Mikhail Gorbachev - Knowledge

1498: 1902: 4723: 3300: 2708: 2784: 2488: 4490: 3227: 1794: 2246: 1972: 109: 3218:, 15 of whom were killed. Gorbachev was widely blamed by liberalizers, with Yeltsin calling for his resignation. Gorbachev denied sanctioning the military operation, although some in the military claimed that he had; the truth of the matter was never clearly established. Fearing more civil disturbances, that month Gorbachev banned demonstrations and ordered troops to patrol Soviet cities alongside the police. This further alienated the liberalizers but was not enough to win over hardliners. Wanting to preserve the Union, in April Gorbachev and the leaders of nine Soviet republics jointly pledged to prepare a treaty that would renew the federation under a new constitution; but six of the republics—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia—did not endorse this. A 4092: 3691:. Gorbachev attended Putin's inauguration ceremony in May, the first time he had entered the Kremlin since 1991. Gorbachev initially welcomed Putin's rise, seeing him as an anti-Yeltsin figure. Although he spoke out against some of the Putin government's actions, Gorbachev also had praise for the new government; in 2002, he said: "I've been in the same skin. That's what allows me to say that what has done is in the interest of the majority." At the time, he believed Putin to be a committed democrat who nevertheless had to use "a certain dose of authoritarianism" to stabilize the economy and rebuild the state after the Yeltsin era. At Putin's request, Gorbachev became co-chair of the "Petersburg Dialogue" project between high-ranking Russians and Germans. 4115:

on some of his colleagues. He was sensitive to personal criticism and easily took offense. Colleagues were often frustrated that he would leave tasks unfinished, and sometimes also felt underappreciated and discarded by him. Biographers Doder and Branson thought that Gorbachev was "a puritan" with "a proclivity for order in his personal life". Taubman noted that he was "capable of blowing up for calculated effect". He also thought that by 1990, when his domestic popularity was waning, Gorbachev had become "psychologically dependent on being lionized abroad", a trait for which he was criticized in the Soviet Union. McCauley was of the view that "one of his weaknesses was an inability to foresee the consequences of his actions".

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labor force and make management more effective. It was only after initial measures to achieve this proved unsuccessful that Gorbachev began to consider market mechanisms and co-operatives, albeit with the state sector remaining dominant. The political scientist John Gooding suggested that had the perestroika reforms succeeded, the Soviet Union would have "exchanged totalitarian controls for milder authoritarian ones" although not become "democratic in the Western sense". With perestroika, Gorbachev had wanted to improve the existing Marxist–Leninist system but ultimately ended up destroying it. In this, he brought an end to state socialism in the Soviet Union and paved the way for a transition to liberal democracy.

2511:, in October 1986. Gorbachev wanted to secure guarantees that SDI would not be implemented, and in return was willing to offer concessions, including a 50% reduction in Soviet long range nuclear missiles. Both leaders agreed with the shared goal of abolishing nuclear weapons, but Gorbachev ultimately thought that too out of reach and instead proposed a mutual elimination of all medium-range nuclear missiles. Reagan refused to terminate the SDI program and no deal was reached. After the summit, many of Reagan's allies criticized him for going along with the idea of abolishing nuclear weapons. Gorbachev meanwhile told the Politburo that Reagan was "extraordinarily primitive, troglodyte, and intellectually feeble". 2283:. Speaking in late summer 1985 to the secretaries for economic affairs of the central committees of the East European communist parties, Gorbachev said: "Many of you see the solution to your problems in resorting to market mechanisms in place of direct planning. Some of you look at the market as a lifesaver for your economies. But, comrades, you should not think about lifesavers but about the ship, and the ship is socialism." Gorbachev's perestroika also entailed attempts to move away from technocratic management of the economy by increasingly involving the labor force in industrial production. He was of the view that once freed from the strong control of central planners, state-owned enterprises would act as 3443: 1156: 3783: 2870:; the majority of the region's population were ethnically Armenian and wanted unification with other majority Armenian areas. As rival Armenian and Azerbaijani demonstrations took place in Nagorno-Karabakh, Gorbachev called an emergency meeting of the Politburo. Gorbachev promised greater autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh but refused the transfer, fearing that it would set off similar ethnic tensions and demands throughout the Soviet Union. In the end however, greater autonomy was never given, and instead Gorbachev ordered the further violent ethnic cleansing of Armenians in parts of Nagorno-Karabakh and the adjacent Armenian-populated Shahumyan region, in what was named 2327: 1705:, who was studying in the university's philosophy department. She was engaged to another man, but after that engagement fell apart, she began a relationship with Gorbachev; together they went to bookstores, museums, and art exhibits. In early 1953, he took an internship at the procurator's office in Molotovskoye district, but he was angered by the incompetence and arrogance of those working there. That summer, he returned to Privolnoye to work with his father on the harvest; the money earned allowed him to pay for a wedding. On 25 September 1953 he and Raisa registered their marriage at Sokolniki Registry Office and in October moved in together at the 3067:"; the latter did particularly well in urban centers. Yeltsin was elected the parliament's chair, something Gorbachev was unhappy about. That year, opinion polls showed Yeltsin overtaking Gorbachev as the most popular politician in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev struggled to understand Yeltsin's growing popularity, commenting: "he drinks like a fish ... he's inarticulate, he comes up with the devil knows what, he's like a worn-out record". The Russian Supreme Soviet was now out of Gorbachev's control; in June 1990, it declared that in the Russian Republic, its laws took precedence over those of the Soviet central government. Amid a growth in 2645:. It criticized elements of Gorbachev's reforms, attacking what she regarded as the denigration of the Stalinist era and arguing that a reformer clique—whom she implied were mostly Jews and ethnic minorities—were to blame. Over 900 Soviet newspapers reprinted it and anti-reformists rallied around it; many reformers panicked, fearing a backlash against perestroika. On returning from Yugoslavia, Gorbachev called a Politburo meeting to discuss the letter, at which he confronted those hardliners supporting its sentiment. Ultimately, the Politburo arrived at a unanimous decision to express disapproval of Andreyeva's letter and publish a rebuttal in 2310:

the campaign would improve health and work efficiency—oversaw its implementation. Alcohol production was reduced by around 40%, the legal drinking age rose from 18 to 21, alcohol prices were increased, stores were banned from selling it before 2 pm, and tougher penalties were introduced for workplace or public drunkenness and home production of alcohol. The program also recommended that drinking scenes be censored from old movies. The All-Union Voluntary Society for the Struggle for Temperance was formed to promote sobriety; it had over 14 million members within three years.Anti-alcohol propaganda was distributed, mostly by way of

3195:" programme. This called for further decentralization and some privatization. Gorbachev described the plan as "modern socialism" rather than a return to capitalism but had many doubts about it. In September, Yeltsin presented the plan to the Russian Supreme Soviet, which backed it. Many in the Communist Party and state apparatus warned against it, arguing that it would create marketplace chaos, rampant inflation, and unprecedented levels of unemployment. The 500 Days plan was abandoned. At this, Yeltsin railed against Gorbachev in an October speech, claiming that Russia would no longer accept a subordinate position to the Soviet government. 4388:

of democratic socialism. Taubman characterized Gorbachev as "a visionary who changed his country and the world—though neither as much as he wished". Taubman regarded Gorbachev as being "exceptional ... as a Russian ruler and a world statesman", highlighting that he avoided the "traditional, authoritarian, anti-Western norm" of both predecessors like Brezhnev and successors like Putin. McCauley thought that in allowing the Soviet Union to move away from Marxism–Leninism, Gorbachev gave the Soviet people "something precious, the right to think and manage their lives for themselves", with all the uncertainty and risk that that entailed.

2678: 4111:. Medvedev also considered Gorbachev "a charismatic leader", something Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko had not been. Doder and Branson called him "a charmer capable of intellectually seducing doubters, always trying to co-opt them, or at least blunt the edge of their criticism". McCauley thought Gorbachev displayed "great tactical skill" in maneuvering successfully between hardline Marxist–Leninists and liberalisers for most of his time as leader, adding, though, that he was "much more skilled at tactical, short-term policy than strategic, long-term thinking", in part because he was "given to making policy on the hoof". 1814:. In January 1963, Gorbachev was promoted to personnel chief for the regional party's agricultural committee, and in September 1966 became First Secretary of the Stavropol City Party Organization ("Gorkom"). By 1968 he was increasingly frustrated with his job—in large part because Khrushchev's reforms were stalling or being reversed—and he contemplated leaving politics to work in academia. However, in August 1968, he was named Second Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, making him the deputy of First Secretary Leonid Yefremov and the second most senior figure in Stavropol Krai. In 1969, he was elected as a deputy to the 2952:, the idea that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene militarily in other Marxist–Leninist countries if their governments were threatened. In December 1987 he announced the withdrawal of 500,000 Soviet troops from Central and Eastern Europe. While pursuing domestic reforms, he did not publicly support reformers elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc. Hoping instead to lead by example, he later related that he did not want to interfere in their internal affairs, but he may have feared that pushing reform in Central and Eastern Europe would have angered his own hardliners too much. Some Eastern Bloc leaders, like Hungary's 1999:), replacing his old patron Kulakov, who had died of a heart attack. Gorbachev concentrated his attentions on agriculture: the harvests of 1979, 1980, and 1981 were all poor, due largely to weather conditions, and the country had to import increasing quantities of grain. He had growing concerns about the country's agricultural management system, coming to regard it as overly centralized and requiring more bottom-up decision making; he raised these points at his first speech at a Central Committee Plenum, given in July 1978. He began to have concerns about other policies too. In December 1979, the Soviets sent the 2937: 27446: 26767: 3615: 3672: 5079: 3393:(CIS) as its successor. Gorbachev only learned of this development when Shushkevich phoned him; Gorbachev was furious. He desperately looked for an opportunity to preserve the Soviet Union, hoping in vain that the media and intelligentsia might rally against the idea of its dissolution. Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian Supreme Soviets then ratified the establishment of the CIS. On 9 December, Gorbachev issued a statement calling the CIS agreement "illegal and dangerous". On 20 December, the leaders of 11 of the 12 remaining republics—all except Georgia—met in Kazakhstan and signed the 2398:

Soviet regime". Several days after it occurred, he gave a televised report to the nation. He cited the disaster as evidence for what he regarded as widespread problems in Soviet society, such as shoddy workmanship and workplace inertia. Gorbachev later described the incident as one which made him appreciate the scale of incompetence and cover-ups in the Soviet Union. From April to the end of the year, Gorbachev became increasingly open in his criticism of the Soviet system, including food production, state bureaucracy, the military draft, and the large size of the prison population.

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in socialism, insisting that it wasn't worthy of the name unless it was truly democratic". As Soviet leader, Gorbachev believed in incremental reform rather than a radical transformation; he later referred to this as a "revolution by evolutionary means". Doder and Branson noted that over the course of the 1980s, his thought underwent a "radical evolution". Taubman noted that by 1989 or 1990, Gorbachev had transformed into a social democrat. McCauley suggested that by at least June 1991 Gorbachev was a "post-Leninist", having "liberated himself" from Marxism–Leninism. After the

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had attempted to "turn into some kind of backwater". He rejected the idea—expressed by Bush—that the US had "won" the Cold War, arguing that both sides had cooperated to end the conflict. He declared that since the fall of the Soviet Union, the US, rather than cooperating with Russia, had conspired to build a "new empire headed by themselves". He was critical of how the US had expanded NATO right up to Russia's borders despite their initial assurances that they would not do so, citing this as evidence that the US government could not be trusted. He spoke out against the 1999

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Gorbachev then gave his speech in the Kremlin in front of television cameras, allowing for international broadcast. In it, he announced, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He expressed regret for the breakup of the Soviet Union but cited what he saw as the achievements of his administration: political and religious freedom, the end of totalitarianism, the introduction of democracy and a market economy, and an end to the arms race and Cold War. Gorbachev was the third out of eight Soviet leaders, after

2559: 26745: 3012: 2422:—the first time a Soviet leader had directly addressed his country's diplomats—Gorbachev spoke of a "radical restructuring" of foreign policy. A major issue facing his leadership was Soviet involvement in the Afghan Civil War, which had then been going on for over five years. Over the course of the war, the Soviet Army took heavy casualties and there was much opposition to Soviet involvement among both the public and military. On becoming leader, Gorbachev saw withdrawal from the war as a key priority. In October 1985, he met with Afghan Marxist leader 2100: 1790:. With an ability to outmanoeuvre rivals, some colleagues resented his success. In September 1956, he was promoted First Secretary of the Stavropol city's Komsomol, placing him in charge of it; in April 1958 he was made deputy head of the Komsomol for the entire region. At this point he was given better accommodation: a two-room flat with its own private kitchen, toilet, and bathroom. In Stavropol, he formed a discussion club for youths, and helped mobilize local young people to take part in Khrushchev's agricultural and development campaigns. 1665:. He and other rural students felt at odds with their Muscovite counterparts, but he soon came to fit in. Fellow students recall him working especially hard, often late into the night. He gained a reputation as a mediator during disputes and was also known for being outspoken in class, although he would reveal some of his views only privately; for instance, he confided in some students his opposition to the Soviet jurisprudential norm that a confession proved guilt, noting that confessions could have been forced. During his studies, an 4221: 2272:("acceleration"), a term he used regularly in the first two years of his leadership. The Soviet Union was behind the United States in many areas of production, but Gorbachev claimed that it would accelerate industrial output to match that of the US by 2000. The Five Year Plan of 1985–1990 was targeted to expand machine building by 50 to 100%. To boost agricultural productivity, he merged five ministries and a state committee into a single entity, Agroprom, although by late 1986 he acknowledged this merger as a failure. 2572:

attentions on economic reform, holding discussions with government officials and economists. Many economists proposed reducing ministerial controls on the economy and allowing state-owned enterprises to set their own targets; Ryzhkov and other government figures were skeptical. In June, Gorbachev finished his report on economic reform. It reflected a compromise: ministers would retain the ability to set output targets but these would not be considered binding. That month, a plenum accepted his recommendations and the

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the Politburo supported him. Shortly after Chernenko's death, the Politburo unanimously elected Gorbachev as his successor; they wanted him rather than another elderly leader. He thus became the eighth leader of the Soviet Union. Few in the government imagined that he would be as radical a reformer as he proved. Although he was not a well-known figure to the Soviet public, there was widespread relief that the new leader was not elderly and ailing. Gorbachev's first public appearance as leader was at Chernenko's

3088:, then the US secretary of state, he set out his position that "a broadening of the NATO zone is not acceptable" to which Baker agreed. Scholars are puzzled why Gorbachev never pursued a written pledge. In May 1990, he visited the US for talks with President Bush; there, he agreed that an independent Germany would have the right to choose its international alliances. Ultimately he acquiesced to the reunification on the condition that NATO troops not be posted to the territory of Eastern Germany. There remains 2838: 32091: 4039: 2407: 26719: 26498: 2686:

conference brought together 5,000 delegates and featured arguments between hardliners and liberalisers. The proceedings were televised, and for the first time since the 1920s, voting was not unanimous. In the months following the conference, Gorbachev focused on redesigning and streamlining the party apparatus; the Central Committee staff—which then numbered around 3,000—was halved, while various Central Committee departments were merged to cut down the overall number from twenty to nine.

4414: 3536: 3354: 888: 4236: 25585: 688: 32115: 3097: 25597: 4063:, to which he publicly clarified that he was an atheist. Since studying at university, Gorbachev considered himself an intellectual; Doder and Branson thought that "his intellectualism was slightly self-conscious", noting that unlike most Russian intelligentsia, Gorbachev was not closely connected "to the world of science, culture, the arts, or education". When living in Stavropol, he and his wife collected hundreds of books. Among his favorite authors were 1621:; he stayed there during the week while walking the 19 km (12 mi) home during weekends. As well as being a member of the school's drama society, he organized sporting and social activities and led the school's morning exercise class. Over the course of five consecutive summers from 1946 onward he returned home to assist his father in operating a combine harvester, during which they sometimes worked 20-hour days. In 1948, they harvested over 8,000 26654: 26426: 4454:

radicalism to really break from Marxism–Leninism and establish a free market liberal democracy. Conversely, many of his Communist Party critics thought his reforms were reckless and threatened the survival of Soviet socialism; some believed he should have followed the example of China's Communist Party and restricted himself to economic rather than governmental reforms. Many Russians saw his emphasis on persuasion rather than force as a sign of weakness.

2287:. Gorbachev and other Soviet leaders did not anticipate opposition to the perestroika reforms; according to their interpretation of Marxism, they believed that in a socialist society like the Soviet Union there would not be "antagonistic contradictions". However, there would come to be a public perception in the country that many bureaucrats were paying lip service to the reforms while trying to undermine them. He also initiated the concept of 3663:, he traveled across Russia giving rallies in twenty cities. He repeatedly faced anti-Gorbachev protesters, while some pro-Yeltsin local officials tried to hamper his campaign by banning local media from covering it or by refusing him access to venues. In the election, Gorbachev came seventh with approximately 386,000 votes, or around 0.5% of the total. Yeltsin and Zyuganov went through to the second round, where the former was victorious. 3459:, or "Gorbachev Foundation", launched in March 1992; Yakovlev and Revenko were its first vice presidents. Its initial tasks were in analyzing and publishing material on the history of perestroika, as well as defending the policy from what it called "slander and falsifications". The foundation also tasked itself with monitoring and critiquing life in post-Soviet Russia, presenting alternative development forms to those pursued by Yeltsin. 32194: 26607: 26560: 26374: 26337: 3904:"form the basis for the settlement" of the conflict. In 2016, he said that "Politicians who think that problems and disputes can be solved by using military force—even as a last resort—should be rejected by society, they should clear the political stage." In July 2016, Gorbachev criticized NATO for deploying more troops to Eastern Europe amid escalating tensions between the military alliance and Russia. In June 2018, he welcomed the 2999:, and led to Ceaușescu's overthrow and execution. Gorbachev was too preoccupied with domestic problems to pay much attention to these events. He believed that democratic elections would not lead Eastern European countries into abandoning their commitment to socialism. In 1989, he visited East Germany for the fortieth anniversary of its founding; shortly after, in November, the East German government allowed its citizens to cross the 26524: 32177: 32211: 1882:, Gorbachev "had now joined the Party's super-elite". As regional leader, Gorbachev initially attributed economic and other failures to "the inefficiency and incompetence of cadres, flaws in management structure or gaps in legislation", but eventually concluded that they were caused by an excessive centralization of decision making in Moscow. He began reading translations of restricted texts by Western Marxist authors such as 32160: 4381:, 46% of Russian citizens have a negative opinion towards Gorbachev, 30% are indifferent, while only 15% have a positive opinion. Many, particularly in Western countries, see him as the greatest statesman of the second half of the 20th century. US press referred to the presence of "Gorbymania" in Western countries during the late 1980s and early 1990s, as represented by large crowds that turned out to greet his visits, with 27423: 32103: 4142: 3003:, a decision Gorbachev praised. Over the following years, much of the wall was demolished. Neither Gorbachev nor Thatcher or Mitterrand wanted a swift reunification of Germany, aware that it would likely become the dominant European power. Gorbachev wanted a gradual process of German integration but Kohl began calling for rapid reunification. With German reunification in 1990, many observers declared the Cold War over. 26706: 26485: 3266:. Tens of thousands of protesters massed outside it to prevent troops storming the building to arrest him. Outside of the White House, Yeltsin, atop a tank, gave a memorable speech condemning the coup. Gorbachev feared that the coup plotters would order him killed, so had his guards barricade his dacha. However, the coup's leaders realized that they lacked sufficient support and ended their efforts. On 21 August, 2067:—a longstanding Brezhnev ally—was appointed general secretary, but he too was in very poor health. Chernenko was often too sick to chair Politburo meetings, with Gorbachev stepping in last minute. Gorbachev continued to cultivate allies both in the Kremlin and beyond, and also gave the main speech at a conference on Soviet ideology, where he angered party hardliners by implying that the country required reform. 2581:

irreplaceable weapon of perestroika". He nevertheless insisted that people should use the newfound freedom responsibly, stating that journalists and writers should avoid "sensationalism" and be "completely objective" in their reporting. Nearly two hundred previously restricted Soviet films were publicly released, and a range of Western films were also made available. In 1989, Soviet responsibility for the 1940

32143: 25607: 3176: 1992:. As part of the Moscow political elite, Gorbachev and his wife now had access to better medical care and to specialized shops; they were also given cooks, servants, bodyguards, and secretaries, although many of these were spies for the KGB. In his new position, Gorbachev often worked twelve to sixteen hour days. He and his wife socialized little, but liked to visit Moscow's theaters and museums. 2881:, Azerbaijani gangs began killing members of the Armenian minority. Local troops tried to quell the unrest but were attacked by mobs. The Politburo ordered additional troops into the city, but in contrast to those like Ligachev who wanted a massive display of force, Gorbachev urged restraint. He believed that the situation could be resolved through a political solution, urging talks between the 1658:(MSU), then the most prestigious university in the country. They accepted him without asking for an exam, likely because of his worker-peasant origins and his possession of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. His choice of law was unusual; it was not a well-regarded subject in Soviet society at that time. At age 19, he traveled by train to Moscow, the first time he had left his home region. 4088:. He was a skilled manager, and had a good memory. A hard worker or workaholic, as general secretary, he would rise at 7:00 or 8:00 in the morning and not go to bed until 1:00 or 2:00. He commuted from the western suburbs between 9 and 10 in the morning and returned home around 8 in the evening. Taubman called him "a remarkably decent man"; he thought Gorbachev to have "high moral standards". 2117: 34: 4030:, the newly formed Communist Party of the Russian Federation would have nothing to do with him. However, in 2006, he expressed his continued belief in Lenin's ideas: "I trusted him then and I still do". He claimed that "the essence of Lenin" was a desire to develop "the living creative activity of the masses". Taubman believed that Gorbachev identified with Lenin on a psychological level. 3029:

head of government to a presidency from which he could not be removed. He decided that the presidential election should be held by the Congress of People's Deputies. He chose this over a public vote because he thought the latter would escalate tensions and feared that he might lose it; a spring 1990 poll nevertheless still showed him as the most popular politician in the country.

1853:, a philosophy professor of the Stavropol agricultural institute whose ideas were regarded as critical of Soviet agricultural policy; Gorbachev ensured that Sadykov was fired from teaching but ignored calls for him to face tougher punishment. Gorbachev later related that he was "deeply affected" by the incident; "my conscience tormented me" for overseeing Sadykov's persecution. 1488:, where his grandfather christened him Mikhail. His relationship with his father, Sergey Andreyevich Gorbachev, was close; his mother, Maria Panteleyevna Gorbacheva (née Gopkalo), was colder and punitive. His parents were poor, and lived as peasants. They had married as teenagers in 1928, and in keeping with local tradition had initially resided in Sergey's father's house, an 4450:

as the Baltic States, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Poland, after violent repressions against the local populations who sought independence. Locals have stated that they consider western veneration of the man an injustice and have said they do not understand his positive legacy in the west, with a group of Lithuanians having pursued legal action against him.

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Gorbachev related that they spoke "on friendly terms". They reached an agreement on notifying each other before conducting ballistic missile tests and made agreements on transport, fishing, and radio navigation. At the summit, Reagan told reporters that he no longer considered the Soviet Union an "evil empire" and the two revealed that they considered themselves friends.

32079: 4466:, one of those who orchestrated the 1991 coup attempt against Gorbachev, for instance called him "a renegade and traitor to your own people". Many of his critics attacked him for allowing the Marxist–Leninist governments across Eastern Europe to fall, and for allowing a reunited Germany to join NATO, something they deem to be contrary to Russia's national interest. 4014:

what should be said, rather than his personal philosophy. Otherwise he could not have survived politically." Like many Russians, Gorbachev sometimes thought of the Soviet Union as being largely synonymous with Russia and in various speeches described it as "Russia"; in one incident he had to correct himself after calling the USSR "Russia" while giving a speech in

2237:) in July 1985. Most of these appointees were from a new generation of well-educated officials who had been frustrated during the Brezhnev era. In his first year, 14 of the 23 heads of department in the Secretariat were replaced. Doing so, Gorbachev secured dominance in the Politburo within a year, faster than either Stalin, Khrushchev, or Brezhnev had achieved. 3199:

which included governmental reforms, among them the abolition of the presidential council. By this point, Gorbachev was isolated from many of his former close allies and aides. Yakovlev had moved out of his inner circle and Shevardnadze had resigned. His support among the intelligentsia was declining, and by the end of 1990 his approval ratings had plummeted.

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and that it was kept. In July, Kohl visited Moscow and Gorbachev informed him that the Soviets would not oppose a reunified Germany being part of NATO. Domestically, Gorbachev's critics accused him of betraying the national interest; more broadly, they were angry that Gorbachev had allowed the Eastern Bloc to move away from direct Soviet influence.

2538:" of Marxist–Leninist governed states—the Eastern Bloc countries, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba—were a drain on the Soviet economy, receiving a far greater amount of goods from the Soviet Union than they collectively gave in return. He sought improved relations with China, a country whose Marxist government had severed ties with the Soviets in the 1959:. He was surprised by how openly West Europeans offered their opinions and criticized their political leaders, something absent from the Soviet Union, where most people did not feel safe speaking so openly. He later related that for him and his wife, these visits "shook our a priori belief in the superiority of socialist over bourgeois democracy". 1720:'s office, which was then focusing on the rehabilitation of the innocent victims of Stalin's purges, but found that they had no work for him. He was then offered a place on an MSU graduate course specializing in kolkhoz law, but declined. He had wanted to remain in Moscow, where Raisa was enrolled in a PhD program, but instead gained employment in 18831: 18826: 1431:. Gorbachev has a complicated legacy in Russia. While in power, he had net positive approval ratings, being viewed as a reformer and changemaker. However, as the Soviet Union collapsed as a result of these reforms, so did his approval rating; contemporary Russians often deride him for weakening Russia's global influence and precipitating an 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18821: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 3969:—believing in, as he later put it, equality of opportunity, publicly supported education and medical care, a guaranteed minimum of social welfare, and a "socially oriented market economy"—all within a democratic political framework. Exactly when this transformation occurred is hard to say, but surely by 1989 or 1990 it had taken place. 2763:

Gorbachev sought to give the Soviet Union the moral high ground and weaken the West's self-perception of moral superiority. Aware that Reagan would not budge on SDI, Gorbachev focused on reducing "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces", to which Reagan was receptive. In April 1987, Gorbachev discussed the issue with US secretary of state

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with Andropov's encouragement, Gorbachev sometimes chaired Politburo meetings. Andropov encouraged Gorbachev to expand into policy areas other than agriculture, preparing him for future higher office. In April 1983, in a sign of growing ascendancy, Gorbachev delivered the annual speech marking the birthday of the Soviet founder

4075:, while he also enjoyed reading detective fiction. He enjoyed going for walks, having a love of natural environments, and was also a fan of association football. He favored small gatherings where the assembled discussed topics like art and philosophy rather than the large, alcohol-fueled parties common among Soviet officials. 1497: 2390:

criticized Yeltsin for several hours. After this, Gorbachev also criticized Yeltsin, claiming that he cared only for himself and was "politically illiterate". Yeltsin then resigned both as Moscow party secretary and as a member of the Politburo. From this point, tensions between the two men developed into a mutual hatred.

3900:, and he accused Western powers, particularly the US, of adopting an attitude of "triumphalism" towards Russia. In December 2014, he said that both sides in the war in Donbas "have been violating the terms of the ceasefire; both sides are guilty of using dangerous types of weapons and violating human rights", adding that 2476:(SDI), to which Gorbachev was strongly opposed. The duo's wives also met and spent time together at the summit. The summit ended with a joint commitment to avoiding nuclear war and to meet for two further summits: in Washington, DC, in 1986 and in Moscow in 1987. Following the conference, Gorbachev traveled to 3912:, although in October criticized Trump's threat to withdraw from the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, saying the move "is not the work of a great mind". He added: "all agreements aimed at nuclear disarmament and the limitation of nuclear weapons must be preserved, for the sake of life on Earth". 2323:

substitutes, resulting in a rise in poisoning cases. Gorbachev later considered the campaign to have been an error, and it was terminated in October 1988. After it ended, it took several years for production to return to previous levels, after which alcohol consumption soared in Russia between 1990 and 1993.

2348:, or "openness". According to Doder and Branson, this meant "greater openness and candour in government affairs and for an interplay of different and sometimes conflicting views in political debates, in the press, and in Soviet culture". Encouraging reformers into prominent media positions, he brought in 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 4010:

and remains, a Russian imperialist". Gooding thought that Gorbachev was "committed to democracy", something marking him out as different from his predecessors. Gooding also suggested that when in power, Gorbachev came to see socialism not as a place on the path to communism, but a destination in itself.

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at the same time. McCauley noted that in facilitating the merger of East and West Germany, Gorbachev was "a co-father of German unification", assuring him long-term popularity among the German people. However, he remains a controversial figure in former Soviet-occupied and administered countries such

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on the top of his head. Gorbachev reached an adult height of 5 foot 9 inches (1.75 m). Throughout the 1960s, he struggled against obesity and dieted to control the problem; Doder and Branson characterized him as "stocky but not fat". He spoke in a southern Russian accent, and was known

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head of state—with 2,123 votes in favor to 87 against. Its sessions were televised live, and its members elected the new Supreme Soviet. At the Congress, Sakharov spoke repeatedly, exasperating Gorbachev with his calls for greater liberalization and the introduction of private property. When Sakharov

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In January 1987, Gorbachev attended a Central Committee plenum where he talked about perestroika and democratization while criticizing widespread corruption. He considered putting a proposal to allow multi-party elections into his speech, but decided against doing so. After the plenum, he focused his

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Gorbachev's leadership style differed from that of his predecessors. He would stop to talk to civilians on the street, forbade the display of his portrait at the 1985 Red Square holiday celebrations, and encouraged frank and open discussions at Politburo meetings. To the West, Gorbachev was seen as a

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In August 1955, Gorbachev started work at the Stavropol regional procurator's office, but disliked the job and used his contacts to get a transfer to work for Komsomol, becoming deputy director of Komsomol's agitation and propaganda department for that region. In this position, he visited villages in

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Russian president Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences on the death of Gorbachev, and paid tribute to him at the Moscow hospital where the ex-president had died but, according to spokesman Dmitry Peskov, had no time to attend his funeral due to a busy work schedule. Putin also sent a telegram to

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for health reasons. On 22 October 2013, it became known that Gorbachev was undergoing another examination in a German clinic. He was also hospitalized in the Central Clinical Hospital on 9 October 2014. Also in 2014, Gorbachev underwent oral surgery. Gorbachev was briefly hospitalized in May 2015 as

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According to Doder and Branson, Gorbachev also wanted to "dismantle the hierarchical military society at home and abandon the grand-style, costly, imperialism abroad". However, Jonathan Steele argued that Gorbachev failed to appreciate why the Baltic nations wanted independence and "at heart he was,

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could obliterate humanity. He began to move away from the Marxist–Leninist belief in class struggle as the engine of political change, instead viewing politics as a way of coordinating the interests of all classes. However, as Gooding noted, the changes that Gorbachev proposed were "expressed wholly

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Following the death of former president George H. W. Bush in 2018, a critical partner and friend of his time in office, Gorbachev stated that the work they had both accomplished led directly to the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race, and that he "deeply appreciated the attention, kindness

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Gorbachev was critical of US hostility to Putin, arguing that the US government "doesn't want Russia to rise" again as a global power and wants "to continue as the sole superpower in charge of the world". More broadly, Gorbachev was critical of US policy following the Cold War, arguing that the West

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over whether US secretary of state James Baker led Gorbachev to believe that NATO would not expand into other countries in Eastern Europe as well. There was no oral or written US promise that explicitly said so. Gorbachev himself has stated that he was only made such a promise regarding East Germany

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Some in the party thought Gorbachev was not going far enough in his reforms; a prominent liberal critic was Yeltsin. He had risen rapidly since 1985, attaining the role of party secretary in Moscow. Like many members of the government, Gorbachev was skeptical of Yeltsin, believing that he engaged in

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In the Soviet Union, alcohol consumption had risen steadily between 1950 and 1985. By the 1980s, drunkenness was a major social problem and Andropov had planned a major campaign to limit alcohol consumption, but died before the plan was put into action. Encouraged by his wife, Gorbachev—who believed

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On 10 March 1985, Chernenko died. Gromyko proposed Gorbachev as the next general secretary; as a longstanding party member, Gromyko's recommendation carried great weight among the Central Committee. Gorbachev expected much opposition to his nomination as general secretary, but ultimately the rest of

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by Brezhnev in a Moscow ceremony. Gorbachev always sought to maintain Brezhnev's trust; as regional leader, he repeatedly praised Brezhnev in his speeches, for instance referring to him as "the outstanding statesman of our time". Gorbachev and his wife holidayed in Moscow, Leningrad, Uzbekistan, and

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to ensure the government's desire for near-total turnout; Gorbachev found that most of those who voted did so "out of fear". In 1952, he was appointed a full member of the Communist Party. As a party and Komsomol member, he was tasked with monitoring fellow students for potential subversion; some of

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naming him its "Man of the Decade" in the 1980s. In the Soviet Union itself, opinion polls indicated that Gorbachev was the most popular politician from 1985 through to late 1989. For his domestic supporters, Gorbachev was seen as a reformer trying to modernise the Soviet Union, and to build a form

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Doder and Branson thought Gorbachev "a Russian to the core, intensely patriotic as only people living in the border regions can be". Taubman also noted that the former Soviet leader has a "sense of self-importance and self-righteousness" as well as a "need for attention and admiration" which grated

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Taubman nevertheless thought Gorbachev remained a socialist. He described Gorbachev as "a true believer—not in the Soviet system as it functioned (or didn't) in 1985 but in its potential to live up to what he deemed its original ideals". He added that "until the end, Gorbachev reiterated his belief

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to be committed to memory". Biographers Doder and Branson related that after Stalin's death, Gorbachev's "ideology would never be doctrinal again", but noted that he remained "a true believer" in the Soviet system. Doder and Branson noted that at the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, Gorbachev

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In contrast to her husband's political activities, Raisa had focused on campaigning for children's charities. In 1997, she founded a sub-division of the Gorbachev Foundation known as Raisa Maksimovna's Club to focus on improving women's welfare in Russia. The Foundation had initially been housed in

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to seize control of the Soviet Union. The phone lines to his dacha were cut and a group arrived, including Boldin, Shenin, Baklanov, and General Varennikov, informing him of the take-over. The coup leaders demanded that Gorbachev formally declare a state of emergency in the country, but he refused.

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By 1987, the ethos of glasnost had spread through Soviet society: journalists were writing increasingly openly, many economic problems were being publicly revealed, and studies appeared that critically reassessed Soviet history. Gorbachev was broadly supportive, describing glasnost as "the crucial,

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Gorbachev had remained close to his parents; after his father became terminally ill in 1974, Gorbachev traveled to be with him in Privolnoe shortly before his death. His daughter, Irina, married fellow student Anatoly Virgansky in April 1978. In 1977, the Supreme Soviet appointed Gorbachev to chair

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to put an end to the Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization in the Marxist–Leninist country. Although Gorbachev later stated that he had had private concerns about the invasion, he publicly supported it. In September 1969 he was part of a Soviet delegation sent to Czechoslovakia, where

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Throughout his life, he tried to dress fashionably. Having an aversion to hard liquor, he drank sparingly and did not smoke. He was protective of his private life and avoided inviting people to his home. Gorbachev cherished his wife, who in turn was protective of him. He was an involved parent and

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to begin talks with the Kremlin to make the two countries' "intentions and actions clearer" and "in order to normalize relations". On 24 December 2021, Gorbachev said that the United States "grew arrogant and self-confident" after the collapse of the Soviet Union, resulting in "a new empire. Hence

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in 1954, when both were part of the Soviet Union, the Crimean people had not been asked at the time, whereas in the 2014 referendum they had. After sanctions were placed on Russia as a result of the annexation, Gorbachev spoke out against them. His comments led to Ukraine banning him from entering

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due to its failure to establish local offices with at least 500 members in the majority of Russian regions, which is required by Russian law for a political organization to be listed as a party. Later that year, Gorbachev founded a new movement, the Union of Social Democrats. Stating that it would

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By mid-November 1990, much of the press was calling for Gorbachev to resign and predicting civil war. Hardliners were urging Gorbachev to disband the presidential council and arrest vocal liberals in the media. In November, he addressed the Supreme Soviet where he announced an eight-point program,

2933:, a human chain across the three countries to symbolize their wish to restore independence. That month, the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet ruled the 1940 Soviet annexation of their country to be illegal; in January 1990, Gorbachev visited the republic to encourage it to remain part of the Soviet Union. 2389:

in February, Yeltsin called for more far-reaching reforms than Gorbachev was initiating and criticized the party leadership, although he did not cite Gorbachev by name, claiming that a new cult of personality was forming. Gorbachev then opened the floor to responses, after which attendees publicly

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leader in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was enthusiastic about the appointment. However, although Gorbachev hoped that Andropov would introduce liberalizing reforms, the latter carried out only personnel shifts rather than structural change. Gorbachev became Andropov's closest ally in the Politburo;

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Gorbachev's political outlook was shaped by the 23 years he served as a party official in Stavropol. Doder and Branson thought that throughout most of his political career prior to becoming general secretary, "his publicly expressed views almost certainly reflected a politician's understanding of

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Gorbachev had promised to refrain from criticizing Yeltsin while the latter pursued democratic reforms, but soon the two men were publicly criticizing each other again. After Yeltsin's decision to lift price caps generated massive inflation and plunged many Russians into poverty, Gorbachev openly

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Gorbachev reached a deal with Yeltsin that called for Gorbachev to formally announce his resignation as Soviet president and Commander-in-Chief on 25 December, before vacating the Kremlin by 29 December. Yakovlev, Chernyaev and Shevardnadze joined Gorbachev to help him write a resignation speech.

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That evening, Gorbachev returned to Moscow, where he thanked Yeltsin and the protesters for helping to undermine the coup. At a subsequent press conference, he pledged to reform the Soviet Communist Party. Two days later, he resigned as its general secretary and called on the Central Committee to

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In January 1990, Gorbachev privately agreed to permit East German reunification with West Germany, but rejected the idea that a unified Germany could retain West Germany's NATO membership. His compromise that Germany might retain both NATO and Warsaw Pact memberships did not attract support. On 9

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accused Gorbachev of reducing the country to "anarchy" and "ruin" and of pursuing Western approval at the expense of the Soviet Union and the Marxist–Leninist cause. Gorbachev was aware that the Central Committee could still oust him as general secretary, and so decided to reformulate the role of

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Following the failures of earlier talks with the US, in February 1987, Gorbachev held a conference in Moscow, titled "For a World without Nuclear Weapons, for Mankind's Survival", which was attended by various international celebrities and politicians. By publicly pushing for nuclear disarmament,

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These proposals reflected Gorbachev's desire for more democracy; however, in his view there was a major impediment in that the Soviet people had developed a "slave psychology" after centuries of Tsarist autocracy and Marxist–Leninist authoritarianism. Held at the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, the

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in its place in June 1988. He hoped that by allowing a broader range of people to attend than at previous conferences, he would gain additional support for his reforms. With sympathetic officials and academics, Gorbachev drafted plans for reforms that would shift power away from the Politburo and

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McCauley noted that perestroika was "an elusive concept", one which "evolved and eventually meant something radically different over time". McCauley stated that the concept originally referred to "radical reform of the economic and political system" as part of Gorbachev's attempt to motivate the

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stressed the connection between Gorbachev and his predecessor, Andropov. In Galeotti's view, Andropov was "the godfather of the Gorbachev revolution", because—as a former head of the KGB—he was able to put forward the case for reform without having his loyalty to the Soviet cause questioned, an

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To keep unity within the country, Gorbachev continued to pursue plans for a new union treaty but found increasing opposition to the idea of a continued federal state as the leaders of various Soviet republics bowed to growing nationalist pressure. Yeltsin stated that he would veto any idea of a

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in July 1991. There, he continued to call for financial assistance; Mitterrand and Kohl backed him, while Thatcher—no longer in office—also urged Western leaders to agree. Most G7 members were reluctant, instead offering technical assistance and proposing the Soviets receive "special associate"

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With the Soviet budget deficit climbing and no domestic money markets to provide the state with loans, Gorbachev looked elsewhere. Throughout 1991, Gorbachev requested sizable loans from Western countries and Japan, hoping to keep the Soviet economy afloat and ensure the success of perestroika.

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A second US–Soviet summit occurred in Moscow in May–June 1988, which Gorbachev expected to be largely symbolic. Again, he and Reagan criticized each other's countries—Reagan raising Soviet restrictions on religious freedom; Gorbachev highlighting poverty and racial discrimination in the US, but

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occurred. In the immediate aftermath, officials fed Gorbachev incorrect information to downplay the incident. As the scale of the disaster became apparent, 336,000 people were evacuated from the area around Chernobyl. Taubman noted that the disaster marked "a turning point for Gorbachev and the

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as encompassing a complex series of reforms to restructure society and the economy. He was concerned by the country's low productivity, poor work ethic, and inferior quality goods; like several economists, he feared this would lead to the country becoming a second-rate power. The first stage of

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were held. Of the 2,250 legislators to be elected, one hundred—termed the "Red Hundred" by the press—were directly chosen by the Communist Party, with Gorbachev ensuring many were reformists. Although over 85% of elected deputies were party members, many of those elected—including Sakharov and

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approach that Gorbachev was able to build on and follow through with. According to McCauley, Gorbachev "set reforms in motion without understanding where they could lead. Never in his worst nightmare could he have imagined that perestroika would lead to the destruction of the Soviet Union".

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He also faced domestic criticism during his rule. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. Across society more broadly, his inability to reverse the decline in the Soviet economy brought discontent. Liberals thought he lacked the

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suggested that Gorbachev "embodied" the "reformist spirit" of the Khrushchev era. Gorbachev was among those who saw themselves as "genuine Marxists" or "genuine Leninists" in contrast to what they regarded as the perversions of Stalin. He helped spread Khrushchev's anti-Stalinist message in

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from declining alcohol sales, resulting in losses of up to US$ 100 billion between 1985 and 1990. Another serious problem was the strain on the Soviet healthcare system, as uneducated Soviet citizens had resorted to drinking rubbing alcohol, nail polish remover or cologne as dangerous

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Gorbachev succeeded in destroying what was left of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union; he brought freedom of speech, of assembly, and of conscience to people who had never known it, except perhaps for a few chaotic months in 1917. By introducing free elections and creating parliamentary

3856:, Gorbachev was opposed to the idea. He complained that Putin's new measures had "tightened the screws" on Russia and that the president was trying to "completely subordinate society", adding that United Russia now "embodied the worst bureaucratic features of the Soviet Communist party". 3222:

brought 76.4% in favor of continued federation but the six rebellious republics had not taken part. Negotiations took place to decide what form the new constitution would take, again bringing together Gorbachev and Yeltsin in discussion; it was planned to be formally signed in August.

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The government considered Gorbachev sufficiently reliable that he was sent as part of Soviet delegations to Western Europe; he made five trips there between 1970 and 1977. In September 1971 he was part of a delegation that traveled to Italy, where they met with representatives of the

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grandparent. He sent his daughter, his only child, to a local school in Stavropol rather than to a school set aside for the children of party elites. Unlike many of his contemporaries in the Soviet administration, he was not a womanizer and was known for treating women respectfully.

3567:. Gorbachev continued to defend perestroika but acknowledged that he had made tactical errors as Soviet leader. While he still believed that Russia was undergoing a process of democratization, he concluded that it would take decades rather than years, as he had previously thought. 4278:

called Gorbachev an "outstanding statesman". Other reactions were less positive, with the leader of Russia's Communist Party, Gennady Zyuganov, stating that Gorbachev was a leader whose rule brought "absolute sadness, misfortune and problems" for "all the peoples of our country".

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were freed from internal exile or prison. Gorbachev saw glasnost as a necessary measure to ensure perestroika by alerting the Soviet populace to the nature of the country's problems in the hope that they would support his efforts to fix them. Particularly popular among the Soviet

2381:, who became key Gorbachev supporters, glasnost boosted his domestic popularity but alarmed many Communist Party hardliners. For many Soviet citizens, this newfound level of freedom of speech and press—and its accompanying revelations about the country's past—was uncomfortable. 17990: 4436:

Gorbachev's negotiations with the US helped bring an end to the Cold War and reduced the threat of nuclear conflict. His decision to allow the Eastern Bloc to break apart prevented significant bloodshed in Central and Eastern Europe; as Taubman noted, this meant that the

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Gorbachev's university friend, Mlynář, described him as "loyal and personally honest". He was self-confident, polite, and tactful; he had a happy and optimistic temperament. He used self-deprecating humor, and sometimes profanities, and often referred to himself in the

2546:. In June 1985 he signed a US$ 14 billion five-year trade agreement with the country and in July 1986, he proposed troop reductions along the Soviet-Chinese border, hailing China as "a great socialist country". He made clear his desire for Soviet membership of the 1861:

In April 1970, Yefremov was promoted to a higher position in Moscow and Gorbachev succeeded him as the First Secretary of the Stavropol kraikom. This granted Gorbachev significant power over the Stavropol region. He had been personally vetted for the position by senior

18020: 17935: 3698:. In June 2002, he participated in a meeting with Putin, who praised the venture, suggesting that a center-left party could be good for Russia and that he would be open to working with it. In 2003, Gorbachev's party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the 16899: 2964:, were hostile to it. In May 1987 Gorbachev visited Romania, where he was appalled by the state of the country, later telling the Politburo that there "human dignity has absolutely no value". He and Ceaușescu disliked each other, and argued over Gorbachev's reforms. 3923:, Gorbachev declared, "The storming of the capitol was clearly planned in advance, and it's obvious by whom." He did not clarify to whom he was referring. Gorbachev also stated that the attack "called into question the future fate of the United States as a nation". 1745:

Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife Raisa initially rented a small room in Stavropol, taking daily evening walks around the city and on weekends hiking in the countryside. In January 1957, Raisa gave birth to a daughter, Irina, and in 1958 they moved into two rooms in a

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dissolve. Several members of the coup committed suicide; others were fired. Gorbachev attended a session of the Russian Supreme Soviet on 23 August, where Yeltsin aggressively criticized him for having appointed and promoted many of the coup members to start with.

