1633:, Ryzhkov differed little from Gorbachev when it came to price reform. There were, however, subtle differences between the two men's views, with Ryzhkov supporting an administratively controlled price increase while Gorbachev, as a radical economist who supported market reform, opposed such measures. As Hough noted, Ryzhkov supported "the need for greater fiscal responsibility", while Gorbachev advocated the need for more rational prices which, according to Hough, would have brought inflation under control. Ryzhkov proposed price reform measures to Gorbachev several times but was turned down on each occasions, even though Gorbachev had argued strongly on the need for price reform in his speeches. Gorbachev strengthened his public image by accusing the Soviet leadership's conservative faction together with Ryzhkov, of delaying implementation of the necessary price reform. Ryzhkov had the backing of several high-standing institutions, such as the
1493:
feelings following the disaster, Ryzhkov persuaded the less sensitive
Gorbachev to forgo use of his limousine in favor of public transport. When Gorbachev left the ASSR, Ryzhkov remained to coordinate the rescue operation and made several television appearances which increased his standing amongst the Soviet leadership and the people in general. With his standing thus boosted, on 19 July 1988, at the Central Committee Plenum, Ryzhkov criticised nearly every one of Gorbachev's policies, further complaining that as Party Secretary he should devote more time to the Party. In the end, Ryzhkov failed in his promise to rebuild Spitak, partly due to the Soviet Union's mounting economic problems, and partly because many of the city's Soviet-era buildings had not been designed with adequate earthquake protection, making their reconstruction more difficult.
1759:
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central government apparatus. The 500 Days
Programme did not mention political union with the other Soviet republics, but instead weakened the authority of the central government by establishing a market economy. In other words, they left the question of continuing or dissolving the Soviet Union open. On 17 September, in a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev openly supported the 500 Days Programme, claiming it would not lead to the reestablishment of capitalism, but instead to a mixed economy where private enterprise played an important role.
77:
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1528:(1986–1990). To achieve these goals, the government pumped money into the machine-building sector but as time went by, Gorbachev increasingly diverged from his original stance. He now wanted to increase overall investment in nearly all industrial sectors; a move which Ryzhkov knew was a budgetary impossibility. However, Ryzhkov's economic policies were not much better as he continued to advocate an unreasonable increase in the production of
1582:. Nevertheless, in 1986, Ryzhkov stated that he, along with the rest of the Soviet leadership, were already discussing the possibility of creating a market economy in the Soviet Union. Ryzhkov supported the creation of a "regulated market economy" where the government sector occupied the "commanding heights" of the economy as well as the creation of semi-private-public companies. His second cabinet, several high-standing members of the
1791:
1605:'s and one created by himself in conjunction with the Maslyukov chaired State Planning Committee along with several other government institutions. On 5 July 1989, the State Commission of the Council of Ministers on Economic Reforms was established, which replaced Maslyukov's reform commission. The new commission was chaired by Abalkin, who had also been appointed
1857:, subsequently resigning his seat in the State Duma. He served as Chairman of the Federation Council Commission on Natural Monopolies, as a member of the Committee on Local Self-Governance and as co-chairman of the Russian–Armenian commission on inter-parliamentary cooperation. Ryzhkov resigned as a member of the Federation Council on 25 September 2023.
1744:, weakening the head of government's hold on economic policy. In contrast to Hough's view that Gorbachev had little reason to remove Ryzhkov, Gordon M. Hahn argues that there were good reasons to replace him given that with Ryzhkov's Politburo support much reduced, the reformist opposition saw him as a conservative.
1657:
by
December, which as things turned out, put financial stability at the top of its agenda. Gorbachev disliked Abalkin's report and rejected Ryzhkov's requests that he support it. Ryzhkov was then forced to create an even more conservative reform plan for 1989 in which price reform was to be postponed
1612:
With strong support from
Ryzhkov, Gorbachev abolished the Central Committee economic department, thereby strengthening the authority of central government over economic matters. From then on, the government could not be blamed for economic policies initiated by the Party leadership. The establishment
1727:
Ryzhkov's Plan and the 500 Days
Programme were broadly similar, with both supporting price liberalisation, decentralisation and privatisation. The main difference between the two was Ryzhkov's desire to retain much of the social security system, free education for all and the continuance of a strong
694:
appointed
Ryzhkov head of the Economic Department of the Central Committee where he was responsible for overseeing major planning and financial organs, excluding industry. As head of the department, he reported directly to Mikhail Gorbachev and as head of the Central Committee's Economic Department
1711:
in
Ryzhkov's government also failed, with 199 members in favour of Ryzhkov and his cabinet's resignation, 1,685 against and 99 abstaining. As the result of a propaganda war launched against Ryzhkov by Gorbachev supporters, several leading members of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium urged
1573:
and privatisation was not limited to high-level government officialdom. Several middle and low-ranking officials, who owed their rise in the hierarchy to government-owned enterprises, wanted to retain the existing system. Gorbachev also blamed
Ryzhkov and the Council of Ministers for the economic
1735:
headed by
Valentin Pavlov, Ryzhkov's former Minister of Finance. The law enacting the change was passed on 26 December 1990, but the new structure was not implemented until 14 January 1991 when Pavlov took over as Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. Between Ryzhkov's hospitalisation and Pavlov's
1685:
In August 1990, several leading officials tried to persuade
Gorbachev to force Ryzhkov to resign from his post. Gorbachev did not bow to this pressure, fearing that Ryzhkov's removal would lead to increased activity by many of his pro-republican first secretaries and Politburo members. Ryzhkov's
1476:
between 2–3 May 1986. On Ryzhkov's orders the government evacuated everyone within a 30 kilometres (19 mi) radius of the plant. The 30 km radius was a purely random guess and it was later shown that several areas contaminated with radioactive material were left untouched by government
606:(now Toretsk) in 1929. After graduating in 1959, he worked first in local industry before being moved into government in the 1970s, working his way up through the hierarchy of Soviet industrial ministries. He was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1979. Following
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within two years. A Politburo commission was established to provide guidance for the local ASSR Government with Ryzhkov elected its chairman. The commission then travelled to the ASSR to assess damage caused by the earthquake. During Gorbachev's subsequent visit to the ASSR, and aware of local
1686:
numerous supporters were not concerned about policy issues; they backed him simply because he opposed some of Gorbachev's economic and political reforms. In July 1990, as the Politburo underwent restructuring at the 28th Party Congress, all government officials except Gorbachev and
1983:
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until 1991. When the Abalkin report was proposed at the Central Committee plenum, the majority of delegates indirectly attacked Gorbachev for his indecisiveness when it came to the implementation of price reform. In April 1990, after submitting a draft to the
1928:, 4th class (27 September 2004 – for outstanding contribution to the strengthening of the Russian state and many years of diligent work). A monument in recognition of his significant personal contribution to the reconstruction in Armenia after the 1988
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as "members of the Russian leadership's inner circle." The sanctions freeze any assets he held in the US and banned him from entering the United States. On 17 March 2014, Ryzhkov was added to the European Union sanctions list due to his role in the
5388:
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1782:. Running as the Communist Party nominee, Ryzhkov placed second in the election. He received a total of 13,395,335 votes, equal to 16.9% of the total vote. He placed more than forty points behind Boris Yeltsin, who won the election.
