1991 Soviet coup attempt

921: 2126: 2193: 2182: 2089: 665: 759: 745: 625: 6651:: The coup came at a time when promised Soviet aid was being slowed and later halted. Vietnamese Communists decided to not embrace a multi-party system in Vietnam due to the experience of Perestroika. An unnamed official said that "Vietnam would probably not feel sorry to see because Gorbachev has made many mistakes... too many compromises with the West. He has also made the position and the role of the Soviet Union in the world weaker." The official also said that Vietnam would benefit from a return to Communist rule in the Soviet Union. "These changes would also affect positively Vietnam’s economy because the West would carry out a hard policy towards the Soviet Union, then the latter would look for trade relations with such countries as Vietnam and China." After the coup, top Communist Party official Thai Ninh was asked by foreign press if Vietnam felt betrayed by Gorbachev and Yeltsin. He answered, "It's better to let the Soviet people decide that". The failed coup prompted Vietnam to 6286: 2292: 1989: 1972: 1955: 1938: 1920: 1901: 1881: 1861: 934: 1267: 1254: 6729:

relations between the two were dismal. By the time the USSR collapsed, the problem of Yugoslavia had become a part of the Russian political landscape. Yeltsin and liberal elites would publicly take an even-handed approach and encourage international cooperation to solve the crisis. In contrast, post-Soviet conservatives looked to create advantages for Russia by supporting Orthodox Serbs in their struggle to control the remaining Yugoslav nations. Sociology Professor Veljko Vujačić assessed the similarities and differences between the breakup of Yugoslavia and dissolution of the Soviet Union. Both nations were multi-national Marxist–Leninist states with Slavic rulers facing major secessionist movements. In Serbia, patriotism was linked with statehood. Milošević told his nationalist followers that every generation of Serbs has had their own "

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very serious stake in the events currently taking place in the Soviet Union. The reform process there is of vital importance to the world and of most vital importance of course to the Soviet people themselves and I hope that is fully clear. There is a great deal of information we don't yet have, but I would like to make clear above all that we would expect the Soviet Union to respect and honor all the commitments that President Gorbachev has made on its behalf." The British Government froze $ 80 million in economic aid to Moscow, while the

2258: 2063: 612: 573: 2010: 374: 362: 1547: 5838: 1326: 990: 32: 1847: 431: 1827: 1809: 1790: 1771: 1751: 1733: 1714: 1695: 1675: 1656: 346: 15219: 6792: 1339: 2076: 586: 7405: 2326: 1012: 3326: 5985: 1573: 816: 547: 511: 385: 6024: 1586: 6118:"I can't believe that the Soviet people will allow a reversal in the progress that they have recently made toward economic and political freedom. Based on my extensive meetings and conversations with him, I am convinced that President Gorbachev had the best interest of the Soviet people in mind. I have always felt that his opposition came from the communist bureaucracy, and I can only hope that enough progress was made that a movement toward democracy will be unstoppable." 2247: 2236: 2149: 2160: 3950:

disappointed and nervous after the meeting with Gorbachev. Gorbachev is said to have insulted Varennikov by pretending to forget his name, and to have told his former trusted advisor Boldin "Shut up, you prick! How dare you give me lectures about the situation in the country!" With Gorbachev's refusal, the conspirators ordered that he remain confined to the dacha. Additional KGB security guards were placed at the dacha gates with orders to stop anybody from leaving.

2204: 7433: 6904: 1495: 5802: 5008: 15760: 2100: 638: 1200: 7087: 978: 1819: 1800: 1781: 1743: 1724: 1705: 1667: 156: 8789: 1364: 6771: 1627: 1313: 2370: 1056: 5062: 4600: 6820: 1615: 1415: 801: 703: 6868: 6643: 6137: 1521: 1351: 1225: 717: 5346:) delegated by the legislatures of the union republic. Russia, with 52 delegates, was an exception. However, the delegation of each union republic was to have only one vote in the Soviet of Republics. The laws were to be first adopted by the Soviet of the Union and then by the Soviet of Republics, which would set procedures for the central government, approve the appointment of central ministers and consider inter-republic agreements. 5204: 5894: 1560: 1428: 773: 6416: 6230: 1187: 1212: 6056:." He called the overthrow "very disturbing" and put a hold on U.S. aid to the Soviet Union until the coup was ended. The Bush statement, drafted after a series of meetings with top aides, was much more forceful than the President's initial reaction that morning in Maine. It was in keeping with a Western effort to apply both diplomatic and economic pressure on the Soviet officials seeking to gain control of the country. On 2 6189: 1389: 7147: 6568: 1482: 1121: 1146: 6842: 1508: 6159: 1376: 997: 6248: 5614:, the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet, formally voted the Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Council of the Union, had been left without a quorum after the Russian deputies withdrew), thus ending the life of the world's first and oldest socialist state. All former Soviet embassies became Russian embassies, and Russia received all nuclear weapons located in other former republics by 1996. A 1441: 7419: 6938: 415: 405: 395: 8797: 6455:(CCP) released no immediate comment. Confidential Chinese documents have indicated that China's hardline leaders strongly disapproved of Gorbachev's program of political liberalization, blaming him for "the loss of Eastern Europe to capitalism." Western scholarship has alleged that Beijing had foreknowledge of the planned coup. This hypothesis is supported by two events: firstly, General 6609:: As the coup began, newspapers published documents from the GKChP without comment or statements of support. Privately, the regime instructed its officials to support the coup to "defend Socialist achievements". North Korean diplomats were present in Moscow and kept informal contacts with Russians as events unfolded, including soldiers on the ground. By the end of the first day, 6516:

After the coup failed, Gorbachev suspended exchanges with China; allegedly the coup plotters attempted to flee to China, but this was flatly denied by both governments. Several Chinese people said that a key difference between the Soviet coup leaders' failed attempts to use tanks to crush dissent in Moscow and the hardline Chinese leaders' successful use of tank-led

6814:. However, Havel said "It is not possible to reverse the changes that have already happened in the Soviet Union. We believe democracy will eventually prevail in the Soviet Union." Interior Ministry spokesman Martin Fendrych said an unspecified number of additional troops had been moved to reinforce the Czechoslovak border with the Soviet Union. 10697: 6014:

think it was terribly well-handled from the point of view of those organising the coup. I think the enormous and unanimous condemnation of the rest of the world publicly of the coup was of immense encouragement to the people resisting it. That is not just my view; that is the view that has been expressed to me by Mr. Shevardnadze,

4813:, who was in the crowd defending the White House, "those deaths played a crucial role: both sides were so horrified that it brought a halt to everything." Alpha Group and Vympel did not move to the White House as planned, and Yazov ordered the troops to pull out of Moscow. Reports also surfaced that Gorbachev had been placed under 6052:. He then issued a strongly-worded statement that followed a day of consultations with other Western alliance leaders amid a concerted effort to squeeze the new Soviet leadership by freezing economic aid programs. Bush decried the coup as a "misguided and illegitimate effort" that "bypasses both Soviet law and the will of the 6018:, President Yeltsin and many others as well to whom I have spoken to the last 48 hours. The moral pressure from the West and the fact that we were prepared to state unequivocally that the coup was illegal and that we wanted the legal government restored, was of immense help in the Soviet Union. I think that did play a part." 4591:. Yeltsin climbed one of the tanks and addressed the crowd. Unexpectedly, this episode was included in the state media's evening news. Soviet Armed Forces officers loyal to the GKChP tried to prevent defections by confining soldiers to their barracks, but this only limited the availability of forces to carry out the coup. 10949: 7140:

said in scripted remarks that he hoped the Soviet Union's reforms would survive Gorbachev's fall. "I particularly appreciated the sincere desire that guided him and the lofty inspiration that animated him in the promotion of human rights and dignity, as well as in his commitment for the well-being of

7011:

said that "Iraq’s right and steadfastness was one of the main reasons behind the fall ... because exposed policy of treason and conspiracy. It is natural that we welcome such change like the states and people who were affected by the policies of the former regime." In other words, Hussein seemingly

6580:

20, the Cuban Government issued a statement insisting on its neutrality, saying that the conflict was "not Cuba's to judge". In the same statement, Cuba also criticized the West for inciting divisions within the Soviet Union. A Western diplomat alleged that in private, Cuba's officials hoped the coup

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of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, who was "Gorbachev's rival in the changing Soviet Union." Mitterrand added that "France attaches a high price to the life and liberty of Messrs. Gorbachev and Yeltsin being guaranteed by the new Moscow leaders. These will be judged by their acts, especially on the fashion in

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scheduled an emergency meeting to suspend a $ 1.5 billion aid program. In a 1991 interview, Major said he thought that "there are many reasons why failed and a great deal of time and trouble will be spent on analysing that later. There were, I think, a number of things that were significant. I don't

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flew in the presidential plane, under police custody (according to Rutskoy, "they definitely not be shot down with him on board"). Upon arrival, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Tizyakov were arrested on the airfield, which was illegal under Soviet law as officials representing the central government could only

3905:

August, to form a State Emergency Committee, and require Gorbachev to sign the relevant decrees or to resign and transfer powers to Vice President Yanayev. They believed the pact would pave the way for the Soviet Union's breakup, and decided it was time to act. The next day, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin,

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mingled with the crowds near the White House and assessed the possibility of such an operation. Afterwards, Karpukhin and Vympel commander Colonel Boris Beskov tried to convince Ageyev that the operation would result in bloodshed and should be cancelled. Lebed, with the consent of his superior Pavel

4582:

Meanwhile, the Soviet forces carrying out the coup began to suffer from mass defections to the RSFSR as well as soldiers refusing to obey orders to shoot civilians. Yeltsin asked his followers not to harass the soldiers and offered amnesty for any military servicemen who defected to oppose the coup.

4541:

pm press conference that Gorbachev was "resting". He said: "Over these years he has got very tired and needs some time to get his health back." Yanayev's shaking hands led some people to think he was drunk, and his trembling voice and weak posture made his words unconvincing. Victoria E. Bonnell and

3945:

of the KGB, allowed the group into Gorbachev's dacha. Gorbachev realized what was happening after discovering the telephone outages. Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov demanded that Gorbachev either declare a state of emergency or resign and name Yanayev as acting president to allow the members

3841:

discussed the possibility of replacing hardliners such as Pavlov, Yazov, Kryuchkov and Pugo with more liberal figures, with Nazarbayev as Prime Minister (in Pavlov's place). Kryuchkov, who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier, eventually got wind of the

6927:

voiced concern that the coup could encourage the FMLN to end negotiations, or that Cuba's relationship with the Soviet Union would be restored. Cuba had long been a supplier to the FMLN. Ernesto Altschul, Cristiani's deputy chief of staff, said, "Obviously, this can affect our situation." After the

6861:

union helped prompt the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, appealed for calm. "May unity and responsibility for our state gain the upper hand." The statement, read on Polish radio by spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski, continued, "The situation in the USSR is significant for our country. It

6515:

to request full recognition and support. Deng met with Belonogov and asked "what do you plan to do with Gorbachev" to measure the probability of the coup's success. After hesitating for a day, China was moments away from an official declaration of support for the GKChP when news of its end arrived.

3949:

Gorbachev has always claimed that he refused point-blank to accept the ultimatum. Varennikov has insisted that Gorbachev said: "Damn you. Do what you want. But report my opinion!" However, those present at the dacha at the time testified that Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov had been clearly

6714:

had begun the previous year. Political actors in both nations realized the similarities of their political situations. On the anti-communist side, separatists in the USSR were building relations with Yugoslavia's breakaway republics. At the end of July, Lithuania recognized Slovenia and in August,

6008:

August to deal with the crisis and said "There seems little doubt that President Gorbachev has been removed from power by an unconstitutional seizure of power. There are constitutional ways of removing the president of the Soviet Union; they have not been used. I believe that the whole world has a

5664:

November 1991, Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 213 "On the Liberalization of Foreign Economic Activity on the Territory of the RSFSR", whereby all Russian companies were allowed to import and export goods and acquire foreign currency (all foreign trade had previously been tightly controlled by the

5515:

ratified the accords and recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Although this has been interpreted as the moment that Russia seceded from the Union, Russia took the position that it was not possible to secede from a state that no longer existed. The lower chamber of the

5337:

and would only consider issues concerning civil rights and freedoms and other issues which did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Soviet of Republics. Its decisions would have to be reviewed by the Soviet of Republics. The Soviet of Republics was to include 20 deputies from each union republic

4911:, as well as Soviet Security Council members Yevgeny Primakov and Vadim Bakatin, flew to Gorbachev's dacha in Foros. They were accompanied by 36 officers of the RSFSR Ministry of Internal Affairs armed with machine guns, under the command of RSFSR Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Andrei Dunaev. 4700:

In the afternoon, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Pugo finally decided to attack the White House. This decision was supported by other GKChP members (with the exception of Pavlov, who had been sent to his dacha due to drunkenness). Kryuchkov's and Yazov's deputies, KGB general Gennady Ageyev and Army general

4507:

ordered the formation of an emergency committee for the city, chaired by Leningrad First Secretary Boris Gidaspov, to circumvent Sobchak's democratically elected municipal government. Samsonov's troops were ultimately blocked by hundreds of thousands of demonstrators supported by the police, which

6719:

between traditional communists and ultranationalists to maintain the territorial integrity of both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the weeks leading up to the coup, conservatives in the USSR were using the precedence of Yugoslavia as an excuse to violently suppress uprisings of non-Russians. In fact,

6701:

reported reactions from ordinary Yugoslavs including economist Dragan Radic who said "Gorbachev has done a lot for world peace and helped replace hard-line communist regimes in the past few years.Yet, the West failed to support Gorbachev financially and economically and he was forced to step down

6486:

cursed Gorbachev. Deng then said "The Soviet coup is a good thing but we must not visibly be pleased but only delighted at the bottom of our hearts." China pronounced a policy of non-interference but hoped 'stability' (i.e. a restoration of Communist rule) would return to the Soviet Union. Behind

4899:

pm, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, chaired by the heads of the chambers of the union parliament, adopted a resolution in which it declared illegal the removal of the Soviet President from his duties and their transfer to the Vice President, and in this vein demanded that Yanayev

4804:

veteran, was shot and crushed trying to cover a moving IFV's observation slit. Usov, a 37-year-old economist, was killed by a stray bullet while coming to Komar's aid. The crowd set fire to an IFV and Krichevsky, a 28-year-old architect, was shot dead as the troops pulled back. The three men were

4078:

Yanayev signed the decree naming himself acting Soviet President, using the pretense of Gorbachev's inability to perform presidential duties due to "illness". However, Russian investigators later identified Kryuchkov as the key planner of the coup. Yanayev later claimed that he had been forced to

5775:

On the 26th of August, Nikolay Kruchina was found dead near his residence in the morning, having jumped from the window of his apartment a few hours prior. He served as the Managing Director of the Central Committee of the CPSU. His predecessor Georgiy Pavlov followed the same fate on the 6th of

4887:

pm, Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Pugo signed the last GKChP order – a cypher telegram to the regional departments of internal affairs with a demand to strengthen the security of television and radio organizations and report on all violations of the GKChP Resolution on

4013:

after Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov returned from Crimea. Yanayev (who had only just been persuaded to join the plot), Pavlov and Baklanov signed the so-called "Declaration of the Soviet Leadership", which declared a state of emergency in the entirety of the USSR and announced that the

5957:

said, "I strongly hope that the leadership change will not influence the positive policies of Perestroika and new-thinking diplomacy." In addition, Japanese aid and technical loans to the Soviet Union were frozen. Japan left open the question of the coup's legitimacy; government spokesman Taizo

5831:

said that "The developments in the Soviet Union ... raise the question as to whether the purpose is to reverse the political and economic reforms which have been taking place. Australia does not want to see repression, persecution or vindictive actions against Gorbachev or those associated with

3802:

that a coup against Gorbachev was being planned. When Matlock tried to warn him, Gorbachev falsely assumed that his own Cabinet was not involved and underestimated the risk of a coup. Gorbachev reversed Pavlov's request for more powers and jokingly told his Cabinet "The coup is over," remaining

4918:

pm, the GKChP delegation arrived at the presidential dacha. President Gorbachev refused to receive it and demanded that communication to the outside world be restored. At the same time, Yanayev signed a decree dissolving the State Emergency Committee and declaring all of its decisions invalid.

6343:

came to resent the Soviets for abandoning him, writing to former Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze "I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support. Now you are throwing me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate." In the winter of 1992, newly

4320:

am. Together with Silayev and Khasbulatov, Yeltsin issued a declaration "To the Citizens of Russia" that condemned the GKChP's actions as a reactionary anti-constitutional coup. The military was urged not to take part in the coup, and local authorities were asked to follow laws from the RSFSR

4119:

August; the prohibition of rallies, demonstrations and strikes; suspension of the activities of political parties, public organizations and mass movements that impede the normalization of the situation; and the allocation of up to 1,500 square metres (0.4 acres) of land to all interested city

7155:: The alliance held an emergency meeting in Brussels condemning the Soviet coup. "If indeed this coup did fail, it will be a great victory for the courageous Soviet people who have tasted freedom and who are not prepared to have it taken away from them," said United States Secretary of State 6728:

claimed in October that "Communist Yugoslav Generals" had openly supported the coup and that they had received instructions from Moscow. The victory of the democrats in the USSR had major implications for Yugoslavia. Yeltsin knew that Milošević had secretly supported Soviet conservatives and

6966:

wholeheartedly endorsed the coup. When the coup failed, India's government changed course, celebrating "the reassertion of democratic values and a triumph for the will of the people." Despite official support for Yeltsin's victory, Indian politicians feared that a spill-over effect from the

11241:"World Report Extra : The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev. : Cuba : 'Option Zero' in Havana" 11273:"World Report Extra: The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev : North Korea : Pyongyang's Odd Drama" 4542:

Gregory Frieden noted that the press conference allowed spontaneous questioning from journalists who openly accused the GKChP of carrying out a coup, as well as the lack of censorship by news crews, who did not hide Yanayev's erratic motions the way they had with past leaders such as

6263:

released a statement saying, "I'm surprised, embittered and worried. We all know the difficulties that Gorbachev encountered. But I don't know how a new president, who, at least for now, doesn't have (Gorbachev's) prestige and international connections, can overcome the obstacles."

5853:

huddled with top advisers over the toppling of Mikhail Gorbachev, but officials said the Prime Minister would likely react cautiously to the stunning development. Mulroney condemned the coup and suspended food aid and other assistance to the Soviet Union. External Affairs Minister

6585:

with their country. In September 1991, three-quarters of Cuba's consumer goods came from the USSR, underlining the importance of Soviet events to Cuba's leaders. As the Soviet coup unfolded, Cuban officials did not believe its leaders would prevail. While Gorbachev was in power,

5463:

By November, the only Soviet Republics that had not declared independence were Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. That same month, seven republics (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan) agreed to a new union treaty that would form a

6276:, called the ouster of Gorbachev "a most dramatic event of world proportions (which) will have immense repercussions on international life. I am personally and strongly struck, not only for the incalculable burden of this event, but also for the fate of comrade Gorbachev." 7141:

the country and of the international community. May the process initiated by him not fall into decline." The Pope also prayed for the Soviet Union itself, asking that "our prayers become even more intense to ask God that that great country may be spared further tragedy."

3462:. The coup collapsed in two days, and Gorbachev returned to office while the plotters all lost their posts. Yeltsin subsequently became the dominant leader and Gorbachev lost much of his influence. The failed coup led to both the immediate collapse of the CPSU and the 6076:

issued a statement warning "The whole world is watching. Legitimacy in 1991 flows not from the barrel of a gun but from the will of the people. History cannot be reversed. Sooner or later your effort will fail." The coup also led several members of Congress such as

6524:

was that the Soviet people had a powerful leader like Russian President Boris Yeltsin to rally around, whereas the Chinese protesters did not. The Soviet coup collapsed in three days without any major violence by the Soviet Army against civilians in June 1989, the

4107:

am, Yanayev signed documents on the formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP), consisting of himself, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo, Baklanov, Tizyakov and Starodubtsev. Included in the documents was the "Appeal to the Soviet people".

