 14308: 14296: 14285:on 11 May 2008 14265: 14263:, p. 290. 14253: 14251:, p. 155. 14241: 14229: 14214: 14212:, p. 142. 14197: 14185: 14183:, p. 179. 14173: 14161: 14155:, p. 50; 14145: 14130: 14124:, p. 50; 14114: 14112:, p. 121. 14108:, p. 32; 14098: 14086: 14084:, p. 160. 14074: 14072:, p. 216. 14062: 14060:, p. 259. 14050: 14048:, p. 220. 14038: 14036:, p. 386. 14026: 14024:, p. 218. 14011: 14009:, p. 690. 13996: 13994:, p. 215. 13977: 13975:, p. 205. 13965: 13963:, p. 265. 13953: 13951:, p. 264. 13938: 13926: 13914: 13897: 13895:, p. 202. 13885: 13883:, p. 195. 13870: 13868:, p. 151. 13858: 13856:, p. 288. 13846: 13844:, p. 197. 13834: 13832:, p. 250. 13822: 13820:, p. 117. 13810: 13798: 13796:, p. 201. 13786: 13784:, p. 245. 13774: 13772:, p. 116. 13762: 13750: 13738: 13726: 13714: 13696: 13670: 13655:(in Russian). 13639: 13607: 13581: 13548: 13525:(in Russian). 13514: 13484: 13457: 13427: 13394: 13364: 13332: 13302: 13271: 13238: 13207: 13174: 13157:Deutsche Welle 13144: 13113: 13101: 13071: 13039: 13037:, p. 684. 13024: 13012: 12981: 12949: 12918: 12916:, p. 681. 12899: 12868: 12837: 12801: 12770: 12747:Pitney, Nico. 12739: 12707: 12674: 12662: 12660:, p. 685. 12641: 12639:, p. 680. 12626: 12596: 12556: 12554:, p. 678. 12535: 12533:, p. 679. 12520: 12518:, p. 677. 12505: 12503:, p. 676. 12490: 12488:, p. 663. 12475: 12473:, p. 662. 12463: 12461:, p. 661. 12448: 12436: 12434:, p. 660. 12424: 12422:, p. 674. 12412: 12410:, p. 668. 12400: 12388: 12386:, p. 665. 12376: 12364: 12352: 12340: 12328: 12326:, p. 659. 12313: 12311:, p. 658. 12301: 12299:, p. 655. 12286: 12265: 12263:, p. 652. 12248: 12246:, p. 675. 12233: 12231:, p. 664. 12217: 12200:Foreign Policy 12186: 12174: 12143: 12111: 12109:, p. 657. 12099: 12087: 12085:, p. 656. 12072: 12070:, p. 654. 12055: 12039: 12037:, p. 653. 12024: 12022:, p. 258. 12012: 12009:. Basic Books. 11997: 11978: 11958: 11928: 11926:, p. 651. 11916: 11914:, p. 646. 11904: 11902:, p. 645. 11888: 11886:, p. 638. 11876: 11844: 11842:, p. 637. 11829: 11827:, p. 636. 11817: 11785: 11783:, p. 625. 11769: 11757: 11755:, p. 630. 11741: 11725: 11709: 11707:, p. 628. 11697: 11695:, p. 627. 11681: 11679:, p. 624. 11669: 11667:, p. 633. 11653: 11637: 11604: 11586: 11584:, p. 622. 11570: 11568:, p. 621. 11554: 11552:, p. 621. 11538: 11508: 11506:, p. 621. 11496: 11484: 11482:, p. 612. 11469: 11458:. 26 June 2023 11443: 11441:, p. 611. 11427: 11425:, p. 610. 11411: 11399: 11397:, p. 608. 11387: 11371: 11359: 11343: 11331: 11329:, p. 580. 11315: 11313:, p. 579. 11299: 11283: 11271: 11259: 11257:, p. 575. 11243: 11238:Deutsche Welle 11222: 11220:, p. 575. 11210: 11208:, p. 539. 11198: 11196:, p. 531. 11186: 11170: 11168:, p. 536. 11158: 11156:, p. 533. 11142: 11140:, p. 533. 11130: 11128:, p. 532. 11118: 11106: 11104:, p. 529. 11094: 11092:, p. 530. 11082: 11080:, p. 529. 11066: 11054: 11038: 11018: 11002: 11000:, p. 569. 10990: 10988:, p. 595. 10974: 10972:, p. 595. 10958: 10942: 10940:, p. 570. 10930: 10928:, p. 593. 10914: 10902: 10900:, p. 214. 10890: 10888:, p. 572. 10878: 10876:, p. 572. 10862: 10850: 10848:, p. 568. 10838: 10826: 10810: 10784: 10772: 10770:, p. 565. 10760: 10758:, p. 564. 10748: 10725: 10695: 10693:, p. 546. 10683: 10681:, p. 550. 10667: 10660: 10640: 10638:, p. 552. 10625: 10623:, p. 543. 10613: 10597: 10595:, p. 172. 10585: 10583:, p. 515. 10570: 10554: 10552:, p. 513. 10538: 10518: 10516:, p. 511. 10502: 10500:, p. 509. 10486: 10484:, p. 509. 10471: 10455: 10453:, p. 507. 10439: 10427: 10415: 10413:, p. 505. 10403: 10401:, p. 427. 10391: 10379: 10367: 10351: 10349:, p. 481. 10335: 10323: 10321:, p. 465. 10308: 10299: 10290: 10281: 10279:, p. 385. 10265: 10253: 10251:, p. 230. 10241: 10229: 10227:, p. 379. 10217: 10215:, p. 386. 10205: 10189: 10187:, p. 503. 10169: 10167:, p. 128. 10157: 10155:, p. 452. 10141: 10139:, p. 435. 10125: 10123:, p. 119. 10105: 10103:, p. 117. 10081: 10079:, p. 370. 10069: 10049: 10031: 10029:, p. 369. 10015: 10013:, p. 368. 10003: 10001:, p. 368. 9983: 9981:, p. 386. 9967: 9965:, p. 367. 9961:, p. 76; 9947: 9935: 9933:, p. 142. 9923: 9921:, p. 498. 9911: 9899: 9883: 9871: 9851: 9831: 9829:, p. 419. 9819: 9803: 9801:, p. 415. 9791: 9789:, p. 414. 9779: 9763: 9761:, p. 401. 9751: 9731: 9715: 9703: 9691: 9689:, p. 215. 9679: 9667: 9655: 9639: 9637:, p. 392. 9627: 9625:, p. 144. 9615: 9603: 9597:, p. 43; 9587: 9575: 9555: 9535: 9533:, p. 387. 9515: 9503: 9501:, p. 387. 9491: 9479: 9467: 9465:, p. 444. 9451: 9449:, p. 442. 9432: 9430:, p. 434. 9420: 9418:, p. 433. 9408: 9392: 9390:, p. 444. 9376: 9360: 9344: 9342:, p. 371. 9328: 9326:, p. 359. 9316: 9314:, p. 352. 9304: 9288: 9286:, p. 353. 9268: 9266:, p. 351. 9248: 9236: 9230:, p. 94; 9220: 9208: 9206:, p. 342. 9188: 9186:, p. 321. 9172: 9166:, p. 92; 9152: 9150:, p. 319. 9136: 9119: 9117:, p. 195. 9107: 9095: 9093:, p. 340. 9079: 9077:, p. 340. 9073:, p. 74; 9063: 9061:, p. 397. 9047: 9045:, p. 131. 9035: 9033:, p. 341. 9019: 9017:, p. 315. 9007: 9005:, p. 317. 8995: 8983: 8981:, p. 314. 8968: 8966:, p. 450. 8952: 8936: 8934:, p. 313. 8920: 8918:, p. 312. 8908: 8906:, p. 311. 8896: 8894:, p. 310. 8884: 8882:, p. 308. 8872: 8856: 8854:, p. 222. 8844: 8832: 8830:, p. 267. 8820: 8818:, p. 304. 8805: 8789: 8787:, p. 294. 8783:, p. 81; 8769: 8767:, p. 291. 8763:, p. 80; 8753: 8751:, p. 484. 8741: 8739:, p. 114. 8729: 8717: 8715:, p. 286. 8702: 8700:, p. 285. 8690: 8670: 8668:, p. 278. 8654: 8652:, p. 278. 8642: 8640:, p. 275. 8630: 8628:, p. 263. 8615: 8603: 8601:, p. 272. 8586: 8584:, p. 271. 8567: 8565:, p. 266. 8555: 8543: 8541:, p. 137. 8531: 8529:, p. 134. 8519: 8517:, p. 241. 8504: 8502:, p. 240. 8492: 8490:, p. 240. 8476: 8474:, p. 330. 8464: 8462:, p. 329. 8449: 8443:, p. 71; 8433: 8431:, p. 324. 8418: 8416:, p. 322. 8403: 8391: 8389:, p. 251. 8379: 8377:, p. 148. 8367: 8365:, p. 143. 8355: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8289:, p. 238. 8285:, p. 22; 8275: 8273:, p. 233. 8263: 8261:, p. 233. 8257:, p. 62; 8247: 8231: 8229:, p. 232. 8219: 8217:, p. 236. 8213:, p. 19; 8203: 8201:, p. 236. 8197:, p. 86; 8183: 8171: 8169:, p. 236. 8165:, p. 16; 8155: 8153:, p. 166. 8140: 8121: 8094: 8075: 8052: 8036: 8024: 8012: 8000: 7967: 7933: 7921: 7909: 7907:, p. 236. 7897: 7885: 7883:, p. 235. 7869: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7782: 7780:, p. 222. 7776:, p. 53; 7762: 7760:, p. 221. 7756:, p. 97; 7746: 7744:, p. 220. 7740:, p. 52; 7736:, p. 95; 7722: 7706: 7694: 7692:, p. 223. 7688:, p. 54; 7678: 7672:, p. 20; 7662: 7650: 7648:, p. 228. 7638: 7636:, p. 237. 7632:, p. 60; 7614: 7612:, p. 213. 7608:, p. 59; 7604:, p. 87; 7594: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7552:, p. 46; 7548:, p. 16; 7538: 7526: 7510: 7508:, p. 204. 7504:, p. 45; 7500:, p. 62; 7486: 7484:, p. 197. 7474: 7472:, p. 201. 7468:, p. 44; 7454: 7452:, p. 196. 7448:, p. 44; 7444:, p. 59; 7430: 7428:, p. 155. 7418: 7416:, p. 195. 7412:, p. 44; 7402: 7400:, p. 196. 7386: 7370: 7368:, p. 193. 7358: 7356:, p. 193. 7352:, p. 43; 7348:, p. 57; 7338: 7336:, p. 192. 7332:, p. 43; 7314: 7298: 7292:, p. 50; 7282: 7280:, p. 182. 7276:, p. 31; 7272:, p. 47; 7262: 7256:, p. 31; 7238: 7236:, p. 182. 7226: 7224:, p. 181. 7220:, p. 32; 7206: 7204:, p. 181. 7200:, p. 32; 7190: 7178: 7176:, p. 123. 7166: 7164:, p. 180. 7154: 7148:, p. 41; 7144:, p. 43; 7130: 7128:, p. 107. 7115: 7113:, p. 173. 7100: 7088: 7076: 7060: 7054:, p. 32; 7050:, p. 40; 7036: 7020: 7018:, p. 166. 7014:, p. 40; 7004: 7002:, p. 165. 6989: 6977: 6965: 6963:, p. 161. 6953: 6951:, p. 157. 6947:, p. 36; 6943:, p. 92; 6933: 6921: 6919:, p. 156. 6909: 6897: 6895:, p. 153. 6882: 6880:, p. 152. 6870: 6858: 6852:, p. 30; 6842: 6830: 6828:, p. 149. 6824:, p. 78; 6814: 6798: 6792:, p. 35; 6782: 6766: 6764:, p. 157. 6751: 6739: 6737:, p. 123. 6727: 6721:, p. 33; 6711: 6709:, p. 130. 6695: 6693:, p. 129. 6683: 6681:, p. 127. 6668: 6656: 6654:, p. 121. 6650:, p. 73; 6640: 6638:, p. 121. 6628: 6616: 6614:, p. 120. 6610:, p. 29; 6606:, p. 32; 6602:, p. 65; 6592: 6580: 6578:, p. 125. 6564: 6562:, p. 124. 6558:, p. 30; 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6506:, p. 119. 6502:, p. 28; 6498:, p. 32; 6494:, p. 63; 6484: 6482:, p. 116. 6469: 6463:, p. 61; 6453: 6451:, p. 107. 6441: 6435:, p. 24; 6431:, p. 50; 6421: 6419:, p. 149. 6409: 6407:, p. 102. 6392: 6386:, p. 49; 6376: 6374:, p. 100. 6364: 6358:, p. 23; 6348: 6336: 6334:, p. 100. 6330:, p. 23; 6320: 6314:, p. 23; 6310:, p. 31; 6306:, p. 47; 6296: 6284: 6278:, p. 25; 6274:, p. 32; 6270:, p. 74; 6260: 6248: 6236: 6230:, p. 22; 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6166:, p. 29; 6162:, p. 19; 6158:, p. 63; 6148: 6142:, p. 29; 6138:, p. 19; 6124: 6118:, p. 23; 6108: 6102:, p. 23; 6098:, p. 19; 6088: 6076: 6060: 6048: 6042:, p. 31; 6032: 6026:, p. 21; 6016: 6000: 5994:, p. 20; 5984: 5968: 5956: 5950:, p. 42; 5940: 5928: 5916: 5910:, p. 20; 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5855:, p. 15; 5845: 5839:, p. 20; 5829: 5823:, p. 19; 5819:, p. 11; 5805: 5793: 5787:, p. 19; 5777: 5765: 5759:, p. 19; 5755:, p. 10; 5745: 5739:, p. 19; 5729: 5717: 5705: 5699:, p. 14; 5689: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5632:, p. 18; 5618: 5603: 5597:, p. 18; 5583: 5577:, p. 18; 5567: 5555: 5549:, p. 18; 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5469:, p. 17; 5455: 5449:, p. 17; 5435: 5423: 5407: 5401:, p. 16; 5391: 5379: 5373:, p. 15; 5363: 5347: 5335: 5320: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5275:, p. 15; 5261: 5255:, p. 15; 5245: 5233: 5227:, p. 15; 5219:, p. 22; 5209: 5181: 5162: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5109: 5105:The Queen died 5097: 4946: 4917: 4904: 4875: 4859: 4846: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4751:Alvis Hermanis 4730: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4684:The New Russia 4681: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4514:Reagan Library 4497: 4494: 4480:The historian 4473:in the 1990s. 4454:British Empire 4443: 4442: 4420: 4419: 4401: 4385: 4382: 4355:January Events 4339:Brian Mulroney 4334:Justin Trudeau 4314:Micheál Martin 4292:Naina Yeltsina 4281: 4278: 4237:lying in state 4228: 4225: 4149: 4146: 4134:Main article: 4131: 4128: 4091: 4088: 4046: 4043: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3889: 3853:Wind of Change 3807:Michael McFaul 3751: 3748: 3696:Vladimir Putin 3679: 3676: 3638:Main article: 3635: 3632: 3561: 3560: 3542: 3541: 3507:Apple Computer 3438: 3435: 3433: 3432:Post-USSR life 3430: 3394:Brest, Belarus 3301:Main article: 3298: 3295: 3225:buildings and 3177: 3174: 3124:invaded Kuwait 3120:Saddam Hussein 3101:some confusion 3091: 3088: 3068:1990 elections 3019: 3016: 2999: 2996: 2955:, October 1990 2883:Operation Ring 2863:Crimean Tatars 2845: 2842: 2800:Soviet Embassy 2715: 2712: 2665: 2662: 2654:Nina Andreyeva 2594:Katyn massacre 2585:Supreme Soviet 2579: 2576: 2566: 2563: 2547:socialist camp 2539:Hafez al-Assad 2504:Erich Honecker 2414: 2413:Foreign policy 2411: 2390:intelligentsia 2381:Yury Afanasyev 2371:Yegor Yakovlev 2361:Sergei Zalygin 2327:bootleg liquor 2253: 2250: 2230:Viktor Grishin 2200: 2197: 2178: 2177: 2157:it, or adding 2134: 2132: 2125: 2107: 2104: 2096:Andrei Gromyko 2060:Pierre Trudeau 2052:Vladimir Lenin 1979: 1976: 1952:Mikhail Suslov 1948:Alexei Kosygin 1907:Giuseppe Boffa 1869: 1866: 1850:Czechoslovakia 1799:Fyodor Kulakov 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1638:Order of Lenin 1506: 1505: 1463:, then in the 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1429:Vladimir Putin 1284:. Studying at 1235:Supreme Soviet 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1055:Foreign policy 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1012: 1011: 1009:1989 elections 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 963: 950: 949: 925: 924: 921: 920: 908:a series about 904: 902: 886: 885: 882: 881: 879: 878: 873: 862: 854: 853: 851: 850: 847: 841: 831: 830: 829: 826: 825: 802: 783: 776: 753: 752: 751: 748: 747: 740: 729: 724: 723: 722: 721: 720: 717: 716: 707: 703: 702: 695: 691: 690: 684: 680: 679: 667: 661: 660: 657: 653: 652: 641: 637: 632: 631: 629: 625: 624: 622: 621: 613: 605: 597: 589: 580: 578: 574: 573: 567: 563: 562: 561:Moscow, Russia 559:(aged 91) 555:30 August 2022 553: 549: 548: 529: 525: 524: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 490: 484: 483: 480: 474: 473: 463: 462: 455: 454: 449: 443: 442: 437: 431: 430: 420: 419: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 395: 394: 390: 387: 381: 380: 378:Andrei Gromyko 375: 369: 368: 358: 357: 351: 350: 347: 341: 340: 333: 330: 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 303: 302: 296: 295: 293: 292: 283: 279: 277: 271: 270: 268: 267: 264:1991, disputed 260: 253: 248: 246: 240: 239: 234: 231:Vice President 226: 225: 215: 214: 208: 207: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 172: 171: 166: 161: 155: 153: 149: 148: 138: 137: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 115: 114: 106: 105: 102: 95: 94: 74:it, or adding 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 32515: 32504: 32501: 32499: 32496: 32494: 32491: 32489: 32486: 32484: 32481: 32479: 32476: 32474: 32471: 32469: 32466: 32464: 32461: 32459: 32456: 32454: 32451: 32449: 32446: 32444: 32441: 32439: 32436: 32434: 32431: 32429: 32426: 32424: 32421: 32419: 32416: 32414: 32411: 32409: 32406: 32404: 32401: 32399: 32396: 32394: 32391: 32389: 32386: 32384: 32381: 32379: 32376: 32374: 32371: 32369: 32366: 32364: 32361: 32359: 32356: 32354: 32351: 32349: 32346: 32344: 32341: 32339: 32336: 32334: 32331: 32329: 32326: 32324: 32321: 32319: 32316: 32314: 32311: 32309: 32306: 32304: 32301: 32299: 32296: 32294: 32291: 32289: 32286: 32284: 32281: 32279: 32276: 32274: 32271: 32269: 32266: 32264: 32261: 32259: 32256: 32254: 32251: 32249: 32246: 32245: 32243: 32232:from Wikidata 32231: 32230: 32218: 32214: 32213: 32201: 32197: 32196: 32184: 32181:from Wikinews 32180: 32179: 32167: 32163: 32162: 32150: 32149: 32146: 32140: 32132: 32127: 32122: 32120: 32110: 32108: 32098: 32096: 32086: 32085: 32082: 32062: 32058: 32055: 32054:Mother Teresa 32051: 32048: 32044: 32041: 32037: 32034: 32030: 32027: 32023: 32020: 32016: 32013: 32009: 32006: 32002: 31999: 31995: 31992: 31988: 31985: 31981: 31978: 31974: 31971: 31967: 31963: 31960: 31956: 31953: 31949: 31946: 31942: 31939: 31935: 31932: 31928: 31925: 31921: 31920: 31918: 31914: 31907: 31903: 31900: 31896: 31893: 31889: 31888:Francis Crick 31885: 31882: 31878: 31875: 31871: 31868: 31864: 31861: 31857: 31854: 31853:Leakey family 31850: 31847: 31843: 31840: 31836: 31833: 31829: 31826: 31822: 31819: 31818:Sigmund Freud 31815: 31812: 31808: 31805: 31801: 31798: 31794: 31791: 31787: 31784: 31783:Rachel Carson 31780: 31777: 31773: 31770: 31769:Leo Baekeland 31766: 31765: 31763: 31759: 31752: 31748: 31745: 31741: 31738: 31734: 31731: 31730:David Sarnoff 31727: 31724: 31720: 31717: 31713: 31710: 31706: 31703: 31699: 31696: 31692: 31689: 31688:Lucky Luciano 31685: 31682: 31678: 31675: 31671: 31668: 31664: 31661: 31657: 31654: 31650: 31647: 31643: 31640: 31636: 31633: 31629: 31626: 31622: 31619: 31615: 31614: 31612: 31608: 31601: 31600:Oprah Winfrey 31597: 31594: 31590: 31587: 31583: 31580: 31579:Frank Sinatra 31576: 31573: 31569: 31566: 31562: 31559: 31558:Pablo Picasso 31555: 31552: 31548: 31545: 31541: 31538: 31537:Martha Graham 31534: 31531: 31527: 31524: 31520: 31517: 31513: 31510: 31506: 31503: 31499: 31496: 31492: 31489: 31488:Marlon Brando 31485: 31482: 31478: 31475: 31471: 31468: 31464: 31463: 31461: 31457: 31450: 31446: 31443: 31439: 31436: 31432: 31429: 31425: 31422: 31418: 31415: 31411: 31408: 31404: 31401: 31400:Ronald Reagan 31397: 31394: 31390: 31387: 31383: 31380: 31376: 31373: 31369: 31366: 31362: 