1648:
By 1988, Ryzhkov increasingly sided with Leonid Abalkin, one of the few economists who advocated fiscal responsibility. At the 19th Conference of the Central Committee, Abalkin was severely criticised by Gorbachev, and accused of
1826:, the introduction of a planned economy, more state involvement in the economy and the promotion of nationalism and patriotism. In the Second State Duma "Power to the People!" sided with another national-patriotic forces in
1690:, the Deputy General Secretary, were excluded with Ryzhkov losing his Politburo seat by default. Nevertheless, Ryzhkov, along with many others, was elected a member of the Presidential Council. On 19 October 1990, the
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1598:, Ryzhkov proposed postponing the transition to a market economy until 1992, further suggesting that in the period between 1990–1992, recentralisation of government activities would ensure a period of stabilisation.
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support for Ryzhkov's economic reform plan increased. Ryzhkov's economic reform plan was passed by an overwhelming majority, with 1,532 deputies in favour, 419 against and 44 deputies abstaining. The parliamentary
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in income. Nevertheless, the campaign went ahead, losing the Soviet Government millions in revenues. Ryzhkov's opposition to the campaign was strengthened by his belief that both Gorbachev and Ligachev placed
380:
1948:, 5th class, "for his outstanding contribution to the development of Russian–Ukrainian cooperation and on the occasion of his 75th birthday" on 24 September 2004. The Russian President awarded Ryzhkov the
358:
5418:
714:, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was elected Chairman of the newly established Commission on Improvements to the Management System. His title of chairman was largely honorary, with Ryzhkov the
5190:
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3787:"Фонд № 717 - Рыжков Николай Иванович (1929 - 2024), генеральный директор производственного объединения «Уралмаш», Председатель Совета Министров СССР, член Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания РФ"
956:
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and several pro-Gorbachev intellectuals. The economic turmoil which hit the Soviet Union in 1990 was blamed on Ryzhkov, even though it was Gorbachev who had delayed Ryzhkov's proposed reform.
5493:
3480:
1810:, a liberal politician who strongly supported economic reforms. At the election, he was elected to the State Duma Federal Assembly as an independent candidate. Once elected, he headed the
5160:
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1645:. In contrast to Gorbachev, Ryzhkov actually had, according to Hough, a plan for a transition to a market economy. Gorbachev on the other hand was never able to turn words into deeds.
4688:
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1977:
1971:
1802:, Ryzhkov defended his own tenure as Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, claiming that Russians were far worse off under capitalism than Soviet communism. Russian TV channel
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1849:(NPSR) and was elected chairman of its Duma faction. The NPSR's formal leaders were Ryzhkov and Zyuganov, who was an unofficial leader. In September 2003, Ryzhkov entered the
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While supporting the transition away from a planned economy, Ryzhkov understood that privatisation would weaken the government's power. As changes occurred, skepticism over
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In December 1990, Ryzhkov suffered a heart attack. During his recovery, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union dissolved the Council of Ministers and replaced it with the
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he met with Andropov once a week. Ryzhkov became convinced that had Andropov lived at least another five years, the Soviet Union would have seen a reform package similar
3670:[Order of the President of the Russian Federation from 03.10.2009 N 640-p; "Awarded by the Honorary President of the Russian Federation to N.I. "] (in Russian).
1107:
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2006:
1969 – for the creation and implementation of complex mechanized welding demonstration in a unique block of welded structures URALMASHZAVOD engineering (with the team)
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Ryzhkov was an early supporter of the Gorbachev policy calling for an increase in the quantity and quality of goods planned for production during the period of the
653:
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov was born to Russian parents on 28 September 1929, in Dzerzhynsk, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. He graduated from the
1989:
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4152:
1533:
1450:
863:
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3566:[Nikolai Ryzhkov, awarded the Medal of Honor by the Armenian parliament for the development of Armenian-Russian relations] (in Russian). Armenia News
1949:
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In his memoirs, Gorbachev vaguely asserts that a single price increase would be better than several. Things did not improve for Ryzhkov when, at the
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5181:
3427:"Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle, And An Entity For Involvement In The Situation In Ukraine"
3484:
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bloc, a communist faction with nationalist tendencies. The Power to the People bloc came about through the merger of Ryzhkov's supporters and the
5029:
2009:
1979 – for the creation and implementation of high-slab continuous casting machines for steel curved type complexes of high power (with the team)
1827:
1556:, which restricted the authority of central planners. This would later come into effect and give workers an unrealistically high level of power.
904:
1560:, Chairman of the State Planning Committee, became the scapegoat for the failure of this reform and on the orders of Ryzhkov he was replaced by
3398:
1901:
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before practical considerations, and he instead advocated an alternative long-term program rather than one designed to have immediate effect.
1653:". Several conference delegates agreed with Gorbachev, but Ryzhkov's support remained solid. Abalkin was ordered to deliver a report to the
5024:
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in December 1995 as an independent, Ryzhkov subsequently led the Power to the People voting bloc, later becoming the formal leader of the
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to become chief engineer, then became between 1970 and 1975 Factory Director of the Uralmash Production Amalgamation. Ryzhkov joined the
5010:
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1360:
1250:
781:
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793:
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1959:
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610:'s resignation as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ryzhkov was voted into office in his place. During his tenure he supported
576:
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232:
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1666:, Ryzhkov's price reform was initiated. However, a short while later it was once more put on hold following severe criticism from
707:'s short rule, both Ryzhkov and Gorbachev elaborated several reform measures, sometimes in the face of opposition from Chernenko.
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1995:
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In 2014, Ryzhkov supported the introduction of Russian troops into Ukraine, and in 2022, he expressed his support for the
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771:
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Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime
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acted as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The reorganisation of the government made it subordinate to the
1594:, which espoused a quick transition to a market economy. Matters did not improve when at the second session of the
1537:
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637:, who was an unofficial leader. On 17 September 2003, he resigned his seat in the Duma and became a member of the
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672:(CPSU) in 1956. He was transferred to Moscow in 1975 and appointed to the post of First Deputy Minister of the
4065:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR)
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In 1996, Ryzhkov was one of the founders of the CPRF-led alliance of leftists and nationalists known as the
1766:
After recovering from his heart attack in early 1991, Ryzhkov stood as the Communist candidate in the first
5363:
3610:"Russian senator Nikolai Ryzhkov hopes for exclusively constitutional, legal solution of Armenia situation"
2099:
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1587:
1311:
743:
638:
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1280:
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564:
194:
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3563:Николай Рыжков награжден почетной медалью армянского парламента за развитие армяно-российских отношений
3078:
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1965:
1301:
751:
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3590:[Nikolai Ryzhkov was awarded the title "National Hero of Armenia"] (in Russian). Armenia News
3399:"Soviet ex-premier Nikolai Ryzhkov, who vainly tried to prevent USSR's economic meltdown, dies at 94"
3234:
1638:
1260:
3441:"Executive Order – Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine"
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4618:
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2416:
1937:
1872:
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1481:
1014:
1009:
1004:
696:
486:
55:
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1984:
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
3899:
3634:
2062:
2001:
1884:
1097:
929:
5379:
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5374:
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5369:
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2484:
2474:
1677:, Gorbachev claimed it would be "absurd" to begin serious economic reform with price increases.
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Ryzhkov and Gorbachev continued their work on economic reform and in 1987, began drafting the
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3322:[Former Prime Minister of the USSR and urogener of Donetschina Mykola Ryzhkov died].