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as the Soviet Union itself was not constitutionally succeeded by the Russian Federation, but merely dissolved. Others argued that the international community had already established the precedent of recognizing the Soviet Union as the legal successor of the

4218:

and Vladimir Federovski later alleged that the KGB was planning to carry out a much larger wave of arrests two weeks after the coup, after which it would have abolished almost all legislative and local administrative structures under a highly centralized

6047:

made a blunt demand for Gorbachev's restoration to power and said the United States did not accept the legitimacy of the self-proclaimed new Soviet government. Bush rushed to the White House from his vacation home, receiving a letter from Kozyrev aboard

2296: 10066:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 21.08.1991 № 1626-I О дополнительных полномочиях Президента РСФСР по обеспечению законности деятельности Советов народных депутатов в условиях ликвидации последствий попытки государственного переворота в СССР" 10319: 4270:, later alleged that he had received an order from Kryuchkov to arrest Yeltsin but disobeyed it, although his account has been questioned. The failure to arrest Yeltsin proved fatal to the plotters' plans. After the announcement of the coup at 6:30 4872:

pm, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov, Lukyanov and CPSU Central Committee Deputy General Secretary Vladimir Ivashko left for the airport, getting stuck in a traffic jam created by the Taman Division armored vehicles returning to their base.

6737:

drew a distinction between 'patriotic' Russian people and the 'oppressive' Russian state. Boris Yeltsin and his followers saw the USSR as an oppressor of Russia, thereby accelerating the mostly peaceful division of the former Soviet Union. On

5112:

was dismantled, while thousands of Moscow citizens took part in the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov and Ilya Krichevsky, the three citizens who had died in the tunnel incident. Gorbachev posthumously awarded them with the title of

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said Canada must join with other Western governments to back Russian President Boris Yeltsin, former Soviet Foreign Minister and Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and others fighting for Soviet democracy." McDougall met with the

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August, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dismissed Prime Minister Pavlov and entrusted the functions of the Soviet government to the Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. The next day, Supreme Soviet Chairman

4680:

The defenders of the White House prepared themselves, most being unarmed. Evdokimov's tanks were moved from the White House in the evening. The makeshift White House defense headquarters was headed by General Kobets, a Russian SFSR

5357:

and the presidents of union republics. The "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" was replaced by the USSR Inter-republic Economic Committee (Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР), also headed by

4362:

under Boldin sent coded telegrams to local party committees to assist the coup. Yeltsin's authorities later discovered that nearly 70 percent of the committees either backed it or attempted to remain neutral. Within the RSFSR, the

4998:

forces of Estonia) members barricaded themselves in the tower's broadcasting studio. That evening, as news from Moscow about the coup's failure reached Tallinn, the Russian paratroopers left the TV tower and the Estonian capital.

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pm, they were joined by Baklanov, Shenin, Boldin, Varennikov and Plekhanov. It was decided to publicly declare Gorbachev ill. Yanayev hesitated, but the others convinced him that leadership and responsibility would be collective.

6289:

A Soviet Stamp promoting Perestroika. For some Communist States, Gorbachev's reforms resulted in a drastic cutting of Soviet Aid. The coup's failure led to the abrupt end of any remaining Russian support for its former Communist

6763:

pro-Soviet governments deposed or elected out of office. As a result, all criticized or expressed weary sentiments about events in Moscow. Some former Warsaw Pact members deployed armed forces to strategically important areas.

6590:

never agreed with Perestroika and in July 1991 had reiterated his position that there would be no changes in Cuba, saying "In this revolution there will be no changes of name or ideas." The end of Soviet assistance sparked the

72:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 7080:

said, "I very much hope that will neither give rise to large-scale turbulence within the Soviet Union itself or more widely in Europe, nor jeopardize the era of hard-won international cooperation upon which the world has

3523:

to buy even essential goods, fuel stocks were as much as 50% lower than the estimated amount needed for the approaching winter, and inflation exceeded 300% per year, with factories lacking the cash needed to pay salaries.

6535:

Fidel Castro at East Berlin 1972. Cuba relied upon the Soviet Union and throughout the Cold War was a steadfast ally. Castro systemically opposed Gorbachev's perestroika but he did not publicly support the August Coup in

6356:

provided food aid to Mohammad Najibullah's of their own accord in an attempt to save the regime, also establishing contacts with the Mujahideen. The end of Soviet weapons deliveries caused the defection of militia leader

6554:: Congo was already moving away from Marxism–Leninism and had organized a democratic conference in June. All references to Communism were removed from the Congolese Constitution in April 1992, yet former Soviet protégé 3557: 15303: 7651: 10117: 11389: 11153: 9716: 5918:

arriving from the Soviet Union, called an emergency meeting to assess how the coup would affect Jewish immigration. "We are closely following what is happening in the Soviet Union with concern," Foreign Minister

5721:, but the Russian Supreme Soviet refused to lift his immunity. Additionally, the Procuracy refrained from charging numerous other individuals accused of complicity in the coup, including the Army Chief of Staff. 6152:

said the process of change in the Soviet Union could not be reversed. In a statement, he said "So much has happened and so many people have been involved in the changes in Soviet Union that I cannot see a total

4131:

surrounded Gorbachev's presidential dacha in Foros. By order of Soviet Air Defense Chief of Staff Colonel-General Igor Maltsev, two tractors blocked the runway on which the President's aircraft were located: a

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said "Mr. Gorbachev's ouster was a warning to people who favored reforms without controls." Likewise, India's ambassador in Moscow remarked that Gorbachev had "brought about the disintegration of the party".

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defense network, the government acknowledged that any US-Soviet nuclear confrontation would directly impact Canada as well. Canadian leaders believed both the US and Canada would be treated as a single set of

5551:) having agreed that the Union no longer existed, Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable and said he would resign as soon as the CIS became a reality (Georgia joined the CIS in 1993, only to withdraw in 2008 after 4516:

went on strike in support of Yeltsin. Moscow First Secretary Yuri Prokofev attempted a similar maneuver in the capital but was rebuffed when Boris Nikolskii refused to accept the office of Mayor of Moscow. At

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became less relevant to both countries after the coup. Angola's ability to enforce its rule on some of its territories diminished due to the end of Soviet weapons deliveries and departures of Cuban personnel.

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said. "One might say that this is an internal issue of the Soviet Union, but in the Soviet Union ... everything internal has an influence for the entire world." The Soviet Union restored ties with Israel on

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visited the Soviet Union before the coup and its subsequent dissolution, continuing the good relations maintained since diplomatic ties were established in 1946. In December 1991, Argentina recognized the

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has collapsed but this has not been the result of Gorbachev's policy but of the paralyzing influence of conservatives," adding, "Suddenly, the likelihood of a civil war in the Soviet Union has increased."

6224:"to speak with one voice" on the situation and said, "the West should not exclude the possibility of imposing economic and political sanctions on the Soviet Union to avoid a jolt to the right, in Moscow." 10819: 4944:

pm, Rutskoy and his delegation went to see Gorbachev. According to eyewitnesses, the meeting was cordial and joyful, allowing them to momentarily forget divisions between Soviet and Russian authorities.

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December 1991, the Russian SFSR – now renamed the Russian Federation – with the concurrence of the other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States, informed the

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On the 17th of October, former Deputy Head of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU Dmitriy Lisovolik was found dead, having also jumped from the window of his apartment.

4575:

acre) to combat winter shortages by growing fruits and vegetables. Due to the illness of Valentin Pavlov, the duties of the Soviet head of the government were entrusted to First Deputy Prime Minister

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so he and his family could watch the press conference. After viewing the conference, Gorbachev expressed confidence that Yeltsin would be able to stop the coup. That night, his family smuggled out a

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which the two high personalities in question will be treated." After the coup ended, Mitterrand was criticized for his hesitant reaction; this may have helped right wing opposition parties win the

10980: 10316:"Закон Республики Беларусь от 25 августа 1991 г. №1017-XII "О придании статуса конституционного закона Декларации Верховного Совета Белорусской ССР о государственном суверенитете Белорусской ССР"" 5260:

August 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev created the so-called "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" (Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР), to replace the

9145: 10789: 7159:. Baker also stated, "t will also, to some extent, be a victory, too, for the international community and for all those governments who reacted strongly to these events." NATO Secretary-General 4172:, the only independent political radio station, were taken off the air. However, the latter station later resumed its broadcasts and became a source of reliable information during the coup. The 7961: 15676: 5958:

Watanabe said that " the right to decide whether it is constitutional or unconstitutional. Japan notably differed from western states by not announcing an outright condemnation of the coup. "

11765: 7198:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, went on to head the Department of History and International Relations for the Russian International Academy of Tourism and died in 2010. 5652:) was granted the right to issue decrees required for economic reform even if they contravened existing laws. Such decrees entered into force if they were not repealed within 7 days by the 3720: 7059:

expressed "grave concern" saying, "We hope that the progress toward world peace... achieved under the leadership of President Gorbachev will continue to be preserved and enhanced further."

3850:. Yeltsin also prepared for a coup by establishing a secret defense committee, ordering military and KGB commands to side with RSFSR authorities and establishing a "reserve government" in 15655: 1060: 11850: 6242:

issued statements condemning the coup. However, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece condemned Gorbachev for dismantling the Soviet State and reestablishing Capitalism.

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of residents in the other republics expressed the desire to retain the renewed Soviet Union, with 77.85% voting in favor. Following negotiations, eight of the remaining nine republics (

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be returned to Moscow. Although Gorbachev discovered that the GKChP's actions had cut off communications with the nuclear duty officers, the Cheget was returned to the capital by 2:00

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can affect our bilateral relations. We want them to be friendly." But Wałęsa emphasized that Poland would keep its hard-won sovereignty while pursuing economic and political reforms.

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welcomed the coup's collapse as a symbolic victory for the Soviet people. He said "It was a triumph of the courage and resolve of the Soviet citizens towards freedom and democracy."

3519:

might secede. In 1991, the Soviet Union was in a severe economic and political crisis. Scarcity of food, medicine, and other consumables was widespread, people had to stand in long

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stated that "Such anti-democratic methods can never lead to anything good neither for the Soviet Union, nor for Eastern Europe, nor for the democratic developments in the world."

12067:(August 1991), (M.E. Sharpe, 1994). Includes the chronology of the coup, photos, and accounts from a broad cross-section of participants and eyewitnesses, including the editors. 10146:[Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 29, 1991 No. 2371-I "On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état that took place"] 6097:

in existing unstable conditions. Despite public opposition to further aid to the Soviet Union and ambivalence from the Bush administration, they oversaw the ratification of the

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in the form of a conspiracy aimed at capturing power. However, by January 1993, they had all been released from custody pending trial. The trial in the Military Chamber of the

15662: 15421: 10231:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 6, 1991 No. 169 "On the activities of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 6 November 1991. 5606:

December, Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the Soviet Union. The red hammer and sickle flag of the Soviet Union was lowered from the Senate building in the

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am, all of the GKChP documents were broadcast over state radio and television. The KGB immediately issued an arrest list that included newly elected Russian SFSR President

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That afternoon, Moscow citizens began gathering around the White House, erecting barricades around it. In response, Yanayev declared a state of emergency in Moscow at 4:00

4086:

The GKChP banned all Moscow newspapers except for nine party-controlled newspapers. It also issued a populist declaration which stated that "the honour and dignity of the

3482: 3043: 2410: 44: 11639: 10659: 10205:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 25, 1991 No. 90 "On the property of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 25 August 1991. 7898: 3768:

resigned in protest and rejected an offered appointment as vice president, warning that "a dictatorship is coming." Gorbachev was forced to appoint Yanayev in his place.

11145: 7204:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, subsequently served as a financial expert for several banks and other financial institutions and became chairman of 6971:

would encourage secessionist movements at home. The loss of an economic partner and ideological friend upset the Rao Administration and India's leftist movement, as the

4646:

told Yazov that they would not follow orders for a nuclear launch. After the coup, Gorbachev refused to admit that he had lost control of the country's nuclear weapons.

4111:

The GKChP members present signed GKChP Resolution No. 1, which introduced the following: a state of emergency "in certain areas of the USSR" lasting six months from 4:00

3658:

that followed. Many feared the consequences of Gorbachev's German policies above all, not just for leaving officers unemployed but for sacrificing gains achieved in the

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supported the coup, causing division within an already shrinking party. The CPSU had broken ties with the CPUSA in 1989 over the latter's condemnation of Perestroika.

15641: 13381: 10563:"Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации от 23 февраля 1994 г. № 65-1 ГД «Об объявлении политической и экономической амнистии»" 8103: 5433: 5370: 11462: 10120:[Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). 24 August 1991. 5168:

all CPSU assets in the Russian SFSR (these included not only party committee headquarters but also assets such as educational institutions and hotels). The party's

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Yugoslavia may have been a major cause for the Gang of Eight to believe their actions were necessary to prevent the USSR's collapse. When Yugoslav Prime Minister

5325:. Two new legislative chambers – the Soviet of the Union (Совет Союза) and the Soviet of Republics (Совет Республик) – replaced the 15595: 15381: 12299: 10811: 6451:: The Chinese government appeared to tacitly support the coup when it issued a statement saying the move was an internal affair of the Soviet Union and when the 5445: 5381: 5015:

At one minute past midnight, Gorbachev, his family and assistants flew to Moscow on Rutskoy's plane. The GKChP members were sent back on a different plane; only

4967: 3454:, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. The GKChP was poorly organized and met with effective resistance by both Yeltsin and a civilian campaign of 3987:

be sent to Moscow, also ordering 300,000 arrest forms. Kryuchkov doubled the pay of all KGB personnel, called them back from holiday, and placed them on alert.

15669: 5665:

state). Following the issuance of Decree No. 213, on 3 December 1991 Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 297 "On the Measures to Liberalize Prices", whereby from 2

4880:

pm, the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat issued a statement demanding that the GKChP clarify the fate of the head of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev.

4764:, which the GKChP blamed on increasing trade with the West. Draft decrees were later discovered which would have allowed military and police patrols to shoot " 4359: 3747: 11814:

Gibson, James L. "Mass opposition to the Soviet putsch of August 1991: Collective action, rational choice, and democratic values in the former Soviet Union."

12991: 12133: 11908: 8050: 6238:: Greece described the situation in the Soviet Union as "alarming". The Greek left was divided- the Alliance of the Left and former Socialist Prime Minister 4460:

August showed that 23.6 percent of Russians believed the GKChP could improve living standards, while 41.9 percent had no opinion. However, separate polls by

3354: 3031: 2965: 2664: 4000: 15588: 12036: 9820:"Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 21 августа 1991 года № 2352-I «О неотложных мерах по восстановлению конституционного порядка в стране»" 9590: 5334: 5318: 4434: 3757: 2062: 578: 11711: 10144:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. № 2371-I «О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом»" 15800: 15634: 13040: 10972: 7220:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, became adviser to the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Academy of General Staff; he died in 2020. 7074: 4442: 3957:

pm, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov flew to Moscow, accompanied by Plekhanov. His deputy, Vyacheslav Generalov, remained "on the farm" in Foros.

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Saar, Andrus, and Liivi Joe. "Polling, Under the Gun: Political Attitudes in Estonia, Surveyed at the Height of the Soviet Coup Attempt, August 1991."

11662: 10781: 6285: 4473: 2112: 656: 306: 11993:

Vogt, William Charles. "The Soviet coup of August 1991: why it happened, and why it was doomed to fail. (MA thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991).

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first person accounts and documents from both sides of the barricades. Compiled and edited by Anya Chernyakhovskaya, Dr John Jirik and Nikolai Lamm.

4022:) had been created "to manage the country and effectively maintain the regime of the state of emergency". The GKChP included the following members: 75:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

13006: 12336: 11282: 11250: 11218: 10746:"Pope Fears the Loss of Hard-Won Church Gains in Soviet Union : Reaction: John Paul's enthusiastic tour of Eastern Europe ends on a glum note" 5782:

Said deaths have faced extensive scrutiny by historians and contemporaries, who noted the similarities with which the figurants ended their lives.

4449:

officers seized control of city halls and government buildings around the country claiming to be in control, as well as television stations in the

2257: 821: 11926: 11781: 10755: 8208:Союз можно было сохранить. Белая книга: Документы и факты о политике М. С. Горбачёва по реформированию и сохранению многонационального государства 4800:. Three men were killed in the ensuing clash: Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov, and Ilya Krichevsky; several others were wounded. Komar, a 22-year-old 3564:

June 1990 and thereafter limited the application of Soviet laws, in particular those governing finance and the economy, on Russian territory. The

15725: 13419: 13125: 5499:. The Accords declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." It repudiated the 2758: 15126: 14789: 14769: 14628: 7726: 5516:

Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, was forced to halt its operations, as the departure of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum.

2449: 15820: 13203: 12870: 12562: 10092:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 22 августа 1991 года № 1627/1-1 «Об официальном признании и использовании Национального флага РСФСР»" 2781: 12106: 9677: 8767: 7920: 7236:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, later served as chairman of the board of directors for "Rosobshchemash"; he died in 2021. 6710:, was silent. Unofficially, there were numerous interactions between Yugoslavia and the USSR leading up to the start of the coup. The violent 6625:

said "The invincible might of our own style of socialism is being highly demonstrated," and the "North is basically stable" in a reference to

5709:. They all accepted the amnesty, except for General Varennikov, who demanded the continuation of the trial and who was finally acquitted on 11 15795: 15648: 12979: 11304: 9993: 8012: 6323:

government in Afghanistan. At the time, the Afghan regime was still completely dependent on the Soviet Union for its survival in the ongoing

15114: 7981: 3760:, Gorbachev attempted to appease him by issuing a presidential decree enhancing the powers of the KGB and appointing Pugo to the Cabinet as 15805: 13220: 11176: 10588: 10342:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2366-I «Об освобождении Павлова В. С. от обязанностей Премьер-министра СССР»" 3616: 3554: 3470: 3447: 2291: 1995: 1988: 1978: 1971: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1937: 1926: 1919: 1907: 1900: 1887: 1880: 1867: 1860: 982: 933: 457: 238: 9654: 6917: 14123: 13296: 12932: 12927: 12187: 11557: 8825: 6320: 6102: 6098: 4438: 3761: 2983: 2819: 2724: 2580: 2395: 2009: 1038: 551: 516: 15109: 14430: 6617:

that the coup would not succeed. At the time, there were changing attitudes in the north toward South Korea and a brief shootout at the

15549: 14749: 14465: 14460: 13824: 12848: 12248: 12150: 11731: 9071: 9045: 8705: 8322: 7312: 5645: 5635: 5343: 4682: 4584: 4426: 4207: 2970: 2099: 643: 479: 366: 7185:, said he hoped the putsch "will permit resolution in the best interests of the Palestinians of the problem of Soviet Jews in Israel." 5089:

did not empower the president with such authority. The Russian Supreme Soviet passed another decision the following day declaring the

3968:

gathered in the Kremlin cabinet of the Prime Minister, discussing and editing the documents of the State Emergency Committee. At 10:15

3779:, members of Gorbachev's Cabinet hoped that he could be persuaded to declare a state of emergency and "restore order," and formed the 15346: 15341: 10911: 9923: 8482: 8210: 7330: 7261: 7251: 6656: 6381: 5221: 4325:, Yeltsin also subsequently took command of all Soviet military and security forces in the RSFSR. The joint declaration called for a 4080: 4006: 3780: 3404: 3347: 2567: 2562: 352: 259: 167: 8884: 7812: 4546:, making the coup leaders appear more incompetent to Soviet audiences. Gorbachev's security detail managed to construct a makeshift 15466: 15454: 15313: 14012: 12474: 7163:

also said, "We should see how the situation in the Soviet Union develops. Our own plans will take into account what happens there."