2858:. Gorbachev ordered a commission, headed by Gromyko, to examine their situation. Gromyko's report opposed calls for assisting Tatar resettlement in Crimea. By 1988, the Soviet "nationality question" was increasingly pressing. In February, the administration of the 1979:

In November 1978, Gorbachev was appointed a Secretary of the Central Committee. His appointment had been approved unanimously by the Central Committee's members. To fill this position, Gorbachev and his wife moved to Moscow, where they were initially given an old

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Out of office, Gorbachev had more time to spend with his wife and family. He and Raisa initially lived in their dilapidated dacha on Rublevskoe Shosse, and were also allowed to privatize their smaller apartment on Kosygin Street. He focused on establishing his

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replaced the Politburo. At the same Congress meeting, he presented the idea of repealing Article 6 of the Soviet constitution, which had ratified the Communist Party as the "ruling party" of the Soviet Union. The Congress passed the reform, undermining the

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I would consider it a high honour to be a member of the highly advanced, genuinely revolutionary Communist Party of Bolsheviks. I promise to be faithful to the great cause of Lenin and Stalin, to devote my entire life to the party's struggle for Communism.

4193:. Shortly before his death, Gorbachev underwent four more operations, lost 40 kilograms of weight, and could no longer walk. In interviews given shortly before his death, Gorbachev had complained about health and appetite problems. Gorbachev was receiving 3326:. The event was co-sponsored by the US and Soviet Union, one of the first examples of such cooperation between the two countries. There, he again met with Bush. En route home, he traveled to France where he stayed with Mitterrand at the latter's home near 2576:

passed a "law on enterprises" implementing the changes. Economic problems remained: by the late 1980s there were still widespread shortages of basic goods, rising inflation, and declining living standards. These stoked a number of miners' strikes in 1989.

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reform which linked salaries to output and allowed collective farms to sell 30% of their produce directly to shops or co-operatives rather than giving it all to the state for distribution. In a September 1986 speech, he embraced the idea of reintroducing

4513:; in 1990, he was given the Nobel Peace Prize for "his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community". Out of office he continued to receive honors. In 1992, he was the first recipient of the 3979:

According to his university friend Zdeněk Mlynář, in the early 1950s "Gorbachev, like everyone else at the time, was a Stalinist". Mlynář noted, however, that unlike most other Soviet students, Gorbachev did not view Marxism simply as "a collection of

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stated on 26 February that " affirm the need for an early cessation of hostilities and immediate start of peace negotiations. There is nothing more precious in the world than human lives." At the end of July 2022, Gorbachev's close friend, journalist

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incident—in which a West German teenager was able to fly undetected from Finland and land in Red Square—Gorbachev fired many senior military figures for incompetence. In December 1987, Gorbachev visited Washington, DC, where he and Reagan signed the

32296: 32291: 32286: 32281: 17980: 17940: 31270: 18935: 18930: 18636: 18518: 18395: 32276: 32271: 32266: 32261: 4481:, "Few leaders in the 20th century, indeed in any century, have had such a profound effect on their time. In little more than six tumultuous years, Mr. Gorbachev lifted the Iron Curtain, decisively altering the political climate of the world." 2719:

Gorbachev tried to improve relations with the UK, France, and West Germany; like previous Soviet leaders, he was interested in pulling Western Europe away from US influence. Calling for greater pan-European co-operation, he publicly spoke of a

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Yeltsin—were liberalisers. Gorbachev was happy with the result, describing it as "an enormous political victory under extraordinarily difficult circumstances". The new Congress convened in May 1989. Gorbachev was then elected its chair—the new

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Gorbachev was aware that the Politburo could remove him from office, and that he could not pursue more radical reform without a majority of supporters in the Politburo. He sought to remove several older members from the Politburo, encouraging

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In April 1984, Gorbachev was appointed chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Soviet legislature, a largely honorific position. In June he traveled to Italy as a Soviet representative for the funeral of Italian Communist Party leader

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of 1917—which brought Lenin and the Communist Party to power—Gorbachev produced a speech on "October and Perestroika: The Revolution Continues". Delivered to a ceremonial joint session of the Central Committee and the Supreme Soviet in the

1539:(collective farm) in 1929, becoming its chair. This farm was 19 kilometres (12 mi) outside Privolnoye village and when he was three years old, Gorbachev left his parental home and moved into the kolkhoz with his maternal grandparents. 19098: 19093: 19088: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 5080: 4321:'s conclusion. Queen Elizabeth II, in her condolence and in one of her last public messages, stated that "through his courage and vision, he gained the admiration, affection and respect of the British people". Canadian prime minister 3123:

permitting force to be used in expelling the Iraqi Army from Kuwait. Gorbachev later called it a "watershed" in world politics, "the first time the superpowers acted together in a regional crisis". However, when the US announced plans for

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On 14 March 1990, the provision on the CPSU monopoly on power was removed from Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR. Thus, in the Soviet Union, a multi-party system was officially allowed, and the CPSU ceased to be part of the state

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At MSU, Gorbachev became the Komsomol head of his entering class, and then Komsomol's deputy secretary for agitation and propaganda at the law school. One of his first Komsomol assignments in Moscow was to monitor the election polling in

32351: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 3611:. In September she fell into a coma and died. After Raisa's passing, Gorbachev's daughter Irina and his two granddaughters moved into his Moscow home to live with him. When questioned by journalists, he said that he would never remarry. 2824:

and repealing the Stevenson and Baird Amendments. There, they agreed to a joint press conference, the first time that a US and Soviet leader had done so. Gorbachev also urged Bush to normalize relations with Cuba and meet its president,

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more moderate and less threatening Soviet leader; some Western commentators however believed this an act to lull Western governments into a false sense of security. His wife was his closest adviser, and took on the unofficial role of a "

1427:, in the West he is praised for his role in ending the Cold War, introducing new political and economic freedoms in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of Marxist–Leninist administrations in eastern and central Europe and the 3502:, enabling him to keep the foundation afloat. With his wife's assistance, Gorbachev worked on his memoirs, which were published in Russian in 1995 and in English the following year. He also began writing a monthly syndicated column for 18282: 18277: 3023:

In February 1990, both liberalisers and Marxist–Leninist hardliners intensified their attacks on Gorbachev. A liberalizer march took place in Moscow criticizing Communist Party rule, while at a Central Committee meeting, the hardliner

2464:. At the Geneva summit, discussions between Gorbachev and Reagan were sometimes heated, and Gorbachev was initially frustrated that his US counterpart "does not seem to hear what I am trying to say". As well as discussing the Cold War 19357: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 1848: 18513: 18390: 4457:

For much of the Communist Party nomenklatura, the Soviet Union's dissolution was disastrous as it resulted in their loss of power. In Russia, he is widely despised for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing

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to the situation of early 20th century Russia. For instance, he thought that rhetoric about global revolution and overthrowing the bourgeoisie—which had been integral to Leninist politics—had become too dangerous in an era where

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Russia can succeed only through democracy. Russia is ready for political competition, a real multiparty system, fair elections and regular rotation of government. This should define the role and responsibility of the president.

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In March 1961, Gorbachev became First Secretary of the regional Komsomol, in which position he went out of his way to appoint women as city and district leaders. In 1961, Gorbachev played host to the Italian delegation for the

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institutions, he laid the groundwork for democracy. It is more the fault of the raw material he worked with than of his own real shortcomings and mistakes that Russian democracy will take much longer to build than he thought.

19352: 18234: 4197:, but was allowed to leave the hospital for short periods of time. On 29 August 2022, Gorbachev arrived at the Central Clinical Hospital for another hemodialysis, where he died on 30 August at approximately 10:00 p.m. 4058:

Gorbachev was baptized Russian Orthodox and when he was growing up, his grandparents had been practicing Christians. In 2008, there was some press speculation that he was a practicing Christian after he visited the tomb of

3951:, said that Gorbachev was very upset when he found out that Putin had launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. According to Venediktov, Gorbachev believed that Putin "destroyed his life's work". Gorbachev's interpreter, 3814:

in efforts to "reset" strained US–Russian relations, and attended an event in Berlin commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 2011, an eightieth birthday gala for him was held at London's

2649:. Yakovlev and Gorbachev's rebuttal claimed that those who "look everywhere for internal enemies" were "not patriots" and presented Stalin's "guilt for massive repressions and lawlessness" as "enormous and unforgiveable". 18915: 16926: 1435:. Mikhail Gorbachev also ran unsuccessfully in 1996 which despite neoliberal reforms in Russia at the time, showed mass unpopularity with the results of his administration and possibly regret in the collapse of the USSR. 2849:

On taking power, Gorbachev found some unrest among different national groups within the Soviet Union. In December 1986, riots broke out in several Kazakh cities after a Russian was appointed head of the region. In 1987,

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In February 1984, Andropov died; on his deathbed he indicated his desire that Gorbachev succeed him. Many in the Central Committee nevertheless thought the 53-year-old Gorbachev was too young and inexperienced. Instead,

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Gorbachev rose steadily through the ranks of the local administration. The authorities regarded him as politically reliable, and he would flatter his superiors, for instance gaining favor with prominent local politician

26938: 19382: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 20397: 20159: 19929: 19730: 18925: 18920: 18910: 18905: 13246: 3702:—which, however, faced much internal division and failed to gain traction with voters. Gorbachev resigned as party leader in May 2004 following a disagreement with the party's chairman over the direction taken in the 2995:, most of the Marxist–Leninist states of Central and Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change. In most countries, like Poland and Hungary, this was achieved peacefully, but in Romania, the 11505: 30585: 18970: 18965: 18960: 2724:" and of a Europe "from the Atlantic to the Urals". In March 1987, Thatcher visited Gorbachev in Moscow; despite their ideological differences, they liked one another. In April 1989 he visited London, lunching with 2803:

where he announced a unilateral reduction in the Soviet armed forces by 500,000; he also announced that 50,000 troops would be withdrawn from Central and Eastern Europe. He then met with Reagan and President-elect

1913:

Gorbachev's main task as regional leader was to raise agricultural production levels, a task hampered by severe droughts in 1975 and 1976. He oversaw the expansion of irrigation systems through construction of the

19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 18955: 18950: 18945: 3417:, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally voted the country out of existence. As of 31 December 1991, all Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased to function. 1875: 1592:

The village school was closed during much of the war but re-opened in autumn 1944. Gorbachev did not want to return but when he did he excelled academically. He read voraciously, moving from the Western novels of

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candidate whom Yeltsin saw as a Stalinist hardliner. He never expected to win outright but thought a centrist bloc could be formed around either himself or one of the other candidates with similar views, such as

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To finance his foundation, Gorbachev began lecturing internationally, charging large fees to do so. On a visit to Japan, he was well received and given multiple honorary degrees. In 1992, he toured the US in a

2015:; Gorbachev privately thought it a mistake. At times he openly supported the government position; in October 1980 he for instance endorsed Soviet calls for Poland's Marxist–Leninist government to crack down on 31022: 26142: 13046: 3637:

were scheduled for June 1996, and although his wife and most of his friends urged him not to run, Gorbachev decided to do so. He hated the idea that the election would result in a run-off between Yeltsin and

28691: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 2083:; she was aware that he was a potential reformer and wanted to meet him. At the end of the visit, Thatcher said: "I like Mr. Gorbachev. We can do business together". He felt that the visit helped to erode 3132:; he was flattered but acknowledged "mixed feelings" about the accolade. Polls indicated that 90% of Soviet citizens disapproved of the award, which was widely seen as a Western and anti-Soviet accolade. 31277: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 12956: 11850: 4325:

said "He helped bring an end to the Cold War, embraced reforms in the Soviet Union, and reduced the threat of nuclear weapons. He leaves behind an important legacy", while former Canadian prime minister

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said Gorbachev was a "one-of-a-kind statesman who changed the course of history and a towering global leader, committed multilateralist, and tireless advocate for peace", as former US secretary of state

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stated that Gorbachev had "increased the scope of freedom of the enslaved peoples of the Soviet Union in an unprecedented way, giving them hope for a more dignified life". Lithuanian foreign minister

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After the coup, the Supreme Soviet indefinitely suspended all Communist Party activity, effectively ending communist rule in the Soviet Union. From then on, the country collapsed with dramatic speed.

18681: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18410: 18405: 18400: 3153:. Gorbachev was frustrated that the US would spend $ 100 billion on the Gulf War but would not offer his country loans. Other countries were more forthcoming; West Germany had given the Soviets 2812:. On becoming US president, Bush appeared interested in continuing talks with Gorbachev but wanted to appear tougher on the Soviets than Reagan, and had to allay criticism from the right wing of his 2666:. While the soviets had become largely powerless bodies that rubber-stamped Politburo policies, he wanted them to become year-round legislatures. He proposed the formation of a new institution, the 26993: 26057: 26021: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 4204:

Russian president Vladimir Putin bid an official farewell to Gorbachev on 1 September 2022 during a visit to the Central Clinical Hospital, where he laid flowers at his coffin. His press secretary

2024: 1310: 967: 768: 761: 757: 753: 749: 16205: 13393: 1617:, the Soviet political youth organization, becoming leader of his local group and then being elected to the Komsomol committee for the district. From primary school he moved to the high school in 18651: 18646: 18641: 12149: 3397:, agreeing to dismantle the Soviet Union and formally establish the CIS. They also provisionally accepted Gorbachev's resignation as president of what remained of the Soviet Union. Accepting the 2433:

Gorbachev had inherited a renewed period of high tension in the Cold War. He believed strongly in the need to sharply improve relations with the United States; he was appalled at the prospect of

13119: 20390: 20152: 19922: 19723: 18631: 18114: 3191:, was also elected. Seeking compromise with the liberalizers, Gorbachev assembled a team of both his own and Yeltsin's advisers to come up with an economic reform package: the result was the " 30846: 30578: 25447: 19055: 13459: 2430:

agreement with the opposition. That month, the Politburo approved Gorbachev's decision to withdraw combat troops from Afghanistan, although the last troops did not leave until February 1989.

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Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.

2979:", the Soviet Union did not interfere and the media-informed Eastern European population realized that on the one hand their rulers were increasingly losing power and on the other hand the 2736:, although he later informally apologized and in October 1988 visited Moscow. In June 1989 Gorbachev then visited Kohl in West Germany. In November 1989 he also visited Italy, meeting with 721: 18332: 3187:

in July 1990, hardliners criticized the reformists, but Gorbachev was re-elected party leader with the support of three-quarters of delegates, and his choice of deputy general secretary,

2658: 1988:, before finally being allocated a newly built brick house. He was also given an apartment inside the city, but gave that to his daughter and son-in-law; Irina had begun work at Moscow's 14263: 3089: 31015: 19292: 17985: 3072: 343: 16335: 12682: 11933: 4334:

called Gorbachev "a man of peace whose choices opened up a path of liberty for Russians". US president Joe Biden called Gorbachev "a man of remarkable vision". Polish foreign minister

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and feared for the safety of the 9,000 Soviet citizens in Iraq, although Gorbachev argued that the Iraqis were the clear aggressors in the situation. In November the Soviets endorsed

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rockets and allow US inspectors to visit Soviet military facilities to ensure compliance. There was hostility to such compromises from the Soviet military, but following the May 1987

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country. In this context, Gorbachev argued that the Communist Party had to adapt and engage in creative thinking much as Lenin had creatively interpreted and adapted the writings of

30850: 30571: 13149: 3456: 2079:, Bulgaria to attend celebrations of the fortieth anniversary of its liberation from the Nazis by the Red Army. In December, he visited Britain at the request of its prime minister 1712:

In June 1955, Gorbachev graduated with a distinction; his final paper had been on the advantages of "socialist democracy" (the Soviet political system) over "bourgeois democracy" (

29606: 2632:, it praised Lenin but criticized Stalin for overseeing mass human rights abuses. Party hardliners thought the speech went too far; liberalisers thought it did not go far enough. 2372:

dean of the State Historical Archive Faculty, from where Afansiev could press for the opening of secret archives and the reassessment of Soviet history. Prominent dissidents like

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his fellow students said that he did so only minimally and that they trusted him to keep confidential information secret from the authorities. Gorbachev became close friends with

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wrote to the Gorbachev Foundation to express his "condolences to his daughter, Irina Virganskaya and members of his family, his friends and supporters". Japan's prime minister

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before returning to his family, injured. After Germany was defeated, Gorbachev's parents had their second son, Aleksandr, in 1947; he and Mikhail would be their only children.

31008: 13237: 10700: 4283:, widow of former Russian president Boris Yeltsin, said that Gorbachev "sincerely wanted to change the Soviet system" and transform the USSR into a "free and peaceful state". 4157:

clinic Schön Klinik München Harlaching. On 11 June 2013, it was reported that Gorbachev was hospitalized for a routine examination. Two months earlier, he had not come to the

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too much self-promotion. Yeltsin was also critical of Gorbachev, regarding him as patronizing. In early 1986, Yeltsin began sniping at Gorbachev in Politburo meetings. At the

1562:, were arrested and interned in labor camps, if not executed. Both of Gorbachev's grandfathers were arrested (his maternal in 1934 and his paternal in 1937) and spent time in 16772: 32251: 30863: 28677: 26986: 24891: 19896: 19397: 19342: 18010: 17970: 17726: 17656: 3075:

as a branch of the larger Soviet Communist Party. Gorbachev attended its first congress in June, but soon found it dominated by hardliners who opposed his reformist stance.

723: 3036:, in which Gorbachev was the only candidate. He secured 1,329 in favor to 495 against; 313 votes were invalid or absent. He therefore became the first (and only) executive 2302:

to the country alongside limited private enterprise, citing Lenin's New Economic Policy as a precedent; he nevertheless stressed that he did not regard this as a return to

32421: 32396: 19574: 19526: 18892: 17807: 17743: 17666: 13582: 4185:. At the beginning of 2020, Gorbachev was placed under the continuous supervision of doctors. Gorbachev's condition deteriorated even further in July 2022 as he developed 2031: 1871: 1302: 1211: 921: 123: 2596:. The reforms also included greater tolerance of religion; an Easter service was broadcast on Soviet television for the first time and the millennium celebrations of the 2452:

Both Gorbachev and Reagan wanted a summit to discuss the Cold War, but each faced some opposition to such a move within their respective governments. They agreed to hold

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Savranskaya, Svetlana; Blanton, Thomas; Zubok, Vladislav (2010). "Document No. 119: Record of Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker, February 9, 1990".

1935:, who was favorable towards him and who became an important patron. Gorbachev also developed good relationships with senior figures including the Soviet prime minister, 1754:

from the local Stavropol Agricultural Institute, receiving his diploma in 1967. His wife had also pursued a second degree, attaining a PhD in sociology in 1967 from the

448: 2759:. Gorbachev did not condemn the massacre publicly but it reinforced his commitment not to use violent force in dealing with pro-democracy protests in the Eastern Bloc. 2445:

publicly appeared to not want a de-escalation of tensions, having scrapped détente and arms controls, initiating a military build-up, and calling the Soviet Union the "

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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse, 16 August 2018.

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declared their economic "autonomy" from the Soviet central government and introduced measures to restrict Russian immigration. In August 1989, protesters formed the

8069: 3559:, Gorbachev called on him to resign. In 1995, his foundation held a conference on "The Intelligentsia and Perestroika". It was there that Gorbachev proposed to the 2707: 32366: 26979: 25815: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18129: 18124: 18119: 11972: 4722: 3184: 2386: 1951:; Gorbachev loved Italian culture but was struck by the poverty and inequality he saw in the country. In 1972, he visited Belgium and the Netherlands, and in 1973 1811: 12843: 11584:"Page 1. Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I "О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом"" 19886: 19536: 19521: 11842: 3516: 3467:

private jet to raise money for his foundation. During the trip he met up with the Reagans for a social visit. From there he went to Spain, where he attended the

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Zhores Medvedev thought he was a talented orator, in 1986 stating that "Gorbachev is probably the best speaker there has been in the top Party echelons" since

3482:, who had become a friend of his. He further visited Israel and Germany, where he was received warmly by many politicians who praised his role in facilitating 3115:; Gorbachev endorsed President Bush's condemnation of it. This brought criticism from many in the Soviet state apparatus, who saw Hussein as a key ally in the 2783: 30927: 29016: 26124: 23742: 17221: 15652: 12745: 3859:

In 2015, Gorbachev ceased his frequent international traveling. He continued to speak out on issues affecting Russia and the world. In 2014, he defended the

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Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and its Marxist–Leninist ideals, Gorbachev believed significant reform was necessary for its survival. He

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Gorbachev is considered one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century. The recipient of a wide range of awards, including the

1377: 1306: 14747: 13330:"Gorbachev: The West and Russia must defrost relations before it is too late. Talks are vital, but neither side needs to lose face, says ex-Soviet leader" 3985:

was seen to be an orthodox Marxist–Leninist; that year, the biographer Zhores Medvedev stated that "Gorbachev is neither a liberal nor a bold reformist".

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Barred by the constitution from serving more than two consecutive terms as president, Putin stood down in 2008 and was succeeded by his chosen successor,

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the idea of NATO expansion". He also endorsed the upcoming security talks between the United States and Russia, saying, "I hope there will be a result."

12140: 11789: 32441: 31286: 30336: 28546: 27616: 23221: 19871: 19841: 13111: 2197:" by appearing with him on foreign trips; her public visibility was a breach of standard practice and generated resentment. His other close aides were 2047:

of the 1920s, and encouraged Gorbachev's own conviction that reform was needed. In May 1983, Gorbachev was sent to Canada, where he met Prime Minister

1870:. Aged 39, he was considerably younger than his predecessors in the position. As head of the Stavropol region, he automatically became a member of the 1843: 1186: 288: 4042:

The official Soviet portrait of Gorbachev. Many official photographs and visual depictions of Gorbachev removed the port-wine birthmark from his head.

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dormitory. Raisa discovered that she was pregnant and although the couple wanted to keep the child she fell ill and required a life-saving abortion.

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the former Social Science Institute building, but Yeltsin introduced limits to the number of rooms it could use there; the American philanthropist

16803: 13534:[In Gorbachev's opinion, the riots that took place in Washington "called into question the future fate of the United States as a nation".] 3759:

between Russia and South Ossetian separatists on one side and Georgia on the other, Gorbachev spoke out against US support for Georgian president

32331: 31155: 25043: 22720: 21205: 16971: 16962: 16736: 15382: 15362: 15309: 10785: 5145: 1770: 1739: 324: 16041: 5161: 3845:, inspired by the fall of the Iron Curtain. Proceeds from the event went to the Raisa Gorbachev Foundation. That year, Medvedev awarded him the 26958: 26953: 26948: 26943: 26194: 24962: 22471: 22280: 19881: 16732: 4489: 3864: 3120: 2740:. Gorbachev's relationships with these West European leaders were typically far warmer than those he had with their Eastern Bloc counterparts. 26174: 26152: 12673: 3259:

in their dacha. The coup plotters publicly announced that Gorbachev was ill and thus Vice President Yanayev would take charge of the country.

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extolling the virtues of a sober workforce. As a result, crime rates fell and life expectancy grew slightly between 1986 and 1987. However,

32461: 32406: 31182: 31138: 29383: 27522: 25965: 25678: 24952: 19446: 19262: 17712: 15559: 15458: 14271: 3660: 3628: 3226: 1989: 1464:. At the time, Privolnoye was divided almost evenly between ethnic Russians and ethnic Ukrainians. Gorbachev's paternal family were ethnic 1457: 1246: 1122: 16261: 14713: 13141: 4274:

Gorbachev's family, calling him "a politician and statesman who had a huge impact on the course of world history". Russian prime minister

3930:

on 20 January 2021, Gorbachev said that relations between the United States and Russia are of "great concern", and called on US president

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on 1 December with a 90% turnout for secession from the Union was a fatal blow; Gorbachev had expected Ukrainians to reject independence.

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Gorbachev at the time asserted that no one in Moscow gave orders to start the violent confrontations of the so-called January Events in

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several decades before. Similarly, under Gorbachev, the Soviet Union broke apart without falling into civil war, as happened during the

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60 billion by mid-1991. Bush visited Moscow in late July, when he and Gorbachev concluded ten years of negotiations by signing the

2487: 2087:'s dominance of Soviet foreign policy while at the same time sending a signal to the United States government that he wanted to improve 31121: 30802: 27532: 26006: 24916: 21610: 19583: 17231: 17181: 17156: 14680: 4803: 1566:

labor camps before being released. After his December 1938 release, Gorbachev's maternal grandfather discussed having been tortured by

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stated that "history will remember Mikhail Gorbachev as a giant who steered his great nation towards democracy" in the context of the

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said Gorbachev had "left behind great as a world leader supporting the abolishment of nuclear weapons". Germany's former chancellor

3643: 3247: 2882: 1673:; Gorbachev publicly defended Volodya Liberman, a Jewish student who was accused of disloyalty to the country by one of his fellows. 1109: 1021: 13667: 32491: 31059: 29602: 29434: 29391: 29197: 25683: 25442: 24957: 22990: 21798: 19541: 17264: 17096: 16769: 14983: 12553: 4901: 4330:

said that "he was a very pleasant man to deal with" and "history will remember him as a transformational leader". French president

3699: 2777: 1142: 827: 596: 13614: 13339: 2728:. In May 1987, Gorbachev again visited France, and in November 1988 Mitterrand visited him in Moscow. The West German chancellor, 1971: 1581:

invaded the Soviet Union. German forces occupied Privolnoye for four and a half months in 1942. Gorbachev's father had joined the

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and underwent several surgeries and hospital stays. In April 2011, Gorbachev underwent complex spinal surgery in Germany, at the

3707: 3033: 2751:; Deng shared Gorbachev's belief in economic reform but rejected calls for democratization. Pro-democracy students had massed in 21914: 14514:

A day in the life of the Soviet Union : photographed by 100 of the world's leading photojournalists on one day, 15 May 1987

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not contest the forthcoming elections, Gorbachev declared: "We are fighting for power, but only for power over people's minds".

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criticized him, comparing the reform to Stalin's policy of forced collectivization. After pro-Yeltsin parties did poorly in the

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into retirement. He promoted Gromyko to head of state, a largely ceremonial role with little influence, and moved his own ally,

30329: 27609: 26858: 26081: 25918: 25610: 24886: 23158: 21293: 21230: 17689: 17141: 12798: 10692: 10286:"Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German – 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. 4208:

said that the "tight schedule of the president" would not allow him to be present at the funeral, as he was scheduled to visit

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By the mid-1980s, when Gorbachev took power, many analysts were arguing that the Soviet Union was declining to the status of a

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and thought that the continued focus on high military spending was detrimental to his desire for domestic reform. US president

2293:(state acceptance of production) during his time as leader, which represented quality control. In April 1986, he introduced an 2043:; this required him re-reading many of Lenin's later writings, in which the latter had called for reform in the context of the 1834: 1717: 1179: 1147: 1137: 997: 588: 15258: 13693: 13638:"Первый президент СССР Горбачёв прокомментировал спецоперацию – Solenka.info – Мировые новости и светская хроника шоу-бизнеса" 13076: 5136: 31553: 30984: 30436: 26843: 25998: 25970: 25722: 24881: 22816: 22503: 22481: 22006: 21838: 21818: 21793: 21695: 21640: 20791: 17196: 12714: 8109: 8063: 3767:

into the sphere of its national interest. Gorbachev nevertheless remained critical of Russia's government and criticized the

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system. After Stalin died in March 1953, Gorbachev and Mlynář joined the crowds massing to see Stalin's body lying in state.

1297:. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, overseeing the construction of the 23904: 15070: 13637: 12184: 3251: 3170: 1401: 1031: 32456: 32386: 31167: 29002: 28925: 26204: 26157: 23723: 23648: 23308: 22908: 21858: 21848: 19511: 17674: 16674: 16608: 16589: 16537: 16518: 11966: 5106: 4884: 3905: 3676: 3056: 2922: 2863: 1955:. Gorbachev and his wife visited France in 1976 and 1977, on the latter occasion touring the country with a guide from the 1524: 108: 16838: 16824: 15616: 15009: 13172: 8095: 7026: 4133:

in Moscow on 30 August 2022, at the age of 91. He died after a "severe and prolonged illness," according to the hospital.

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during a mission where the playable character infiltrates the KGB headquarters. Gorbachev is portrayed by David Agranov.

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of the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gorbachev revealed that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was a reality.

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Himself as the Chairman of the United Social Democratic Party of Russia until 24 November 2001, and the Chairman of the

1654:

In June 1950, Gorbachev became a candidate member of the Communist Party. He also applied to study at the law school of

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McHugh, James T. "Last of the enlightened despots: A comparison of President Mikhail Gorbachev and Emperor Joseph II."

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in 1988. During the speech, he dramatically announced deep unilateral cuts in Soviet military forces in Eastern Europe.

2918: 2902: 2867: 2859: 2008: 1815: 1618: 1333: 1160: 992: 219: 25880: 15855:"Suing Gorbachev 31 years after the USSR's collapse, a group of Lithuanians sought to hold its last leader to account" 2027:), the highest decision-making authority in the Communist Party. At the time, he was the Politburo's youngest member. 1842:

he found the Czechoslovak people largely unwelcoming to them. That year, the Soviet authorities ordered him to punish

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Stavropol, but encountered many who continued to regard Stalin as a hero or who praised the Stalinist purges as just.

32466: 30552: 30547: 30542: 30537: 30532: 30522: 30517: 30512: 30507: 30502: 30322: 29668: 27602: 27527: 26863: 25975: 24095: 23658: 22928: 22869: 21137: 21122: 20706: 19232: 15685: 15507: 15231: 10648: 3768: 3703: 3556: 3343: 2926: 2886: 2855: 1630: 1567: 1172: 22666: 16141: 3659:. After securing the necessary one million signatures of nomination, he announced his candidacy in March. Launching 2600:

were given media attention. Independent organizations appeared, most supportive of Gorbachev, although the largest,

32486: 32451: 30867: 27200: 27063: 27043: 26114: 25866: 25727: 23798: 23793: 23288: 23251: 22980: 22426: 22183: 21884: 21868: 21142: 20749: 19531: 19458: 7120: 4790: 4167: 3339: 2813: 2589: 1830: 23476: 23338: 23022: 16310: 13519: 12737: 11222: 32471: 32401: 31116: 30704: 29462: 29080: 27166: 26147: 26089: 25688: 24518: 23899: 23828: 23728: 23606: 23378: 23368: 22955: 22342: 22091: 22021: 21772: 21655: 21650: 21256: 21075: 20844: 19312: 17608: 16171: 15485: 13532:По его мнению, произошедшие в Вашингтоне беспорядки "поставили под вопрос дальнейшую судьбу США как государства". 13205: 7967: 5795: 4872: 4361:, who grew up in East Germany, said he completely changed her life and the world while current German chancellor 4027: 3841: 3362: 3291: 3016: 2800: 2016: 1923: 1219: 1207: 1036: 977: 714: 275: 31662: 23293: 23180: 23168: 16093: 3955:, also stated that Gorbachev was psychologically traumatized by the invasion in the months preceding his death. 687: 32391: 30374: 28067: 27156: 27048: 26898: 26209: 25983: 25600: 25539: 25518: 25452: 25421: 25029: 23949: 23718: 23298: 23200: 22933: 22377: 22372: 21929: 21220: 19422: 19237: 17603: 17593: 17583: 16978: 16359: 14739: 8173: 3892:

At a November 2014 event marking 25 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, Gorbachev warned that the ongoing

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production rose considerably, and the reform imposed large costs on the Soviet economy, namely from decreasing

1687: 1543: 1373: 833: 244: 23618: 23348: 22859: 22631: 20593: 16836:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR) 15987: 15603: 4377:

Opinions on Gorbachev are deeply divided. According to a 2017 survey carried out by the independent institute

3747:, who reached out to Gorbachev in ways that Putin had not. In September 2008, Gorbachev and business oligarch 2180:, where he spoke to assembled crowds. In June he traveled to Ukraine, in July to Belarus, and in September to 32346: 32326: 29975: 28481: 27445: 25955: 24896: 23911: 23864: 23628: 23551: 23283: 22101: 21700: 21685: 20557: 20446: 20314: 20208: 20111: 19678: 19392: 19322: 19297: 17598: 17588: 17578: 17412: 17387: 17146: 16985: 16665: 16108:"CIDADÃOS ESTRANGEIROS AGRACIADOS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas" 14827: 13041: 12820: 12579: 11782: 11612: 7304: 7228: 4914: 4550: 3893: 3303: 3278:, Anatoly Lukyanov, and Vladimir Ivashko arrived at Gorbachev's dacha to inform him that they were doing so. 3037: 1694:. Mlynář recalled that the duo remained committed Marxist–Leninists despite their growing concerns about the 1393: 1227: 928: 200: 23343: 23052: 22975: 22646: 15349:

Spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Mr Putin's work schedule would not permit him to attend the event on Saturday.

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planned as a test of Gorbachev, resulted in a large mass exodus of East German refugees. According to the "

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funeral, held on 14 March. Two months after being elected, he left Moscow for the first time, traveling to

1532: 1313:) as a non-voting member in 1979 and a voting member in 1980. Three years after the death of Soviet leader 31255: 30808: 16163: 32200: 30937: 30796: 30595: 29859: 28429: 27146: 26085: 26033: 25671: 24901: 24373: 24368: 24085: 23763: 23491: 23236: 23195: 23139: 23042: 22923: 22881: 22786: 22311: 22265: 21991: 21904: 21757: 21630: 19287: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17259: 17161: 17126: 17043: 4514: 4498: 3939: 3442: 3150: 3041: 2821: 2225:, to Gromyko's former post in charge of foreign policy. Other allies whom he saw promoted were Yakovlev, 1963:

the Standing Commission on Youth Affairs due to his experience with mobilizing young people in Komsomol.

1202:(2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as the last 26810: 25991: 16403: 16377: 12916: 6250: 6138: 4594:. In 2005, Gorbachev was awarded the Point Alpha Prize for his role in supporting German reunification. 32236: 32069: 31000: 30593: 29939: 29140: 28669: 27331: 27073: 26077: 26073: 25737: 25380: 25146: 24738: 23959: 23944: 23934: 23788: 23388: 22876: 22679: 22446: 22056: 21710: 21705: 21068: 20650: 19516: 19476: 19267: 19247: 19242: 18242: 16800: 12144: 4246:

A funeral for Gorbachev was held on 3 September 2022 from 10 a.m. to 12 noon in the Column Hall of the

3716: 3207: 3128:, Gorbachev opposed it, urging instead a peaceful solution. In October 1990, Gorbachev was awarded the 2799:

The third summit was held in New York City in December. Arriving there, Gorbachev gave a speech to the

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Gorbachev continued to pursue good relations with China to heal the Sino-Soviet Split. In May 1989 he

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the area and tried to improve the lives of their inhabitants; he established a discussion circle in

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Lane, David. "The Gorbachev revolution: The role of the political elite in regime disintegration."

15594:

KREMLIN 'DID NOT ORDER TROOPS TO USE FORCE'; Seattle Post – Intelligencer. 14 January 1991. pg. a.1

13671: 13609: 13334: 10643:. National Security Archive Cold War Readers. Central European University Press. pp. 675–684. 8101: 6286: 4591: 4561: 4522: 4046:

By 1955, Gorbachev's hair was thinning, and by the late 1960s he was bald, revealing a distinctive

3262:

Yeltsin, now President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, went inside the Moscow

3112: 3060: 2809: 2326: 1409: 1127: 1082: 987: 252: 29811: 29791: 26971: 24333: 21532: 4181:

The length of his hospital visits increased in 2019, with Gorbachev hospitalized in December with

3810:, to raise money for a charity devoted to his late wife. That year, he also met with US president 2936: 2426:, urging him to acknowledge the lack of widespread public support for his government and pursue a 1535:. Gorbachev's maternal grandfather joined the Communist Party and helped form the village's first 30732: 30649: 30496: 29706: 27625: 27083: 26109: 25853: 25766: 25717: 25705: 25129: 23823: 23768: 23753: 23693: 23501: 23481: 23241: 22918: 22523: 22137: 22076: 22016: 21919: 21843: 21803: 21670: 21660: 21439: 21356: 21288: 21200: 17082: 16684:

Tuminez, Astrid S. (2003). "Nationalism, Ethnic Pressures, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union".

12979: 11506:"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991)" 9821: 9721: 5199: 5058: 4808: 4747: 3592: 3414: 2744: 2597: 2543: 2519: 2419: 2143: 2088: 1975:

Gorbachev was skeptical of the deployment of Soviet troops in Afghanistan (pictured here in 1986)

1948: 1655: 1585:

and fought on the frontlines; he was wrongly declared dead during the conflict and fought in the

1481: 1372:("restructuring") sought to decentralize economic decision-making to improve its efficiency. His 1274: 1092: 659: 60: 32322:

Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32317:

Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32312:

Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32307:

Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32302:

Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26539: 22726: 19761: 3614: 2456:, in November 1985. In the buildup to this, Gorbachev sought to improve relations with the US's 32149: 31360: 30681: 30405: 30298: 30287: 30268: 30253: 30242: 30231: 30216: 30205: 30194: 30183: 30168: 30157: 30146: 30127: 30116: 30105: 30094: 30079: 30064: 30049: 30038: 30027: 30016: 30001: 29686: 29675: 29664: 29653: 29645: 29636: 29624: 29617: 29613: 29336: 29108: 29104: 29044: 28772: 28111: 28005: 27573: 27548: 26199: 26184: 25960: 25944: 25928: 25895: 25525: 25360: 24613: 24117: 23511: 23185: 22661: 22421: 22416: 22209: 22041: 21853: 21424: 21271: 20900: 20496: 20253: 20008: 19428: 17467: 16253: 14398: 9178: 4763: 4542: 4339: 3671: 3564: 3101: 2670:, whose members were to be elected in a largely free vote. This congress would in turn elect a 2547: 2151: 2127: 1956: 1405: 1102: 1049: 580: 68: 44: 24823: 20882: 12866: 3755:, and in May 2009 Gorbachev announced that the launch was imminent. After the outbreak of the 2461: 31402: 30653: 30413: 30131: 29763: 29375: 29116: 28797: 28763: 27980: 27759: 27699: 27683: 27517: 27496: 27253: 26888: 26627: 26580: 26093: 25838: 25504: 25052: 24848: 24132: 24127: 23894: 23783: 23738: 23698: 23633: 23577: 23496: 23278: 23092: 22970: 22888: 22796: 22761: 22671: 22616: 22513: 22354: 22142: 22096: 22081: 22046: 21833: 21777: 21366: 21132: 17211: 16227: 15401: 11008: 10508: 10159: 10039: 9841: 9545: 9505: 8660: 4768: 4446: 3832: 3776: 3720: 3374: 2184:, urging party members in these areas to take more responsibility for fixing local problems. 2004: 1915: 1906: 1751: 1551: 1337: 1298: 1250: 21006: 20799: 19816: 11440: 9142: 8759: 5425: 4417: 3430: 1683: 344:

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

32257:

Candidates of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32246: 32241: 31739: 31145: 30746: 30246: 29232: 29152: 29064: 28970: 28472: 28145: 28021: 27952: 27932: 27928: 27914: 27783: 26903: 26067: 25820: 25532: 25390: 25234: 25188: 25141: 24388: 24155: 24010: 23964: 23879: 23874: 23673: 23572: 23521: 23516: 23408: 23363: 23318: 23256: 23087: 23062: 23012: 22940: 22854: 22704: 22306: 22285: 22051: 21552: 21547: 21507: 21376: 21361: 21016: 20958: 20719: 20562: 20501: 20248: 19811: 19649: 17869: 17790: 17560: 17347: 17274: 17216: 17191: 16919: 16909: 16861: 16283: 13238:"Mikhail Gorbachev warns global powers have put the world 'on the brink of a new Cold War'" 9258: 4546: 4290: 4262: 4240: 4060: 3943: 3486:. To supplement his lecture fees and book sales, Gorbachev appeared in commercials such as 3483: 3263: 3231: 3161:

treaty, a bilateral agreement on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.

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Members of the Secretariat of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Members of the Secretariat of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32287:

Members of the Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32282:

Members of the Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Tarschys, Daniel (1993). "The Success of a Failure: Gorbachev's Alcohol Policy, 1985–88".

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Reagan and Gorbachev with wives (Nancy and Raisa, respectively) attending a dinner at the

2530:—frustrating, and his best personal relationship was instead with India's prime minister, 8: 32095: 31887: 31834: 31606: 31209: 31162: 30943: 30625: 29052: 28644: 26777: 26612: 26575: 26414: 26379: 26347: 25385: 25350: 25340: 25324: 25319: 25314: 25309: 25304: 25299: 25294: 25289: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25254: 25239: 25208: 25203: 24833: 24748: 24743: 24643: 24506: 24303: 24187: 24102: 23990: 23843: 23838: 23818: 23803: 23713: 23708: 23613: 23546: 23536: 23448: 23443: 23433: 23333: 23273: 23246: 23072: 23057: 23027: 23005: 22791: 22781: 22508: 22431: 22401: 22385: 21996: 21971: 21767: 21752: 21351: 21091: 20877: 20572: 20552: 20405: 20334: 20329: 20283: 20263: 20167: 20003: 19993: 19937: 19776: 19738: 17492: 17482: 15621: 14775:[Source: no deterioration in Gorbachev's health] (in Russian). TASS. 20 June 2022 4880: 4554: 4463: 4286: 3868: 3846: 3760: 3652: 3588: 3587:

then donated over $ 1 million to enable the foundation to build new premises on the

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wishing to migrate to Israel would be allowed to do so, something previously prohibited.

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In 1978, Gorbachev was appointed to the Central Committee's Secretariat for Agriculture (

1766: 1678: 1546:, in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died. This was followed by the 1453: 1385: 1054: 982: 56: 20: 32277:

Members of the Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32272:

Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32267:

Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32262:

Members of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

30758: 29943: 29891: 29586: 29324: 23688: 23601: 21482: 20996: 20814: 20724: 17061: 13482:"Former Soviet Leader Gorbachev Lauds George HW Bush for Political Abilities, Character" 10095: 9937: 8265: 8193: 8145: 4309: 3600: 3011: 2953: 2854:

protested in Moscow to demand resettlement in Crimea, the area from which they had been

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undermined the one-party state. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various

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by the early 1990s. He was the only Soviet leader born after the country's foundation.

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Gorbachev, daughter Irina and his wife's sister Lyudmila at the funeral of Raisa, 1999

3591:. In 1999, Gorbachev made his first visit to Australia, where he gave a speech to the 3570: 3479: 2657:

Although the next party congress was not scheduled until 1991, Gorbachev convened the

2558: 1480:. His parents named him Viktor at birth, but at the insistence of his mother—a devout 32371: 31986: 31813: 31799: 31423: 31395: 31353: 31346: 31311: 31128: 30892: 30814: 30481: 30450: 30425: 30419: 30390: 30361: 30172: 30057: 29570: 29554: 29516: 29297: 29289: 29168: 29128: 29029: 28994: 28348: 28301: 28233: 28209: 28121: 28037: 28013: 27972: 27956: 27906: 27898: 27823: 27751: 27643: 27311: 27161: 26825: 26642: 26637: 26622: 26590: 26394: 26316: 26294: 26289: 26062: 25903: 25710: 25693: 25370: 25000: 24853: 24798: 24773: 24728: 24658: 24633: 24598: 24588: 24557: 24444: 24328: 24298: 24035: 24025: 23939: 23833: 23678: 23393: 23190: 23047: 23000: 22898: 22849: 22823: 22801: 22641: 22621: 22565: 22553: 22367: 22202: 22117: 21747: 21635: 21592: 21587: 21537: 21331: 21107: 21026: 20943: 20819: 20729: 20471: 20344: 20258: 20218: 20103: 19958: 19791: 19771: 19552: 19434: 18267: 17851: 17772: 17517: 17437: 17432: 17226: 17151: 17105: 17018: 16927:

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

16876: 16670: 16604: 16585: 16533: 16514: 16476: 16450: 15995: 15626: 12573: 11962: 10644: 8105: 8059: 7939: 6534: 6078: 5735: 4751: 4655:

Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism

4459: 4366: 4275: 4072: 4068: 3948: 3816: 3807: 3748: 3732: 3648: 3394: 3386: 3307: 3129: 3064: 3025: 2972: 2949: 2808:, following which he rushed home, skipping a planned visit to Cuba, to deal with the 2805: 2737: 2539: 2284: 2202: 2080: 2072: 2012: 1762: 1713: 1610: 1602: 1594: 1424: 1359: 1294: 1254: 675: 124:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32352:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

29220: 24977: 24648: 19831: 16713: 16312:

Theatre play "Gorbachev" спектакл "Горбачёв" about Mikhail Gorbachev Михаил Горбачёв

14681:"Last Soviet leader Gorbachev, who ended Cold War and won Nobel prize, dies aged 91" 7752: 7444: 7196: 5525: 4302: 4220: 1818:

and made a member of its Standing Commission for the Protection of the Environment.

1750:. In 1961, Gorbachev pursued a second degree, in agricultural production; he took a 449:

Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

32083: 31862: 31785: 31574: 31437: 31304: 31081: 31072: 30291: 30176: 30098: 29883: 29819: 29359: 29316: 29266: 29228: 28735: 28285: 28225: 28153: 27964: 27940: 27936: 27578: 27392: 27321: 27151: 26815: 26800: 26684: 26664: 26473: 26441: 26399: 26389: 26352: 26311: 26257: 26237: 26104: 26099: 25890: 25843: 25776: 25666: 25511: 25483: 25365: 25229: 24763: 24688: 24618: 24603: 24583: 24530: 24313: 24308: 24288: 24238: 24228: 24055: 24020: 24005: 23954: 23683: 23623: 23463: 23122: 23102: 22811: 22753: 22747: 22714: 22694: 22684: 22533: 22334: 22326: 22066: 21934: 21567: 21472: 21419: 21341: 21276: 21157: 21021: 20986: 20905: 20734: 20714: 20686: 20567: 20506: 20476: 20349: 20339: 20268: 20233: 20121: 20116: 20070: 20060: 20039: 20021: 19998: 19756: 19690: 19631: 19607: 19482: 19452: 17881: 17549: 17502: 17487: 17447: 17442: 17357: 17342: 17284: 17186: 17028: 16936: 16781:

Kramer, Mark. "Mikhail Gorbachev and the Origins of Perestroika: A Retrospective."