31359: 31355: 31352: 31348: 31345: 31341: 31338: 31334: 31331: 31327: 31324: 31320: 31317: 31313: 31312: 31310: 31306: 31302: 31300: 31292: 31287: 31285: 31280: 31278: 31273: 31272: 31269: 31257: 31254: 31253: 31249: 31247: 31244: 31243: 31239: 31238: 31236: 31232: 31226: 31223: 31222: 31218: 31216: 31213: 31212: 31208: 31206: 31203: 31202: 31198: 31195: 31191: 31188: 31187: 31183: 31181: 31180: 31176: 31175: 31171: 31168: 31164: 31163: 31159: 31158: 31154: 31151: 31147: 31146: 31142: 31141: 31137: 31134: 31130: 31129: 31125: 31124: 31120: 31119: 31117: 31113: 31105: 31102: 31101: 31100: 31099: 31095: 31094: 31090: 31089: 31087: 31085: 31080: 31072: 31069: 31068: 31067: 31064: 31063: 31062:Boris Yeltsin 31059: 31058: 31056: 31052: 31048: 31044: 31037: 31032: 31030: 31025: 31023: 31018: 31017: 31014: 30997: 30993: 30990: 30986: 30984: 30980: 30978: 30974: 30972: 30968: 30966: 30962: 30958: 30956: 30952: 30950: 30946: 30944: 30940: 30936: 30934: 30930: 30929: 30926: 30919: 30915: 30905: 30901: 30898: 30894: 30892: 30888: 30886: 30882: 30880: 30876: 30872: 30870: 30866: 30863: 30859: 30855: 30851: 30847: 30845: 30841: 30839: 30835: 30833: 30829: 30827: 30823: 30821: 30817: 30815: 30811: 30809: 30805: 30803: 30799: 30797: 30793: 30789: 30785: 30781: 30779: 30775: 30771: 30767: 30763: 30759: 30755: 30751: 30749: 30745: 30741: 30739: 30735: 30733: 30729: 30727: 30726:Yasser Arafat 30723: 30722:Yitzhak Rabin 30719: 30717: 30713: 30711: 30707: 30703: 30700: 30696: 30694: 30690: 30688: 30684: 30680: 30678: 30674: 30672: 30668: 30666: 30662: 30658: 30656: 30655:Raúl Alfonsín 30652: 30650: 30646: 30644: 30640: 30638: 30634: 30632: 30628: 30627: 30624: 30617: 30613: 30608: 30600: 30595: 30593: 30588: 30586: 30581: 30580: 30577: 30565: 30562: 30560: 30557: 30555: 30552: 30550: 30547: 30545: 30542: 30540: 30537: 30535: 30532: 30530: 30527: 30525: 30522: 30520: 30517: 30515: 30512: 30509: 30505: 30504: 30501: 30494: 30491: 30488: 30487:Merton Miller 30485: 30482: 30479: 30478: 30476: 30474: 30470: 30463: 30460: 30457: 30454: 30453: 30451: 30449: 30445: 30438: 30435: 30432: 30429: 30426: 30423: 30422: 30420: 30418: 30414: 30409: 30405: 30403: 30399: 30394: 30390: 30387: 30383: 30379: 30374: 30370: 30368: 30364: 30359: 30351: 30346: 30344: 30339: 30337: 30332: 30331: 30328: 30315: 30311: 30307: 30304: 30300: 30296: 30293: 30289: 30285: 30281: 30277: 30274: 30270: 30266: 30262: 30259: 30255: 30251: 30248: 30244: 30240: 30237: 30233: 30232:Denis Mukwege 30229: 30225: 30222: 30218: 30214: 30211: 30207: 30203: 30200: 30196: 30192: 30189: 30185: 30181: 30177: 30174: 30170: 30166: 30163: 30159: 30155: 30152: 30148: 30147:Leymah Gbowee 30144: 30140: 30136: 30133: 30129: 30125: 30122: 30118: 30114: 30111: 30107: 30103: 30100: 30096: 30092: 30088: 30085: 30081: 30077: 30073: 30070: 30066: 30062: 30058: 30055: 30051: 30047: 30044: 30040: 30036: 30033: 30029: 30025: 30022: 30018: 30014: 30010: 30009: 30007: 30003: 29996: 29991: 29988: 29983: 29980: 29979:David Trimble 29976: 29971: 29968: 29967:Jody Williams 29964: 29959: 29956: 29952: 29947: 29944: 29940: 29935: 29932: 29931:Yasser Arafat 29928: 29927:Yitzhak Rabin 29924: 29919: 29916: 29912: 29907: 29904: 29899: 29896: 29891: 29888: 29883: 29880: 29875: 29872: 29867: 29864: 29859: 29856: 29851: 29848: 29843: 29840: 29835: 29832: 29827: 29824: 29820: 29815: 29812: 29807: 29804: 29799: 29796: 29795:Mother Teresa 29791: 29788: 29784: 29779: 29776: 29771: 29768: 29764: 29759: 29758: 29756: 29752: 29745: 29740: 29737: 29733: 29732:Seán MacBride 29728: 29725: 29721: 29719: 29713: 29706: 29703: 29699: 29695: 29692: 29688: 29684: 29681: 29677: 29673: 29670: 29666: 29662: 29658: 29653: 29649: 29644: 29641: 29637: 29633: 29630: 29626: 29622: 29619: 29615: 29610: 29607: 29606:Linus Pauling 29602: 29599: 29594: 29591: 29586: 29583: 29578: 29575: 29570: 29567: 29562: 29555: 29548: 29545: 29540: 29537: 29532: 29529: 29524: 29521: 29516: 29515: 29513: 29509: 29502: 29497: 29494: 29493:John Boyd Orr 29489: 29482: 29479: 29475: 29470: 29467: 29463: 29458: 29455: 29450: 29447: 29442: 29435: 29428: 29421: 29414: 29407: 29404: 29399: 29396: 29391: 29388: 29383: 29380: 29375: 29372: 29367: 29364: 29363:Norman Angell 29359: 29352: 29349: 29345: 29340: 29337: 29332: 29329: 29324: 29317: 29314: 29313:Ludwig Quidde 29310: 29305: 29302: 29298: 29293: 29292: 29290: 29286: 29279: 29278:Charles Dawes 29275: 29270: 29263: 29256: 29253: 29248: 29245: 29241: 29236: 29233: 29228: 29225: 29220: 29213: 29210: 29205: 29198: 29191: 29184: 29181: 29176: 29173: 29168: 29165: 29161: 29156: 29153: 29148: 29145: 29141: 29136: 29133: 29132:Fredrik Bajer 29129: 29124: 29121: 29120:Louis Renault 29117: 29112: 29109: 29104: 29101: 29096: 29093: 29088: 29085: 29084:Randal Cremer 29080: 29077: 29076:Charles Gobat 29073: 29072:Élie Ducommun 29068: 29065: 29061: 29057: 29053: 29052: 29050: 29046: 29042: 29038: 29031: 29026: 29024: 29019: 29017: 29012: 29011: 29008: 28997: 28991: 28983: 28979: 28978:Julie Andrews 28975: 28971: 28967: 28963: 28959: 28955: 28951: 28947: 28943: 28939: 28938: 28933: 28929: 28925: 28921: 28917: 28913: 28912: 28907: 28903: 28899: 28895: 28891: 28887: 28883: 28879: 28878: 28873: 28869: 28865: 28864: 28859: 28855: 28851: 28847: 28846: 28844: 28840: 28832: 28828: 28827: 28822: 28818: 28814: 28810: 28809:Graham Greene 28806: 28802: 28798: 28794: 28790: 28786: 28785: 28780: 28776: 28772: 28771: 28766: 28762: 28758: 28757: 28752: 28748: 28744: 28743: 28738: 28734: 28730: 28729: 28724: 28723: 28721: 28717: 28713: 28706: 28701: 28699: 28694: 28692: 28687: 28686: 28683: 28669: 28665: 28661: 28657: 28653: 28649: 28645: 28641: 28640:Kamala Harris 28637: 28633: 28629: 28625: 28620: 28619: 28614: 28610: 28606: 28602: 28596: 28592: 28588: 28584: 28580: 28576: 28575:Angela Merkel 28572: 28567: 28566:Salome Karwah 28563: 28559: 28554: 28550: 28546: 28542: 28538: 28534: 28533:The Protester 28530: 28526: 28522: 28518: 28514: 28510: 28506: 28502: 28498: 28494: 28490: 28485: 28484:Melinda Gates 28481: 28477: 28471: 28467: 28463: 28459: 28455: 28450: 28446: 28445:Coleen Rowley 28442: 28436: 28432: 28428: 28427: 28425: 28421: 28413: 28409: 28405: 28401: 28397: 28393: 28389: 28385: 28381: 28377: 28373: 28369: 28368:Newt Gingrich 28365: 28361: 28357: 28352: 28351:Yitzhak Rabin 28348: 28344: 28340: 28339:Yasser Arafat 28334: 28330: 28326: 28322: 28318: 28314: 28310: 28306: 28302: 28298: 28294: 28290: 28286: 28282: 28278: 28274: 28273:Deng Xiaoping 28270: 28266: 28262: 28258: 28257:Yuri Andropov 28254: 28253:Ronald Reagan 28250: 28246: 28242: 28238: 28234: 28230: 28229:Ronald Reagan 28226: 28222: 28218: 28214: 28213:Deng Xiaoping 28210: 28206: 28202: 28198: 28194: 28193: 28191: 28187: 28178: 28174: 28170: 28166: 28162: 28158: 28154: 28150: 28146: 28142: 28138: 28134: 28128: 28124: 28120: 28116: 28112: 28108: 28107:Richard Nixon 28104: 28100: 28096: 28095:Richard Nixon 28092: 28088: 28084: 28080: 28076: 28071: 28067: 28063: 28059: 28054: 28050: 28046: 28042: 28038: 28034: 28030: 28026: 28022: 28018: 28014: 28010: 28006: 28002: 27998: 27993: 27989: 27985: 27981: 27980:Edward Teller 27977: 27973: 27969: 27965: 27961: 27960:Linus Pauling 27957: 27956:Willard Libby 27953: 27949: 27945: 27941: 27937: 27936:George Beadle 27931: 27927: 27923: 27919: 27915: 27911: 27907: 27903: 27899: 27895: 27891: 27887: 27883: 27879: 27875: 27871: 27870:Elizabeth II 27867: 27863: 27859: 27858: 27856: 27852: 27844: 27840: 27836: 27832: 27828: 27824: 27820: 27816: 27812: 27808: 27804: 27800: 27796: 27792: 27788: 27784: 27780: 27779:Joseph Stalin 27776: 27772: 27768: 27764: 27760: 27756: 27755:Joseph Stalin 27752: 27748: 27744: 27740: 27736: 27732: 27728: 27724: 27720: 27716: 27712: 27708: 27704: 27700: 27696: 27692: 27688: 27684: 27680: 27676: 27672: 27671:Owen D. Young 27668: 27664: 27660: 27656: 27652: 27651: 27649: 27645: 27641: 27639: 27631: 27626: 27624: 27619: 27617: 27612: 27611: 27608: 27596: 27593: 27591: 27588: 27586: 27583: 27582: 27580: 27576: 27566: 27565:Jewish Agency 27563: 27561: 27558: 27557: 27555: 27551: 27545: 27542: 27540: 27537: 27535: 27532: 27530: 27527: 27526: 27524: 27522:United States 27520: 27514: 27511: 27509: 27506: 27504: 27501: 27499: 27496: 27494: 27491: 27490: 27488: 27484: 27481: 27479:Organisations 27477: 27463: 27458: 27453: 27452: 27450: 27446: 27440: 27435: 27430: 27429: 27427: 27423: 27420: 27416: 27410: 27407: 27405: 27402: 27400: 27397: 27395: 27394:Simcha Dinitz 27392: 27390: 27387: 27385: 27382: 27380: 27377: 27375: 27372: 27370: 27369:Yitzhak Rabin 27367: 27365: 27362: 27361: 27359: 27355: 27349: 27346: 27344: 27341: 27339: 27338:Charles Vanik 27336: 27334: 27331: 27329: 27328:George Shultz 27326: 27324: 27321: 27319: 27318:Ronald Reagan 27316: 27314: 27311: 27310: 27308: 27306:United States 27304: 27294: 27291: 27289: 27286: 27284: 27281: 27279: 27276: 27274: 27271: 27270: 27268: 27266: 27262: 27256: 27253: 27251: 27248: 27246: 27245:Yakov Fishman 27243: 27241: 27238: 27236: 27233: 27231: 27228: 27226: 27225:Yuri Andropov 27223: 27221: 27218: 27217: 27215: 27213: 27209: 27205: 27202: 27200: 27196: 27192: 27189: 27185: 27179: 27176: 27174: 27171: 27169: 27166: 27164: 27161: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27145: 27143: 27139: 27129: 27128:Georgian Jews 27126: 27124: 27123:Bukharan Jews 27121: 27119: 27116: 27114: 27111: 27109: 27108:Mountain Jews 27106: 27104: 27101: 27100: 27098: 27096: 27095:Jewish groups 27092: 27086: 27083: 27081: 27080:Slánský trial 27078: 27076: 27073: 27071: 27068: 27066: 27063: 27061: 27060:Joseph Stalin 27058: 27056: 27053: 27051: 27050:The Holocaust 27048: 27047: 27045: 27041: 27038: 27034: 27023: 27019: 27016:movement and 27015: 27008: 27003: 27001: 26996: 26994: 26989: 26988: 26985: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26961: 26958: 26956: 26953: 26952: 26951: 26948: 26946: 26943: 26941: 26938: 26936: 26933: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26916: 26913: 26911: 26908: 26906: 26903: 26901: 26898: 26897: 26895: 26891: 26885: 26882: 26876: 26873: 26871: 26868: 26866: 26863: 26862: 26861: 26858: 26856: 26853: 26851: 26848: 26847: 26845: 26843: 26840: 26838: 26835: 26833: 26830: 26828: 26825: 26823: 26820: 26818: 26815: 26813: 26810: 26808: 26805: 26804: 26802: 26800:Peace process 26798: 26790: 26787: 26786: 26785: 26774: 26773: 26768: 26765: 26764: 26763: 26752: 26751: 26746: 26743: 26741: 26740:Pavel Grachev 26738: 26736: 26726: 26725: 26724: 26713: 26712: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26681:Rahim Gaziyev 26679: 26677: 26674: 26673: 26672: 26661: 26660: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26626: 26625: 26614: 26613: 26608: 26605: 26603: 26600: 26598: 26595: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26579: 26578: 26567: 26566: 26564: 26560: 26552: 26549: 26547: 26544: 26543: 26542: 26531: 26530: 26525: 26522: 26520: 26519:Boris Yeltsin 26517: 26515: 26505: 26504: 26503: 26492: 26491: 26486: 26483: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26472: 26471: 26468: 26464: 26461: 26459: 26458:Heydar Aliyev 26456: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26445: 26444: 26433: 26432: 26427: 26424: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26416:Bako Sahakyan 26414: 26412: 26409: 26407: 26404: 26402: 26399: 26397: 26394: 26393: 26392: 26381: 26380: 26375: 26372: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26360: 26357: 26356: 26355: 26344: 26343: 26341: 26337: 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26317: 26314: 26313: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26289: 26288: 26287: 26284: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26265: 26262: 26260: 26257: 26255: 26252: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26241: 26240: 26237: 26236: 26234: 26230: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26212: 26209: 26208: 26207: 26204: 26202: 26199: 26197: 26194: 26192: 26189: 26187: 26184: 26182: 26179: 26175: 26172: 26171: 26170: 26169:Border crisis 26167: 26165: 26162: 26160: 26157: 26155: 26152: 26151: 26149: 26145: 26137: 26134: 26133: 26132: 26129: 26127: 26124: 26122: 26119: 26117: 26114: 26112: 26109: 26106: 26102: 26098: 26094: 26090: 26086: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26072: 26070: 26067: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26055: 26052: 26051: 26049: 26046: 26042: 26034: 26031: 26029: 26026: 26024: 26021: 26020: 26019: 26016: 26013: 26011: 26008: 26004: 26001: 26000: 25998: 25996: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25978: 25975: 25973: 25970: 25968: 25965: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25953: 25951: 25947: 25941: 25938: 25936: 25933: 25931: 25928: 25926: 25923: 25921: 25918: 25916: 25913: 25910: 25908: 25905: 25903: 25900: 25898: 25895: 25893: 25890: 25887: 25884: 25881: 25879: 25876: 25874: 25871: 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25835: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25823: 25820: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25802: 25801:Bağanis Ayrum 25799: 25797: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25779: 25776: 25774: 25773:Gugark pogrom 25771: 25769: 25766: 25764: 25763:Askeran clash 25761: 25759: 25756: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25746: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25730: 25727: 25723: 25720: 25719: 25718: 25715: 25711: 25708: 25707: 25706: 25703: 25701: 25698: 25696: 25693: 25691: 25688: 25684: 25681: 25680: 25679: 25676: 25675: 25673: 25669: 25665: 25658: 25653: 25651: 25646: 25644: 25639: 25638: 25635: 25623: 25615: 25613: 25605: 25603: 25602: 25591: 25590: 25587: 25581: 25580: 25576: 25574: 25573: 25569: 25567: 25566: 25562: 25560: 25559: 25555: 25553: 25552: 25548: 25546: 25545: 25541: 25539: 25538: 25534: 25532: 25531: 25527: 25525: 25524: 25520: 25518: 25517: 25513: 25511: 25510: 25506: 25504: 25503: 25499: 25497: 25496: 25492: 25490: 25489: 25485: 25483: 25482: 25481:List of films 25478: 25477: 25475: 25471: 25465: 25462: 25460: 25457: 25455: 25452: 25450: 25447: 25446: 25444: 25440: 25434: 25431: 25429: 25426: 25425: 25423: 25419: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25398: 25395: 25393: 25390: 25388: 25385: 25383: 25380: 25378: 25375: 25373: 25370: 25368: 25365: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25349: 25347: 25343: 25337: 25334: 25332: 25329: 25327: 25324: 25322: 25319: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25302: 25299: 25297: 25294: 25292: 25289: 25287: 25284: 25283: 25281: 25277: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25247: 25244: 25242: 25239: 25237: 25234: 25233: 25231: 25227: 25221: 25218: 25216: 25213: 25211: 25210:Babrak Karmal 25208: 25206: 25203: 25201: 25198: 25196: 25195:Yuri Andropov 25193: 25191: 25188: 25187: 25185: 25181: 25178: 25174: 25164: 25161: 25159: 25158:Hezb-e Wahdat 25156: 25154: 25151: 25147: 25144: 25143: 25142: 25139: 25135: 25134:Shura-e Nazar 25132: 25131: 25130: 25127: 25125: 25122: 25121: 25119: 25115: 25109: 25106: 25104: 25101: 25100: 25098: 25094: 25091: 25087: 25081: 25077: 25073: 25072: 25069: 25065: 25058: 25053: 25051: 25046: 25044: 25039: 25038: 25035: 25023: 25020: 25018: 25015: 25013: 25010: 25009: 25006: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24984:War on terror 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24962: 24961: 24959: 24955: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24885: 24883: 24879:Espionage and 24877: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24830:Andrew Thorpe 24828: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24801: 24798: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24733: 24731: 24728: 24726: 24725:Gabriel Kolko 24723: 24721: 24718: 24716: 24713: 24711: 24708: 24706: 