6724:

visited Moscow in early August, Gorbachev pointed out the parallels between problems looming in both countries. Croatian President

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Mark Kramer, "The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968–91", in

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to analyze developments. Kaifu himself said that it was highly likely that the coup was unconstitutional. Chief Cabinet Secretary

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declared its sovereignty officially completed with a law passed by its deputies, confirming the independence restoration act of 4

4952:

pm, Gorbachev received Lukyanov and Ivashko in the presence of Rutskoy and Primakov, accusing the USSR Supreme Soviet Speaker of

2681: 2622: 14128: 10651: 9457: 9429: 8858: 4358:, mostly still dominated by the Communist Party, to support the coup by forming emergency committees to repress dissidence. The 15376: 13507: 13444: 13080: 13011: 12304: 12238: 11635: 10430: 9823: 7894: 6955: 6302:) had supported the coup, while others left ambivalent or unofficial support and reversed their position when the coup failed. 6090: 5656:

or its Presidium. Five days later, Boris Yeltsin, in addition to his duties as president, assumed those of the prime minister.

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Yeltsin initially wanted to remain at the dacha and organize a rival government, but Kobets advised his group to travel to the

3167: 3162: 2889: 2479: 2051: 2040: 565: 291: 14729: 10488: 10017: 9802: 8980: 8166: 6319:: The failure of the coup resulted in the removal of Soviet political and military officers that favored continued aid to the 4316:, Russia's parliament building, to maintain communications with coup opponents. They arrived and occupied the building at 9:00 15835: 15825: 15386: 15141: 15015: 14558: 14521: 14516: 14220: 14052: 14032: 14007: 13909: 13854: 12608: 8420: 8186: 7615: 6146: 5772:

On the 24th of August 1991, Sergey Akhromeyev was found dead in his office, serving as the Advisor to the President of USSR.

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adopted Soviet Law No. 2392-1 "On the Authorities of the Soviet Union in the Transitional Period", replacing itself with the

4722: 4422: 3036: 2791: 2617: 906: 14543: 11587: 9558: 9528: 7385: 5333:(both elected by the USSR Congress of People's Deputies). The Soviet of the Union was to be formed by the popularly elected 5045:

Boris Pugo and his wife died by suicide after being contacted by the RSFSR for a meeting over his role in the coup attempt.

3890:

August, the text of the draft treaty was published, which would have stripped the coup planners of much of their authority.

3152: 15336: 15094: 14072: 14062: 12959: 12949: 12243: 10179:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 24, 1991 No. 83 "On Party Archives"] (in Russian). 24 August 1991. 9340: 9028: 8572: 7958: 6800: 6796: 6398: 6394: 5994: 5491:(which had adopted the name in August 1991) – as well as the prime ministers of the three republics, met in 5373: 4623: 3536: 3340: 2593: 2433: 2313: 2224: 2214: 2029: 2022: 1343: 966: 889: 792: 538: 14940: 14784: 11997: 10258: 8087: 15331: 14809: 14108: 13439: 12984: 11873: 9483: 9001: 6715:

Georgia recognized Slovenia and Croatia's independence. On the side of hardliners, both nations had factions embracing a

6629:. Pyongyang would later blame Perestroika for the fall of the USSR, calling "Gorbachev's wrong anti-socialist policy" a " 5950: 5611: 5126: 4562: 4224: 3879: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3380: 3287: 2489: 2270: 2246: 2235: 913: 901: 841: 806: 388: 271: 187: 10143: 9875: 7546: 15514: 15461: 15449: 15444: 15371: 14568: 14077: 13904: 13198: 13030: 12917: 12396: 10854: 10035: 8097: 8022: 7456: 6959: 6315: 6217: 5706: 5615: 5504: 5500: 5425: 5322: 5158: 4840: 4734:

Grachev, returned to the White House and secretly informed the defense headquarters that the attack would begin at 2:00

4525:

held a press conference for foreign journalists and diplomats, and gained the support of most of the West for Yeltsin.

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Bonnell, Victoria E., and Gregory Freidin. "Televorot: The role of television coverage in Russia's August 1991 coup."

7264:, founder of series of enterprises such as "Antal" (machine manufacturing), "Severnaya kazna" (insurance), "Vidikon" ( 6531: 5583: 4300: 4180:

were also able to provide continuous coverage. Gorbachev and his family heard the news from a BBC bulletin on a small

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wearing a knitted sweater. Later, he would be criticized for not going to the White House, but to rest at his dacha.

4329:, with the demand to let Gorbachev address the people. This declaration was distributed around Moscow in the form of 3532: 3469:

Following the capitulation of the GKChP, popularly referred to as the "Gang of Eight", both the Supreme Court of the

2991: 2302: 2203: 2192: 2125: 1204: 955: 949: 925: 877: 778: 764: 670: 96:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

15020: 14714: 11905: 10069: 9301: 15602: 14933: 14673: 14397: 14098: 14082: 13356: 12742: 12678: 12503: 12416: 11984: 11839: 11525: 11440: 11357: 9935: 9196: 8737: 8288: 8281:"Заключение по материалам расследования роли и участии должностных лиц КГБ СССР в событиях 19–21 августа 1991 года" 7677: 7377: 7307: 7014: 6324: 6180: 4797: 4239: 4187:

that had not been seized. For the next several days, he refused to take food from outside the dacha to avoid being

3901:

guesthouse in Moscow and studied the treaty document. Decisions were made to introduce a state of emergency from 19

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In 1991, a parliamentary commission tasked with investigating causes for the attempted coup was established under

4491:

am, Rutskoy, Silayev, and Khasbulatov delivered a letter to Lukyanov demanding a medical exam of Gorbachev by the

15406: 15401: 15356: 15223: 15166: 15131: 15121: 14915: 14683: 14455: 14305: 14235: 13986: 13869: 13864: 13470: 13289: 13135: 12895: 12880: 12821: 12180: 12089: 12083: 11122: 10540: 10514: 9901: 7446: 6968: 6858: 6680: 6582: 5920: 5579: 5417: 5193: 4195: 3624: 3092: 2659: 2136: 2088: 1049: 1016: 684: 630: 318: 147: 15151: 15146: 15099: 15035: 14965: 14900: 14884: 14829: 14688: 14653: 14588: 14548: 14423: 13035: 12033: 9580: 7986:. Professor Gerhard Rempel, Department of History, Western New England College, 1996-02-02, accessed 2008-07-12" 6475:, which ignored the activities of Boris Yeltsin. When the coup began, top CCP leaders had gathered to celebrate 4861:

am, the session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR opened in the White House, at which President Yeltsin spoke.

4079:

participate in the coup under the threat of arrest. The eight aforementioned GKChP members became known as the "

3642:

The coup was the last gasp of those who were astonished at and felt betrayed by the precipitous collapse of the

15415: 15161: 15156: 15010: 15000: 14879: 14764: 14143: 13434: 12603: 12567: 11802: 9399: 8594: 6610: 6521: 6421: 6041: 5808:, left, is seen with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990. Bush condemned the coup and the actions of the "Gang of Eight". 5225: 4990:. But while television broadcasts were cut for a time, the radio signal was kept on the air after a handful of 3607:

with some conditions. The treaty was to make the Soviet Union a federation of independent republics called the

3424: 3239: 2948: 2911: 1631: 1473: 489: 15081: 15066: 14874: 14804: 14698: 14603: 14598: 14503: 14488: 12078: 9106: 5547:. They also pre-emptively accepted Gorbachev's resignation. With 11 of the 12 remaining republics (all except 4963:

pm, RSFSR Prosecutor General Valentin Stepankov signed an arrest warrant for the Emergency Committee members.

4074:, President of the Association of the State Enterprises and Objects of Industry, Transport, and Communications 15620: 15411: 14920: 14774: 14663: 14618: 14315: 13914: 13899: 13018: 12769: 12498: 12324: 12319: 12274: 11609: 11463:"Why the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia Collapsed the Way They Did: Reexamining Russian and Serbian Nationalism" 10232: 10206: 10180: 9957: 7337: 7283: 6001: 5575: 5053:

Pavlov, Starodubtsev, Baklanov, Boldin, and Shenin would all be taken into custody within the next 48 hours.

5028: 4658: 4251: 4206:. Around 4,000 soldiers, 350 tanks, 300 armoured personnel carriers and 420 trucks were sent to Moscow. Four 3516: 3431:; Yeltsin's demand for more autonomy to the republics opened a window for the plotters to organize the coup. 3428: 3396: 3392: 3307: 3277: 3272: 1619: 693: 500: 435: 312: 105: 15076: 15056: 14928: 14854: 14724: 14623: 14483: 11660: 10371: 10345: 9771: 15564: 15366: 15276: 14905: 14754: 14719: 14638: 14225: 14190: 14180: 14138: 13951: 13095: 13065: 13060: 13001: 12890: 12885: 12853: 12794: 12715: 12673: 12556: 10453:"INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation" 10368:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР»" 7243: 7053: 6707: 6269: 5623: 4900:

cancel the decrees and emergency orders based on them as legally invalid from the moment they were signed.

4868:

pm, the Soviet Cabinet of Ministers circulated a statement about its non-involvement in the putsch. At 1:20

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of the Saint Petersburg Documentary film studio to tell the story of the coup as it unfolded in Leningrad.

6742:

April 1992, Yugoslavia formally disintegrated and with it vanished any mention of Marxist–Leninism in its

6208:

for an emergency meeting. He said he was sure Moscow would withdraw its remaining 272,000 troops from the

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August 1991 that "Canada could work with any Soviet junta that promises to carry on Gorbachev's legacy".

5825: 4654: 4503:, and convinced him to declare support for Yeltsin. Meanwhile, in Leningrad, Military District Commander 4495:

and a meeting between themselves, Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and Yanayev within 24 hours. Rutskoy later visited

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at the time. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials, including Vice President

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Meyer, Stephen M. "How the threat (and the coup) collapsed: the politicization of the soviet military."

11900:

McNair, Brian. "Reform and restructuring in the Soviet media before and after the August 1991 coup." in

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issued Decision No. 1831-1 "On the Legal Support of the Economic Reform" whereby the Russian president (

4014:

State Committee on the State of Emergency (Государственный Комитет по Чрезвычайному Положению, ГКЧП, or

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television station. That day, he asked two KGB officers to prepare measures to be taken in the event a

3659: 3544: 3132: 3102: 14416: 10203:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 90 «Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР»" 7007:, and relations between the two countries had grown tense. One Iraqi spokesman quoted by the official 5729: 15810: 15136: 15005: 14985: 14975: 14960: 14950: 14839: 14794: 14759: 14744: 14734: 14678: 14633: 14285: 12969: 12863: 12663: 11831:

Hamburg, Roger. "After the Abortive Soviet Coup and ‘What Is To Be Done?" The Post Soviet Military."

8226:

Dan Stone, Goodbye to all that? The story of Europe since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 23.

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In a decree, Yeltsin ordered the transfer of the CPSU archives to the state archive authorities, and

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newspaper workers threatened to go on strike unless Yeltsin's proclamation was printed in the paper.

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had already declared the restoration of their independence from the Soviet Union. In January 1991, a

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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

5020:

be arrested and tried under Soviet law, which prevailed over the laws of the constituent republics.

4565:

of the time to relieve the housing shortage. All city dwellers were each given 1,000 square metres (

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Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Bloc

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Thousands of people attended the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky, and Vladimir Usov on 24

3497:(openness). These moves prompted resistance and suspicion on the part of hard-line members of the 15830: 15539: 15519: 15476: 15391: 15086: 15061: 14955: 14643: 14531: 14351: 14290: 14230: 14133: 14057: 14017: 13884: 13874: 13653: 13570: 13502: 13414: 13023: 12752: 12371: 10812:"Soviet Turmoil ; Excerpts From Bush's Conference: 'Strong Support' for Baltic Independence" 7989: 7510: 6947: 6829: 6703: 6452: 6273: 6257: 5943: 5867: 5690: 5330: 5214: 4991: 4643: 4500: 3942: 3843: 3835: 3463: 3065: 2742: 2537: 11918:

Matthee, Heinrich. "A breakdown of civil-military relations: the Soviet coup of 1991." Scientia

9507: 6946:: As the coup was ongoing, Indian leaders indicated a degree of sympathy for Soviet hardliners. 6397:. Encouraged by the coup's unraveling, three opposition parties demanded expedited reforms. The 5876: 5733:

Soviet stamps commemorating (from left to right) Ilya Krichevsky, Dmitry Komar and Vladimir Usov

5582:. No member state of the UN formally objected to this step. The legitimacy of this act has been 4705:, planned the assault, codenamed "Operation Grom" (Thunder), which would gather elements of the 3485:

in 1985, Gorbachev had embarked on an ambitious reform program embodied in the twin concepts of

2318: 15763: 15242: 14859: 14583: 14255: 14067: 13638: 13485: 13225: 12900: 12421: 12356: 9644: 7946: 7461: 7295: 7096: 7030: 6734: 6327:. The last Soviet military assistance arrived in October, with all Russian aid being halted by 5619: 4987: 4753:

pm the full reinstatement of the independent status of the Republic of Estonia after 51 years.

4421:

opposed it. However, some of the soviets faced internal resistance against emergency rule. The

4321:

President rather than the GKChP. Although he initially avoided the measure to avoid sparking a

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base near the capital. However, almost no other arrests were made by the KGB during the coup.

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Chronology of the Coup The USSR in 1991: The Implosion of a Superpower by Dr Robert F. Miller

12121: 11739: 10941: 10689: 9075: 9072:""Novaya Gazeta" No. 57 of 13 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)" 9049: 8699: 8319: 7353: 7205: 6780: 6743: 6711: 6630: 6559: 6504: 6198: 6094: 5484: 4801: 4690: 4456:

The Soviet public was divided on the coup. A poll in the RSFSR by Mnenie on the morning of 19

3918:, to begin coordinating with KGB Deputy Chairmen Viktor Grushko and Genii Ageev to implement 3635: 2938: 2737: 2056: 894: 112: 9931: 9046:""Novaya Gazeta" No. 55 of 6 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)" 14864: 14819: 14265: 13766: 13761: 13721: 13590: 13575: 12688: 12361: 12258: 12228: 11057: 7265: 6913: 6760: 6555: 6499:

to be cautious because the coup could fail. The GKChP was also interested in resolving the

6295: 6149: 6037: 5596: 5173: 5117:. Yeltsin asked their relatives to forgive him for not being able to prevent their deaths. 4788:

and street cleaning machines were used to barricade a tunnel against arriving Taman Guards

4781: 4635: 4615: 4558: 4509: 4313: 3838: 3817: 3229: 3085: 2943: 2916: 2806: 2801: 2786: 2654: 2363: 2219: 2186: 1005: 194: 13535: 10907: 8207: 5555:; the three Baltic states were never a part of the commonwealth, instead joining both the 8: 15436: 14210: 14185: 13981: 13966: 13565: 13305: 13263: 13193: 13050: 12578: 12513: 12284: 11384: 10289: 9585: 8790:"Варенников Валентин Иванович/Неповторимое/Книга 6/Часть 9/Глава 2 – Таинственная Страна" 7539:Ольга Васильева, «Республики во время путча» в сб.статей: «Путч. Хроника тревожных дней». 7410: 7300: 7239: 6950: 6851: 6671:

felt an ideological affinity with one another and a mutual desire to resist American-led

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residents, feared the return of mass repression. The GKChP enjoyed strong support in the

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took credit for inspiring the coup. This position was echoed by the Jordanian Newspaper

15534: 14153: 14042: 14037: 14027: 14022: 13253: 13235: 13188: 13170: 13150: 12789: 12541: 12439: 12411: 12294: 12279: 12056:. New York: HarperPerennial. Includes transcript of the videotaped statement made 19/20 11517: 11509: 11432: 11349: 11309: 11181: 11114: 11106: 11026: 10874: 10593: 10562: 10404: 9267: 9259: 9188: 8955: 8949: 7950: 7322: 7257: 7211: 7156: 7104: 7000: 6618: 6366: 6299: 6239: 6221: 6106: 6015: 5902:: Israeli officials said they hoped Gorbachev's attempted removal would not derail the 5758: 5552: 5016: 4810: 4760:

August emphasize a hardline approach against crime, especially economic crimes and the

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Personal account and photographs of historian Douglas Smith, an eyewitness to the coup

11851:"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshevik Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality" 8652: 6339:

and was not interested in protecting a 'Soviet Legacy'. In the aftermath of the coup,

5468:

called the Union of Sovereign States. However, this confederation never materialized.

4677:

August. This was understood as a sign that an attack on the White House was imminent.

3810:

July 1991, several party functionaries and literati published a piece in the hardline

15742: 15717: 15396: 14331: 13961: 13849: 13806: 13801: 13751: 13545: 13540: 13321: 13160: 13100: 12907: 12833: 12811: 12710: 12588: 12401: 12381: 12376: 12366: 12201: 12015: 11521: 11277: 11245: 11213: 11118: 10878: 10750: 9449: 9426: 9271: 9251: 9180: 8880: 8850: 8614: 8604: 8426: 8416: 8360: 8341:"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshewk Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality" 8243: 8093: 8018: 7877: 7695: 7621: 7611: 7389: 7178: 7137: 7008: 6991: 6924: 6500: 6336: 6044: 5855: 5805: 5718: 5714: 5548: 5532: 5496: 5189: 5109: 5105: 4908: 4702: 4631: 4576: 4364: 4290: 4282: 4173: 4157: 4128: 3847: 3388: 3302: 3234: 3214: 3179: 3174: 3070: 2906: 2857: 2832: 2827: 2796: 2532: 2400: 2251: 2105: 2045: 1949: 1892: 1852: 1679: 1138: 87: 15207: 15198: 14439: 10426: 9819: 8240:

The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future

7160: 5745:

for their bravery in "blocking the way to those who wanted to strangle democracy.".

5660:

became deputy prime minister and simultaneously economic and finance minister. On 15

5460:, in which more than 90% of residents supported the Act of Independence of Ukraine. 4238:

The GKChP conspirators considered detaining Yeltsin upon his return from a visit to

3384: 2307: 15481: 15361: 14280: 14148: 13781: 13686: 13633: 13555: 13490: 13371: 13145: 13090: 12996: 12737: 12508: 12478: 12444: 12289: 11865: 11701:"Vasily Starodubtsev: Politician who tried to topple Gorbachev in 1991", March 2015 11501: 11424: 11098: 11018: 10866: 10014: 9799: 9649: 9243: 8977: 8631: 8598: 8352: 8163: 7751: 7358: 6854: 6476: 6430: 6265: 6260: 5354: 5307: 5150: 4983: 4851: 4844: 4843:

and, not knowing what to do, decided to send Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov,

4818: 4793: 4465: 4418: 4355: 4338: 4184: 4177: 3988: 3965: 3705: 3416: 3147: 3117: 2766: 2752: 2669: 2474: 2406: 2374: 2352: 2330: 1831: 265: 10870: 10484: 10229:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»" 10118:"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС" 8182: 6725: 6721: 6213: 5871: 5137:

force" despite its leaders' participation in the coup. Gorbachev resigned as CPSU

1818: 1799: 1780: 1742: 1723: 1704: 1666: 14346: 14336: 14195: 14103: 13424: 13399: 13376: 13165: 12912: 12764: 12732: 12406: 12386: 12040: 12001: 11988: 11971: 11947: 11930: 11912: 11895: 11843: 11826: 11809: 11785: 11732:""ЛЕБЕДИНОЕ ОЗЕРО" ВЫСОХЛО Новый телесезон начался с юбилея ГКЧП — но без балета" 11717: 11698: 11666: 11579: 11552: 11059:

An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992

10973:"Soviet Turmoil ; French Communist Chief Attacked for Stance on Soviet Coup" 10021: 9806: 9550: 9520: 9433: 9344: 9138:"How the 1991 Soviet Internet Helped Stop a Coup and Spread a Message of Freedom" 9032: 8984: 8943: 8829: 8741: 8709: 8579: 8474: 8326: 8235: 8214: 8170: 7965: 7675:

A party led by the politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky – Accessed 13 September 2009.