16693: 16640: 16556: 16497: 16466: 16442: 13068: 12109:""Perestroika in den ÖBB"? – Michail Gorbatschow dreht für die ÖBB einen Werbefilm" 10800: 8926: 8846: 8091: 8049: 6923: 5251: 5073: 5021: 5015: 4950: 4778: 4581: 4526: 4518: 4298: 3997: 3901: 3836: 3824: 3738: 3639: 3447: 3435: 3378: 3188: 3063:, the Communist Party faced challengers from an alliance of liberalisers known as " 2976: 2764: 2752: 2663: 2593: 2515: 2495:

of East Germany. Privately, Gorbachev told Chernyaev that Honecker was a "scumbag".

2280: 2250: 2226: 2214: 2177: 2019:. That same month, he was promoted from a candidate member to a full member of the 1774: 1702: 1670: 1574: 1290: 1278: 1249:, to a poor peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage. Growing up under the 1235: 1059: 1026: 663: 622: 309: 192: 29720: 29060: 25789: 20739: 12704: 10638: 9705: 9117: 3238:

In August, Gorbachev and his family holidayed at their dacha, "Zarya" ('Dawn') in

32119: 32035: 32028: 31894: 31778: 31764: 31648: 31581: 31518: 31490: 31455: 31416: 31111: 30971: 30931: 30784: 30637: 30469: 30272: 30139: 30042: 29867: 29755: 29732: 29712: 29285: 29240: 28801: 28749: 28589: 28513: 28437: 28253: 28133: 28125: 28091: 27997: 27989: 27976: 27866: 27815: 27799: 27791: 27723: 27691: 27651: 27266: 27238: 27228: 27208: 27101: 26689: 26679: 26632: 26585: 26570: 26468: 26436: 26384: 26362: 26304: 26299: 26284: 26279: 26267: 26242: 25848: 25476: 25416: 25395: 25178: 25117: 25064: 24982: 24838: 24828: 24813: 24793: 24778: 24753: 24698: 24463: 24431: 24323: 24283: 24045: 24040: 23980: 23921: 23653: 23531: 23358: 23323: 23231: 23226: 22950: 22844: 22518: 22451: 22441: 22406: 22362: 22349: 22301: 22132: 22122: 21981: 21889: 21210: 21185: 21162: 20981: 20948: 20938: 20767: 20681: 20625: 20582: 20547: 20542: 20481: 20426: 20359: 20324: 20319: 20309: 20278: 20273: 20223: 20188: 20080: 19988: 19983: 19876: 19866: 19836: 19806: 19796: 19786: 19766: 19696: 19637: 19625: 19619: 19601: 19488: 19440: 17857: 17778: 17539: 17512: 17507: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17427: 17392: 17337: 17171: 17010: 16842: 16828: 16807: 16776: 16660: 15336: 15062: 14740:"Mikhail Gorbachev, former Soviet president who took down the Iron Curtain, dies" 13456:"Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'" 13394:"Mikhail Gorbachev says Nato is escalating Cold War with Russia 'into a hot one'" 5183: 5165: 5140: 4944: 4727: 4383: 4350: 4331: 4314: 4247: 4229: 4194: 4047: 4002: 3966: 3897: 3744: 3656: 3563:

a law that would reduce many of the presidential powers established by Yeltsin's

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In September 1990, Gorbachev met repeatedly with US president George Bush at the

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in 1985. According to Taubman, Ceaușescu was Gorbachev's "favorite punching bag".

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against Gorbachev's wishes. After resigning from the presidency, he launched the

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Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis

10724:"Did The West Promise Moscow That NATO Would Not Expand? Well, It's Complicated" 6756: 4530: 3806:, an album of Russian romantic ballads, sung by him and accompanied by musician 3539: 32000: 31972: 31958: 31954: 31704: 31683: 31669: 31620: 31374: 31367: 31318: 31189: 30754: 30698: 30694: 30671: 30261: 30150: 30072: 30005: 29931: 29903: 29899: 29775: 29751: 29679: 29578: 29562: 29212: 28777: 28721: 28616: 28579: 28489: 28454: 28400: 28335: 28331: 28269: 28165: 28149: 28050: 27882: 27727: 27715: 27707: 27667: 27397: 27372: 27367: 27271: 27243: 27223: 27091: 26755: 26733: 26694: 26674: 26617: 26595: 26512: 26463: 26357: 25799: 25756: 25546: 25497: 25375: 25355: 25345: 24808: 24733: 24723: 24718: 24578: 24318: 24107: 24030: 23758: 23663: 23413: 23353: 22985: 22903: 22806: 22766: 22736: 22636: 22591: 22157: 22061: 21577: 21557: 21336: 21117: 20928: 20804: 20772: 20762: 20696: 20623: 20537: 20532: 20491: 20486: 20466: 20456: 20451: 20441: 20436: 20431: 20304: 20238: 20228: 20203: 20198: 20098: 20055: 20029: 19968: 19684: 19655: 17821: 17760: 17651: 17544: 17497: 17422: 17417: 17407: 17402: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17352: 17269: 17176: 16954: 16835: 16821: 16697: 13145: 13142:"Former Soviet leader Gorbachev warns against 'new Cold War' in Ukraine crisis" 11226: 10028: 9753: 8281: 7010: 4739: 4502: 4442: 4343: 4327: 4322: 4280: 4225: 4171: 3795: 3684: 3495: 3382: 3215: 3141: 3108: 2871: 2851: 2837: 2642: 2582: 2573: 2535: 2527: 2492: 2378: 2369: 2359: 2349: 2299: 2218: 2084: 2048: 2040: 1940: 1936: 1895: 1838: 1787: 1626: 1417: 1345: 1223: 366: 30665: 29851: 29724: 29657: 26534: 21031: 21011: 20824: 16745:

The human factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the end of the Cold War

16644: 16578: 16560: 15310:"Russia's Putin expresses deepest condolences on death of Gorbachev -Interfax" 15094:"Похудел на 40 кг: опубликовано последнее фото Михаила Горбачева – TOPNews.RU" 13206:"Gorbachev throws shade at Putin: 'Russia can succeed only through democracy'" 11715: 11627: 11160: 11028: 9873: 9793: 9629: 9382: 9350: 9334: 8423: 8329: 7696: 7360: 5133: 2406: 32230: 32107: 32042: 31876: 31841: 31806: 31771: 31757: 31718: 31676: 31588: 31567: 31546: 31525: 31476: 31388: 31050: 30714: 30710: 30475: 30444: 30314: 30220: 30135: 29967: 29955: 29919: 29915: 29783: 29594: 29481: 29351: 29301: 29120: 29072: 28966: 28730: 28628: 28563: 28554: 28433: 28419: 28356: 28339: 28327: 28261: 28245: 28241: 28217: 28201: 28095: 28083: 27968: 27948: 27944: 27924: 27767: 27743: 27659: 27382: 27357: 27326: 27316: 27306: 27213: 27116: 27111: 27096: 27038: 26728: 26669: 26507: 26446: 26404: 25761: 25751: 25198: 25183: 25122: 24972: 24818: 24713: 24678: 24663: 24623: 24165: 23995: 23733: 23643: 23506: 23486: 23373: 23134: 23112: 23077: 22656: 22651: 22606: 22528: 22488: 22237: 22162: 22152: 22147: 22031: 21899: 21582: 21562: 21542: 21522: 21497: 21454: 21396: 21386: 21215: 20953: 20933: 20867: 20757: 20691: 20527: 20421: 20364: 20299: 20243: 20183: 20065: 19953: 19851: 19821: 19781: 19643: 19470: 17863: 17845: 17827: 17815: 17784: 17766: 17555: 17477: 17332: 17327: 17136: 16454: 15999: 15630: 15093: 13300:"Gorbachev: Ukraine could explode into 'hot war' between Russia and the West" 7943: 7652: 7272: 4876: 4773: 4659: 4494: 4470: 4438: 4378: 4358: 4354: 4294: 4255: 4205: 4064: 3916:

and simplicity typical of George, Barbara and their large, friendly family".

3828: 3772: 3499: 3335: 3275: 3242:. Two weeks into his holiday, a group of senior Communist Party figures—the " 3239: 3154: 2914: 2913:, resulting in various deaths. Independence sentiment was also rising in the 2898: 2748: 2699:

died shortly after, Yeltsin became the figurehead of the liberal opposition.

2442: 2427: 2423: 2319: 2230: 2181: 1932: 1891: 1706: 1691: 1649:— Gorbachev's letter requesting membership of the Communist Party, 1950 1606: 1520: 1413: 1341: 1318: 1289:

youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the

1215: 31820: 30910: 25621: 16501: 16404:"10 Unintentionally Hilarious Things About Call Of Duty: Black Ops Cold War" 11587: 11441:"1991 Soviet coup attempt | Facts, Results, & Significance | Britannica" 10341: 8779: 7500: 1661:

In Moscow, Gorbachev resided with fellow MSU students at a dormitory in the

31965: 31940: 31912: 31880: 31827: 31792: 31711: 31560: 31497: 31462: 31332: 31285: 31230: 30953: 30873: 30780: 30109: 30068: 30031: 30020: 29983: 29911: 29827: 29690: 29489: 29442: 29148: 29048: 28904: 28878: 28870: 28805: 28656: 28571: 28550: 28537: 28529: 28505: 28497: 28380: 28372: 28317: 28185: 28129: 28075: 28054: 28029: 27858: 27735: 27675: 27594: 27387: 27362: 27301: 27183: 26451: 25091: 24758: 24708: 24638: 24628: 24482: 24470: 24457: 24263: 24090: 23591: 22839: 22689: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22244: 22026: 21645: 21572: 21527: 21261: 21152: 21127: 20991: 20857: 20629: 20093: 19587: 17053: 16480: 16363: 15712: 15463: 15367: 14584: 12264: 12113: 12029: 11333: 6788: 5835: 4758: 4569: 4565: 4342:

said that Lithuanians would not glorify Gorbachev or forget about the 1991

4335: 4190: 4108: 4096: 3909: 3820: 3811: 3787: 3608: 3575: 3271: 3256: 3116: 2980: 2826: 2817: 2772: 2725: 2531: 1952: 1887: 1826: 1822: 1798: 1666: 1461: 1396:

threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading the hardliners within the

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Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

157: 30608: 15677: 14880:"Горбачев находится в Германии на плановом обследовании в одной из клиник" 14853: 13037:"Mikhail Gorbachev says Putin should not run for Russian presidency again" 12262:

Roche, Douglas (March–May 2003). "World Summit on Nobel Peace laureates".

12207: 11699: 11417: 11361: 11305: 11289: 11273: 11233: 11056: 10992: 10948: 10932: 10904: 10657: 10544: 10492: 10476: 10445: 10429: 10255: 10179: 10115: 10005: 9957: 9278: 9162: 9126: 9069: 9037: 9009: 8910: 8644: 8466: 8026: 7288: 7050: 3666: 3353: 31993: 31947: 31869: 31848: 31725: 31697: 31627: 31613: 31539: 31511: 31483: 31469: 31339: 31199: 30820: 30772: 30742: 30726: 30381: 30346: 30257: 30224: 29843: 29807: 29771: 29332: 28942: 28916: 28601: 28593: 28193: 28157: 28141: 28103: 27336: 27281: 27058: 26795: 26772: 26232: 25784: 24803: 24408: 24378: 24233: 24223: 24122: 23985: 23778: 23267: 23097: 23082: 22893: 22741: 22709: 22596: 22411: 22316: 22255: 21625: 21512: 21487: 21429: 21391: 21381: 21251: 20658: 19861: 17535: 17131: 15879: 14799:"Представитель Горбачева подтвердил наличие проблем с почками у политика" 14382: 14088: 9577: 9427: 9425: 9210: 9053: 7859: 7736: 6832: 6772: 6701: 5958: 4843: 4362: 4251: 4235: 4209: 4198: 3989: 3728: 3203: 3085: 3000: 2890: 2732:, had initially offended Gorbachev by comparing him to Nazi propagandist 2729: 2609: 2605: 2499:

In January 1986, Gorbachev publicly proposed a three-stage programme for

2481: 2434: 2364: 2294: 2289: 1547: 1389: 1381: 1368: 954: 32114: 31030: 30985:

Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture

28699: 16705: 16462: 16446: 15204: 15063:"Гемодиализ и ухудшение состояния: Подробности смерти Михаила Горбачева" 14879: 14135: 11843:"11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers" 6685: 6554: 5397: 4258:. The service included rites administered by a Russian Orthodox priest. 3096: 32014: 31933: 31855: 31732: 31641: 31634: 31532: 31381: 30776: 30766: 30235: 30120: 30009: 29160: 28954: 28890: 28856: 28842: 28758: 28648: 28468: 28392: 28309: 28137: 28058: 27831: 27352: 26659: 26431: 26179: 24562: 24273: 24243: 24197: 24112: 24080: 24072: 24015: 23703: 23418: 23107: 22995: 22601: 22127: 22001: 21615: 21401: 21346: 21316: 21246: 20777: 20663: 20126: 19973: 16872: 16378:"'Tetris': A heady Cold War thriller about the fight over a video game" 15534:"Global reactions to the death of last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev" 15508:"Mikhail Gorbachev: World leaders react to death of last Soviet leader" 14984:"Михаил Горбачев: 12 неизвестных фактов из жизни политика | StarHit.ru" 14418: 14104: 13511: 11955:

Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.; Sullivan, Paige (1997).

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For a number of years before his death, Gorbachev suffered from severe

3584: 3560: 3410: 3146: 2930: 2780:. Taubman called it "one of the highest points of Gorbachev's career". 2550:

and for greater ties to Pacific countries, especially China and Japan.

2469: 2311: 2303: 2268: 2194: 2173: 1559: 1473: 653: 23216: 21060: 17166: 16652: 16568: 14772: 14478: 12801:. mosnews.com. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 11878: 11759: 11731: 11671: 11643: 11560: 11544: 11528: 11401: 11132: 10964: 10852: 10528: 10325: 10131: 9441: 9422: 9366: 9318: 8942: 8221: 7376: 6210: 5990: 5892: 5890: 5819: 5353: 4564:

by the European Academy of Yuste Foundation. Gorbachev, together with

3604: 3032:

In March, the Congress of People's Deputies held the first (and only)

1301:. In 1978, he returned to Moscow to become a Secretary of the party's 887: 31979: 31504: 30921: 29963: 29454: 28913:

Blah Blah Blah: Stories About Clams, Swamp Monsters, Pirates and Dogs

28636: 28624: 28384: 27261: 27106: 27002: 25553: 25490: 24858: 24703: 24552: 24525: 24338: 24293: 24202: 24170: 24150: 24142: 23471: 23261: 22167: 21961: 21680: 21620: 21502: 21112: 20809: 18059: 18035: 14828:"Mikhail Gorbachev was hospitalized in the Central Clinical Hospital" 8743: 8293: 8237: 7968:"Gorbachev's "Perestroika" as the beginning of the end of the empire" 7668: 7392: 7180: 6994: 6804: 6630: 5337: 4182: 4163: 4100: 3993: 3931: 3791: 3389:, which declared the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and formed the 3210:

rescind its pro-independence reforms. Soviet troops occupied several

2465: 2438: 2315: 1919: 1721: 1695: 1578: 1477: 1282: 958: 859: 32217: 25021: 17074: 16348:

The production runs from October, 2020. Next dates: 8 September 2021

15819: 13579:"Gorbachev says U.S. became 'arrogant' after Soviet Union collapsed" 6443: 6366: 6310: 5930: 3683:

In December 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was succeeded by his deputy,

3369:

Without Gorbachev's knowledge, Yeltsin met with Ukrainian president

3206:, especially Lithuania, in January 1991 Gorbachev demanded that the 2623:

at the suggestion of US publishers. For the 70th anniversary of the

2588:

In September 1987, the government stopped jamming the signal of the

1325:—in 1985, the Politburo elected Gorbachev as general secretary, the 31655: 31430: 30949: 28930: 28819: 28446: 28364: 28046: 27001: 25068: 24437: 24278: 24175: 24050: 23869: 23773: 22913: 22771: 22225: 21517: 21492: 21449: 21283: 21266: 21190: 19387: 18015: 16845:М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. – 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6. 16431:"The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia's Mortality Crisis" 15617:"Biden, Putin and other leaders react to Mikhail Gorbachev's death" 15560:"West mourns Gorbachev the peacemaker, Russia recalls his failures" 13551: 13547:"Gorbachev: US-Russia relations of 'great concern' but salvageable" 13515: 13177: 12709: 12141:"The first advertisement to feature Mikhail Gorbachev will also..." 6338: 6098: 6006: 5974: 5887: 5767: 5557: 5235: 4318: 4175: 4150: 3764: 3596: 3406: 3358: 3192: 3125: 3073:

Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

2354: 2344: 2030:

After Brezhnev's death in November 1982, Andropov succeeded him as

1985: 1614: 1582: 1469: 1465: 1354: 1349: 1286: 962: 19:"Gorbachev" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see 23557:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

11604: 5381: 2342:

In the second year of his leadership, Gorbachev began speaking of

32049: 31133: 30832: 30083: 28597: 28521: 27053: 26565: 26342: 25698: 24383: 24268: 24258: 24207: 23748: 22493: 21444: 18618: 17912: 15432:"Mikhail Gorbachev, former Soviet leader, dies – global reaction" 14685: 12951: 10219: 4926: 4265:, in the same grave as his wife Raisa, as requested by his will. 4141: 4085: 3515:, which focused on encouraging sustainable futures, and then the 3475: 3457:

International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies

3327: 3211: 3158: 2910: 2878: 2616: 2507:

by the end of the 20th century. An agreement was then reached to

2331: 2229:, and Vadim Medvedev. Another of those promoted by Gorbachev was 1927:

resorts in the North Caucasus; he holidayed with the head of the

1866:

leaders and was informed of their decision by the Soviet leader,

1863: 1622: 1555: 1536: 1485: 1230:

from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to

32021: 15578:"Reactions to the death of last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev" 15383:"Praise and Blame: How Russia Reacted to the Death of Gorbachev" 15363:"Praise and Blame: How Russia Reacted to the Death of Gorbachev" 15010:"Михаил Горбачев попал в больницу: что известно о его состоянии" 13788: 13270:"Mikhail Gorbachev: world on brink of new cold war over Ukraine" 9657: 9085: 8822: 8381: 8305: 3852:

After Putin announced his intention to run for president in the

3739:

2008–2022: growing criticism of Putin and foreign policy remarks

3071:

sentiment, Gorbachev had reluctantly allowed the formation of a

30965: 29628: 27501: 27422: 26711: 26529: 26490: 24451: 24253: 24192: 23127: 21371: 18052: 15859: 12738:"Gorbachev Vows Revolution If New Orleans Levees Don't Improve" 11926:"End of the Soviet Union: Text of Gorbachev's Farewell Address" 8135: 8133: 4754:

played the roles of Gorbachev and his wife Raisa respectively.

4541:. In 2000, he was presented with the Golden Plate Award of the 4428: 4293:

paid tribute to him on Twitter, as did the UK's prime minister

4186: 4154: 3546: 3464: 2601: 2477: 2460:

allies, visiting France in October 1985 to meet with President

2411: 2104: 1519:, and during Gorbachev's childhood was under the leadership of 1472:

several generations before; his maternal family were of ethnic

16815:

Gorbachev and the decline of ideology in Soviet foreign policy

16429:

Bhattacharya, Jay; Gathmann, Christina; Miller, Grant (2013).

16164:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 15988:"Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Reformist Soviet Leader, Is Dead at 91" 15653:"'Man of peace': How has Europe reacted to Gorbachev's death?" 14439: 14437: 14125: 14123: 13894: 13892: 13890: 7777: 7775: 3491: 3175: 2820:. Bush offered to assist the Soviet economy by suspending the 32125: 24936: 24892:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

24398: 24181: 22260: 19398:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

13668:"'A big blow': Mikhail Gorbachev died shocked by Ukraine war" 13425:"The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit" 13173:"Mikhail Gorbachev Banned from Ukraine after Crimea Comments" 12769:"Gorbachev launches political party with Russian billionaire" 5036: 5027: 5024: 4998: 4968: 3981: 3723:

led by the US. In June 2004, Gorbachev nevertheless attended

2768: 2076: 1981: 1966: 1825:

countries, in 1966 he was part of a delegation which visited

1669:

campaign spread through the Soviet Union, culminating in the

1563: 1489: 19527:

League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

16831:– М.: Алгоритм-Эксмо, 2010. – 544 с. ISBN 978-5-699-40627-2. 16783:

Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization

16018: 15967: 15895: 15867: 15807: 15764: 15752: 15728: 14572: 14560: 14358: 14298: 14243: 14016: 13916: 13836: 13812: 13800: 13752: 12560:. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007 11954: 11044: 10231: 9669: 9097: 8834: 8719: 8521: 8509: 8357: 8345: 8161: 8130: 8055:

Time of Change: An Insider's View of Russia's Transformation

7168: 6967: 4986: 4959: 3413:, not to die in office. The following day, 26 December, the 3006: 2832: 2652: 2615:

In August 1987, Gorbachev holidayed in Nizhnyaya Oreanda in

1872:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1742:

village to help its peasant residents gain social contacts.

1212:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

31919: 30959: 28900:

Marlo Thomas and Friends: Thanks & Giving All Year Long

28464: 24476: 24358: 22250: 22194: 17631: 17254: 14906:"Последний президент СССР Михаил Горбачев госпитализирован" 14714:"Mikhail Gorbachev, who steered Soviet breakup, dead at 91" 14624: 14434: 14370: 14322: 14310: 14286: 14120: 13933: 13931: 13887: 13740: 13728: 13716: 13704: 13091: 13002: 12652: 12426: 12378: 12354: 12342: 12330: 12318: 12164: 12077: 11747: 11474: 11389: 11349: 11321: 11261: 11249: 11096: 10892: 10840: 10816: 10762: 10417: 10405: 10369: 10357: 10313: 10243: 9889: 9861: 9693: 9681: 9645: 9593: 9565: 9493: 9469: 9457: 9226: 9198: 8973: 8707: 8593: 8533: 8317: 7990: 7962: 7960: 7911: 7847: 7835: 7772: 7684: 7640: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7516: 7110: 7108: 6955: 6887: 6848: 6820: 6729: 6606: 6570: 6274: 5501: 5477: 5039: 4992: 4965: 4525:, Kentucky. In 1995, he was awarded the Grand-Cross of the 4015: 3965:

Even before he left office, Gorbachev had become a kind of

3927: 2894: 2457: 1554:", including those sympathetic to rival interpretations of 29836:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

19517:

General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia

16856: 16428: 16360:

Mikhail Gorbachev Dies: Last Leader Of Soviet Union Was 91

15785: 15783: 15781: 15779: 15700: 15486:"Message from Her Majesty the Queen to the Russian People" 15459:"Elizabeth II enjoyed robust health throughout long reign" 15232:"Прощание с Горбачевым пройдет 3 сентября в Колонном зале" 14854:"Михаил Горбачев перенес сложную операцию на позвоночнике" 14738:

Cullinane, Susannah; Smith-Spark, Laura (30 August 2022).

14526: 14524: 14522: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14006: 14004: 13991: 13989: 13976: 13974: 13972: 13970: 13904: 13865: 13863: 13019: 13017: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12621: 12619: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12515: 12513: 12500: 12498: 12485: 12483: 12470: 12468: 12443: 12441: 12308: 12306: 12281: 12279: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12228: 12226: 12067: 12065: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12019: 12017: 11824: 11822: 11783:"Заявление Президента СССР М. С. Горбачёва 9 декабря 1991" 11464: 11462: 10620: 10618: 10565: 10563: 10466: 10464: 10303: 10301: 10033:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

9925: 8963: 8961: 8800: 8798: 8697: 8695: 8610: 8608: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8499: 8497: 8444: 8442: 8413: 8411: 8398: 8396: 8287: 8275: 8203: 8187: 8155: 8014: 7875: 7095: 7093: 7066: 6984: 6982: 6877: 6875: 6746: 6744: 6663: 6661: 6522: 5001: 4971: 4511:

Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development

4145:

Gorbachev in Moscow, 2019, receiving assistance in walking

3230:

Tens of thousands of anti-coup protesters surrounding the

2702: 2437:, was aware that the Soviet Union was unlikely to win the 1856: 1690:

student who later became a primary ideologist of the 1968

1420:, and campaigned for Russia's social-democratic movement. 1404:

against Gorbachev in August 1991. In the coup's wake, the

24931: 24911: 24906: 21168:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

21147: 20407:

25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

20169:

26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

19939:

27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

19740:

28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17066: 14743: 13694:"How Gorbachev's political legacy was destroyed by Putin" 6464: 6462: 6389: 6387: 6385: 5325: 5300: 5298: 4983: 4956: 3543:

interview with Gorbachev on his memoirs, 24 November 1996

1928: 1758:; while in Stavropol she too joined the Communist Party. 1531:

ideas, he believed would help convert the country into a

838:

1970–1978: First Secretary, Stavropol Regional Committee

30911:

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

28963:

Julie Andrews' Collection of Poems, Songs, and Lullabies

25816:

Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

16900:

First Secretary of the Stavropol CPSU Regional Committee

15919: 15835: 15740: 15284:"Gorbachev buried in Moscow in funeral snubbed by Putin" 15259:"Gorbachev buried in Moscow in funeral snubbed by Putin" 14660: 14612: 14548: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14209: 14207: 14064: 14040: 14028: 13943: 13928: 13764: 12002: 10880: 10575: 10147: 9913: 9605: 9025: 7957: 7408: 7156: 7105: 6174: 5918: 5875: 5851: 5669: 5667: 5598: 5596: 5489: 5413: 5315: 5313: 4623:

PERESTROIKA - New Thinking for Our Country and the World

3938:

Gorbachev made no personal comment publicly on the 2022

3078: 2681:

Gorbachev and his wife Raisa on a trip to Poland in 1988

1812:

22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26848: 19537:

Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

19522:

League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad

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Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World

8997: 8985: 8958: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8862: 8810: 8795: 8731: 8692: 8680: 8632: 8620: 8605: 8576: 8557: 8545: 8494: 8482: 8454: 8439: 8408: 8393: 8369: 8253: 8209: 8002: 7899: 7887: 7823: 7811: 7799: 7787: 7628: 7464: 7348: 7216: 7144: 7090: 7078: 6979: 6943: 6911: 6899: 6872: 6860: 6741: 6717: 6673: 6658: 6646: 6618: 4842:

Briefly suspended from 19 to 21 August 1991 during the

3667:

1999–2008: promoting social democracy in Putin's Russia

3137: 2841:

Gorbachev meeting the Romanian Marxist–Leninist leader

2621:

Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and Our World

1492:-walled hut, before a hut of their own could be built. 1281:

in 1953 and received his law degree in 1955. Moving to

30609:

Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

29024: 19582: 15907: 14151: 14076: 13848: 13069:"Gorbachev says Putin 'castrated' democracy in Russia" 13061: 11994:

Plokhy, S. (2015). "Chapter 18: Christmas in Moscow".

6510: 6498: 6459: 6431: 6399: 6382: 6354: 5946: 5628: 5295: 5271: 2055:. There, he met and befriended the Soviet ambassador, 32067: 30928:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia

16366:; published August 30, 2022; retrieved April 11, 2024 16064:"Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library" 14449: 14204: 13955: 13776: 13112:"Mikhail Gorbachev hails Crimea annexation to Russia" 11217: 11215: 6326: 6238: 6226: 6198: 6186: 6162: 6066: 6038: 5906: 5863: 5783: 5755: 5707: 5695: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5593: 5545: 5513: 5465: 5369: 5310: 5223: 5063: 5042: 5030: 5004: 4980: 4974: 4704:

What Is at Stake Now: My Appeal for Peace and Freedom

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over the election, Gorbachev praised the protesters.

3136:

Although the Soviet Union had been excluded from the

2983:

was falling apart as a bracket for the Eastern Bloc.

2960:, were sympathetic to reform; others, like Romania's 2862:

officially requested that it be transferred from the

2522:

credentials or a pro-Soviet attitude—such as Libya's

2472:

and human rights issues, the pair discussed the US's

2233:, who was made a Secretary of the Central Committee ( 1448:

Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in the village of

1340:

and embarked on summits with United States president

700: 32252:

Candidates in the 1996 Russian presidential election

30162:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

28701:

Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children

19388:

All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)

16729:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

16254:"Prokofiev Peter and the Wolf – Beintus Wolf Tracks" 15404:[Naina Yeltsina – About Mikhail Gorbachev]. 14737: 12185:"Mikhail Gorbachev's Pizza Hut Thanksgiving Miracle" 11599: 11597: 5283: 4989: 4962: 4883:. Functions of the presidency were succeeded by the 4170:. Also in 2016, he underwent surgery to replace his 4136: 3357:

Changes in national boundaries after the end of the

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process throughout Soviet society. Later biographer

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Stalin was ultimately succeeded as Soviet leader by

325:

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

32422:

Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

26228:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh

16750:Duncan, W. Raymond, and Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl. 16584:. Profiles in Power. London and New York: Longman. 16328:"Review: Gorbachev at The State Theatre Of Nations" 14516:. New York: Collins. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-00217972-0. 13512:"Горбачев увидел угрозу судьбе США как государства" 12978:Kulish, Nicholas; Dempsey, Judy (9 November 2009). 11996:

The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union

4995: 4953: 3786:Gorbachev (right) being introduced to US president 3595:. Shortly after, in July, Raisa was diagnosed with 3338:with little central authority. Only the leaders of 2711:Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with Reagan at 31290:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 28866:Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf/Beintus: Wolf Tracks 16766:Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 16577: 14255: 13392: 13236: 12799:"Mikhail Gorbachev will found new political party" 12672: 11212: 4738:in Moscow, in collaboration with Latvian director 4399:— Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017 3974:— Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017 2816:. In December 1989, Gorbachev and Bush met at the 1625:of grain, a feat for which Sergey was awarded the 32377:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 30880:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 30210:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 16618:Steele, Jonathan (1996). "Why Gorbachev Failed". 16547:Gooding, John (1990). "Gorbachev and Democracy". 15153:"Опубликованы кадры прощания Путина с Горбачевым" 14767: 14765: 12947:"Obama met Gorbachev in run-up to Medvedev talks" 11594: 4189:problems, which led to him being transferred for 3771:as being rigged in favor of the governing party, 2518:, Gorbachev found many of its leaders professing 1984:outside the city. They then moved to another, at 1909:constructed under Gorbachev's regional leadership 1724:; Raisa abandoned her studies to join him there. 32362:Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 32337:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 32228: 24877:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 16759:Soviet briefing: Gorbachev and the reform period 15179:"Владимир Путин простился с Михаилом Горбачёвым" 15036:"Горбачев попал в больницу с воспалением легких" 14792: 14790: 11223:"The January bloodbath in Lithuania 25 years on" 5168:, Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 4 February 2019 4006:within the terms of Marxist-Leninist ideology". 3310:, which eliminated the USSR and established the 2094: 1732: 32367:Honorary members of the Russian Academy of Arts 23314:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 22721:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 21206:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 16972:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 16963:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 16737:bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union 16353: 16276: 16082: 4441:" ended in a far more peaceful manner than the 3847:Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-Called 2901:about 150 Azeris. Problems also emerged in the 2767:in Moscow; he agreed to eliminate the Soviets' 30344: 21987:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 16733:bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 15257:Zemlianichenko, Alexander (3 September 2022). 15256: 15147: 15145: 15124:"СМИ: перед смертью Горбачев похудел на 40 кг" 14762: 12917:"Former Soviet Leader Gorbachev Records Album" 12670: 11605:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169" 10035:. New York University Press. pp. 114–118. 7929: 4726:Waxworks of Reagan, Thatcher and Gorbachev at 1810:in Moscow; that October, he also attended the 1412:, became a vocal critic of Russian presidents 380:Himself as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet 32427:Recipients of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 32397:People of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 31271: 31016: 30688:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 30579: 30330: 29800:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 29533:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 29010: 28685: 27610: 26987: 25651: 25637: 25037: 22210: 21076: 20609: 20391: 20153: 19923: 19724: 19568: 19393:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 17720: 17090: 14822: 14820: 14787: 12977: 12671:Blomfield, Adrian; Smith, Mike (6 May 2008). 5051: 4549:near London. In 2002, Gorbachev received the 3719:because it lacked UN backing, as well as the 3622: 2897:in January 1990, followed by the Soviet Army 2553: 2150:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 1386:abandoned Marxist–Leninist governance in 1989 1180: 935: 67:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 27624: 27523:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 24953:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 22504:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 18011:Political Administration of the Armed Forces 16822:Кто поставил Горбачёва? (Who put Gorbachev?) 16508: 16435:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 16024: 15901: 15885: 15873: 15770: 15758: 15734: 15718: 15229: 14773:"Источник: ухудшения здоровья Горбачева нет" 14630: 14566: 14443: 14424: 14404: 14392: 14364: 14328: 14304: 14292: 14249: 14141: 14129: 14110: 14094: 14022: 13910: 13898: 13842: 13818: 13806: 13794: 13758: 13746: 13734: 13722: 13710: 11014: 10663: 10514: 10261: 10237: 10185: 10165: 10077: 10045: 10011: 9979: 9963: 9943: 9847: 9827: 9799: 9759: 9727: 9711: 9675: 9663: 9635: 9551: 9531: 9511: 9264: 9244: 9184: 9168: 9148: 9132: 9103: 9091: 9075: 9059: 9043: 9015: 8916: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8765: 8725: 8650: 8527: 8515: 8472: 8387: 8363: 8351: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8299: 8183: 8139: 8032: 7853: 7841: 7781: 7742: 7722: 7702: 7658: 7646: 7614: 7590: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7506: 7486: 7430: 7334: 7314: 7298: 7278: 7258: 7238: 7130: 7060: 7036: 7020: 6762: 6592: 6484: 6421: 6296: 6260: 6148: 6124: 6084: 6028: 5841: 5805: 5741: 5685: 5614: 5579: 5531: 5451: 5431: 5343: 5257: 5209: 5146:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 3706:. The party was later banned in 2007 by the 3629:Mikhail Gorbachev 1996 presidential campaign 3603:, she was transferred to a cancer center in 2909:Georgian pro-independence demonstrations in 2261:, first used publicly in March 1984. He saw 1570:, an account that influenced the young boy. 1458:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 16:Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 28983:In 2011, the category was merged back into 28887:The Train They Call the City of New Orleans 27492:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public 23814:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15337:"Putin will not attend Gorbachev's funeral" 15142: 10693:"Mikhail Gorbachev: I am against all walls" 10021: 5074:[mʲɪxɐˈilsʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪdʑɡərbɐˈtɕɵf] 3775:, and called for them to be re-held. After 3599:. With the assistance of German chancellor 3425: 3084:February 1990 in a phone conversation with 2755:during Gorbachev's visit but after he left 1939:, and the longstanding senior party member 1922:district, in March 1972 he was awarded the 1918:. For overseeing a record grain harvest in 1438: 32412:Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia) 31278: 31264: 31023: 31009: 30803:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 30586: 30572: 30337: 30323: 29017: 29003: 28692: 28678: 27617: 27603: 27533:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry 26994: 26980: 25644: 25630: 25044: 25030: 24917:United States involvement in regime change 22472:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 22217: 22203: 21083: 21069: 20616: 20602: 20398: 20384: 20160: 20146: 19930: 19916: 19731: 19717: 19575: 19561: 17727: 17713: 17232:Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev 17097: 17083: 16752:Moscow and the third world under Gorbachev 16375: 16325: 16319: 15488:. British Embassy Moscow. 2 September 2022 14817: 11993: 3285: 3145:status—rather than full membership—of the 2674:, which would do most of the legislating. 1967:Secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU 1187: 1173: 107: 30088:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 28951:Aaaaah! Spooky, Scary Stories & Songs 28852:There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly 27487:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 26459:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 26143:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 19495:State Committee on the State of Emergency 16470: 16308: 16198:"Previous Recipients of Keys to the City" 14678: 14261: 12980:"Leaders in Berlin Retrace the Walk West" 12864: 12833: 4533:, and in 1998 the Freedom Award from the 3926:In an interview with Russian news agency 3644:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3255:Gorbachev and his family were kept under 3248:State Committee on the State of Emergency 3007:1990–1991: presidency of the Soviet Union 2986: 2833:Nationality question and the Eastern Bloc 2653:Forming the Congress of People's Deputies 2608:in nature. Gorbachev also announced that 2275:The purpose of reform was to prop up the 2187: 2059:, who later became a key political ally. 1550:, in which individuals accused of being " 418:11 March 2000 – 15 November 2017 213:15 March 1990 – 25 December 1991 29603:International Committee of the Red Cross 29435:International Committee of the Red Cross 29392:Nansen International Office for Refugees 29198:International Committee of the Red Cross 28553:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 25966:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 25684:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia 19542:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad 16630: 16598: 16575: 16527: 16284:"Reunification Politicians Accept Prize" 16230:. European Academy of Yuste Foundation. 15973: 15961: 15925: 15841: 15829: 15813: 15746: 15722: 15360: 14666: 14618: 14590: 14578: 14554: 14542: 14484: 14472: 14408: 14388: 14181: 14070: 14046: 14034: 13949: 13937: 13922: 13770: 13635: 13267: 13235:Buchanan, Rose Troup (9 November 2014). 13234: 12674:"Gorbachev: US could start new Cold War" 12554:"Russia Bans Party Founded by Gorbachev" 12213: 12182: 12035: 12008: 11884: 11765: 11737: 11721: 11705: 11677: 11649: 11633: 11566: 11550: 11534: 11423: 11407: 11367: 11339: 11311: 11295: 11279: 11239: 11166: 11138: 11062: 11034: 11018: 10998: 10970: 10954: 10938: 10910: 10886: 10858: 10806: 10593: 10581: 10550: 10534: 10518: 10498: 10482: 10451: 10435: 10347: 10331: 10189: 10169: 10153: 10137: 10121: 10101: 10081: 10049: 9983: 9947: 9931: 9919: 9879: 9851: 9831: 9731: 9611: 9583: 9555: 9535: 9515: 9447: 9431: 9388: 9372: 9356: 9340: 9324: 9284: 9248: 9216: 9188: 9152: 9031: 8948: 8932: 8785: 8769: 8749: 8670: 8666: 8429: 8288:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8276:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8271: 8243: 8231: 8227: 8204:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8199: 8188:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8179: 8156:Bhattacharya, Gathmann & Miller 2013 8151: 8036: 8020: 8008: 7996: 7930:Bialer, Seweryn; Afferica, Joan (1985). 7905: 7881: 7865: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7762: 7758: 7726: 7718: 7690: 7674: 7618: 7610: 7594: 7538: 7534: 7510: 7490: 7482: 7454: 7450: 7434: 7426: 7414: 7398: 7382: 7366: 7338: 7318: 7310: 7294: 7262: 7242: 7234: 7206: 7202: 7186: 7162: 7134: 7126: 7114: 7084: 7056: 7040: 7032: 7016: 7000: 6933: 6929: 6917: 6838: 6810: 6798: 6794: 6778: 6707: 6691: 6652: 6636: 6596: 6588: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6516: 6504: 6488: 6480: 6453: 6449: 6425: 6417: 6376: 6372: 6344: 6316: 6300: 6292: 6264: 6256: 6216: 6152: 6144: 6128: 6120: 6104: 6088: 6056: 6012: 5996: 5980: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5896: 5825: 5809: 5801: 5773: 5745: 5725: 5634: 5618: 5583: 5563: 5535: 5455: 5435: 5403: 5387: 5359: 5304: 5261: 5241: 5213: 5205: 4721: 4488: 4234: 4219: 4162:well. In November 2016, Gorbachev had a 4140: 4090: 4037: 3896:had brought the world to the brink of a 3781: 3670: 3613: 3569: 3488:a television advertisement for Pizza Hut 3441: 3429: 3352: 3298: 3225: 3174: 3095: 3010: 2935: 2836: 2782: 2778:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 2706: 2676: 2641:published an open letter by the teacher 2557: 2486: 2405: 2325: 2257:Gorbachev recurrently employed the term 2244: 2098: 2032:General Secretary of the Communist Party 2017:growing internal dissent in that country 1970: 1900: 1792: 1636: 1496: 461:9 February 1984 – 10 March 1985 30978:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative 30737:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 29952:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 25561:Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary) 25113:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen 23043:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 21611:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 21090: 16683: 16659: 16546: 16488:Bunce, Valerie (1992). "On Gorbachev". 16362:, by Ted Johnson and Erik Pedersen; at 15949: 15937: 15801: 15789: 15706: 15604:Condolences Regarding Mikhail Gorbachev 15334: 15060: 14796: 14654: 14642: 14606: 14594: 14530: 14500: 14488: 14460: 14428: 14412: 14376: 14352: 14340: 14316: 14237: 14225: 14213: 14198: 14169: 14157: 14145: 14114: 14098: 14082: 14058: 14010: 13995: 13980: 13881: 13869: 13830: 13605:"Statement of the Gorbachev Foundation" 13453: 13170: 13097: 13023: 13008: 12914: 12902: 12658: 12646: 12625: 12540: 12519: 12504: 12489: 12474: 12459: 12447: 12432: 12420: 12408: 12396: 12384: 12372: 12360: 12348: 12336: 12324: 12312: 12297: 12285: 12249: 12232: 12217: 12170: 12095: 12083: 12071: 12056: 12039: 12023: 11912: 11900: 11888: 11872: 11841:Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). 11828: 11813: 11769: 11753: 11741: 11725: 11709: 11693: 11681: 11665: 11653: 11637: 11570: 11554: 11538: 11492: 11480: 11468: 11427: 11411: 11395: 11383: 11371: 11355: 11343: 11327: 11315: 11299: 11283: 11267: 11255: 11243: 11206: 11194: 11182: 11170: 11154: 11142: 11126: 11114: 11102: 11090: 11078: 11066: 11050: 11038: 11022: 11002: 10986: 10974: 10958: 10942: 10926: 10914: 10898: 10874: 10862: 10846: 10834: 10822: 10810: 10768: 10756: 10744: 10679: 10667: 10630: 10624: 10609: 10597: 10569: 10554: 10538: 10522: 10502: 10486: 10470: 10455: 10439: 10423: 10411: 10399: 10387: 10375: 10363: 10351: 10335: 10319: 10307: 10265: 10249: 10225: 10213: 10201: 10173: 10141: 10125: 10109: 10105: 10089: 10085: 10065: 10053: 10027: 10015: 9999: 9987: 9967: 9951: 9907: 9895: 9883: 9867: 9855: 9835: 9815: 9803: 9787: 9775: 9763: 9747: 9735: 9715: 9699: 9687: 9651: 9639: 9623: 9599: 9587: 9571: 9559: 9539: 9519: 9499: 9487: 9475: 9463: 9451: 9435: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9376: 9360: 9344: 9328: 9312: 9300: 9288: 9272: 9252: 9232: 9220: 9204: 9192: 9172: 9156: 9136: 9079: 9063: 9047: 9019: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8952: 8936: 8920: 8904: 8892: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8816: 8804: 8789: 8773: 8753: 8737: 8713: 8701: 8686: 8674: 8654: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8599: 8587: 8570: 8551: 8539: 8503: 8488: 8476: 8460: 8448: 8433: 8417: 8402: 8375: 8339: 8259: 8247: 8215: 8167: 8090: 7938:. No. America and the World 1985. 7917: 7893: 7869: 7766: 7746: 7730: 7706: 7678: 7662: 7634: 7622: 7598: 7542: 7522: 7494: 7470: 7458: 7438: 7402: 7386: 7370: 7354: 7342: 7322: 7282: 7266: 7246: 7222: 7210: 7190: 7174: 7150: 7138: 7099: 7072: 7044: 7004: 6988: 6973: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6826: 6814: 6782: 6766: 6750: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6695: 6679: 6667: 6640: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6576: 6564: 6548: 6528: 6492: 6468: 6437: 6405: 6393: 6360: 6348: 6332: 6320: 6304: 6280: 6268: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6132: 6108: 6092: 6072: 6060: 6044: 6032: 6016: 6000: 5984: 5968: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5829: 5813: 5789: 5777: 5761: 5749: 5729: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5673: 5658: 5646: 5622: 5602: 5587: 5567: 5551: 5539: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5439: 5419: 5407: 5391: 5375: 5363: 5347: 5331: 5319: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5245: 5229: 5217: 4372: 3906:Russia–United States summit in Helsinki 3708:Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 2877:That month, in the Azerbaijani city of 2703:Relations with China and Western states 2336:Lithuania's declaration of independence 1857:1970–1977: heading the Stavropol region 1716:). He was subsequently assigned to the 1443: 637: 1953; died 1999) 136:11 March 1985 – 24 August 1991 32437:Russian anti–nuclear weapons activists 32332:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 32229: 26835:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping 26058:Allegations of third-party involvement 26007:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 25952:September 2009 Agdam military incident 25919:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 24887:Russian espionage in the United States 23159:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 21294:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 21231:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 16617: 16509:Doder, Dusko; Branson, Louise (1990). 16401: 16234:from the original on 17 September 2017 15985: 15913: 15889: 15456: 15236:Главные события в России и мире | RTVI 15230:Сарджвеладзе, София (31 August 2022). 14958:"Горбачеву сделали операцию на сердце" 14711: 13854: 13544: 13390: 13362:"Mikhail Gorbachev: "Never again war"" 13203: 13109: 11840: 11795:from the original on 24 September 2015 9268: 8048: 4804:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 4125:Death and funeral of Mikhail Gorbachev 3921:January 6 United States Capitol attack 3839:were invited and performed their song 3794:, March 2009. US ambassador to Russia 3753:Independent Democratic Party of Russia 3696:Russian United Social Democratic Party 2509:meet with Reagan in Reykjavík, Iceland 2414:and Gorbachev meeting in Iceland, 1986 2253:in 1986 during a visit to East Germany 1573:Following on from the outbreak of the 1542:The country was then experiencing the 1376:measures and formation of the elected 1218:beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the 32442:Soviet anti–nuclear weapons activists 31554:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 31259: 31004: 30966:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 30909: 30607: 30567: 30318: 28998: 28673: 27598: 26975: 25723:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan 25625: 25448:Military equipment used by Mujahideen 25051: 25025: 24882:Soviet espionage in the United States 23038:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 22817:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 22482:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 22198: 21641:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 21064: 20597: 20379: 20141: 19911: 19712: 19556: 17708: 17104: 17078: 17067:Articles related to Mikhail Gorbachev 17065: 16669:. New York City: Simon and Schuster. 16487: 16376:O’Sullivan, Michael (22 March 2023). 16338:from the original on 13 December 2021 16264:from the original on 20 December 2016 16208:from the original on 15 December 2017 16178:from the original on 15 December 2016 16040:. Nobel Foundation. 15 October 1990. 15825: 15650: 15402:"Наина Ельцина – о Михаиле Горбачёве" 15399: 15091: 14512:Rick Smolan and David Cohen. (1988). 13961: 13782: 13585:from the original on 24 December 2021 13559:from the original on 17 February 2021 13185:from the original on 18 December 2019 13049:from the original on 21 December 2011 12865:Gorbachev, Mikhail (19 August 2008). 12834:Gorbachev, Mikhail (12 August 2008). 12779:from the original on 26 February 2013 12261: 11975:from the original on 17 December 2020 10721: 9115: 5072: 4717: 4509:In 1988, India awarded Gorbachev the 4215: 3958: 3521:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates 3140:, Gorbachev secured an invitation to 3079:German reunification and the Gulf War 356:1 October 1988 – 25 May 1989 32132: 30847:Malaria Research and Training Centre 30596:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 28926:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 28030:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 26205:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians 25949:January 2009 Agdam military incident 25679:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 25606: 24958:Soviet Union–United States relations 23309:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 19512:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans 18936:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 16290:from the original on 5 November 2018 16044:from the original on 8 November 2010 15335:Plummer, Robert (1 September 2022). 15205:"Путин простился с Горбачевым в ЦКБ" 13522:from the original on 10 January 2021 13462:from the original on 9 November 2020 13152:from the original on 20 October 2014 13122:from the original on 8 November 2014 12959:from the original on 30 January 2019 12846:from the original on 22 October 2010 12766: 12748:from the original on 13 October 2007 12685:from the original on 10 January 2022 12195:from the original on 1 December 2019 10703:from the original on 31 January 2022 5109:that cost the lives of 14 civilians. 4819: 4484: 3871:. In his judgment, while Crimea was 3346:supported Gorbachev's approach. The 2864:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 2240: 2110: 1727: 1523:. Stalin had initiated a project of 301:25 May 1989 – 15 March 1990 27: 32462:Russian people of Ukrainian descent 30827:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 28815:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 27482:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 27137:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair 25834:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli 25829:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 25811:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 24922:Soviet involvement in regime change 20921:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 17736:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 17222:Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis 16006:from the original on 30 August 2022 15457:Boffey, Daniel (8 September 2022). 15412:from the original on 31 August 2022 15104:from the original on 31 August 2022 15073:from the original on 31 August 2022 14750:from the original on 30 August 2022 14693:from the original on 30 August 2022 14679:Ljunggren, David (30 August 2022). 13648:from the original on 31 August 2022 13545:Adkins, William (20 January 2021). 13268:Johnston, Chris (9 November 2014). 12915:Odynova, Alexandra (19 June 2009). 12604:from the original on 4 January 2022 12594:"Gorbachev sets up Russia movement" 12183:Musgrave, Paul (28 November 2019). 11936:from the original on 4 January 2020 7978:from the original on 30 August 2022 4887:and the Executive Secretary of the 4814:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 4578:Best Spoken Word Album for Children 4560:In 2002, Gorbachev was awarded the 3694:In 2000, Gorbachev helped form the 3574:Gorbachev with Argentine president 2856:deported on Stalin's orders in 1944 2566: 2005:neighbouring Afghanistan to support 1878:) in 1971. According to biographer 1756:Moscow State Pedagogical University 1222:from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the 245:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet 13: 32357:Heads of state of the Soviet Union 32342:Former Russian Orthodox Christians 31036:1996 Russian presidential election 30188:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 30054:International Atomic Energy Agency 29467:American Friends Service Committee 27188:Commonwealth of Independent States 25401:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 25097:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 24963:Soviet Union–United States summits 22437:1947 Polish parliamentary election 22322:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 20974:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 20792:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 16722: 16402:Wojnar, Jason (21 November 2020). 15986:Berger, Marilyn (30 August 2022). 15400:Naina, Yeltsina (31 August 2022). 15361:Latypova, Leyla (31 August 2022). 14932:"Михаил Горбачев попал в больницу" 14797:Вишнева, Светлана (20 June 2022). 13454:Ellyatt, Holly (22 October 2018). 13110:Haynes, Danielle (18 March 2014). 12735: 12121:from the original on 13 March 2021 11853:from the original on 14 April 2017 10782:"Oral History – Mikhail Gorbachev" 8118:from the original on 15 April 2021 8072:from the original on 15 April 2021 7932:"The Genesis of Gorbachev's World" 4889:Commonwealth of Independent States 4421:interview with William Taubman on 3873:transferred from Russia to Ukraine 3494:and photograph advertisements for 3391:Commonwealth of Independent States 3334:unified state, instead favoring a 3318:On 30 October, Gorbachev attended 3312:Commonwealth of Independent States 2927:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republics 2903:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 2868:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 2860:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 2829:, although Bush refused to do so. 2418:In a May 1985 speech given to the 1898:, and came under their influence. 1816:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1358:("openness") allowed for enhanced 993:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 14: 32503: 30839:Manhiça Centre of Health Research 29669:International Labour Organization 27528:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 25999:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 25976:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 25971:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 25781:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) 23724:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 23659:United States invasion of Grenada 22929:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 22870:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 21138:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 21123:Criticism of communist party rule 20707:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 17265:1983 false nuclear alarm incident 16864:collected news and commentary at 16850: 16511:Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin 16490:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 16118:from the original on 3 March 2013 15688:from the original on 4 March 2021 15061:Ерохина, Алена (31 August 2022). 14262:Rodriguez, Alex (23 March 2008). 13636:Родионов, Эдуард (24 July 2022). 13435:from the original on 17 July 2018 13372:from the original on 15 July 2022 13342:from the original on 15 July 2022 13310:from the original on 15 July 2022 13216:from the original on 12 June 2019 13079:from the original on 7 April 2022 12927:from the original on 15 June 2011 12836:"A Path to Peace in the Caucasus" 12767:Gray, Sadie (30 September 2008). 12717:from the original on 2 April 2019 12152:from the original on 3 March 2022 11615:from the original on 1 March 2021 11586:. 7 December 2013. Archived from 11516:from the original on 21 July 2018 10726:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8097:The Awakening of the Soviet Union 4902:Social Democratic Party of Russia 4308:United Nations secretary-general 4261:Gorbachev was buried at Moscow's 4137:Preceding deterioration of health 4051:to sing both folk and pop songs. 3700:Social Democratic Party of Russia 3446:Gorbachev giving a speech at the 3420: 3324:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 3165:August coup and government crises 2401: 2103:Gorbachev in 1985 at a summit in 1631:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 1505:maternal grandparents, late 1930s 1468:and had moved to the region from 1143:Social Democratic Party of Russia 828:Social Democratic Party of Russia 32417:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 32209: 32192: 32175: 32158: 32141: 32113: 32101: 32089: 32077: 30868:National Transplant Organization 28939:Yes to Running! Bill Harley Live 28717:Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales 27444: 27421: 27064:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 27044:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 26765: 26743: 26717: 26704: 26652: 26605: 26558: 26522: 26496: 26483: 26424: 26372: 26335: 25867:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives 25605: 25596: 25595: 25583: 23799:United States invasion of Panama 23649:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 23289:1971 Turkish military memorandum 23252:Communist insurgency in Thailand 23222:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 23154:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 22981:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 22909:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 22427:Restatement of Policy on Germany 22184:Human rights in the Soviet Union 21143:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 20788:Hungarian Working People's Party 20750:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 19532:Siberian Social-Democratic Union 16747:(Oxford University Press, 2020). 16395: 16369: 16302: 16286:. Deutsche Welle. 17 June 2005. 16246: 16220: 16190: 16156: 16130: 16100: 16056: 16030: 15979: 15847: 15670: 15651:Askew, Joshua (31 August 2022). 15644: 15609: 15597: 15588: 15570: 15552: 15526: 15500: 15478: 15450: 15424: 15393: 15375: 15354: 15328: 15302: 15276: 15250: 15223: 15197: 15171: 15116: 15085: 15054: 15028: 15002: 14976: 14950: 14924: 14898: 14872: 14846: 14731: 14705: 14672: 14506: 13686: 13660: 13629: 13617:from the original on 24 May 2022 13597: 13571: 13538: 13504: 13492:from the original on 8 July 2022 13474: 13447: 13417: 13405:from the original on 14 May 2022 13384: 13354: 13322: 13292: 13280:from the original on 5 June 2016 13261: 13249:from the original on 14 May 2022 13228: 13197: 13164: 13134: 13103: 13029: 12990:from the original on 8 June 2019 12971: 12939: 12908: 12858: 12827: 12791: 12760: 12729: 12697: 12664: 12586: 12546: 12255: 12176: 12133: 12101: 11987: 11948: 11918: 11834: 11775: 11576: 11498: 11433: 10788:from the original on 1 July 2022 10774: 10715: 10685: 10289: 10280: 10271: 9109: 8084: 8042: 7923: 7035:, pp. 7, 102–103, 106–107; 5099: 5087: 5020: 4949: 4791:Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War 4412: 4168:Moscow Central Clinical Hospital 4033: 3689:March 2000 presidential election 3534: 2590:British Broadcasting Corporation 2542:and had since undergone its own 2130:to read and navigate comfortably 2115: 1835:the Soviet Union led an invasion 1433:economic collapse in the country 1317:—following the brief tenures of 1154: 886: 719: 686: 271:Gennady Yanayev (1991, disputed) 47:to read and navigate comfortably 32: 32492:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery 32407:People of the Soviet–Afghan War 30851:Kintampo Health Research Centre 29868:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 29081:Institut de Droit International 27167:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 25988:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 25689:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 24519:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 23900:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 23829:Fall of the inner German border 23729:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 23379:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 23369:Spanish transition to democracy 23329:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 22956:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 22462:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 22343:Occupation of the Baltic states 22092:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22022:Fall of the inner German border 16326:Arutyunyan, Ani (7 July 2021). 16172:American Academy of Achievement 15606:, dalailama.com, 31 August 2022 15092:Сокол, Ирина (31 August 2022). 14264:"Gorbachev a closet Christian?" 13204:Nelson, Louis (20 April 2017). 13171:Sharkov, Damian (26 May 2016). 12877:from the original on 1 May 2011 9116:Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich. 5096:only nine days after Gorbachev. 4936: 4875:and powers were transferred to 4781:in the 2024 biographical drama 4597: 4543:American Academy of Achievement 4297:, former US secretary of state 3908:between Putin and US president 3607:, Germany, and there underwent 3385:, on 8 December and signed the 3363:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3322:in Madrid trying to revive the 3304:Leaders of the Soviet Republics 3292:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3171:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 3052:nature of the one-party state. 3017:United Nations General Assembly 2905:; in April 1989, Soviet troops 2801:United Nations General Assembly 2713:a summit in Geneva, Switzerland 2454:a summit in Geneva, Switzerland 2338:, which passed two months later 2132:. When this tag was added, its 1924:Order of the October Revolution 1829:, and in 1969 and 1974 visited 1765:, who denounced Stalin and his 1476:heritage and had migrated from 1220:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 1037:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 634: 49:. When this tag was added, its 32382:Moscow State University alumni 31431:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 30888:for the Advancement of Science 27157:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews 26899:NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration 26210:Berkadzor fuel depot explosion 25984:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 25795:1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing 25772:Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms 25453:Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv 23299:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 22934:Mozambican War of Independence 22373:Indonesian National Revolution 22082:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 21221:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 19423:Group of Democratic Centralism 17157:Brezhnev assassination attempt 16979:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet 16309:Kangarooo (8 September 2022). 16138:"NCRM: Freedom Awards Winners" 15211:(in Russian). 1 September 2022 15042:(in Russian). 19 December 2019 14712:Heintz, Jim (30 August 2022). 13581:. CBS News. 24 December 2021. 5184:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5171: 5152: 5127: 5065:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov 4907: 4894: 4865: 4849: 4836: 4826: 4078: 3798:is pictured in the background. 3751:announced they would form the 3677:inauguration of Vladimir Putin 3635:Russian presidential elections 3434:Gorbachev visiting Reagan, at 2334:in 1990 in an attempt to stop 1352:. Domestically, his policy of 1214:from 1985 and additionally as 743:Central institution membership 1: 31297:Leaders & revolutionaries 30598:for International Cooperation 29607:League of Red Cross Societies 29133:Paul Estournelles de Constant 28745:Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf 27016: 26275:Armenian-occupied territories 25956:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 24897:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 23912:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 23865:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 23587:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 23552:Seven Days to the River Rhine 23284:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 22571:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 22499:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 22102:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 21701:Inter-regional Deputies Group 21686:National League for Democracy 18931:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) 18916:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 18031:Transportation-Communications 18026:Trade and Consumers' Services 18006:Planning and Financial Organs 17147:1968 Red Square demonstration 16986:President of the Soviet Union 16834:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011). 16820:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2010). 16666:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 14886:(in Russian). 22 October 2013 13042:The Christian Science Monitor 9982:, pp. 267–268, 299–300; 5116: 4915:Eastern Slavic naming customs 4742:, staged a production called 4551:Freedom of the City of Dublin 4423:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 3865:Russia's annexation of Crimea 3185:28th Communist Party Congress 3038:President of the Soviet Union 2917:; the Supreme Soviets of the 2887:Azerbaijani Communist Parties 2691:elections to the new Congress 2668:Congress of People's Deputies 2387:Twenty-Seventh Party Congress 2095:General Secretary of the CPSU 1771:speech given in February 1956 1733:1955–1969: Stavropol Komsomol 1378:Congress of People's Deputies 1228:president of the Soviet Union 1200:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev 929:President of the Soviet Union 922:General Secretary of the CPSU 201:President of the Soviet Union 28907:& Various Artists (2005) 28738:& Various Artists (1994) 26894:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration 26751:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 26190:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 25881:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état 25728:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations 23890:Fall of communism in Albania 23860:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 23809:Polish Round Table Agreement 23149:1968 Polish political crisis 22966:Eritrean War of Independence 22732:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 22627:East German uprising of 1953 22559:Chinese Communist Revolution 22224: 22012:Alexanderplatz demonstration 21977:Polish Round Table Agreement 21651:People's Movement of Ukraine 20845:Polish United Workers' Party 17280:1984 Summer Olympics boycott 17202:1978 Georgian demonstrations 16530:Gorbachev and his Revolution 16038:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1990" 15290:. New York. 3 September 2022 15185:(in Russian). September 2022 15159:(in Russian). September 2022 15130:(in Russian). 31 August 2022 14912:(in Russian). 9 October 2014 13391:Worley, Will (9 July 2016). 10813:, pp. 540–541, 566–567. 10600:, pp. 500–501, 515–516. 8939:, pp. 434–435, 449–450. 8058:. I. B. Tauris. p. 30. 5121: 4535:National Civil Rights Museum 4517:, and in 1994 was given the 4268: 4159:funeral of Margaret Thatcher 3876:the country for five years. 3802:In 2009, Gorbachev released 3777:protests broke out in Moscow 3769:2011 parliamentary elections 3763:and for moving to bring the 3731:to see the damage caused by 3519:. In 1995, he initiated the 3511:In 1993, Gorbachev launched 3478:and met with Prime Minister 3034:Soviet presidential election 2635:In March 1988, the magazine 2630:Kremlin Palace of Congresses 2604:, was ultra-nationalist and 2474:Strategic Defense Initiative 2266:Gorbachev's perestroika was 1773:, after which he launched a 1277:, he married fellow student 7: 32457:Russian democracy activists 32387:Nobel Peace Prize laureates 30938:Hispanic Society of America 30864:The Transplantation Society 30813:2004: The European Union's 30797:International Space Station 26148:2020–2021 Armenian protests 26115:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 23764:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 23492:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 23237:Corrective Movement (Syria) 23201:New People's Army rebellion 23196:Sino-Soviet border conflict 22924:Angolan War of Independence 22787:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 22667:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 22312:Jamaican political conflict 22057:January Events in Lithuania 21992:Hungarian Round Table Talks 21631:Democratic Party of Albania 17260:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 17162:Sino-Soviet border conflict 17127:Glassboro Summit Conference 17044:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 16686:Journal of Cold War Studies 16603:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 14860:(in Russian). 14 April 2011 12867:"Russia Never Wanted a War" 12705:"Reagan funeral guest list" 10722:Eckel, Mike (20 May 2021). 5064: 4871:This post was abolished on 4797: 4757:Gorbachev was portrayed by 4515:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 4499:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 4365:hailed Gorbachev's role in 4250:. The ceremony included an 3940:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3151:International Monetary Fund 2142:content into sub-articles, 1527:which, in keeping with his 1525:mass rural collectivization 59:content into sub-articles, 10: 32508: 32482:Soviet democracy activists 31448:Artists & entertainers 30960:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 30281:Center for Civil Liberties 29141:International Peace Bureau 28786:The Children's Shakespeare 27891:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 27332:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 27074:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 26195:2023 Azerbaijani offensive 26153:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher 26125:Treatment of Armenian POWs 25381:Battle of Arghandab (1987) 23960:Sino-Indian border dispute 23789:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 23719:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 23477:1976 Argentine coup d'état 23389:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 23339:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 23023:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 22991:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 22680:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 22447:Asian Relations Conference 21711:Hungarian Democratic Forum 21706:Alliance of Free Democrats 21696:Union of Democratic Forces 20651:Party of Labour of Albania 19477:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 19471:Union of Marxist-Leninists 17142:Invasion of Czechoslovakia 16726: 16698:10.1162/152039703322483765 16421: 14834:(in Russian). 11 June 2013 13116:United Press International 12145:United Press International 4913:In this name that follows 4254:, but was not an official 4122: 3819:, featuring tributes from 3717:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 3626: 3623:1996 presidential campaign 3289: 3208:Lithuanian Supreme Council 3168: 2554:1987–1989: further reforms 2514:In his relations with the 1577:in 1939, in June 1941 the 1305:; he joined the governing 1265:, which then governed the 1253:in his youth, he operated 1226:from 1989 to 1990 and the 1204:leader of the Soviet Union 1123:1996 presidential campaign 848:Leader of the Soviet Union 18: 31904: 31750:Scientists & thinkers 31749: 31598: 31447: 31296: 31222: 31103: 31070: 31042: 30916: 30905: 30858:World Health Organization 30809:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 30791:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 30614: 30603: 30491: 30460: 30435: 30404: 30389: 30369: 30354: 29993: 29742: 29499: 29276: 29036: 28981: 28830: 28794:Listen to the Storyteller 28707: 28411: 28177: 27842: 27832:The American Fighting-Man 27635: 27566: 27541: 27510: 27474: 27467: 27436: 27413: 27406: 27345: 27294: 27252: 27195: 27182: 27175: 27129: 27082: 27031: 27024: 27013: 26881: 26788: 26550: 26327: 26220: 26163:September 2022 escalation 26135: 26032: 25937: 25736: 25659: 25653:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 25577: 25568:Bitter Lake (documentary) 25461: 25430: 25409: 25333: 25267: 25217: 25171: 25164: 25105: 25084: 25077: 25059: 24996: 24945: 24867: 24844:William Appleman Williams 24789:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 24571: 24543: 24492: 24424: 24417: 24351: 24216: 24141: 24071: 24064: 23973: 23920: 23852: 23565: 23304:Bangladesh Liberation War 23294:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 23209: 23181:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 23169:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 22832: 22607:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 22584: 22294: 22232: 22176: 22110: 22072:1991 protests in Belgrade 21952: 21877: 21786: 21728: 21719: 21601: 21463: 21410: 21307: 21239: 21176: 21098: 20972: 20919: 20891: 20839: 20786: 20748: 20705: 20674:Bulgarian Communist Party 20672: 20649: 20640: 20636: 20520: 20414: 20292: 20176: 20048: 19946: 19747: 19671: 19594: 19504: 19410: 19375: 19335: 19220: 19213: 19147: 19054: 18891: 18882: 18840: 18812: 18769: 18757: 18690: 18617: 18494: 18361: 18352: 18345: 18233: 18080: 18073: 18044: 18001:Organisational-party Work 17926: 17895: 17806: 17751: 17742: 17665: 17624: 17617: 17569: 17525: 17293: 17245: 17237:Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev 17112: 17072: 17050: 17040: 17025: 17015: 17007: 17002: 16969: 16951: 16946: 16933: 16924: 16916: 16906: 16897: 16889: 16884: 16645:10.1080/09668139308412074 16599:Medvedev, Zhores (1986). 16576:McCauley, Martin (1998). 16561:10.1080/09668139008411864 16090:"1994– Mikhail Gorbachev" 14938:(in Russian). 28 May 2015 12819:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12578:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10228:, pp. 381, 382, 383. 9247:, pp. 192–193, 324; 7129:, pp. 118, 121–122; 5816:, pp. 45, 53, 56–57. 5053:Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв 5052: 4885:Council of Heads of State 4545:at an awards ceremony at 4411: 4406: 4131:Central Clinical Hospital 3861:Crimean status referendum 3557:1993 legislative election 3533: 3528: 3513:Green Cross International 3373:and Belarusian president 3246:"—calling themselves the 3179:Gorbachev in October 1991 3015:Gorbachev addressing the 2997:revolution turned violent 2747:and there met its leader 2689:In March and April 1989, 2484:leaders of developments. 