3104:
The Soldier in Russian Politics: Duty, Dictatorship and Democracy under Gorbachev and Yeltsin
1779:
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1991 election. Blue indicates a win by Yeltsin, red a win by Ryzhkov, grey a win by Tuleyev.
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Members of the Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8:
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2385:
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1933:
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924:
662:
5389:
Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5384:
Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3585:
3561:
3319:
1617:
by Gorbachev in 1990 weakened the power of the government apparatus; a move Ryzhkov and
563:; 28 September 1929 – 28 February 2024) was a Russian politician. He served as the last
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4268:
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1936:. In 2008, the Armenian Government awarded Ryzhkov their highest state decoration, the
1850:
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1469:
1306:
626:
556:
2923:
Perestroika-Era Politics: The New Soviet Legislature and Gorbachev's Political Reforms
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20:
5120:
3814:"Рыжков: «Я приехал в Армению после землетрясения на 2 дня, а остался там навсегда»"
2446:
Car Wars: Fifty Years of Greed, Treachery, and Skulduggery in the Global Marketplace
2379:
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Ryzkhov died in Moscow on 28 February 2024, at the age of 94. He was buried at the
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in 1981. He was one of several members of the Soviet leadership affiliated to the "
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1904:. He was barred from entering EU countries, and his assets in the EU were frozen.
1778:, a Soviet war veteran who led the Soviet military during the final stages of the
1712:
Ryzhkov to resign so that the Soviet Government could reach a compromise with the
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591:. He was the last surviving premier of the Soviet Union following the death of
259:
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notes that Gorbachev treated Ryzhkov and his reform attempts just as badly as
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was opposed by Ryzhkov, who agreed with the State Planning Committee and the
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3667:О НАГРАЖДЕНИИ ПОЧЕТНОЙ ГРАМОТОЙ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ РЫЖКОВА Н.И.
3161:
Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000
2476:
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
1853:
of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as the representative for
5035:
5001:
4636:
4249:
4181:
3639:[On awarding N.I. Ryzhkov Order Yaroslav the Wise] (in Ukrainian).
3037:
2231:
2031:
The Soviet Union under Gorbachev (Routledge Revivals): Prospects for Reform
1823:
1803:
1775:
1717:
592:
333:
5454:
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
5449:
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
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4328:
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2926:
1737:
1569:
1340:
1180:
264:
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Russian individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
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3849:
1720:, stopped following Ryzhkov's orders, and Silayev refused to visit the
1390:
622:
134:
31:
4090:
Personal information on the Council of Federation website (in Russian)
5333:
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3186:
2325:
The Long Road to Recovery: Community Responses to Industrial Disaster
1161:
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The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995: The Battle for the Duma
1716:. To make matters worse, the Russian Government which was headed by
5135:
5118:
4074:М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. — 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6.
3375:
3044:[Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich]. praviteli.org. Archived from
2382:
Proceedings of the tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
1790:
1591:
1187:
1156:
716:
665:
4003:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
3793:. Центр документации общественных организаций Свердловской области
3320:"Помер колишній прем'єр СРСР та уроженець Донеччини Микола Рижков"
2472:
661:, he started work as a welder, proceeded through the ranks at the
5509:
Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
3443:. The White House – Office of the Press Secretary. 20 March 2014.
868:
677:
599:
454:
39:
5514:
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
5419:
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
3075:
Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society
3263:
Political Parties in the Regions of Russia: Democracy Unclaimed
1489:
475:
5479:
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class
3505:
3154:
724:, Ryzhkov became a full rather than a candidate member of the
3587:Николаю Рыжкову присвоено звание "Национальный Герой Армении"
3481:"Putin's inner circle: who got in a new list of US sanctions"
2380:
International Association for Earthquake Engineering (1992).
1772:
President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1345:
5494:
People of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
4060:— М.: Алгоритм-Эксмо, 2010. — 544 с. ISBN 978-5-699-40627-2.
2729:
2727:
1513:, one-time Chairman of the Council of Ministers, during the
3369:
Militckaia, Ekaterina; Nefedova, Alena (28 February 2024).
3291:"Экс-премьер СССР Рыжков досрочно ушел из Совета Федерации"
2920:
2693:
1978:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"
1972:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
1540:
that such a drive would deprive from the state billions of
3765:Совет Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации
3732:Совет Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации
3636:Про нагородження М. Рижкова орденом князя Ярослава Мудрого
3536:"EU sanctions list includes Russian commanders, Crimea PM"
3228:
3198:
3136:
3124:
2883:
2674:
1822:. Its policies were left-wing and included revival of the
1578:, a move which fostered resentment for both Gorbachev and
575:
as prime minister. The same year, he lost his seat on the
4712:
26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4482:
27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2739:
2724:
2130:[Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov] (in Russian). Peoples
1583:
720:
head through his position as deputy chairman. Along with
5424:
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (after 2000)
5409:
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
3894:
Russia's Stillborn Democracy?: From Gorbachev to Yeltsin
3846:
The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline
2847:
2787:
5504:
Russian individuals subject to European Union sanctions
5459:
Recipients of the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow
5414:
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
3967:
3660:
3216:
3192:
2943:
3314:
3312:
3020:
3018:
2612:
2593:
2513:
2268:
2205:
3946:
Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991
2712:
2655:
2501:
2256:
2195:
2193:
5429:
Candidates in the 1991 Russian presidential election
5404:
Ninth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
2859:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2775:
2763:
2631:
2544:
2532:
2142:
5484:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
3348:"Умер Николай Рыжков — разочаровавшийся реформатор"
3309:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2902:
2871:
2643:
2098:[Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich] (in Russian).
1774:(RSFSR). Ryzhkov's vice presidential candidate was
732:. Ryzhkov succeeded Tikhonov on 27 September 1985.
4029:Market Socialism or the Restoration of Capitalism?
3972:
3891:
3368:
2751:
2350:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
1907:
5474:Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution
3530:
3528:
3257:
2562:
1596:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
5345:
4160:
3506:President of The United States (19 March 2016).
3101:
3065:
3063:
2443:
2412:Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History
2327:. United Nations University Press. p. 190.
2293:
2088:
674:Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building
3499:
2894:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGillMarkwick2000 (
2704:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGillMarkwick2000 (
2685:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGillMarkwick2000 (
2322:
1601:Ryzhkov's economic reform plan was a hybrid of
19:"Ryzhkov" redirects here. For the surname, see
3971:; Davidheiser, Evelyn; Lehmann, Susan (1996).
3525:
3231:Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe
3069:
1955:Other decorations awarded to Ryzhkov include:
1902:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
1806:broadcast a debate featuring only Ryzhkov and
728:on 23 April 1985 during Gorbachev's tenure as
676:. Ryzhkov became First Deputy Chairman of the
108:17 September 2003 – 25 September 2023
5104:
4934:
4696:
4466:
4146:
3060:
2473:Palazhchenko, Pavel; Oberdorfer, Don (1997).
2230:
1747:
1472:, along with Yegor Ligachev, Ryzhkov visited
1444:
4051:Кто поставил Горбачёва? (Who put Gorbachev?)