7603: 7438: 7370: 7362: 7318: 7242:, freed from arrest in 1992 due to health complications, served as deputy to the 7201: 7195: 7035: 6332: 5480: 5392:

September, the newly created Soviet State Council recognized the independence of

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warned that his nation could potentially face a "wave of refugees" crossing its

6803: 6733:", dating back to the 14th century. In contrast, Russian nationalists including 5705:

for all GKChP members and their accomplices, along with the participants of the

4725:, three tank companies and a helicopter squadron. Alpha Group commander General 3670:– after all, this had been the Kremlin's greatest fear since the end of the war. 15749: 15709: 15520:

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

14779: 14371: 14275: 13791: 13771: 13550: 13331: 13248: 13075: 12838: 12828: 12205: 11994: 11883:

Lepingwell, John W. R. "Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup."

11790:

Breslauer, George W. "Reflections on the Anniversary of the August 1991 Coup."

11505: 10254: 8610: 8412:

The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Deadly Legacy

7466: 7260:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, was later a member of the 7056: 6996: 6592: 5990: 5863: 5850: 5754: 5670: 5622:

that came into force at the end of the year abolished the last vestiges of the

5610:

and replaced with the tricolour flag of Russia. The next day, 26 December, the

5607: 5588: 5571: 5556: 5276: 5090: 4907:

pm, a group of Russian deputies and public figures led by RSFSR Vice President

4522: 4404: 4388: 4380: 4372: 4326: 4274:

am, Yeltsin began inviting prominent Russian officials to his dacha, including

4232: 4169: 4133: 4087: 4010: 3964:

pm, Yanayev, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo and Soviet Supreme Soviet Chairman

3772: 3612: 3548: 3199: 3137: 2879: 2872: 2862: 2496: 2341: 2208: 2164: 1578: 1363: 181: 12138: 11102: 11022: 9987: 9551:"Ukraine war: Sergei Surovikin removed as commander of Ukraine invasion force" 9479: 8997: 6979:

wrote that "India feels orphaned – ideologically, strategically, economically"

6072:

when Bush delivered the press conference in Kennebunkport. Secretary of State

4796:, who years later rose to army general and commander of Russian forces in the 4638:

opposed the coup and claimed in his memoirs that he and the commanders of the

4062:, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council under the President of the USSR 3756:

When Kryuchkov complained about the Soviet Union's growing instability to the

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of the 1980s. In a major political victory for China, Vietnam recognized the

6622: 6479: 6328: 6110: 6086: 6053: 6049: 6029: 5946: 5649: 5476: 5465: 5134: 5082: 4761: 4729:

and other senior unit officers, together with Airborne deputy commander Gen.

4694: 4477: 4450: 4414: 4376: 4368: 4266:, but for undisclosed reasons did not apprehend him. The commanding officer, 4215: 4153: 4059: 3911: 3875: 3851: 3831: 3743: 3739: 3643: 3596: 3580: 3451: 3297: 3224: 3204: 3112: 2884: 2632: 2547: 2263: 2240: 2141: 2068: 2034: 1983: 1872: 1775: 1591: 870: 173: 11869: 10719:

Jockel, J.T.; J.J. Sokolsky (1999). "Canada's Cold War Nuclear Experience".

8356: 7674: 6495:

should be strengthened. However, Deng also encouraged CCP General Secretary

3551:

was engineered by local pro-Soviet forces to overthrow Latvian authorities.

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The KGB surveillance logbook included every move of Gorbachev and his wife

7491: 7424: 7217: 7070: 6587: 6468: 6406: 6353: 5657: 5544: 5449: 5408:

August, Latvia the following day, while Lithuania had already done so on 11

5359: 5269: 4995: 4982:, just a day after the restitution of the country's full independence, the 4814: 4588: 4392: 4286: 4161: 4047: 3941:

system. Eight minutes later Lieutenant General Yuri Plekhanov, Head of the

3716: 3647: 3508: 3499: 3420: 2197: 2081: 1931: 1826: 1808: 1789: 1770: 1750: 1732: 1713: 1699: 1694: 1674: 1655: 1071: 384: 345: 275: 242: 12725: 11797:

Dunlop, John B. "The August 1991 coup and its impact on Soviet politics."

10281: 10255:"Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР"" 9738: 8410: 7846: 7597: 15558: 13839: 13726: 13701: 13643: 13605: 13595: 13465: 13070: 12799: 12720: 12653: 12483: 10782:"The Soviet Crisis; Bush Condemns Soviet Coup and Calls For Its Reversal" 10065: 9765:"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР, ТАСС: 21 августа 1991 года" 9297: 9232:"Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup" 7247: 7049: 6909: 6880: 6756: 6730: 6606: 6496: 6456: 6201: 6073: 5976: 5969: 4926:

pm, the plane of the Russian delegation led by Rutskoy landed in Crimea.

4854:

to Crimea to meet Gorbachev, who refused to meet them when they arrived.

4765: 4706: 4639: 4513: 4334: 4259: 4211: 3980:

pm, Yanayev signed a decree entrusting himself with presidential powers.

3919: 3790:

June 1991, Soviet Premier Pavlov requested extraordinary powers from the

3750: 3667: 3651: 3569: 3504: 3487: 3473:(RSFSR) and President Gorbachev described its actions as a coup attempt. 3408: 3122: 3001: 2852: 2842: 2627: 2501: 1539: 1500: 1179: 408: 186:

Barricade on Smolenskaya Street that reads "Ban, dissolve, prosecute the

12140:

Vadim Anatov, a programmer for Relcom (the first public ISP in the USSR)

12098:(captured from short-wave radio transmissions, contains decoding errors) 11981: 11836: 11513: 11489: 11436: 11412: 11353: 11337: 10177:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 24 августа 1991 г. № 83 «О партийных архивах»" 9927: 9192: 9168: 8732: 8280: 7432: 5801: 5424:

from the Soviet Union. Also in September, over 99% percent of voters in

5007: 4587:

guarding the White House, declared his loyalty to the leadership of the

4254:

southwest of the city. Afterwards, they considered capturing him at his

3983:

GKChP members ordered that 250,000 pairs of handcuffs from a factory in

15530:

Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

14341: 14215: 13829: 13615: 13560: 13530: 13460: 13105: 13055: 12974: 12843: 12028:

Zlotnik, Marc. "Yeltsin and Gorbachev: the politics of confrontation."

11964: 11940: 11888: 11819: 11030: 11006: 10620: 9617: 9581:"Calls for recognition of 1991 Soviet coup martyrs on 20th anniversary" 9361: 9263: 9231: 7223: 7177:: The Palestinian Liberation Organization was satisfied with the coup. 6963: 6390: 6349: 6345: 5997: 5698: 5540: 5421: 5228: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4785: 4604: 4400: 4053: 3855: 3724: 3663: 3520: 3026: 2701: 2542: 2469: 2391: 2325: 1755: 1011: 852: 204: 94:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

13274: 11976:

Varney, Wendy, and Brian Martin. "Lessons from the 1991 Soviet coup."

11110: 11086: 10536: 10485:"Ъ-Власть – Стародубцев на воле. С Лениным в башке и подпиской в руке" 9897: 9845: 6471:, and secondly, the rapid and mostly positive coverage of the coup in 6429:, in its party congress changed its ideology from Marxism–Leninism to 4191:, and took long outdoor strolls to dispute reports of his ill health. 3684:

The KGB began considering a coup in September 1990. Soviet politician

2847: 155: 15211: 15190: 14443: 14438: 14381: 14175: 13894: 13834: 13716: 13326: 12693: 10510: 7471: 7092: 7077: 6888: 6884: 6614: 6082: 6069: 5915: 5828: 5821: 5578: – including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the 5401: 5070: 5061: 4895:

pm, the plane with the GKChP delegation landed in Crimea. Around 4:00

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August, the GKChP cut communications to Gorbachev's dacha, including

3776: 3097: 2603: 2464: 1305: 1066: 11428: 9395: 9247: 8760:[Gorbachev: "I am for the union, but not the union state"]. 6932:

were signed in January 1992, ending twelve years of brutal conflict.

6702:

because he could not feed the Soviet people." Officially, President

5203: 13731: 13706: 13663: 13497: 13480: 13404: 13258: 13120: 10902: 10900: 8931: 8762: 7652:"Solving Transnistria: Any Optimists Left? by Cristian Urse. p. 58" 7133: 7129: 7004: 6999:

was a close ally of the Soviet Union until Gorbachev denounced the

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December accords, since only three republics took part. Thus, on 21

5283:

and called for a referendum on support of the Act of Independence.

5161:

suspended the activities of the party throughout the Soviet Union.

5032: 4461: 4347: 4330: 4263: 4137: 3934: 3910:

flew to Crimea for a meeting with Gorbachev. Yazov ordered General

3512: 3493: 3376: 2996: 2691: 1407: 1318: 137: 12151:

Adventures of the "Nuclear Briefcase": A Russian Document Analysis

11087:"The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism" 10228: 10202: 10176: 9114: 7214:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, died in 2007. 6298:(not former Warsaw Pact members that had begun transitioning to a 5629: 13658: 12147:

talking about the role of the Internet in resistance to the coup.

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TV series, the coup succeeds and Mikhail Gorbachev is overthrown.

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had dissolved in July, and its members had rapidly changed, with

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agreed the coup should be recognized as a 'Marxist' act and that

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minorities to grow, and there were fears that some or all of the

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Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the Moscow Coup

10897: 9678:"The Soviet Crisis; Gorbachev Reportedly Arrested in the Crimea" 8217:. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: АСТ, 2007. – С. 316 – 567 с. 7311:

is a co-production film between Russia and the United States by

5081:

adopted Decision No. 1626-1, which authorized Russian President

3545:

violent attempt to return Lithuania to the Soviet Union by force

69: 13585: 12197: 9989:Евгений Спицын о предателях народа или "ГКЧП. Как рушили СССР". 8937: 8478: 8017:. New Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors. p. 94. 7418: 6847: 6235: 6164: 6065: 6060:

September, the United States re-recognized the independence of

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November, Yeltsin issued a decree banning the party in Russia.

4971: 4822: 4710: 4662: 4619: 4409: 4342: 4305: 4188: 3688:

began warning Gorbachev about the possibility of one after the

3459: 1565: 1552: 1513: 1433: 1381: 1331: 418: 285: 234: 12012:

State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia

11305:"North Korea Tries to Block Any Effects of Failed Soviet Coup" 10397:"Закон СССР от 05.09.1991 N 2392-1 об органах государственной" 9789: 8259:

KGB Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Zhizhin and KGB Col. Alexei Yegorov,

7038:

praising the coup leaders for their "brave historical action."

6633:" one. The end of Soviet assistance was a direct cause of the 5042:

am, Soviet Vice President Yanayev was arrested in his office.

4713:

elite special forces units, supported by paratroopers, Moscow

414: 404: 394: 10589:"SOVIET TURMOIL; Moscow Mourns And Exalts Men Killed by Coup" 9316: 7921:"The Central Committee Chief of Administration Kills Himself" 7099: 6943: 6676: 6668: 6626: 6448: 6253: 5939: 5682: 5492: 4255: 4156:, his allies, and the leaders of the umbrella activist group 3984: 3871: 3439: 1459: 1446: 1217: 1192: 1113: 11490:"Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power" 11177:"Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model" 9135: 8183:"Многоступенчатый запуск нового Союза намечен на 20 августа" 7690:

Hayward, Alker; Rupesinghe, Kumar; Gurr, Ted Robert (1999).

6109:

for the decommissioning of WMD stockpiles. Former President

5153:

replaced him as acting General Secretary, but resigned on 29

3483:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

12161:

Map of Europe showing areas affected by Soviet Coup Attempt

9928:"Constitutional law on statehood of the Republic of Latvia" 9298:"Распоряжение Кабинета Министров СССР от 19.08.1991 № 943р" 7152: 7108: 6573: 6426: 6205: 5560: 5085:

to appoint heads of regional administrations, although the

4714: 4583:

Major Evdokimov, chief of staff of a tank battalion of the

4396: 4181: 1487: 1151: 1126: 15525:

Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin

12157:, Volume III, Issue 9 (September 2004), by Mikhail Tsypkin 10855:"From Crisis to Split: The Communist Party USA, 1989–1991" 10834: 6529:

killed hundreds of people to crush the democracy movement.

5846:: Several government members quickly reacted to the coup; 5374:

declared the independence of Moldova from the Soviet Union

5342:

of each union republic (both Soviet people's deputies and

4246:

August but failed when Yeltsin redirected his flight from

3568:

adopted laws that contradicted Soviet laws (the so-called

13382:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

13361: 12130:: Memories of an anonymous Russian in Wiki Memory Archive 9376: 9211: 8899: 8671: 8449: 7843:"Апресян Р.Г. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу" 7748:Р. Г. Апресян. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу 7189: 7115: 6405:, leading to Alia's resignation as president in favor of 5031:, television showed live footage of him walking down the 4042: 3898: 3697: 3435: 398: 12102:

Andrew Coyne: Getting to the Roots of a Deserved Failure

10391: 10389: 10036:"What Happened To The August 1991 Soviet Coup Plotters?" 5724: 4557:

Yanayev and the rest of the State Committee ordered the

3820:", that called for decisive action to prevent calamity. 12092:: Transcript of internet chat from the time of the coup 9521:"Сергей Владимирович Суровикин. Биографическая справка" 6697:: The Coup was a profound event for all of Yugoslavia, 4817:

in Crimea. During the final day of her family's exile,

10621:"Самоубийства высокопоставленных советских чиновников" 9645:"Russia's Brightest Moment: The 1991 Coup That Failed" 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 6883:

said the coup was an attempt to re-establish hardline

6581:

would succeed because the plotters would continue the

5503:

that established the Soviet Union and established the

5487: – the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and 5183: 4956:, and the party deputy of inaction during the putsch. 4413:

to do so as well, while only three oblasts aside from

4016:

Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Chrezvichaynomu Polozheniyu

12992:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

12118:

devoted to the tenth anniversary of the coup attempt.

10386: 9523:[Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin: Biography]. 7689: 7515: 6401:

resulted in a crushing defeat for the now-democratic

5717:

also wanted to charge former Deputy Defense Minister

5133:

August press conference that it still represented a "

2665:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

11920:

Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

7599:

The rise of Russia and the fall of the Soviet empire

7400: 6331:

in January 1992. Yeltsin hoped to repatriate Soviet

4512:

to broadcast a statement by Sobchak. Workers at the

4281:, Moscow Deputy Mayor Yury Luzhkov, Colonel-General 3638:

wrote the following about the plotters' motivation:

65: 15304:

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

10910:. Digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org. 24 August 1991. 10718: 8266: 7602:(1st pbk. printing, with new postscript ed.). 5904:

1991 Israeli-Palestinian peace conference in Madrid

5741:August 1991. Gorbachev posthumously made the three 4937:initiated a criminal case into the attempted coup. 4809:. According to journalist and democracy campaigner 4464:showed that many Russians, including 71 percent of 3712:was declared in the USSR. Later, Kryuchkov brought 3423:(USSR). The treaty was to decentralize much of the 9958:"The August coup and Estonian independence (1991)" 8758:"Горбачев: "Я за союз, но не союзное государство"" 8728: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8712:(extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) 8329:(extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 5796: 5618:in late 1993 escalated into violence, and the new 2838:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 812: 556: 307:Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic 11338:"North Korean Regime and Russian Political Power" 11007:"The Third World and the Dissolution of the USSR" 10652:"Canadian Is Attacked for Remarks on Soviet Coup" 9614:"Александр М. Кобринский, "Растянутое мгновение"" 9136:Andrei Soldatov; Irina Borogan (19 August 2016). 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 6679:for new trading partners in the aftermath of the 6621:border. After the coup's failure, Vice President 6174:called on the new Soviet rulers to guarantee the 5767:Mysterious deaths of the participants of the coup 5353:(Государственный совет СССР), which included the 5319:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union 3878:. He planned to return to Moscow in time for the 15777: 13007:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 12337:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 9846:"Геннадий Янаев: Горбачёва никто не арестовывал" 6204:cut his Austrian vacation short and returned to 5685:members and their accomplices were charged with 4741:While the events were unfolding in the capital, 3946:of the GKChP "to restore order" to the country. 3419:, which was on the verge of being signed by the 3415:over Eastern European states and fearful of the 783: 529: 13420:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 13126:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 13041:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 12063:Bonnell, Victoria E. and Gregory Freidin, eds. 10775: 10773: 9230:Bonnell, Victoria E.; Freidin, Gregory (1993). 9016: 8715: 7381:is a BBC documentary television series in 2022. 6103:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 5630:Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia 5576:inherit the Soviet Union's membership in the UN 4001:Timeline of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 797: 311:Power shift continued towards republic elites, 14201:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 10470: 10468: 10466: 9419: 9417: 9229: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9064: 9038: 8683: 8303: 8092:. India: Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 62. 7897:. United Press International. 26 August 1991. 7757: 7230:August 1991. His death was ruled as a suicide. 6975:felt it shared some of the CPSU's values. The 5432:. The immediate aftermath of the vote was the 5110:KGB building at Dzerzhinskiy Square (Lubianka) 727: 713: 699: 274:and seizure of its banks and buildings by the 166:Memorial to three citizens killed defying the 90:accompanying your translation by providing an 56:Click for important translation instructions. 43:expand this article with text translated from 15250: 14424: 13290: 12980:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 12181: 11833:Journal of Political & Military Sociology 11580:"Breakup of Soviet Union Leaves India Shaken" 11000: 10998: 9739:"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР" 8582:by Artem Krechnikov, Moscow BBC correspondent 7813:"World reacts with shock to Gorbachev ouster" 7719:"Би-би-си – Россия – Хроника путча. Часть II" 7534: 7532: 7503: 6750: 6306: 5519:Doubts remained about the legitimacy of the 8 3798:informed U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union 3348: 1090: 769: 755: 661: 507: 193:Pro-Yeltsin forces' barricades near Moscow's 10770: 9503: 9501: 9480:"The Soviet Coup: Day One, August 19th 1991" 9166: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8590: 8588: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 6507:, dispatching Vice Foreign Affairs Minister 6369:, spelling the end of the DRA in April 1992. 6294:Many but not all of states still officially 5428:voted for independence of the republic in a 5404:. Estonia had declared re-independence on 20 3471:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 741: 15382:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident 12933:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 12928:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 11413:"New Thinking in Vietnamese Foreign Policy" 10511:"Ъ-Газета – Пресс-конференция по делу ГКЧП" 10463: 9414: 9090: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 6482:birthday. Upon hearing the news, CCP elder 6099:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 5748: 3906:and Soviet Deputy Defense Minister General 3491:(economic and political restructuring) and 1039:All-National Congress of the Chechen People 675: 621: 15257: 15243: 14431: 14417: 13297: 13283: 12249:Military history of the Russian Federation 12188: 12174: 12096:TASS transmissions at the time of the coup 12054:The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons 11902:Getting the message: news, truth and power 11848: 11380:"Vietnam Fears Effects Of Soviet Upheaval" 10995: 10970: 10840: 10649: 9872:"10-я годовщина событий августа 1991 года" 9382: 9322: 9217: 8905: 8677: 8455: 7529: 6089:to become concerned about the security of 5906:(co-sponsored by the US and USSR) or slow 5791: 5636:Economic history of the Russian Federation 4768:," including pro-democracy demonstrators. 4697:delivered speeches in support of Yeltsin. 4476:, while Yeltsin enjoyed strong support in 3897:August, the members of the GKChP met at a 3442:but failed to detain the recently elected 3355: 3341: 1464: 15347:State Committee on the State of Emergency 12499:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 11729: 10852: 10779: 9675: 9498: 9444: 9442: 8998:"Путч: день первый. 19 августа 1991 года" 8834: 8638:, such as "18:30. 111 is in the bathtub." 8585: 8142: 7810: 7694:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119. 7331:State Committee on the State of Emergency 7262:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 7252:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 6895: 6372: 5676: 5268:, a GKChP member. Russian Prime Minister 5244:Learn how and when to remove this message 3870:August, Gorbachev went on holiday to his 3781:State Committee on the State of Emergency 3405:State Committee on the State of Emergency 353:State Committee on the State of Emergency 11954:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party 11143: 10282:"Belarus – Prelude to Independence" 10033: 8488: 8130: 8118: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7750:(recuperato il 27 novembre 2010 tramite 7226:died from two gunshots to the head on 22 6530: 6433:and committed to multi-party democracy. 6412: 6284: 5914:, which coordinated the massive flow of 5800: 5728: 5125:Gorbachev initially tried to defend the 5093:Russia's national flag; it replaced the 5060: 5006: 4756:State-controlled TASS dispatches from 20 4598: 4528: 4299: 15172:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 14815:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 13825:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 13304: 12460:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 12330:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 11335: 11146:"Chinese Dissidents Hail Moscow Events" 10650:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (25 August 1991). 9709:"Gorbachev Reported Under House Arrest" 8653:"Договор о Союзе суверенных государств" 8408: 7895:"Third Soviet official commits suicide" 7811:Ishërwood, Julian M. (19 August 1991). 7477: 7021: 6541: 5669:January 1992, most previously existing 5027:am, when Gorbachev arrived at Moscow's 4354:The GKChP relied on regional and local 3627:were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20 1156: 15778: 13508:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 13445:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 13081:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 13012:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 12871:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 12849:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 12563:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 12239:Military history of the Russian Empire 11720:"The Jamestown Foundation", March 2015 11084: 11055: 11004: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10730: 9486:from the original on 23 September 2019 9439: 8917:The newspapers that were allowed were 8320:"Novaya Gazeta" No. 51 of 23 July 2001 8164:Самоопределение по ленинским принципам 8010: 7939: 7595: 7190:Subsequent fate of GKChP Gang of Eight 7116:Supranational bodies and organizations 6982: 5292:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 4832:am, the troops began to leave Moscow. 4771: 4333:, and disseminated nationwide through 4227:to make a statement requesting formal 4223:. Yanayev instructed Foreign Minister 3994: 3738:, Soviet Defense Council deputy chief 2890:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2480:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 2409:, the Administrator of Affairs of the 15238: 14412: 13855:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 13278: 13231:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 12609:Russian colonization of North America 12169: 12084:Voices From An Attempted Soviet Coup. 11616:from the original on 11 November 2016 11590:from the original on 10 November 2021 11528:from the original on 14 November 2021 11487: 11469:from the original on 14 November 2021 11410: 11392:from the original on 20 December 2020 11221:from the original on 10 November 2021 11174: 11156:from the original on 10 November 2016 10971:Greenhouse, Steven (27 August 1991). 10914:from the original on 14 November 2021 10885:from the original on 10 November 2021 10758:from the original on 10 November 2021 10662:from the original on 10 November 2016 10491:from the original on 23 November 2017 10433:from the original on 27 November 2007 10279: 10273: 10261:from the original on 27 November 2020 9809:– М.: Алгоритм, Эксмо, 2010. – 240 с. 9777:from the original on 21 November 2020 9706: 9167:Varney, Wendy; Martin, Brian (2000). 8861:from the original on 26 December 2007 8404: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8229: 8085: 7976: 7974: 7861: 7713: 7711: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7254:(since 2007) until his death in 2011. 5725:Commemoration of the civilians killed 5172:headquarters were handed over to the 5002: 4423:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics 4407:all supported the coup and pressured 4194:Under Yanayev's orders, units of the 3577:unionwide referendum on 17 March 1991 3438:agents who detained Gorbachev at his 3427:'s power and distribute it among its 2792:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 292:Ukraine's declaration of independence 16:Failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev 15801:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts 15796:Military history of the Soviet Union 15677:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible 12244:Military history of the Soviet Union 11443:from the original on 9 November 2021 11360:from the original on 9 November 2021 11317:from the original on 9 November 2021 11285:from the original on 9 November 2021 11253:from the original on 9 November 2021 11125:from the original on 9 November 2021 11062:(MA thesis). Ohio State University. 11037:from the original on 9 November 2021 10952:from the original on 10 October 2017 10822:from the original on 13 January 2017 10780:Rosenthal, Andrew (20 August 1991). 10700:from the original on 10 October 2017 10474:Konsultant+ (Russian legal database) 10348:from the original on 31 January 2021 10322:from the original on 4 December 2021 10296:from the original on 10 October 2017 10209:from the original on 30 October 2020 10098:from the original on 4 December 2021 9996:from the original on 24 October 2022 9904:from the original on 21 January 2021 9878:from the original on 5 December 2020 9719:from the original on 4 December 2021 9688:from the original on 17 October 2020 9561:from the original on 11 January 2023 9531:from the original on 13 October 2016 9460:from the original on 9 December 2007 9402:from the original on 4 December 2021 8659:from the original on 4 December 2021 8437:from the original on 4 December 2021 7632:from the original on 4 December 2021 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7250:(1997–2005), and then member of the 6399:1992 Albanian parliamentary election 6395:1991 Albanian parliamentary election 5436:'s declaration of independence on 21 5226:adding citations to reliable sources 5197: 5069:Since several heads of the regional 4594: 4293:, and RSFSR Supreme Soviet Chairman 25: 15806:Attempted coups in the Soviet Union 12985:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 12128:Moscow Coup, August 1991, Anonymous 11730:ЖЕЛЕЗНОВА, Мария (23 August 2001). 11189:from the original on 8 October 2021 11144:Southerl, Daniel (23 August 1991). 11066:from the original on 25 August 2024 10727: 10631:from the original on 25 August 2024 10601:from the original on 22 August 2017 10569:from the original on 9 October 2018 10183:from the original on 10 August 2021 10072:from the original on 10 August 2021 9826:from the original on 10 August 2021 9676:Schmemann, Serge (21 August 1991). 9355:"Moskovskie Novosty", 2001, No. 33 9169:"Lessons from the 1991 Soviet Coup" 8887:from the original on 26 August 2019 8415:(1 ed.). New York: Doubleday. 7729:from the original on 28 August 2007 7386:season 4 episode of For All Mankind 7276: 6393:was still in power, having won the 6280: 5646:RSFSR Congress of People's Deputies 5184:The Dissolution of the Soviet Union 5048: 4093: 3794:. Several days later, Moscow Mayor 3609:Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics 3381:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 272:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 102:{{Translated|ru|Августовский путч}} 13: 15656:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era 15515:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library 15372:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 13031:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 12397:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 12046: 11610:"Nato's Response Covers All Bases" 11560:from the original on 31 March 2022 11175:Noble, Kenneth B. (25 June 1991). 10455:. 23 November 2003. Archived from 10374:from the original on 13 April 2021 9657:from the original on 20 March 2017 9611:A Russian site on Ilya Krichevsky 8770:from the original on 10 March 2007 8383: 8371:from the original on 3 August 2022 8291:from the original on 26 March 2021 7971: 7741: 7708: 7541:// Издательство «Прогресс», 1991. 7457:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 6960:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 6558:would later regain power and rule 6091:Soviet weapons of mass destruction 5654:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5513:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5505:Commonwealth of Independent States 5323:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 5120: 5079:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 4935:Soviet General Prosecutor's Office 4554:of Gorbachev condemning the coup. 3991:was emptied to receive prisoners. 3846:planted by Gorbachev's bodyguard, 3566:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 3407:(GKChP). They opposed Gorbachev's 3012:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 2558:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 315:left with effectively no authority 21:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 14: 15847: 15510:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center 15299:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU 15264: 13352:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 13337:Criticism of communist party rule 12896:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 12072: 11816:American Political Science Review 11680:Coup Leader May Join Defense Team 11642:from the original on 8 March 2021 11342:The Journal of East Asian Affairs 10983:from the original on 22 July 2022 10543:from the original on 13 July 2021 10517:from the original on 5 April 2021 10235:from the original on 1 March 2021 10157:from the original on 14 July 2021 10124:from the original on 21 July 2018 9968:from the original on 15 June 2018 9924:Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR 9707:Dobbs, Michael (21 August 1991). 9593:from the original on 9 March 2018 9427:"Nezavisimoe Voiennoye Obozrenie" 9396:"Приказ Коменданта г. Москвы N 2" 9304:from the original on 11 July 2021 9199:from the original on 24 July 2020 9004:from the original on 4 March 2016 8051:"USSR: The food supply situation" 7927:from the original on 8 March 2019 7901:from the original on 8 March 2019 7552: 7175:Palestine Liberation Organization 7034:: Government radio quoted leader 6595:crisis that would last ten years. 6216:, leader of Germany's opposition 5584:questioned by some legal scholars 5507:(CIS) in the Union's place. On 12 5338:and one deputy to represent each 4839:am, the GKChP members met in the 4231:from foreign governments and the 3704:made a "call for order" over the 3650:and the swift destruction of the 2403:, a military advisor to Gorbachev 950:Communist Party of Estonia (CPSU) 926:International Movement of Donbass 15759: 15758: 15603:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk 15218: 15217: 14446:, and attempted coups since 1991 14398:Human rights in the Soviet Union 13357:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 12950:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 12743:Russian conquest of Central Asia 12679:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 12475:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 12417:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 12006: 11723: 11704: 11685: 11682:, "The Moscow Times", March 2015 11672: 11654: 11628: 11602: 11572: 11540: 11481: 11455: 11404: 11372: 11329: 11297: 11265: 11233: 11201: 11168: 11137: 11078: 11049: 10964: 10926: 10846: 10804: 10712: 10674: 10643: 10627:(in Russian). 12 November 2004. 10613: 10581: 10555: 10529: 10503: 10477: 10445: 10419: 10046:from the original on 4 July 2018 10034:Synovitz, Ron (19 August 2016). 9852:from the original on 24 May 2021 9278:from the original on 27 May 2021 9148:from the original on 27 May 2021 8607:: The KGB in Europe and the West 8189:from the original on 2 June 2021 8148: 8136: 8124: 8106:from the original on 9 July 2021 8031:from the original on 9 July 2021 7957:, Oxford University Press, 2009 7823:from the original on 26 May 2019 7431: 7417: 7403: 7308:Three Days in August (1992 film) 7167: 7145: 7122: 7085: 7063: 7042: 7023: 6984: 6936: 6902: 6866: 6840: 6818: 6790: 6769: 6687: 6641: 6599: 6566: 6543: 6441: 6414: 6374: 6308: 6246: 6228: 6187: 6181:1993 French legislative election 6157: 6135: 6022: 5983: 5962: 5932: 5892: 5883:, Vasily Sredin. As part of the 5836: 5814: 5202: 5087:Constitution of the Russian SFSR 4200:Kantemirovskaya armored division 3748:CPSU Central Committee Secretary 3547:took place. About a week later, 3434:The GKChP hardliners dispatched 3324: 3076:End of communist rule in Hungary 3022:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 2448: 2368: 2357: 2346: 2335: 2324: 2312: 2301: 2290: 2276: 2269: 2256: 2245: 2234: 2223: 2213: 2202: 2191: 2180: 2169: 2158: 2147: 2135: 2124: 2111: 2098: 2087: 2074: 2061: 2050: 2039: 2028: 2021: 2008: 1994: 1987: 1977: 1970: 1960: 1953: 1943: 1936: 1925: 1918: 1906: 1899: 1886: 1879: 1866: 1859: 1845: 1825: 1817: 1807: 1798: 1788: 1779: 1769: 1749: 1741: 1731: 1722: 1712: 1703: 1693: 1673: 1665: 1654: 1625: 1613: 1600: 1584: 1571: 1558: 1545: 1532: 1519: 1506: 1493: 1480: 1466: 1452: 1439: 1426: 1413: 1400: 1387: 1374: 1362: 1349: 1337: 1324: 1311: 1298: 1265: 1252: 1239: 1223: 1210: 1198: 1185: 1172: 1158: 1144: 1132: 1119: 1106: 1092: 1065: 1054: 1043: 1032: 1021: 1010: 995: 988: 976: 965: 954: 943: 932: 919: 912: 900: 888: 876: 864: 835: 828: 814: 799: 785: 771: 757: 743: 729: 715: 701: 677: 663: 649: 636: 623: 610: 598: 584: 571: 558: 545: 531: 523: 509: 484: 474: 464: 450: 443: 429: 413: 403: 393: 383: 372: 360: 344: 154: 30: 15821:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 15357:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15062:Central African Republic (2021) 14956:Central African Republic (2013) 14770:Central African Republic (2003) 14750:Central African Republic (2001) 14456:List of coups and coup attempts 14306:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 14236:Fall of the inner German border 13236:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 12881:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 12822:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 12060:August 1991 as his Foros dacha. 12014:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 11963:56#4 (1992), pp. 519–523. 11887:44#4 (1992), pp. 539–572. 11758: 10908:"Wilson Center Digital Archive" 10792:from the original on 5 May 2019 10360: 10334: 10308: 10247: 10221: 10195: 10169: 10136: 10110: 10084: 10058: 10040:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10027: 10007: 9980: 9950: 9938:from the original on 9 May 2009 9916: 9890: 9864: 9838: 9812: 9800:Август 91-го. А был ли заговор? 9757: 9745:from the original on 6 May 2021 9731: 9700: 9669: 9637: 9605: 9573: 9543: 9513: 9472: 9388: 9349: 9328: 9290: 9223: 9160: 9129: 8990: 8970: 8911: 8873: 8812: 8782: 8750: 8645: 8624: 8468:A Word to the People, full text 8461: 8332: 8253: 8220: 8201: 8175: 8154: 8079: 8043: 8004: 7988:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from 7913: 7887: 7496: 7484: 7447:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7268:manufacturing) and "Fidelity" ( 6969:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6828:: Deputy Speaker of Parliament 6611:North Korea's embassy in Moscow 6425:: In December 1991, the ruling 5797:Western Bloc and NATO countries 5757:, but was dissolved in 1992 at 5580:United Nations Security Council 5213:needs additional citations for 5194:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4805:posthumously awarded the title 4202:rolled into Moscow, along with 4127:am, the Sevastopol regiment of 4068:, Chairman of the Peasant Union 3861: 3369:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 3093:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 2660:Occupation of the Baltic states 319:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 148:dissolution of the Soviet Union 131:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 15816:Rebellions in the Soviet Union 14296:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 13435:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 12918:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 12568:War of the Austrian Succession 10150:(in Russian). 29 August 1991. 9107:"Путч. Хроника тревожных дней" 8851:"Souz.Info Постановления ГКЧП" 8766:(in Russian). 16 August 2001. 8238:and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. 8014:The rise and fall of communism 7835: 7683: 7668: 7644: 7345:) is a 2011 Russian film that 7107:as the successor state of the 6850:: A statement released by the 6653:normalize relations with China 5446:Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan 5281:Act of Independence of Ukraine 4988:Soviet Russian airborne troops 4210:were detained by the KGB at a 4208:Russian SFSR people's deputies 4196:Tamanskaya mechanized infantry 4160:. The Russian SFSR-controlled 4098: 3674: 2912:Mozambican War of Independence 2609:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 436:Presidency of the Soviet Union 100:You may also add the template 1: 15621:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 14316:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 13915:Inter-regional Deputies Group 13900:National League for Democracy 13141:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 13019:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12770:Russian invasion of Manchuria 12760:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 12706:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 12701:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 12644:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 12634:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 12599:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 12594:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 12584:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 12574:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 12552:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 12547:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 12524:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 12519:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 12494:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 12470:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 12465:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 12450:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 12325:List of wars involving Russia 12320:Sino-Russian border conflicts 11849:Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991). 