24703: 24701: 24698: 24696: 24693: 24691: 24690:Fred Halliday 24688: 24686: 24683: 24681: 24678: 24676: 24675:Lloyd Gardner 24673: 24671: 24668: 24666: 24663: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24653: 24651: 24648: 24646: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24635:Norman Davies 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24621: 24620:John Costello 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24587: 24585: 24581: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24561: 24559: 24555:Technological 24553: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24535: 24534: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24525: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24514: 24513: 24509: 24508: 24506: 24502: 24496: 24495: 24491: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24483: 24479: 24477: 24476: 24472: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24464: 24460: 24458: 24457: 24453: 24451: 24450: 24446: 24444: 24441: 24440: 24438: 24436:Pro-communist 24434: 24431: 24427: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24367: 24365: 24363:Organizations 24361: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24313: 24311: 24308: 24306: 24303: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24286: 24283: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24232: 24230: 24226: 24220: 24217: 24215: 24212: 24210: 24207: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24194: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24177:Eurocommunism 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24159: 24157: 24155: 24151: 24145: 24142: 24140: 24137: 24135: 24132: 24130: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24120: 24117: 24115: 24112: 24108: 24105: 24104: 24103: 24100: 24098: 24095: 24093: 24090: 24089: 24087: 24085: 24081: 24078: 24074: 24068: 24065: 24063: 24060: 24058: 24055: 24053: 24050: 24048: 24045: 24043: 24040: 24038: 24035: 24033: 24030: 24028: 24025: 24023: 24020: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24007:Domino theory 24005: 24003: 24000: 23998: 23995: 23993: 23990: 23989: 23987: 23983: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23961:South Ossetia 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23938: 23936: 23934: 23930: 23924: 23921: 23917: 23914: 23913: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23868: 23866: 23862: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23848: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23755: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23745:8888 Uprising 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23726: 23723: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23708: 23706: 23703: 23701: 23698: 23696: 23693: 23691: 23690:Iran–Iraq War 23688: 23686: 23683: 23681: 23678: 23676: 23673: 23671: 23668: 23666: 23663: 23661: 23658: 23656: 23655:Falklands War 23653: 23651: 23648: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23636: 23633: 23631: 23628: 23626: 23623: 23619: 23616: 23615: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23599: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23581: 23579: 23575: 23569: 23566: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23518:NDF Rebellion 23516: 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23504: 23501: 23499: 23498:German Autumn 23496: 23494: 23491: 23489: 23486: 23484: 23481: 23479: 23478: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23441: 23438: 23436: 23433: 23431: 23428: 23426: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23385:Metapolitefsi 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23346: 23343: 23341: 23338: 23336: 23333: 23331: 23328: 23326: 23323: 23321: 23318: 23316: 23313: 23311: 23308: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23280: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23264: 23261: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23251: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23229: 23226: 23225: 23223: 23219: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23198: 23195: 23193: 23190: 23186: 23183: 23182: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23154: 23149: 23147: 23146:Prague Spring 23144: 23140: 23137: 23136: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23124:Al-Wadiah War 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23089:12-3 incident 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23018: 23015: 23014: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22990: 22988: 22985: 22983: 22980: 22978: 22975: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22958: 22955: 22953: 22950: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22932: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22894: 22891: 22890: 22889: 22886: 22882: 22879: 22878: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22848: 22846: 22842: 22836: 22833: 22829: 22826: 22825: 22824: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22768: 22763: 22760: 22756: 22754: 22751: 22749: 22746: 22744: 22741: 22739: 22736: 22733: 22729: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22697: 22694: 22692: 22689: 22687: 22686: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22668:Domino theory 22666: 22664: 22663:Petrov Affair 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22600: 22598: 22594: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22571: 22568: 22567: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22540:Madiun Affair 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22500:Marshall Plan 22498: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22408: 22403: 22401: 22400: 22395: 22393: 22392: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22369: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22349: 22344: 22342: 22341: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22310: 22308: 22304: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22257: 22253: 22251: 22250: 22249:United States 22246: 22245: 22242: 22238: 22231: 22226: 22224: 22219: 22217: 22212: 22211: 22208: 22196: 22193: 22192: 22190: 22186: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22174:Yugoslav Wars 22172: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22164:Neo-Stalinism 22162: 22160: 22159:Neo-Sovietism 22157: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22126: 22124: 22120: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22043:Black January 22041: 22039: 22036: 22034: 22031: 22029: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21981: 21979: 21976: 21974: 21971: 21970: 21968: 21962: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21893: 21891: 21887: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21802: 21800: 21796: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21777: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21747: 21746: 21744: 21738: 21735: 21729: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21620: 21619: 21617: 21611: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21594:Ronald Reagan 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21574:Zhelyu Zhelev 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21554:Boris Yeltsin 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21534:Joachim Gauck 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21481: 21479: 21473: 21467: 21466:Strike action 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21428: 21426: 21420: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21408:Todor Zhivkov 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21398:Deng Xiaoping 21396: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21325: 21323: 21317: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21276: 21274: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21265: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21255: 21253: 21249: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21227:Soviet Empire 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21194: 21192: 21188:International 21186: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21114: 21108: 21104: 21097: 21092: 21090: 21085: 21083: 21078: 21077: 21074: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21013:Mitja Ribičič 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20990: 20988: 20986: 20982: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20965:Yuri Andropov 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20945:Joseph Stalin 20943: 20941: 20938: 20937: 20935: 20933: 20929: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20909: 20907: 20905: 20901: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20879:Edward Gierek 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20861: 20859: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20846: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20811:Mátyás Rákosi 20809: 20808: 20806: 20804: 20800: 20796: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20769:Wilhelm Pieck 20767: 20766: 20764: 20762: 20758: 20752: 20751:Karel Urbánek 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20719: 20715: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20703:Todor Zhivkov 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20690: 20688: 20686: 20682: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20665: 20663: 20659: 20656: 20655: 20650: 20646: 20642: 20638: 20630: 20625: 20623: 20618: 20616: 20611: 20610: 20607: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20539:Heydar Aliyev 20537: 20536: 20534: 20530: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20459: 20456: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20433:Yuri Andropov 20431: 20430: 20428: 20424: 20419: 20412: 20407: 20405: 20400: 20398: 20393: 20392: 20389: 20377: 20376:Boris Yeltsin 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20311:Heydar Aliyev 20309: 20308: 20306: 20302: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20255:Heydar Aliyev 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20195:Yuri Andropov 20193: 20192: 20190: 20186: 20181: 20174: 20169: 20167: 20162: 20160: 20155: 20154: 20151: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096:Yuri Solovyev 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20077:Boris Yeltsin 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20064: 20062: 20058: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19965:Heydar Aliyev 19963: 19962: 19960: 19956: 19951: 19944: 19939: 19937: 19932: 19930: 19925: 19924: 19921: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19863:Yegor Stroyev 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19833:Ivan Polozkov 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19793:Islam Karimov 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19760: 19757: 19752: 19745: 19740: 19738: 19733: 19731: 19726: 19725: 19722: 19709: 19706: 19703: 19700: 19697: 19694: 19691: 19688: 19687: 19685: 19681: 19674: 19671: 19668: 19665: 19662: 19659: 19656: 19653: 19650: 19647: 19644: 19641: 19638: 19635: 19632: 19629: 19626: 19623: 19620: 19617: 19614: 19611: 19610: 19608: 19604: 19600: 19596: 19589: 19584: 19582: 19577: 19575: 19570: 19569: 19566: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19520: 19518: 19514: 19507: 19504: 19501: 19498: 19495: 19492: 19489: 19486: 19483: 19480: 19477: 19474: 19471: 19468: 19465: 19462: 19459: 19456: 19453: 19450: 19447: 19444: 19441: 19438: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19426: 19424: 19420: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19391: 19389: 19385: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19351: 19349: 19345: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19230: 19227: 19223: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19168:9th (1920–21) 19166: 19165: 19163: 19161: 19157: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19075:8th (1919–21) 19073: 19072: 19070: 19068: 19064: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18967:9th (1920–21) 18965: 18963: 18962:8th (1919–20) 18960: 18958: 18957:7th (1918–19) 18955: 18953: 18952:6th (1917–18) 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18937:5th (1907–12) 18935: 18933: 18932:4th (1906–07) 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18917:2nd (1903–05) 18915: 18913: 18910: 18909: 18907: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18892: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18858: 18856: 18854: 18850: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18830: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18787: 18785: 18783: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18767: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18708: 18706: 18704: 18700: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18648:9th (1920–21) 18646: 18644: 18643:8th (1919–20) 18641: 18639: 18636: 18635: 18633: 18631: 18627: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18530:9th (1920–21) 18528: 18526: 18525:8th (1919–20) 18523: 18521: 18520:7th (1918–19) 18518: 18516: 18515:6th (1917–18) 18513: 18512: 18510: 18508: 18504: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18407:9th (1920–21) 18405: 18403: 18402:8th (1919–20) 18400: 18398: 18397:7th (1918–19) 18395: 18393: 18392:6th (1917–18) 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18375: 18371: 18368: 18362: 18359: 18355: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18251: 18249: 18247: 18243: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18098: 18096: 18094: 18090: 18087: 18083: 18073: 18072: 18068: 18066: 18065: 18061: 18060: 18058: 18054: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17997:International 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17944: 17942: 17940: 17936: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17905: 17898: 17894: 17891: 17888: 17885: 17882: 17879: 17876: 17875:Yuri Andropov 17873: 17870: 17867: 17864: 17861: 17858: 17857:Joseph Stalin 17855: 17852: 17849: 17846: 17843: 17840: 17839:Elena Stasova 17837: 17834: 17831: 17828: 17827:Elena Stasova 17825: 17824: 17822: 17820: 17816: 17809: 17806: 17803: 17800: 17797: 17796:Yuri Andropov 17794: 17791: 17788: 17785: 17782: 17779: 17778:Joseph Stalin 17776: 17773: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17765: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17752: 17748: 17741: 17736: 17734: 17729: 17727: 17722: 17721: 17718: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17683: 17681: 17679: 17675: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17640: 17638: 17634: 17631: 17627: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17590:Kosygin's 1st 17588: 17587: 17585: 17583: 17579: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17567:Yuri Andropov 17565: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17548: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17539: 17535: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17307: 17303: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17259: 17255: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17148:Prague Spring 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17111: 17106: 17104: 17099: 17097: 17092: 17091: 17088: 17082: 17075: 17066: 17057: 17056: 17049: 17046: 17045: 17041: 17032: 17031: 17023: 17017: 17012: 17009: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16991: 16984: 16977: 16976: 16975: 16967: 16961: 16956: 16949: 16940: 16939: 16932: 16926: 16922: 16913: 16912: 16905: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16879: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16855: 16851: 16848: 16844: 16841: 16837: 16834: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16816: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16798: 16795: 16791: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16760: 16757: 16753: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16714: 16710: 16706: 16703:(4): 81–136. 