3866:
3474:
3472:
3204:
3142:
3130:
2889:
2699:
2680:
2408:
1517:. Brezhnev's most notable snub was over the
589:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
207:27 September 1985 – 14 January 1991
147:17 January 1996 – 17 September 2003
3889:
3698:"Ceremony for presenting state decorations"
1754:Nikolai Ryzhkov presidential campaign, 1991
393:22 November 1982 – 15 October 1985
152:Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
5464:Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
5111:
5097:
4941:
4927:
4703:
4689:
4473:
4459:
4153:
4139:
2666:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2623:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2604:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2524:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2279:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2216:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
1590:all supported Ryzhkov's opposition to the
1488:, Ryzhkov promised to rebuild the city of
1451:
1437:
645:, which he held until he retired in 2023.
75:
3469:
3465:Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)
3030:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1893:Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)
1840:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1830:faction, also led by Ryzhkov. During the
3350:(in Russian). BBC News. 28 February 2024
3036:
2346:
2344:
1960:Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation
1789:
1757:
648:
569:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
5399:Heads of government of the Soviet Union
3997:
3478:
2661:
2618:
2599:
2519:
2274:
2211:
1862:annexation of four regions from Ukraine
1641:, chaired by the future Soviet Premier
571:from 1985 to 1991 and was succeeded by
305:Head of the Economic Department of the
5346:
4023:
3975:The 1996 Russian Presidential Election
3890:Gill, Graeme; Markwick, Roger (2002).
3867:Belin, Laura; Orttung, Robert (1997).
3840:
3811:
2921:Huber, Robert; Kelley, Ronald (1991).
2745:
2733:
2718:
2637:
2507:
2262:
2148:
2077:
1842:(CPRF) candidate, for the presidency.
424:3 March 1981 – 29 August 1991
5092:
4922:
4684:
4454:
4134:
3939:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3229:Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008).
3217:Hough, Davidheiser & Lehmann 1996
3193:Hough, Davidheiser & Lehmann 1996
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2550:
2538:
2341:
2296:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
2199:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2028:Dyker, David A. (13 September 2013).
2027:
1996:Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow
1785:
1655:Presidium of the Council of Ministers
371:23 April 1985 – 13 July 1990
4117:27 September 1985 – 14 January 1991
3916:
3371:"Человек труда: умер Николай Рыжков"
3024:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2908:
2877:
2757:
2649:
680:in 1979 and was elected to the CPSU
2055:
1463:
670:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
516:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
311:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
5489:Recipients of the USSR State Prize
4954:1991 Russian presidential election
3746:
1847:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
1700:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
1680:
1496:
1486:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
631:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
511:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
154:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
14:
5525:
4078:
1946:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise
1926:Order of Merit for the Fatherland
1914:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
5469:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
5332:
5119:
3479:Shuklin, Peter (21 March 2014).
3429:. US Department of the treasury.
3328:(in Ukrainian). 28 February 2024
2567:Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders
1574:difficulties which arose during
1411:
750:
598:Ryzhkov was born in the city of
3834:
3805:
3779:
3720:
3690:
3654:
3627:
3602:
3578:
3554:
3458:
3447:
3433:
3419:
3391:
3362:
3340:
3283:
3251:
3222:
3148:
3095:
2914:
2556:
2466:
2437:
2402:
2373:
2316:
2287:
2224:
1918:Order of the October Revolution
1908:Awards, decorations, and orders
1629:According to Swedish economist
1624:
2353:Armenia: With Nagorno Karabagh
2240:University of Washington Press
2118:
2021:
1897:list of individuals sanctioned
735:
710:When Gorbachev came to power,
16:Russian politician (1929–2024)
1:
4063:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011).
4049:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2010).
1916:twice, in 1966 and 1985, the
1883:In March 2014, following the
1615:President of the Soviet Union
1609:of the Council of Ministers.
1366:Political abuse of psychiatry
945:Congress of People's Deputies
166:7 August 1996 – 1998
28:Eastern Slavic naming customs
4162:Premiers of the Soviet Union
2100:Federation Council of Russia
1878:
1736:election as prime minister,
744:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
4406:Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990)
4113:Premier of the Soviet Union
3981:Brookings Institution Press
3951:Brookings Institution Press
3662:Presidential Administration
3166:Brookings Institution Press
2351:Holdning, Nicholas (2006).
1866:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1794:Ryzhkov on 27 November 2009
1554:Law on the State Enterprise
1532:. Gorbachev and Ligachev's
1519:1965 Soviet economic reform
905:Central Executive Committee
583:'s leading opponent in the
323:1982 – August 1985
195:Premier of the Soviet Union
10:
5530:
5125:National Heroes of Armenia
4033:Cambridge University Press
3812:admina (7 December 2017).
3483:. liga.net. Archived from
3297:(in Russian). 1 March 2024
3235:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
3158:; McFaul, Michael (2003).
3079:Cambridge University Press
3042:"Рыжков, Николай Иванович"
2573:Cambridge University Press
2563:Breslauer, George (2002).
2236:Days of Defeat and Victory
2063:"Nikolaj Ivanovič Ryzhkov"
1966:Order of the Patriotic War
1832:1996 presidential election
1751:
1748:1991 presidential campaign
701:People's Republic of China
655:Ural Polytechnic Institute
585:1991 presidential election
26:In this name that follows
25:
18:
5330:
5131:
4990:
4960:
4835:
4719:
4591:
4489:
4440:Prime Ministers of Russia
4425:
4259:
4168:
4119:
4110:
4102:
4097:
3761:"Рыжков Николай Иванович"
3734:(in Russian). 5 July 2023
3102:Barylski, Robert (1998).
2444:Mantle, Jonathan (1995).
2294:McCauley, Martin (2008).
2034:. Routledge. p. 28.
1924:in 1976 and 1979 and the
1885:Crimean status referendum
1800:1995 legislative campaign
1639:State Committee on Prices
1261:Material balance planning
962:1989 Legislative election
560:
552:
545:Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov
538:
530:
522:
504:
493:
482:
465:
442:Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov
437:
432:
428:
417:
397:
386:
375:
364:
349:
339:
327:
316:
304:
290:
278:
225:
211:
200:
192:
182:
170:
159:
151:
140:
132:
122:
112:
101:
90:
86:
74:
65:
53:
5444:National Hero of Armenia
5025:Liberal Democratic Party
3666:
3635:
3586:
3562:
3267:Lynne Rienner Publishers
3205:Belin & Orttung 1997
3143:Belin & Orttung 1997
3131:Belin & Orttung 1997
2890:Gill & Markwick 2000
2700:Gill & Markwick 2000
2681:Gill & Markwick 2000
2417:Indiana University Press
2323:Mitchell, James (1996).
2126:
2095:Рыжков, Николай Иванович
2094:
2015:
1950:Diploma of the President
1938:National Hero of Armenia
1912:Ryzhkov was awarded the
1873:Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
1480:In the aftermath of the
1076:Administrator of Affairs
678:State Planning Committee
487:Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
66:
56:National Hero of Armenia
3900:Oxford University Press
2127:Николай Иванович Рыжков
2002:State Prize of the USSR
1418:Soviet Union portal
930:Soviet of Nationalities
614:'s 1980s reform of the
553:Николай Иванович Рыжков
81:Official portrait, 2016
4797:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
4552:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
4085:Biography (in Russian)
4070:30 August 2022 at the
3923:Transaction Publishers
3108:Transaction Publishers
1795:
1763:
1692:Russian Supreme Soviet
1588:military establishment
1526:Twelfth Five-Year Plan
1361:Ideological repression
1251:Science and technology
561:Микола Іванович Рижков
5324:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan
4430:First Deputy Premiers
4056:7 August 2022 at the
3917:Hahn, Gordon (2002).