2277:centrally planned economy 2009:Soviet-aligned government 1613:. In 1946, he joined the 1293:reforms of Soviet leader 1208:the country's dissolution 1133:Green Cross International 873: 845: 739: 715:Mikhail Gorbachev's voice 708: 694: 682: 671: 652: 644: 616: 565: 554: 540: 516: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 475: 465: 454: 446: 434: 422: 411: 405:Union of Social Democrats 401: 397: 390: 386: 372: 360: 349: 342: 332: 315: 305: 294: 287: 262: 231: 217: 206: 199: 186: 174: 166: 140: 129: 122: 118: 106: 97: 90: 32467:Russian social democrats 30843:Ifakara Health Institute 29976:Médecins Sans Frontières 28788:– Various Artists (1998) 28731:The Lion King Read-Along 28549:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 27007:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 26873:2023 ceasefire agreement 26831:2020 ceasefire agreement 26811:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 26082:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 25924:1994 Bagratashen bombing 25914:1994 Baku Metro bombings 25422:Kabul students' uprising 23619:1980 Turkish coup d'état 23454:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 23424:1978 Somali coup attempt 23384:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 23349:1973 Chilean coup d'état 23174:Revolutionary Government 23068:South African Border War 22860:1960 Turkish coup d'état 22777:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 22632:1953 Iranian coup d'état 22612:1952 Egyptian revolution 22062:January Events in Latvia 22052:Reunification of Germany 22037:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 21967:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 21691:National Salvation Front 21676:Belarusian Popular Front 21666:Popular Front of Estonia 21435:Polish underground press 21196:List of socialist states 20893:Romanian Communist Party 17991:Light- and Food Industry 17207:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 17197:1977 Soviet constitution 17003:Awards and achievements 16885:Party political offices 16025:Doder & Branson 1990 15902:Doder & Branson 1990 15886:Doder & Branson 1990 15874:Doder & Branson 1990 15771:Doder & Branson 1990 15759:Doder & Branson 1990 15735:Doder & Branson 1990 15719:Doder & Branson 1990 14631:Doder & Branson 1990 14567:Doder & Branson 1990 14444:Doder & Branson 1990 14425:Doder & Branson 1990 14405:Doder & Branson 1990 14393:Doder & Branson 1990 14365:Doder & Branson 1990 14329:Doder & Branson 1990 14305:Doder & Branson 1990 14293:Doder & Branson 1990 14250:Doder & Branson 1990 14142:Doder & Branson 1990 14130:Doder & Branson 1990 14111:Doder & Branson 1990 14095:Doder & Branson 1990 14023:Doder & Branson 1990 13911:Doder & Branson 1990 13899:Doder & Branson 1990 13843:Doder & Branson 1990 13819:Doder & Branson 1990 13807:Doder & Branson 1990 13795:Doder & Branson 1990 13759:Doder & Branson 1990 13747:Doder & Branson 1990 13735:Doder & Branson 1990 13723:Doder & Branson 1990 13711:Doder & Branson 1990 13610:The Gorbachev Foundation 13335:The Gorbachev Foundation 11015:Doder & Branson 1990 10664:Doder & Branson 1990 10515:Doder & Branson 1990 10262:Doder & Branson 1990 10238:Doder & Branson 1990 10186:Doder & Branson 1990 10166:Doder & Branson 1990 10078:Doder & Branson 1990 10046:Doder & Branson 1990 10012:Doder & Branson 1990 9980:Doder & Branson 1990 9964:Doder & Branson 1990 9944:Doder & Branson 1990 9848:Doder & Branson 1990 9828:Doder & Branson 1990 9800:Doder & Branson 1990 9760:Doder & Branson 1990 9728:Doder & Branson 1990 9712:Doder & Branson 1990 9676:Doder & Branson 1990 9664:Doder & Branson 1990 9636:Doder & Branson 1990 9552:Doder & Branson 1990 9532:Doder & Branson 1990 9512:Doder & Branson 1990 9265:Doder & Branson 1990 9245:Doder & Branson 1990 9185:Doder & Branson 1990 9169:Doder & Branson 1990 9149:Doder & Branson 1990 9133:Doder & Branson 1990 9104:Doder & Branson 1990 9092:Doder & Branson 1990 9076:Doder & Branson 1990 9060:Doder & Branson 1990 9044:Doder & Branson 1990 9016:Doder & Branson 1990 8917:Doder & Branson 1990 8853:Doder & Branson 1990 8841:Doder & Branson 1990 8829:Doder & Branson 1990 8766:Doder & Branson 1990 8726:Doder & Branson 1990 8651:Doder & Branson 1990 8528:Doder & Branson 1990 8516:Doder & Branson 1990 8473:Doder & Branson 1990 8436:, pp. 323, 326–328. 8388:Doder & Branson 1990 8364:Doder & Branson 1990 8352:Doder & Branson 1990 8336:Doder & Branson 1990 8324:Doder & Branson 1990 8312:Doder & Branson 1990 8302:, pp. 75, 140, 142. 8300:Doder & Branson 1990 8184:Doder & Branson 1990 8140:Doder & Branson 1990 8102:Harvard University Press 8033:Doder & Branson 1990 7854:Doder & Branson 1990 7842:Doder & Branson 1990 7782:Doder & Branson 1990 7743:Doder & Branson 1990 7723:Doder & Branson 1990 7703:Doder & Branson 1990 7659:Doder & Branson 1990 7647:Doder & Branson 1990 7615:Doder & Branson 1990 7591:Doder & Branson 1990 7579:Doder & Branson 1990 7567:Doder & Branson 1990 7555:Doder & Branson 1990 7507:Doder & Branson 1990 7487:Doder & Branson 1990 7431:Doder & Branson 1990 7335:Doder & Branson 1990 7315:Doder & Branson 1990 7299:Doder & Branson 1990 7279:Doder & Branson 1990 7259:Doder & Branson 1990 7239:Doder & Branson 1990 7131:Doder & Branson 1990 7061:Doder & Branson 1990 7037:Doder & Branson 1990 7021:Doder & Branson 1990 6763:Doder & Branson 1990 6593:Doder & Branson 1990 6485:Doder & Branson 1990 6422:Doder & Branson 1990 6297:Doder & Branson 1990 6261:Doder & Branson 1990 6149:Doder & Branson 1990 6125:Doder & Branson 1990 6085:Doder & Branson 1990 6029:Doder & Branson 1990 5842:Doder & Branson 1990 5806:Doder & Branson 1990 5742:Doder & Branson 1990 5686:Doder & Branson 1990 5615:Doder & Branson 1990 5580:Doder & Branson 1990 5532:Doder & Branson 1990 5452:Doder & Branson 1990 5432:Doder & Branson 1990 5344:Doder & Branson 1990 5258:Doder & Branson 1990 5210:Doder & Branson 1990 4529:by Portuguese president 4523:University of Louisville 4301:and Ireland's Taoiseach 4118: 4028:fall of the Soviet Union 3426:1991–1999: initial years 3202:Amid growing dissent in 2757:were massacred by troops 2619:, Crimea, there writing 2368:. He made the historian 1990:Second Medical Institute 1797:Gorbachev on a visit to 1439:Early life and education 1128:The Gorbachev Foundation 895:This article is part of 98: 32487:Time Person of the Year 32452:Russian Nobel laureates 30733:Government of Guatemala 30660:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 30650:University of Salamanca 29463:Friends Service Council 28047:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 27147:Jackson–Vanik amendment 26882:International documents 26859:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 26053:International reactions 26003:2019 clash near Chinari 25767:Zvartnots Airport clash 25718:Azerbaijanis in Armenia 25706:Armenians in Azerbaijan 25130:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 23824:Fall of the Berlin Wall 23769:People Power Revolution 23754:Central American crisis 23694:1986 Black Sea incident 23344:1973 Afghan coup d'état 23242:Western Sahara conflict 23053:1966 Syrian coup d'état 22976:1963 Syrian coup d'état 22919:Portuguese Colonial War 22882:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 22647:1954 Syrian coup d'état 22524:Annexation of Hyderabad 22467:1947–1949 Palestine war 22138:Economic liberalization 22077:1991 Belarusian strikes 22017:Fall of the Berlin Wall 21671:Public Against Violence 21661:Popular Front of Latvia 21440:Political demonstration 21289:Chinese economic reform 21201:People Power Revolution 16775:31 October 2021 at the 16528:Galeotti, Mark (1997). 16502:10.1163/187633292X00108 16204:. Dublin City Council. 11445:Encyclopædia Britannica 10640:MASTERPIECES OF HISTORY 4809:List of peace activists 4761:in the 2019 miniseries 4580:for their recording of 3675:Gorbachev attended the 3415:Soviet of the Republics 3286:Final days and collapse 3220:referendum on the issue 2948:Gorbachev rejected the 2822:Jackson–Vanik amendment 2598:Russian Orthodox Church 2534:. He thought that the " 2520:revolutionary socialist 2505:world's nuclear weapons 2420:Soviet Foreign Ministry 1949:Italian Communist Party 1656:Moscow State University 1511:The Soviet Union was a 1275:Moscow State University 660:Moscow State University 32472:Soviet Nobel laureates 32402:People of the Cold War 31361:Martin Luther King Jr. 30682:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 30497:Nobel Prize recipients 30437:Physiology or Medicine 29860:UN Peacekeeping Forces 29709: (declined award) 29618:Martin Luther King Jr. 28006:Martin Luther King Jr. 27574:Russian Jews in Israel 26934:UNGA Resolution 62/243 26929:UNGA Resolution 60/285 26924:UNGA Resolution 48/114 26185:2022 Armenian protests 26017:Protests in Azerbaijan 25961:2010 Mardakert clashes 25945:2008 Mardakert clashes 25929:Refugees in Azerbaijan 25896:1993 Summer Offensives 25590:Afghanistan portal 25443:War in popular culture 25438:Soviet aircraft losses 25361:Battle of Maravar Pass 24118:Neoclassical economics 23629:Gulf of Sidra incident 23186:1969 Libyan revolution 22877:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 22662:1954 Geneva Conference 22422:Turkish straits crisis 22417:Corfu Channel incident 21272:New political thinking 20901:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 20624:Leaders of the ruling 20497:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 20254:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 20009:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 17896:Decision-making bodies 16841:30 August 2022 at the 16813:Woodby, Sylvia Babus. 16797:Social Science Journal 12921:Saint Petersburg Times 12117:(in Austrian German). 8092:Hosking, Geoffrey Alan 4858:until 21 August 1991; 4731: 4506: 4396: 4340:Gabrielius Landsbergis 4243: 4232: 4146: 4129:Gorbachev died at the 4104: 4043: 3971: 3884: 3799: 3727:, and in 2007 visited 3725:Reagan's state funeral 3704:2003 election campaign 3680: 3619: 3579: 3451: 3439: 3366: 3315: 3235: 3180: 3104: 3061:Russian Supreme Soviet 3020: 2987:Unraveling of the USSR 2945: 2891:anti-Armenian violence 2846: 2792: 2716: 2682: 2585:was finally revealed. 2563: 2548:Asian Development Bank 2496: 2415: 2362:as editor-in-chief of 2339: 2279:—not to transition to 2254: 2188:1985–1986: early years 2108: 2075:, and in September to 1976: 1957:French Communist Party 1910: 1821:Cleared for travel to 1802: 1701:At MSU, Gorbachev met 1646: 1506: 1406:Soviet Union dissolved 1241:Gorbachev was born in 1210:in 1991. He served as 767:1979–1980: Candidate, 730:Recorded November 2012 584:(1991–2000; from 2013) 32392:People from Stavropol 31599:Builders & titans 31403:Franklin D. Roosevelt 30654:University of Coimbra 30132:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 29812:Alfonso García Robles 29792:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 29764:Amnesty International 29376:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 28985:Best Children's Album 28463:The Good Samaritans: 27760:Franklin D. Roosevelt 27700:Franklin D. Roosevelt 27684:Franklin D. Roosevelt 27518:Jewish Defense League 27497:Moscow Helsinki Group 26889:Astrakhan Declaration 26864:EUMA Feb 2023–present 26628:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 26581:Norat Ter-Grigoryants 26136:Post-ceasefire events 25858:Capture of Artsvashen 25839:Capture of Garadaghly 24968:Russia–NATO relations 24849:Jonathan Reed Winkler 24133:Democratic capitalism 24128:Supply-side economics 24096:American conservatism 23895:Breakup of Yugoslavia 23784:Bougainville conflict 23699:South Yemen civil war 23634:Martial law in Poland 23497:Nicaraguan Revolution 23472:Dirty War (Argentina) 23279:1971 JVP insurrection 23093:Years of Lead (Italy) 22971:North Yemen civil war 22889:Berlin Crisis of 1961 22865:Albanian–Soviet split 22797:1959 Tibetan uprising 22762:Syrian Crisis of 1957 22617:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 22477:1948 Arab–Israeli War 22143:Post-Soviet conflicts 22097:Tajikistani Civil War 22047:Revolution on Granite 22007:Monday Demonstrations 21533:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 21367:Mengistu Haile Mariam 21133:Eastern Bloc politics 20841:Polish Workers' Party 19887:Dzhumgalbek Amanbayev 18060:Bolshevik / Kommunist 18021:Science and Education 17936:Administrative Organs 17903:Politburo / Presidium 17122:Collective leadership 16827:7 August 2022 at the 16806:15 April 2021 at the 16785:29.3 (2021): 255–258. 16112:ordens.presidencia.pt 14718:Associated Press News 13429:Associated Press News 9534:, pp. 217, 220; 6797:, pp. 108, 113; 4904:until 20 October 2007 4788:Gorbachev appears in 4725: 4492: 4447:breakup of Yugoslavia 4391: 4238: 4223: 4144: 4094: 4041: 3963: 3879: 3833:Arnold Schwarzenegger 3790:by US vice president 3785: 3721:2003 invasion of Iraq 3674: 3617: 3589:Leningradsky Prospekt 3573: 3517:World Political Forum 3445: 3433: 3375:Stanislav Shushkevich 3356: 3348:referendum in Ukraine 3302: 3229: 3178: 3169:Further information: 3099: 3014: 2939: 2840: 2786: 2710: 2680: 2659:19th Party Conference 2561: 2490: 2409: 2330:Gorbachev's visit to 2329: 2248: 2102: 1974: 1916:Great Stavropol Canal 1907:Great Stavropol Canal 1904: 1796: 1752:correspondence course 1641: 1637:1950–1955: university 1552:enemies of the people 1500: 1394:constituent republics 1299:Great Stavropol Canal 1251:rule of Joseph Stalin 1017:Assassination attempt 968:Anti-alcohol campaign 832:1985–1991: Chairman, 826:2001–2004: Chairman, 392:Additional positions 32347:Grammy Award winners 32327:Club of Rome members 31740:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 31146:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 30763:Fatana Ishaq Gailani 30747:Olayinka Koso-Thomas 30695:Frederik W. de Klerk 30247:World Food Programme 28971:Emma Walton Hamilton 28580:The Silence Breakers 28447:The American Soldier 28428:The Whistleblowers: 28286:The Endangered Earth 28068:The Middle Americans 28022:William Westmoreland 27915:Dwight D. Eisenhower 27784:Dwight D. Eisenhower 26919:PACE Resolution 2085 26914:PACE Resolution 1416 26909:OIC Resolution 10/37 26904:OIC Resolution 10/11 26540:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 26068:Aras Valley campaign 25980:2016 Odundağ clashes 25900:Operation Geghamasar 25821:Siege of Stepanakert 25533:The Living Daylights 25519:Charlie Wilson's War 25391:Battle for Hill 3234 25235:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 25189:Konstantin Chernenko 25142:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 24389:Non-Aligned Movement 24011:Peaceful coexistence 23965:North Borneo dispute 23880:German reunification 23875:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 23573:Salvadoran Civil War 23522:Grand Mosque seizure 23517:Yemenite War of 1979 23409:Mozambican Civil War 23364:Carnation Revolution 23319:Yemenite War of 1972 23257:1970 Polish protests 23088:1967 Hong Kong riots 23063:Argentine Revolution 23013:Guatemalan Civil War 22941:Cuban Missile Crisis 22855:Bay of Pigs Invasion 22727:1956 Poznań protests 22705:Geneva Summit (1955) 22307:Hukbalahap Rebellion 22286:Non-Aligned Movement 21553:Vytautas Landsbergis 21548:Viacheslav Chornovil 21377:Denis Sassou Nguesso 20959:Konstantin Chernenko 20563:Konstantin Chernenko 20502:Konstantin Chernenko 20249:Konstantin Chernenko 19812:Nursultan Nazarbayev 19762:Mykolas Burokevičius 18911:3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) 18627:7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 17870:Konstantin Chernenko 17791:Konstantin Chernenko 17561:Konstantin Chernenko 17275:Uzbek cotton scandal 17217:1980 Summer Olympics 17192:1977 Moscow bombings 16920:Konstantin Chernenko 16910:Vsevolod Murakhovsky 16862:Mikhail S. Gorbachev 16532:. London: Palgrave. 15684:. 15 February 2017. 14597:, pp. 134, 135. 14411:, pp. 23, 273; 13338:. 11 December 2014. 12216:, pp. 258–259; 12042:, pp. 651, 654. 11932:. 26 December 1991. 11724:, pp. 254–255; 11636:, pp. 248–249; 11426:, pp. 237–238; 11346:, pp. 602, 605. 11314:, pp. 206–207; 11298:, pp. 209–210; 11242:, pp. 199–200; 11169:, pp. 193–194; 11065:, pp. 185–186; 11053:, pp. 525, 528. 11037:, pp. 183–185; 10957:, pp. 218–219; 10913:, pp. 218–219; 10596:, pp. 174–175; 10501:, pp. 165–166; 10485:, pp. 164–165; 10438:, pp. 160–161; 10172:, pp. 157–158; 10124:, pp. 126–127; 10108:, pp. 436–437; 10088:, pp. 504–505; 9882:, pp. 140–141; 9830:, pp. 356–357; 9766:, pp. 411, 413. 9730:, pp. 284–285; 9714:, pp. 234–237; 9518:, pp. 83, 142; 9391:, pp. 106–107; 9359:, pp. 104–105; 9343:, pp. 104–105; 9271:, pp. 144–145; 9187:, pp. 305–306; 8859:, pp. 307, 309. 8855:, pp. 191–192; 8768:, pp. 159–162; 8669:, pp. 237–238; 8290:, pp. 233, 238. 8182:, pp. 187–188; 8170:, pp. 232, 234. 7613:, pp. 194–195; 7369:, pp. 158–159; 7313:, pp. 138–139; 7177:, pp. 181, 191. 6976:, pp. 165, 166. 6283:, pp. 103, 105. 5510:, pp. 8, 28–29. 5486:, pp. 9, 27–28. 5462:, pp. 8, 26–27. 5442:, pp. 7, 20–22. 5159:"Gorbachev, Mikhail" 5139:2 April 2015 at the 4547:Hampton Court Palace 4501:to Gorbachev at the 4493:Former US president 4373:Reception and legacy 4291:Ursula von der Leyen 4263:Novodevichy Cemetery 4241:Novodevichy Cemetery 4224:Corpse of Gorbachev 4061:St Francis of Assisi 3944:Gorbachev Foundation 3593:country's parliament 3484:German reunification 3111:'s Iraqi government 3042:Presidential Council 2967:In August 1989, the 2722:Common European Home 2065:Konstantin Chernenko 1808:World Youth Festival 1444:1931–1950: childhood 1429:German reunification 1410:Gorbachev Foundation 1402:an unsuccessful coup 1323:Konstantin Chernenko 1285:, he worked for the 1138:Pizza Hut commercial 1110:Letter from Khomeini 559:Novodevichy Cemetery 471:Konstantin Chernenko 441:Party disestablished 241:Office established; 181:Konstantin Chernenko 31888:Ludwig Wittgenstein 31835:John Maynard Keynes 31607:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 31210:Vladimir Bryntsalov 31163:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 30944:Amref Health Africa 30626:Enrique V. Iglesias 30620:José López Portillo 29928:Pugwash Conferences 28645:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 27629:Persons of the Year 26854:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 26778:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 26613:Republic of Artsakh 26576:Gurgen Dalibaltayan 26415:Samvel Shahramanyan 26380:Republic of Artsakh 26348:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 26200:Protests in Armenia 25992:Shelling of Alxanlı 25871:Operation Həsənqaya 25386:Operation Magistral 25351:Panjshir offensives 25341:Operation Storm-333 25334:Military operations 25255:Burhanuddin Rabbani 25240:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 25209:Abdul Rashid Dostum 25204:Mohammad Najibullah 24834:Alex von Tunzelmann 24824:Vladimir Tismăneanu 24749:Thomas J. McCormick 24744:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 24644:Robert Hugh Ferrell 24507:Crusade for Freedom 24304:Illiberal democracy 24188:Ho Chi Minh Thought 23991:Eisenhower Doctrine 23844:Peaceful Revolution 23839:Romanian Revolution 23819:Revolutions of 1989 23804:1988 Polish strikes 23714:Operation INFEKTION 23709:1987 Lieyu massacre 23614:Eritrean Civil Wars 23597:Peruvian Revolution 23547:1979 Herat uprising 23537:Sino-Vietnamese War 23502:Uganda–Tanzania War 23482:Egyptian–Libyan War 23449:Third Indochina War 23444:Sino-Albanian split 23434:Ethiopian Civil War 23334:Eritrean Civil Wars 23274:Ping-pong diplomacy 23247:Cambodian Civil War 23073:Korean DMZ Conflict 23058:Cultural Revolution 23028:Dominican Civil War 23006:Tlatelolco massacre 22792:1959 Mosul uprising 22782:1958 Lebanon crisis 22509:Al-Wathbah uprising 22432:First Indochina War 22402:Iran crisis of 1946 21997:Pan-European Picnic 21972:1988 Polish strikes 21352:Wojciech Jaruzelski 21092:Revolutions of 1989 20883:Mieczysław Rakowski 20878:Wojciech Jaruzelski 20573:Eduard Shevardnadze 20553:Mikhail Solomentsev 20335:Eduard Shevardnadze 20330:Mikhail Solomentsev 20284:Eduard Shevardnadze 20264:Mikhail Solomentsev 20108:Alexandra Biryukova 20004:Eduard Shevardnadze 19994:Mikhail Solomentsev 19777:Alexander Dzasokhov 19672:Vice heads of state 19429:Workers' Opposition 19056:Auditing Commission 18346:Leadership sittings 17808:General Secretaries 16799:32.1 (1995): 69–85 16633:Europe-Asia Studies 16447:10.1257/app.5.2.232 16382:The Washington Post 16315:– via Rumble. 16228:"Mikhail Gorbachev" 16096:on 13 October 2011. 15976:, pp. 257–258. 15816:, pp. 278–279. 15622:The Washington Post 15263:TelegraphHerald.com 14581:, pp. 268–269. 14379:, pp. 136–137. 14319:, pp. 114–115. 13925:, pp. 262–263. 13797:, pp. 116–117. 13306:. 29 January 2015. 13148:. 16 October 2014. 13100:, pp. 681–682. 13011:, pp. 682–683. 12840:The Washington Post 12661:, pp. 685–686. 12600:. 20 October 2007. 12435:, pp. 660–661. 12387:, pp. 666–667. 12363:, pp. 658–659. 12351:, pp. 664–665. 12339:, pp. 663–664. 12327:, pp. 652–653. 12173:, pp. 654–655. 12086:, pp. 656–657. 11756:, pp. 634–635. 11728:, pp. 629–630. 11712:, pp. 628–629. 11640:, pp. 631–632. 11590:on 7 December 2013. 11483:, pp. 614–615. 11398:, pp. 608–610. 11374:, pp. 607–608. 11358:, pp. 607–608. 11330:, pp. 580–582. 11286:, pp. 577–578. 11270:, pp. 576–577. 11258:, pp. 575–576. 11173:, pp. 534–535. 11105:, pp. 530–531. 11041:, pp. 521–524. 11025:, pp. 519–520. 11005:, pp. 596–598. 10945:, pp. 595–596. 10901:, pp. 568–569. 10849:, pp. 588–589. 10825:, pp. 567–568. 10771:, pp. 540–541. 10699:. 16 October 2014. 10557:, pp. 513–514. 10525:, pp. 510–522. 10458:, pp. 508–509. 10426:, pp. 506–507. 10414:, pp. 505–506. 10378:, pp. 488–494. 10366:, pp. 462–463. 10354:, pp. 484–485. 10322:, pp. 465–466. 10252:, pp. 384–385. 10056:, pp. 369–370. 9898:, pp. 496–497. 9886:, pp. 494–496. 9870:, pp. 467–470. 9858:, pp. 422–426. 9838:, pp. 421–422. 9806:, pp. 416–417. 9738:, pp. 401–403. 9718:, pp. 396–397. 9702:, pp. 394–396. 9690:, pp. 393–394. 9666:, pp. 208–209. 9654:, pp. 479–480. 9642:, pp. 478–479. 9602:, pp. 476–478. 9590:, pp. 388–389. 9574:, pp. 387–388. 9562:, pp. 475–476. 9542:, pp. 390–392. 9538:, p. 84, 143; 9502:, pp. 386–387. 9478:, pp. 456–457. 9466:, pp. 445–448. 9395:, pp. 431–432. 9363:, pp. 429–430. 9347:, pp. 428–429. 9291:, pp. 353–354. 9235:, pp. 349–350. 9223:, pp. 346–349. 9207:, pp. 345–346. 9159:, pp. 320–321. 9094:, pp. 186–187. 8982:, pp. 338–339. 8831:, pp. 154–155. 8792:, pp. 297–301. 8716:, pp. 289–291. 8677:, pp. 278–279. 8602:, pp. 272–273. 8542:, pp. 242–243. 8390:, pp. 146–147. 8342:, pp. 250–251. 8314:, pp. 142–143. 7920:, pp. 236–237. 7868:, pp. 51, 55; 7709:, pp. 219–220. 7665:, pp. 224–226. 7545:, pp. 211–212. 7525:, pp. 205–206. 7373:, pp. 193–195. 7285:, pp. 190–191. 7249:, pp. 182–185. 7141:, pp. 179–180. 7047:, pp. 175–177. 6964:, pp. 164–175. 6896:, pp. 153–154. 6857:, pp. 151–152. 6845:, pp. 150–151. 6829:, pp. 149–150. 6785:, pp. 145–146. 6769:, pp. 138–139. 6738:, pp. 128–129. 6714:, pp. 131–132. 6615:, pp. 121–122. 6579:, pp. 125–126. 6531:, pp. 123–124. 6271:, pp. 105–106. 6159:, pp. 111–113. 6135:, pp. 115–116. 6123:, pp. 56, 62; 5164:13 May 2019 at the 4881:President of Russia 4689:In a Changing World 4572:, were awarded the 4555:Dublin City Council 4287:European Commission 3869:Russo-Ukrainian War 3761:Mikheil Saakashvili 3687:, who then won the 3653:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 3216:attacked protesters 3069:Russian nationalist 2993:Revolutions of 1989 2969:Pan-European Picnic 2958:Wojciech Jaruzelski 2810:Armenian earthquake 2791:in Washington, 1987 2672:USSR Supreme Soviet 2468:in Afghanistan and 2462:François Mitterrand 2223:Eduard Shevardnadze 2199:Georgy Shakhnazarov 2134:readable prose size 2089:Soviet–US relations 2053:Canadian Parliament 2045:New Economic Policy 2013:Islamist insurgents 1767:cult of personality 1679:Presnensky District 1544:famine of 1930–1933 1454:North Caucasus Krai 1261:before joining the 1065:International trips 1055:Murmansk Initiative 983:Law on Cooperatives 793:1971–1991: Member, 774:1978–1991: Member, 748:1980–1991: Member, 536:, Soviet Union 402:Co-Chairman of the 51:readable prose size 21:Gorbachev (surname) 32008:Emmeline Pankhurst 31927:Lady Diana Spencer 31905:Heroes & icons 31691:Charles E. Merrill 31410:Theodore Roosevelt 31241:Viktor Chechevatov 30886:Max Planck Society 30632:Belisario Betancur 30414:Jerome I. Friedman 30199:Juan Manuel Santos 29525:George C. Marshall 29368:Carl von Ossietzky 29263:Austen Chamberlain 29129:A. M. F. Beernaert 29097:Theodore Roosevelt 29089:Bertha von Suttner 28210:Ayatollah Khomeini 27875:John Foster Dulles 27378:Benjamin Netanyahu 26724:Viktor Polyanichko 26410:Arayik Harutyunyan 26263:Shahumyan Province 26253:Martakert Province 26248:Kashatagh Province 25909:Operation Kalbajar 25886:Battle of Kalbajar 25862:Operation Goranboy 25825:Operation Dashalty 25540:The Magic Mountain 25250:Abdul Rahim Wardak 25225:Ahmad Shah Massoud 25135:Maktab al-Khidamat 24988:Russian Revolution 24784:Mary Elise Sarotte 24769:William B. Pickett 24694:Patrick J. Hearden 24674:Gabriel Gorodetsky 24669:Timothy Garton Ash 24654:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 24249:Ethnic nationalism 24001:Hallstein Doctrine 23885:Yemeni unification 23674:1985 Geneva Summit 23639:Casamance conflict 23542:New Jewel Movement 23527:Iranian Revolution 23512:Chadian–Libyan War 23459:Cambodian conflict 23439:Lebanese Civil War 23429:Western Sahara War 23404:June 1976 protests 23399:Cambodian genocide 23164:17 July Revolution 23118:Nigerian Civil War 23033:Rhodesian Bush War 23018:Colombian conflict 22961:Ramadan Revolution 22700:Bandung Conference 22576:Operation Valuable 22457:Partition of India 21357:Slobodan Milošević 21226:Vatican Opposition 21007:Dragoslav Marković 20911:Nicolae Ceaușescu 20462:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 20214:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 20089:Alexander Yakovlev 20035:Vladimir Kryuchkov 20014:Alexander Yakovlev 19979:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 19817:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 19802:Vladimir Movsisyan 19214:Wider organisation 19149:Control Commission 18762:Control Commission 17918:Control Commission 17840:Vyacheslav Molotov 17834:Nikolay Krestinsky 17247:Events (1982–1985) 17182:Vladivostok Summit 17114:Events (1964–1982) 17037:Award established 16947:Political offices 16867:The New York Times 16817:(Routledge, 2019). 16792:44.1 (1996): 4–23. 16761:(Routledge, 2019). 16754:(Routledge, 2019). 16513:. London: Futura. 15992:The New York Times 15709:, pp. 1, 539. 14415:, pp. 5, 689. 13674:. 2 September 2022 13518:. 7 January 2021. 13075:. 18 August 2011. 12984:The New York Times 12871:The New York Times 12148:. 7 October 1994. 11930:The New York Times 11847:The New York Times 11229:. 13 January 2021. 10350:, pp. 35–36; 9251:, pp. 94–95; 9191:, pp. 93–94; 8788:, pp. 80–81; 7999:, pp. 56, 57. 7972:UaWarExplained.com 7693:, pp. 52, 55. 7509:, pp. 63–64; 7317:, pp. 51–52; 7241:, pp. 46–47; 7075:, pp. 177–78. 7019:, pp. 95–96; 6765:, pp. 35–36; 6694:, pp. 31–32; 6563:, pp. 28–29; 6543:, pp. 64–65; 5999:, pp. 20–21; 5967:, pp. 20–21; 5848:, pp. 59, 63. 5804:, pp. 36–37; 5732:, pp. 45, 52. 5406:, pp. 15–16; 5334:, pp. 16, 17. 4862:until 4 September. 4736:Theatre of Nations 4734:In 2020/2021, the 4732: 4718:In popular culture 4587:Peter and the Wolf 4539:Memphis, Tennessee 4507: 4479:The New York Times 4464:General Varennikov 4425:, October 15, 2017 4244: 4233: 4216:Funeral and burial 4147: 4105: 4044: 3959:Political ideology 3953:Pavel Palazhchenko 3800: 3757:Russo-Georgian War 3681: 3620: 3580: 3505:The New York Times 3490:, another for the 3452: 3440: 3367: 3316: 3268:Vladimir Kryuchkov 3236: 3181: 3105: 3040:. A new 18-member 3021: 2946: 2847: 2793: 2717: 2683: 2638:Sovetskaya Rossiya 2625:October Revolution 2564: 2497: 2416: 2395:Chernobyl disaster 2393:In April 1986 the 2340: 2255: 2109: 2057:Aleksandr Yakovlev 1977: 1911: 1803: 1748:communal apartment 1663:Sokolniki District 1599:Vissarion Belinsky 1507: 1501:Gorbachev and his 1482:Orthodox Christian 1255:combine harvesters 1234:but moved towards 973:Chernobyl disaster 865:None (last holder) 821:Other offices held 813:Central Committee 32237:Mikhail Gorbachev 32128:Mikhail Gorbachev 32065: 32064: 32059: 32058: 31987:Charles Lindbergh 31920:The American G.I. 31814:Robert H. Goddard 31800:Alexander Fleming 31424:Margaret Thatcher 31396:Eleanor Roosevelt 31354:Ruhollah Khomeini 31347:Pope John Paul II 31326:Mikhail Gorbachev 31312:Winston Churchill 31253: 31252: 31175:Mikhail Gorbachev 31129:Grigory Yavlinsky 30998: 30997: 30994: 30993: 30901: 30900: 30893:Fulbright Program 30815:Erasmus Programme 30676:Mikhail Gorbachev 30594:Laureates of the 30561: 30560: 30482:William F. Sharpe 30462:Economic Sciences 30451:E. Donnall Thomas 30426:Richard E. Taylor 30420:Henry Way Kendall 30397:Mikhail Gorbachev 30362:Elias James Corey 30312: 30311: 30173:Kailash Satyarthi 30058:Mohamed ElBaradei 29876:Mikhail Gorbachev 29571:Philip Noel-Baker 29555:Lester B. Pearson 29517:Albert Schweitzer 29298:Ferdinand Buisson 29290:Gustav Stresemann 29169:Henri La Fontaine 29030:Nobel Peace Prize 28992: 28991: 28875:Mikhail Gorbachev 28667: 28666: 28649:Spirit of Ukraine 28349:Pope John Paul II 28326:The Peacemakers: 28302:George H. W. Bush 28294:Mikhail Gorbachev 28278:Mikhail Gorbachev 28122:Susan Brownmiller 28038:Lyndon B. Johnson 28014:Lyndon B. Johnson 27923:U.S. Scientists: 27907:Charles de Gaulle 27899:Nikita Khrushchev 27851:Mohammed Mosaddeq 27824:Winston Churchill 27752:Winston Churchill 27644:Charles Lindbergh 27592: 27591: 27562: 27561: 27463: 27462: 27459: 27458: 27451:Nicolae Ceaușescu 27428:Władysław Gomułka 27312:George H. W. Bush 27290: 27289: 27219:Mikhail Gorbachev 27162:Operation Solomon 27125: 27124: 26969: 26968: 26826:Madrid Principles 26806:Tehran Communiqué 26643:Mikael Arzumanyan 26638:Jalal Harutyunyan 26623:Kristapor Ivanyan 26591:Tiran Khachatryan 26503:Mikhail Gorbachev 26395:Leonard Petrosyan 26328:Political leaders 26317:Zangilan District 26295:Kalbajar District 26290:Jabrayil District 26063:Madagiz offensive 25904:Operation Horadiz 25877:Operation Qazançı 25854:Capture of Shusha 25804:Voskepar massacre 25711:Armenians in Baku 25694:Karabakh movement 25619: 25618: 25410:Civilian protests 25371:Battles of Zhawar 25263: 25262: 25194:Mikhail Gorbachev 25160: 25159: 25053:Soviet–Afghan War 25019: 25018: 25006:List of conflicts 24854:Rudolph Winnacker 24799:Giles Scott-Smith 24774:Ronald E. Powaski 24729:Melvyn P. Leffler 24659:John Lewis Gaddis 24634:Robert D. English 24599:Warren H. Carroll 24589:Michael Beschloss 24558:Nuclear arms race 24539: 24538: 24445:Neues Deutschland 24347: 24346: 24329:White nationalism 24299:Liberal democracy 24036:Ulbricht Doctrine 24026:Brezhnev Doctrine 23834:Velvet Revolution 23578:Soviet–Afghan War 23394:Angolan Civil War 23191:Goulash Communism 23048:ASEAN Declaration 23001:Mexican Dirty War 22899:Annexation of Goa 22850:1960 U-2 incident 22824:Sino-Soviet split 22802:Laotian Civil War 22642:Bricker Amendment 22622:Mau Mau rebellion 22566:Malayan Emergency 22554:Chinese Civil War 22514:Tito–Stalin split 22368:Division of Korea 22192: 22191: 22118:Colour revolution 21948: 21947: 21915:Congo-Brazzaville 21636:Democratic Russia 21593:Pope John Paul II 21588:George H. W. Bush 21538:Vladimir Bukovsky 21327:Mikhail Gorbachev 21322:Nicolae Ceaușescu 21108:Era of Stagnation 21058: 21057: 21054: 21053: 21049: 21048: 21045: 21044: 20964:Mikhail Gorbachev 20944:Nikita Khrushchev 20863:Władysław Gomułka 20833: 20832: 20626:Communist parties 20591: 20590: 20578:Mikhail Gorbachev 20521:Candidate members 20512:Mikhail Gorbachev 20373: 20372: 20345:Vitaly Vorotnikov 20293:Candidate members 20259:Vitaly Vorotnikov 20194:Mikhail Gorbachev 20135: 20134: 20104:Georgy Razumovsky 20049:Candidate members 19964:Mikhail Gorbachev 19959:Vitaly Vorotnikov 19905: 19904: 19792:Absamat Masaliyev 19772:Stanislav Hurenko 19752:Mikhail Gorbachev 19706: 19705: 19550: 19549: 19459:United Opposition 19406: 19405: 19371: 19370: 19331: 19330: 19209: 19208: 19205: 19204: 18893:Central Committee 18878: 18877: 18753: 18752: 18692:Control Committee 18355:Central Committee 18341: 18340: 18074:National meetings 18069: 18068: 17946:Chemical Industry 17876:Mikhail Gorbachev 17852:Nikita Khrushchev 17797:Mikhail Gorbachev 17773:Nikita Khrushchev 17744:Central Committee 17702: 17701: 17698: 17697: 17294:Politburo members 17212:Soviet–Afghan War 17152:Brezhnev Doctrine 17106:Era of Stagnation 17060: 17059: 17051:Succeeded by 17042:Recipient of the 17026:Succeeded by 17019:Nobel Peace Prize 17017:Recipient of the 16997:Office abolished 16967: 16934:Succeeded by 16907:Succeeded by 16873:Mikhail Gorbachev 16790:Political studies 16764:Kotkin, Stephen. 16114:(in Portuguese). 15863:. 3 October 2022. 15584:. 31 August 2022. 15566:. 31 August 2022. 15389:. 31 August 2022. 14858:Российская газета 13700:. 30 August 2022. 13368:. 13 March 2022. 12955:. 23 March 2009. 9934:, pp. 74–75. 8111:978-0-674-05551-3 8065:978-1-85043-305-7 8050:Chiesa, Giulietto 8023:, pp. 61–62. 7974:. 29 March 2022. 7884:, pp. 50–51. 7023:, pp. 38–39. 6223:, pp. 96–98. 6183:, pp. 90–91. 6063:, pp. 81–83. 5971:, pp. 73–74. 5927:, pp. 70–71. 5884:, pp. 72–73. 5860:, pp. 59–63. 5832:, pp. 57–58. 5625:, pp. 40–41. 5590:, pp. 8, 34. 5498:, pp. 29–30. 5422:, pp. 18–19. 5366:, pp. 12–13. 5187:. Merriam-Webster 5062: 4820:Explanatory notes 4771:in the 2023 film 4752:Chulpan Khamatova 4715: 4714: 4630:Harper & Row 4574:2004 Grammy Award 4497:awards the first 4485:Awards and honors 4460:economic collapse 4434: 4433: 4367:reuniting Germany 4276:Mikhail Mishustin 4166:installed at the 4095:Gorbachev at the 4073:Chinghiz Aitmatov 3949:Alexei Venediktov 3887:– Gorbachev, 2017 3817:Royal Albert Hall 3808:Andrey Makarevich 3749:Alexander Lebedev 3733:Hurricane Katrina 3649:Grigory Yavlinsky 3565:1993 constitution 3552: 3551: 3395:Alma-Ata Protocol 3387:Belavezha Accords 3308:Belovezha Accords 3142:its London summit 3130:Nobel Peace Prize 3126:a ground invasion 3065:Democratic Russia 3026:Vladimir Brovikov 2973:Otto von Habsburg 2962:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2950:Brezhnev Doctrine 2942:Thank you, Gorbi! 2843:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2806:George H. W. Bush 2738:Pope John Paul II 2726:Elizabeth II 2562:Gorbachev in 1987 2544:structural reform 2540:Sino-Soviet split 2249:Gorbachev at the 2241:Domestic policies 2203:Anatoly Chernyaev 2169: 2168: 2081:Margaret Thatcher 2073:Enrico Berlinguer 2051:and spoke to the 1833:. In August 1968 1763:Nikita Khrushchev 1728:Early CPSU career 1718:Soviet Procurator 1714:liberal democracy 1611:Mikhail Lermontov 1603:Alexander Pushkin 1595:Thomas Mayne Reid 1568:the secret police 1533:socialist society 1484:—he had a secret 1425:Nobel Peace Prize 1392:sentiment within 1360:freedom of speech 1338:Soviet–Afghan War 1303:Central Committee 1295:Nikita Khrushchev 1197: 1196: 1148:Death and funeral 988:Spitak earthquake 912: 911: 904:Mikhail Gorbachev 877: 876: 725: 676:Nobel Peace Prize 534:Russian SFSR 487: 486: 429:Party established 251:Gennady Yanayev ( 113:Gorbachev in 1987 92:Mikhail Gorbachev 86: 85: 53:was 17,000 words. 32499: 32477:Soviet reformers 32447:Russian atheists 32222: 32214: 32213: 32212: 32205: 32197: 32196: 32195: 32188: 32180: 32179: 32178: 32171: 32163: 32162: 32161: 32154: 32146: 32145: 32144: 32134: 32118: 32117: 32106: 32105: 32104: 32094: 32093: 32092: 32082: 32081: 32080: 32073: 32052: 32045: 32038: 32031: 32024: 32017: 32010: 32003: 31996: 31989: 31982: 31975: 31968: 31961: 31950: 31943: 31936: 31929: 31922: 31915: 31897: 31890: 31883: 31872: 31865: 31863:William Shockley 31858: 31851: 31844: 31837: 31830: 31823: 31816: 31809: 31802: 31795: 31788: 31786:Philo Farnsworth 31781: 31774: 31767: 31760: 31742: 31735: 31728: 31721: 31714: 31707: 31700: 31693: 31686: 31679: 31672: 31665: 31658: 31651: 31644: 31637: 31630: 31623: 31616: 31609: 31591: 31584: 31577: 31575:Steven Spielberg 31570: 31563: 31556: 31549: 31542: 31535: 31528: 31521: 31514: 31507: 31500: 31493: 31486: 31479: 31472: 31465: 31458: 31440: 31433: 31426: 31419: 31412: 31405: 31398: 31391: 31384: 31377: 31370: 31363: 31356: 31349: 31342: 31335: 31328: 31321: 31314: 31307: 31305:David Ben-Gurion 31280: 31273: 31266: 31257: 31256: 31104:Other candidates 31082:Gennady Zyuganov 31025: 31018: 31011: 31002: 31001: 30907: 30906: 30866:and the Spanish 30759:Rigoberta Menchú 30605: 30604: 30588: 30581: 30574: 30565: 30564: 30499: 30445:Joseph E. Murray 30339: 30332: 30325: 30316: 30315: 30305: 30294: 30292:Narges Mohammadi 30283: 30264: 30249: 30238: 30227: 30212: 30201: 30190: 30179: 30177:Malala Yousafzai 30164: 30153: 30142: 30123: 30112: 30101: 30099:Martti Ahtisaari 30090: 30075: 30060: 30045: 30034: 30023: 30012: 29986: 29978: 29970: 29958: 29946: 29944:José Ramos-Horta 29934: 29922: 29906: 29894: 29892:Rigoberta Menchú 29886: 29884:Aung San Suu Kyi 29878: 29870: 29862: 29854: 29846: 29838: 29830: 29822: 29814: 29802: 29794: 29786: 29778: 29766: 29758: 29756:Mairead Corrigan 29735: 29727: 29715: 29700: 29699: 29693: 29682: 29671: 29660: 29649: 29648: 29640: 29639: 29631: 29620: 29609: 29597: 29589: 29587:Dag Hammarskjöld 29581: 29573: 29565: 29557: 29549: 29548: 29542: 29541: 29535: 29527: 29519: 29511: 29492: 29484: 29476: 29475: 29469: 29457: 29445: 29437: 29429: 29428: 29422: 29421: 29415: 29414: 29408: 29407: 29401: 29400: 29394: 29386: 29378: 29370: 29362: 29360:Arthur Henderson 29354: 29346: 29345: 29339: 29327: 29325:Nathan Söderblom 29319: 29317:Frank B. Kellogg 29311: 29310: 29304: 29292: 29269: 29257: 29256: 29250: 29249: 29243: 29235: 29229:Hjalmar Branting 29223: 29215: 29207: 29206: 29200: 29192: 29191: 29185: 29184: 29178: 29177: 29171: 29163: 29155: 29143: 29135: 29123: 29111: 29099: 29091: 29083: 29075: 29067: 29055: 29019: 29012: 29005: 28996: 28995: 28974: 28958: 28946: 28934: 28920: 28908: 28894: 28882: 28860: 28846: 28839:Mama Don't Allow 28823: 28809: 28789: 28781: 28767: 28753: 28739: 28736:Robert Guillaume 28725: 28694: 28687: 28680: 28671: 28670: 28660: 28652: 28640: 28632: 28620: 28612: 28610: 28583: 28575: 28567: 28559: 28557: 28541: 28533: 28525: 28517: 28509: 28501: 28493: 28485: 28477: 28475: 28458: 28450: 28442: 28440: 28423: 28420:Rudolph Giuliani 28404: 28396: 28388: 28376: 28368: 28360: 28352: 28344: 28342: 28321: 28313: 28305: 28297: 28289: 28281: 28273: 28265: 28257: 28249: 28237: 28229: 28221: 28213: 28205: 28197: 28189: 28170: 28168: 28154:Billie Jean King 28120:American Women: 28115: 28107: 28099: 28087: 28079: 28071: 28063: 28061: 28041: 28033: 28025: 28017: 28009: 28001: 27993: 27985: 27983: 27965:William Shockley 27941:Joshua Lederberg 27937:Donald A. Glaser 27918: 27910: 27902: 27894: 27886: 27878: 27870: 27862: 27854: 27835: 27827: 27819: 27811: 27803: 27795: 27787: 27779: 27771: 27763: 27755: 27747: 27739: 27731: 27719: 27711: 27703: 27695: 27687: 27679: 27671: 27663: 27655: 27647: 27619: 27612: 27605: 27596: 27595: 27579:Yisrael BaAliyah 27472: 27471: 27449: 27448: 27426: 27425: 27411: 27410: 27393:Nehemiah Levanon 27322:Henry M. Jackson 27277:Eduard Kuznetsov 27193: 27192: 27180: 27179: 27152:Helsinki Accords 27029: 27028: 27018: 26996: 26989: 26982: 26973: 26972: 26939:UNSC resolutions 26816:OSCE Minsk Group 26801:Bishkek Protocol 26771: 26769: 26768: 26749: 26747: 26746: 26722: 26721: 26720: 26710: 26708: 26707: 26685:Mais Barkhudarov 26665:Isgandar Hamidov 26658: 26656: 26655: 26611: 26609: 26608: 26564: 26562: 26561: 26551:Military leaders 26528: 26526: 26525: 26501: 26500: 26499: 26489: 26487: 26486: 26474:Tural Ganjaliyev 26442:Abulfaz Elchibey 26430: 26428: 26427: 26400:Arkadi Ghukasyan 26390:Robert Kocharyan 26378: 26376: 26375: 26353:Robert Kocharyan 26341: 26339: 26338: 26312:Qubadli District 26258:Martuni Province 26238:Askeran Province 26110:Battle of Shusha 26105:Lachin offensive 26100:Battle of Hadrut 25938:Interwar clashes 25891:Battle of Aghdam 25874:Battle of Lachin 25844:Khojaly massacre 25777:Kirovabad pogrom 25667:Nagorno-Karabakh 25646: 25639: 25632: 25623: 25622: 25609: 25608: 25599: 25598: 25588: 25587: 25586: 25484:Afghan Breakdown 25366:Badaber uprising 25230:Abdul Ali Mazari 25169: 25168: 25152:Ittehad i-Islami 25082: 25081: 25046: 25039: 25032: 25023: 25022: 24764:David S. Painter 24689:John Earl Haynes 24619:Nicholas J. Cull 24604:Adrian Cioroianu 24584:Thomas A. Bailey 24531:Voice of America 24422: 24421: 24334:White separatism 24314:Social democracy 24309:Guided democracy 24289:Authoritarianism 24239:Ultranationalism 24229:Anti-imperialism 24156:Marxism–Leninism 24069: 24068: 24056:Kinmen Agreement 24021:Johnson Doctrine 24006:Kennedy Doctrine 23922:Frozen conflicts 23905:1991 August Coup 23794:Afghan Civil War 23689:Reykjavík Summit 23684:Somali Rebellion 23624:Ugandan Bush War 23602:Gdańsk Agreement 23123:Protests of 1968 23103:War of Attrition 22812:Cuban Revolution 22748:We will bury you 22715:Cyprus Emergency 22695:Kashmir Princess 22685:Jebel Akhdar War 22534:Western betrayal 22219: 22212: 22205: 22196: 22195: 22067:Transnistria War 21726: 21725: 21568:Aung San Suu Kyi 21483:Alexander Dubček 21420:Civil resistance 21277:Sinatra Doctrine 21257:Demokratizatsiya 21158:Shortage economy 21085: 21078: 21071: 21062: 21061: 21022:Milanko Renovica 20997:Dušan Dragosavac 20987:Stevan Doronjski 20906:Gheorghe Apostol 20837: 20836: 20725:Alexander Dubček 20715:Klement Gottwald 20687:Valko Chervenkov 20647: 20646: 20643: 20642: 20638: 20637: 20618: 20611: 20604: 20595: 20594: 20568:Nikolai Tikhonov 20558:Vasili Kuznetsov 20507:Nikolai Tikhonov 20477:Nikolai Podgorny 20447:Andrei Kirilenko 20400: 20393: 20386: 20377: 20376: 20350:Viktor Chebrikov 20340:Vladimir Dolgikh 20315:Vasili Kuznetsov 20269:Viktor Chebrikov 20234:Nikolai Tikhonov 20209:Andrei Kirilenko 20162: 20155: 20148: 20139: 20138: 20122:Yevgeny Primakov 20117:Anatoly Lukyanov 20112:Alexander Vlasov 20071:Nikolay Slyunkov 20061:Vladimir Dolgikh 20040:Vladimir Ivashko 20022:Nikolay Slyunkov 19999:Viktor Chebrikov 19932: 19925: 19918: 19909: 19908: 19872:Anatoly Malafeev 19842:Enn-Arno Sillari 19757:Vladimir Ivashko 19733: 19726: 19719: 19710: 19709: 19577: 19570: 19563: 19554: 19553: 19483:Anti-Party Group 19453:Right Opposition 19373: 19372: 19333: 19332: 19221:Republican-level 19218: 19217: 18889: 18888: 18767: 18766: 18359: 18358: 18350: 18349: 18293:11th (Dec. 1921) 18078: 18077: 17996:Machine Industry 17961:Defence Industry 17882:Vladimir Ivashko 17830:(Mar.–Dec. 1919) 17749: 17748: 17729: 17722: 17715: 17706: 17705: 17622: 17621: 17618:National economy 17285:Friendship Games 17187:Helsinki Accords 17099: 17092: 17085: 17076: 17075: 17063: 17062: 17029:Aung San Suu Kyi 17008:Preceded by 16990: 16983: 16976: 16958: 16952:Preceded by 16941: 16937:Vladimir Ivashko 16917:Preceded by 16890:Preceded by 16882: 16881: 16857:Official website 16801:online abstract 16717: 16680: 16676:978-1-47114796-8 16661:Taubman, William 16656: 16627: 16614: 16610:978-0-39302308-4 16595: 16591:978-0-58221597-9 16583: 16572: 16543: 16539:978-0-33363855-2 16524: 16520:978-0-70884940-8 16505: 16484: 16474: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16411: 16399: 16393: 16392: 16390: 16388: 16373: 16367: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16343: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16306: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16295: 16280: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16269: 16250: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16239: 16224: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16213: 16194: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16183: 16160: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16149: 16144:on 30 March 2014 16140:. Archived from 16134: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16104: 16098: 16097: 16092:. Archived from 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16066:. Archived from 16060: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16049: 16034: 16028: 16022: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16011: 15983: 15977: 15971: 15965: 15959: 15953: 15947: 15941: 15935: 15929: 15923: 15917: 15911: 15905: 15899: 15893: 15883: 15877: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15851: 15845: 15839: 15833: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15805: 15799: 15793: 15787: 15774: 15768: 15762: 15756: 15750: 15744: 15738: 15732: 15726: 15716: 15710: 15704: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15693: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15648: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15637: 15613: 15607: 15601: 15595: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15574: 15568: 15567: 15556: 15550: 15549: 15547: 15545: 15540:. 30 August 2022 15530: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15519: 15514:. 31 August 2022 15504: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15493: 15482: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15471: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15445: 15443: 15438:. 30 August 2022 15428: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15417: 15397: 15391: 15390: 15379: 15373: 15372: 15358: 15352: 15351: 15346: 15344: 15332: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15321: 15316:. 30 August 2022 15306: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15295: 15280: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15269: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15243: 15227: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15216: 15201: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15190: 15183:Президент России 15175: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15164: 15149: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15089: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15078: 15058: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15032: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15021: 15006: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14995: 14980: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14969: 14954: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14928: 14922: 14921: 14919: 14917: 14902: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14891: 14876: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14865: 14850: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14824: 14815: 14814: 14812: 14810: 14794: 14785: 14784: 14782: 14780: 14769: 14760: 14759: 14757: 14755: 14735: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14724: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14646: 14640: 14634: 14628: 14622: 14616: 14610: 14604: 14598: 14588: 14582: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14558: 14552: 14546: 14540: 14534: 14528: 14517: 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14482: 14476: 14470: 14464: 14458: 14447: 14441: 14432: 14422: 14416: 14402: 14396: 14386: 14380: 14374: 14368: 14362: 14356: 14350: 14344: 14338: 14332: 14326: 14320: 14314: 14308: 14302: 14296: 14290: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14270:. Archived from 14259: 14253: 14247: 14241: 14235: 14229: 14223: 14217: 14211: 14202: 14196: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14139: 14133: 14127: 14118: 14108: 14102: 14092: 14086: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14062: 14056: 14050: 14044: 14038: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14008: 13999: 13993: 13984: 13978: 13965: 13959: 13953: 13947: 13941: 13935: 13926: 13920: 13914: 13908: 13902: 13896: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13840: 13834: 13828: 13822: 13816: 13810: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13780: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13744: 13738: 13732: 13726: 13720: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13701: 13690: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13653: 13633: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13613:. 1 March 2022. 13601: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13575: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13542: 13536: 13535: 13529: 13527: 13508: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13431:. 28 June 2018. 13421: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13396: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13347: 13326: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13240: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13201: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13190: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13054: 13045:. 2 March 2011. 13033: 13027: 13021: 13012: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12964: 12943: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12932: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12862: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12818: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12764: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12713:. 10 June 2004. 