16702: 16698: 16693: 16689: 16683: 16679: 16678: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16661: 16657: 16653: 16649: 16645: 16640: 16636: 16632: 16627: 16623: 16617: 16613: 16608: 16604: 16598: 16593: 16592: 16585: 16581: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16556: 16552: 16546: 16542: 16537: 16533: 16527: 16523: 16518: 16514: 16510: 16506: 16502: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16447: 16443: 16438: 16437: 16416: 16409: 16394: 16390: 16383: 16376: 16372: 16367: 16360: 16348: 16344: 16343:BroadwayWorld 16340: 16333: 16325: 16324: 16316: 16300: 16296: 16290: 16274: 16270: 16266: 16260: 16244: 16240: 16234: 16218: 16214: 16213:dublincity.ie 16210: 16204: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16154: 16150: 16144: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16114: 16106: 16102: 16096: 16080: 16076: 16070: 16054: 16050: 16044: 16037: 16032: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15993: 15986: 15985:McCauley 1998 15981: 15975:, p. 35. 15974: 15973:Galeotti 1997 15969: 15962: 15957: 15950: 15945: 15938: 15937:McCauley 1998 15933: 15926: 15921: 15914: 15909: 15902: 15898: 15893: 15886: 15881: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15861: 15854: 15853:McCauley 1998 15849: 15842: 15841:McCauley 1998 15838: 15833: 15826: 15825:McCauley 1998 15821: 15814: 15809: 15802: 15797: 15795: 15793: 15791: 15783: 15778: 15771: 15766: 15759: 15758:McCauley 1998 15754: 15747: 15742: 15735: 15734:McCauley 1998 15731: 15726: 15719: 15714: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15669: 15665: 15658: 15643: 15639: 15635: 15634: 15629: 15623: 15616: 15611: 15602: 15594: 15590: 15584: 15576: 15572: 15566: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15524: 15520: 15514: 15498: 15492: 15477: 15476: 15471: 15464: 15448: 15444: 15438: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15407: 15399: 15395: 15389: 15381: 15380: 15375: 15368: 15361: 15349: 15342: 15326: 15322: 15316: 15300: 15296: 15290: 15275: 15271: 15264: 15248: 15244: 15237: 15221: 15220:kommersant.ru 15217: 15211: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15169: 15165: 15159: 15157: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15099: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15068: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15026: 15022: 15016: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14974: 14970: 14964: 14948: 14944: 14938: 14922: 14918: 14912: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14870: 14866: 14860: 14844: 14840: 14834: 14832: 14815: 14811: 14804: 14802: 14785: 14779: 14777: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14745: 14730: 14726: 14719: 14703: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14686: 14679: 14678:McCauley 1998 14674: 14667: 14662: 14655: 14650: 14644:, p. 14. 14643: 14638: 14631: 14630:McCauley 1998 14626: 14619: 14614: 14607: 14603: 14602:McCauley 1998 14598: 14591: 14590:McCauley 1998 14586: 14579: 14574: 14567: 14566:Medvedev 1986 14562: 14556:, p. 43. 14555: 14554:Medvedev 1986 14550: 14543: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14526: 14520: 14513: 14508: 14501: 14497: 14496:McCauley 1998 14492: 14486:, p. 51. 14485: 14484:McCauley 1998 14480: 14473: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14457:, p. 32. 14456: 14451: 14449: 14441: 14437: 14432: 14425: 14421: 14420:McCauley 1998 14417: 14412: 14406:, p. 13. 14405: 14401: 14400:Medvedev 1986 14396: 14389: 14384: 14377: 14372: 14365: 14360: 14353: 14348: 14342:, p. 17. 14341: 14336: 14329: 14324: 14317: 14312: 14306:, p. 16. 14305: 14300: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14257: 14250: 14245: 14238: 14233: 14226: 14221: 14219: 14211: 14206: 14204: 14202: 14195:, p. 18. 14194: 14193:McCauley 1998 14189: 14182: 14177: 14171:, p. 94. 14170: 14165: 14159:, p. 44. 14158: 14154: 14149: 14143:, p. 50. 14142: 14137: 14135: 14127: 14123: 14118: 14111: 14107: 14102: 14096:, p. 77. 14095: 14090: 14083: 14082:Medvedev 1986 14078: 14071: 14066: 14059: 14058:McCauley 1998 14054: 14047: 14046:McCauley 1998 14042: 14035: 14030: 14023: 14018: 14016: 14008: 14003: 14001: 13993: 13988: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13974: 13969: 13962: 13961:McCauley 1998 13957: 13950: 13949:McCauley 1998 13945: 13943: 13935: 13934:McCauley 1998 13930: 13923: 13918: 13912:, p. 22. 13911: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13894: 13889: 13882: 13877: 13875: 13867: 13862: 13855: 13850: 13843: 13838: 13831: 13826: 13819: 13814: 13807: 13802: 13795: 13790: 13783: 13782:Medvedev 1986 13778: 13771: 13766: 13760:, p. 25. 13759: 13754: 13748:, p. 12. 13747: 13742: 13736:, p. 13. 13735: 13730: 13724:, p. 11. 13723: 13718: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13643: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13611: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13552: 13544: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13518: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13472: 13468: 13461: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13431: 13415: 13411: 13406: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13368: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13336: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13275: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13242: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13211: 13195: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13178: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13105: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13075: 13059: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13043: 13036: 13031: 13029: 13021: 13016: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12953: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12910: 12908: 12906: 12904: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12872: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12841: 12833: 12827: 12811: 12805: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12774: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12727: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12711: 12695: 12691: 12690:The Telegraph 12686: 12678: 12671: 12666: 12659: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12638: 12633: 12631: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12600: 12592: 12586: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12532: 12527: 12525: 12517: 12512: 12510: 12502: 12497: 12495: 12487: 12482: 12480: 12472: 12467: 12460: 12455: 12453: 12445: 12440: 12433: 12428: 12421: 12416: 12409: 12404: 12397: 12392: 12385: 12380: 12373: 12368: 12361: 12356: 12349: 12344: 12337: 12332: 12325: 12320: 12318: 12310: 12305: 12298: 12293: 12291: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12269: 12262: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12245: 12240: 12238: 12230: 12226: 12225:McCauley 1998 12221: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12190: 12183: 12178: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12115: 12108: 12103: 12096: 12091: 12084: 12079: 12077: 12069: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12052: 12048: 12047:McCauley 1998 12043: 12036: 12031: 12029: 12021: 12020:McCauley 1998 12016: 12008: 12001: 11985: 11981: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11962: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11932: 11925: 11920: 11913: 11908: 11901: 11897: 11896:McCauley 1998 11892: 11885: 11880: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11836: 11834: 11826: 11821: 11802: 11795: 11789: 11782: 11778: 11777:McCauley 1998 11773: 11766: 11761: 11754: 11750: 11749:McCauley 1998 11745: 11738: 11734: 11733:McCauley 1998 11729: 11722: 11718: 11717:McCauley 1998 11713: 11706: 11701: 11694: 11690: 11689:McCauley 1998 11685: 11678: 11673: 11666: 11662: 11661:McCauley 1998 11657: 11650: 11646: 11645:McCauley 1998 11641: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11609: 11600: 11596: 11590: 11583: 11579: 11578:McCauley 1998 11574: 11567: 11563: 11562:McCauley 1998 11558: 11551: 11547: 11546:McCauley 1998 11542: 11526: 11522: 11521:illuminats.ru 11518: 11512: 11505: 11500: 11493: 11488: 11481: 11476: 11474: 11457: 11453: 11447: 11440: 11436: 11435:McCauley 1998 11431: 11424: 11420: 11419:McCauley 1998 11415: 11408: 11403: 11396: 11391: 11384: 11380: 11379:McCauley 1998 11375: 11368: 11363: 11356: 11352: 11351:McCauley 1998 11347: 11340: 11335: 11328: 11324: 11323:McCauley 1998 11319: 11312: 11308: 11307:McCauley 1998 11303: 11296: 11292: 11291:McCauley 1998 11287: 11280: 11275: 11268: 11263: 11256: 11252: 11251:McCauley 1998 11247: 11239: 11235: 11229: 11227: 11219: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11183: 11179: 11178:McCauley 1998 11174: 11167: 11162: 11155: 11151: 11150:McCauley 1998 11146: 11139: 11134: 11127: 11122: 11115: 11110: 11103: 11098: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11075: 11074:McCauley 1998 11070: 11063: 11058: 11051: 11047: 11046:McCauley 1998 11042: 11035: 11031: 11030:McCauley 1998 11027: 11022: 11015: 11011: 11010:McCauley 1998 11006: 10999: 10994: 10987: 10983: 10982:McCauley 1998 10978: 10971: 10967: 10966:McCauley 1998 10962: 10955: 10951: 10950:McCauley 1998 10946: 10939: 10934: 10927: 10923: 10922:McCauley 1998 10918: 10911: 10906: 10899: 10898:McCauley 1998 10894: 10887: 10882: 10875: 10871: 10870:McCauley 1998 10866: 10859: 10854: 10847: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10819: 10818:McCauley 1998 10814: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10781: 10776: 10769: 10764: 10757: 10752: 10736: 10729: 10713: 10709: 10708:Russia Beyond 10705: 10699: 10692: 10687: 10680: 10676: 10671: 10663: 10661:9786155211881 10657: 10653: 10652: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10630: 10622: 10617: 10610: 10606: 10605:McCauley 1998 10601: 10594: 10593:McCauley 1998 10589: 10582: 10577: 10575: 10567: 10563: 10562:McCauley 1998 10558: 10551: 10547: 10546:McCauley 1998 10542: 10535: 10531: 10530:McCauley 1998 10527: 10522: 10515: 10511: 10510:McCauley 1998 10506: 10499: 10495: 10494:McCauley 1998 10490: 10483: 10478: 10476: 10468: 10464: 10463:McCauley 1998 10459: 10452: 10448: 10447:McCauley 1998 10443: 10436: 10431: 10424: 10419: 10412: 10407: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10383: 10376: 10371: 10364: 10360: 10359:McCauley 1998 10355: 10348: 10344: 10343:McCauley 1998 10339: 10332: 10327: 10320: 10315: 10313: 10303: 10294: 10285: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10221: 10214: 10209: 10203:, p. 32. 10202: 10201:McCauley 1998 10198: 10193: 10186: 10182: 10181:McCauley 1998 10178: 10173: 10166: 10165:McCauley 1998 10161: 10154: 10150: 10149:McCauley 1998 10145: 10138: 10134: 10133:McCauley 1998 10129: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10113:McCauley 1998 10109: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10093:McCauley 1998 10090: 10085: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10062: 10061:McCauley 1998 10058: 10053: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9995:McCauley 1998 9992: 9987: 9980: 9976: 9971: 9964: 9960: 9959:McCauley 1998 9956: 9951: 9944: 9943:McCauley 1998 9939: 9932: 9931:McCauley 1998 9927: 9920: 9915: 9908: 9903: 9896: 9892: 9891:McCauley 1998 9887: 9880: 9875: 9868: 9864: 9863:McCauley 1998 9860: 9855: 9848: 9844: 9843:McCauley 1998 9840: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9816: 9812: 9807: 9800: 9795: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9760: 9755: 9748: 9744: 9743:McCauley 1998 9740: 9735: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9700: 9695: 9688: 9683: 9676: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9652: 9648: 9643: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9623:McCauley 1998 9619: 9612: 9607: 9600: 9596: 9595:McCauley 1998 9591: 9584: 9579: 9572: 9568: 9567:McCauley 1998 9564: 9559: 9552: 9548: 9547:McCauley 1998 9544: 9539: 9532: 9528: 9527:McCauley 1998 9524: 9519: 9512: 9507: 9500: 9495: 9488: 9483: 9476: 9471: 9464: 9460: 9459:McCauley 1998 9455: 9448: 9444: 9443:McCauley 1998 9439: 9437: 9429: 9424: 9417: 9412: 9405: 9401: 9400:McCauley 1998 9396: 9389: 9385: 9384:McCauley 1998 9380: 9373: 9369: 9368:McCauley 1998 9364: 9357: 9353: 9352:McCauley 1998 9348: 9341: 9337: 9336:McCauley 1998 9332: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9297: 9296:McCauley 1998 9292: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9265: 9261: 9260:McCauley 1998 9257: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9229: 9228:McCauley 1998 9224: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9201: 9200:McCauley 1998 9197: 9192: 9185: 9181: 9176: 9169: 9165: 9164:McCauley 1998 9161: 9156: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9132: 9131: 9123: 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9044: 9043:McCauley 1998 9039: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8960:McCauley 1998 8956: 8949: 8945: 8944:McCauley 1998 8940: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8848: 8841: 8836: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8812: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8797:McCauley 1998 8793: 8786: 8782: 8781:McCauley 1998 8778: 8773: 8766: 8762: 8761:McCauley 1998 8757: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8683: 8682:McCauley 1998 8679: 8678:Medvedev 1986 8674: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8540: 8535: 8528: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8509: 8501: 8496: 8489: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8468: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8441:McCauley 1998 8437: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8337:, p. 93. 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8284: 8283:Tarschys 1993 8279: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8256: 8255:McCauley 1998 8251: 8245:, p. 20. 8244: 8243:Tarschys 1993 8240: 8239:Medvedev 1986 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8211:Tarschys 1993 8207: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8191:Medvedev 1986 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8164: 8163:Tarschys 1993 8159: 8152: 8147: 8145: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8050:, p. 58. 8049: 8048:McCauley 1998 8045: 8040: 8033: 8032:McCauley 1998 8028: 8022:, p. 57. 8021: 8020:McCauley 1998 8016: 8009: 8008:McCauley 1998 8004: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7919:, p. 56. 7918: 7917:McCauley 1998 7913: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7893:McCauley 1998 7889: 7882: 7878: 7877:McCauley 1998 7873: 7867:, p. 82. 7866: 7861: 7855:, p. 81. 7854: 7849: 7843:, p. 55. 7842: 7841:McCauley 1998 7837: 7831:, p. 50. 7830: 7829:McCauley 1998 7825: 7819:, p. 52. 7818: 7817:McCauley 1998 7813: 7807:, p. 54. 7806: 7805:McCauley 1998 7801: 7795:, p. 94. 7794: 7789: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7774:McCauley 1998 7771: 7770:Medvedev 1986 7766: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7739: 7738:McCauley 1998 7735: 7731: 7730:Medvedev 1986 7726: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7703: 7702:McCauley 1998 7698: 7691: 7687: 7686:McCauley 1998 7682: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7660:, p. 76. 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7630:McCauley 1998 7627: 7623: 7622:Medvedev 1986 7618: 7611: 7607: 7606:McCauley 1998 7603: 7598: 7592:, p. 66. 7591: 7586: 7580:, p. 65. 7579: 7574: 7568:, p. 69. 