3641:Government of Ukraine
3404:Associated Press News
2409:Suny, Ronald (1993).
1793:
1761:
1709:vote of no confidence
1698:. In stark contrast,
1534:anti-alcohol campaign
1477:evacuation agencies.
794:Collective leadership
649:Early life and career
579:, going on to become
233:First Deputy Premiers
5141:Viktor Hambardzumyan
5017:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
4792:Konstantin Chernenko
3706:Government of Russia
3672:Government of Russia
2386:Taylor & Francis
2090:Government of Russia
1942:Ukrainian Government
1812:Power to the People!
1733:Cabinet of Ministers
1660:Presidential Council
1651:economic determinism
1371:Political repression
1336:Censorship of images
1066:First Deputy Premier
804:Presidential Council
705:Konstantin Chernenko
595:on 8 February 2023.
577:Presidential Council
255:Vsevolod Murakhovsky
5364:People from Toretsk
5319:Gurgen Dalibaltayan
5260:Ohannes Tchekidjian
5156:Geghaznik Mikaelyan
5068:Ramazan Abdulatipov
4878:Eduard Shevardnadze
4873:Mikhail Solomentsev
4827:Eduard Shevardnadze
4807:Mikhail Solomentsev
4651:Alexandra Biryukova
4547:Eduard Shevardnadze
4537:Mikhail Solomentsev
3702:President of Russia
2952:, pp. 243–244.
2856:, pp. 132–133.
2796:, pp. 131–132.
2748:, pp. 107–108.
2736:, pp. 108–109.
2357:Bradt Travel Guides
2106:on 21 December 2012
1952:on 3 October 2009.
1934:Armenian Government
1932:was erected by the
1891:put Ryzhkov on the
1834:, Ryzhkov endorsed
1705:Interregional Group
1675:28th Party Congress
1635:Ministry of Finance
1386:Suppressed research
1376:Population transfer
1246:New Economic Policy
925:Soviet of the Union
895:Congress of Soviets
697:to that implemented
398:Full member of the
350:Full member of the
300:(as Prime Minister)
5434:Russian communists
5307:Hrachia Andreasyan
4757:Dinmukhamed Kunaev
4632:Alexander Yakovlev
4578:Vladimir Kryuchkov
4557:Alexander Yakovlev
4522:Dinmukhamed Kunaev
4098:Political offices
3708:. 21 November 2019
3513:. Federal Register
3487:on 7 February 2015
3407:. 28 February 2024
1968:, 1st class (1985)
1851:Federation Council
1816:All-People's Union
1796:
1786:Post-Soviet Russia
1780:war in Afghanistan
1764:
1714:Russian Government
1696:500 Days Programme
1664:Federation Council
1619:his second cabinet
1592:500 Days Programme
1474:the crippled plant
1470:Chernobyl disaster
1120:Procurator General
1108:Military Collegium
639:Federation Council
627:Russian Federation
118:Alexander Dondukov
5341:
5340:
5290:Garegin Poghosyan
5280:Tiran Khachatryan
5255:Eduardo Eurnekian
5086:
5085:
4972:Alexander Rutskoy
4916:
4915:
4888:Vitaly Vorotnikov
4836:Candidate members
4802:Vitaly Vorotnikov
4737:Mikhail Gorbachev
4678:
4677:
4647:Georgy Razumovsky
4592:Candidate members
4507:Mikhail Gorbachev
4502:Vitaly Vorotnikov
4448:
4447:
4129:
4128:
4120:Succeeded by
4042:978-0-521-41193-6
4016:978-0-14-103797-4
4007:Penguin Books Ltd
3990:978-0-8157-3751-3
3960:978-0-8157-3748-3
3932:978-0-7658-0049-7
3909:978-0-19-924041-8
3882:978-0-7656-0084-4
3859:978-1-85043-030-8
3508:"Ukraine EO13661"
3325:Istorychna Pravda
3276:978-1-58826-217-2
3259:Golosov, Grigorii
3244:978-3-525-36912-8
3179:978-0-8157-1535-1
3117:978-1-56000-335-9
3088:978-0-521-58737-2
2936:978-0-87332-830-2
2586:978-0-521-89244-5
2494:978-0-271-01603-0
2459:978-1-55970-333-8
2450:Arcade Publishing
2430:978-0-253-20773-9
2395:978-90-5410-071-3
2366:978-1-84162-163-0
2334:978-92-808-0926-8
2309:978-0-582-78465-9
2300:Pearson Education
2249:978-0-295-97823-9
2041:978-1-135-01891-7
1930:Spitak earthquake
1808:Grigory Yavlinsky
1538:Ministry of Trade
1461:
1460:
1403:
1402:
1256:Era of Stagnation
1198:
1197:
1083:
1082:
971:
970:
877:
876:
848:General Secretary
833:Central Committee
730:General Secretary
682:Central Committee
612:Mikhail Gorbachev
542:
541:
452:28 September 1929
412:Central Committee
307:Central Committee
220:Mikhail Gorbachev
188:Viktor Zorkaltsev
128:Zhanna Chefranova
21:Ryzhkov (surname)
5521:
5439:Soviet engineers
5336:
5315:
5303:
5285:Andranik Piloyan
5270:Hrayr Hovakimyan
5245:Charles Aznavour
5230:Karen Demirchyan
5226:
5210:
5198:Jivan Abrahamyan
5194:
5168:
5151:Movses Gorgisyan
5123:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5054:Aleksei Sergeyev
4991:Other candidates
4943:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4893:Viktor Chebrikov
4883:Vladimir Dolgikh
4858:Vasili Kuznetsov
4812:Viktor Chebrikov
4777:Nikolai Tikhonov
4752:Andrei Kirilenko
4705:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4665:Yevgeny Primakov
4660:Anatoly Lukyanov
4655:Alexander Vlasov
4614:Nikolay Slyunkov
4604:Vladimir Dolgikh
4583:Vladimir Ivashko
4565:Nikolay Slyunkov
4542:Viktor Chebrikov
4475:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4418:(Jan.–Nov. 1991)
4412:(Jan.–Nov. 1991)
4295:(Mar.–June 1953)
4252:(Aug.–Dec. 1991)
4238:(Jan.–Aug. 1991)
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4106:Nikolai Tikhonov
4103:Preceded by
4095:
4094:
4046:
4020:
3994:
3978:
3964:
3936:
3913:
3897:
3886:
3863:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3678:on 31 March 2012
3674:. Archived from
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3476:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:www.treasury.gov
3451:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3255:
3249:
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3190:
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2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2659:
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2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2481:Penn State Press
2470:
2464:
2463:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2388:. p. 7013.
2384:. Vol. 11.