11056:Gibson, Joshua James (2015). 10871:10.1080/14743892.2019.1599627 10024:. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с. 9450:"Усов Владимир Александрович" 8987:. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с. 8339:Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991). 7338:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 7272:production); he died in 2019. 6956:Chief Minister of West Bengal 6385:: During the coup, Communist 6220:, urged member states of the 5693:began on 14 April 1993. On 23 5448:declared the independence of 5420:declared the independence of 5412:March the previous year. On 9 5378:Supreme Soviets of Azerbaijan 4792:(IFVs), commanded by Captain 4659:military commandant of Moscow 3758:Congress of People's Deputies 3742:, Gorbachev secretariat head 3507:agitation on the part of the 3476: 3397:General Secretary of the CPSU 2971:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 2411:Central Committee of the CPSU 480:Congress of People's Deputies 299:' declaration of independence 15836:August 1991 events in Russia 15826:Political scandals in Russia 15663:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate 15565:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup 15127:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 14790:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 14629:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 14226:Alexanderplatz demonstration 14191:Polish Round Table Agreement 13865:People's Movement of Ukraine 13096:Eritrean War of Independence 13066:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 13061:East German uprising of 1953 13002:Eastern Front (World War II) 12891:Red Army invasion of Georgia 12886:Red Army invasion of Armenia 12854:Estonian War of Independence 12795:Russian occupation of Tabriz 12716:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 12674:War of the Seventh Coalition 12557:War of the Polish Succession 12504:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 9630:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 9360:(in Russian). Archived from 9026:another "Kommersant" article 8089:Collapse of the Soviet Union 8011:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1994). 7874:Collapse of the Soviet Union 7378:Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone 7365:that uses footage shot 19–24 7357:(Событие) is a 2015 Russian 7244:Federation Council of Russia 7132:: While celebrating Mass in 6270:Democratic Party of the Left 5535:expanded the CIS to include 5418:Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan 5344:republics' people's deputies 5056: 4914:Eight minutes later, at 5:00 4497:Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow 4120:residents for personal use. 3854:under Deputy Prime Minister 3762:Minister of Internal Affairs 2777:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2772:1956 Georgian demonstrations 2733:East German uprising of 1953 2675:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 1050:People's Movement of Ukraine 972:Communist Party of Lithuania 939:Communist Party of the RSFSR 19:Not to be confused with the 7: 15582:Confession on a Given Theme 15487:Soskovets campaign strategy 14271:January Events in Lithuania 14206:Hungarian Round Table Talks 13845:Democratic Party of Albania 13136:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 13086:Sino-Soviet border conflict 12955:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12923:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12859:Latvian War of Independence 12748:Russian conquest of Bukhara 12639:War of the Fourth Coalition 12624:War of the Second Coalition 12052:Gorbachev, Mikhail (1991). 12030:Journal of Cold War Studies 11799:Journal of Cold War Studies 11417:Contemporary Southeast Asia 11336:Mikheev, Vasily V. (1998). 9527:(in Russian). 7 July 2011. 9358:"MN.RU: Московские Новости" 9334:"Izvestia", 18 August 2006 8881:"УКАЗ вице-президента СССР" 7516: 7452:History of the Soviet Union 7396: 6583:special Soviet relationship 6562:through to the present day. 6459:Moscow visit between August 5826:Prime Minister of Australia 5776:October of the same year. 5452:from the Soviet Union. On 1 4978:May as an official act. In 4521:am, RSFSR Foreign Minister 3939:nuclear command and control 3679: 3611:, with a common president, 2902:Angolan War of Independence 2759:"On the Cult of Personality 2712:Death and funeral of Stalin 2442:History of the Soviet Union 1017:Popular Front of Azerbaijan 201:Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge 180:, waving the newly adopted 10: 15852: 15462:1996 presidential election 15450:1991 presidential election 13925:Hungarian Democratic Forum 13920:Alliance of Free Democrats 13910:Union of Democratic Forces 13131:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 12669:War of the Sixth Coalition 12659:War of the Fifth Coalition 12629:War of the Third Coalition 12234:Military history of Russia 12196:Armed conflicts involving 11506:10.1177/002070209404900405 10859:American Communist History 10853:Rosenberg, Daniel (2019). 8409:Hoffman, David E. (2009). 7817:United Press International 7608:Princeton University Press 7284:The Man Who Doesn't Return 7270:fast-moving consumer goods 7181:, who was a member of the 6751:Former Warsaw Pact members 6699:United Press International 6403:Socialist Party of Albania 6387:Party of Labour of Albania 5743:Heroes of the Soviet Union 5633: 5543:and the five republics of 5388:August, respectively. On 6 5296:Declaration of Sovereignty 5187: 5159:Supreme Soviet of the USSR 5073:supported the GKChP, on 21 4790:infantry fighting vehicles 4738:am the following morning. 4499:, spiritual leader of the 4445:all sided with the GKChP. 4262:surrounded his dacha with 4143: 3998: 3803:oblivious to their plans. 3721:Central Control Commission 3503:. The reforms also caused 3448:newly reconstituted Russia 3403:, who together formed the 3375:, was a failed attempt by 3103:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2687:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 2599:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 2568:Death and funeral of Lenin 64:Machine translation, like 18: 15737: 15686: 15612: 15573: 15502: 15435: 15377:Constitutional referendum 15342:Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar 15322: 15309:28th Congress of the CPSU 15286: 15272: 15185: 15049: 14893: 14707: 14476: 14451: 14390: 14324: 14286:1991 protests in Belgrade 14166: 14091: 14000: 13942: 13933: 13815: 13677: 13624: 13521: 13453: 13390: 13312: 13244: 13179: 12970:Soviet invasion of Poland 12780: 12664:French invasion of Russia 12532: 12430: 12349: 12275:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 12267: 12224: 12217: 12122:The Collapse of Stalinism 11835:20#2 (1992) pp. 305–322. 11584:Christian Science Monitor 11488:Cohen, Lenard J. (1994). 11103:10.1017/S0305741000018178 11023:10.1080/01436599208420305 10020:17 September 2018 at the 8983:17 September 2018 at the 8708:29 September 2007 at the 7984:Gorbachev and Perestroika 7692:Journeys Through Conflict 7545:. Accessed 14 June 2009. 7504: 7343:Ельцин. Три дня в августе 6977:Christian Science Monitor 6930:Chapultepec Peace Accords 6657:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 6321:People's Democratic Party 6272:, the direct heir of the 6105:and providing funding to 6032:: During his vacation in 5910:. The quasi-governmental 5908:Soviet Jewish immigration 5713:August 1994. The Russian 5456:December, Ukraine held a 5384:did the same on 30 and 31 5371:Supreme Soviet of Moldova 5298:as a constitutional law. 5275:That same day, Ukraine's 5262:USSR Cabinet of Ministers 4657:, whom Yanayev appointed 4537:pm. He declared at a 5:00 4493:World Health Organization 3603:abstaining) approved the 3425:central Soviet government 2380: 1645: 961:Communist Party of Latvia 335: 213: 153: 135: 130: 45:the corresponding article 15791:1991 in the Soviet Union 15550:Monument (Yekaterinburg) 15352:1991 Soviet coup attempt 14810:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 14276:January Events in Latvia 14266:Reunification of Germany 14251:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 14181:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 13905:National Salvation Front 13890:Belarusian Popular Front 13880:Popular Front of Estonia 13649:Polish underground press 13410:List of socialist states 13111:South African Border War 13036:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 12938:Chechen uprising of 1932 12619:Russo-Persian War (1796) 12115:The St. Petersburg Times 12110:#696(63), 17 August 2001 12108:The St. Petersburg Times 11961:Public Opinion Quarterly 10286:Belarus: A Country Study 8703:No. 59 of 20 August 2001 8640:The State Within a State 8578:27 November 2007 at the 8325:15 February 2012 at the 8261:The State Within a State 8169:16 November 2020 at the 7596:Dunlop, John B. (1995). 6973:Indian National Congress 6832:said, "Undoubtedly, the 6675:. Vietnam would look to 6655:in November, ending the 6527:People's Liberation Army 6518:People's Liberation Army 6335:still being held by the 5749:Parliamentary commission 5115:Hero of the Soviet Union 4807:Hero of the Soviet Union 4798:2022 invasion of Ukraine 4651:Moscow military district 4470:Russian-majority regions 3558:declared its sovereignty 3481:Since assuming power as 3163:independence declaration 2934:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2922:South African Border War 2589:Socialism in one country 2418:3 civilians killed on 21 1028:Belarusian Popular Front 983:Liberal Democratic Party 264:Failure of the proposed 258:Self-dissolution of the 161:Clockwise from top left: 15642:President of All Russia 15540:Street of Boris Yeltsin 15477:Loans for shares scheme 15314:Death and state funeral 15277:1st President of Russia 14352:Economic liberalization 14291:1991 Belarusian strikes 14231:Fall of the Berlin Wall 13885:Public Against Violence 13875:Popular Front of Latvia 13654:Political demonstration 13503:Chinese economic reform 13415:People Power Revolution 12753:Khivan campaign of 1873 12604:Russo-Polish War (1792) 12000:21 January 2021 at the 11870:10.1163/187633191X00137 11808:4 December 2021 at the 11697:10 October 2017 at the 8357:10.1163/187633191X00137 7246:(1993–95), governor of 7183:PLO Executive Committee 6744:Serbian and Montenegrin 6522:1989 Tiananmen Massacre 6467:12 to see GKChP member 6453:Chinese Communist Party 6435:Angola–Russia relations 6274:Italian Communist Party 6218:Social Democratic Party 5792:International reactions 5624:Soviet political system 5434:Armenian Supreme Soviet 5331:Soviet of Nationalities 5108:statue in front of the 5065:Victims' place of death 4992:Estonian Defence League 4644:Strategic Rocket Forces 4501:Russian Orthodox Church 4308:with 1980s street names 4289:, RSFSR Vice President 4285:, RSFSR Prime Minister 4250:northeast of Moscow to 3943:Ninth Chief Directorate 3714:Soviet Defense Minister 3464:dissolution of the USSR 3331:Soviet Union portal 3066:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3032:Lithuanian independence 2743:1954 transfer of Crimea 2645:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2538:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 111:For more guidance, see 15764:Category:Boris Yeltsin 15407:Monetary reform (1998) 15402:Monetary reform (1993) 15224:Plots and conspiracies 14730:Solomon Islands (2000) 13486:New political thinking 13226:Western Libya campaign 12901:East Karelian uprising 12422:Wagner Group rebellion 12357:Uprising of Bolotnikov 11937:International Security 11777:52.4 (1993): 810–838. 11669:"LA Times", March 2015 11665:25 August 2024 at the 10537:"Суд над членами ГКЧП" 9805:10 August 2021 at the 9432:7 January 2008 at the 9031:7 January 2008 at the 8740:7 January 2008 at the 8573:Timeline of the events 7462:Wagner Group rebellion 7384:In "House Divided", a 7329:, commissioned by the 7296:Three Days (1992 film) 6920:was being negotiated. 6896:Other sovereign states 6735:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 6537: 6291: 6120: 6093:and the potential for 5809: 5734: 5677:Trial of GKChP members 5595:as the Soviet Union's 5593:the Russian Federation 5495:, Belarus to sign the 5335:USSR people's deputies 5272:headed the committee. 5066: 5012: 4849:CPSU General Secretary 4624:Soviet nuclear weapons 4622:briefcase controlling 4607: 4309: 4229:diplomatic recognition 4225:Alexander Bessmertnykh 4056:, Minister of Interior 3916:Soviet Airborne Forces 3672: 3458:protesters, mainly in 3385:forcibly seize control 2986:: Decline and collapse 1646:Commanders and leaders 15596:Presidential Marathon 15412:1998 financial crisis 14594:Bophuthatswana (1994) 14357:Post-Soviet conflicts 14311:Tajikistani Civil War 14261:Revolution on Granite 14221:Monday Demonstrations 13747:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 13581:Mengistu Haile Mariam 13347:Eastern Bloc politics 13221:Intervention in Syria 13156:Tajikistani Civil War 12864:Lithuanian–Soviet War 12805:Battle of Robat Karim 12254:Post-Soviet conflicts 12079:The August Coup texts 12039:25 March 2022 at the 12032:5.1 (2003): 128–164. 11494:International Journal 11313:. 13 September 1991. 11085:Garver, John (1993). 11011:Third World Quarterly 11005:Webber, Mark (1992). 10723:(Special Issue): 111. 10280:Fedor, Helen (1995). 10015:Последний бой за СССР 9343:10 March 2007 at the 8978:Последний бой за СССР 8819:Revolutionary Passage 8473:4 August 2021 at the 8213:10 March 2021 at the 7964:20 March 2017 at the 7206:Free Economic Society 6712:breakup of Yugoslavia 6663:(SOC). Increasingly, 6534: 6493:Sino-Soviet relations 6288: 6116: 6095:nuclear proliferation 6034:Walker's Point Estate 5804: 5732: 5691:Russian Supreme Court 5616:constitutional crisis 5591:, and so recognizing 5485:Stanislav Shushkevich 5349:Also created was the 5129:, proclaiming at a 22 5064: 5010: 4888:information control. 4835:Between 8:00 and 9:00 4780:am, not far from the 4691:Mstislav Rostropovich 4602: 4529:Afternoon and evening 4303: 4050:, Minister of Defence 3842:conversation from an 3823:Six days later, on 29 3816:newspaper, entitled " 3753:into the conspiracy. 3644:Soviet Union's empire 3640: 2738:Virgin Lands campaign 2563:National delimitation 2381:Casualties and losses 113:Knowledge:Translation 84:copyright attribution 15670:Boris Yeltsin. First 15427:Impeachment attempts 15167:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 15122:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 15106:Burkina Faso (2022) 14941:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 14916:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 14785:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 14760:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 14735:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 14699:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 14684:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 13767:Vytautas Landsbergis 13762:Viacheslav Chornovil 13591:Denis Sassou Nguesso 13204:Annexation of Crimea 12908:Central Asian Revolt 12817:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12689:Russo-Circassian War 12372:Pugachev's Rebellion 12315:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 12259:Russian Armed Forces 12229:Early modern warfare 11987:24 July 2020 at the 11980:32.1 (2000): 52–68. 11946:24 July 2020 at the 11929:11 July 2020 at the 11911:29 June 2013 at the 11801:5.1 (2003): 94–127. 11794:8.2 (1992): 164–174. 11784:24 July 2020 at the 11742:on 29 September 2018 11716:2 April 2015 at the 11411:Yeong, Mike (1992). 11388:. 9 September 1991. 11217:. 8 September 1991. 10818:. 3 September 1991. 10459:on 23 November 2003. 10429:. 5 September 2005. 10401:pravo.levonevsky.org 9078:on 29 September 2007 8794:mysteriouscountry.ru 8485:website (in Russian) 8086:Gupta, R.C. (1997). 7849:on 11 September 2007 7664:on 8 September 2020. 7478:Notes and references 7266:electric arc furnace 7240:Vasiliy Starodubtsev 6914:Salvadoran Civil War 6556:Denis Sassou Nguesso 6505:diplomatic relations 6150:Uffe Ellemann-Jensen 6038:Kennebunkport, Maine 5620:Russian constitution 5351:Soviet State Council 5222:improve this article 5174:Government of Moscow 5071:executive committees 4665:in Moscow from 11:00 4636:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 4616:Soviet General Staff 4559:Cabinet of Ministers 4510:Leningrad Television 4221:Council of Ministers 4115:am Moscow time on 19 3839:Nursultan Nazarbayev 3818:A Word to the People 3764:. Foreign Secretary 3411:, were angry at the 3387:of the country from 3371:, also known as the 3158:Ukrainian revolution 3086:German reunification 3044:Latvian independence 2959:1984 Olympic boycott 2954:1980 Olympic boycott 2944:1980 Summer Olympics 2917:Mozambican Civil War 2807:Cuban Missile Crisis 2787:Peaceful coexistence 2655:Operation Barbarossa 2396:Minister of Interior 2364:Viacheslav Chornovil 2319:Mykolas Burokevičius 2220:Vytautas Landsbergis 2187:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1002:Russian nationalists 490:Council of Ministers 225:August 1991 (4 days) 15743:← Mikhail Gorbachev 15628:Three August's Days 15416:1998 miners' strike 15337:Second inauguration 15162:Sierra Leone (2023) 15157:Burkina Faso (2023) 15011:Burkina Faso (2016) 15001:Burkina Faso (2015) 14765:Burkina Faso (2003) 14544:Sierra Leone (1992) 14509:Georgia (1991–1992) 14499:Soviet Union (1991) 14211:Pan-European Picnic 14186:1988 Polish strikes 13566:Wojciech Jaruzelski 13306:Revolutions of 1989 13264:Sphere of influence 13194:Russo-Ukrainian War 13051:First Indochina War 13024:Soviet–Japanese War 12960:Xinjiang War (1937) 12829:Kazakhstan Campaign 12614:Kościuszko Uprising 12514:Second Northern War 12392:Coup attempt (1991) 12285:Soviet-Finnish wars 11970:18 May 2021 at the 11939:16.3 (1991): 5–38. 11894:18 May 2021 at the 11879:on 4 December 2021. 11842:18 May 2021 at the 11825:18 May 2021 at the 11638:. 12 October 2010. 11556:. 13 October 2005. 11385:The Washington Post 11150:The Washington Post 11091:The China Quarterly 10513:. 27 January 1993. 10290:Library of Congress 9713:The Washington Post 9586:The Guardian Online 9557:. 11 January 2023. 9508:"Argumenty i Facty" 9364:on 27 November 2007 9052:on 24 December 2005 8828:16 May 2016 at the 7872:R.C. Gupta. (1997) 7411:Soviet Union portal 7299:is a drama film by 7287:is a drama film by 6951:P. V. Narasimha Rao 6916:with the Communist 6717:red-brown coalition 6637:that began in 1994. 6509:Alexander Belonogov 6363:Mohammad Najibullah 6359:Abdul Rashid Dostum 6341:Mohammad Najibullah 6210:former East Germany 6172:François Mitterrand 5707:October 1993 crisis 5697:February 1994, the 5644:November 1991, the 5612:Soviet of Republics 5553:its war with Russia 5327:Soviet of the Union 5091:old imperial colors 4772:Wednesday 21 August 4687:Eduard Shevardnadze 4634:Commander-in-Chief 4585:Tamanskaya Division 4447:Soviet Armed Forces 4435:Checheno-Ingushetia 4248:Chkalovsky Air Base 4090:must be restored." 4066:Vasily Starodubtsev 4005:The members of the 3995:The coup chronology 3935:telephone landlines 3914:, commander of the 3908:Valentin Varennikov 3800:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 3771:Beginning with the 3766:Eduard Shevardnadze 3692:in June 1990. On 11 3690:28th Party Congress 3660:Great Patriotic War 3579:, boycotted by the 3466:four months later. 3081:Romanian Revolution 3061:Peaceful Revolution 3056:Pan-European Picnic 3051:Revolutions of 1989 2992:Invasion of Grenada 2868:Cambodian Civil War 2822:: Era of Stagnation 2707:First Indochina War 2682:Soviet deportations 2650:Great Patriotic War 2623:Cultural Revolution 2553:New Economic Policy 2507:February Revolution 2387:3 died by suicide: 2230:Gediminas Vagnorius 2154:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 1795:Vasily Starodubtsev 579:Checheno-Ingushetia 270:Dissolution of the 199:GKChP tanks on the 142:Revolutions of 1989 15589:Notes of President 15535:Boris Yeltsin Peak 15387:Elizabeth II visit 15367:Demographic crisis 15332:First inauguration 14860:Philippines (2007) 14780:Philippines (2003) 13571:Slobodan Milošević 13440:Vatican Opposition 13254:Russian Revolution 13189:Russo-Georgian War 13171:Second Chechen War 13151:Georgian Civil War 12790:Russo-Japanese War 12542:Great Northern War 12440:Russo-Crimean Wars 12412:Second Chechen War 12310:Russo-Turkish wars 12305:Russo-Swedish wars 12295:Russo-Persian Wars 12280:Russo-Crimean Wars 12155:Strategic Insights 11956:(Routledge, 2007). 11612:. 21 August 1991. 11586:. 7 October 1991. 11310:The New York Times 11281:. 23 August 1991. 11249:. 23 August 1991. 11182:The New York Times 10977:The New York Times 10816:The New York Times 10786:The New York Times 10754:. 21 August 1991. 10656:The New York Times 10597:. 25 August 1991. 10594:The New York Times 9932:Latvijas Vēstnesis 9926:(21 August 1991). 9848:. 18 August 2001. 9682:The New York Times 9653:. 19 August 2016. 9589:. 16 August 2011. 9398:. 26 August 1991. 9325:, p. 335-336. 8956:Moskovskaya Pravda 8950:Sovetskaya Rossiya 8800:on 10 October 2017 8595:Christopher Andrew 7951:Timothy Garton Ash 7725:. 18 August 2006. 7520:, "August Putsch". 7517:Avgustovskiy Putch 7258:Alexander Tizyakov 7212:Vladimir Kryuchkov 7157:James A. Baker III 7105:Russian Federation 7003:that preceded the 7001:invasion of Kuwait 6704:Slobodan Milošević 6681:Soviet dissolution 6673:Peaceful Evolution 6538: 6520:forces during the 6487:closed doors, the 6367:Ahmad Shah Massoud 6300:multi-party system 6292: 6240:Andreas Papandreou 6222:European Community 6107:post-Soviet states 6101:, authorizing the 6011:European Community 5810: 5759:Ruslan Khasbulatov 5735: 5100:On the night of 24 5097:two months later. 5067: 5013: 5003:Thursday 22 August 4986:was taken over by 4972:Republic of Latvia 4948:From 9:40 to 10:10 4811:Sergey Parkhomenko 4653:commander General 4608: 4548:television antenna 4431:Kabardino-Balkaria 4345:computer network. 4310: 4295:Ruslan Khasbulatov 4166:Televidenie Rossii 4072:Alexander Tizyakov 4039:Vladimir Kryuchkov 3813:Sovetskaya Rossiya 3710:state of emergency 3702:Vladimir Kryuchkov 3686:Alexander Yakovlev 3634:British historian 3456:anti-authoritarian 3313:Post-Soviet states 3017:Singing Revolution 3007:Chernobyl disaster 2927:Rhodesian Bush War 2528:October Revolution 2176:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 2131:Saparmurat Niyazov 2016:Vladislav Ardzinba 1913:Ruslan Khasbulatov 1814:Alexander Tizyakov 1719:Vladimir Kryuchkov 1288:Diplomatic support 1081:Diplomatic support 605:Kabardino-Balkaria 303:Chechen Revolution 92:interlanguage link 15786:Conflicts in 1991 15773: 15772: 15730: 15722: 15718:Tatyana Yumasheva 15714: 15706: 15698: 15445:Electoral history 15397:First Chechen War 15287:Life and politics 15232: 15231: 14921:Bangladesh (2011) 14906:Madagascar (2010) 14880:Madagascar (2009) 14870:Mauritania (2008) 14850:Madagascar (2006) 14835:Mauritania (2005) 14775:Mauritania (2003) 14664:Bangladesh (1996) 14619:Azerbaijan (1995) 14564:Azerbaijan (1993) 14513:Venezuela (1992) 14406: 14405: 14332:Colour revolution 14162: 14161: 14129:Congo-Brazzaville 13850:Democratic Russia 13807:Pope John Paul II 13802:George H. W. Bush 13752:Vladimir Bukovsky 13541:Mikhail Gorbachev 13536:Nicolae Ceaușescu 13322:Era of Stagnation 13272: 13271: 13161:First Chechen War 13116:Soviet–Afghan War 13101:Angolan Civil War 12876:Polish–Soviet War 12834:Finnish Civil War 12812:Russian Civil War 12711:November Uprising 12649:Anglo-Russian War 12589:Bar Confederation 12402:First Chechen War 12382:Russian Civil War 12377:Decembrist revolt 12367:Bulavin Rebellion 12362:Razin's Rebellion 12345: 12344: 12300:Russo-Polish Wars 12268:Lists by opponent 11952:Ogushi, Atsushi. 11922:29 (1999): 1–17. 11818:(1997): 671–684. 11678:Simon Saradzhyan 11636:"Gennady Yanayev" 11465:. Wilson Center. 11278:Los Angeles Times 11246:Los Angeles Times 11214:Los Angeles Times 10751:Los Angeles Times 10625:www.kommersant.ru 10539:. 15 April 1993. 