7567: 7562: 7555: 7551: 7550:McCauley 1998 7547: 7546:Medvedev 1986 7542: 7535: 7530: 7524:, p. 45. 7523: 7522:McCauley 1998 7519: 7514: 7507: 7503: 7502:McCauley 1998 7499: 7496:, p. 4; 7495: 7494:Medvedev 1986 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7466:McCauley 1998 7463: 7462:Medvedev 1986 7458: 7451: 7447: 7446:McCauley 1998 7443: 7439: 7438:Medvedev 1986 7434: 7427: 7426:Medvedev 1986 7422: 7415: 7411: 7410:McCauley 1998 7406: 7399: 7395: 7394:Medvedev 1986 7390: 7383: 7379: 7378:Medvedev 1986 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7351: 7350:McCauley 1998 7347: 7342: 7335: 7331: 7330:McCauley 1998 7327: 7323: 7322:Medvedev 1986 7318: 7312:, p. 56. 7311: 7307: 7306:Medvedev 1986 7302: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7275: 7274:McCauley 1998 7271: 7266: 7259: 7255: 7254:McCauley 1998 7251: 7247: 7246:Medvedev 1986 7242: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7218:Galeotti 1997 7215: 7214:Medvedev 1986 7210: 7203: 7199: 7198:Galeotti 1997 7194: 7187: 7182: 7175: 7174:Medvedev 1986 7170: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7147: 7146:McCauley 1998 7143: 7139: 7138:Medvedev 1986 7134: 7127: 7126:Medvedev 1986 7122: 7120: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7098:, p. 34. 7097: 7096:McCauley 1998 7092: 7085: 7080: 7074:, p. 40. 7073: 7069: 7068:Medvedev 1986 7064: 7057: 7053: 7052:Galeotti 1997 7049: 7045: 7044:Medvedev 1986 7040: 7033: 7029: 7028:Medvedev 1986 7024: 7017: 7013: 7012:McCauley 1998 7008: 7001: 6996: 6994: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6946: 6945:McCauley 1998 6942: 6941:Medvedev 1986 6937: 6931:, p. 77. 6930: 6929:Medvedev 1986 6925: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6862: 6855: 6851: 6850:McCauley 1998 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6823: 6822:Medvedev 1986 6818: 6812:, p. 35. 6811: 6810:McCauley 1998 6807: 6806:Medvedev 1986 6802: 6795: 6791: 6790:McCauley 1998 6786: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6720: 6719:McCauley 1998 6715: 6708: 6704: 6703:McCauley 1998 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6673: 6666:, p. 65. 6665: 6664:Medvedev 1986 6660: 6653: 6649: 6648:Medvedev 1986 6644: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6609: 6608:McCauley 1998 6605: 6601: 6600:Medvedev 1986 6596: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6572:McCauley 1998 6568: 6561: 6557: 6556:McCauley 1998 6553: 6552:Medvedev 1986 6548: 6541: 6536: 6530:, p. 30. 6529: 6528:McCauley 1998 6524: 6518:, p. 64. 6517: 6516:Medvedev 1986 6512: 6505: 6501: 6500:McCauley 1998 6497: 6493: 6492:Medvedev 1986 6488: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6467:, p. 26. 6466: 6465:McCauley 1998 6462: 6461:Medvedev 1986 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439:, p. 24. 6438: 6437:McCauley 1998 6434: 6430: 6429:Medvedev 1986 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6390:, p. 23. 6389: 6388:McCauley 1998 6385: 6384:Medvedev 1986 6380: 6373: 6368: 6362:, p. 99. 6361: 6357: 6356:McCauley 1998 6352: 6346:, p. 89. 6345: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6328:McCauley 1998 6324: 6318:, p. 98. 6317: 6313: 6312:McCauley 1998 6309: 6305: 6304:Medvedev 1986 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6276:McCauley 1998 6273: 6269: 6268:Medvedev 1986 6264: 6258:, p. 80. 6257: 6252: 6246:, p. 78. 6245: 6240: 6233: 6229: 6228:McCauley 1998 6224: 6218:, p. 91. 6217: 6212: 6206:, p. 90. 6205: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6182:, p. 86. 6181: 6176: 6169: 6165: 6164:McCauley 1998 6161: 6157: 6156:Medvedev 1986 6152: 6145: 6141: 6140:McCauley 1998 6137: 6133: 6132:Medvedev 1986 6128: 6122:, p. 89. 6121: 6117: 6116:McCauley 1998 6112: 6106:, p. 86. 6105: 6101: 6100:McCauley 1998 6097: 6092: 6086:, p. 81. 6085: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6068:McCauley 1998 6064: 6058:, p. 95. 6057: 6052: 6046:, p. 78. 6045: 6041: 6036: 6030:, p. 77. 6029: 6025: 6024:McCauley 1998 6020: 6014:, p. 75. 6013: 6009: 6008:McCauley 1998 6004: 5998:, p. 74. 5997: 5993: 5992:McCauley 1998 5988: 5981: 5977: 5976:McCauley 1998 5972: 5966:, p. 20. 5965: 5964:McCauley 1998 5960: 5954:, p. 20. 5953: 5952:McCauley 1998 5949: 5948:Medvedev 1986 5944: 5937: 5932: 5926:, p. 70. 5925: 5920: 5914:, p. 68. 5913: 5909: 5908:McCauley 1998 5904: 5902: 5894: 5889: 5883:, p. 66. 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5838: 5837:McCauley 1998 5833: 5826: 5822: 5821:McCauley 1998 5818: 5814: 5813:Medvedev 1986 5809: 5803:, p. 47. 5802: 5797: 5791:, p. 46. 5790: 5786: 5785:McCauley 1998 5781: 5775:, p. 46. 5774: 5769: 5763:, p. 46. 5762: 5758: 5757:McCauley 1998 5754: 5749: 5742: 5738: 5737:McCauley 1998 5733: 5727:, p. 52. 5726: 5721: 5715:, p. 53. 5714: 5709: 5703:, p. 48. 5702: 5698: 5693: 5687:, p. 44. 5686: 5681: 5679: 5672:, p. 50. 5671: 5666: 5660:, p. 43. 5659: 5654: 5648:, p. 35. 5647: 5646:Medvedev 1986 5642: 5635: 5631: 5630:McCauley 1998 5627: 5622: 5616:, p. 42. 5615: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5595:McCauley 1998 5593:, p. 6; 5592: 5587: 5581:, p. 34. 5580: 5576: 5575:McCauley 1998 5571: 5565:, p. 32. 5564: 5559: 5553:, p. 32. 5552: 5548: 5547:McCauley 1998 5545:, p. 7; 5544: 5539: 5533:, p. 30. 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5485:, p. 27. 5484: 5479: 5472: 5468: 5467:McCauley 1998 5465:, p. 5; 5464: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5447:McCauley 1998 5444: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5415:McCauley 1998 5411: 5404: 5400: 5399:McCauley 1998 5395: 5389:, p. 14. 5388: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5371:McCauley 1998 5367: 5360: 5357:, p. 1; 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5333:, p. 16. 5332: 5327: 5325: 5318:, p. 22. 5317: 5316:Medvedev 1986 5312: 5310: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5273:McCauley 1998 5271:, p. 4; 5270: 5265: 5259:, p. 10. 5258: 5254: 5253:McCauley 1998 5249: 5243:, p. 10. 5242: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5225:McCauley 1998 5223:, p. 1; 5222: 5218: 5217:Medvedev 1986 5213: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5119: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5058: 5028: 5020: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4936: and the 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888:Boris Yeltsin 4885: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4780:Matthew Marsh 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4735: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675:I. B. Tauris 4674: 4672: 4671:Daisaku Ikeda 4669: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506:Ronald Reagan 4502: 4493: 4491: 4488:According to 4486: 4483: 4482:Mark Galeotti 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450:Soviet Empire 4441: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4390:Levada Center 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370:Angela Merkel 4367: 4366:Fumio Kishida 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306:Boris Johnson 4303: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4288: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4267:state funeral 4264: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217:Dmitry Peskov 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076:Arthur Miller 4073: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4045:Personal life 4042: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905:war in Donbas 3900: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3865:2012 election 3861: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840:Michel Rocard 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784:United Russia 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3511:Louis Vuitton 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3410:fait accompli 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:confederation 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3287:Oleg Baklanov 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255:Gang of Eight 3252: 3251:Foros, Crimea 3244: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3029: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2967:and Poland's 2966: 2962: 2954: 2951:Berlin Wall, 2949: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926:Baltic states 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904:broke out in 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Deng Xiaoping 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2454:Ronald Reagan 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2439:power sharing 2436: 2435:Babrak Karmal 2432: 2424: 2421:US president 2419: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2369:magazine and 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2296:market agents 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242:Boris Yeltsin 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2196: 2194: 2193:Tyumen Oblast 2190: 2186: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2135:This section 2133: 2124: 2123: 2118:, Switzerland 2117: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Yuri Andropov 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1903:Roger Garaudy 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1751:Gorkaya Balka 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1703:Prague Spring 1700: 1696: 1695:Zdeněk Mlynář 1691: 1685: 1683: 1682:Doctors' plot 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:Nikolai Gogol 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:Joseph Stalin 1529: 1525: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1425:Boris Yeltsin 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Ronald Reagan 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:Yuri Andropov 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:head of state 1224: 1220: 1217:from 1985 to 1216: 1212: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173:Media gallery 1170: 1168: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033:Pavlov reform 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023:Head of state 1021: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 971: 967: 964: 962: 961:Soviet leader 959: 958: 957: 955: 948: 945: 944: 943: 942: 941: 935: 934: 927: 926: 917: 903: 900: 896: 895: 892: 891: 883: 877: 874: 872: 868: 864: 863: 861: 860: 855: 848: 846: 842: 840: 836: 835: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757: 749: 727: 718: 713: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 676: 672: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 635: 630: 626: 617: 614: 609: 606: 601: 598: 593: 590: 585: 582: 581: 579: 575: 571: 568: 566:Resting place 564: 554: 550: 546: 542: 530: 526: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 494: 491: 485: 481: 475: 469: 464: 461: 456: 453: 450: 444: 441: 438: 432: 426: 421: 417: 411: 407: 400: 396: 393: 388: 382: 379: 376: 370: 364: 359: 356: 352: 348: 342: 339: 337: 331: 325: 322: 319: 315: 309: 304: 301: 297: 290: 289: 284: 281: 280: 278: 272: 265: 261: 259: 257: 250: 249: 247: 241: 238: 235: 232: 227: 221: 216: 213: 209: 205: 202: 196: 193: 190: 184: 180: 176: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 144: 139: 136: 132: 128: 121: 116: 107: 100: 91: 81: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 57: 52:This article 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 32227: 32210: 32193: 32176: 32164:from Commons 32159: 32138: 32107:Soviet Union 31977:Helen Keller 31952:Billy Graham 31924:Muhammad Ali 31892:James Watson 31839:Edwin Hubble 31804:Enrico Fermi 31723:Pete Rozelle 31674:Estée Lauder 31572:Bart Simpson 31509:Le Corbusier 31474:Lucille Ball 31344:Adolf Hitler 31336: 31298: 31255: 31250: 31245: 31242:Aman Tuleyev 31240: 31224: 31219: 31214: 31209: 31204: 31199: 31189: 31185: 31184: 31177: 31172: 31160: 31155: 31143: 31138: 31126: 31121: 31096: 31091: 31065: 31060: 30965:Khan Academy 30885:Bill Drayton 30860:(Mali), and 30856:(Tanzania), 30792:Chiaki Mukai 30762:Graça Machel 30732:Mário Soares 30686: 30538: 30407: 30313: 30290: / 30286: / 30271: / 30234: / 30186: / 30149: / 30145: / 30121:Barack Obama 30097: / 30082: / 30080:Grameen Bank 30067: / 30043:Shirin Ebadi 30032:Jimmy Carter 30019: / 30005:2001–present 29995:Kim Dae-jung 29977: / 29965: / 29953: / 29941: / 29929: / 29925: / 29923:Shimon Peres 29913: / 29886: 29839:Desmond Tutu 29821: / 29785: / 29765: / 29734: / 29722: / 29716: 29702:Willy Brandt 29616: / 29574:Georges Pire 29520:Léon Jouhaux 29501:Ralph Bunche 29476: / 29464: / 29454:Cordell Hull 29395:Robert Cecil 29346: / 29311: / 29299: / 29276: / 29242: / 29164:Alfred Fried 29162: / 29160:Tobias Asser 29142: / 29130: / 29118: / 29074: / 29062: / 29060:Henry Dunant 28973: 28961: 28949: 28935: 28923: 28916:Marlo Thomas 28909: 28897: 28890:Sophia Loren 28885: 28882:Bill Clinton 28875: 28861: 28849: 28824: 28817:Kate Winslet 28804: 28796: 28782: 28768: 28754: 28740: 28726: 28668:Taylor Swift 28616: 28583:Donald Trump 28562:Kent Brantly 28549:Pope Francis 28541:Barack Obama 28517:Ben Bernanke 28509:Barack Obama 28423:2001–present 28392:Bill Clinton 28384:Andrew Grove 28329:Bill Clinton 28304: 28288: 28245:The Computer 28197:Jimmy Carter 28173:Carol Sutton 28141:Alison Cheek 28087:Willy Brandt 28066:Frank Borman 27972:Emilio Segrè 27747:Adolf Hitler 27687:Pierre Laval 27637: 27486:Soviet Union 27399:Avraham Burg 27374:Shimon Peres 27313:Jimmy Carter 27229: 27195:Soviet Union 27153:1970s aliyah 27030:1970 – 2000) 26513: 26463:Ilham Aliyev 25592: 25577: 25570: 25563: 25556: 25549: 25542: 25535: 25528: 25521: 25514: 25507: 25500: 25493: 25486: 25479: 25204: 25103:Soviet Union 25089:Belligerents 25074:Part of the 24989:Brinkmanship 24881:intelligence 24770:Marius Oprea 24720:Harvey Klehr 24650:Herbert Feis 24640:Willem Drees 24605:Archie Brown 24522: 24510: 24492: 24482:Trybuna Ludu 24480: 24473: 24469:Radio Moscow 24461: 24454: 24447: 24275:Anti-Zionism 24191: 24114:Keynesianism 24102:Conservatism 23966:Transnistria 23946:China-Taiwan 23603:Gera Demands 23476: 23277: 23152: 22957:El Porteñazo 22851:Congo Crisis 22766: 22701:Algerian War 22684: 22560:Western Bloc 22555:Eastern Bloc 22550:Iron Curtain 22406: 22398: 22390: 22367: 22347: 22339: 22256:Soviet Union 22254: 22247: 22122:Later events 22038:Malta Summit 21870:Turkmenistan 21798:Soviet Union 21784:Soviet Union 21764:East Germany 21584:Meles Zenawi 21539:Sali Berisha 21489:Václav Havel 21436:Human chains 21343:Károly Grósz 21337: 21273:Khozraschyot 21164:Nomenklatura 21139:Eastern Bloc 21038:Boško Krunić 21003:Lazar Mojsov 20974: 20869:Edward Ochab 20831:Károly Grósz 20741:Gustáv Husák 20641:Eastern Bloc 20588: 20522: 20483:Arvīds Pelše 20426:Full members 20230:Arvīds Pelše 20204: 20188:Full members 20105:Dmitry Yazov 19974: 19958:Full members 19893:Lembit Annus 19762: 19672: 19599:Soviet Union 19387:Other organs 19304:Russian SFSR 19249:Byelorussian 18069: 18062: 18056:Publications 17962:Construction 17899:, Aug. 1991) 17896: 17886: 17807: 17494:Shevardnadze 17479:Shcherbytsky 17378: 17065:Colin Powell 17052: 17047: 17027: 17007: 16981: 16971: 16970: 16936: 16909: 16876: 16825: 16807: 16800: 16793: 16776: 16769: 16768:Eklof, Ben. 16762: 16755: 16700: 16696: 16675: 16647: 16643: 16634: 16630: 16611: 16590: 16563: 16559: 16540: 16521: 16504: 16500: 16449: 16445: 16419:. Retrieved 16408: 16396:. Retrieved 16392: 16382: 16375:Deadline.com 16366: 16358: 16351:. Retrieved 16342: 16332: 16322: 16315: 16303:. Retrieved 16289: 16277:. Retrieved 16268: 16259: 16249:16 September 16247:. Retrieved 16233: 16221:. Retrieved 16212: 16203: 16191:. Retrieved 16178: 16169: 16157:. Retrieved 16153:the original 16143: 16131:. Retrieved 16122: 16113: 16105:the original 16095: 16083:. Retrieved 16079:the original 16069: 16057:. Retrieved 16043: 16031: 16019:. Retrieved 16002: 15992: 15980: 15968: 15961:Taubman 2017 15956: 15949:Taubman 2017 15944: 15932: 15920: 15908: 15892: 15880: 15869: 15860: 15848: 15832: 15820: 15813:Taubman 2017 15808: 15801:Taubman 2017 15777: 15765: 15753: 15741: 15725: 15718:Taubman 2017 15713: 15701:. Retrieved 15692: 15683: 15671:. Retrieved 15667: 15657: 15645:. Retrieved 15631: 15622: 15610: 15601: 15592: 15583: 15574: 15565: 15553:. Retrieved 15548: 15539: 15527:. Retrieved 15522: 15513: 15503:25 September 15501:. Retrieved 15491: 15481:13 September 15479:. Retrieved 15475:The Guardian 15473: 15463: 15451:. Retrieved 15447:The Guardian 15446: 15437: 15425:. Retrieved 15416: 15406: 15398:Moscow Times 15397: 15388: 15379:Moscow Times 15377: 15367: 15359: 15352:. Retrieved 15341: 15329:. Retrieved 15324: 15315: 15303:. Retrieved 15298: 15289: 15277:. Retrieved 15273: 15263: 15251:. Retrieved 15249:(in Russian) 15246: 15236: 15224:. Retrieved 15219: 15210: 15198:. Retrieved 15193: 15184: 15172:. Retrieved 15167: 15143:. Retrieved 15138: 15129: 15117:. Retrieved 15108: 15098: 15086:. Retrieved 15077: 15067: 15055:. Retrieved 15050: 15041: 15029:. Retrieved 15024: 15015: 15003:. Retrieved 15001:(in Russian) 14998: 14989: 14977:. Retrieved 14975:(in Russian) 14972: 14963: 14951:. Retrieved 14946: 14937: 14925:. Retrieved 14920: 14911: 14899:. Retrieved 14894: 14885: 14873:. Retrieved 14868: 14859: 14847:. Retrieved 14842: 14818:. Retrieved 14816:(in Russian) 14813: 14788:. Retrieved 14763:. Retrieved 14744: 14732:. Retrieved 14728: 14718: 14706:. Retrieved 14695: 14685: 14673: 14666:Taubman 2017 14661: 14654:Taubman 2017 14649: 14637: 14625: 14618:Taubman 2017 14613: 14606:Taubman 2017 14597: 14585: 14573: 14561: 14549: 14542:Taubman 2017 14524: 14519: 14512:Taubman 2017 14507: 14500:Taubman 2017 14491: 14479: 14474:, p. 1. 