2377:
2371:
2370:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2102:. Archived from
2086:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2025:
1944:awarded him the
1836:Gennady Zyuganov
1688:Vladimir Ivashko
1464:Political events
1453:
1446:
1439:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1351:Collectivization
1211:
1210:
1175:De-Stalinization
1149:Marxism–Leninism
1144:Soviet democracy
1138:
1137:
1041:State Committees
984:
983:
890:
889:
822:
821:
754:
740:
739:
712:Nikolai Tikhonov
686:Andrei Kirilenko
635:Gennady Zyuganov
608:Nikolai Tikhonov
562:
554:
526:Ludmila Ryzhkova
472:
469:28 February 2024
451:
449:
433:Personal details
422:
391:
369:
342:
330:
321:
293:
285:Nikolai Tikhonov
281:
270:Vladilen Nikitin
205:
185:
177:Post established
173:
164:
145:
125:
115:
106:
79:
69:
51:
50:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5328:
5309:
5297:
5295:Tatul Ghazaryan
5275:Vahagn Asatryan
5250:Nikolai Ryzhkov
5235:Vazgen Sargsyan
5216:
5200:
5184:
5172:Monte Melkonian
5158:
5127:
5117:
5087:
5082:
5050:Albert Makashov
5040:Viktor Bocharov
5021:Andrey Zavidiya
5006:Communist Party
4998:Nikolai Ryzhkov
4986:
4956:
4947:
4917:
4912:
4903:Nikolai Talyzin
4868:Sharof Rashidov
4863:Boris Ponomarev
4853:Tikhon Kiselyov
4831:
4822:Nikolai Ryzhkov
4817:Yegor Ligachyov
4767:Grigory Romanov
4732:Leonid Brezhnev
4715:
4709:
4679:
4674:
4624:Nikolai Talyzin
4587:
4532:Nikolai Ryzhkov
4527:Yegor Ligachyov
4485:
4479:
4449:
4444:
4435:Deputy Premiers
4421:
4255:
4164:
4159:
4125:
4123:Valentin Pavlov
4116:
4108:
4081:
4072:Wayback Machine
4058:Wayback Machine
4043:
4017:
3999:Service, Robert
3991:
3961:
3933:
3910:
3883:
3860:
3842:Bialer, Seweryn
3837:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3542:. 17 March 2014
3534:
3533:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3470:
3463:
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3410:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
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3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:. p. 449.
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3156:Colton, Timothy
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3068:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3048:on 16 July 2011
3035:
3031:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:. p. 196.
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
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2828:
2824:
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2804:
2800:
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2788:
2780:
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2764:
2756:
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2740:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2698:
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2684:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:. p. 145.
2442:
2438:
2431:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2359:. p. 151.
2349:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:. p. 404.
2292:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2018:
1990:Order "Danaker"
1910:
1881:
1855:Belgorod Oblast
1788:
1756:
1750:
1683:
1681:Fall from power
1643:Valentin Pavlov
1627:
1613:of the post of
1607:Deputy Chairman
1558:Nikolai Talyzin
1507:Leonid Brezhnev
1499:
1497:Economic policy
1482:1988 earthquake
1466:
1457:
1428:
1424:Other countries
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1316:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1171:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1019:
981:
973:
972:
887:
879:
878:
873:
819:
817:Communist Party
809:
808:
767:
738:
651:
643:Belgorod Oblast
621:Elected to the
573:Valentin Pavlov
514:
506:
505:Other political
494:Political party
474:
470:
453:
447:
445:
444:
443:
423:
418:
392:
387:
370:
365:
340:
328:
322:
317:
299:
297:Valentin Pavlov
291:
279:
274:
250:Nikolai Talyzin
236:
235:
218:
206:
201:
183:
171:
165:
160:
146:
141:
123:
113:
107:
102:
96:Belgorod Oblast
82:
70:
67:
61:
60:Nikolai Ryzhkov
58:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Ruben Sanamyan
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:Kirk Kerkorian
5237:
5232:
5227:
5214:Yura Poghosyan
5211:
5195:
5182:Vitya Ayvazyan
5179:
5174:
5169:
5153:
5148:
5146:Alex Manoogian
5143:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5061:
5047:
5033:
5014:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4898:Sergey Sokolov
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4848:Pyotr Demichev
4845:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:Dmitry Ustinov
4779:
4774:
4772:Mikhail Suslov
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Andrei Gromyko
4744:
4742:Viktor Grishin
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4642:Yuri Maslyukov
4639:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4619:Sergey Sokolov
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Pyotr Demichev
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Yuri Maslyukov
4570:
4569:Vadim Medvedev
4567:
4562:
4561:Viktor Nikonov
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Andrei Gromyko
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4261:First Deputies
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4079:External links
4077:
4076:
4075:
4061:
4047:
4041:
4025:Åslund, Anders
4021:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3965:
3959:
3937:
3931:
3914:
3908:
3887:
3881:
3864:
3858:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3804:
3778:
3745:
3719:
3689:
3653:
3626:
3601:
3577:
3553:
3524:
3498:
3468:
3457:
3446:
3432:
3418:
3390:
3361:
3339:
3308:
3282:
3275:
3269:. p. 67.
3250:
3243:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3178:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3116:
3110:. p. 88.
3094:
3087:
3081:. p. 78.
3071:White, Stephen
3059:
3029:
3027:, p. 316.
3014:
3012:, p. 240.
3002:
3000:, p. 239.
2990:
2988:, p. 266.
2978:
2976:, p. 246.
2966:
2964:, p. 245.
2954:
2942:
2935:
2913:
2911:, p. 243.
2901:
2882:
2880:, p. 234.
2870:
2868:, p. 358.
2858:
2846:
2844:, p. 359.
2834:
2832:, p. 352.
2822:
2820:, p. 349.
2810:
2808:, p. 134.
2798:
2786:
2784:, p. 131.
2774:
2772:, p. 123.
2762:
2750:
2738:
2723:
2721:, p. 108.
2711:
2702:, p. 100.
2692:
2673:
2654:
2652:, p. 230.
2642:
2630:
2621:, p. 468.
2611:
2602:, p. 451.
2592:
2585:
2555:
2553:, p. 125.
2543:
2541:, p. 124.
2531:
2522:, p. 441.
2512:
2510:, p. 106.
2500:
2493:
2465:
2458:
2436:
2429:
2401:
2394:
2372:
2365:
2340:
2333:
2315:
2308:
2286:
2277:, p. 439.
2267:
2265:, p. 116.
2255:
2248:
2242:. p. 26.
2223:
2214:, p. 435.
2204:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2151:, p. 158.
2141:
2117:
2076:
2065:. Archontology
2054:
2040:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1922:Order of Lenin
1909:
1906:
1880:
1877:
1820:Sergey Baburin
1787:
1784:
1752:Main article:
1749:
1746:
1722:Moscow Kremlin
1682:
1679:
1626:
1623:
1603:Leonid Abalkin
1562:Yuri Maslyukov
1530:consumer goods
1511:Alexei Kosygin
1503:Jerry F. Hough
1498:
1495:
1468:Following the
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
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1314:
1309:
1304:
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1288:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Kosygin reform
1238:
1236:Five-Year Plan
1233:
1231:Consumer goods
1228:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1115:People's Court
1112:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:Deputy Premier
1068:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:Official names
996:
993:
992:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
959:
949:
948:
940:
939:
938:
937:
932:
927:
919:
918:
915:Supreme Soviet
910:
909:
908:
907:
899:
898:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
875:
874:
872:
871:
866:
861:
855:
852:
851:
843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
820:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
790:
789:
787:Vice President
784:
774:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
747:
746:
737:
734:
722:Yegor Ligachev
666:Uralmash Plant
650:
647:
616:Soviet economy
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
520:
519:
508:
502:
501:
495:
491:
490:
484:
480:
479:
473:(aged 94)
467:
463:
462:
461:, Soviet Union
441:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
426:
425:
415:
414:
395:
394:
384:
383:
376:Member of the
373:
372:
362:
361:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
331:
325:
324:
314:
313:
302:
301:
294:
288:
287:
282:
276:
275:
273:
272:
267:
262:
260:Yuri Maslyukov
257:
252:
247:
242:
231:
230:
229:
227:
223:
222:
216:Andrei Gromyko
213:
209:
208:
198:
197:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
157:
156:
149:
148:
138:
137:
133:Member of the
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
99:
98:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
72:
71:
68:Николай Рыжков
63:
62:
59:
54:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5526:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5335:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Tatul Krpeyan
5175:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5064:Vadim Bakatin
5062:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4968:Boris Yeltsin
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4909:
4908:Boris Yeltsin
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Heydar Aliyev
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Heydar Aliyev
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Yuri Andropov
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:Yuri Solovyev
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Boris Yeltsin
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Heydar Aliyev
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3615:
3614:armenpress.am
3611:
3605:
3589:
3581:
3565:
3557:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3509:
3502:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3349:
3343:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3219:, p. 52.