9620:on 11 August 2011 8961:Leninskoye Znamya 8926:Rabochaya Tribuna 8821:by Marc Garcelon 8744:, 18 August 2006 8605:Mitrokhin Archive 8481:newspaper at the 8422:978-0-385-52437-7 8161:Маркедонов Сергей 7992:on 28 August 2008 7680:16 September 2009 7617:978-1-4008-2100-6 7514: 7505:Августовский путч 7390:alternate history 7179:Yasser Abed Rabbo 7138:Pope John Paul II 7009:Iraqi News Agency 6928:coup failed, the 6925:Alfredo Cristiani 6912:: The end of the 6661:State of Cambodia 6501:Sino-Soviet split 6489:Chinese Politburo 6045:George H. W. Bush 5877:chargé d'affaires 5856:Barbara McDougall 5806:George H. W. Bush 5719:Vladislav Achalov 5533:Alma-Ata Protocol 5501:1922 union treaty 5497:Belovezha Accords 5340:autonomous region 5254: 5253: 5246: 5190:Belavezha Accords 5170:Central Committee 5139:General Secretary 5106:Felix Dzerzhinsky 5095:Russian SFSR flag 4909:Alexander Rutskoy 4821:suffered a minor 4802:Soviet-Afghan War 4749:declared at 11:03 4703:Vladislav Achalov 4618:ordered that the 4595:Tuesday 20 August 4577:Vitaly Doguzhiyev 4339:Usenet newsgroups 4335:medium-wave radio 4291:Alexander Rutskoy 4283:Konstantin Kobets 4258:near Moscow. The 4174:BBC World Service 4158:Democratic Russia 4129:KGB border troops 3848:Vladimir Medvedev 3829:Russian President 3827:July, Gorbachev, 3734:, Vice President 3549:a similar attempt 3429:fifteen republics 3389:Mikhail Gorbachev 3365: 3364: 3194:Soviet leadership 3180:Alma-Ata Protocol 3175:Belovezha Accords 3071:Velvet Revolution 3037:Economic blockade 2939:Soviet–Afghan War 2907:Angolan Civil War 2858:Laotian Civil War 2833:Era of Stagnation 2828:Brezhnev Doctrine 2797:Sino-Soviet split 2727:: Khrushchev Thaw 2618:Industrialization 2533:Russian Civil War 2427: 2426: 2401:Sergey Akhromeyev 2252:Valeriu Muravschi 2106:Mintimer Shaimiev 2046:Anatoly Malofeyev 1950:Konstantin Kobets 1893:Alexander Rutskoy 1853:Mikhail Gorbachev 1680:Sergey Akhromeyev 379:Kantemir Division 331: 330: 178:Russian President 124: 123: 57: 53: 15843: 15811:1991 in politics 15762: 15761: 15750:Vladimir Putin → 15728: 15720: 15712: 15704: 15702:Claudia Yeltsina 15696: 15482:Semibankirschina 15362:Belovezh Accords 15259: 15252: 15245: 15236: 15235: 15221: 15220: 14755:Venezuela (2002) 14584:Lithuania (1993) 14559:Guatemala (1993) 14433: 14426: 14419: 14410: 14409: 14281:Transnistria War 13940: 13939: 13782:Aung San Suu Kyi 13697:Alexander Dubček 13634:Civil resistance 13491:Sinatra Doctrine 13471:Demokratizatsiya 13372:Shortage economy 13299: 13292: 13285: 13276: 13275: 13146:Transnistria War 13091:War of Attrition 12997:Continuation War 12946: 12738:January Uprising 12579:Seven Years' War 12479:Time of Troubles 12445:Russo-Kazan Wars 12290:Russo-Kazan Wars 12222: 12221: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12167: 12166: 12141: 12059: 12025: 11880: 11878: 11872:. Archived from 11864:(1–4): 317–362. 11855: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11738:. Archived from 11727: 11721: 11708: 11702: 11691:Rupert Cornwell 11689: 11683: 11676: 11670: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11548:"World Reaction" 11544: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11408: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11002: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10904: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10777: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10742: 10725: 10724: 10721:Queens Quarterly 10716: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10585: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10487:. 15 June 1992. 10481: 10475: 10472: 10461: 10460: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10403:. Archived from 10393: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10156: 10149: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10031: 10025: 10011: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9962:www.estonica.org 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9816: 9810: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9650:The Moscow Times 9641: 9635: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9616:. Archived from 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9517: 9511: 9510:, 15 August 2001 9505: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9446: 9437: 9436:, 18 August 2006 9425: 9421: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9353: 9347: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9113:. Archived from 9103: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9074:. Archived from 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9048:. Archived from 9042: 9036: 9035:, 18 August 2006 9024: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8994: 8988: 8974: 8968: 8965:Sel'skaya zhizn′ 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8847: 8832: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8796:. Archived from 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8730: 8713: 8698: 8694: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8649: 8643: 8632:Raisa Gorbacheva 8628: 8622: 8599:Vasili Mitrokhin 8592: 8583: 8571: 8567: 8486: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8406: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8351:(1–4): 323–328. 8336: 8330: 8318: 8314: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8277: 8264: 8257: 8251: 8233: 8227: 8224: 8218: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8179: 8173: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8067:on 23 March 2018 8066: 8060:. Archived from 8055: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7978: 7969: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7923:. Deseret News. 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7891: 7885: 7870: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7845:. Archived from 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7808: 7755: 7752:Internet Archive 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7687: 7681: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7657:. Archived from 7656: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7593: 7550: 7536: 7521: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7371:camera operators 7368: 7277:In popular media 7229: 7208:, dying in 2003. 7196:Gennadiy Yanayev 7173: 7171: 7170: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7075:Foreign Minister 7069: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7026: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6761:Marxist–Leninist 6746:successor state. 6741: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6477:paramount leader 6466: 6462: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6431:Social Democracy 6424: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6384: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6333:prisoners of war 6325:Afghan Civil War 6318: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6296:Marxist–Leninist 6281:Communist states 6266:Achille Occhetto 6261:Giulio Andreotti 6252: 6250: 6249: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6176:life and liberty 6163: 6161: 6160: 6147:Foreign Minister 6141: 6139: 6138: 6059: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6007: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5951:Foreign Ministry 5938: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5861: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5740: 5712: 5696: 5673:were abolished. 5668: 5663: 5643: 5605: 5569: 5526: 5522: 5510: 5474: 5455: 5444:27 October, the 5443: 5439: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5368: 5355:Soviet President 5316: 5308:Anatoly Lukyanov 5304: 5289: 5259: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5206: 5198: 5179: 5157:August when the 5156: 5151:Vladimir Ivashko 5148: 5144: 5132: 5103: 5077:August 1991 the 5076: 5049:Friday 23 August 5041: 5026: 4984:Tallinn TV Tower 4977: 4962: 4951: 4943: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4852:Vladimir Ivashko 4845:Anatoly Lukyanov 4841:Defence Ministry 4838: 4831: 4819:Raisa Gorbacheva 4794:Sergey Surovikin 4779: 4759: 4752: 4737: 4727:Viktor Karpukhin 4676: 4673:am, effective 20 4672: 4668: 4632:Soviet Air Force 4629: 4613: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4540: 4536: 4520: 4490: 4459: 4360:CPSU Secretariat 4319: 4273: 4268:Viktor Karpukhin 4245: 4185:transistor radio 4178:Voice of America 4151: 4148:Starting at 6:00 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4094:Monday 19 August 4035:, Prime Minister 4029:, Vice President 3989:Lefortovo Prison 3979: 3971: 3966:Anatoly Lukyanov 3963: 3956: 3932: 3928: 3904: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3880:New Union Treaty 3869: 3836:Kazakh President 3826: 3809: 3789: 3706:Moscow Programme 3695: 3630: 3615:, and military. 3605:New Union Treaty 3563: 3417:New Union Treaty 3393:Soviet President 3357: 3350: 3343: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3308:Soviet republics 3148:New Union Treaty 2949:Olympic boycotts 2767:We will bury you 2753:De-Stalinization 2670:Battle of Berlin 2594:Collectivization 2475:World revolution 2452: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2407:Nikolay Kruchina 2375:Yuriy Shukhevych 2373: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2353:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2351: 2350: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2331:Abulfaz Elchibey 2329: 2328: 2317: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2297:Valentin Kuptsov 2295: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2238: 2228: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2173: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2128: 2116: 2115: 2103: 2102: 2092: 2091: 2079: 2078: 2066: 2065: 2057:Nikolay Dementey 2055: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2013: 2012: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1832:Nikolay Kruchina 1830: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1688: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1669: 1659: 1658: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1367: 1366: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1292: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1085: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1026: 1025: 1015: 1014: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 992: 991: 981: 980: 979: 970: 969: 959: 958: 948: 947: 937: 936: 924: 923: 922: 917: 916: 907:Unitate-Edinstvo 905: 904: 893: 892: 881: 880: 869: 868: 858: 857: 840: 839: 838: 833: 832: 831: 824: 820: 818: 817: 809: 805: 803: 802: 795: 791: 789: 788: 781: 777: 775: 774: 767: 763: 761: 760: 753: 749: 747: 746: 739: 735: 733: 732: 725: 721: 719: 718: 711: 707: 705: 704: 687: 683: 681: 680: 673: 669: 667: 666: 654: 653: 652: 641: 640: 639: 633: 629: 627: 626: 615: 614: 613: 603: 602: 601: 589: 588: 587: 576: 575: 574: 568: 564: 562: 561: 550: 549: 548: 541: 537: 535: 534: 528: 527: 526: 519: 515: 513: 512: 488: 478: 468: 456: 454: 453: 448: 447: 446: 434: 433: 432: 417: 407: 397: 387: 377: 376: 375: 365: 364: 363: 349: 348: 324: 313:Soviet President 266:New Union Treaty 224: 215: 214: 158: 128: 127: 103: 97: 70:Google Translate 55: 51: 34: 33: 26: 15851: 15850: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15776: 15775: 15774: 15769: 15733: 15694:Nikolay Yeltsin 15682: 15608: 15569: 15498: 15431: 15318: 15282: 15268: 15263: 15233: 15228: 15215: 15181: 15045: 15041:Ethiopia (2019) 15021:Zimbabwe (2017) 14991:Yemen (2014–15) 14981:Thailand (2014) 14889: 14885:Honduras (2009) 14845:Thailand (2006) 14720:Paraguay (2000) 14703: 14694:Pakistan (1999) 14669:Cambodia (1997) 14639:Paraguay (1996) 14614:Cambodia (1994) 14494:Thailand (1991) 14472: 14447: 14437: 14407: 14402: 14386: 14347:Democratization 14337:Decommunization 14320: 14256:Helsinki Summit 14196:April 9 tragedy 14168: 14158: 14087: 13996: 13944: 13935: 13929: 13817: 13811: 13679: 13673: 13626: 13620: 13576:Mathieu Kérékou 13523: 13517: 13449: 13425:Reagan Doctrine 13400:Active measures 13392: 13386: 13377:Totalitarianism 13314: 13308: 13303: 13273: 13268: 13240: 13181: 13175: 13166:War of Dagestan 12940: 12913:August Uprising 12782: 12776: 12765:Boxer Rebellion 12733:Amur Annexation 12534: 12528: 12432: 12426: 12407:War of Dagestan 12387:August Uprising 12341: 12263: 12213: 12194: 12139: 12075: 12070: 12057: 12049: 12047:Primary sources 12041:Wayback Machine 12022: 12002:Wayback Machine 11989:Wayback Machine 11972:Wayback Machine 11948:Wayback Machine 11931:Wayback Machine 11913:Wayback Machine 11896:Wayback Machine 11876: 11858:Russian History 11853: 11844:Wayback Machine 11827:Wayback Machine 11810:Wayback Machine 11786:Wayback Machine 11761: 11756: 11755: 11745: 11743: 11728: 11724: 11718:Wayback Machine 11710:Vladimir Socor 11709: 11705: 11699:Wayback Machine 11690: 11686: 11677: 11673: 11667:Wayback Machine 11659: 11655: 11645: 11643: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11619: 11617: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11593: 11591: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11563: 11561: 11553:Tampa Bay Times 11546: 11545: 11541: 11531: 11529: 11486: 11482: 11472: 11470: 11461: 11460: 11456: 11446: 11444: 11429:10.1355/CS14-3D 11409: 11405: 11395: 11393: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11363: 11361: 11334: 11330: 11320: 11318: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11254: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11222: 11207: 11206: 11202: 11192: 11190: 11173: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11126: 11083: 11079: 11069: 11067: 11054: 11050: 11040: 11038: 11003: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10953: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10915: 10906: 10905: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10851: 10847: 10841:Kyriakodis 1991 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10810: 10809: 10805: 10795: 10793: 10778: 10771: 10761: 10759: 10744: 10743: 10728: 10717: 10713: 10703: 10701: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10648: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10619: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10602: 10587: 10586: 10582: 10572: 10570: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10509: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10464: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10436: 10434: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10410: 10408: 10407:on 13 July 2010 10395: 10394: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10340: 10339: 10335: 10325: 10323: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10297: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10236: 10227: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10186: 10184: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10147: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10116: 10115: 10111: 10101: 10099: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10064: 10063: 10059: 10049: 10047: 10032: 10028: 10022:Wayback Machine 10012: 10008: 9999: 9997: 9986: 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9956: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9921: 9917: 9907: 9905: 9896: 9895: 9891: 9881: 9879: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9855: 9853: 9844: 9843: 9839: 9829: 9827: 9818: 9817: 9813: 9807:Wayback Machine 9798:Лукьянов А. И. 9797: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9748: 9746: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9705: 9701: 9691: 9689: 9674: 9670: 9660: 9658: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9634:17 August 2009. 9623: 9621: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9594: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9534: 9532: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9506: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9434:Wayback Machine 9423: 9422: 9415: 9405: 9403: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9383:Kyriakodis 1991 9381: 9377: 9367: 9365: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9345:Wayback Machine 9335: 9333: 9329: 9323:Kyriakodis 1991 9321: 9317: 9307: 9305: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9248:10.2307/2499653 9228: 9224: 9218:Kyriakodis 1991 9216: 9212: 9202: 9200: 9165: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9134: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9105: 9104: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9033:Wayback Machine 9022: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8985:Wayback Machine 8975: 8971: 8944:Krasnaya Zvezda 8916: 8912: 8906:Kyriakodis 1991 8904: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8849: 8848: 8835: 8830:Wayback Machine 8817: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8773: 8771: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8742:Wayback Machine 8731: 8716: 8710:Wayback Machine 8696: 8695: 8684: 8678:Kyriakodis 1991 8676: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8646: 8629: 8625: 8593: 8586: 8580:Wayback Machine 8569: 8568: 8489: 8475:Wayback Machine 8466: 8462: 8456:Kyriakodis 1991 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8423: 8407: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8345:Russian History 8338: 8337: 8333: 8327:Wayback Machine 8316: 8315: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8279: 8278: 8267: 8258: 8254: 8236:Yevgenia Albats 8234: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8215:Wayback Machine 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8171:Wayback Machine 8159: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8100: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8025: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7966:Wayback Machine 7944: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7871: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7758: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7717: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7688: 7684: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7604:Princeton, N.J. 7594: 7553: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7524: 7501: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7439:Politics portal 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7369:August 1991 by 7366: 7363:Sergei Loznitsa 7319:Sergey Medvedev 7289:Sergey Snezhkin 7279: 7227: 7202:Valentin Pavlov 7192: 7168: 7166: 7146: 7144: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7086: 7084: 7064: 7062: 7043: 7041: 7036:Muammar Gaddafi 7024: 7022: 6985: 6983: 6937: 6935: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6867: 6865: 6841: 6839: 6819: 6817: 6791: 6789: 6770: 6768: 6753: 6739: 6706:, in charge of 6688: 6686: 6642: 6640: 6600: 6598: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6544: 6542: 6480:Deng Xiaoping's 6464: 6460: 6442: 6440: 6415: 6413: 6375: 6373: 6309: 6307: 6283: 6247: 6245: 6229: 6227: 6188: 6186: 6158: 6156: 6136: 6134: 6057: 6023: 6021: 6005: 5984: 5982: 5963: 5961: 5955:Misoji Sakamoto 5933: 5931: 5925: 5893: 5891: 5859: 5858:suggested on 20 5837: 5835: 5815: 5813: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5768: 5764: 5761:'s insistence. 5751: 5738: 5727: 5710: 5694: 5679: 5666: 5661: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5603: 5597:successor state 5567: 5524: 5520: 5508: 5481:Leonid Kravchuk 5472: 5453: 5441: 5437: 5416:September, the 5413: 5409: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5366: 5317:September, the 5314: 5302: 5287: 5266:Valentin Pavlov 5257: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5219: 5207: 5196: 5186: 5177: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5130: 5123: 5121:End of the CPSU 5101: 5074: 5059: 5051: 5039: 5029:Vnukovo Airport 5024: 5005: 4975: 4968:Supreme Council 4960: 4949: 4941: 4930: 4923: 4915: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4836: 4829: 4777: 4774: 4757: 4750: 4747:Supreme Council 4735: 4731:Alexander Lebed 4719:Internal Troops 4683:people's deputy 4674: 4670: 4666: 4655:Nikolai Kalinin 4627: 4611: 4597: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4544:Leonid Brezhnev 4538: 4534: 4531: 4518: 4505:Viktor Samsonov 4488: 4482:Nizhny Novgorod 4472:of Estonia and 4457: 4317: 4279:Anatoly Sobchak 4276:Leningrad Mayor 4271: 4260:KGB Alpha Group 4252:Vnukovo Airport 4243: 4204:airborne troops 4149: 4146: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4033:Valentin Pavlov 4027:Gennady Yanayev 4003: 3997: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3930: 3926: 3902: 3894: 3887: 3883: 3867: 3864: 3824: 3807: 3787: 3736:Gennady Yanayev 3732:Valentin Pavlov 3696:December 1990, 3693: 3682: 3677: 3628: 3561: 3517:union republics 3479: 3413:loss of control 3401:Gennady Yanayev 3361: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3195: 3187: 3186: 3108:April 9 tragedy 2987: 2976: 2975: 2823: 2812: 2811: 2748:Khrushchev Thaw 2728: 2717: 2716: 2697:Berlin Blockade 2584: 2573: 2572: 2523: 2522:: Establishment 2512: 2511: 2490:Bolshevik Party 2485:Bolshevik split 2460: 2419: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2334: 2333: 2323: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2289: 2283:Leonid Kravchuk 2277: 2275: 2268: 2267: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2243: 2233: 2232: 2222: 2212: 2211: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2178: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2096: 2094:Qahhor Mahkamov 2086: 2085: 2073: 2072: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2037: 2027: 2020: 2019: 2007: 2001:Anatoly Sobchak 1993: 1986: 1976: 1969: 1959: 1952: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1885: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1824: 1823: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1748: 1747: 1738:Valentin Pavlov 1730: 1729: 1728: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1672: 1671: 1661:Gennady Yanayev 1653: 1651: 1641: 1638: 1626: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1601: 1599: 1585: 1583: 1572: 1570: 1559: 1557: 1546: 1544: 1533: 1531: 1520: 1518: 1507: 1505: 1494: 1492: 1481: 1479: 1467: 1465: 1453: 1451: 1440: 1438: 1427: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1386: 1375: 1373: 1361: 1350: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1325: 1323: 1312: 1310: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1266: 1264: 1253: 1251: 1240: 1238: 1224: 1222: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1173: 1171: 1159: 1157: 1145: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1120: 1118: 1107: 1105: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1009: 1008: 996: 994: 989: 987: 977: 975: 974: 964: 963: 953: 952: 942: 941: 931: 930: 920: 918: 911: 899: 887: 875: 863: 860: 859: 855: 851: 836: 834: 829: 827: 826: 815: 813: 810: 800: 798: 796: 786: 784: 782: 772: 770: 768: 758: 756: 754: 744: 742: 740: 730: 728: 726: 716: 714: 712: 702: 700: 698: 678: 676: 674: 664: 662: 660: 650: 648: 647: 637: 635: 634: 624: 622: 620: 611: 609: 607: 599: 597: 595: 585: 583: 582: 572: 570: 569: 559: 557: 555: 546: 544: 542: 532: 530: 524: 522: 521: 510: 508: 505: 451: 449: 444: 442: 439: 430: 428: 389:Communist Party 373: 371: 361: 359: 343: 322: 280:Restoration of 245: 222: 209: 159: 145: 120: 119: 118: 101: 95: 58: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15849: 15839: 15838: 15833: 15831:1991 in Moscow 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15767: 15754: 15753: 15746: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15731: 15723: 15715: 15710:Naina Yeltsina 15707: 15699: 15690: 15688: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15673: 15666: 15659: 15652: 15645: 15638: 15631: 15624: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15609: 15607: 15606: 15599: 15592: 15585: 15577: 15575: 15571: 15570: 15568: 15567: 15562: 15552: 15547: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15506: 15504: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15447: 15441: 15439: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15328: 15326: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15273: 15270: 15269: 15262: 15261: 15254: 15247: 15239: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15203: 15195: 15193:or its attempt 15186: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15179: 15177:Bolivia (2024) 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15118: 15117: 15112: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15089: 15087:Tunisia (2021) 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15067:Myanmar (2021) 15064: 15059: 15053: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14996:Burundi (2015) 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14951:Eritrea (2013) 14948: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14897: 14895: 14891: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14740:Burundi (2001) 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14715:Ecuador (2000) 14711: 14709: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14649:Burundi (1996) 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14609:Liberia (1994) 14606: 14604:Lesotho (1994) 14601: 14596: 14591: 14589:Nigeria (1993) 14586: 14581: 14579:Burundi (1993) 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14549:Algeria (1992) 14546: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14519: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14489:Lesotho (1991) 14486: 14480: 14478: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14463: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14436: 14435: 14428: 14421: 14413: 14404: 14403: 14401: 14400: 14394: 14392: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14372:Post-communism 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14172: 14170: 14164: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14095: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13962:Czechoslovakia 13959: 13954: 13948: 13946: 13945:Eastern Europe 13937: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13821: 13819: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13792:Isaias Afwerki 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13772:Zianon Pazniak 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13683: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13630: 13628: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13551:Erich Honecker 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13527: 13525: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13463: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13396: 13394: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13332:Anti-communism 13329: 13324: 13318: 13316: 13310: 13309: 13302: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13279: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13249:Russian Winter 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13217: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13191: 13185: 13183: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076:Vlora incident 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12977: 12972: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12846: 12841: 12839:Sochi conflict 12836: 12831: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12809: 12808: 12807: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12565: 12560: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12538: 12536: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12436: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12271: 12269: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12215: 12214: 12193: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12148: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12119: 12104: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12074: 12073:External links 12071: 12069: 12068: 12061: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12026: 12020: 12008:Ziemele, Ineta 12004: 11991: 11978:Peace Research 11974: 11957: 11950: 11933: 11916: 11904:(1993): 53–72 11898: 11885:World Politics 11881: 11846: 11829: 11812: 11795: 11792:Soviet Economy 11788: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11760: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11734:(in Russian). 