14472:Taubman 2017 14442:, p. 8. 14440:Taubman 2017 14431: 14424:Taubman 2017 14411: 14395: 14388:Taubman 2017 14383: 14371: 14364:Taubman 2017 14359: 14352:Taubman 2017 14347: 14335: 14328:Taubman 2017 14323: 14311: 14299: 14287:. Retrieved 14283:the original 14278: 14268: 14256: 14249:Taubman 2017 14244: 14237:Taubman 2017 14232: 14227:, p. 4. 14225:Taubman 2017 14210:Taubman 2017 14188: 14181:Taubman 2017 14176: 14169:Taubman 2017 14164: 14157:Taubman 2017 14148: 14128:, p. 7. 14126:Taubman 2017 14117: 14110:Taubman 2017 14101: 14094:Taubman 2017 14089: 14077: 14070:Taubman 2017 14065: 14053: 14041: 14029: 14022:Taubman 2017 14007:Taubman 2017 13992:Taubman 2017 13968: 13956: 13929: 13924:, p. 9. 13917: 13893:Gooding 1990 13888: 13881:Gooding 1990 13861: 13849: 13842:Gooding 1990 13837: 13825: 13813: 13801: 13789: 13777: 13765: 13753: 13741: 13729: 13717: 13709:The Guardian 13708: 13699: 13687:. Retrieved 13673: 13661:. Retrieved 13653:solenka.info 13652: 13642: 13630:. Retrieved 13619: 13610: 13598:. Retrieved 13584: 13572:. Retrieved 13561: 13551: 13542: 13535:. Retrieved 13517: 13505:. Retrieved 13496: 13487: 13475:. Retrieved 13460: 13448:. Retrieved 13439: 13430: 13418:. Retrieved 13409: 13397: 13385:. Retrieved 13376: 13367: 13355:. Retrieved 13344: 13335: 13323:. Retrieved 13314: 13305: 13293:. Retrieved 13285:The Guardian 13284: 13274: 13262:. Retrieved 13253: 13241: 13229:. Retrieved 13220: 13210: 13198:. Retrieved 13187: 13177: 13165:. Retrieved 13147: 13135:. Retrieved 13126: 13116: 13109:Taubman 2017 13104: 13092:. Retrieved 13083: 13074: 13062:. Retrieved 13051: 13042: 13035:Taubman 2017 13020:Taubman 2017 13015: 13003:. Retrieved 12994: 12984: 12972:. Retrieved 12961: 12952: 12940:. Retrieved 12931: 12921: 12914:Taubman 2017 12890:. Retrieved 12881: 12871: 12859:. Retrieved 12850: 12840: 12814:. Retrieved 12804: 12792:. Retrieved 12784:The Guardian 12783: 12773: 12763:14 September 12761:. Retrieved 12752: 12742: 12730:. Retrieved 12719: 12710: 12698:. Retrieved 12689: 12677: 12670:Taubman 2017 12665: 12658:Taubman 2017 12637:Taubman 2017 12617:. Retrieved 12608: 12599: 12573:. Retrieved 12568: 12559: 12552:Taubman 2017 12531:Taubman 2017 12516:Taubman 2017 12501:Taubman 2017 12486:Taubman 2017 12471:Taubman 2017 12466: 12459:Taubman 2017 12444:Taubman 2017 12439: 12432:Taubman 2017 12427: 12420:Taubman 2017 12415: 12408:Taubman 2017 12403: 12396:Taubman 2017 12391: 12384:Taubman 2017 12379: 12372:Taubman 2017 12367: 12360:Taubman 2017 12355: 12348:Taubman 2017 12343: 12336:Taubman 2017 12331: 12324:Taubman 2017 12309:Taubman 2017 12304: 12297:Taubman 2017 12280: 12276:UN Chronicle 12274: 12268: 12261:Taubman 2017 12244:Taubman 2017 12229:Taubman 2017 12220: 12208:. Retrieved 12199: 12189: 12182:Taubman 2017 12177: 12165:. Retrieved 12154: 12146: 12134:. Retrieved 12125:Der Standard 12123: 12114: 12107:Taubman 2017 12102: 12095:Taubman 2017 12090: 12083:Taubman 2017 12068:Taubman 2017 12051:Taubman 2017 12042: 12035:Taubman 2017 12015: 12006: 12000: 11988:. Retrieved 11968: 11961: 11949:. Retrieved 11940: 11931: 11924:Taubman 2017 11919: 11912:Taubman 2017 11907: 11900:Taubman 2017 11891: 11884:Taubman 2017 11879: 11866:. Retrieved 11857: 11847: 11840:Taubman 2017 11825:Taubman 2017 11820: 11808:. Retrieved 11799:. gorby.ru. 11788: 11781:Taubman 2017 11772: 11765:Taubman 2017 11760: 11753:Taubman 2017 11744: 11737:Taubman 2017 11728: 11721:Taubman 2017 11712: 11705:Taubman 2017 11700: 11693:Taubman 2017 11684: 11677:Taubman 2017 11672: 11665:Taubman 2017 11656: 11649:Taubman 2017 11640: 11628:. Retrieved 11619: 11599:the original 11589: 11582:Taubman 2017 11573: 11566:Taubman 2017 11557: 11550:Taubman 2017 11541: 11529:. Retrieved 11520: 11511: 11504:Taubman 2017 11499: 11492:Taubman 2017 11487: 11480:Taubman 2017 11460:. Retrieved 11455: 11446: 11439:Taubman 2017 11430: 11423:Taubman 2017 11414: 11407:Taubman 2017 11402: 11395:Taubman 2017 11390: 11383:Taubman 2017 11374: 11367:Taubman 2017 11362: 11355:Taubman 2017 11346: 11339:Taubman 2017 11334: 11327:Taubman 2017 11318: 11311:Taubman 2017 11302: 11295:Taubman 2017 11286: 11279:Taubman 2017 11274: 11267:Taubman 2017 11262: 11255:Taubman 2017 11246: 11218:Taubman 2017 11213: 11206:Taubman 2017 11201: 11194:Taubman 2017 11189: 11182:Taubman 2017 11173: 11166:Taubman 2017 11161: 11154:Taubman 2017 11145: 11138:Taubman 2017 11133: 11126:Taubman 2017 11121: 11114:Taubman 2017 11109: 11102:Taubman 2017 11097: 11090:Taubman 2017 11085: 11078:Taubman 2017 11069: 11062:Taubman 2017 11057: 11050:Taubman 2017 11041: 11034:Taubman 2017 11021: 11014:Taubman 2017 11005: 10998:Taubman 2017 10993: 10986:Taubman 2017 10977: 10970:Taubman 2017 10961: 10954:Taubman 2017 10945: 10938:Taubman 2017 10933: 10926:Taubman 2017 10917: 10910:Taubman 2017 10905: 10893: 10886:Taubman 2017 10881: 10874:Taubman 2017 10865: 10858:Taubman 2017 10853: 10846:Taubman 2017 10841: 10834:Taubman 2017 10829: 10822:Taubman 2017 10813: 10801:. Retrieved 10787: 10780:Taubman 2017 10775: 10768:Taubman 2017 10763: 10756:Taubman 2017 10751: 10739:. Retrieved 10728: 10716:. Retrieved 10707: 10698: 10691:Taubman 2017 10686: 10679:Taubman 2017 10670: 10650: 10643: 10636:Taubman 2017 10621:Taubman 2017 10616: 10609:Taubman 2017 10600: 10588: 10581:Taubman 2017 10566:Taubman 2017 10557: 10550:Taubman 2017 10541: 10534:Taubman 2017 10521: 10514:Taubman 2017 10505: 10498:Taubman 2017 10489: 10482:Taubman 2017 10467:Taubman 2017 10458: 10451:Taubman 2017 10442: 10435:Taubman 2017 10430: 10423:Taubman 2017 10418: 10411:Taubman 2017 10406: 10399:Taubman 2017 10394: 10387:Taubman 2017 10382: 10375:Taubman 2017 10370: 10363:Taubman 2017 10354: 10347:Taubman 2017 10338: 10331:Taubman 2017 10326: 10319:Taubman 2017 10302: 10293: 10284: 10277:Taubman 2017 10268: 10261:Taubman 2017 10256: 10244: 10237:Taubman 2017 10232: 10225:Taubman 2017 10220: 10213:Taubman 2017 10208: 10192: 10185:Taubman 2017 10172: 10160: 10153:Taubman 2017 10144: 10137:Taubman 2017 10128: 10121:Tuminez 2003 10117:Taubman 2017 10108: 10101:Tuminez 2003 10097:Taubman 2017 10084: 10077:Taubman 2017 10072: 10065:Taubman 2017 10052: 10043: 10034: 10027:Taubman 2017 10018: 10011:Taubman 2017 10006: 9999:Taubman 2017 9986: 9979:Taubman 2017 9970: 9963:Taubman 2017 9950: 9938: 9926: 9919:Taubman 2017 9914: 9907:Taubman 2017 9902: 9895:Taubman 2017 9886: 9879:Taubman 2017 9874: 9867:Taubman 2017 9854: 9847:Taubman 2017 9834: 9827:Taubman 2017 9822: 9815:Taubman 2017 9806: 9799:Taubman 2017 9794: 9787:Taubman 2017 9782: 9775:Taubman 2017 9766: 9759:Taubman 2017 9754: 9747:Taubman 2017 9734: 9727:Taubman 2017 9718: 9711:Taubman 2017 9706: 9699:Taubman 2017 9694: 9682: 9670: 9663:Taubman 2017 9658: 9651:Taubman 2017 9642: 9635:Taubman 2017 9630: 9618: 9611:Taubman 2017 9606: 9599:Taubman 2017 9590: 9583:Taubman 2017 9578: 9571:Taubman 2017 9558: 9551:Taubman 2017 9538: 9531:Taubman 2017 9518: 9511:Taubman 2017 9506: 9499:Taubman 2017 9494: 9487:Taubman 2017 9482: 9475:Taubman 2017 9470: 9463:Taubman 2017 9454: 9447:Taubman 2017 9428:Taubman 2017 9423: 9416:Taubman 2017 9411: 9404:Taubman 2017 9395: 9388:Taubman 2017 9379: 9372:Taubman 2017 9363: 9356:Taubman 2017 9347: 9340:Taubman 2017 9331: 9324:Taubman 2017 9319: 9312:Taubman 2017 9307: 9300:Taubman 2017 9291: 9284:Taubman 2017 9271: 9264:Taubman 2017 9251: 9244:Taubman 2017 9239: 9232:Taubman 2017 9223: 9216:Taubman 2017 9211: 9204:Taubman 2017 9191: 9184:Taubman 2017 9175: 9168:Taubman 2017 9155: 9148:Taubman 2017 9139: 9129: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9091:Taubman 2017 9082: 9075:Taubman 2017 9066: 9059:Taubman 2017 9050: 9038: 9031:Taubman 2017 9022: 9015:Taubman 2017 9010: 9003:Taubman 2017 8998: 8991:Taubman 2017 8986: 8979:Taubman 2017 8964:Taubman 2017 8955: 8948:Taubman 2017 8939: 8932:Taubman 2017 8923: 8916:Taubman 2017 8911: 8904:Taubman 2017 8899: 8892:Taubman 2017 8887: 8880:Taubman 2017 8875: 8868:Taubman 2017 8859: 8847: 8835: 8828:Taubman 2017 8823: 8816:Taubman 2017 8801:Taubman 2017 8792: 8785:Taubman 2017 8772: 8765:Taubman 2017 8756: 8749:Taubman 2017 8744: 8732: 8725:Taubman 2017 8720: 8713:Taubman 2017 8698:Taubman 2017 8693: 8686:Taubman 2017 8673: 8666:Taubman 2017 8657: 8650:Taubman 2017 8645: 8638:Taubman 2017 8633: 8626:Taubman 2017 8611:Taubman 2017 8606: 8599:Taubman 2017 8582:Taubman 2017 8563:Taubman 2017 8558: 8551:Taubman 2017 8546: 8534: 8522: 8515:Taubman 2017 8500:Taubman 2017 8495: 8488:Taubman 2017 8479: 8472:Taubman 2017 8467: 8460:Taubman 2017 8445:Taubman 2017 8436: 8429:Taubman 2017 8414:Taubman 2017 8394: 8387:Taubman 2017 8382: 8370: 8358: 8351:Taubman 2017 8342: 8330: 8318: 8306: 8294: 8278: 8271:Taubman 2017 8266: 8259:Taubman 2017 8250: 8234: 8227:Taubman 2017 8222: 8206: 8186: 8179:Taubman 2017 8174: 8158: 8131:. Retrieved 8107: 8097: 8085:. Retrieved 8065: 8055: 8039: 8027: 8015: 8003: 7991:. Retrieved 7982: 7958:. Retrieved 7946: 7936: 7929:Taubman 2017 7924: 7912: 7905:Taubman 2017 7900: 7888: 7881:Taubman 2017 7872: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7778:Taubman 2017 7765: 7758:Taubman 2017 7749: 7742:Taubman 2017 7725: 7718:Taubman 2017 7709: 7697: 7690:Taubman 2017 7681: 7674:Taubman 2017 7665: 7653: 7646:Taubman 2017 7641: 7634:Taubman 2017 7617: 7610:Taubman 2017 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7554:Taubman 2017 7541: 7534:Taubman 2017 7529: 7513: 7506:Taubman 2017 7489: 7482:Taubman 2017 7477: 7470:Taubman 2017 7457: 7450:Taubman 2017 7433: 7421: 7414:Taubman 2017 7405: 7398:Taubman 2017 7389: 7382:Taubman 2017 7373: 7366:Taubman 2017 7361: 7354:Taubman 2017 7341: 7334:Taubman 2017 7317: 7301: 7294:Taubman 2017 7285: 7278:Taubman 2017 7265: 7258:Taubman 2017 7241: 7234:Taubman 2017 7229: 7222:Taubman 2017 7209: 7202:Taubman 2017 7193: 7186:Taubman 2017 7181: 7169: 7162:Taubman 2017 7157: 7150:Taubman 2017 7133: 7111:Taubman 2017 7091: 7084:Taubman 2017 7079: 7063: 7056:Taubman 2017 7039: 7023: 7016:Taubman 2017 7007: 7000:Taubman 2017 6985:Taubman 2017 6980: 6973:Taubman 2017 6968: 6961:Taubman 2017 6956: 6949:Taubman 2017 6936: 6924: 6917:Taubman 2017 6912: 6905:Taubman 2017 6900: 6893:Taubman 2017 6878:Taubman 2017 6873: 6866:Taubman 2017 6861: 6854:Taubman 2017 6845: 6838:Taubman 2017 6833: 6826:Taubman 2017 6817: 6801: 6794:Taubman 2017 6785: 6778:Taubman 2017 6769: 6762:Taubman 2017 6747:Taubman 2017 6742: 6735:Taubman 2017 6730: 6723:Taubman 2017 6714: 6707:Taubman 2017 6698: 6691:Taubman 2017 6686: 6679:Taubman 2017 6659: 6652:Taubman 2017 6643: 6636:Taubman 2017 6631: 6624:Taubman 2017 6619: 6612:Taubman 2017 6595: 6588:Taubman 2017 6583: 6576:Taubman 2017 6567: 6560:Taubman 2017 6547: 6540:Taubman 2017 6535: 6523: 6511: 6504:Taubman 2017 6487: 6480:Taubman 2017 6456: 6449:Taubman 2017 6444: 6424: 6417:Taubman 2017 6412: 6405:Taubman 2017 6379: 6372:Taubman 2017 6367: 6360:Taubman 2017 6351: 6344:Taubman 2017 6339: 6332:Taubman 2017 6323: 6316:Taubman 2017 6299: 6292:Taubman 2017 6287: 6280:Taubman 2017 6263: 6256:Taubman 2017 6251: 6244:Taubman 2017 6239: 6232:Taubman 2017 6223: 6216:Taubman 2017 6211: 6204:Taubman 2017 6199: 6192:Taubman 2017 6187: 6180:Taubman 2017 6175: 6168:Taubman 2017 6151: 6144:Taubman 2017 6127: 6120:Taubman 2017 6111: 6104:Taubman 2017 6091: 6084:Taubman 2017 6079: 6072:Taubman 2017 6063: 6056:Taubman 2017 6051: 6044:Taubman 2017 6035: 6028:Taubman 2017 6019: 6012:Taubman 2017 6003: 5996:Taubman 2017 5987: 5980:Taubman 2017 5971: 5959: 5943: 5936:Taubman 2017 5931: 5924:Taubman 2017 5919: 5912:Taubman 2017 5893:Taubman 2017 5888: 5881:Taubman 2017 5876: 5869:Taubman 2017 5864: 5857:Taubman 2017 5848: 5841:Taubman 2017 5832: 5825:Taubman 2017 5808: 5801:Taubman 2017 5796: 5789:Taubman 2017 5780: 5773:Taubman 2017 5768: 5761:Taubman 2017 5748: 5741:Taubman 2017 5732: 5725:Taubman 2017 5720: 5713:Taubman 2017 5708: 5701:Taubman 2017 5692: 5685:Taubman 2017 5670:Taubman 2017 5665: 5658:Taubman 2017 5653: 5641: 5634:Taubman 2017 5621: 5614:Taubman 2017 5599:Taubman 2017 5586: 5579:Taubman 2017 5570: 5563:Taubman 2017 5558: 5551:Taubman 2017 5538: 5531:Taubman 2017 5526: 5519:Taubman 2017 5514: 5507:Taubman 2017 5502: 5495:Taubman 2017 5490: 5483:Taubman 2017 5478: 5471:Taubman 2017 5458: 5451:Taubman 2017 5438: 5431:Taubman 2017 5426: 5419:Taubman 2017 5410: 5405:, p. 7. 5403:Taubman 2017 5394: 5387:Taubman 2017 5382: 5375:Taubman 2017 5366: 5361:, p. 7. 5359:Taubman 2017 5350: 5343:Taubman 2017 5338: 5331:Taubman 2017 5303:, p. 9. 5301:Taubman 2017 5296: 5289:Taubman 2017 5284: 5279:, p. 7. 5277:Taubman 2017 5264: 5257:Taubman 2017 5248: 5241:Taubman 2017 5236: 5231:, p. 7. 