3218:
3213:
3207:, p. 48.
3206:
3201:
3195:, p. 51.
3194:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3145:, p. 93.
3144:
3139:
3133:, p. 74.
3132:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:, p. 94.
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2760:, p. 73.
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2683:, p. 99.
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:, p. 98.
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2640:, p. 94.
2639:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:Gaidar, Yegor
2227:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2202:, p. 19.
2201:
2196:
2194:
2187:, p. 93.
2186:
2181:
2175:, p. 90.
2174:
2169:
2163:, p. 92.
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2129:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:in 1971, the
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:U.S. Treasury
1886:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:Narodovlastie
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1668:Boris Yeltsin
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Anders Åslund
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1396:Soviet Empire
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:War communism
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:Khrushchevism
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:Supreme Court
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
977:
976:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
912:
911:
906:
903:
902:
901:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
883:
882:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
812:
805:
802:
800:
799:State Council
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
763:
762:
758:
757:
753:
749:
748:
745:
742:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
692:Yuri Andropov
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
641:representing
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Ukrainian SSR
601:
600:Shcherbynivka
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Boris Yeltsin
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
550:
546:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
483:Resting place
481:
477:
468:
464:
460:
459:Ukrainian SSR
456:
455:Shcherbynivka
440:
436:
431:
427:
421:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
390:
385:
382:
379:
374:
368:
363:
360:
357:
353:
348:
344:
338:
335:
332:
326:
320:
315:
312:
308:
303:
298:
295:
289:
286:
283:
277:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Heydar Aliyev
243:
241:
240:Ivan Arkhipov
238:
237:
234:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
204:
199:
196:
191:
187:
181:
178:
175:
169:
163:
158:
155:
150:
144:
139:
136:
131:
127:
121:
117:
111:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
78:
73:
64:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
38: and the
37:
33:
29:
22:
5249:
5075:
5036:Aman Tuleyev
5028:
5009:
5002:Boris Gromov
4997:
4979:
4821:
4762:Arvīds Pelše
4720:Full members
4637:Dmitry Yazov
4531:
4490:Full members
4241:
4229:
4111:
4028:
4002:
3974:
3969:Hough, Jerry
3945:
3941:Hough, Jerry
3918:
3893:
3868:
3845:
3835:Bibliography
3821:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3790:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3767:(in Russian)
3764:
3736:. Retrieved
3731:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3676:the original
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3613:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3539:
3515:. Retrieved
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3485:the original
3460:
3449:
3435:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3402:
3393:
3381:. Retrieved
3379:(in Russian)
3374:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3323:
3299:. Retrieved
3294:
3285:
3262:
3253:
3230:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3160:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3103:
3097:
3074:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3038:Staff writer
3032:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2922:
2916:
2904:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2714:
2695:
2676:
2662:Service 2009
2657:
2645:
2633:
2619:Service 2009
2614:
2600:Service 2009
2595:
2566:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2520:Service 2009
2515:
2503:
2475:
2468:
2445:
2439:
2411:
2404:
2381:
2375:
2352:
2324:
2318:
2295:
2289:
2275:Service 2009
2270:
2258:
2235:
2226:
2212:Service 2009
2207:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2067:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2030:
2023:
1992:(Kyrgyzstan)
1954:
1911:
1882:
1870:
1859:
1844:
1824:Soviet Union
1797:
1776:Boris Gromov
1765:
1730:
1726:
1718:Ivan Silayev
1684:
1672:
1647:
1628:
1625:Price reform
1611:
1600:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1523:
1515:Brezhnev era
1500:
1479:
1467:
1356:Human rights
1346:Gulag system
1321:
1292:Demographics
1279:
1214:
1186:
1179:
1054:
1024:
989:Constitution
987:
943:
913:
893:
846:
715:
709:
690:
652:
620:
597:
593:Ivan Silayev
544:
543:
507:affiliations
471:(2024-02-28)
419:
388:
366:
345:Boris Gostev
341:Succeeded by
334:Boris Gostev
318:
292:Succeeded by
202:
184:Succeeded by
176:
161:
142:
124:Succeeded by
103:
48:
43:
35:
5359:2024 deaths
5354:1929 births
5310: [
5298: [
5217: [
5201: [
5185: [
5159: [
5072:Independent
5058:Independent
5044:Independent
4976:Independent
4714:(1981–1986)
4484:(1986–1990)
4403:(1989–1990)
4397:(1988–1990)
4391:(1985–1989)
4389:Murakhovsky
4385:(1985–1988)
4379:(1983–1985)
4373:(1982–1987)
4367:(1980–1986)
4361:(1976–1980)
4355:(1965–1973)
4349:(1965–1978)
4343:(1963–1965)
4337:(1960–1964)
4331:(1958–1960)
4325:(1957–1958)
4319:(1955–1957)
4313:(1955–1957)
4307:(1955–1964)
4301:(1953–1957)
4289:(1950–1955)
4283:(1942–1957)
4277:(1941–1946)
4275:Voznesensky
4271:(1934–1935)
4246:(Aug. 1991)
4232:(1985–1991)
4226:(1980–1985)
4220:(1964–1980)
4214:(1958–1964)
4208:(1955–1958)
4202:(1953–1955)
4196:(1941–1953)
4190:(1930–1941)
4184:(1924–1930)
4178:(1923–1924)
3873:M.E. Sharpe
3728:"Структура"
3517:20 February
3491:20 February
3411:29 February
3383:29 February
3354:28 February
3332:28 February
2927:M.E. Sharpe
2746:Åslund 1992
2734:Åslund 1992
2719:Åslund 1992
2638:Åslund 1992
2575:. pp.
2508:Åslund 1992
2263:Bialer 1986
2149:Bialer 1986
2047:28 February
1998:, 2nd class
1864:during the
1798:During the
1738:Lev Voronin
1580:perestroika
1576:perestroika
1570:perestroika
1341:Great Purge
1307:Phraseology
1226:Agriculture
1181:Perestroika
1056:Premiership
886:Legislature
864:Secretariat
736:Premiership
657:in 1959. A
518:(1956–1991)
513:(1996–2003)
500:(2003–2024)
498:Independent
381:Secretariat
329:Preceded by
280:Preceded by
265:Lev Voronin
172:Preceded by
114:Preceded by
40:family name
5348:Categories
4950:Candidates
4670:Boris Pugo
4517:Lev Zaykov
4416:Doguzhiyev
4299:Kaganovich
4243:Doguzhiyev
4212:Khrushchev
3850:I.B.Tauris
3619:20 October
3295:www.pnp.ru
3168:. p.