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12676: 12668: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12629: 12623: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12590: 12584: 12583: 12577: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12550: 12544: 12538: 12523: 12517: 12508: 12502: 12493: 12487: 12478: 12472: 12463: 12457: 12451: 12445: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12400: 12394: 12388: 12382: 12376: 12370: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12322: 12316: 12310: 12301: 12295: 12289: 12283: 12274: 12273: 12259: 12253: 12247: 12236: 12230: 12221: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12180: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12060: 12054: 12043: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12012: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11968:978-1-56324637-1 11952: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11922: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11892: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11838: 11832: 11826: 11817: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11794: 11787: 11779: 11773: 11763: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11735: 11729: 11719: 11713: 11703: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11647: 11641: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11609:Президент России 11601: 11592: 11591: 11580: 11574: 11564: 11558: 11548: 11542: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11472: 11466: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11437: 11431: 11421: 11415: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11309: 11303: 11293: 11287: 11277: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11219: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11060: 11054: 11048: 11042: 11032: 11026: 11012: 11006: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10968: 10962: 10952: 10946: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10908: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10558: 10548: 10542: 10532: 10526: 10512: 10506: 10496: 10490: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10459: 10449: 10443: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10345: 10339: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10296: 10293: 10287: 10284: 10278: 10275: 10269: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10183: 10177: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10135: 10129: 10119: 10113: 10099: 10093: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10025: 10019: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9977: 9971: 9961: 9955: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9845: 9839: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9757: 9751: 9745: 9739: 9725: 9719: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9549: 9543: 9529: 9523: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9445: 9439: 9429: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9386: 9380: 9370: 9364: 9354: 9348: 9338: 9332: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9282: 9276: 9262: 9256: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9182: 9176: 9166: 9160: 9146: 9140: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9073: 9067: 9057: 9051: 9041: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8956: 8946: 8940: 8930: 8924: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8793: 8783: 8777: 8763: 8757: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8664: 8658: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8574: 8568: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8437: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8406: 8400: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8241: 8235: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8197: 8191: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8046: 8040: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7770: 7756: 7750: 7740: 7734: 7716: 7710: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7672: 7666: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7608: 7602: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7504: 7498: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7448: 7442: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7396: 7390: 7380: 7374: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7332: 7326: 7308: 7302: 7292: 7286: 7276: 7270: 7256: 7250: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7200: 7194: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7103: 7097: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7054: 7048: 7030: 7024: 7014: 7008: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6808: 6802: 6792: 6786: 6776: 6770: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6705: 6699: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6558: 6552: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6457: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6380: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6314: 6308: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6142: 6136: 6118: 6112: 6102: 6096: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6026: 6020: 6010: 6004: 5994: 5988: 5978: 5972: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5839: 5833: 5823: 5817: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5739: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5617:, p. 6, 8; 5612: 5606: 5600: 5591: 5577: 5571: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5449: 5443: 5434:, pp. 5–6; 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5410:, pp. 7, 8. 5401: 5395: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5308: 5302: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5255: 5249: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5175: 5169: 5156: 5150: 5131: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4873:25 December 1991 4869: 4863: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4779:Aleksander Krupa 4602: 4601: 4582:Sergei Prokofiev 4527:Order of Liberty 4519:Grawemeyer Award 4416: 4415: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4310:António Guterres 4299:Condoleezza Rice 3998:Friedrich Engels 3975: 3902:Minsk agreements 3888: 3835:. The rock band 3640:Gennady Zyuganov 3601:Gerhard Schröder 3538: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3448:Legislative Yuan 3436:Rancho del Cielo 3379:Belovezha Forest 3189:Vladimir Ivashko 3107:In August 1990, 2977:Sinatra Doctrine 2814:Republican Party 2765:George P. Shultz 2753:Tiananmen Square 2594:Voice of America 2567:Domestic reforms 2516:developing world 2480:to inform other 2300:market economics 2281:market socialism 2251:Brandenburg Gate 2227:Anatoly Lukyanov 2215:Nikolai Tikhonov 2164: 2161: 2155: 2136:was 4,800 words. 2119: 2118: 2111: 1852: 1844:Fagim B. Sadykov 1775:de-Stalinization 1650: 1629:and his son the 1597:to the works of 1575:Second World War 1529:Marxist–Leninist 1515:governed by the 1291:de-Stalinization 1236:social democracy 1232:Marxism–Leninism 1189: 1182: 1175: 1158: 1093:Governors Island 1060:Sinatra Doctrine 1027:New Union Treaty 978:Demokratizatsiya 908: 907: 905: 898: 890: 883: 882: 879: 878: 858: 727: 726: 704: 703: 701:Official website 690: 667: 638: 636: 609: 601: 593: 585: 577: 547: 526: 524: 512:Personal details 478: 468: 459: 437: 425: 416: 407: 388: 387: 375: 363: 354: 338:Anatoly Lukyanov 335: 318: 310:Anatoly Lukyanov 299: 280: 277:Office abolished 265: 234: 222: 211: 193:Vladimir Ivashko 189: 177: 170:Vladimir Ivashko 134: 111: 101: 88: 87: 81: 78: 72: 36: 35: 28: 32507: 32506: 32502: 32501: 32500: 32498: 32497: 32496: 32227: 32226: 32225: 32215: 32210: 32208: 32204:from Wikisource 32198: 32193: 32191: 32181: 32176: 32174: 32164: 32159: 32157: 32147: 32142: 32140: 32137: 32133:sister projects 32130:at Knowledge's 32124: 32112: 32102: 32100: 32090: 32088: 32078: 32076: 32068: 32066: 32061: 32060: 32055: 32048: 32041: 32036:Andrei Sakharov 32034: 32029:Jackie Robinson 32027: 32020: 32013: 32006: 31999: 31992: 31985: 31978: 31971: 31964: 31953: 31946: 31939: 31932: 31925: 31918: 31911: 31900: 31895:Wright brothers 31893: 31886: 31875: 31868: 31861: 31854: 31847: 31840: 31833: 31826: 31819: 31812: 31805: 31798: 31791: 31784: 31779:Albert Einstein 31777: 31770: 31765:Tim Berners-Lee 31763: 31756: 31745: 31738: 31731: 31724: 31717: 31710: 31703: 31696: 31689: 31682: 31675: 31668: 31661: 31654: 31649:Amadeo Giannini 31647: 31640: 31633: 31626: 31619: 31612: 31605: 31594: 31587: 31582:Igor Stravinsky 31580: 31573: 31566: 31559: 31552: 31545: 31538: 31531: 31524: 31519:Aretha Franklin 31517: 31510: 31503: 31496: 31491:Charlie Chaplin 31489: 31482: 31475: 31468: 31461: 31456:Louis Armstrong 31454: 31443: 31436: 31429: 31422: 31417:Margaret Sanger 31415: 31408: 31401: 31394: 31387: 31380: 31373: 31366: 31359: 31352: 31345: 31338: 31331: 31324: 31317: 31310: 31303: 31292: 31284: 31254: 31249: 31218: 31112:Alexander Lebed 31099: 31087:Communist Party 31066: 31038: 31029: 30999: 30990: 30972:Ellen MacArthur 30932:Paris Agreement 30912: 30897: 30785:Valeri Polyakov 30638:Contadora group 30610: 30599: 30592: 30562: 30557: 30495: 30487: 30484:(United States) 30478:(United States) 30472:(United States) 30470:Harry Markowitz 30456: 30453:(United States) 30447:(United States) 30431: 30422:(United States) 30416:(United States) 30400: 30385: 30365: 30364:(United States) 30350: 30343: 30313: 30308: 30303:to be announced 30297: 30286: 30273:Ales Bialiatski 30267: 30252: 30241: 30230: 30215: 30204: 30193: 30182: 30167: 30156: 30145: 30140:Tawakkol Karman 30126: 30115: 30104: 30093: 30078: 30063: 30048: 30043:Wangari Maathai 30037: 30026: 30015: 30000: 29989: 29981: 29973: 29961: 29949: 29937: 29925: 29909: 29897: 29889: 29881: 29873: 29865: 29857: 29849: 29841: 29833: 29825: 29817: 29805: 29797: 29789: 29781: 29769: 29761: 29749: 29738: 29733:Andrei Sakharov 29730: 29718: 29713:Henry Kissinger 29703: 29697: 29696: 29685: 29674: 29663: 29652: 29644: 29643: 29635: 29634: 29623: 29612: 29600: 29592: 29584: 29576: 29568: 29560: 29552: 29546: 29545: 29539: 29538: 29530: 29522: 29514: 29506: 29495: 29487: 29479: 29473: 29472: 29460: 29448: 29440: 29432: 29426: 29425: 29419: 29418: 29412: 29411: 29405: 29404: 29398: 29397: 29389: 29381: 29373: 29365: 29357: 29349: 29343: 29342: 29337:Nicholas Butler 29330: 29322: 29314: 29308: 29307: 29295: 29286:Aristide Briand 29283: 29272: 29260: 29254: 29253: 29247: 29246: 29241:Fridtjof Nansen 29238: 29233:Christian Lange 29226: 29218: 29210: 29204: 29203: 29195: 29189: 29188: 29182: 29181: 29175: 29174: 29166: 29158: 29146: 29138: 29126: 29114: 29102: 29094: 29086: 29078: 29070: 29058: 29043: 29032: 29023: 28993: 28988: 28977: 28961: 28949: 28937: 28923: 28911: 28897: 28885: 28863: 28849: 28837: 28826: 28812: 28802:Wynton Marsalis 28792: 28784: 28773:Winnie-the-Pooh 28770: 28756: 28750:Patrick Stewart 28742: 28728: 28714: 28703: 28698: 28668: 28663: 28655: 28643: 28635: 28623: 28615: 28590:Jamal Khashoggi 28588:The Guardians: 28587: 28586: 28578: 28570: 28562: 28545: 28544: 28536: 28528: 28520: 28514:Mark Zuckerberg 28512: 28504: 28496: 28488: 28480: 28462: 28461: 28453: 28445: 28438:Sherron Watkins 28427: 28426: 28418: 28407: 28399: 28391: 28379: 28371: 28363: 28355: 28347: 28325: 28324: 28316: 28308: 28300: 28292: 28284: 28276: 28268: 28260: 28254:Peter Ueberroth 28252: 28240: 28232: 28224: 28216: 28208: 28200: 28192: 28184: 28173: 28126:Kathleen Byerly 28119: 28118: 28110: 28102: 28092:Henry Kissinger 28090: 28082: 28074: 28066: 28045: 28044: 28036: 28028: 28020: 28012: 28004: 27998:Pope John XXIII 27996: 27990:John F. Kennedy 27988: 27981:Robert Woodward 27977:James Van Allen 27922: 27921: 27913: 27905: 27897: 27889: 27881: 27873: 27867:Konrad Adenauer 27865: 27857: 27849: 27838: 27830: 27822: 27816:Harry S. Truman 27814: 27808:George Marshall 27806: 27800:James F. Byrnes 27798: 27792:Harry S. Truman 27790: 27782: 27776:George Marshall 27774: 27766: 27758: 27750: 27742: 27734: 27724:Chiang Kai-shek 27722: 27714: 27706: 27698: 27692:Hugh S. Johnson 27690: 27682: 27674: 27668:Mohandas Gandhi 27666: 27658: 27652:Walter Chrysler 27650: 27642: 27631: 27623: 27593: 27588: 27558: 27537: 27506: 27455: 27443: 27432: 27420: 27402: 27341: 27286: 27267:Natan Sharansky 27248: 27239:Adolf Shayevich 27229:David Dragunsky 27209:Leonid Brezhnev 27186: 27171: 27121: 27078: 27020: 27009: 27000: 26970: 26965: 26877: 26784: 26766: 26764: 26744: 26742: 26718: 26716: 26705: 26703: 26690:Hikmat Mirzayev 26680:Valeh Barshadly 26653: 26651: 26633:Monte Melkonian 26606: 26604: 26586:Jirair Sefilian 26571:Vazgen Sargsyan 26559: 26557: 26546: 26523: 26521: 26497: 26495: 26484: 26482: 26469:Nizami Bahmanov 26437:Ayaz Mutallibov 26425: 26423: 26385:Artur Mkrtchyan 26373: 26371: 26363:Nikol Pashinyan 26336: 26334: 26323: 26305:Lachin corridor 26300:Lachin District 26285:Fuzuli District 26280:Aghdam District 26268:Shushi Province 26243:Hadrut Province 26216: 26131: 26028: 25933: 25849:Maraga massacre 25732: 25655: 25650: 25620: 25615: 25584: 25582: 25573: 25526:The Kite Runner 25477:The 9th Company 25462:Films about war 25457: 25426: 25417:3 Hoot uprising 25405: 25396:Operation Arrow 25329: 25259: 25213: 25179:Leonid Brezhnev 25156: 25118:Jamiat-e Islami 25101: 25073: 25065:Afghan conflict 25055: 25050: 25020: 25015: 24992: 24983:Second Cold War 24941: 24869: 24863: 24839:Odd Arne Westad 24829:Patrick Vaughan 24814:Athan Theoharis 24794:Ellen Schrecker 24779:Yakov M. Rabkin 24754:Timothy Naftali 24699:Tvrtko Jakovina 24684:Jussi Hanhimäki 24567: 24545: 24535: 24513:Paix et Liberté 24488: 24432:Active measures 24413: 24343: 24324:White supremacy 24284:Totalitarianism 24212: 24137: 24060: 24046:Reagan Doctrine 24041:Carter Doctrine 23981:Truman Doctrine 23969: 23916: 23848: 23743:Soviet reaction 23654:Ndogboyosoi War 23561: 23532:Saur Revolution 23359:1973 oil crisis 23324:Munich massacre 23232:Alcora Exercise 23227:Black September 23205: 22951:Sino-Indian War 22845:Simba rebellion 22828: 22672:Capture of the 22580: 22519:Berlin Blockade 22452:May 1947 crises 22442:Truman Doctrine 22407:Greek Civil War 22396:Blacklist Forty 22363:Gouzenko Affair 22350:Cursed soldiers 22302:Morgenthau Plan 22290: 22228: 22223: 22193: 22188: 22172: 22133:Democratization 22123:Decommunization 22106: 22042:Helsinki Summit 21982:April 9 tragedy 21954: 21944: 21873: 21782: 21730: 21721: 21715: 21603: 21597: 21465: 21459: 21412: 21406: 21362:Mathieu Kérékou 21309: 21303: 21235: 21211:Reagan Doctrine 21186:Active measures 21178: 21172: 21163:Totalitarianism 21100: 21094: 21089: 21059: 21050: 21041: 21037:Milan Pančevski 21017:Vidoje Žarković 20982:Josip Broz Tito 20968: 20949:Leonid Brezhnev 20939:Georgy Malenkov 20915: 20887: 20873:Stanisław Kania 20853:Bolesław Bierut 20843: 20829: 20790: 20782: 20768:Walter Ulbricht 20744: 20720:Antonín Novotný 20701: 20682:Georgi Dimitrov 20668: 20632: 20622: 20592: 20587: 20583:Tikhon Kiselyov 20548:Sharof Rashidov 20543:Boris Ponomarev 20516: 20482:Grigory Romanov 20427:Leonid Brezhnev 20410: 20404: 20374: 20369: 20360:Nikolai Talyzin 20325:Sharof Rashidov 20320:Boris Ponomarev 20310:Tikhon Kiselyov 20288: 20279:Nikolai Ryzhkov 20274:Yegor Ligachyov 20224:Grigory Romanov 20189:Leonid Brezhnev 20172: 20166: 20136: 20131: 20081:Nikolai Talyzin 20044: 19989:Nikolai Ryzhkov 19984:Yegor Ligachyov 19942: 19936: 19906: 19901: 19892:Gregory Yeremey 19877:Stepan Pogosyan 19867:Gennady Yanayev 19837:Galina Semenova 19807:Ayaz Mutallibov 19797:Qahhor Mahkamov 19787:Petru Lucinschi 19767:Givi Gumbaridze 19743: 19737: 19707: 19702: 19667: 19590: 19581: 19551: 19546: 19500: 19465:Left-Right Bloc 19441:Left Opposition 19418:Ban on factions 19402: 19367: 19327: 19201: 19143: 19050: 18901:1st (1898–1903) 18884: 18874: 18836: 18808: 18761: 18758:Elected by the 18749: 18686: 18613: 18490: 18354: 18337: 18288:10th (May 1921) 18258:4th (Nov. 1907) 18253:3rd (Aug. 1907) 18229: 18065: 18040: 17922: 17891: 17858:Leonid Brezhnev 17802: 17779:Leonid Brezhnev 17738: 17733: 17703: 17694: 17667:Five-year plans 17661: 17613: 17565: 17521: 17295: 17289: 17241: 17172:1973 oil crisis 17108: 17103: 17068: 17056: 17047: 17031: 17022: 17013: 17011:14th Dalai Lama 16992: 16988: 16984: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16957: 16942: 16939: 16930: 16922: 16912: 16903: 16895: 16893:Leonid Yefremov 16853: 16848: 16843:Wayback Machine 16829:Wayback Machine 16808:Wayback Machine 16777:Wayback Machine 16768:(2nd ed. 2008) 16743:Brown, Archie. 16739: 16725: 16723:Further reading 16720: 16677: 16620:New Left Review 16611: 16592: 16540: 16521: 16424: 16419: 16409: 16407: 16400: 16396: 16386: 16384: 16374: 16370: 16358: 16354: 16341: 16339: 16324: 16320: 16307: 16303: 16293: 16291: 16282: 16281: 16277: 16267: 16265: 16252: 16251: 16247: 16237: 16235: 16226: 16225: 16221: 16211: 16209: 16196: 16195: 16191: 16181: 16179: 16168:achievement.org 16162: 16161: 16157: 16147: 16145: 16136: 16135: 16131: 16121: 16119: 16106: 16105: 16101: 16088: 16087: 16083: 16073: 16071: 16070:on 10 June 2008 16062: 16061: 16057: 16047: 16045: 16036: 16035: 16031: 16023: 16019: 16009: 16007: 15984: 15980: 15972: 15968: 15960: 15956: 15948: 15944: 15936: 15932: 15924: 15920: 15912: 15908: 15900: 15896: 15888:, p. 416; 15884: 15880: 15872: 15868: 15853: 15852: 15848: 15840: 15836: 15828:, p. 205; 15824: 15820: 15812: 15808: 15800: 15796: 15788: 15777: 15769: 15765: 15757: 15753: 15745: 15741: 15733: 15729: 15721:, p. 286; 15717: 15713: 15705: 15701: 15691: 15689: 15676: 15675: 15671: 15661: 15659: 15649: 15645: 15635: 15633: 15615: 15614: 15610: 15602: 15598: 15593: 15589: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15558: 15557: 15553: 15543: 15541: 15532: 15531: 15527: 15517: 15515: 15506: 15505: 15501: 15491: 15489: 15484: 15483: 15479: 15469: 15467: 15455: 15451: 15441: 15439: 15430: 15429: 15425: 15415: 15413: 15398: 15394: 15381: 15380: 15376: 15359: 15355: 15342: 15340: 15333: 15329: 15319: 15317: 15308: 15307: 15303: 15293: 15291: 15282: 15281: 15277: 15267: 15265: 15255: 15251: 15241: 15239: 15228: 15224: 15214: 15212: 15203: 15202: 15198: 15188: 15186: 15177: 15176: 15172: 15162: 15160: 15151: 15150: 15143: 15133: 15131: 15122: 15121: 15117: 15107: 15105: 15090: 15086: 15076: 15074: 15059: 15055: 15045: 15043: 15034: 15033: 15029: 15019: 15017: 15008: 15007: 15003: 14993: 14991: 14982: 14981: 14977: 14967: 14965: 14956: 14955: 14951: 14941: 14939: 14930: 14929: 14925: 14915: 14913: 14904: 14903: 14899: 14889: 14887: 14878: 14877: 14873: 14863: 14861: 14852: 14851: 14847: 14837: 14835: 14826: 14825: 14818: 14808: 14806: 14795: 14788: 14778: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14763: 14753: 14751: 14736: 14732: 14722: 14720: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14677: 14673: 14665: 14661: 14653: 14649: 14641: 14637: 14629: 14625: 14617: 14613: 14605: 14601: 14593:, p. 161; 14589: 14585: 14577: 14573: 14565: 14561: 14553: 14549: 14541: 14537: 14529: 14520: 14511: 14507: 14499: 14495: 14487:, p. 270; 14483: 14479: 14471: 14467: 14459: 14450: 14442: 14435: 14423: 14419: 14403: 14399: 14387: 14383: 14375: 14371: 14363: 14359: 14351: 14347: 14339: 14335: 14327: 14323: 14315: 14311: 14303: 14299: 14291: 14287: 14277: 14275: 14268:Chicago Tribune 14260: 14256: 14248: 14244: 14236: 14232: 14228:, pp. 4–5. 14224: 14220: 14212: 14205: 14197: 14188: 14180: 14176: 14168: 14164: 14156: 14152: 14140: 14136: 14128: 14121: 14109: 14105: 14093: 14089: 14081: 14077: 14069: 14065: 14057: 14053: 14045: 14041: 14033: 14029: 14021: 14017: 14009: 14002: 13994: 13987: 13979: 13968: 13960: 13956: 13948: 13944: 13936: 13929: 13921: 13917: 13909: 13905: 13897: 13888: 13880: 13876: 13868: 13861: 13853: 13849: 13841: 13837: 13829: 13825: 13817: 13813: 13805: 13801: 13793: 13789: 13781: 13777: 13769: 13765: 13757: 13753: 13745: 13741: 13733: 13729: 13721: 13717: 13709: 13705: 13692: 13691: 13687: 13677: 13675: 13666: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13634: 13630: 13620: 13618: 13603: 13602: 13598: 13588: 13586: 13577: 13576: 13572: 13562: 13560: 13543: 13539: 13525: 13523: 13510: 13509: 13505: 13495: 13493: 13480: 13479: 13475: 13465: 13463: 13452: 13448: 13438: 13436: 13423: 13422: 13418: 13408: 13406: 13399:The Independent 13389: 13385: 13375: 13373: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13345: 13343: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13313: 13311: 13298: 13297: 13293: 13283: 13281: 13266: 13262: 13252: 13250: 13243:The Independent 13233: 13229: 13219: 13217: 13202: 13198: 13188: 13186: 13169: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13140: 13139: 13135: 13125: 13123: 13108: 13104: 13096: 13092: 13082: 13080: 13067: 13066: 13062: 13052: 13050: 13035: 13034: 13030: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12993: 12991: 12976: 12972: 12962: 12960: 12945: 12944: 12940: 12930: 12928: 12913: 12909: 12901: 12890: 12880: 12878: 12863: 12859: 12849: 12847: 12832: 12828: 12812: 12811: 12804: 12802: 12797: 12796: 12792: 12782: 12780: 12765: 12761: 12751: 12749: 12734: 12730: 12720: 12718: 12703: 12702: 12698: 12688: 12686: 12669: 12665: 12657: 12653: 12645: 12632: 12624: 12617: 12607: 12605: 12592: 12591: 12587: 12571: 12570: 12563: 12561: 12552: 12551: 12547: 12539: 12526: 12518: 12511: 12503: 12496: 12488: 12481: 12473: 12466: 12458: 12454: 12446: 12439: 12431: 12427: 12419: 12415: 12407: 12403: 12395: 12391: 12383: 12379: 12371: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12347: 12343: 12335: 12331: 12323: 12319: 12311: 12304: 12296: 12292: 12284: 12277: 12260: 12256: 12248: 12239: 12231: 12224: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12196: 12181: 12177: 12169: 12165: 12155: 12153: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12124: 12122: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12063: 12055: 12046: 12038:, p. 258; 12034: 12030: 12022: 12015: 12007: 12003: 11992: 11988: 11978: 11976: 11969: 11961:. M.E. Sharpe. 11953: 11949: 11939: 11937: 11924: 11923: 11919: 11911: 11907: 11899: 11895: 11887:, p. 257; 11883: 11879: 11871: 11867: 11856: 11854: 11839: 11835: 11827: 11820: 11812: 11808: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11785: 11781: 11780: 11776: 11768:, p. 256; 11764: 11760: 11752: 11748: 11740:, p. 255; 11736: 11732: 11720: 11716: 11708:, p. 253; 11704: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11680:, p. 252; 11676: 11672: 11664: 11660: 11652:, p. 249; 11648: 11644: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11603: 11602: 11595: 11582: 11581: 11577: 11569:, p. 244; 11565: 11561: 11553:, p. 239; 11549: 11545: 11537:, p. 244; 11533: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11491: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11467: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11439: 11438: 11434: 11422: 11418: 11410:, p. 237; 11406: 11402: 11394: 11390: 11382: 11378: 11370:, p. 235; 11366: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11342:, p. 233; 11338: 11334: 11326: 11322: 11310: 11306: 11294: 11290: 11282:, p. 208; 11278: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11254: 11250: 11238: 11234: 11221: 11220: 11213: 11205: 11201: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11177: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11141:, p. 188; 11137: 11133: 11125: 11121: 11113: 11109: 11101: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11073: 11061: 11057: 11049: 11045: 11033: 11029: 11021:, p. 178; 11017:, p. 425; 11013: 11009: 11001:, p. 221; 10997: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10973:, p. 214; 10969: 10965: 10953: 10949: 10941:, p. 215; 10937: 10933: 10925: 10921: 10909: 10905: 10897: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10861:, p. 220; 10857: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10809:, p. 213; 10805: 10801: 10791: 10789: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10743: 10739: 10729: 10727: 10720: 10716: 10706: 10704: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10666:, p. 422; 10662: 10658: 10651: 10635: 10631: 10623: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10592: 10588: 10580: 10576: 10568: 10561: 10553:, p. 169; 10549: 10545: 10537:, p. 170; 10533: 10529: 10521:, p. 161; 10517:, p. 408; 10513: 10509: 10497: 10493: 10481: 10477: 10469: 10462: 10454:, p. 165; 10450: 10446: 10434: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10346: 10342: 10334:, p. 133; 10330: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10264:, p. 230; 10260: 10256: 10248: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10188:, p. 212; 10184: 10180: 10168:, p. 412; 10164: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10140:, p. 128; 10136: 10132: 10120: 10116: 10104:, p. 130; 10100: 10096: 10084:, p. 159; 10080:, p. 413; 10076: 10072: 10064: 10060: 10052:, p. 119; 10048:, p. 301; 10044: 10040: 10029:De Waal, Thomas 10026: 10022: 10014:, p. 301; 10010: 10006: 9998: 9994: 9986:, p. 119; 9978: 9974: 9966:, p. 302; 9962: 9958: 9946:, p. 268; 9942: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9918: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9878: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9854:, p. 139; 9850:, p. 352; 9846: 9842: 9834:, p. 139; 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9802:, p. 320; 9798: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9774: 9770: 9762:, p. 318; 9758: 9754: 9746: 9742: 9734:, p. 138; 9726: 9722: 9710: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9650: 9646: 9638:, p. 364; 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9582: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9558:, p. 143; 9554:, p. 371; 9550: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9514:, p. 231; 9510: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9450:, p. 109; 9446: 9442: 9434:, p. 108; 9430: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9387: 9383: 9375:, p. 107; 9371: 9367: 9355: 9351: 9339: 9335: 9327:, p. 100; 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287:, p. 105; 9283: 9279: 9267:, p. 336; 9263: 9259: 9243: 9239: 9231: 9227: 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9183: 9179: 9171:, p. 282; 9167: 9163: 9151:, p. 281; 9147: 9143: 9135:, p. 246; 9131: 9127: 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078:, p. 290; 9074: 9070: 9058: 9054: 9046:, p. 217; 9042: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9018:, p. 151; 9014: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8966: 8959: 8951:, p. 116; 8947: 8943: 8935:, p. 115; 8931: 8927: 8919:, p. 239; 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8851: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8796: 8784: 8780: 8764: 8760: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8673:, p. 142; 8665: 8661: 8653:, p. 109; 8649: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8577: 8569: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475:, p. 129; 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8440: 8428: 8424: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8338:, p. 172; 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8242: 8238: 8230:, p. 188; 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8198: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8112: 8104:. p. 139. 8089: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8066: 8047: 8043: 8035:, p. 167; 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7936:Foreign Affairs 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7773: 7761:, p. 177; 7757: 7753: 7741: 7737: 7721:, p. 177; 7717: 7713: 7705:, p. 100; 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7673: 7669: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7617:, p. 101; 7609: 7605: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7505: 7501: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7453:, p. 159; 7449: 7445: 7429:, p. 159; 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7397: 7393: 7385:, p. 142; 7381: 7377: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7333: 7329: 7309: 7305: 7297:, p. 138; 7293: 7289: 7277: 7273: 7257: 7253: 7237:, p. 124; 7233: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7205:, p. 123; 7201: 7197: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059:, p. 107; 7055: 7051: 7031: 7027: 7015: 7011: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6809: 6805: 6793: 6789: 6777: 6773: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6706: 6702: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6559: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6460: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6383: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6143: 6139: 6119: 6115: 6103: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059:, p. 210; 6055: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6027: 6023: 6011: 6007: 5995: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5824: 5820: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5402: 5398: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5358: 5354: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280:, pp. 8–9. 5276: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5166:Wayback Machine 5157: 5153: 5141:Wayback Machine 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5050:; Russian: 5035: 5023: 5014: 5013: 4979: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4912: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4870: 4866: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4800: 4748:Yevgeny Mironov 4728:Madame Tussauds 4720: 4600: 4562:Charles V Prize 4487: 4413: 4407:External videos 4402: 4398: 4375: 4351:14th Dalai Lama 4332:Emmanuel Macron 4315:James Baker III 4271: 4248:House of Unions 4230:House of Unions 4218: 4195:palliative care 4139: 4127: 4121: 4081: 4048:port-wine stain 4036: 4003:nuclear warfare 3977: 3973: 3967:social democrat 3961: 3942:, although his 3890: 3886: 3867:that began the 3804:Songs for Raisa 3745:Dmitry Medvedev 3741: 3669: 3657:Alexander Lebed 3631: 3625: 3535: 3529:External videos 3480:Felipe González 3450:in Taiwan, 1994 3428: 3423: 3371:Leonid Kravchuk 3294: 3288: 3173: 3167: 3121:a UN Resolution 3102:Helsinki Summit 3081: 3009: 2989: 2835: 2745:visited Beijing 2734:Joseph Goebbels 2705: 2655: 2569: 2556: 2524:Muammar Gaddafi 2491:Gorbachev with 2466:proxy conflicts 2404: 2374:Andrei Sakharov 2320:tax collections 2243: 2211:Grigory Romanov 2190: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2137: 2120: 2116: 2097: 1969: 1884:Antonio Gramsci 1880:Zhores Medvedev 1868:Leonid Brezhnev 1859: 1846: 1779:William Taubman 1735: 1730: 1703:Raisa Titarenko 1652: 1648: 1639: 1587:Battle of Kursk 1517:Communist Party 1513:one-party state 1509: 1508: 1446: 1441: 1398:Communist Party 1374:democratization 1346:nuclear weapons 1334:withdrew troops 1315:Leonid Brezhnev 1279:Raisa Titarenko 1271:one-party state 1263:Communist Party 1259:collective farm 1193: 1152: 1117:Post-leadership 1114: 1041: 1002: 940: 925: 917: 903: 901: 900: 899: 896: 894: 869: 854: 841: 834:Defense Council 823: 822: 817: 816: 745: 744: 735: 734: 733: 732: 731: 728: 720: 717: 699: 698: 658: 640: 632: 628: 625: 623:Raisa Titarenko 612: 607: 599: 591: 583: 575: 566:Political party 549: 545: 528: 522: 520: 482:Yegor Ligachyov 476: 466: 460: 455: 435: 423: 417: 412: 403: 393: 381: 373: 361: 355: 350: 333: 327: 316: 300: 295: 283: 274: 263: 258: 247: 232: 226:Gennady Yanayev 218: 212: 207: 187: 175: 162: 153:Valentin Pavlov 148:Nikolai Ryzhkov 135: 130: 114: 102: 100:Михаил Горбачёв 99: 93: 82: 76: 73: 54: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 32505: 32495: 32494: 32489: 32484: 32479: 32474: 32469: 32464: 32459: 32454: 32449: 32444: 32439: 32434: 32429: 32424: 32419: 32414: 32409: 32404: 32399: 32394: 32389: 32384: 32379: 32374: 32369: 32364: 32359: 32354: 32349: 32344: 32339: 32334: 32329: 32324: 32319: 32314: 32309: 32304: 32299: 32294: 32289: 32284: 32279: 32274: 32269: 32264: 32259: 32254: 32249: 32244: 32239: 32224: 32223: 32206: 32189: 32187:from Wikiquote 32172: 32155: 32126: 32123: 32122: 32110: 32098: 32086: 32063: 32062: 32057: 32056: 32054: 32053: 32046: 32039: 32032: 32025: 32018: 32011: 32004: 32001:Marilyn Monroe 31997: 31990: 31983: 31976: 31973:Kennedy family 31969: 31962: 31959:Tenzing Norgay 31955:Edmund Hillary 31951: 31944: 31937: 31930: 31923: 31916: 31908: 31906: 31902: 31901: 31899: 31898: 31891: 31884: 31873: 31866: 31859: 31852: 31845: 31838: 31831: 31824: 31817: 31810: 31803: 31796: 31789: 31782: 31775: 31768: 31761: 31753: 31751: 31747: 31746: 31744: 31743: 31736: 31729: 31722: 31715: 31708: 31705:Walter Reuther 31701: 31694: 31687: 31684:Louis B. Mayer 31680: 31673: 31670:William Levitt 31666: 31659: 31652: 31645: 31638: 31631: 31624: 31621:Willis Carrier 31617: 31610: 31602: 31600: 31596: 31595: 31593: 31592: 31585: 31578: 31571: 31564: 31557: 31550: 31543: 31536: 31529: 31522: 31515: 31508: 31501: 31494: 31487: 31480: 31473: 31466: 31459: 31451: 31449: 31445: 31444: 31442: 31441: 31434: 31427: 31420: 31413: 31406: 31399: 31392: 31385: 31378: 31375:Nelson Mandela 31371: 31368:Vladimir Lenin 31364: 31357: 31350: 31343: 31336: 31329: 31322: 31319:Mahatma Gandhi 31315: 31308: 31300: 31298: 31294: 31293: 31283: 31282: 31275: 31268: 31260: 31251: 31250: 31248: 31247: 31237: 31226: 31224: 31220: 31219: 31217: 31216: 31206: 31196: 31190:Martin Shakkum 31186: 31171: 31159: 31142: 31125: 31107: 31105: 31101: 31100: 31098: 31097: 31096: 31095: 31077: 31075: 31068: 31067: 31065: 31064: 31063: 31062: 31046: 31044: 31040: 31039: 31028: 31027: 31020: 31013: 31005: 30996: 30995: 30992: 30991: 30989: 30988: 30981: 30974: 30968: 30962: 30956: 30946: 30940: 30934: 30924: 30917: 30914: 30913: 30903: 30902: 30899: 30898: 30896: 30895: 30889: 30882: 30876: 30870: 30860: 30854: 30841:(Mozambique), 30835: 30829: 30823: 30817: 30811: 30805: 30799: 30793: 30787: 30769: 30755:Fatiha Boudiaf 30739: 30729: 30723: 30717: 30707: 30701: 30699:Nelson Mandela 30691: 30684: 30678: 30672:Jacques Delors 30668: 30662: 30656: 30646: 30640: 30634: 30628: 30622: 30615: 30612: 30611: 30601: 30600: 30591: 30590: 30583: 30576: 30568: 30559: 30558: 30556: 30555: 30550: 30545: 30540: 30535: 30530: 30525: 30520: 30515: 30510: 30505: 30500: 30492: 30489: 30488: 30486: 30485: 30479: 30473: 30466: 30464: 30458: 30457: 30455: 30454: 30448: 30441: 30439: 30433: 30432: 30430: 30429: 30423: 30417: 30410: 30408: 30402: 30401: 30399:(Soviet Union) 30395: 30393: 30387: 30386: 30380: 30378: 30367: 30366: 30360: 30358: 30352: 30351: 30342: 30341: 30334: 30327: 30319: 30310: 30309: 30307: 30306: 30295: 30284: 30265: 30262:Dmitry Muratov 30250: 30239: 30228: 30213: 30202: 30191: 30180: 30165: 30154: 30151:European Union 30143: 30124: 30113: 30102: 30091: 30076: 30073:Muhammad Yunus 30061: 30046: 30035: 30024: 30013: 30006:United Nations 29997: 29995: 29991: 29990: 29988: 29987: 29979: 29971: 29959: 29947: 29935: 29932:Joseph Rotblat 29923: 29907: 29904:F. W. de Klerk 29900:Nelson Mandela 29895: 29887: 29879: 29871: 29863: 29855: 29847: 29839: 29831: 29823: 29815: 29803: 29795: 29787: 29779: 29776:Menachem Begin 29767: 29759: 29752:Betty Williams 29746: 29744: 29740: 29739: 29737: 29736: 29728: 29716: 29701: 29694: 29683: 29680:Norman Borlaug 29672: 29661: 29650: 29641: 29632: 29621: 29610: 29598: 29590: 29582: 29579:Albert Luthuli 29574: 29566: 29558: 29550: 29543: 29536: 29528: 29520: 29512: 29503: 29501: 29497: 29496: 29494: 29493: 29485: 29477: 29470: 29458: 29446: 29438: 29430: 29423: 29416: 29409: 29402: 29395: 29387: 29379: 29371: 29363: 29355: 29347: 29340: 29328: 29320: 29312: 29305: 29293: 29280: 29278: 29274: 29273: 29271: 29270: 29258: 29251: 29244: 29236: 29224: 29221:Léon Bourgeois 29216: 29213:Woodrow Wilson 29208: 29201: 29193: 29186: 29179: 29172: 29164: 29156: 29144: 29136: 29124: 29117:Klas Arnoldson 29112: 29105:Ernesto Moneta 29100: 29092: 29084: 29076: 29068: 29056: 29053:Frédéric Passy 29040: 29038: 29034: 29033: 29022: 29021: 29014: 29007: 28999: 28990: 28989: 28982: 28979: 28978: 28976: 28975: 28959: 28947: 28935: 28921: 28909: 28895: 28883: 28861: 28847: 28834: 28832: 28828: 28827: 28825: 28824: 28810: 28790: 28782: 28778:Charles Kuralt 28768: 28754: 28740: 28726: 28722:Audrey Hepburn 28711: 28709: 28705: 28704: 28697: 28696: 28689: 28682: 28674: 28665: 28664: 28662: 28661: 28653: 28641: 28633: 28621: 28617:Greta Thunberg 28613: 28584: 28576: 28568: 28560: 28547:Ebola Fighters 28542: 28534: 28526: 28518: 28510: 28502: 28494: 28490:Vladimir Putin 28486: 28478: 28459: 28455:George W. Bush 28451: 28443: 28430:Cynthia Cooper 28424: 28415: 28413: 28409: 28408: 28406: 28405: 28401:George W. Bush 28397: 28389: 28377: 28369: 28361: 28353: 28345: 28336:Nelson Mandela 28332:F. W. de Klerk 28322: 28314: 28306: 28298: 28290: 28282: 28274: 28270:Corazon Aquino 28266: 28258: 28250: 28238: 28230: 28222: 28214: 28206: 28198: 28190: 28181: 28179: 28175: 28174: 28172: 28171: 28150:Barbara Jordan 28116: 28108: 28100: 28088: 28080: 28072: 28064: 28051:William Anders 28042: 28034: 28026: 28018: 28010: 28002: 27994: 27986: 27973:Charles Townes 27953:Edward Purcell 27929:Charles Draper 27919: 27911: 27903: 27895: 27887: 27883:Harlow Curtice 27879: 27871: 27863: 27855: 27846: 27844: 27840: 27839: 27837: 27836: 27828: 27820: 27812: 27804: 27796: 27788: 27780: 27772: 27764: 27756: 27748: 27740: 27732: 27728:Soong Mei-ling 27720: 27716:Wallis Simpson 27712: 27708:Haile Selassie 27704: 27696: 27688: 27680: 27672: 27664: 27656: 27648: 27639: 27637: 27633: 27632: 27622: 27621: 27614: 27607: 27599: 27590: 27589: 27587: 27586: 27581: 27576: 27570: 27568: 27564: 27563: 27560: 27559: 27557: 27556: 27551: 27545: 27543: 27539: 27538: 27536: 27535: 27530: 27525: 27520: 27514: 27512: 27508: 27507: 27505: 27504: 27499: 27494: 27489: 27484: 27478: 27476: 27469: 27465: 27464: 27461: 27460: 27457: 27456: 27454: 27453: 27440: 27438: 27434: 27433: 27431: 27430: 27417: 27415: 27408: 27404: 27403: 27401: 27400: 27398:Yehuda Lapidot 27395: 27390: 27385: 27380: 27375: 27373:Yitzhak Shamir 27370: 27368:Menachem Begin 27365: 27360: 27355: 27349: 27347: 27343: 27342: 27340: 27339: 27334: 27329: 27324: 27319: 27314: 27309: 27304: 27298: 27296: 27292: 27291: 27288: 27287: 27285: 27284: 27279: 27274: 27272:Yuli Edelstein 27269: 27264: 27258: 27256: 27250: 27249: 27247: 27246: 27244:Emomali Rahmon 27241: 27236: 27231: 27226: 27224:Mikhail Suslov 27221: 27216: 27211: 27205: 27203: 27197:Pro-government 27190: 27177: 27173: 27172: 27170: 27169: 27164: 27159: 27154: 27149: 27144: 27139: 27133: 27131: 27127: 27126: 27123: 27122: 27120: 27119: 27114: 27109: 27104: 27099: 27094: 27088: 27086: 27080: 27079: 27077: 27076: 27071: 27066: 27061: 27056: 27051: 27046: 27041: 27035: 27033: 27026: 27022: 27021: 27014: 27011: 27010: 26999: 26998: 26991: 26984: 26976: 26967: 26966: 26964: 26963: 26962: 26961: 26956: 26951: 26946: 26936: 26931: 26926: 26921: 26916: 26911: 26906: 26901: 26896: 26891: 26885: 26883: 26879: 26878: 26876: 26875: 26870: 26869: 26868: 26867: 26866: 26861: 26856: 26846: 26841: 26833: 26828: 26823: 26821:Prague Process 26818: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26798: 26792: 26790: 26786: 26785: 26783: 26782: 26781: 26780: 26761: 26760: 26759: 26758: 26756:Shamil Basayev 26739: 26738: 26737: 26736: 26734:Rustam Muradov 26731: 26726: 26700: 26699: 26698: 26697: 26695:Hikmat Hasanov 26692: 26687: 26682: 26677: 26675:Surat Huseynov 26672: 26667: 26648: 26647: 26646: 26645: 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26618:Samvel Babayan 26601: 26600: 26599: 26598: 26596:Seyran Ohanyan 26593: 26588: 26583: 26578: 26573: 26554: 26552: 26548: 26547: 26545: 26544: 26543: 26542: 26537: 26518: 26517: 26516: 26515: 26513:Vladimir Putin 26510: 26505: 26479: 26478: 26477: 26476: 26471: 26466: 26464:Bayram Safarov 26456: 26455: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26439: 26420: 26419: 26418: 26417: 26412: 26407: 26402: 26397: 26392: 26387: 26368: 26367: 26366: 26365: 26360: 26358:Serzh Sargsyan 26355: 26350: 26331: 26329: 26325: 26324: 26322: 26321: 26320: 26319: 26314: 26309: 26308: 26307: 26297: 26292: 26287: 26282: 26272: 26271: 26270: 26265: 26260: 26255: 26250: 26245: 26240: 26235: 26224: 26222: 26221:Main locations 26218: 26217: 26215: 26214: 26213: 26212: 26207: 26202: 26192: 26187: 26182: 26177: 26172: 26167: 26166: 26165: 26155: 26150: 26145: 26139: 26137: 26133: 26132: 26130: 26129: 26128: 26127: 26117: 26112: 26107: 26102: 26097: 26072:Bombardments ( 26070: 26065: 26060: 26055: 26050: 26045: 26039: 26037: 26030: 26029: 26027: 26026: 26025: 26024: 26019: 26014: 26004: 26001: 25996: 25995: 25994: 25986: 25981: 25978: 25973: 25968: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25950: 25947: 25941: 25939: 25935: 25934: 25932: 25931: 25926: 25921: 25916: 25911: 25906: 25901: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25883: 25878: 25875: 25872: 25869: 25864: 25859: 25856: 25851: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25823: 25818: 25813: 25808: 25807:Battle of Togh 25805: 25802: 25800:Operation Ring 25797: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25779: 25774: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25757:Sumgait pogrom 25754: 25749: 25747:Çardaqlı clash 25743: 25741: 25734: 25733: 25731: 25730: 25725: 25720: 25715: 25714: 25713: 25703: 25702: 25701: 25691: 25686: 25681: 25676: 25675: 25674: 25663: 25661: 25657: 25656: 25649: 25648: 25641: 25634: 25626: 25617: 25616: 25614: 25613: 25603: 25593: 25578: 25575: 25574: 25572: 25571: 25564: 25557: 25550: 25547:Peshavar Waltz 25543: 25536: 25529: 25522: 25515: 25508: 25501: 25498:All Costs Paid 25494: 25487: 25480: 25473: 25465: 25463: 25459: 25458: 25456: 25455: 25450: 25445: 25440: 25434: 25432: 25431:Related topics 25428: 25427: 25425: 25424: 25419: 25413: 25411: 25407: 25406: 25404: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25376:Battle of Jaji 25373: 25368: 25363: 25358: 25356:Siege of Urgun 25353: 25348: 25346:Siege of Khost 25343: 25337: 25335: 25331: 25330: 25328: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25312: 25307: 25302: 25297: 25292: 25287: 25282: 25277: 25271: 25269: 25268:Events by year 25265: 25264: 25261: 25260: 25258: 25257: 25252: 25247: 25242: 25237: 25232: 25227: 25221: 25219: 25215: 25214: 25212: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25191: 25186: 25181: 25175: 25173: 25166: 25162: 25161: 25158: 25157: 25155: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25138: 25137: 25127: 25126: 25125: 25115: 25109: 25107: 25103: 25102: 25100: 25099: 25094: 25088: 25086: 25079: 25075: 25074: 25072: 25071: 25060: 25057: 25056: 25049: 25048: 25041: 25034: 25026: 25017: 25016: 25014: 25013: 25008: 25003: 24997: 24994: 24993: 24991: 24990: 24985: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24949: 24947: 24943: 24942: 24940: 24939: 24934: 24929: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24873: 24871: 24865: 24864: 24862: 24861: 24856: 24851: 24846: 24841: 24836: 24831: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24809:Timothy Snyder 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24739:Vojtech Mastny 24736: 24734:Geir Lundestad 24731: 24726: 24724:Walter Laqueur 24721: 24719:Walter LaFeber 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24649:André Fontaine 24646: 24641: 24636: 24631: 24626: 24621: 24616: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24579:Gar Alperovitz 24575: 24573: 24569: 24568: 24566: 24565: 24560: 24555: 24549: 24547: 24541: 24540: 24537: 24536: 24534: 24533: 24528: 24522: 24521: 24516: 24509: 24504: 24496: 24494: 24490: 24489: 24487: 24486: 24479: 24474: 24467: 24460: 24455: 24448: 24441: 24434: 24428: 24426: 24419: 24415: 24414: 24412: 24411: 24406: 24401: 24396: 24391: 24386: 24381: 24376: 24371: 24366: 24361: 24355: 24353: 24349: 24348: 24345: 24344: 24342: 24341: 24336: 24331: 24326: 24321: 24319:Third-Worldism 24316: 24311: 24306: 24301: 24296: 24291: 24286: 24281: 24276: 24271: 24266: 24261: 24256: 24251: 24246: 24241: 24236: 24231: 24226: 24220: 24218: 24214: 24213: 24211: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24178: 24173: 24168: 24163: 24158: 24153: 24147: 24145: 24139: 24138: 24136: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24108:Libertarianism 24105: 24100: 24099: 24098: 24088: 24086:Chicago school 24083: 24077: 24075: 24066: 24062: 24061: 24059: 24058: 24053: 24048: 24043: 24038: 24033: 24031:Nixon Doctrine 24028: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23977: 23975: 23974:Foreign policy 23971: 23970: 23968: 23967: 23962: 23957: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23926: 23924: 23918: 23917: 23915: 23914: 23909: 23908: 23907: 23897: 23892: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23867: 23862: 23856: 23854: 23850: 23849: 23847: 23846: 23841: 23836: 23831: 23826: 23821: 23816: 23811: 23806: 23801: 23796: 23791: 23786: 23781: 23776: 23771: 23766: 23761: 23759:Operation RYAN 23756: 23751: 23746: 23736: 23731: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23711: 23706: 23701: 23696: 23691: 23686: 23681: 23676: 23671: 23666: 23664:Able Archer 83 23661: 23656: 23651: 23646: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23626: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23610: 23609: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23580: 23575: 23569: 23567: 23563: 23562: 23560: 23559: 23554: 23549: 23544: 23539: 23534: 23529: 23524: 23519: 23514: 23509: 23504: 23499: 23494: 23489: 23484: 23479: 23474: 23469: 23461: 23456: 23451: 23446: 23441: 23436: 23431: 23426: 23421: 23416: 23414:Oromo conflict 23411: 23406: 23401: 23396: 23391: 23386: 23381: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23354:Yom Kippur War 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23306: 23301: 23296: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23264: 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23213: 23211: 23207: 23206: 23204: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23178: 23177: 23176: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23137: 23132: 23131: 23130: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23010: 23009: 23008: 22998: 22993: 22988: 22986:Aden Emergency 22983: 22978: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22953: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22937: 22936: 22931: 22926: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22904:Papua conflict 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22885: 22884: 22874: 22873: 22872: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22836: 22834: 22830: 22829: 22827: 22826: 22821: 22820: 22819: 22809: 22807:Kitchen Debate 22804: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22767:Sputnik crisis 22764: 22759: 22751: 22744: 22739: 22737:Polish October 22734: 22729: 22724: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22637:Pact of Madrid 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22592:Bamboo Curtain 22588: 22586: 22582: 22581: 22579: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22562: 22561: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22516: 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22479: 22474: 22464: 22459: 22454: 22449: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22391: 22383: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22352: 22347: 22346: 22345: 22340: 22332: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22298: 22296: 22292: 22291: 22289: 22288: 22283: 22278: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22241: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22222: 22221: 22214: 22207: 22199: 22190: 22189: 22187: 22186: 22180: 22178: 22174: 22173: 22171: 22170: 22165: 22160: 22158:Post-communism 22155: 22150: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22120: 22114: 22112: 22108: 22107: 22105: 22104: 22099: 22094: 22089: 22084: 22079: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21964: 21958: 21956: 21950: 21949: 21946: 21945: 21943: 21942: 21937: 21932: 21927: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21902: 21897: 21892: 21887: 21881: 21879: 21875: 21874: 21872: 21871: 21866: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21846: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21811: 21806: 21801: 21796: 21790: 21788: 21784: 21783: 21781: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21748:Czechoslovakia 21745: 21740: 21734: 21732: 21731:Eastern Europe 21723: 21717: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21607: 21605: 21599: 21598: 21596: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21578:Isaias Afwerki 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21558:Zianon Pazniak 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21469: 21467: 21461: 21460: 21458: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21416: 21414: 21408: 21407: 21405: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21337:Erich Honecker 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21313: 21311: 21305: 21304: 21302: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21280: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21249: 21243: 21241: 21237: 21236: 21234: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21182: 21180: 21174: 21173: 21171: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21118:Anti-communism 21115: 21110: 21104: 21102: 21096: 21095: 21088: 21087: 21080: 21073: 21065: 21056: 21055: 21052: 21051: 21047: 21046: 21043: 21042: 21040: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20978: 20976: 20970: 20969: 