5229:Taubman 2017 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5165: 5155: 5140: 5112: 5100: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4920: 4907: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4849: 4839: 4800: 4798: 4783: 4773: 4770:David Dencik 4767: 4754: 4744: 4714: 4699: 4683: 4665: 4649: 4633: 4609:Bibliography 4596: 4581:Sophia Loren 4577:Bill Clinton 4570: 4542:Mário Soares 4519: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4446: 4433: 4429: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4387: 4359: 4347:Zbigniew Rau 4318: 4296: 4283: 4271: 4256: 4214: 4202:hemodialysis 4191: 4159: 4139: 4124: 4120:Leon Trotsky 4117: 4108:Western Wall 4097:third person 4093: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3975: 3948: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3921:Donald Trump 3909:new Cold War 3902: 3896: 3891: 3869: 3862: 3851: 3832:Shimon Peres 3823:Barack Obama 3814: 3812: 3799:Barack Obama 3753: 3724: 3704: 3693: 3672:his campaign 3643: 3620:chemotherapy 3592: 3587:Carlos Menem 3564: 3551: 3521: 3514: 3472: 3464: 3414: 3409: 3379: 3343: 3331:a conference 3328: 3306: 3291: 3283:Dmitry Yazov 3272: 3268:house arrest 3248: 3212: 3208: 3193: 3145: 3128:Persian Gulf 3117: 3093: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3042: 3033: 3001: 2992:Iron Curtain 2977: 2958: 2952: 2887: 2859: 2838:Fidel Castro 2829:Malta Summit 2809: 2805: 2784:Mathias Rust 2772: 2753: 2729: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2673:towards the 2667: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2631: 2625: 2598: 2590: 2581: 2543:Rajiv Gandhi 2537:and Syria's 2524: 2509: 2462: 2443: 2428: 2403: 2394: 2374: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2319: 2299: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2218: 2202: 2181: 2168: 2136: 2080: 2072: 2046: 2040: 2012:armed forces 2005: 1989: 1972: 1964:West Germany 1956: 1923: 1916:Part of the 1899:Louis Aragon 1871: 1838:East Germany 1834:Eastern Bloc 1831: 1815: 1810:East Germany 1795: 1771: 1755: 1747: 1722: 1711: 1699:Czechoslovak 1686: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1630:Molotovskoye 1602: 1583: 1552: 1521: 1473:Soviet Union 1458: 1433: 1378: 1377:, while his 1364: 1359:and end the 1342: 1337: 1278:Soviet Union 1258:Russian SFSR 1251: 1210: 1209: 1172: 1164: 1127: 1126: 1061:New thinking 1054: 1053: 1018:(1990–1991) 1015: 1014: 956:(1985–1991) 954:Secretariate 953: 952: 937: 930: 929: 913: 875: 866: 857: 801:Secretariat 557:(2022-08-30) 538:2 March 1931 488:Succeeded by 467: 451: 447:Succeeded by 439: 424: 389: 385:Succeeded by 362: 345:Succeeded by 332: 307: 287: 275:Succeeded by 251: 219: 199:Succeeded by 169:Ivan Silayev 142: 85: 53: 36: 32258:2022 deaths 32253:1931 births 32005:Harvey Milk 31959:Che Guevara 31881:Alan Turing 31860:Jean Piaget 31737:Juan Trippe 31709:Akio Morita 31639:Walt Disney 31625:Leo Burnett 31551:James Joyce 31523:T. S. Eliot 31495:Coco Chanel 31481:The Beatles 31449:Lech Wałęsa 31351:Ho Chi Minh 31256:Independent 31246:Independent 31225:Independent 31215:Independent 31211:Yury Vlasov 31205:Independent 31190:Independent 31066:Independent 30961:Salman Khan 30832:Simone Veil 30784:Pedro Duque 30754:Emma Bonino 30738:Helmut Kohl 30677:Óscar Arias 30393:Octavio Paz 30358:Nobel Prize 30269:Maria Ressa 30236:Nadia Murad 29951:Carlos Belo 29863:Óscar Arias 29855:Elie Wiesel 29831:Lech Wałęsa 29819:Alva Myrdal 29783:Anwar Sadat 29736:Eisaku Satō 29669:René Cassin 29462:Emily Balch 29344:Jane Addams 28954:Bill Harley 28928:Bill Harley 28618:The Capital 28615:/ Staff of 28613:Kyaw Soe Oo 28605:Maria Ressa 28237:Lech Wałęsa 28205:Anwar Sadat 28177:Addie Wyatt 28169:Susie Sharp 28157:Carla Hills 28153:Ella Grasso 28145:Jill Conway 28123:King Faisal 28115:John Sirica 27968:Isidor Rabi 27944:John Enders 27348:Meir Kahane 27293:Iosif Begun 27212:antisemitic 27070:Six-Day War 26807:Baker rules 26784:Afghanistan 26546:Turgut Özal 26244:Stepanakert 26101:Stepanakert 25796:Baku pogrom 25751:(1988–1994) 24815:Shen Zhihua 24625:Michael Cox 24557:competition 24504:Pro-Western 24494:Soviet Life 24420:Safari Club 24390:Warsaw Pact 24245:Nationalism 24235:Imperialism 24134:Reaganomics 23997:Containment 23790:Perestroika 23279:Realpolitik 23109:Six-Day War 23094:Greek junta 22905:Berlin Wall 22753:Suez Crisis 22721:Vietnam War 22608:McCarthyism 22423:Baruch Plan 22368:Unthinkable 22328:Dekemvriana 22267:Warsaw Pact 22098:August Coup 21951:South Yemen 21896:Afghanistan 21740:Central and 21733:by location 21637:Civic Forum 21524:Feng Congde 21499:Ion Iliescu 21484:Lech Wałęsa 21441:Magnitizdat 21403:Zhao Ziyang 21393:Heng Samrin 21353:Miloš Jakeš 21263:Perestroika 21043:Stipe Šuvar 21023:Ali Šukrija 20836:Rezső Nyers 20826:János Kádár 20746:Miloš Jakeš 20670:Enver Hoxha 20420:(1976–1981) 20182:(1981–1986) 19952:(1986–1990) 19873:Oleg Shenin 19868:Ivan Frolov 19753:(1990–1991) 19710:(1990–1991) 19704:(1988–1990) 19698:(1986–1988) 19692:(1977–1986) 19675:(1988–1991) 19669:(1985–1988) 19663:(1984–1985) 19657:(1983–1984) 19651:(1977–1982) 19645:(1965–1977) 19639:(1964–1965) 19633:(1960–1964) 19627:(1953–1960) 19621:(1946–1953) 19615:(1922–1946) 19347:Local-level 19244:Azerbaijani 18825:Secretariat 18507:Secretariat 18344:19th (1988) 18339:18th (1941) 18334:17th (1932) 18329:16th (1929) 18324:15th (1926) 18319:14th (1925) 18314:13th (1924) 18309:12th (1922) 18236:28th (1990) 18231:27th (1986) 18226:26th (1981) 18221:25th (1976) 18216:24th (1971) 18211:23rd (1966) 18206:22nd (1961) 18201:21st (1959) 18196:20th (1956) 18191:19th (1952) 18186:18th (1939) 18181:17th (1934) 18176:16th (1930) 18171:15th (1927) 18166:14th (1925) 18161:13th (1924) 18156:12th (1923) 18151:11th (1922) 18146:10th (1921) 17992:Information 17952:Agriculture 17939:Departments 17919:Secretariat 17582:Governments 17504:Solomentsev 17444:Mzhavanadze 17143:Six-Day War 17000:(1990–1991) 16993:(1989–1990) 16986:(1988–1989) 16650:(1): 7–25. 16421:4 September 16398:11 November 16353:13 December 16279:18 December 16223:14 December 16159:28 February 16085:24 February 15925:Steele 1996 15901:Steele 1996 15689:"ПРАВИТЕЛИ" 15523:Global News 15354:1 September 15305:4 September 15279:4 September 15253:3 September 15226:3 September 15200:3 September 15174:3 September 15145:2 September 15119:2 September 15088:2 September 15057:2 September 15031:2 September 15005:2 September 14979:2 September 14953:2 September 14927:2 September 14901:2 September 14895:Interfax.ru 14875:2 September 14849:2 September 14289:27 December 13866:Steele 1996 13689:2 September 13663:2 September 13600:25 December 13574:12 February 13477:27 December 13450:27 December 13420:27 December 13377:Sonnenseite 13315:The Monitor 13231:27 December 13200:27 December 13005:27 December 12575:27 December 12283:(1): 76–77. 12210:29 November 11951:27 December 11868:27 December 11531:25 November 9280:Steele 1996 5190:"Gorbachev" 5145:"Gorbachev" 4938:family name 4934:Sergeyevich 4855:August Coup 4374:Olaf Scholz 4263:honor guard 4221:Kaliningrad 4210:Moscow time 4090:Personality 4001:Third World 3836:Lech Wałęsa 3740:New Orleans 3690:in May 2000 3275:White House 3263:coup d'état 3261:launched a 3243:White House 3215:the Baltics 3097:James Baker 3012:Berlin Wall 2965:János Kádár 2741:Helmut Kohl 2621:Soviet Jews 2617:antisemitic 2493:Warsaw Pact 2458:evil empire 2446:nuclear war 2376:Moscow News 2363:as head of 2301:gospriyomka 2274:perestroika 2270:perestroika 2159:subheadings 1858: [ 1718:Lenin Hills 1678:antisemitic 1590:German Army 1559:Great Purge 1401:nationalist 1393:Warsaw Pact 1380:perestroika 1043:August Coup 966:Perestroika 619:(2007–2013) 611:(2001–2007) 603:(2000–2001) 592:Independent 587:(1952–1991) 478:Preceded by 435:Preceded by 373:Preceded by 334:Himself as 328:Preceded by 254:Himself as 244:Preceded by 187:Preceded by 76:subheadings 32242:Categories 32195:Quotations 32026:Rosa Parks 31945:Anne Frank 31867:Jonas Salk 31832:Kurt Gödel 31744:Sam Walton 31653:Bill Gates 31646:Henry Ford 31544:Jim Henson 31393:Mao Zedong 31043:Candidates 30947:2017: The 30812:2002: The 30788:John Glenn 30778:Somaly Mam 30382:Literature 30247:Abiy Ahmed 30132:Liu Xiaobo 30021:Kofi Annan 29718:Lê Đức Thọ 29172:Elihu Root 28966:Buck Howdy 28902:Tom Chapin 28868:Tom Chapin 28854:Tom Chapin 28775:David Holt 28770:Stellaluna 28480:Bill Gates 28404:Jeff Bezos 28321:Ted Turner 28149:Betty Ford 28070:Jim Lovell 27448:Pro-Jewish 27425:Pro-Soviet 27364:Golda Meir 27103:Ashkenazim 27036:Background 26671:Azerbaijan 26443:Azerbaijan 26131:War crimes 26059:Casualties 26045:Second war 25671:Background 25622:Multimedia 25229:Mujahideen 25117:Mujahideen 24583:Historians 24574:Space Race 24475:Rudé právo 24429:Propaganda 24285:Neo-Nazism 24255:Chauvinism 24209:Trotskyism 24124:Monetarism 24092:Liberalism 24084:Capitalism 24076:Ideologies 24027:Ostpolitik 23750:Solidarity 23715:Toyota War 23618:Solidarity 23475:Operation 23430:Ogaden War 23119:Dhofar War 23007:Shifta War 22765:Operation 22613:Korean War 22405:Operation 22397:Operation 22389:Operation 22366:Operation 22346:Operation 22338:Operation 22139:Lustration 22013:Baltic Way 21964:Individual 21941:Mozambique 21880:Uzbekistan 21865:Tajikistan 21850:Kyrgyzstan 21845:Kazakhstan 21810:Azerbaijan 21789:Yugoslavia 21667:Solidarity 21627:Charter 77 21613:Opposition 21509:Wu'erkaixi 21475:Opposition 21422:Opposition 21413:Siad Barre 21358:Egon Krenz 21328:Ramiz Alia 21319:Government 21258:Uskoreniye 21190:background 21112:background 20789:Egon Krenz 20675:Ramiz Alia 20138:Boris Pugo 19985:Lev Zaykov 19625:Voroshilov 19319:Turkestani 19294:Lithuanian 18894:Elected by 18294:9th (1920) 18289:8th (1919) 18284:7th (1917) 18279:6th (1912) 18274:5th (1908) 18259:2nd (1906) 18254:1st (1905) 18246:Conference 18141:9th (1920) 18136:8th (1919) 18131:7th (1918) 18126:6th (1917) 18121:5th (1907) 18116:4th (1906) 18111:3rd (1905) 18106:2nd (1903) 18101:1st (1898) 18027:Propaganda 17529:Vorotnikov 17004:1988–1991 16942:1985–1991 16915:1970–1978 16738:See also: 16637:: 141–152. 16417:. TheGamer 16059:3 November 15837:Bunce 1992 15299:Daily News 15109:topnews.ru 14814:radiokp.ru 13973:Bunce 1992 13794:Bunce 1992 13683:Al Jazeera 13537:12 January 13167:8 November 13137:8 November 13064:9 December 12974:30 January 12892:9 December 12732:30 January 11990:24 October 11810:16 January 10803:29 January 10718:31 January 8133:24 October 8087:24 October 5202:4 February 5128:References 4930:patronymic 4844:apparatus. 4657:Doubleday 4625:Publisher 4622:Co-author 4300:president 4080:Dostoevsky 3930:After the 3596:Ted Turner 3483:world fair 3422:Khrushchev 3351:Kazakhstan 3158:World Bank 2942:Baltic Way 2934:Lithuanian 2900:. Further 2512:abolishing 2323:billboards 2315:capitalism 2280:uskoreniye 2206:first lady 2185:Red Square 2155:condensing 1571:Trotskyism 1461:Privolnoye 1411:to launch 1399:. Growing 1395:countries 1254:Privolnoye 1094:Washington 1016:Presidency 947:Early life 782:Politburo 775:Politburo 665:Alma mater 541:Privolnoye 534:1931-03-02 88:March 2024 72:condensing 32443:Reformers 32095:Biography 31991:Bruce Lee 31516:Bob Dylan 30933:Knowledge 30367:Chemistry 30360:laureates 29975:John Hume 29754:1976–2000 29511:1951–1975 29466:John Mott 29288:1926–1950 29048:1901–1925 29037:Laureates 28842:2001–2010 28719:1993–2000 28648:Elon Musk 28636:Joe Biden 28396:Ken Starr 28189:1976–2000 27854:1951–1975 27647:1927–1950 27595:Channel 9 27578:Aftermath 27273:Ida Nudel 27118:Krymchaks 27014:Refusenik 26033:Reactions 26023:Incidents 25749:First war 25565:Rambo III 25523:Cargo 200 25516:The Beast 25502:Afghantsi 25256:Abdul Haq 24870:Ken Young 24715:Tony Judt 24564:Arms race 24537:Red Scare 24405:NN States 24350:Apartheid 24305:Autocracy 24214:Stalinism 24182:Guevarism 24172:Castroism 24162:Communism 24154:Socialism 23680:Star Wars 23273:Koza riot 22399:Beleaguer 22391:Masterdom 22179:Pink tide 21973:Jeltoqsan 21889:Elsewhere 21840:Lithuania 21692:Rastokhez 21632:New Forum 21615:movements 21514:Chai Ling 21124:Communism 20821:Imre Nagy 20816:Ernő Gerő 19690:Kuznetsov 19673:Gorbachev 19661:Chernenko 19502:(1990–91) 19490:(1932–33) 19472:(1926–27) 19466:(1924–33) 19460:(1923–30) 19454:(1923–27) 19448:(1921–23) 19442:(1920–21) 19436:(1919–21) 19422:Groupings 19329:Ukrainian 19299:Moldavian 18853:Collegium 18782:Presidium 18374:Politburo 17889:(1985–91) 17883:(1984–85) 17877:(1982–84) 17871:(1964–82) 17865:(1953–64) 17859:(1922–52) 17853:(1921–22) 17847:(1919–21) 17835:(1918–19) 17829:(1917–18) 17810:(1985–91) 17804:(1984–85) 17798:(1982–84) 17792:(1964–82) 17786:(1953–64) 17780:(1924–53) 17774:(1912–24) 17701:11th plan 17696:10th plan 17464:Ponomarev 17459:Polyansky 17424:Kuznetsov 17399:Kirilenko 17379:Gorbachev 17359:Chernenko 17354:Chebrikov 16612:Gorbachev 16591:Gorbachev 16466:1945-7790 16269:Pentatone 16021:30 August 16011:0362-4331 15693:levada.ru 15673:31 August 15647:31 August 15642:0190-8286 15555:31 August 15529:31 August 15453:30 August 15427:31 August 15331:30 August 14843:Forbes.ru 14820:30 August 14790:30 August 14765:30 August 14734:30 August 14708:30 August 13507:30 August 13094:18 August 12861:12 August 12826:cite news 12794:1 October 11630:30 August 11462:10 August 7955:0015-7120 5133:Citations 5118:Lithuania 5070:romanized 4942:Gorbachev 4775:Chernobyl 4755:Gorbachev 4603:Pentatone 4280:Reactions 4250:Grave at 4194:pneumonia 4187:cataracts 4175:pacemaker 4112:Jerusalem 4005:Karl Marx 3943:Joe Biden 3848:Scorpions 3803:Joe Biden 3552:Booknotes 3355:Kirghizia 3317:sign the 2481:Nicaragua 2450:arms race 2246:26th term 2189:Leningrad 2163:talk page 2151:splitting 2149:Consider 2036:25th term 2032:Politburo 2008:25th term 1931:Ipatovsky 1887:24th term 1733:Stavropol 1707:Stalinist 1514:Ukrainian 1489:Chernihiv 1485:Ukrainian 1355:to limit 1347:from the 1322:25th term 1318:Politburo 1294:Stavropol 1089:Reykjavík 970:Uskorenie 871:Chernenko 694:Signature 468:In office 425:In office 363:In office 308:In office 220:In office 143:In office 80:talk page 68:splitting 66:Consider 18:Gorbachev 32383:Illeists 32131:Politics 31667:Ray Kroc 31234:Withdrew 31194:campaign 31167:campaign 31150:campaign 31133:campaign 31104:campaign 31082:Lost in 31071:campaign 30963:and the 30941:and the 30746:and the 30439:(Canada) 30395:(Mexico) 30288:Memorial 28942:Jim Dale 28831:Jim Dale 28376:David Ho 26181:Susuzluq 26054:Timeline 25612:Category 25183:Alliance 25096:Alliance 25080:Cold War 25078:and the 25022:Timeline 25012:Category 24957:See also 24449:Izvestia 24290:Islamism 24187:Hoxhaism 24062:Rollback 23941:Abkhazia 23881:Gulf War 23785:Glasnost 23155:incident 22925:Sand War 22783:Ifni War 22292:Rio Pact 22237:Cold War 21936:Mongolia 21931:Ethiopia 21916:Cambodia 21820:Chechnya 21754:Bulgaria 21529:Tank Man 21519:Wang Dan 21504:Liu Gang 21461:Samizdat 21456:Protests 21295:Glasnost 21278:500 Days 21202:Cold War 21110:Internal 19702:Lukyanov 19696:Demichev 19655:Andropov 19649:Brezhnev 19643:Podgorny 19631:Brezhnev 19619:Shvernik 19516:See also 19359:Okrugkom 19279:Khorezmi 19264:Georgian 19259:Estonian 19254:Bukharan 19239:Armenian 18896:Congress 18093:Congress 17691:9th plan 17686:8th plan 17561:Podgorny 17551:Brezhnev 17514:Tikhonov 17499:Shvernik 17484:Shelepin 17469:Rashidov 17454:Podgorny 17429:Masherov 17404:Kiselyov 17364:Demichev 17349:Brezhnev 17344:Andropov 16951:(acting) 16850:Archived 16836:Archived 16815:Archived 16784:Archived 16725:57565508 16717:26925339 16674:(2017). 16492:24224067 16474:43189436 16347:Archived 16299:Archived 16273:Archived 16243:Archived 16217:Archived 16187:Archived 16133:7 August 16127:Archived 16053:Archived 16015:Archived 15697:Archived 15668:euronews 15421:Archived 15113:Archived 15082:Archived 15025:fakty.ua 14759:Archived 14702:Archived 13657:Archived 13626:Archived 13594:Archived 13568:Archived 13563:Politico 13531:Archived 13527:Interfax 13501:Archived 13471:Archived 13469:. CNBC. 13444:Archived 13414:Archived 13381:Archived 13351:Archived 13319:Archived 13289:Archived 13258:Archived 13225:Archived 13221:Politico 13194:Archived 13189:Newsweek 13161:Archived 13131:Archived 13088:Archived 13084:BBC News 13058:Archived 12999:Archived 12968:Archived 12936:Archived 12886:Archived 12855:Archived 12788:Archived 12757:Archived 12753:HuffPost 12726:Archived 12721:BBC News 12700:11 March 12694:Archived 12613:Archived 12609:BBC News 12585:cite web 12204:Archived 12161:Archived 12136:12 March 12130:Archived 11984:Archived 11945:Archived 11862:Archived 11801:Archived 11624:Archived 11525:Archived 10797:Archived 10712:Archived 10042:(2003). 8127:Archived 8105:(1991). 8081:Archived 8063:(1991). 7993:29 March 7987:Archived 5173:Archived 5148:Archived 4867:De facto 4809:See also 4741:, London 4595:'s 1936 4330:Cold War 4162:diabetes 3776:Caucasus 3608:leukemia 3480:Expo '92 3418:Malenkov 3372:and the 3370:Cold War 3245:, Moscow 3204:500 Days 3070:for the 3056:de facto 2982:, which 2930:Estonian 2894:Armenian 2707:de facto 2366:Novy Mir 2356:glasnost 2306:agrarian 2171:May 2024 2139:too long 2047:de facto 2022:against 1997:Sosnovka 1842:Bulgaria 1634:centners 1626:Komsomol 1594:Red Army 1481:Voronezh 1477:Russians 1366:glasnost 1361:Cold War 1340:leader. 