2866:Hough 1997
2854:Hough 1997
2842:Hough 1997
2830:Hough 1997
2818:Hough 1997
2806:Hough 1997
2794:Hough 1997
2782:Hough 1997
2770:Hough 1997
2551:Hough 1997
2539:Hough 1997
2483:. p.
2419:. p.
2200:Hough 1997
2185:Hough 1997
2173:Hough 1997
2161:Hough 1997
1818:headed by
1742:Presidency
1501:Historian
1391:Red Terror
1381:Propaganda
1331:Censorship
1322:Repression
1036:Ministries
1026:Government
980:Governance
766:Leadership
688:faction".
663:Sverdlovsk
659:technocrat
633:alongside
623:State Duma
448:1929-09-28
135:State Duma
32:patronymic
4395:Maslyukov
4353:Polyansky
4311:Pervukhin
4269:Kuybyshev
3025:Hahn 2002
3010:Hahn 2002
2998:Hahn 2002
2986:Hahn 2002
2974:Hahn 2002
2962:Hahn 2002
2950:Hahn 2002
2909:Hahn 2002
2878:Hahn 2002
2758:Hahn 2002
2650:Hahn 2002
1879:Sanctions
1621:opposed.
1297:Education
1266:Transport
1162:Stalinism
1092:Judiciary
935:Presidium
859:Politburo
777:President
726:Politburo
703:. During
557:Ukrainian
420:In office
389:In office
367:In office
359:Politburo
319:In office
212:President
203:In office
162:In office
143:In office
104:In office
36:Ivanovich
5136:Vazgen I
5077:campaign
5030:campaign
5011:campaign
4981:campaign
4410:Velichko
4365:Arkhipov
4359:Tikhonov
4287:Bulganin
4224:Tikhonov
4206:Bulganin
4200:Malenkov
4169:Premiers
4068:Archived
4054:Archived
4027:(1992).
4001:(2003).
3943:(1997).
3844:(1986).
3682:29 March
3646:29 March
3594:29 March
3570:29 March
3546:18 March
3376:Izvestia
3261:(2004).
3073:(2000).
2234:(1999).
2134:28 March
2110:28 March
1768:election
1662:and the
1637:and the
1586:and the
1547:ideology
1509:treated
1312:Religion
1188:Glasnost
1157:Leninism
1133:Ideology
1046:Cabinets
828:Congress
717:de facto
565:chairman
531:Children
489:, Moscow
478:, Russia
4952:in the
4401:Voronin
4383:Talyzin
4377:Gromyko
4347:Mazurov
4341:Ustinov
4335:Kosygin
4317:Saburov
4305:Mikoyan
4281:Molotov
4250:Silayev
4230:Ryzhkov
4218:Kosygin
4188:Molotov
3823:3 March
3797:1 March
3771:1 March
3738:1 March
3712:1 March
3540:Reuters
3301:1 March
3052:7 April
2069:1 April
1770:of the
1542:roubles
1484:in the
1281:Culture
1216:Economy
1207:Society
957:Speaker
869:Orgburo
838:History
772:Leaders
699:in the
625:of the
587:of the
567:of the
549:Russian
410:of the
309:of the
92:Senator
44:Ryzhkov
4961:Winner
4371:Aliyev
4329:Kozlov
4323:Kuzmin
4236:Pavlov
4194:Stalin
4039:
4013:
3987:
3957:
3929:
3906:
3879:
3856:
3818:Aniarc
3791:CDOOSO
3273:
3241:
3176:
3114:
3085:
2933:
2583:
2491:
2456:
2427:
2392:
2363:
2331:
2306:
2246:
2038:
1986:(1970)
1980:(2005)
1974:(1997)
1962:(2019)
1940:. The
1887:, the
1838:, the
1490:Spitak
1302:Family
759:
534:Marina
523:Spouse
476:Moscow
226:Deputy
30:, the
5314:]
5302:]
5225:]
5209:]
5193:]
5167:]
4293:Beria
4182:Rykov
4176:Lenin
3511:(PDF)
2579:–70.
2016:Notes
193:10th
94:from
4037:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3985:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3825:2024
3799:2024
3773:2024
3740:2024
3714:2024
3684:2011
3648:2011
3621:2018
3596:2011
3572:2011
3548:2014
3519:2016
3493:2016
3413:2024
3385:2024
3356:2024
3334:2024
3303:2024
3271:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3174:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3054:2011
2931:ISBN
2896:help
2706:help
2687:help
2668:help
2625:help
2606:help
2581:ISBN
2526:help
2489:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2281:help
2244:ISBN
2218:help
2136:2011
2112:2011
2071:2013
2049:2024
2036:ISBN
1895:, a
1015:1977
1010:1936
1005:1924
782:list
466:Died
438:Born
408:28th
404:27th
400:26th
378:25th
356:27th
352:26th
3170:118
2485:109
2421:210
1804:NTV
1707:'s
1584:KGB
1098:Law
42:is
34:is
5350::
5312:hy
5300:hy
5223:ru
5221:;
5219:hy
5207:ru
5205:;
5203:hy
5191:ru
5189:;
5187:hy
5165:ru
5163:;
5161:hy
5074:)
5066:/
5052:/
5038:/
5027:)
5019:/
5008:)
5000:/
4978:)
4970:/
4035:.
4031:.
4009:.
4005:.
3983:.
3979:.
3953:.
3949:.
3925:.
3921:.
3902:.
3898:.
3875:.
3871:.
3852:.
3848:.
3816:.
3789:.
3763:.
3748:^
3730:.
3704:.
3700:.
3664:.
3612:.
3538:.
3527:^
3471:^
3401:.
3373:.
3311:^
3293:.
3265:.
3233:.
3172:.
3164:.
3106:.
3077:.
3062:^
3040:.
3017:^
2925:.
2726:^
2577:69
2571:.
2487:.
2479:.
2448:.
2423:.
2415:.
2355:.
2343:^
2298:.
2238:.
2192:^
2092:.
2079:^
1875:.
1868:.
1724:.
1564:.
1521:.
618:.
602:,
559::
555:;
551::
457:,
406:,
402:,
354:,
5112:e
5105:t
5098:v
5070:(
5060:)
5056:(
5046:)
5042:(
5023:(
5004:(
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4140:v
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3993:.
3963:.
3935:.
3912:.
3885:.
3862:.
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3801:.
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3686:.
3650:.
3623:.
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3574:.
3550:.
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3495:.
3415:.
3387:.
3358:.
3336:.
3305:.
3279:.
3247:.
3182:.
3120:.
3091:.
3056:.
2939:.
2898:)
2708:)
2689:)
2670:)
2627:)
2608:)
2589:.
2528:)
2497:.
2462:.
2433:.
2398:.
2369:.
2337:.
2312:.
2283:)
2252:.
2220:)
2138:.
2114:.
2073:.
2051:.
1649:"
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1445:t
1438:v
547:(
450:)
446:(
46:.
23:.
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