20967: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20929:Vladimir Lenin 20925: 20923: 20917: 20916: 20914: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20897: 20895: 20889: 20888: 20886: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20849: 20847: 20834: 20831: 20830: 20828: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20796: 20794: 20784: 20783: 20781: 20780: 20775: 20773:Erich Honecker 20770: 20765: 20763:Otto Grotewohl 20760: 20754: 20752: 20746: 20745: 20743: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20711: 20709: 20703: 20702: 20700: 20699: 20697:Petar Mladenov 20694: 20689: 20684: 20678: 20676: 20670: 20669: 20667: 20666: 20661: 20655: 20653: 20641: 20634: 20633: 20621: 20620: 20613: 20606: 20598: 20589: 20588: 20586: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20538:Pyotr Masherov 20535: 20533:Pyotr Demichev 20530: 20524: 20522: 20518: 20517: 20515: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20492:Dmitry Ustinov 20489: 20487:Mikhail Suslov 20484: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20467:Kirill Mazurov 20464: 20459: 20457:Fyodor Kulakov 20454: 20452:Alexei Kosygin 20449: 20444: 20442:Andrei Gromyko 20439: 20437:Viktor Grishin 20434: 20432:Andrei Grechko 20429: 20424: 20418: 20416: 20412: 20411: 20403: 20402: 20395: 20388: 20380: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20355:Sergey Sokolov 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20305:Pyotr Demichev 20302: 20296: 20294: 20290: 20289: 20287: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20266: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20239:Dmitry Ustinov 20236: 20231: 20229:Mikhail Suslov 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20204:Andrei Gromyko 20201: 20199:Viktor Grishin 20196: 20191: 20186: 20180: 20178: 20174: 20173: 20165: 20164: 20157: 20150: 20142: 20133: 20132: 20130: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20106: 20101: 20099:Yuri Maslyukov 20096: 20091: 20086: 20083: 20078: 20076:Sergey Sokolov 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20056:Pyotr Demichev 20052: 20050: 20046: 20045: 20043: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20030:Yuri Maslyukov 20027: 20026:Vadim Medvedev 20024: 20019: 20018:Viktor Nikonov 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19969:Andrei Gromyko 19966: 19961: 19956: 19950: 19948: 19944: 19943: 19935: 19934: 19927: 19920: 19912: 19903: 19902: 19900: 19899: 19897:Mikhail Surkov 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19847:Sergey Sokolov 19844: 19839: 19834: 19832:Alfrēds Rubiks 19829: 19827:Yuri Prokofiev 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19748: 19745: 19744: 19736: 19735: 19728: 19721: 19713: 19704: 19703: 19701: 19700: 19694: 19688: 19682: 19675: 19673: 19669: 19668: 19666: 19665: 19659: 19653: 19647: 19641: 19635: 19629: 19623: 19617: 19611: 19605: 19598: 19596: 19595:Heads of state 19592: 19591: 19584:Heads of state 19580: 19579: 19572: 19565: 19557: 19548: 19547: 19545: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19508: 19506: 19502: 19501: 19499: 19498: 19492: 19486: 19480: 19474: 19468: 19462: 19456: 19450: 19447:Workers' Group 19444: 19438: 19435:Workers' Truth 19432: 19426: 19420: 19414: 19412: 19408: 19407: 19404: 19403: 19401: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19379: 19377: 19369: 19368: 19366: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19339: 19337: 19329: 19328: 19326: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19303:Transcaucasian 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19258:Karelo-Finnish 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19224: 19222: 19215: 19211: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19203: 19202: 19200: 19199: 19197:28th (1990–91) 19194: 19192:16th (1930–34) 19189: 19187:15th (1927–30) 19184: 19182:14th (1925–27) 19179: 19177:13th (1924–25) 19174: 19172:12th (1923–24) 19169: 19167:11th (1922–23) 19164: 19162:10th (1921–22) 19159: 19153: 19151: 19145: 19144: 19142: 19141: 19139:27th (1986–90) 19136: 19134:26th (1981–86) 19131: 19129:25th (1976–81) 19126: 19124:24th (1971–76) 19121: 19119:23rd (1966–71) 19116: 19114:22nd (1961–66) 19111: 19109:20th (1956–61) 19106: 19104:19th (1952–56) 19101: 19099:18th (1939–52) 19096: 19094:17th (1934–39) 19091: 19089:16th (1930–34) 19086: 19084:15th (1927–30) 19081: 19079:14th (1925–27) 19076: 19074:13th (1924–25) 19071: 19069:10th (1921–24) 19066: 19060: 19058: 19052: 19051: 19049: 19048: 19046:28th (1990–91) 19043: 19041:27th (1986–90) 19038: 19036:26th (1981–86) 19033: 19031:25th (1976–81) 19028: 19026:24th (1971–76) 19023: 19021:23rd (1966–71) 19018: 19016:22nd (1961–66) 19013: 19011:20th (1956–61) 19008: 19006:19th (1952–56) 19003: 19001:18th (1939–52) 18998: 18996:17th (1934–39) 18993: 18991:16th (1930–34) 18988: 18986:15th (1927–30) 18983: 18981:14th (1925–27) 18978: 18976:13th (1924–25) 18973: 18971:12th (1923–24) 18968: 18966:11th (1922–23) 18963: 18961:10th (1921–22) 18958: 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18897: 18895: 18886: 18880: 18879: 18876: 18875: 18873: 18872: 18870:16th (1930–34) 18867: 18865:15th (1927–30) 18862: 18860:14th (1925–27) 18857: 18855:13th (1924–25) 18852: 18850:12th (1923–24) 18846: 18844: 18838: 18837: 18835: 18834: 18832:14th (1925–27) 18829: 18827:13th (1924–25) 18824: 18822:12th (1923–24) 18818: 18816: 18810: 18809: 18807: 18806: 18804:28th (1990–91) 18801: 18799:16th (1930–34) 18796: 18794:15th (1927–30) 18791: 18789:14th (1925–27) 18786: 18784:13th (1924–25) 18781: 18779:12th (1923–24) 18775: 18773: 18764: 18755: 18754: 18751: 18750: 18748: 18747: 18745:27th (1986–90) 18742: 18740:26th (1981–86) 18737: 18735:25th (1976–81) 18732: 18730:24th (1971–76) 18727: 18725:23rd (1966–71) 18722: 18720:22nd (1961–66) 18717: 18715:20th (1956–61) 18712: 18710:19th (1952–56) 18707: 18705:18th (1939–52) 18702: 18700:17th (1934–39) 18696: 18694: 18688: 18687: 18685: 18684: 18682:18th (1939–52) 18679: 18677:17th (1934–39) 18674: 18672:16th (1930–34) 18669: 18667:15th (1927–30) 18664: 18662:14th (1925–27) 18659: 18657:13th (1924–25) 18654: 18652:12th (1923–24) 18649: 18647:11th (1922–23) 18644: 18642:10th (1921–22) 18639: 18634: 18629: 18623: 18621: 18615: 18614: 18612: 18611: 18609:28th (1990–91) 18606: 18604:27th (1986–90) 18601: 18599:26th (1981–86) 18596: 18594:25th (1976–81) 18591: 18589:24th (1971–76) 18586: 18584:23rd (1966–71) 18581: 18579:22nd (1961–66) 18576: 18574:20th (1956–61) 18571: 18569:19th (1952–56) 18566: 18564:18th (1939–52) 18561: 18559:17th (1934–39) 18556: 18554:16th (1930–34) 18551: 18549:15th (1927–30) 18546: 18544:14th (1925–27) 18541: 18539:13th (1924–25) 18536: 18534:12th (1923–24) 18531: 18529:11th (1922–23) 18526: 18524:10th (1921–22) 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18500: 18498: 18492: 18491: 18489: 18488: 18486:28th (1990–91) 18483: 18481:27th (1986–90) 18478: 18476:26th (1981–86) 18473: 18471:25th (1976–81) 18468: 18466:24th (1971–76) 18463: 18461:23rd (1966–71) 18458: 18456:22nd (1961–66) 18453: 18451:20th (1956–61) 18448: 18446:19th (1952–56) 18443: 18441:18th (1939–52) 18438: 18436:17th (1934–39) 18433: 18431:16th (1930–34) 18428: 18426:15th (1927–30) 18423: 18421:14th (1925–27) 18418: 18416:13th (1924–25) 18413: 18411:12th (1923–24) 18408: 18406:11th (1922–23) 18403: 18401:10th (1921–22) 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18376:Oct.–Dec. 1917 18373: 18371:Aug.–Oct. 1917 18367: 18365: 18356: 18353:Elected by the 18347: 18343: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18239: 18237: 18231: 18230: 18228: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18086: 18084: 18075: 18071: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18063: 18056: 18048: 18046: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17976:Heavy Industry 17973: 17968: 17966:Foreign Cadres 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17932: 17930: 17924: 17923: 17921: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17899: 17897: 17893: 17892: 17890: 17889: 17879: 17873: 17867: 17861: 17855: 17849: 17843: 17837: 17831: 17825: 17822:Yakov Sverdlov 17819: 17812: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17800: 17794: 17788: 17782: 17776: 17770: 17764: 17761:Vladimir Lenin 17757: 17755: 17746: 17740: 17739: 17732: 17731: 17724: 17717: 17709: 17700: 17699: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17671: 17669: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17659: 17654: 17652:Food Programme 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17628: 17626: 17619: 17615: 17614: 17612: 17611: 17606: 17604:Tikhonov's 1st 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17575: 17573: 17567: 17566: 17564: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17547: 17542: 17531: 17529: 17523: 17522: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17323: 17322: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17270:Able Archer 83 17267: 17262: 17257: 17251: 17249: 17243: 17242: 17240: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17227:Exercise Zapad 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17184: 17179: 17177:Fall of Saigon 17174: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17118: 17116: 17110: 17109: 17102: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17079: 17073: 17070: 17069: 17058: 17057: 17052: 17049: 17039: 17033: 17032: 17027: 17024: 17014: 17009: 17005: 17004: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16968: 16955:Andrei Gromyko 16953: 16949: 16948: 16944: 16943: 16935: 16932: 16923: 16918: 16914: 16913: 16908: 16905: 16896: 16891: 16887: 16886: 16880: 16879: 16870: 16859: 16852: 16851:External links 16849: 16847: 16846: 16832: 16818: 16811: 16793: 16786: 16779: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16740: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16718: 16681: 16675: 16657: 16628: 16615: 16609: 16596: 16590: 16573: 16555:(2): 195–231. 16549:Soviet Studies 16544: 16538: 16525: 16519: 16506: 16496:(1): 199–206. 16485: 16441:(2): 232–260. 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16417: 16394: 16368: 16352: 16318: 16301: 16275: 16245: 16219: 16189: 16155: 16129: 16099: 16081: 16055: 16029: 16027:, p. 366. 16017: 15978: 15966: 15954: 15952:, p. 691. 15942: 15940:, p. 268. 15930: 15928:, p. 276. 15918: 15916:, p. 145. 15906: 15904:, p. 324. 15894: 15892:, p. 145. 15878: 15876:, p. 388. 15866: 15846: 15844:, p. 197. 15834: 15832:, p. 275. 15818: 15806: 15804:, p. 687. 15794: 15792:, p. 688. 15775: 15773:, p. 410. 15763: 15761:, p. 396. 15751: 15749:, p. 267. 15739: 15737:, p. 391. 15727: 15725:, p. 138. 15711: 15699: 15669: 15643: 15608: 15596: 15587: 15569: 15551: 15525: 15499: 15477: 15449: 15423: 15408:(in Russian). 15406:Yeltsin Center 15392: 15374: 15353: 15327: 15301: 15275: 15249: 15222: 15196: 15170: 15141: 15115: 15100:(in Russian). 15084: 15069:(in Russian). 15053: 15027: 15016:(in Ukrainian) 15001: 14988:www.starhit.ru 14975: 14949: 14923: 14897: 14871: 14845: 14816: 14786: 14761: 14730: 14704: 14671: 14669:, p. 161. 14659: 14657:, p. 541. 14647: 14645:, p. 516. 14635: 14623: 14621:, p. 273. 14611: 14609:, p. 117. 14599: 14583: 14571: 14569:, p. 287. 14559: 14557:, p. 165. 14547: 14535: 14533:, p. 134. 14518: 14505: 14503:, p. 229. 14493: 14491:, p. 229. 14477: 14465: 14448: 14433: 14427:, p. 38; 14417: 14407:, p. 22; 14397: 14391:, p. 37; 14381: 14369: 14367:, p. 347. 14357: 14355:, p. 163. 14345: 14343:, p. 137. 14333: 14321: 14309: 14307:, p. 150. 14297: 14285: 14274:on 11 May 2008 14254: 14252:, p. 290. 14242: 14240:, p. 155. 14230: 14218: 14203: 14201:, p. 142. 14186: 14174: 14172:, p. 179. 14162: 14150: 14144:, p. 50; 14134: 14119: 14113:, p. 50; 14103: 14101:, p. 121. 14097:, p. 32; 14087: 14075: 14073:, p. 160. 14063: 14061:, p. 216. 14051: 14049:, p. 259. 14039: 14037:, p. 220. 14027: 14025:, p. 386. 14015: 14013:, p. 218. 14000: 13998:, p. 690. 13985: 13983:, p. 215. 13966: 13964:, p. 205. 13954: 13952:, p. 265. 13942: 13940:, p. 264. 13927: 13915: 13903: 13886: 13884:, p. 202. 13874: 13872:, p. 195. 13859: 13857:, p. 151. 13847: 13845:, p. 288. 13835: 13833:, p. 197. 13823: 13821:, p. 250. 13811: 13809:, p. 117. 13799: 13787: 13785:, p. 201. 13775: 13773:, p. 245. 13763: 13761:, p. 116. 13751: 13739: 13727: 13715: 13703: 13685: 13659: 13644:(in Russian). 13628: 13596: 13570: 13537: 13514:(in Russian). 13503: 13473: 13446: 13416: 13383: 13353: 13321: 13291: 13260: 13227: 13196: 13163: 13146:Deutsche Welle 13133: 13102: 13090: 13060: 13028: 13026:, p. 684. 13013: 13001: 12970: 12938: 12907: 12905:, p. 681. 12888: 12857: 12826: 12790: 12759: 12736:Pitney, Nico. 12728: 12696: 12663: 12651: 12649:, p. 685. 12630: 12628:, p. 680. 12615: 12585: 12545: 12543:, p. 678. 12524: 12522:, p. 679. 12509: 12507:, p. 677. 12494: 12492:, p. 676. 12479: 12477:, p. 663. 12464: 12462:, p. 662. 12452: 12450:, p. 661. 12437: 12425: 12423:, p. 660. 12413: 12411:, p. 674. 12401: 12399:, p. 668. 12389: 12377: 12375:, p. 665. 12365: 12353: 12341: 12329: 12317: 12315:, p. 659. 12302: 12300:, p. 658. 12290: 12288:, p. 655. 12275: 12254: 12252:, p. 652. 12237: 12235:, p. 675. 12222: 12220:, p. 664. 12206: 12189:Foreign Policy 12175: 12163: 12132: 12100: 12098:, p. 657. 12088: 12076: 12074:, p. 656. 12061: 12059:, p. 654. 12044: 12028: 12026:, p. 653. 12013: 12011:, p. 258. 12001: 11998:. Basic Books. 11986: 11967: 11947: 11917: 11915:, p. 651. 11905: 11903:, p. 646. 11893: 11891:, p. 645. 11877: 11875:, p. 638. 11865: 11833: 11831:, p. 637. 11818: 11816:, p. 636. 11806: 11774: 11772:, p. 625. 11758: 11746: 11744:, p. 630. 11730: 11714: 11698: 11696:, p. 628. 11686: 11684:, p. 627. 11670: 11668:, p. 624. 11658: 11656:, p. 633. 11642: 11626: 11593: 11575: 11573:, p. 622. 11559: 11557:, p. 621. 11543: 11541:, p. 621. 11527: 11497: 11495:, p. 621. 11485: 11473: 11471:, p. 612. 11458: 11447:. 26 June 2023 11432: 11430:, p. 611. 11416: 11414:, p. 610. 11400: 11388: 11386:, p. 608. 11376: 11360: 11348: 11332: 11320: 11318:, p. 580. 11304: 11302:, p. 579. 11288: 11272: 11260: 11248: 11246:, p. 575. 11232: 11227:Deutsche Welle 11211: 11209:, p. 575. 11199: 11197:, p. 539. 11187: 11185:, p. 531. 11175: 11159: 11157:, p. 536. 11147: 11145:, p. 533. 11131: 11129:, p. 533. 11119: 11117:, p. 532. 11107: 11095: 11093:, p. 529. 11083: 11081:, p. 530. 11071: 11069:, p. 529. 11055: 11043: 11027: 11007: 10991: 10989:, p. 569. 10979: 10977:, p. 595. 10963: 10961:, p. 595. 10947: 10931: 10929:, p. 570. 10919: 10917:, p. 593. 10903: 10891: 10889:, p. 214. 10879: 10877:, p. 572. 10867: 10865:, p. 572. 10851: 10839: 10837:, p. 568. 10827: 10815: 10799: 10773: 10761: 10759:, p. 565. 10749: 10747:, p. 564. 10737: 10714: 10684: 10682:, p. 546. 10672: 10670:, p. 550. 10656: 10649: 10629: 10627:, p. 552. 10614: 10612:, p. 543. 10602: 10586: 10584:, p. 172. 10574: 10572:, p. 515. 10559: 10543: 10541:, p. 513. 10527: 10507: 10505:, p. 511. 10491: 10489:, p. 509. 10475: 10473:, p. 509. 10460: 10444: 10442:, p. 507. 10428: 10416: 10404: 10402:, p. 505. 10392: 10390:, p. 427. 10380: 10368: 10356: 10340: 10338:, p. 481. 10324: 10312: 10310:, p. 465. 10297: 10288: 10279: 10270: 10268:, p. 385. 10254: 10242: 10240:, p. 230. 10230: 10218: 10216:, p. 379. 10206: 10204:, p. 386. 10194: 10178: 10176:, p. 503. 10158: 10156:, p. 128. 10146: 10144:, p. 452. 10130: 10128:, p. 435. 10114: 10112:, p. 119. 10094: 10092:, p. 117. 10070: 10068:, p. 370. 10058: 10038: 10020: 10018:, p. 369. 10004: 10002:, p. 368. 9992: 9990:, p. 368. 9972: 9970:, p. 386. 9956: 9954:, p. 367. 9950:, p. 76; 9936: 9924: 9922:, p. 142. 9912: 9910:, p. 498. 9900: 9888: 9872: 9860: 9840: 9820: 9818:, p. 419. 9808: 9792: 9790:, p. 415. 9780: 9778:, p. 414. 9768: 9752: 9750:, p. 401. 9740: 9720: 9704: 9692: 9680: 9678:, p. 215. 9668: 9656: 9644: 9628: 9626:, p. 392. 9616: 9614:, p. 144. 9604: 9592: 9586:, p. 43; 9576: 9564: 9544: 9524: 9522:, p. 387. 9504: 9492: 9490:, p. 387. 9480: 9468: 9456: 9454:, p. 444. 9440: 9438:, p. 442. 9421: 9419:, p. 434. 9409: 9407:, p. 433. 9397: 9381: 9379:, p. 444. 9365: 9349: 9333: 9331:, p. 371. 9317: 9315:, p. 359. 9305: 9303:, p. 352. 9293: 9277: 9275:, p. 353. 9257: 9255:, p. 351. 9237: 9225: 9219:, p. 94; 9209: 9197: 9195:, p. 342. 9177: 9175:, p. 321. 9161: 9155:, p. 92; 9141: 9139:, p. 319. 9125: 9108: 9106:, p. 195. 9096: 9084: 9082:, p. 340. 9068: 9066:, p. 340. 9062:, p. 74; 9052: 9050:, p. 397. 9036: 9034:, p. 131. 9024: 9022:, p. 341. 9008: 9006:, p. 315. 8996: 8994:, p. 317. 8984: 8972: 8970:, p. 314. 8957: 8955:, p. 450. 8941: 8925: 8923:, p. 313. 8909: 8907:, p. 312. 8897: 8895:, p. 311. 8885: 8883:, p. 310. 8873: 8871:, p. 308. 8861: 8845: 8843:, p. 222. 8833: 8821: 8819:, p. 267. 8809: 8807:, p. 304. 8794: 8778: 8776:, p. 294. 8772:, p. 81; 8758: 8756:, p. 291. 8752:, p. 80; 8742: 8740:, p. 484. 8730: 8728:, p. 114. 8718: 8706: 8704:, p. 286. 8691: 8689:, p. 285. 8679: 8659: 8657:, p. 278. 8643: 8641:, p. 278. 8631: 8629:, p. 275. 8619: 8617:, p. 263. 8604: 8592: 8590:, p. 272. 8575: 8573:, p. 271. 8556: 8554:, p. 266. 8544: 8532: 8530:, p. 137. 8520: 8518:, p. 134. 8508: 8506:, p. 241. 8493: 8491:, p. 240. 8481: 8479:, p. 240. 8465: 8463:, p. 330. 8453: 8451:, p. 329. 8438: 8432:, p. 71; 8422: 8420:, p. 324. 8407: 8405:, p. 322. 8392: 8380: 8378:, p. 251. 8368: 8366:, p. 148. 8356: 8354:, p. 143. 8344: 8328: 8316: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8278:, p. 238. 8274:, p. 22; 8264: 8262:, p. 233. 8252: 8250:, p. 233. 8246:, p. 62; 8236: 8220: 8218:, p. 232. 8208: 8206:, p. 236. 8202:, p. 19; 8192: 8190:, p. 236. 8186:, p. 86; 8172: 8160: 8158:, p. 236. 8154:, p. 16; 8144: 8142:, p. 166. 8129: 8110: 8083: 8064: 8041: 8025: 8013: 8001: 7989: 7956: 7922: 7910: 7898: 7896:, p. 236. 7886: 7874: 7872:, p. 235. 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7786: 7771: 7769:, p. 222. 7765:, p. 53; 7751: 7749:, p. 221. 7745:, p. 97; 7735: 7733:, p. 220. 7729:, p. 52; 7725:, p. 95; 7711: 7695: 7683: 7681:, p. 223. 7677:, p. 54; 7667: 7661:, p. 20; 7651: 7639: 7637:, p. 228. 7627: 7625:, p. 237. 7621:, p. 60; 7603: 7601:, p. 213. 7597:, p. 59; 7593:, p. 87; 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7541:, p. 46; 7537:, p. 16; 7527: 7515: 7499: 7497:, p. 204. 7493:, p. 45; 7489:, p. 62; 7475: 7473:, p. 197. 7463: 7461:, p. 201. 7457:, p. 44; 7443: 7441:, p. 196. 7437:, p. 44; 7433:, p. 59; 7419: 7417:, p. 155. 7407: 7405:, p. 195. 7401:, p. 44; 7391: 7389:, p. 196. 7375: 7359: 7357:, p. 193. 7347: 7345:, p. 193. 7341:, p. 43; 7337:, p. 57; 7327: 7325:, p. 192. 7321:, p. 43; 7303: 7287: 7281:, p. 50; 7271: 7269:, p. 182. 7265:, p. 31; 7261:, p. 47; 7251: 7245:, p. 31; 7227: 7225:, p. 182. 7215: 7213:, p. 181. 7209:, p. 32; 7195: 7193:, p. 181. 7189:, p. 32; 7179: 7167: 7165:, p. 123. 7155: 7153:, p. 180. 7143: 7137:, p. 41; 7133:, p. 43; 7119: 7117:, p. 107. 7104: 7102:, p. 173. 7089: 7077: 7065: 7049: 7043:, p. 32; 7039:, p. 40; 7025: 7009: 7007:, p. 166. 7003:, p. 40; 6993: 6991:, p. 165. 6978: 6966: 6954: 6952:, p. 161. 6942: 6940:, p. 157. 6936:, p. 36; 6932:, p. 92; 6922: 6910: 6908:, p. 156. 6898: 6886: 6884:, p. 153. 6871: 6869:, p. 152. 6859: 6847: 6841:, p. 30; 6831: 6819: 6817:, p. 149. 6813:, p. 78; 6803: 6787: 6781:, p. 35; 6771: 6755: 6753:, p. 157. 6740: 6728: 6726:, p. 123. 6716: 6710:, p. 33; 6700: 6698:, p. 130. 6684: 6682:, p. 129. 6672: 6670:, p. 127. 6657: 6645: 6643:, p. 121. 6639:, p. 73; 6629: 6627:, p. 121. 6617: 6605: 6603:, p. 120. 6599:, p. 29; 6595:, p. 32; 6591:, p. 65; 6581: 6569: 6567:, p. 125. 6553: 6551:, p. 124. 6547:, p. 30; 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6495:, p. 119. 6491:, p. 28; 6487:, p. 32; 6483:, p. 63; 6473: 6471:, p. 116. 6458: 6452:, p. 61; 6442: 6440:, p. 107. 6430: 6424:, p. 24; 6420:, p. 50; 6410: 6408:, p. 149. 6398: 6396:, p. 102. 6381: 6375:, p. 49; 6365: 6363:, p. 100. 6353: 6347:, p. 23; 6337: 6325: 6323:, p. 100. 6319:, p. 23; 6309: 6303:, p. 23; 6299:, p. 31; 6295:, p. 47; 6285: 6273: 6267:, p. 25; 6263:, p. 32; 6259:, p. 74; 6249: 6237: 6225: 6219:, p. 22; 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6155:, p. 29; 6151:, p. 19; 6147:, p. 63; 6137: 6131:, p. 29; 6127:, p. 19; 6113: 6107:, p. 23; 6097: 6091:, p. 23; 6087:, p. 19; 6077: 6065: 6049: 6037: 6031:, p. 31; 6021: 6015:, p. 21; 6005: 5989: 5983:, p. 20; 5973: 5957: 5945: 5939:, p. 42; 5929: 5917: 5905: 5899:, p. 20; 5886: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5844:, p. 15; 5834: 5828:, p. 20; 5818: 5812:, p. 19; 5808:, p. 11; 5794: 5782: 5776:, p. 19; 5766: 5754: 5748:, p. 19; 5744:, p. 10; 5734: 5728:, p. 19; 5718: 5706: 5694: 5688:, p. 14; 5678: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5621:, p. 18; 5607: 5592: 5586:, p. 18; 5572: 5566:, p. 18; 5556: 5544: 5538:, p. 18; 5524: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5458:, p. 17; 5444: 5438:, p. 17; 5424: 5412: 5396: 5390:, p. 16; 5380: 5368: 5362:, p. 15; 5352: 5336: 5324: 5309: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5264:, p. 15; 5250: 5244:, p. 15; 5234: 5222: 5216:, p. 15; 5208:, p. 22; 5198: 5170: 5151: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5098: 5094:The Queen died 5086: 4935: 4906: 4893: 4864: 4848: 4835: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4740:Alvis Hermanis 4719: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673:The New Russia 4670: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4503:Reagan Library 4486: 4483: 4469:The historian 4462:in the 1990s. 4443:British Empire 4432: 4431: 4409: 4408: 4390: 4374: 4371: 4344:January Events 4328:Brian Mulroney 4323:Justin Trudeau 4303:Micheál Martin 4281:Naina Yeltsina 4270: 4267: 4226:lying in state 4217: 4214: 4138: 4135: 4123:Main article: 4120: 4117: 4080: 4077: 4035: 4032: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3878: 3842:Wind of Change 3796:Michael McFaul 3740: 3737: 3685:Vladimir Putin 3668: 3665: 3627:Main article: 3624: 3621: 3550: 3549: 3531: 3530: 3496:Apple Computer 3427: 3424: 3422: 3421:Post-USSR life 3419: 3383:Brest, Belarus 3290:Main article: 3287: 3284: 3214:buildings and 3166: 3163: 3113:invaded Kuwait 3109:Saddam Hussein 3090:some confusion 3080: 3077: 3057:1990 elections 3008: 3005: 2988: 2985: 2944:, October 1990 2872:Operation Ring 2852:Crimean Tatars 2834: 2831: 2789:Soviet Embassy 2704: 2701: 2654: 2651: 2643:Nina Andreyeva 2583:Katyn massacre 2574:Supreme Soviet 2568: 2565: 2555: 2552: 2536:socialist camp 2528:Hafez al-Assad 2493:Erich Honecker 2403: 2402:Foreign policy 2400: 2379:intelligentsia 2370:Yury Afanasyev 2360:Yegor Yakovlev 2350:Sergei Zalygin 2316:bootleg liquor 2242: 2239: 2219:Viktor Grishin 2189: 2186: 2167: 2166: 2146:it, or adding 2123: 2121: 2114: 2096: 2093: 2085:Andrei Gromyko 2049:Pierre Trudeau 2041:Vladimir Lenin 1968: 1965: 1941:Mikhail Suslov 1937:Alexei Kosygin 1896:Giuseppe Boffa 1858: 1855: 1839:Czechoslovakia 1788:Fyodor Kulakov 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1627:Order of Lenin 1495: 1494: 1452:, then in the 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1418:Vladimir Putin 1273:. Studying at 1224:Supreme Soviet 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1177: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1044:Foreign policy 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1001: 1000: 998:1989 elections 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 952: 939: 938: 914: 913: 910: 909: 897:a series about 893: 891: 875: 874: 871: 870: 868: 867: 862: 851: 843: 842: 840: 839: 836: 830: 820: 819: 818: 815: 814: 791: 772: 765: 742: 741: 740: 737: 736: 729: 718: 713: 712: 711: 710: 709: 706: 705: 696: 692: 691: 684: 680: 679: 673: 669: 668: 656: 650: 649: 646: 642: 641: 630: 626: 621: 620: 618: 614: 613: 611: 610: 602: 594: 586: 578: 569: 567: 563: 562: 556: 552: 551: 550:Moscow, Russia 548:(aged 91) 544:30 August 2022 542: 538: 537: 518: 514: 513: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 473: 472: 469: 463: 462: 452: 451: 444: 443: 438: 432: 431: 426: 420: 419: 409: 408: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 384: 383: 379: 376: 370: 369: 367:Andrei Gromyko 364: 358: 357: 347: 346: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 322: 319: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 292: 291: 285: 284: 282: 281: 272: 268: 266: 260: 259: 257: 256: 253:1991, disputed 249: 242: 237: 235: 229: 228: 223: 220:Vice President 215: 214: 204: 203: 197: 196: 190: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 161: 160: 155: 150: 144: 142: 138: 137: 127: 126: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 104: 103: 95: 94: 91: 84: 83: 63:it, or adding 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 32504: 32493: 32490: 32488: 32485: 32483: 32480: 32478: 32475: 32473: 32470: 32468: 32465: 32463: 32460: 32458: 32455: 32453: 32450: 32448: 32445: 32443: 32440: 32438: 32435: 32433: 32430: 32428: 32425: 32423: 32420: 32418: 32415: 32413: 32410: 32408: 32405: 32403: 32400: 32398: 32395: 32393: 32390: 32388: 32385: 32383: 32380: 32378: 32375: 32373: 32370: 32368: 32365: 32363: 32360: 32358: 32355: 32353: 32350: 32348: 32345: 32343: 32340: 32338: 32335: 32333: 32330: 32328: 32325: 32323: 32320: 32318: 32315: 32313: 32310: 32308: 32305: 32303: 32300: 32298: 32295: 32293: 32290: 32288: 32285: 32283: 32280: 32278: 32275: 32273: 32270: 32268: 32265: 32263: 32260: 32258: 32255: 32253: 32250: 32248: 32245: 32243: 32240: 32238: 32235: 32234: 32232: 32221:from Wikidata 32220: 32219: 32207: 32203: 32202: 32190: 32186: 32185: 32173: 32170:from Wikinews 32169: 32168: 32156: 32152: 32151: 32139: 32138: 32135: 32129: 32121: 32116: 32111: 32109: 32099: 32097: 32087: 32085: 32075: 32074: 32071: 32051: 32047: 32044: 32043:Mother Teresa 32040: 32037: 32033: 32030: 32026: 32023: 32019: 32016: 32012: 32009: 32005: 32002: 31998: 31995: 31991: 31988: 31984: 31981: 31977: 31974: 31970: 31967: 31963: 31960: 31956: 31952: 31949: 31945: 31942: 31938: 31935: 31931: 31928: 31924: 31921: 31917: 31914: 31910: 31909: 31907: 31903: 31896: 31892: 31889: 31885: 31882: 31878: 31877:Francis Crick 31874: 31871: 31867: 31864: 31860: 31857: 31853: 31850: 31846: 31843: 31842:Leakey family 31839: 31836: 31832: 31829: 31825: 31822: 31818: 31815: 31811: 31808: 31807:Sigmund Freud 31804: 31801: 31797: 31794: 31790: 31787: 31783: 31780: 31776: 31773: 31772:Rachel Carson 31769: 31766: 31762: 31759: 31758:Leo Baekeland 31755: 31754: 31752: 31748: 31741: 31737: 31734: 31730: 31727: 31723: 31720: 31719:David Sarnoff 31716: 31713: 31709: 31706: 31702: 31699: 31695: 31692: 31688: 31685: 31681: 31678: 31677:Lucky Luciano 31674: 31671: 31667: 31664: 31660: 31657: 31653: 31650: 31646: 31643: 31639: 31636: 31632: 31629: 31625: 31622: 31618: 31615: 31611: 31608: 31604: 31603: 31601: 31597: 31590: 31589:Oprah Winfrey 31586: 31583: 31579: 31576: 31572: 31569: 31568:Frank Sinatra 31565: 31562: 31558: 31555: 31551: 31548: 31547:Pablo Picasso 31544: 31541: 31537: 31534: 31530: 31527: 31526:Martha Graham 31523: 31520: 31516: 31513: 31509: 31506: 31502: 31499: 31495: 31492: 31488: 31485: 31481: 31478: 31477:Marlon Brando 31474: 31471: 31467: 31464: 31460: 31457: 31453: 31452: 31450: 31446: 31439: 31435: 31432: 31428: 31425: 31421: 31418: 31414: 31411: 31407: 31404: 31400: 31397: 31393: 31390: 31389:Ronald Reagan 31386: 31383: 31379: 31376: 31372: 31369: 31365: 31362: 31358: 31355: 31351: 31348: 31344: 31341: 31337: 31334: 31330: 31327: 31323: 31320: 31316: 31313: 31309: 31306: 31302: 31301: 31299: 31295: 31291: 31289: 31281: 31276: 31274: 31269: 31267: 31262: 31261: 31258: 31246: 31243: 31242: 31238: 31236: 31233: 31232: 31228: 31227: 31225: 31221: 31215: 31212: 31211: 31207: 31205: 31202: 31201: 31197: 31195: 31192: 31191: 31187: 31184: 31180: 31177: 31176: 31172: 31170: 31169: 31165: 31164: 31160: 31157: 31153: 31152: 31148: 31147: 31143: 31140: 31136: 31135: 31131: 31130: 31126: 31123: 31119: 31118: 31114: 31113: 31109: 31108: 31106: 31102: 31094: 31091: 31090: 31089: 31088: 31084: 31083: 31079: 31078: 31076: 31074: 31069: 31061: 31058: 31057: 31056: 31053: 31052: 31051:Boris Yeltsin 31048: 31047: 31045: 31041: 31037: 31033: 31026: 31021: 31019: 31014: 31012: 31007: 31006: 31003: 30986: 30982: 30979: 30975: 30973: 30969: 30967: 30963: 30961: 30957: 30955: 30951: 30947: 30945: 30941: 30939: 30935: 30933: 30929: 30925: 30923: 30919: 30918: 30915: 30908: 30904: 30894: 30890: 30887: 30883: 30881: 30877: 30875: 30871: 30869: 30865: 30861: 30859: 30855: 30852: 30848: 30844: 30840: 30836: 30834: 30830: 30828: 30824: 30822: 30818: 30816: 30812: 30810: 30806: 30804: 30800: 30798: 30794: 30792: 30788: 30786: 30782: 30778: 30774: 30770: 30768: 30764: 30760: 30756: 30752: 30748: 30744: 30740: 30738: 30734: 30730: 30728: 30724: 30722: 30718: 30716: 30715:Yasser Arafat 30712: 30711:Yitzhak Rabin 30708: 30706: 30702: 30700: 30696: 30692: 30689: 30685: 30683: 30679: 30677: 30673: 30669: 30667: 30663: 30661: 30657: 30655: 30651: 30647: 30645: 30644:Raúl Alfonsín 30641: 30639: 30635: 30633: 30629: 30627: 30623: 30621: 30617: 30616: 30613: 30606: 30602: 30597: 30589: 30584: 30582: 30577: 30575: 30570: 30569: 30566: 30554: 30551: 30549: 30546: 30544: 30541: 30539: 30536: 30534: 30531: 30529: 30526: 30524: 30521: 30519: 30516: 30514: 30511: 30509: 30506: 30504: 30501: 30498: 30494: 30493: 30490: 30483: 30480: 30477: 30476:Merton Miller 30474: 30471: 30468: 30467: 30465: 30463: 30459: 30452: 30449: 30446: 30443: 30442: 30440: 30438: 30434: 30427: 30424: 30421: 30418: 30415: 30412: 30411: 30409: 30407: 30403: 30398: 30394: 30392: 30388: 30383: 30379: 30376: 30372: 30368: 30363: 30359: 30357: 30353: 30348: 30340: 30335: 30333: 30328: 30326: 30321: 30320: 30317: 30304: 30300: 30296: 30293: 30289: 30285: 30282: 30278: 30274: 30270: 30266: 30263: 30259: 30255: 30251: 30248: 30244: 30240: 30237: 30233: 30229: 30226: 30222: 30221:Denis Mukwege 30218: 30214: 30211: 30207: 30203: 30200: 30196: 30192: 30189: 30185: 30181: 30178: 30174: 30170: 30166: 30163: 30159: 30155: 30152: 30148: 30144: 30141: 30137: 30136:Leymah Gbowee 30133: 30129: 30125: 30122: 30118: 30114: 30111: 30107: 30103: 30100: 30096: 30092: 30089: 30085: 30081: 30077: 30074: 30070: 30066: 30062: 30059: 30055: 30051: 30047: 30044: 30040: 30036: 30033: 30029: 30025: 30022: 30018: 30014: 30011: 30007: 30003: 29999: 29998: 29996: 29992: 29985: 29980: 29977: 29972: 29969: 29968:David Trimble 29965: 29960: 29957: 29956:Jody Williams 29953: 29948: 29945: 29941: 29936: 29933: 29929: 29924: 29921: 29920:Yasser Arafat 29917: 29916:Yitzhak Rabin 29913: 29908: 29905: 29901: 29896: 29893: 29888: 29885: 29880: 29877: 29872: 29869: 29864: 29861: 29856: 29853: 29848: 29845: 29840: 29837: 29832: 29829: 29824: 29821: 29816: 29813: 29809: 29804: 29801: 29796: 29793: 29788: 29785: 29784:Mother Teresa 29780: 29777: 29773: 29768: 29765: 29760: 29757: 29753: 29748: 29747: 29745: 29741: 29734: 29729: 29726: 29722: 29721:Seán MacBride 29717: 29714: 29710: 29708: 29702: 29695: 29692: 29688: 29684: 29681: 29677: 29673: 29670: 29666: 29662: 29659: 29655: 29651: 29647: 29642: 29638: 29633: 29630: 29626: 29622: 29619: 29615: 29611: 29608: 29604: 29599: 29596: 29595:Linus Pauling 29591: 29588: 29583: 29580: 29575: 29572: 29567: 29564: 29559: 29556: 29551: 29544: 29537: 29534: 29529: 29526: 29521: 29518: 29513: 29510: 29505: 29504: 29502: 29498: 29491: 29486: 29483: 29482:John Boyd Orr 29478: 29471: 29468: 29464: 29459: 29456: 29452: 29447: 29444: 29439: 29436: 29431: 29424: 29417: 29410: 29403: 29396: 29393: 29388: 29385: 29380: 29377: 29372: 29369: 29364: 29361: 29356: 29353: 29352:Norman Angell 29348: 29341: 29338: 29334: 29329: 29326: 29321: 29318: 29313: 29306: 29303: 29302:Ludwig Quidde 29299: 29294: 29291: 29287: 29282: 29281: 29279: 29275: 29268: 29267:Charles Dawes 29264: 29259: 29252: 29245: 29242: 29237: 29234: 29230: 29225: 29222: 29217: 29214: 29209: 29202: 29199: 29194: 29187: 29180: 29173: 29170: 29165: 29162: 29157: 29154: 29150: 29145: 29142: 29137: 29134: 29130: 29125: 29122: 29121:Fredrik Bajer 29118: 29113: 29110: 29109:Louis Renault 29106: 29101: 29098: 29093: 29090: 29085: 29082: 29077: 29074: 29073:Randal Cremer 29069: 29066: 29065:Charles Gobat 29062: 29061:Élie Ducommun 29057: 29054: 29050: 29046: 29042: 29041: 29039: 29035: 29031: 29027: 29020: 29015: 29013: 29008: 29006: 29001: 29000: 28997: 28986: 28980: 28972: 28968: 28967:Julie Andrews 28964: 28960: 28956: 28952: 28948: 28944: 28940: 28936: 28932: 28928: 28927: 28922: 28918: 28914: 28910: 28906: 28902: 28901: 28896: 28892: 28888: 28884: 28880: 28876: 28872: 28868: 28867: 28862: 28858: 28854: 28853: 28848: 28844: 28840: 28836: 28835: 28833: 28829: 28821: 28817: 28816: 28811: 28807: 28803: 28799: 28798:Graham Greene 28795: 28791: 28787: 28783: 28779: 28775: 28774: 28769: 28765: 28761: 28760: 28755: 28751: 28747: 28746: 28741: 28737: 28733: 28732: 28727: 28723: 28719: 28718: 28713: 28712: 28710: 28706: 28702: 28695: 28690: 28688: 28683: 28681: 28676: 28675: 28672: 28658: 28654: 28650: 28646: 28642: 28638: 28634: 28630: 28629:Kamala Harris 28626: 28622: 28618: 28614: 28609: 28608: 28603: 28599: 28595: 28591: 28585: 28581: 28577: 28573: 28569: 28565: 28564:Angela Merkel 28561: 28556: 28555:Salome Karwah 28552: 28548: 28543: 28539: 28535: 28531: 28527: 28523: 28522:The Protester 28519: 28515: 28511: 28507: 28503: 28499: 28495: 28491: 28487: 28483: 28479: 28474: 28473:Melinda Gates 28470: 28466: 28460: 28456: 28452: 28448: 28444: 28439: 28435: 28434:Coleen Rowley 28431: 28425: 28421: 28417: 28416: 28414: 28410: 28402: 28398: 28394: 28390: 28386: 28382: 28378: 28374: 28370: 28366: 28362: 28358: 28357:Newt Gingrich 28354: 28350: 28346: 28341: 28340:Yitzhak Rabin 28337: 28333: 28329: 28328:Yasser Arafat 28323: 28319: 28315: 28311: 28307: 28303: 28299: 28295: 28291: 28287: 28283: 28279: 28275: 28271: 28267: 28263: 28262:Deng Xiaoping 28259: 28255: 28251: 28247: 28246:Yuri Andropov 28243: 28242:Ronald Reagan 28239: 28235: 28231: 28227: 28223: 28219: 28218:Ronald Reagan 28215: 28211: 28207: 28203: 28202:Deng Xiaoping 28199: 28195: 28191: 28187: 28183: 28182: 28180: 28176: 28167: 28163: 28159: 28155: 28151: 28147: 28143: 28139: 28135: 28131: 28127: 28123: 28117: 28113: 28109: 28105: 28101: 28097: 28096:Richard Nixon 28093: 28089: 28085: 28084:Richard Nixon 28081: 28077: 28073: 28069: 28065: 28060: 28056: 28052: 28048: 28043: 28039: 28035: 28031: 28027: 28023: 28019: 28015: 28011: 28007: 28003: 27999: 27995: 27991: 27987: 27982: 27978: 27974: 27970: 27969:Edward Teller 27966: 27962: 27958: 27954: 27950: 27949:Linus Pauling 27946: 27945:Willard Libby 27942: 27938: 27934: 27930: 27926: 27925:George Beadle 27920: 27916: 27912: 27908: 27904: 27900: 27896: 27892: 27888: 27884: 27880: 27876: 27872: 27868: 27864: 27860: 27859:Elizabeth II 27856: 27852: 27848: 27847: 27845: 27841: 27833: 27829: 27825: 27821: 27817: 27813: 27809: 27805: 27801: 27797: 27793: 27789: 27785: 27781: 27777: 27773: 27769: 27768:Joseph Stalin 27765: 27761: 27757: 27753: 27749: 27745: 27744:Joseph Stalin 27741: 27737: 27733: 27729: 27725: 27721: 27717: 27713: 27709: 27705: 27701: 27697: 27693: 27689: 27685: 27681: 27677: 27673: 27669: 27665: 27661: 27660:Owen D. Young 27657: 27653: 27649: 27645: 27641: 27640: 27638: 27634: 27630: 27628: 27620: 27615: 27613: 27608: 27606: 27601: 27600: 27597: 27585: 27582: 27580: 27577: 27575: 27572: 27571: 27569: 27565: 27555: 27554:Jewish Agency 27552: 27550: 27547: 27546: 27544: 27540: 27534: 27531: 27529: 27526: 27524: 27521: 27519: 27516: 27515: 27513: 27511:United States 27509: 27503: 27500: 27498: 27495: 27493: 27490: 27488: 27485: 27483: 27480: 27479: 27477: 27473: 27470: 27468:Organisations 27466: 27452: 27447: 27442: 27441: 27439: 27435: 27429: 27424: 27419: 27418: 27416: 27412: 27409: 27405: 27399: 27396: 27394: 27391: 27389: 27386: 27384: 27383:Simcha Dinitz 27381: 27379: 27376: 27374: 27371: 27369: 27366: 27364: 27361: 27359: 27358:Yitzhak Rabin 27356: 27354: 27351: 27350: 27348: 27344: 27338: 27335: 27333: 27330: 27328: 27327:Charles Vanik 27325: 27323: 27320: 27318: 27317:George Shultz 27315: 27313: 27310: 27308: 27307:Ronald Reagan 27305: 27303: 27300: 27299: 27297: 27295:United States 27293: 27283: 27280: 27278: 27275: 27273: 27270: 27268: 27265: 27263: 27260: 27259: 27257: 27255: 27251: 27245: 27242: 27240: 27237: 27235: 27234:Yakov Fishman 27232: 27230: 27227: 27225: 27222: 27220: 27217: 27215: 27214:Yuri Andropov 27212: 27210: 27207: 27206: 27204: 27202: 27198: 27194: 27191: 27189: 27185: 27181: 27178: 27174: 27168: 27165: 27163: 27160: 27158: 27155: 27153: 27150: 27148: 27145: 27143: 27140: 27138: 27135: 27134: 27132: 27128: 27118: 27117:Georgian Jews 27115: 27113: 27112:Bukharan Jews 27110: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27097:Mountain Jews 27095: 27093: 27090: 27089: 27087: 27085: 27084:Jewish groups 27081: 27075: 27072: 27070: 27069:Slánský trial 27067: 27065: 27062: 27060: 27057: 27055: 27052: 27050: 27049:Joseph Stalin 27047: 27045: 27042: 27040: 27039:The Holocaust 27037: 27036: 27034: 27030: 27027: 27023: 27012: 27008: 27005:movement and 27004: 26997: 26992: 26990: 26985: 26983: 26978: 26977: 26974: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26945: 26942: 26941: 26940: 26937: 26935: 26932: 26930: 26927: 26925: 26922: 26920: 26917: 26915: 26912: 26910: 26907: 26905: 26902: 26900: 26897: 26895: 26892: 26890: 26887: 26886: 26884: 26880: 26874: 26871: 26865: 26862: 26860: 26857: 26855: 26852: 26851: 26850: 26847: 26845: 26842: 26840: 26837: 26836: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26797: 26794: 26793: 26791: 26789:Peace process 26787: 26779: 26776: 26775: 26774: 26763: 26762: 26757: 26754: 26753: 26752: 26741: 26740: 26735: 26732: 26730: 26729:Pavel Grachev 26727: 26725: 26715: 26714: 26713: 26702: 26701: 26696: 26693: 26691: 26688: 26686: 26683: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26673: 26671: 26670:Rahim Gaziyev 26668: 26666: 26663: 26662: 26661: 26650: 26649: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26615: 26614: 26603: 26602: 26597: 26594: 26592: 26589: 26587: 26584: 26582: 26579: 26577: 26574: 26572: 26569: 26568: 26567: 26556: 26555: 26553: 26549: 26541: 26538: 26536: 26533: 26532: 26531: 26520: 26519: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26508:Boris Yeltsin 26506: 26504: 26494: 26493: 26492: 26481: 26480: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26461: 26460: 26457: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26447:Heydar Aliyev 26445: 26443: 26440: 26438: 26435: 26434: 26433: 26422: 26421: 26416: 26413: 26411: 26408: 26406: 26405:Bako Sahakyan 26403: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26386: 26383: 26382: 26381: 26370: 26369: 26364: 26361: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26345: 26344: 26333: 26332: 26330: 26326: 26318: 26315: 26313: 26310: 26306: 26303: 26302: 26301: 26298: 26296: 26293: 26291: 26288: 26286: 26283: 26281: 26278: 26277: 26276: 26273: 26269: 26266: 26264: 26261: 26259: 26256: 26254: 26251: 26249: 26246: 26244: 26241: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26231: 26230: 26229: 26226: 26225: 26223: 26219: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26197: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26186: 26183: 26181: 26178: 26176: 26173: 26171: 26168: 26164: 26161: 26160: 26159: 26158:Border crisis 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26140: 26138: 26134: 26126: 26123: 26122: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26111: 26108: 26106: 26103: 26101: 26098: 26095: 26091: 26087: 26083: 26079: 26075: 26071: 26069: 26066: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26056: 26054: 26051: 26049: 26046: 26044: 26041: 26040: 26038: 26035: 26031: 26023: 26020: 26018: 26015: 26013: 26010: 26009: 26008: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25993: 25990: 25989: 25987: 25985: 25982: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25964: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25951: 25948: 25946: 25943: 25942: 25940: 25936: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25922: 25920: 25917: 25915: 25912: 25910: 25907: 25905: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25882: 25879: 25876: 25873: 25870: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25850: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25824: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25790:Bağanis Ayrum 25788: 25786: 25783: 25780: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25762:Gugark pogrom 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25752:Askeran clash 25750: 25748: 25745: 25744: 25742: 25739: 25735: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25716: 25712: 25709: 25708: 25707: 25704: 25700: 25697: 25696: 25695: 25692: 25690: 25687: 25685: 25682: 25680: 25677: 25673: 25670: 25669: 25668: 25665: 25664: 25662: 25658: 25654: 25647: 25642: 25640: 25635: 25633: 25628: 25627: 25624: 25612: 25604: 25602: 25594: 25592: 25591: 25580: 25579: 25576: 25570: 25569: 25565: 25563: 25562: 25558: 25556: 25555: 25551: 25549: 25548: 25544: 25542: 25541: 25537: 25535: 25534: 25530: 25528: 25527: 25523: 25521: 25520: 25516: 25514: 25513: 25509: 25507: 25506: 25502: 25500: 25499: 25495: 25493: 25492: 25488: 25486: 25485: 25481: 25479: 25478: 25474: 25472: 25471: 25470:List of films 25467: 25466: 25464: 25460: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25435: 25433: 25429: 25423: 25420: 25418: 25415: 25414: 25412: 25408: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25354: 25352: 25349: 25347: 25344: 25342: 25339: 25338: 25336: 25332: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25311: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25272: 25270: 25266: 25256: 25253: 25251: 25248: 25246: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25231: 25228: 25226: 25223: 25222: 25220: 25216: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25199:Babrak Karmal 25197: 25195: 25192: 25190: 25187: 25185: 25184:Yuri Andropov 25182: 25180: 25177: 25176: 25174: 25170: 25167: 25163: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25147:Hezb-e Wahdat 25145: 25143: 25140: 25136: 25133: 25132: 25131: 25128: 25124: 25123:Shura-e Nazar 25121: 25120: 25119: 25116: 25114: 25111: 25110: 25108: 25104: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25089: 25087: 25083: 25080: 25076: 25070: 25066: 25062: 25061: 25058: 25054: 25047: 25042: 25040: 25035: 25033: 25028: 25027: 25024: 25012: 25009: 25007: 25004: 25002: 24999: 24998: 24995: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24973:War on terror 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24950: 24948: 24944: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24874: 24872: 24868:Espionage and 24866: 24860: 24857: 24855: 24852: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24832: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24819:Andrew Thorpe 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24714:Gabriel Kolko 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24679:Fred Halliday 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24664:Lloyd Gardner 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24624:Norman Davies 24622: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24612: 24610: 24609:John Costello 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24576: 24574: 24570: 24564: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24550: 24548: 24544:Technological 24542: 24532: 24529: 24527: 24524: 24523: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24514: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24502: 24498: 24497: 24495: 24491: 24485: 24484: 24480: 24478: 24475: 24473: 24472: 24468: 24466: 24465: 24461: 24459: 24456: 24454: 24453: 24449: 24447: 24446: 24442: 24440: 24439: 24435: 24433: 24430: 24429: 24427: 24425:Pro-communist 24423: 24420: 24416: 24410: 24407: 24405: 24402: 24400: 24397: 24395: 24392: 24390: 24387: 24385: 24382: 24380: 24377: 24375: 24372: 24370: 24367: 24365: 24362: 24360: 24357: 24356: 24354: 24352:Organizations 24350: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24330: 24327: 24325: 24322: 24320: 24317: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24277: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24265: 24262: 24260: 24257: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24227: 24225: 24222: 24221: 24219: 24215: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24183: 24179: 24177: 24174: 24172: 24169: 24167: 24166:Eurocommunism 24164: 24162: 24159: 24157: 24154: 24152: 24149: 24148: 24146: 24144: 24140: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24109: 24106: 24104: 24101: 24097: 24094: 24093: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24078: 24076: 24074: 24070: 24067: 24063: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24042: 24039: 24037: 24034: 24032: 24029: 24027: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23996:Domino theory 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23978: 23976: 23972: 23966: 23963: 23961: 23958: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23950:South Ossetia 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23927: 23925: 23923: 23919: 23913: 23910: 23906: 23903: 23902: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23857: 23855: 23851: 23845: 23842: 23840: 23837: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23825: 23822: 23820: 23817: 23815: 23812: 23810: 23807: 23805: 23802: 23800: 23797: 23795: 23792: 23790: 23787: 23785: 23782: 23780: 23777: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23765: 23762: 23760: 23757: 23755: 23752: 23750: 23747: 23744: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23734:8888 Uprising 23732: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23717: 23715: 23712: 23710: 23707: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23679:Iran–Iraq War 23677: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23645: 23644:Falklands War 23642: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23608: 23605: 23604: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23584: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23574: 23571: 23570: 23568: 23564: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23530: 23528: 23525: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23515: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23507:NDF Rebellion 23505: 23503: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23487:German Autumn 23485: 23483: 23480: 23478: 23475: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23467: 23462: 23460: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23450: 23447: 23445: 23442: 23440: 23437: 23435: 23432: 23430: 23427: 23425: 23422: 23420: 23417: 23415: 23412: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23374:Metapolitefsi 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23302: 23300: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23282: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23269: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23214: 23212: 23208: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23175: 23172: 23171: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23143: 23138: 23136: 23135:Prague Spring 23133: 23129: 23126: 23125: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23113:Al-Wadiah War 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23078:12-3 incident 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23041: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23007: 23004: 23003: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22921: 22920: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22910: 22907: 22905: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22883: 22880: 22879: 22878: 22875: 22871: 22868: 22867: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22837: 22835: 22831: 22825: 22822: 22818: 22815: 22814: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22757: 22752: 22749: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22722: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22675: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22657:Domino theory 22655: 22653: 22652:Petrov Affair 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22589: 22587: 22583: 22577: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22560: 22557: 22556: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22529:Madiun Affair 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22489:Marshall Plan 22487: 22483: 22480: 22478: 22475: 22473: 22470: 22469: 