1338:de facto 1298:Komsomol 1114:Helsinki 1080:Summits 974:Glasnost 656:Children 572:, Moscow 206:(acting) 56:too long 32081:Portals 32061:Bill W. 31145:Yabloko 31045:in the 30864:(Ghana) 30844:Al Gore 30701:(UNHCR) 30417:Physics 30095:Al Gore 29039:of the 28609:Wa Lone 27065:Zionism 26577:Armenia 26354:Armenia 26097:Martuni 25710:Miatsum 25683:History 25176:Leaders 24512:Amerika 24395:Comecon 24280:Fascism 24270:Zionism 24219:Titoism 23760:Contras 23228:Détente 22505:Comecon 22188:Related 21946:Somalia 21875:Ukraine 21855:Moldova 21830:Georgia 21825:Estonia 21815:Belarus 21805:Armenia 21779:Romania 21769:Hungary 21749:Albania 21657:Sąjūdis 21477:leaders 21424:methods 21321:leaders 21310:Đổi Mới 21251:Reforms 20639:of the 19708:Yanayev 19667:Gromyko 19637:Mikoyan 19613:Kalinin 19597:of the 19394:Statute 19374:Partkom 19324:Turkmen 19289:Latvian 19284:Kirghiz 18771:Central 18630:Orgburo 17982:General 17967:Culture 17924:Orgburo 17764:Leaders 17636:Reforms 17556:Kosygin 17538:Leaders 17524:Voronov 17519:Ustinov 17489:Shelest 17474:Romanov 17439:Mikoyan 17434:Mazurov 17419:Kulakov 17414:Kosygin 17394:Gromyko 17389:Grishin 17384:Grechko 17374:Efremov 17369:Dolgikh 17178:Détente 16781:excerpt 16483:3818525 16433:Sources 16193:9 April 15703:2 March 15593:Reuters 15575:Reuters 15549:Reuters 15325:Reuters 14697:Reuters 13632:15 July 13387:15 July 13357:15 July 13325:15 July 12963:Reuters 12942:20 June 12816:13 June 12569:MosNews 12167:3 March 10795:. PBS. 4871:de jure 4788:and by 4722:Polity 4691:Polity 4650:Memoirs 4532:by the 4430:Q&A 4239:at the 4185:due to 3616:Münster 3589:in 1999 3487:Seville 3449:in 1992 3392:, near 3376:in 1991 3339:Bayonne 3223:Vilnius 3194:At the 3170:START I 3066:In the 3061:de jure 3002:In the 2922:Tbilisi 2918:crushed 2910:killing 2890:Sumgait 2877:to the 2675:soviets 2628:Oreanda 2343:Vilnius 2137:may be 1875:Kremlin 1812:in 1966 1567:Marxism 1548:kolkhoz 1497:baptism 1467:of the 938:Former 931:Former 706:Website 650: 642: 638: 458:Acting 152:Premier 54:may be 32119:Russia 31968:& 31890:& 31084:runoff 31054:Winner 30994:2024: 30991:(DNDi) 30987:2023: 30981:2022: 30975:2021: 30969:2020: 30959:2019: 30953:2018: 30937:2016: 30931:2015: 30902:2014: 30895:2013: 30889:2012: 30883:2011: 30873:2010: 30867:2009: 30848:2008: 30842:2007: 30836:2006: 30830:2005: 30818:2003: 30806:2001: 30800:2000: 30794:, and 30782:1999: 30776:, and 30752:1998: 30742:1997: 30736:1996: 30730:1995: 30720:1994: 30714:1993: 30704:1992: 30697:1991: 30691:1990: 30681:1989: 30675:1988: 30669:1987: 30659:1986: 30653:1985: 30647:1984: 30641:1983: 30635:1982: 30629:1981: 29993:2000: 29985:1999: 29973:1998: 29961:1997: 29949:1996: 29937:1995: 29921:1994: 29909:1993: 29901:1992: 29893:1991: 29885:1990: 29877:1989: 29869:1988: 29861:1987: 29853:1986: 29845:1985: 29837:1984: 29829:1983: 29817:1982: 29809:1981: 29801:1980: 29793:1979: 29781:1978: 29773:1977: 29761:1976: 29742:1975: 29730:1974: 29715:1973: 29640:UNICEF 29612:1963: 29604:1962: 29596:1961: 29588:1960: 29580:1959: 29572:1958: 29564:1957: 29542:1954: 29534:1953: 29526:1952: 29518:1951: 29499:1950: 29491:1949: 29472:1947: 29460:1946: 29452:1945: 29444:1944: 29401:1938: 29393:1937: 29385:1936: 29377:1935: 29369:1934: 29361:1933: 29342:1931: 29334:1930: 29326:1929: 29307:1927: 29295:1926: 29272:1925: 29250:1922: 29238:1921: 29230:1920: 29222:1919: 29207:1917: 29178:1913: 29170:1912: 29158:1911: 29150:1910: 29138:1909: 29126:1908: 29114:1907: 29106:1906: 29098:1905: 29090:1904: 29082:1903: 29070:1902: 28984:(2010) 28968:(2009) 28956:(2008) 28944:(2007) 28930:(2006) 28904:(2004) 28892:(2003) 28888:, and 28870:(2002) 28856:(2001) 28833:(2000) 28819:(1999) 28815:, and 28791:(1997) 28777:(1996) 28763:(1995) 28735:(1993) 28670:(2023) 28662:(2022) 28650:(2021) 28642:(2020) 28630:(2019) 28622:(2018) 28593:(2017) 28585:(2016) 28577:(2015) 28569:(2014) 28551:(2013) 28543:(2012) 28535:(2011) 28527:(2010) 28519:(2009) 28511:(2008) 28503:(2007) 28495:(2006) 28487:(2005) 28468:(2004) 28460:(2003) 28452:(2002) 28433:(2001) 28414:(2000) 28406:(1999) 28398:(1998) 28386:(1997) 28378:(1996) 28370:(1995) 28362:(1994) 28354:(1993) 28331:(1992) 28323:(1991) 28315:(1990) 28307:(1989) 28299:(1988) 28291:(1987) 28283:(1986) 28275:(1985) 28267:(1984) 28259:(1983) 28247:(1982) 28239:(1981) 28231:(1980) 28223:(1979) 28215:(1978) 28207:(1977) 28199:(1976) 28180:(1975) 28125:(1974) 28117:(1973) 28109:(1972) 28097:(1971) 28089:(1970) 28081:(1969) 28073:(1968) 28051:(1967) 28043:(1966) 28035:(1965) 28027:(1964) 28019:(1963) 28011:(1962) 28003:(1961) 27995:(1960) 27928:(1959) 27920:(1958) 27912:(1957) 27904:(1956) 27896:(1955) 27888:(1954) 27880:(1953) 27872:(1952) 27864:(1951) 27845:(1950) 27837:(1949) 27829:(1948) 27821:(1947) 27813:(1946) 27805:(1945) 27797:(1944) 27789:(1943) 27781:(1942) 27773:(1941) 27765:(1940) 27757:(1939) 27749:(1938) 27741:(1937) 27729:(1936) 27721:(1935) 27713:(1934) 27705:(1933) 27697:(1932) 27689:(1931) 27681:(1930) 27673:(1929) 27665:(1928) 27657:(1927) 27553:Israel 27513:Pamyat 27357:Israel 27265:Jewish 27187:People 27141:Events 27113:Karaim 27043:Causes 26850:Russia 26781: 26759: 26723:Russia 26720: 26668: 26621: 26574: 26541:Turkey 26538: 26502:Russia 26499: 26440: 26388: 26351: 26191:Farukh 26186:Shusha 26105:Tartar 26047:(2020) 24463:Pravda 24265:Racism 24204:Maoism 23956:Kosovo 23477:Condor 23153:Pueblo 23139:May 68 22767:Gladio 22685:Tuapse 22348:Jungle 22340:Priboi 21966:events 21901:Angola 21860:Russia 21835:Latvia 21774:Poland 21731:Events 21383:Ne Win 19508:(1991) 19496:(1957) 19484:(1932) 19478:(1930) 19369:Raikom 19364:Gorkom 19274:Kazakh 18064:Pravda 17897:acting 17547:Troika 17509:Suslov 17409:Kunaev 17339:Aliyev 16746:, and 16723: 16715: 16684: 16664:153247 16662: 16618: 16599: 16580:152078 16578: 16547: 16528: 16490: 16480: 16472: 16464: 16305:22 May 16009: 15871:Meduza 15640: 15078:dni.ru 11976: 10741:28 May 10658: 8119: 8073: 7960:28 May 7953: 4928:, the 4890:, the 4794:Reagan 4785:Tetris 4619:Title 4516:, 1992 4440:C-SPAN 4198:kidney 4183:lenses 4166:Munich 4114:, 1992 4082:, and 3993:axioms 3842:, and 3653:, the 3558:C-SPAN 3476:Forbes 3325:, 1991 2936:, and 2726:, 1985 2658:Pravda 2613:Pamyat 2489:Prague 2423:Reagan 2228:, and 2116:Geneva 2045:, the 1905:, and 1620:, and 1099:Moscow 1084:Geneva 689:(1990) 683:Awards 628:Spouse 317:Deputy 178:Deputy 32212:Texts 32161:Media 30998:(OEI) 30539:1990 30402:Peace 30356:1990 27560:Nativ 27418:Other 26089:Ganja 26085:Barda 24948:Stasi 24415:SAARC 24410:ASEAN 24375:SEATO 24228:Other 24193:Juche 23951:Korea 23864:1990s 23577:1980s 23221:1970s 22844:1960s 22596:1950s 22306:1940s 22287:NEATO 22282:SEATO 22272:ANZUS 21921:China 21911:Burma 21906:Benin 19500:Soyuz 19354:Obkom 19334:Uzbek 19309:Tajik 18047:Women 17449:Pelše 17059:1992 17034:1990 16721:S2CID 16713:JSTOR 16660:JSTOR 16576:JSTOR 16470:JSTOR 15350:. BBC 15168:mk.ru 15139:mk.ru 13295:9 May 13264:9 May 12619:7 May 11804:(PDF) 11797:(PDF) 4778:, by 4711:2020 4696:2018 4680:2016 4662:2005 4646:1996 4630:1987 4616:Year 4564:from 4130:Death 3666:, or 2780:SS-23 2088:Sofia 2014:into 1993:dacha 1862:] 1780:in a 1575:Gulag 1569:like 1501:adobe 1375:press 1280:as a 1268:on a 1109:Malta 644:( 640: 600:ROSDP 32229:Data 32178:News 32033:Pelé 31299:Time 31162:LDPR 30724:and 30708:and 30685:and 30663:and 30564:1995 30559:1994 30554:1993 30549:1992 30544:1991 30534:1989 30529:1988 30524:1987 30519:1986 30514:1985 30386:1990 30310:2024 30299:2023 30280:2022 30265:2021 30254:2020 30243:2019 30228:2018 30217:2017 30206:2016 30195:2015 30180:2014 30169:2013 30158:2012 30139:2011 30128:2010 30117:2009 30106:2008 30091:2007 30076:2006 30061:2005 30050:2004 30039:2003 30028:2002 30013:2001 29709:1972 29698:1971 29687:1970 29676:1969 29665:1968 29657:1967 29648:1966 29636:1965 29625:1964 29558:1956 29551:1955 29485:1948 29438:1943 29431:1942 29424:1941 29417:1940 29410:1939 29355:1932 29320:1928 29266:1924 29259:1923 29216:1918 29201:1916 29194:1915 29187:1914 29056:1901 28980:and 28476:Bono 27638:Time 26855:OSCE 25336:1989 25331:1988 25326:1987 25321:1986 25316:1985 25311:1984 25306:1983 25301:1982 25296:1981 25291:1980 25286:1979 24488:TASS 24380:METO 24370:NATO 23596:and 23594:1980 23151:USS 22277:METO 22262:NATO 17668:1984 17658:1979 17653:1973 17648:1965 17643:OGAS 17545:The 17330:26th 17325:25th 17320:24th 17315:23rd 17310:22nd 17266:RYAN 16888:IMDb 16682:ISBN 16616:ISBN 16597:ISBN 16545:ISBN 16526:ISBN 16488:PMID 16462:ISSN 16423:2024 16400:2023 16355:2021 16307:2006 16281:2016 16251:2017 16225:2017 16195:2021 16161:2014 16135:2017 16087:2007 16061:2010 16023:2022 16007:ISSN 15705:2021 15675:2022 15649:2022 15638:ISSN 15557:2022 15531:2022 15505:2022 15483:2022 15455:2022 15429:2022 15356:2022 15333:2022 15307:2022 15281:2022 15255:2022 15228:2022 15202:2022 15176:2022 15147:2022 15121:2022 15090:2022 15059:2022 15033:2022 15007:2022 14981:2022 14955:2022 14929:2022 14903:2022 14877:2022 14851:2022 14822:2022 14792:2022 14767:2022 14736:2022 14710:2022 14291:2019 13691:2022 13665:2022 13634:2022 13602:2021 13576:2021 13539:2021 13509:2022 13479:2019 13452:2019 13422:2019 13389:2022 13359:2022 13327:2022 13297:2016 13266:2016 13233:2019 13202:2019 13169:2014 13139:2014 13096:2011 13066:2011 13007:2019 12976:2019 12944:2009 12894:2011 12863:2008 12832:link 12818:2009 12796:2008 12765:2007 12734:2019 12702:2015 12621:2019 12591:link 12577:2019 12212:2019 12169:2022 12138:2021 11992:2020 11974:ISBN 11953:2019 11870:2019 11812:2015 11632:2022 11533:2020 11464:2023 10805:2022 10743:2023 10720:2022 10656:ISBN 8135:2020 8117:ISBN 8089:2020 8071:ISBN 7995:2022 7962:2023 7951:ISSN 5204:2019 5081:IPA: 4761:and 4601:for 4587:for 4579:and 4395:Time 4360:The 4027:Kiev 4007:and 3939:TASS 3874:and 3644:The 3572:Duma 3509:and 3420:and 3353:and 3160:and 2906:Baku 2896:and 2603:and 2514:the 2469:NATO 2212:and 2018:its 1697:, a 1427:and 1373:and 1332:and 822:28th 818:27th 814:26th 810:25th 806:24th 799:28th 795:27th 791:26th 787:25th 780:25th 773:28th 769:27th 765:26th 761:25th 608:SDPR 584:CPSU 552:Died 528:Born 31179:PST 31128:KRO 30768:, 28493:You 26970:884 26965:874 26960:853 26955:822 24943:KGB 24938:MVD 24923:MI6 24918:MI5 24913:CIA 24385:EEC 21159:KGB 17620:2nd 17610:5th 17605:4th 17600:3rd 17595:2nd 16972:as 16886:at 16705:doi 16652:doi 16635:216 16568:doi 16509:doi 16478:PMC 16454:doi 15051:РБК 14973:РБК 14947:РБК 14921:РБК 14755:CNN 13497:VOA 4998:ɔːr 4971:ɔːr 4940:is 4932:is 4548:in 4110:in 3503:ÖBB 3485:in 3388:in 2460:". 1940:KGB 1848:of 675:LLB 616:USD 32244:: 30790:, 30786:, 30772:, 30764:, 30760:, 30756:, 30312:: 30301:: 30282:: 30267:: 30256:: 30245:: 30230:: 30219:: 30208:: 30197:: 30182:: 30171:: 30160:: 30141:: 30130:: 30119:: 30108:: 30093:: 30078:: 30063:: 30052:: 30041:: 30030:: 30015:: 29700:: 29689:: 29678:: 29667:: 29638:: 29627:: 29058:: 28976:– 28964:– 28952:– 28940:– 28926:– 28914:– 28900:– 28884:, 28880:– 28866:– 28852:– 28829:– 28811:, 28807:– 28787:– 28773:– 28759:– 28745:– 28731:– 28658:/ 28638:/ 28611:/ 28607:/ 28603:/ 28482:/ 28478:/ 28447:/ 28443:/ 28394:/ 28349:/ 28345:/ 28341:/ 28255:/ 28175:/ 28171:/ 28167:/ 28163:/ 28159:/ 28155:/ 28151:/ 28147:/ 28143:/ 28139:/ 28135:/ 28105:/ 28068:/ 28064:/ 28060:: 27990:/ 27986:/ 27982:/ 27978:/ 27974:/ 27970:/ 27966:/ 27962:/ 27958:/ 27954:/ 27950:/ 27946:/ 27942:/ 27938:/ 27737:/ 27028:c. 26860:EU 26103:, 26099:, 26095:, 26091:, 26087:, 16742:, 16719:. 16711:. 16699:. 16658:. 16648:45 16646:. 16633:. 16574:. 16564:42 16562:. 16505:19 16503:. 16486:. 16476:. 16468:. 16460:. 16448:. 16444:. 16391:. 16357:. 16345:. 16341:. 16271:. 16267:. 16211:. 16185:. 16181:. 16177:. 16121:. 16013:. 16005:. 16001:. 15868:. 15789:^ 15691:. 15666:. 15636:. 15630:. 15591:. 15573:. 15547:. 15521:. 15472:. 15445:. 15396:. 15376:. 15358:. 15323:. 15297:. 15272:. 15245:. 15218:. 15192:. 15166:. 15155:^ 15137:. 15107:. 15076:. 15049:. 15023:. 14997:. 14971:. 14945:. 14919:. 14893:. 14867:. 14841:. 14830:^ 14812:. 14800:^ 14775:^ 14757:. 14753:. 14727:. 14700:. 14694:. 14532:^ 14462:^ 14447:^ 14277:. 14217:^ 14200:^ 14133:^ 14014:^ 13999:^ 13980:^ 13941:^ 13900:^ 13873:^ 13707:. 13681:. 13651:. 13618:. 13566:. 13560:. 13541:. 13499:. 13495:. 13438:. 13412:. 13408:. 13375:. 13343:. 13313:. 13287:. 13283:. 13256:. 13252:. 13223:. 13219:. 13192:. 13186:. 13155:. 13129:. 13125:. 13082:. 13050:. 13027:^ 12997:. 12993:. 12960:. 12934:. 12930:. 12902:^ 12884:. 12880:. 12853:. 12849:. 12828:}} 12824:{{ 12786:. 12782:. 12755:. 12751:. 12718:. 12692:. 12688:. 12644:^ 12629:^ 12607:. 12587:}} 12583:{{ 12567:. 12538:^ 12523:^ 12508:^ 12493:^ 12478:^ 12451:^ 12316:^ 12289:^ 12281:40 12279:. 12251:^ 12236:^ 12202:. 12198:. 12122:. 12075:^ 12058:^ 12027:^ 11982:. 11939:. 11860:. 11856:. 11832:^ 11622:. 11618:. 11607:^ 11523:. 11519:. 11472:^ 11454:. 11236:. 11225:^ 10706:. 10628:^ 10573:^ 10474:^ 10311:^ 9435:^ 8971:^ 8808:^ 8705:^ 8618:^ 8589:^ 8570:^ 8507:^ 8452:^ 8421:^ 8406:^ 8143:^ 8125:. 8111:. 8079:. 7981:. 7970:^ 7945:. 7785:^ 7118:^ 7103:^ 6992:^ 6885:^ 6754:^ 6671:^ 6472:^ 6395:^ 5900:^ 5677:^ 5606:^ 5323:^ 5308:^ 5192:. 5154:. 5079:, 5067:, 5048:tʃ 5045:,- 5039:ɔː 5036:tʃ 5033:/- 5029:: 5027:US 5023:, 5010:tʃ 4980:tʃ 4958:: 4956:UK 4944:. 4796:. 4757:. 4719:– 4704:– 4688:– 4654:– 4638:– 4568:. 4438:, 4380:. 4357:. 4316:. 4223:. 4212:. 4189:. 4078:, 4029:. 3860:. 3838:, 3834:, 3746:. 3662:, 3556:, 3534:. 3519:. 3341:. 3285:, 3281:, 3166:DM 3149:G7 2932:, 2885:. 2317:. 2224:, 2216:. 2102:. 1954:. 1942:, 1901:, 1897:, 1860:ru 1644:. 1616:, 1612:, 1471:, 1256:, 972:– 968:– 820:, 816:, 812:, 808:, 797:, 793:, 789:, 771:, 767:, 763:, 646:m. 543:, 32147:: 32083:: 31290:e 31283:t 31276:v 31196:) 31192:( 31169:) 31165:( 31152:) 31148:( 31135:) 31131:( 31035:e 31028:t 31021:v 30598:e 30591:t 30584:v 30388:) 30384:( 30349:e 30342:t 30335:v 29029:e 29022:t 29015:v 28998:. 28704:e 28697:t 28690:v 27629:e 27622:t 27615:v 27210:/ 27026:( 27006:e 26999:t 26992:v 26107:) 25656:e 25649:t 25642:v 25056:e 25049:t 25042:v 23756:) 23752:( 22761:" 22757:" 22734:" 22730:" 22229:e 22222:t 22215:v 21095:e 21088:t 21081:v 20628:e 20621:t 20614:v 20410:e 20403:t 20396:v 20172:e 20165:t 20158:v 19942:e 19935:t 19928:v 19743:e 19736:t 19729:v 19587:e 19580:t 19573:v 17895:( 17739:e 17732:t 17725:v 17563:) 17549:( 17109:e 17102:t 17095:v 16821:. 16727:. 16707:: 16701:5 16690:. 16666:. 16654:: 16624:. 16605:. 16582:. 16570:: 16553:. 16534:. 16515:. 16511:: 16494:. 16456:: 16450:5 16425:. 16402:. 16309:. 16283:. 16253:. 16227:. 16197:. 16163:. 16137:. 16089:. 16063:. 16025:. 15707:. 15677:. 15651:. 15559:. 15533:. 15507:. 15485:. 15457:. 15431:. 15382:. 15335:. 15309:. 15283:. 15257:. 15230:. 15204:. 15178:. 15149:. 15123:. 15092:. 15061:. 15035:. 15009:. 14983:. 14957:. 14931:. 14905:. 14879:. 14853:. 14824:. 14794:. 14769:. 14738:. 14712:. 14293:. 13693:. 13667:. 13636:. 13604:. 13578:. 13511:. 13481:. 13454:. 13424:. 13391:. 13361:. 13329:. 13299:. 13268:. 13235:. 13204:. 13171:. 13141:. 13098:. 13068:. 13009:. 12978:. 12946:. 12896:. 12865:. 12834:) 12820:. 12798:. 12767:. 12736:. 12704:. 12623:. 12593:) 12579:. 12214:. 12171:. 12140:. 11994:. 11955:. 11874:. 11872:. 11814:. 11634:. 11535:. 11466:. 10807:. 10745:. 10722:. 10664:. 9133:. 8137:. 8091:. 7997:. 7964:. 5206:. 5160:. 5072:: 5057:/ 5054:f 5051:ɛ 5042:f 5019:/ 5016:f 5013:ɒ 5007:ˈ 5004:ə 5001:b 4995:ɡ 4992:ˌ 4989:, 4986:f 4983:ɒ 4977:ə 4974:b 4968:ɡ 4965:ˈ 4962:/ 4902:. 4857:. 4448:" 2731:" 2173:) 2169:( 2165:. 2034:( 1885:( 1320:( 1199:e 1192:t 1185:v 867:← 677:) 673:( 659:1 536:) 532:( 266:) 90:) 86:( 82:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.