22468: 22465: 22463: 22460: 22458: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22448: 22445: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22397: 22392: 22390: 22389: 22384: 22382: 22381: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22358: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22338: 22333: 22331: 22330: 22325: 22324: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22299: 22297: 22293: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22249: 22247: 22246: 22242: 22240: 22239: 22238:United States 22235: 22234: 22231: 22227: 22220: 22215: 22213: 22208: 22206: 22201: 22200: 22197: 22185: 22182: 22181: 22179: 22175: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22163:Yugoslav Wars 22161: 22159: 22156: 22154: 22153:Neo-Stalinism 22151: 22149: 22148:Neo-Sovietism 22146: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22115: 22113: 22109: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22032:Black January 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21959: 21957: 21951: 21941: 21938: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21906: 21903: 21901: 21898: 21896: 21893: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21882: 21880: 21876: 21870: 21867: 21865: 21862: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21852: 21850: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21805: 21802: 21800: 21797: 21795: 21792: 21791: 21789: 21785: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21735: 21733: 21727: 21724: 21718: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21608: 21606: 21600: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21583:Ronald Reagan 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21563:Zhelyu Zhelev 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21543:Boris Yeltsin 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21523:Joachim Gauck 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21470: 21468: 21462: 21456: 21455:Strike action 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21417: 21415: 21409: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21397:Todor Zhivkov 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21387:Deng Xiaoping 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21314: 21312: 21306: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21254: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21244: 21242: 21238: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21216:Soviet Empire 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21177:International 21175: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21105: 21103: 21097: 21093: 21086: 21081: 21079: 21074: 21072: 21067: 21066: 21063: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21002:Mitja Ribičič 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20979: 20977: 20975: 20971: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20954:Yuri Andropov 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20934:Joseph Stalin 20932: 20930: 20927: 20926: 20924: 20922: 20918: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20898: 20896: 20894: 20890: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20868:Edward Gierek 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20850: 20848: 20846: 20842: 20838: 20835: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20800:Mátyás Rákosi 20798: 20797: 20795: 20793: 20789: 20785: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20758:Wilhelm Pieck 20756: 20755: 20753: 20751: 20747: 20741: 20740:Karel Urbánek 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20712: 20710: 20708: 20704: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20692:Todor Zhivkov 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20679: 20677: 20675: 20671: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20652: 20648: 20645: 20644: 20639: 20635: 20631: 20627: 20619: 20614: 20612: 20607: 20605: 20600: 20599: 20596: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20528:Heydar Aliyev 20526: 20525: 20523: 20519: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20422:Yuri Andropov 20420: 20419: 20417: 20413: 20408: 20401: 20396: 20394: 20389: 20387: 20382: 20381: 20378: 20366: 20365:Boris Yeltsin 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20300:Heydar Aliyev 20298: 20297: 20295: 20291: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20244:Heydar Aliyev 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20184:Yuri Andropov 20182: 20181: 20179: 20175: 20170: 20163: 20158: 20156: 20151: 20149: 20144: 20143: 20140: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085:Yuri Solovyev 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20066:Boris Yeltsin 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20047: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19954:Heydar Aliyev 19952: 19951: 19949: 19945: 19940: 19933: 19928: 19926: 19921: 19919: 19914: 19913: 19910: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19852:Yegor Stroyev 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19822:Ivan Polozkov 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19782:Islam Karimov 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19746: 19741: 19734: 19729: 19727: 19722: 19720: 19715: 19714: 19711: 19698: 19695: 19692: 19689: 19686: 19683: 19680: 19677: 19676: 19674: 19670: 19663: 19660: 19657: 19654: 19651: 19648: 19645: 19642: 19639: 19636: 19633: 19630: 19627: 19624: 19621: 19618: 19615: 19612: 19609: 19606: 19603: 19600: 19599: 19597: 19593: 19589: 19585: 19578: 19573: 19571: 19566: 19564: 19559: 19558: 19555: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19509: 19507: 19503: 19496: 19493: 19490: 19487: 19484: 19481: 19478: 19475: 19472: 19469: 19466: 19463: 19460: 19457: 19454: 19451: 19448: 19445: 19442: 19439: 19436: 19433: 19430: 19427: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19415: 19413: 19409: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19380: 19378: 19374: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19340: 19338: 19334: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19219: 19216: 19212: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19157:9th (1920–21) 19155: 19154: 19152: 19150: 19146: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19064:8th (1919–21) 19062: 19061: 19059: 19057: 19053: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18956:9th (1920–21) 18954: 18952: 18951:8th (1919–20) 18949: 18947: 18946:7th (1918–19) 18944: 18942: 18941:6th (1917–18) 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18926:5th (1907–12) 18924: 18922: 18921:4th (1906–07) 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18906:2nd (1903–05) 18904: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18894: 18890: 18887: 18881: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18847: 18845: 18843: 18839: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18817: 18815: 18811: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18776: 18774: 18772: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18756: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18695: 18693: 18689: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18637:9th (1920–21) 18635: 18633: 18632:8th (1919–20) 18630: 18628: 18625: 18624: 18622: 18620: 18616: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18519:9th (1920–21) 18517: 18515: 18514:8th (1919–20) 18512: 18510: 18509:7th (1918–19) 18507: 18505: 18504:6th (1917–18) 18502: 18501: 18499: 18497: 18493: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18396:9th (1920–21) 18394: 18392: 18391:8th (1919–20) 18389: 18387: 18386:7th (1918–19) 18384: 18382: 18381:6th (1917–18) 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18357: 18351: 18348: 18344: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18240: 18238: 18236: 18232: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18083: 18079: 18076: 18072: 18062: 18061: 18057: 18055: 18054: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18043: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17986:International 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17933: 17931: 17929: 17925: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17887: 17883: 17880: 17877: 17874: 17871: 17868: 17865: 17864:Yuri Andropov 17862: 17859: 17856: 17853: 17850: 17847: 17846:Joseph Stalin 17844: 17841: 17838: 17835: 17832: 17829: 17828:Elena Stasova 17826: 17823: 17820: 17817: 17816:Elena Stasova 17814: 17813: 17811: 17809: 17805: 17798: 17795: 17792: 17789: 17786: 17785:Yuri Andropov 17783: 17780: 17777: 17774: 17771: 17768: 17767:Joseph Stalin 17765: 17762: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17754: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17741: 17737: 17730: 17725: 17723: 17718: 17716: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17668: 17664: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17627: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17579:Kosygin's 1st 17577: 17576: 17574: 17572: 17568: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17556:Yuri Andropov 17554: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17537: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17528: 17524: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17296: 17292: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17252: 17250: 17248: 17244: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17137:Prague Spring 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17119: 17117: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17100: 17095: 17093: 17088: 17086: 17081: 17080: 17077: 17071: 17064: 17055: 17046: 17045: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17030: 17021: 17020: 17012: 17006: 17001: 16998: 16995: 16991: 16987: 16980: 16973: 16966: 16965: 16964: 16956: 16950: 16945: 16938: 16929: 16928: 16921: 16915: 16911: 16902: 16901: 16894: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16868: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16844: 16840: 16837: 16833: 16830: 16826: 16823: 16819: 16816: 16812: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16746: 16742: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16692:(4): 81–136. 16691: 16687: 16682: 16678: 16672: 16668: 16667: 16662: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16646: 16642: 16638: 16634: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16616: 16612: 16606: 16602: 16597: 16593: 16587: 16582: 16581: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16550: 16545: 16541: 16535: 16531: 16526: 16522: 16516: 16512: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16427: 16426: 16405: 16398: 16383: 16379: 16372: 16365: 16361: 16356: 16349: 16337: 16333: 16332:BroadwayWorld 16329: 16322: 16314: 16313: 16305: 16289: 16285: 16279: 16263: 16259: 16255: 16249: 16233: 16229: 16223: 16207: 16203: 16202:dublincity.ie 16199: 16193: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16159: 16143: 16139: 16133: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16103: 16095: 16091: 16085: 16069: 16065: 16059: 16043: 16039: 16033: 16026: 16021: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15989: 15982: 15975: 15974:McCauley 1998 15970: 15964:, p. 35. 15963: 15962:Galeotti 1997 15958: 15951: 15946: 15939: 15934: 15927: 15926:McCauley 1998 15922: 15915: 15910: 15903: 15898: 15891: 15887: 15882: 15875: 15870: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15850: 15843: 15842:McCauley 1998 15838: 15831: 15830:McCauley 1998 15827: 15822: 15815: 15814:McCauley 1998 15810: 15803: 15798: 15791: 15786: 15784: 15782: 15780: 15772: 15767: 15760: 15755: 15748: 15747:McCauley 1998 15743: 15736: 15731: 15724: 15723:McCauley 1998 15720: 15715: 15708: 15703: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15673: 15658: 15654: 15647: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15623: 15618: 15612: 15605: 15600: 15591: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15565: 15561: 15555: 15539: 15535: 15529: 15513: 15509: 15503: 15487: 15481: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15453: 15437: 15433: 15427: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15396: 15388: 15384: 15378: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15357: 15350: 15338: 15331: 15315: 15311: 15305: 15289: 15285: 15279: 15264: 15260: 15253: 15237: 15233: 15226: 15210: 15209:kommersant.ru 15206: 15200: 15184: 15180: 15174: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15146: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15088: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15057: 15041: 15037: 15031: 15015: 15011: 15005: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14963: 14959: 14953: 14937: 14933: 14927: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14885: 14881: 14875: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14821: 14804: 14800: 14793: 14791: 14774: 14768: 14766: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14734: 14719: 14715: 14708: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14682: 14675: 14668: 14667:McCauley 1998 14663: 14656: 14651: 14644: 14639: 14633:, p. 14. 14632: 14627: 14620: 14619:McCauley 1998 14615: 14608: 14603: 14596: 14592: 14591:McCauley 1998 14587: 14580: 14579:McCauley 1998 14575: 14568: 14563: 14556: 14555:Medvedev 1986 14551: 14545:, p. 43. 14544: 14543:Medvedev 1986 14539: 14532: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14515: 14509: 14502: 14497: 14490: 14486: 14485:McCauley 1998 14481: 14475:, p. 51. 14474: 14473:McCauley 1998 14469: 14462: 14457: 14455: 14453: 14446:, p. 32. 14445: 14440: 14438: 14430: 14426: 14421: 14414: 14410: 14409:McCauley 1998 14406: 14401: 14395:, p. 13. 14394: 14390: 14389:Medvedev 1986 14385: 14378: 14373: 14366: 14361: 14354: 14349: 14342: 14337: 14331:, p. 17. 14330: 14325: 14318: 14313: 14306: 14301: 14295:, p. 16. 14294: 14289: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14246: 14239: 14234: 14227: 14222: 14215: 14210: 14208: 14200: 14195: 14193: 14191: 14184:, p. 18. 14183: 14182:McCauley 1998 14178: 14171: 14166: 14160:, p. 94. 14159: 14154: 14148:, p. 44. 14147: 14143: 14138: 14132:, p. 50. 14131: 14126: 14124: 14116: 14112: 14107: 14100: 14096: 14091: 14085:, p. 77. 14084: 14079: 14072: 14071:Medvedev 1986 14067: 14060: 14055: 14048: 14047:McCauley 1998 14043: 14036: 14035:McCauley 1998 14031: 14024: 14019: 14012: 14007: 14005: 13997: 13992: 13990: 13982: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13971: 13963: 13958: 13951: 13950:McCauley 1998 13946: 13939: 13938:McCauley 1998 13934: 13932: 13924: 13923:McCauley 1998 13919: 13912: 13907: 13901:, p. 22. 13900: 13895: 13893: 13891: 13883: 13878: 13871: 13866: 13864: 13856: 13851: 13844: 13839: 13832: 13827: 13820: 13815: 13808: 13803: 13796: 13791: 13784: 13779: 13772: 13771:Medvedev 1986 13767: 13760: 13755: 13749:, p. 25. 13748: 13743: 13737:, p. 12. 13736: 13731: 13725:, p. 13. 13724: 13719: 13713:, p. 11. 13712: 13707: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13673: 13669: 13663: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13632: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13558: 13554: 13553: 13548: 13541: 13533: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13461: 13457: 13450: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13387: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13325: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13295: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13264: 13248: 13244: 13239: 13231: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13200: 13184: 13180: 13179: 13174: 13167: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13137: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13094: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13064: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13032: 13025: 13020: 13018: 13010: 13005: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12958: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12942: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12899: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12861: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12830: 12822: 12816: 12800: 12794: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12763: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12732: 12716: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12700: 12684: 12680: 12679:The Telegraph 12675: 12667: 12660: 12655: 12648: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12627: 12622: 12620: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12581: 12575: 12559: 12555: 12549: 12542: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12521: 12516: 12514: 12506: 12501: 12499: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12476: 12471: 12469: 12461: 12456: 12449: 12444: 12442: 12434: 12429: 12422: 12417: 12410: 12405: 12398: 12393: 12386: 12381: 12374: 12369: 12362: 12357: 12350: 12345: 12338: 12333: 12326: 12321: 12314: 12309: 12307: 12299: 12294: 12287: 12282: 12280: 12271: 12267: 12266: 12258: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12234: 12229: 12227: 12219: 12215: 12214:McCauley 1998 12210: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12179: 12172: 12167: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12104: 12097: 12092: 12085: 12080: 12073: 12068: 12066: 12058: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12041: 12037: 12036:McCauley 1998 12032: 12025: 12020: 12018: 12010: 12009:McCauley 1998 12005: 11997: 11990: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11960: 11959: 11951: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11914: 11909: 11902: 11897: 11890: 11886: 11885:McCauley 1998 11881: 11874: 11869: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11815: 11810: 11791: 11784: 11778: 11771: 11767: 11766:McCauley 1998 11762: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11739: 11738:McCauley 1998 11734: 11727: 11723: 11722:McCauley 1998 11718: 11711: 11707: 11706:McCauley 1998 11702: 11695: 11690: 11683: 11679: 11678:McCauley 1998 11674: 11667: 11662: 11655: 11651: 11650:McCauley 1998 11646: 11639: 11635: 11634:McCauley 1998 11630: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11572: 11568: 11567:McCauley 1998 11563: 11556: 11552: 11551:McCauley 1998 11547: 11540: 11536: 11535:McCauley 1998 11531: 11515: 11511: 11510:illuminats.ru 11507: 11501: 11494: 11489: 11482: 11477: 11470: 11465: 11463: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11429: 11425: 11424:McCauley 1998 11420: 11413: 11409: 11408:McCauley 1998 11404: 11397: 11392: 11385: 11380: 11373: 11369: 11368:McCauley 1998 11364: 11357: 11352: 11345: 11341: 11340:McCauley 1998 11336: 11329: 11324: 11317: 11313: 11312:McCauley 1998 11308: 11301: 11297: 11296:McCauley 1998 11292: 11285: 11281: 11280:McCauley 1998 11276: 11269: 11264: 11257: 11252: 11245: 11241: 11240:McCauley 1998 11236: 11228: 11224: 11218: 11216: 11208: 11203: 11196: 11191: 11184: 11179: 11172: 11168: 11167:McCauley 1998 11163: 11156: 11151: 11144: 11140: 11139:McCauley 1998 11135: 11128: 11123: 11116: 11111: 11104: 11099: 11092: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11068: 11064: 11063:McCauley 1998 11059: 11052: 11047: 11040: 11036: 11035:McCauley 1998 11031: 11024: 11020: 11019:McCauley 1998 11016: 11011: 11004: 11000: 10999:McCauley 1998 10995: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10972: 10971:McCauley 1998 10967: 10960: 10956: 10955:McCauley 1998 10951: 10944: 10940: 10939:McCauley 1998 10935: 10928: 10923: 10916: 10912: 10911:McCauley 1998 10907: 10900: 10895: 10888: 10887:McCauley 1998 10883: 10876: 10871: 10864: 10860: 10859:McCauley 1998 10855: 10848: 10843: 10836: 10831: 10824: 10819: 10812: 10808: 10807:McCauley 1998 10803: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10770: 10765: 10758: 10753: 10746: 10741: 10725: 10718: 10702: 10698: 10697:Russia Beyond 10694: 10688: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10652: 10650:9786155211881 10646: 10642: 10641: 10633: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10611: 10606: 10599: 10595: 10594:McCauley 1998 10590: 10583: 10582:McCauley 1998 10578: 10571: 10566: 10564: 10556: 10552: 10551:McCauley 1998 10547: 10540: 10536: 10535:McCauley 1998 10531: 10524: 10520: 10519:McCauley 1998 10516: 10511: 10504: 10500: 10499:McCauley 1998 10495: 10488: 10484: 10483:McCauley 1998 10479: 10472: 10467: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10452:McCauley 1998 10448: 10441: 10437: 10436:McCauley 1998 10432: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10401: 10396: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10353: 10349: 10348:McCauley 1998 10344: 10337: 10333: 10332:McCauley 1998 10328: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10304: 10302: 10292: 10283: 10274: 10267: 10263: 10258: 10251: 10246: 10239: 10234: 10227: 10222: 10215: 10210: 10203: 10198: 10192:, p. 32. 10191: 10190:McCauley 1998 10187: 10182: 10175: 10171: 10170:McCauley 1998 10167: 10162: 10155: 10154:McCauley 1998 10150: 10143: 10139: 10138:McCauley 1998 10134: 10127: 10123: 10122:McCauley 1998 10118: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10102:McCauley 1998 10098: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10082:McCauley 1998 10079: 10074: 10067: 10062: 10055: 10051: 10050:McCauley 1998 10047: 10042: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10017: 10013: 10008: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9985: 9984:McCauley 1998 9981: 9976: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9953: 9949: 9948:McCauley 1998 9945: 9940: 9933: 9932:McCauley 1998 9928: 9921: 9920:McCauley 1998 9916: 9909: 9904: 9897: 9892: 9885: 9881: 9880:McCauley 1998 9876: 9869: 9864: 9857: 9853: 9852:McCauley 1998 9849: 9844: 9837: 9833: 9832:McCauley 1998 9829: 9824: 9817: 9812: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9789: 9784: 9777: 9772: 9765: 9761: 9756: 9749: 9744: 9737: 9733: 9732:McCauley 1998 9729: 9724: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9665: 9660: 9653: 9648: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9612:McCauley 1998 9608: 9601: 9596: 9589: 9585: 9584:McCauley 1998 9580: 9573: 9568: 9561: 9557: 9556:McCauley 1998 9553: 9548: 9541: 9537: 9536:McCauley 1998 9533: 9528: 9521: 9517: 9516:McCauley 1998 9513: 9508: 9501: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9449: 9448:McCauley 1998 9444: 9437: 9433: 9432:McCauley 1998 9428: 9426: 9418: 9413: 9406: 9401: 9394: 9390: 9389:McCauley 1998 9385: 9378: 9374: 9373:McCauley 1998 9369: 9362: 9358: 9357:McCauley 1998 9353: 9346: 9342: 9341:McCauley 1998 9337: 9330: 9326: 9325:McCauley 1998 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9290: 9286: 9285:McCauley 1998 9281: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9254: 9250: 9249:McCauley 1998 9246: 9241: 9234: 9229: 9222: 9218: 9217:McCauley 1998 9213: 9206: 9201: 9194: 9190: 9189:McCauley 1998 9186: 9181: 9174: 9170: 9165: 9158: 9154: 9153:McCauley 1998 9150: 9145: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9121: 9120: 9112: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9065: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9033: 9032:McCauley 1998 9028: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9005: 9000: 8993: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8964: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8949:McCauley 1998 8945: 8938: 8934: 8933:McCauley 1998 8929: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8786:McCauley 1998 8782: 8775: 8771: 8770:McCauley 1998 8767: 8762: 8755: 8751: 8750:McCauley 1998 8746: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8688: 8683: 8676: 8672: 8671:McCauley 1998 8668: 8667:Medvedev 1986 8663: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8640: 8635: 8628: 8623: 8616: 8611: 8609: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8572: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8553: 8548: 8541: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8517: 8512: 8505: 8500: 8498: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8462: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8430:McCauley 1998 8426: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8326:, p. 93. 8325: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8272:Tarschys 1993 8268: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8245: 8244:McCauley 1998 8240: 8234:, p. 20. 8233: 8232:Tarschys 1993 8229: 8228:Medvedev 1986 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8201: 8200:Tarschys 1993 8196: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8180:Medvedev 1986 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8152:Tarschys 1993 8148: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8039:, p. 58. 8038: 8037:McCauley 1998 8034: 8029: 8022: 8021:McCauley 1998 8017: 8011:, p. 57. 8010: 8009:McCauley 1998 8005: 7998: 7997:McCauley 1998 7993: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7908:, p. 56. 7907: 7906:McCauley 1998 7902: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7882:McCauley 1998 7878: 7871: 7867: 7866:McCauley 1998 7862: 7856:, p. 82. 7855: 7850: 7844:, p. 81. 7843: 7838: 7832:, p. 55. 7831: 7830:McCauley 1998 7826: 7820:, p. 50. 7819: 7818:McCauley 1998 7814: 7808:, p. 52. 7807: 7806:McCauley 1998 7802: 7796:, p. 54. 7795: 7794:McCauley 1998 7790: 7784:, p. 94. 7783: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7763:McCauley 1998 7760: 7759:Medvedev 1986 7755: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7728: 7727:McCauley 1998 7724: 7720: 7719:Medvedev 1986 7715: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7691:McCauley 1998 7687: 7680: 7676: 7675:McCauley 1998 7671: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7649:, p. 76. 7648: 7643: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7619:McCauley 1998 7616: 7612: 7611:Medvedev 1986 7607: 7600: 7596: 7595:McCauley 1998 7592: 7587: 7581:, p. 66. 7580: 7575: 7569:, p. 65. 7568: 7563: 7557:, p. 69. 7556: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7539:McCauley 1998 7536: 7535:Medvedev 1986 7531: 7524: 7519: 7513:, p. 45. 7512: 7511:McCauley 1998 7508: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7491:McCauley 1998 7488: 7485:, p. 4; 7484: 7483:Medvedev 1986 7479: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7455:McCauley 1998 7452: 7451:Medvedev 1986 7447: 7440: 7436: 7435:McCauley 1998 7432: 7428: 7427:Medvedev 1986 7423: 7416: 7415:Medvedev 1986 7411: 7404: 7400: 7399:McCauley 1998 7395: 7388: 7384: 7383:Medvedev 1986 7379: 7372: 7368: 7367:Medvedev 1986 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7340: 7339:McCauley 1998 7336: 7331: 7324: 7320: 7319:McCauley 1998 7316: 7312: 7311:Medvedev 1986 7307: 7301:, p. 56. 7300: 7296: 7295:Medvedev 1986 7291: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7264: 7263:McCauley 1998 7260: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7243:McCauley 1998 7240: 7236: 7235:Medvedev 1986 7231: 7224: 7219: 7212: 7208: 7207:Galeotti 1997 7204: 7203:Medvedev 1986 7199: 7192: 7188: 7187:Galeotti 1997 7183: 7176: 7171: 7164: 7163:Medvedev 1986 7159: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7135:McCauley 1998 7132: 7128: 7127:Medvedev 1986 7123: 7116: 7115:Medvedev 1986 7111: 7109: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7087:, p. 34. 7086: 7085:McCauley 1998 7081: 7074: 7069: 7063:, p. 40. 7062: 7058: 7057:Medvedev 1986 7053: 7046: 7042: 7041:Galeotti 1997 7038: 7034: 7033:Medvedev 1986 7029: 7022: 7018: 7017:Medvedev 1986 7013: 7006: 7002: 7001:McCauley 1998 6997: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6946: 6939: 6935: 6934:McCauley 1998 6931: 6930:Medvedev 1986 6926: 6920:, p. 77. 6919: 6918:Medvedev 1986 6914: 6907: 6902: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6840: 6839:McCauley 1998 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6811:Medvedev 1986 6807: 6801:, p. 35. 6800: 6799:McCauley 1998 6796: 6795:Medvedev 1986 6791: 6784: 6780: 6779:McCauley 1998 6775: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6745: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6709: 6708:McCauley 1998 6704: 6697: 6693: 6692:McCauley 1998 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6655:, p. 65. 6654: 6653:Medvedev 1986 6649: 6642: 6638: 6637:Medvedev 1986 6633: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6597:McCauley 1998 6594: 6590: 6589:Medvedev 1986 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6561:McCauley 1998 6557: 6550: 6546: 6545:McCauley 1998 6542: 6541:Medvedev 1986 6537: 6530: 6525: 6519:, p. 30. 6518: 6517:McCauley 1998 6513: 6507:, p. 64. 6506: 6505:Medvedev 1986 6501: 6494: 6490: 6489:McCauley 1998 6486: 6482: 6481:Medvedev 1986 6477: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6456:, p. 26. 6455: 6454:McCauley 1998 6451: 6450:Medvedev 1986 6446: 6439: 6434: 6428:, p. 24. 6427: 6426:McCauley 1998 6423: 6419: 6418:Medvedev 1986 6414: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6379:, p. 23. 6378: 6377:McCauley 1998 6374: 6373:Medvedev 1986 6369: 6362: 6357: 6351:, p. 99. 6350: 6346: 6345:McCauley 1998 6341: 6335:, p. 89. 6334: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6317:McCauley 1998 6313: 6307:, p. 98. 6306: 6302: 6301:McCauley 1998 6298: 6294: 6293:Medvedev 1986 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6265:McCauley 1998 6262: 6258: 6257:Medvedev 1986 6253: 6247:, p. 80. 6246: 6241: 6235:, p. 78. 6234: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6217:McCauley 1998 6213: 6207:, p. 91. 6206: 6201: 6195:, p. 90. 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6171:, p. 86. 6170: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6153:McCauley 1998 6150: 6146: 6145:Medvedev 1986 6141: 6134: 6130: 6129:McCauley 1998 6126: 6122: 6121:Medvedev 1986 6117: 6111:, p. 89. 6110: 6106: 6105:McCauley 1998 6101: 6095:, p. 86. 6094: 6090: 6089:McCauley 1998 6086: 6081: 6075:, p. 81. 6074: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057:McCauley 1998 6053: 6047:, p. 95. 6046: 6041: 6035:, p. 78. 6034: 6030: 6025: 6019:, p. 77. 6018: 6014: 6013:McCauley 1998 6009: 6003:, p. 75. 6002: 5998: 5997:McCauley 1998 5993: 5987:, p. 74. 5986: 5982: 5981:McCauley 1998 5977: 5970: 5966: 5965:McCauley 1998 5961: 5955:, p. 20. 5954: 5953:McCauley 1998 5949: 5943:, p. 20. 5942: 5941:McCauley 1998 5938: 5937:Medvedev 1986 5933: 5926: 5921: 5915:, p. 70. 5914: 5909: 5903:, p. 68. 5902: 5898: 5897:McCauley 1998 5893: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5872:, p. 66. 5871: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5826:McCauley 1998 5822: 5815: 5811: 5810:McCauley 1998 5807: 5803: 5802:Medvedev 1986 5798: 5792:, p. 47. 5791: 5786: 5780:, p. 46. 5779: 5775: 5774:McCauley 1998 5770: 5764:, p. 46. 5763: 5758: 5752:, p. 46. 5751: 5747: 5746:McCauley 1998 5743: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5726:McCauley 1998 5722: 5716:, p. 52. 5715: 5710: 5704:, p. 53. 5703: 5698: 5692:, p. 48. 5691: 5687: 5682: 5676:, p. 44. 5675: 5670: 5668: 5661:, p. 50. 5660: 5655: 5649:, p. 43. 5648: 5643: 5637:, p. 35. 5636: 5635:Medvedev 1986 5631: 5624: 5620: 5619:McCauley 1998 5616: 5611: 5605:, p. 42. 5604: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5584:McCauley 1998 5582:, p. 6; 5581: 5576: 5570:, p. 34. 5569: 5565: 5564:McCauley 1998 5560: 5554:, p. 32. 5553: 5548: 5542:, p. 32. 5541: 5537: 5536:McCauley 1998 5534:, p. 7; 5533: 5528: 5522:, p. 30. 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5474:, p. 27. 5473: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5456:McCauley 1998 5454:, p. 5; 5453: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5436:McCauley 1998 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5404:McCauley 1998 5400: 5393: 5389: 5388:McCauley 1998 5384: 5378:, p. 14. 5377: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5360:McCauley 1998 5356: 5349: 5346:, p. 1; 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5322:, p. 16. 5321: 5316: 5314: 5307:, p. 22. 5306: 5305:Medvedev 1986 5301: 5299: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5262:McCauley 1998 5260:, p. 4; 5259: 5254: 5248:, p. 10. 5247: 5243: 5242:McCauley 1998 5238: 5232:, p. 10. 5231: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5214:McCauley 1998 5212:, p. 1; 5211: 5207: 5206:Medvedev 1986 5202: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5081: 5075: 5066: 5060: 5047: 5017: 5009: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4925: and the 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877:Boris Yeltsin 4874: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4769:Matthew Marsh 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664:I. B. Tauris 4663: 4661: 4660:Daisaku Ikeda 4658: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495:Ronald Reagan 4491: 4482: 4480: 4477:According to 4475: 4472: 4471:Mark Galeotti 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4439:Soviet Empire 4430: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4379:Levada Center 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4359:Angela Merkel 4356: 4355:Fumio Kishida 4352: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295:Boris Johnson 4292: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4256:state funeral 4253: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206:Dmitry Peskov 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4132: 4126: 4116: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065:Arthur Miller 4062: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4040: 4034:Personal life 4031: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:war in Donbas 3889: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3854:2012 election 3850: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829:Michel Rocard 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3773:United Russia 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3500:Louis Vuitton 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3399:fait accompli 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336:confederation 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3276:Oleg Baklanov 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:Gang of Eight 3241: 3240:Foros, Crimea 3233: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3018: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2956:and Poland's 2955: 2951: 2943: 2940:Berlin Wall, 2938: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915:Baltic states 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893:broke out in 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Deng Xiaoping 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2443:Ronald Reagan 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2428:power sharing 2425: 2424:Babrak Karmal 2421: 2413: 2410:US president 2408: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2358:magazine and 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2285:market agents 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231:Boris Yeltsin 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2183: 2182:Tyumen Oblast 2179: 2175: 2163: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2124:This section 2122: 2113: 2112: 2107:, Switzerland 2106: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:Yuri Andropov 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892:Roger Garaudy 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1740:Gorkaya Balka 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692:Prague Spring 1689: 1685: 1684:Zdeněk Mlynář 1680: 1674: 1672: 1671:Doctors' plot 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:Nikolai Gogol 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Joseph Stalin 1518: 1514: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1414:Boris Yeltsin 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:Ronald Reagan 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Yuri Andropov 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:head of state 1213: 1209: 1206:from 1985 to 1205: 1201: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162:Media gallery 1159: 1157: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 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30849:(Mali), and 30845:(Tanzania), 30781:Chiaki Mukai 30751:Graça Machel 30721:Mário Soares 30675: 30527: 30396: 30302: 30279: / 30275: / 30260: / 30223: / 30175: / 30138: / 30134: / 30110:Barack Obama 30086: / 30071: / 30069:Grameen Bank 30056: / 30032:Shirin Ebadi 30021:Jimmy Carter 30008: / 29994:2001–present 29984:Kim Dae-jung 29966: / 29954: / 29942: / 29930: / 29918: / 29914: / 29912:Shimon Peres 29902: / 29875: 29828:Desmond Tutu 29810: / 29774: / 29754: / 29723: / 29711: / 29705: 29691:Willy Brandt 29605: / 29563:Georges Pire 29509:Léon Jouhaux 29490:Ralph Bunche 29465: / 29453: / 29443:Cordell Hull 29384:Robert Cecil 29335: / 29300: / 29288: / 29265: / 29231: / 29153:Alfred Fried 29151: / 29149:Tobias Asser 29131: / 29119: / 29107: / 29063: / 29051: / 29049:Henry Dunant 28962: 28950: 28938: 28924: 28912: 28905:Marlo Thomas 28898: 28886: 28879:Sophia Loren 28874: 28871:Bill Clinton 28864: 28850: 28838: 28813: 28806:Kate Winslet 28793: 28785: 28771: 28757: 28743: 28729: 28715: 28657:Taylor Swift 28605: 28572:Donald Trump 28551:Kent Brantly 28538:Pope Francis 28530:Barack Obama 28506:Ben Bernanke 28498:Barack Obama 28412:2001–present 28381:Bill Clinton 28373:Andrew Grove 28318:Bill Clinton 28293: 28277: 28234:The Computer 28186:Jimmy Carter 28162:Carol Sutton 28130:Alison Cheek 28076:Willy Brandt 28055:Frank Borman 27961:Emilio Segrè 27736:Adolf Hitler 27676:Pierre Laval 27626: 27475:Soviet Union 27388:Avraham Burg 27363:Shimon Peres 27302:Jimmy Carter 27218: 27184:Soviet Union 27142:1970s aliyah 27019:1970 – 2000) 26502: 26452:Ilham Aliyev 25581: 25566: 25559: 25552: 25545: 25538: 25531: 25524: 25517: 25510: 25503: 25496: 25489: 25482: 25475: 25468: 25193: 25092:Soviet Union 25078:Belligerents 25063:Part of the 24978:Brinkmanship 24870:intelligence 24759:Marius Oprea 24709:Harvey Klehr 24639:Herbert Feis 24629:Willem Drees 24594:Archie Brown 24511: 24499: 24481: 24471:Trybuna Ludu 24469: 24462: 24458:Radio Moscow 24450: 24443: 24436: 24264:Anti-Zionism 24180: 24103:Keynesianism 24091:Conservatism 23955:Transnistria 23935:China-Taiwan 23592:Gera Demands 23465: 23266: 23141: 22946:El Porteñazo 22840:Congo Crisis 22755: 22690:Algerian War 22673: 22549:Western Bloc 22544:Eastern Bloc 22539:Iron Curtain 22395: 22387: 22379: 22356: 22336: 22328: 22245:Soviet Union 22243: 22236: 22111:Later events 22027:Malta Summit 21859:Turkmenistan 21787:Soviet Union 21773:Soviet Union 21753:East Germany 21573:Meles Zenawi 21528:Sali Berisha 21478:Václav Havel 21425:Human chains 21332:Károly Grósz 21326: 21262:Khozraschyot 21153:Nomenklatura 21128:Eastern Bloc 21027:Boško Krunić 20992:Lazar Mojsov 20963: 20858:Edward Ochab 20820:Károly Grósz 20730:Gustáv Husák 20630:Eastern Bloc 20577: 20511: 20472:Arvīds Pelše 20415:Full members 20219:Arvīds Pelše 20193: 20177:Full members 20094:Dmitry Yazov 19963: 19947:Full members 19882:Lembit Annus 19751: 19661: 19588:Soviet Union 19376:Other organs 19293:Russian SFSR 19238:Byelorussian 18058: 18051: 18045:Publications 17951:Construction 17888:, Aug. 1991) 17885: 17875: 17796: 17483:Shevardnadze 17468:Shcherbytsky 17367: 17054:Colin Powell 17041: 17036: 17016: 16996: 16970: 16960: 16959: 16925: 16898: 16865: 16814: 16796: 16789: 16782: 16765: 16758: 16757:Eklof, Ben. 16751: 16744: 16689: 16685: 16664: 16636: 16632: 16623: 16619: 16600: 16579: 16552: 16548: 16529: 16510: 16493: 16489: 16438: 16434: 16408:. 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Eliot 31484:Coco Chanel 31470:The Beatles 31438:Lech Wałęsa 31340:Ho Chi Minh 31245:Independent 31235:Independent 31214:Independent 31204:Independent 31200:Yury Vlasov 31194:Independent 31179:Independent 31055:Independent 30950:Salman Khan 30821:Simone Veil 30773:Pedro Duque 30743:Emma Bonino 30727:Helmut Kohl 30666:Óscar Arias 30382:Octavio Paz 30347:Nobel Prize 30258:Maria Ressa 30225:Nadia Murad 29940:Carlos Belo 29852:Óscar Arias 29844:Elie Wiesel 29820:Lech Wałęsa 29808:Alva Myrdal 29772:Anwar Sadat 29725:Eisaku Satō 29658:René Cassin 29451:Emily Balch 29333:Jane Addams 28943:Bill Harley 28917:Bill Harley 28607:The Capital 28604:/ Staff of 28602:Kyaw Soe Oo 28594:Maria Ressa 28226:Lech Wałęsa 28194:Anwar Sadat 28166:Addie Wyatt 28158:Susie Sharp 28146:Carla Hills 28142:Ella Grasso 28134:Jill Conway 28112:King Faisal 28104:John Sirica 27957:Isidor Rabi 27933:John Enders 27337:Meir Kahane 27282:Iosif Begun 27201:antisemitic 27059:Six-Day War 26796:Baker rules 26773:Afghanistan 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16975:(1988–1989) 16639:(1): 7–25. 16410:4 September 16387:11 November 16342:13 December 16268:18 December 16212:14 December 16148:28 February 16074:24 February 15914:Steele 1996 15890:Steele 1996 15678:"ПРАВИТЕЛИ" 15512:Global News 15343:1 September 15294:4 September 15268:4 September 15242:3 September 15215:3 September 15189:3 September 15163:3 September 15134:2 September 15108:2 September 15077:2 September 15046:2 September 15020:2 September 14994:2 September 14968:2 September 14942:2 September 14916:2 September 14890:2 September 14884:Interfax.ru 14864:2 September 14838:2 September 14278:27 December 13855:Steele 1996 13678:2 September 13652:2 September 13589:25 December 13563:12 February 13466:27 December 13439:27 December 13409:27 December 13366:Sonnenseite 13304:The Monitor 13220:27 December 13189:27 December 12994:27 December 12564:27 December 12272:(1): 76–77. 12199:29 November 11940:27 December 11857:27 December 11520:25 November 9269:Steele 1996 5179:"Gorbachev" 5134:"Gorbachev" 4927:family name 4923:Sergeyevich 4844:August Coup 4363:Olaf Scholz 4252:honor guard 4210:Kaliningrad 4199:Moscow time 4079:Personality 3990:Third World 3825:Lech Wałęsa 3729:New Orleans 3679:in May 2000 3264:White House 3252:coup d'état 3250:launched a 3232:White House 3204:the Baltics 3086:James Baker 3001:Berlin Wall 2954:János Kádár 2730:Helmut Kohl 2610:Soviet Jews 2606:antisemitic 2482:Warsaw Pact 2447:evil empire 2435:nuclear war 2365:Moscow News 2352:as head of 2290:gospriyomka 2263:perestroika 2259:perestroika 2148:subheadings 1847: [ 1707:Lenin Hills 1667:antisemitic 1579:German Army 1548:Great Purge 1390:nationalist 1382:Warsaw Pact 1369:perestroika 1032:August Coup 955:Perestroika 608:(2007–2013) 600:(2001–2007) 592:(2000–2001) 581:Independent 576:(1952–1991) 467:Preceded by 424:Preceded by 362:Preceded by 323:Himself as 317:Preceded by 243:Himself as 233:Preceded by 176:Preceded by 65:subheadings 32231:Categories 32184:Quotations 32015:Rosa Parks 31934:Anne Frank 31856:Jonas Salk 31821:Kurt Gödel 31733:Sam Walton 31642:Bill Gates 31635:Henry Ford 31533:Jim Henson 31382:Mao Zedong 31032:Candidates 30936:2017: The 30801:2002: The 30777:John Glenn 30767:Somaly Mam 30371:Literature 30236:Abiy Ahmed 30121:Liu Xiaobo 30010:Kofi Annan 29707:Lê Đức Thọ 29161:Elihu Root 28955:Buck Howdy 28891:Tom Chapin 28857:Tom Chapin 28843:Tom Chapin 28764:David Holt 28759:Stellaluna 28469:Bill Gates 28393:Jeff Bezos 28310:Ted Turner 28138:Betty Ford 28059:Jim Lovell 27437:Pro-Jewish 27414:Pro-Soviet 27353:Golda Meir 27092:Ashkenazim 27025:Background 26660:Azerbaijan 26432:Azerbaijan 26120:War crimes 26048:Casualties 26034:Second war 25660:Background 25611:Multimedia 25218:Mujahideen 25106:Mujahideen 24572:Historians 24563:Space Race 24464:Rudé právo 24418:Propaganda 24274:Neo-Nazism 24244:Chauvinism 24198:Trotskyism 24113:Monetarism 24081:Liberalism 24073:Capitalism 24065:Ideologies 24016:Ostpolitik 23739:Solidarity 23704:Toyota War 23607:Solidarity 23464:Operation 23419:Ogaden War 23108:Dhofar War 22996:Shifta War 22754:Operation 22602:Korean War 22394:Operation 22386:Operation 22378:Operation 22355:Operation 22335:Operation 22327:Operation 22128:Lustration 22002:Baltic Way 21953:Individual 21930:Mozambique 21869:Uzbekistan 21854:Tajikistan 21839:Kyrgyzstan 21834:Kazakhstan 21799:Azerbaijan 21778:Yugoslavia 21656:Solidarity 21616:Charter 77 21602:Opposition 21498:Wu'erkaixi 21464:Opposition 21411:Opposition 21402:Siad Barre 21347:Egon Krenz 21317:Ramiz Alia 21308:Government 21247:Uskoreniye 21179:background 21101:background 20778:Egon Krenz 20664:Ramiz Alia 20127:Boris Pugo 19974:Lev Zaykov 19614:Voroshilov 19308:Turkestani 19283:Lithuanian 18883:Elected by 18283:9th (1920) 18278:8th (1919) 18273:7th (1917) 18268:6th (1912) 18263:5th (1908) 18248:2nd (1906) 18243:1st (1905) 18235:Conference 18130:9th (1920) 18125:8th (1919) 18120:7th (1918) 18115:6th (1917) 18110:5th (1907) 18105:4th (1906) 18100:3rd (1905) 18095:2nd (1903) 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TheGamer 16048:3 November 15826:Bunce 1992 15288:Daily News 15098:topnews.ru 14803:radiokp.ru 13962:Bunce 1992 13783:Bunce 1992 13672:Al Jazeera 13526:12 January 13156:8 November 13126:8 November 13053:9 December 12963:30 January 12881:9 December 12721:30 January 11979:24 October 11799:16 January 10792:29 January 10707:31 January 8122:24 October 8076:24 October 5191:4 February 5117:References 4919:patronymic 4833:apparatus. 4646:Doubleday 4614:Publisher 4611:Co-author 4289:president 4069:Dostoevsky 3919:After the 3585:Ted Turner 3472:world fair 3411:Khrushchev 3340:Kazakhstan 3147:World Bank 2931:Baltic Way 2923:Lithuanian 2889:. Further 2501:abolishing 2312:billboards 2304:capitalism 2269:uskoreniye 2195:first lady 2174:Red Square 2144:condensing 1560:Trotskyism 1450:Privolnoye 1400:to launch 1388:. 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CNBC. 13433:Archived 13403:Archived 13370:Archived 13340:Archived 13308:Archived 13278:Archived 13247:Archived 13214:Archived 13210:Politico 13183:Archived 13178:Newsweek 13150:Archived 13120:Archived 13077:Archived 13073:BBC News 13047:Archived 12988:Archived 12957:Archived 12925:Archived 12875:Archived 12844:Archived 12777:Archived 12746:Archived 12742:HuffPost 12715:Archived 12710:BBC News 12689:11 March 12683:Archived 12602:Archived 12598:BBC News 12574:cite web 12193:Archived 12150:Archived 12125:12 March 12119:Archived 11973:Archived 11934:Archived 11851:Archived 11790:Archived 11613:Archived 11514:Archived 10786:Archived 10701:Archived 10031:(2003). 8116:Archived 8094:(1991). 8070:Archived 8052:(1991). 7982:29 March 7976:Archived 5162:Archived 5137:Archived 4856:De facto 4798:See also 4730:, London 4584:'s 1936 4319:Cold War 4151:diabetes 3765:Caucasus 3597:leukemia 3469:Expo '92 3407:Malenkov 3361:and the 3359:Cold War 3234:, Moscow 3193:500 Days 3059:for the 3045:de facto 2971:, which 2919:Estonian 2883:Armenian 2696:de facto 2355:Novy Mir 2345:glasnost 2295:agrarian 2160:May 2024 2128:too long 2036:de facto 2011:against 1986:Sosnovka 1831:Bulgaria 1623:centners 1615:Komsomol 1583:Red Army 1470:Voronezh 1466:Russians 1355:glasnost 1350:Cold War 1329:leader. 1327:de facto 1287:Komsomol 1103:Helsinki 1069:Summits 963:Glasnost 645:Children 561:, Moscow 195:(acting) 45:too long 32070:Portals 32050:Bill W. 31134:Yabloko 31034:in the 30853:(Ghana) 30833:Al Gore 30690:(UNHCR) 30406:Physics 30084:Al Gore 29028:of the 28598:Wa Lone 27054:Zionism 26566:Armenia 26343:Armenia 26086:Martuni 25699:Miatsum 25672:History 25165:Leaders 24501:Amerika 24384:Comecon 24269:Fascism 24259:Zionism 24208:Titoism 23749:Contras 23217:Détente 22494:Comecon 22177:Related 21935:Somalia 21864:Ukraine 21844:Moldova 21819:Georgia 21814:Estonia 21804:Belarus 21794:Armenia 21768:Romania 21758:Hungary 21738:Albania 21646:Sąjūdis 21466:leaders 21413:methods 21310:leaders 21299:Đổi Mới 21240:Reforms 20628:of the 19697:Yanayev 19656:Gromyko 19626:Mikoyan 19602:Kalinin 19586:of the 19383:Statute 19363:Partkom 19313:Turkmen 19278:Latvian 19273:Kirghiz 18760:Central 18619:Orgburo 17971:General 17956:Culture 17913:Orgburo 17753:Leaders 17625:Reforms 17545:Kosygin 17527:Leaders 17513:Voronov 17508:Ustinov 17478:Shelest 17463:Romanov 17428:Mikoyan 17423:Mazurov 17408:Kulakov 17403:Kosygin 17383:Gromyko 17378:Grishin 17373:Grechko 17363:Efremov 17358:Dolgikh 17167:Détente 16770:excerpt 16472:3818525 16422:Sources 16182:9 April 15692:2 March 15582:Reuters 15564:Reuters 15538:Reuters 15314:Reuters 14686:Reuters 13621:15 July 13376:15 July 13346:15 July 13314:15 July 12952:Reuters 12931:20 June 12805:13 June 12558:MosNews 12156:3 March 10784:. 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