11722: 11703: 11684: 11671: 11653: 11627: 11601: 11571: 11539: 11500:(4): 814–845. 11480: 11454: 11423:(3): 257–268. 11403: 11371: 11348:(2): 553–576. 11328: 11296: 11264: 11232: 11200: 11167: 11136: 11077: 11048: 11017:(4): 691–713. 10994: 10963: 10925: 10896: 10845: 10843:, p. 337. 10833: 10803: 10769: 10726: 10711: 10673: 10642: 10612: 10580: 10554: 10528: 10502: 10476: 10462: 10444: 10418: 10385: 10359: 10333: 10307: 10272: 10246: 10220: 10194: 10168: 10135: 10109: 10083: 10057: 10026: 10006: 9979: 9949: 9930:(in Latvian). 9915: 9889: 9863: 9837: 9811: 9788: 9756: 9730: 9699: 9668: 9636: 9604: 9572: 9542: 9512: 9497: 9471: 9438: 9413: 9387: 9385:, p. 341. 9375: 9348: 9327: 9315: 9289: 9242:(4): 810–838. 9222: 9220:, p. 334. 9210: 9173:Peace Research 9159: 9142:Slate Magazine 9128: 9117:on 22 May 2011 9089: 9063: 9037: 9015: 8989: 8969: 8910: 8908:, p. 338. 8898: 8872: 8833: 8811: 8781: 8749: 8714: 8682: 8680:, p. 280. 8670: 8644: 8623: 8621:, pp. 513–514. 8611:Gardners Books 8584: 8487: 8477:scan from the 8460: 8458:, p. 328. 8448: 8421: 8382: 8331: 8302: 8265: 8263:, pp. 276–277. 8252: 8250:, pp. 276–293. 8228: 8219: 8200: 8174: 8153: 8149:Ziemele (2005) 8141: 8137:Ziemele (2005) 8129: 8125:Ziemele (2005) 8117: 8099:978-8185842813 8098: 8078: 8042: 8024:978-8171565153 8023: 8003: 7970: 7938: 7912: 7886: 7860: 7834: 7756: 7740: 7723:news.bbc.co.uk 7707: 7700: 7682: 7667: 7643: 7616: 7551: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7467:State collapse 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7428: 7414: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7382: 7374: 7350: 7334: 7316: 7304: 7301:Šarūnas Bartas 7292: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7255: 7237: 7231: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7199: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7164: 7161:Manfred Wörner 7142: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7082: 7060: 7057:Corazon Aquino 7039: 7019: 6997:Saddam Hussein 6980: 6948:Prime Minister 6933: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6878:Prime Minister 6863: 6837: 6834:Soviet economy 6815: 6797:Czechoslovakia 6787: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6684: 6638: 6596: 6593:Special Period 6563: 6539: 6503:and improving 6438: 6410: 6370: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6268:, head of the 6258:Prime Minister 6243: 6225: 6184: 6154: 6132: 6115: 6114: 6054:Soviet peoples 6042:U.S. President 6019: 5995:Prime Minister 5991:United Kingdom 5980: 5959: 5944:Prime Minister 5929: 5928:December 1991. 5889: 5881:Soviet embassy 5864:Lloyd Axworthy 5851:Brian Mulroney 5848:Prime Minister 5833: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5766: 5755:Lev Ponomaryov 5750: 5747: 5726: 5723: 5678: 5675: 5671:price controls 5631: 5628: 5589:Russian Empire 5574:that it would 5572:United Nations 5557:European Union 5511:December, the 5310:was arrested. 5294:announced its 5277:Verkhovna Rada 5252: 5251: 5210: 5208: 5201: 5185: 5182: 5122: 5119: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5011:22 August 1991 5004: 5001: 4966:That day, the 4773: 4770: 4596: 4593: 4563:five-year plan 4530: 4527: 4523:Andrei Kozyrev 4327:general strike 4233:United Nations 4145: 4142: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4041:, head of the 4036: 4030: 3999:Main article: 3996: 3993: 3863: 3860: 3844:electronic bug 3792:Supreme Soviet 3773:January Events 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3648:Eastern Europe 3613:foreign policy 3478: 3475: 3409:reform program 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3257:Related topics 3256: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3138:The Barricades 3135: 3133:January Events 3130: 3128:Dushanbe riots 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3024: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2897:Wars in Africa 2894: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2880:Yom Kippur War 2877: 2876: 2875: 2873:Fall of Saigon 2870: 2865: 2863:Operation Menu 2860: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2497:Russian Empire 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2342:Zianon Pazniak 2321: 2308:Alfrēds Rubiks 2286: 2285: 2209:Ivars Godmanis 2165:Edgar Savisaar 2144: 2004: 2003: 1842: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1622: 1596: 1594: 1581: 1579:United Kingdom 1568: 1555: 1542: 1529: 1516: 1503: 1490: 1477: 1462: 1449: 1436: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1384: 1371: 1359: 1346: 1344:Czechoslovakia 1334: 1321: 1308: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1262: 1235: 1233: 1220: 1207: 1195: 1182: 1169: 1154: 1141: 1129: 1116: 1103: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 985: 929: 928: 909: 897: 885: 873: 850: 849: 848: 845: 844: 689: 495: 494: 493: 492: 482: 472: 470:Supreme Soviet 425: 424: 423: 422: 421: 411: 391: 381: 369: 338: 337: 333: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326: 316: 309: 300: 294: 289: 278: 268: 262: 251: 247: 246: 233: 231: 227: 226: 219: 211: 210: 208: 207: 197: 191: 184: 171: 163: 151: 150: 133: 132: 122: 121: 117: 116: 109: 98: 76: 73: 62: 59: 40: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15848: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15766: 15765: 15756: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15747: 15745: 15744: 15740: 15739: 15736: 15727: 15726:Elena Okulova 15724: 15719: 15716: 15711: 15708: 15703: 15700: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15678: 15674: 15672: 15671: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15660: 15658: 15657: 15653: 15651: 15650: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15632: 15630: 15629: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15611: 15605: 15604: 15600: 15598: 15597: 15593: 15591: 15590: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15572: 15566: 15563: 15560: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15545: 15544:Yekaterinburg 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15503:Commemoration 15501: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15438: 15434: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15422:List of trips 15420: 15417: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15392:Privatization 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15321: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15289: 15285: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15271: 15267: 15266:Boris Yeltsin 15260: 15255: 15253: 15248: 15246: 15241: 15240: 15237: 15225: 15214: 15213: 15209: 15204: 15202: 15200: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15188: 15187: 15184: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15137:Gambia (2022) 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15091:Sudan (2021) 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15082:Guinea (2021) 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15006:Turkey (2016) 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14986:Gambia (2014) 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14875:Guinea (2008) 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14706: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14679:Zambia (1997) 14677: 14675: 14674:Turkey (1997) 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14634:Guinea (1996) 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14599:Gambia (1994) 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14569:Russia (1993) 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14475: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14450: 14445: 14441: 14434: 14429: 14427: 14422: 14420: 14415: 14414: 14411: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14377:Yugoslav Wars 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14367:Neo-Stalinism 14365: 14363: 14362:Neo-Sovietism 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14323: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14246:Black January 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14165: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14090: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13941: 13938: 13932: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13814: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13797:Ronald Reagan 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13777:Zhelyu Zhelev 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13757:Boris Yeltsin 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13737:Joachim Gauck 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13676: 13670: 13669:Strike action 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13623: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13611:Todor Zhivkov 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13601:Deng Xiaoping 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13520: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13430:Soviet Empire 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13391:International 13389: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13295: 13293: 13288: 13286: 13281: 13280: 13277: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13215: 13214:2022 invasion 13212: 13210: 13209:War in Donbas 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13178: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13046:Ili Rebellion 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12944: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12779: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12685: 12684:Caucasian War 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12531: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12191: 12186: 12184: 12179: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12142: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12129: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12112:The issue of 12111: 12109: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12066: 12062: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12021:90-04-14295-9 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11914: 11910: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11852: 11847: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11775:Slavic Review 11772: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11762: 11741: 11737: 11736:Novaya Gazeta 11733: 11726: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11707: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11688: 11681: 11675: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11543: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11484: 11468: 11464: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11407: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11375: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11332: 11316: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11268: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11236: 11220: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11171: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11097:(133): 1–26. 11096: 11092: 11088: 11081: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11052: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11001: 10999: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10967: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10929: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10865:(1–2): 1–55. 10864: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10842: 10837: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10774: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10722: 10715: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10646: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10600: 10596: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10490: 10486: 10480: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10182: 10178: 10172: 10153: 10145: 10139: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10071: 10067: 10061: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10010: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9903: 9899: 9898:"КАЛИФ ЯНАЕВ" 9893: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9851: 9847: 9841: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9795: 9793: 9773: 9766: 9760: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9509: 9504: 9502: 9485: 9481: 9475: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9420: 9418: 9401: 9397: 9391: 9384: 9379: 9363: 9359: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236:Slavic Review 9233: 9226: 9219: 9214: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9019: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8701:Novaya Gazeta 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8679: 8674: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8642:, pp. 276–277 8641: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8620: 8619:0-14-028487-7 8616: 8612: 8608: 8606: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8262: 8256: 8249: 8248:0-374-52738-5 8245: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8204: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8046: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8007: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7977: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7883: 7882:9788185842813 7879: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7703: 7701:9780742510289 7697: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7676: 7671: 7660: 7653: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7549:17 June 2009. 7548: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7518: 7512: 7502:Russian: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7415: 7412: 7401: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234:Oleg Baklanov 7232: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7218:Dmitriy Yazov 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7120: 7119: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7040: 7037: 7032: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6993: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6899: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6830:Mátyás Szűrös 6827: 6816: 6813: 6812:Ukrainian SSR 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6785: 6784:Zhelyu Zhelev 6782: 6778: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6731:Kosovo battle 6727: 6726:Franjo Tuđman 6723: 6722:Ante Marković 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6639: 6636: 6635:Arduous March 6632: 6628: 6624: 6623:Pak Song-chol 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6597: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6575: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6473:Chinese media 6470: 6458: 6457:Chi Haotian's 6454: 6450: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6329:Boris Yeltsin 6326: 6322: 6317: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6214:Björn Engholm 6212:on schedule. 6211: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6185: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6112: 6111:Ronald Reagan 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6087:Richard Lugar 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6050:Air Force One 6046: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6030:United States 6020: 6017: 6012: 6003: 6000:met with his 5999: 5996: 5992: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5947:Toshiki Kaifu 5945: 5941: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5912:Jewish Agency 5909: 5905: 5901: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5872:Jean Chretien 5869: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5731: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5650:Boris Yeltsin 5647: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5517: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477:Boris Yeltsin 5469: 5467: 5466:confederation 5461: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5440:September. On 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5248: 5245: 5237: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5211:This section 5209: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5152: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5083:Boris Yeltsin 5080: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4997: 4994:(the unified 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4862: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4847:, and Deputy 4846: 4842: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776:At about 1:00 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762:Russian mafia 4754: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4695:Yelena Bonner 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4664: 4661:, declared a 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4630:pm. However, 4625: 4621: 4617: 4606: 4601: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4564: 4561:to alter the 4560: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4451:Baltic states 4448: 4444: 4443:North Ossetia 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4216:Ulysse Gosset 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154:Boris Yeltsin 4141: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4121: 4109: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4081:Gang of Eight 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060:Oleg Baklanov 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3912:Pavel Grachev 3909: 3900: 3891: 3886:August. On 15 3882:signing on 20 3881: 3877: 3876:Foros, Crimea 3873: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832:Boris Yeltsin 3830: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3796:Gavriil Popov 3793: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3744:Valery Boldin 3741: 3740:Oleg Baklanov 3737: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3631:August 1991. 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:supermajority 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:Baltic states 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452:Boris Yeltsin 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3298:Soviet Empire 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:Black January 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2966:Polish strike 2964: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885:Prague Spring 2883: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:Space program 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633:Moscow trials 2631: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2548:War communism 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2264:Heydar Aliyev 2259: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2241:Mircea Snegur 2237: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142:Islam Karimov 2138: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2069:Doku Zavgayev 2064: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2035:Hasan Hasanov 2031: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1984:Pavel Grachev 1980: 1973: 1968: 1967:Gavriil Popov 1963: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1873:Boris Yeltsin 1869: 1862: 1855: 1854: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1777: 1776:Oleg Baklanov 1772: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1592:United States 1582: 1580: 1569: 1567: 1556: 1554: 1543: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1517: 1515: 1504: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1478: 1475: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1448: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1422: 1411: 1409: 1398: 1396: 1385: 1383: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1347: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1322: 1320: 1309: 1307: 1296: 1295: 1284: 1274: 1263: 1261: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1221: 1219: 1208: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1183: 1181: 1170: 1167: 1155: 1153: 1142: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1117: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1089: 1088: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1051: 1046: 1040: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1003: 986: 984: 973: 968: 962: 957: 951: 946: 940: 935: 927: 915: 910: 908: 903: 898: 896: 891: 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Outside, 4640:Soviet Navy 4514:Kirov Plant 4314:White House 4212:Soviet Army 4170:Ekho Moskvy 4099:Early hours 4009:met in the 3920:martial law 3751:Oleg Shenin 3675:Preparation 3668:irredentism 3652:Warsaw Pact 3570:War of Laws 3505:nationalist 3488:perestroika 3373:August Coup 3153:August Coup 3123:War of Laws 3002:Perestroika 2853:Vietnam War 2843:Six-Day War 2628:Great Purge 2583:: Stalinism 2502:World War I 1540:South Korea 1501:New Zealand 1180:North Korea 1100:Afghanistan 1006:monarchists 692:Supporting 566:Byelorussia 499:Supporting 409:Alpha Group 254:Coup fails 195:White House 15780:Categories 15729:(daughter) 15721:(daughter) 15635:Tsar Boris 15324:Presidency 15294:Birthplace 15216:See also: 14466:since 2010 14461:by country 14444:self-coups 14342:Lustration 14216:Baltic Way 14167:Individual 14144:Mozambique 14083:Uzbekistan 14068:Tajikistan 14053:Kyrgyzstan 14048:Kazakhstan 14013:Azerbaijan 13992:Yugoslavia 13870:Solidarity 13830:Charter 77 13816:Opposition 13712:Wu'erkaixi 13678:Opposition 13625:Opposition 13616:Siad Barre 13561:Egon Krenz 13531:Ramiz Alia 13522:Government 13461:Uskoreniye 13393:background 13315:background 13106:Ogaden War 13056:Korean War 12975:Winter War 12844:Heimosodat 12431:Tsardom of 11764:See also: 11473:4 December 11447:9 November 11396:4 December 11364:9 November 11321:4 December 11289:9 November 11257:9 November 11193:4 December 11129:9 November 11041:9 November 10934:"archives" 10918:4 December 10682:"archives" 10000:24 October 9723:15 October 9692:15 October 9535:12 October 9490:4 December 8734:Kommersant 7853:4 December 7347:dramatizes 7224:Boris Pugo 7081:embarked." 6964:Jyoti Basu 6962:cofounder 6859:Solidarity 6695:Yugoslavia 6391:Ramiz Alia 6350:Uzbekistan 6346:Tajikistan 6337:Mujahideen 6199:Chancellor 6153:reversal." 5998:John Major 5921:David Levy 5699:State Duma 5634:See also: 5563:in 2004.) 5541:Azerbaijan 5475:December, 5458:referendum 5430:referendum 5422:Tajikistan 5382:Kyrgyzstan 5264:headed by 5188:See also: 4669:pm to 5:00 4605:Red Square 4478:Sverdlovsk 4240:Kazakhstan 4088:Soviet man 4054:Boris Pugo 3856:Oleg Lobov 3852:Sverdlovsk 3725:Boris Pugo 3664:revanchism 3662:to German 3625:Uzbekistan 3621:Kazakhstan 3477:Background 3391:, who was 3383:(CPSU) to 3377:hardliners 3288:Leadership 3215:Khrushchev 3168:referendum 3143:Referendum 3027:Baltic Way 2702:Korean War 2543:Red Terror 2470:Bolshevism 2459:Background 2392:Boris Pugo 1756:Boris Pugo 1608:Yugoslavia 1273:Montenegro 1247:Yugoslavia 853:Interfront 822:Nakhchivan 765:Kyrgyzstan 751:Kazakhstan 685:Uzbekistan 631:Tajikistan 539:Azerbaijan 205:Red Square 47:in Russian 15437:Elections 15212:self-coup 15191:Self-coup 15115:September 15095:September 14382:Pink tide 14176:Jeltoqsan 14092:Elsewhere 14043:Lithuania 13895:Rastokhez 13835:New Forum 13818:movements 13717:Chai Ling 13327:Communism 12726:Åland War 12694:Murid War 12533:18th–19th 11522:147158781 11119:154647616 10946:436460688 10879:159619768 10694:436458189 10573:16 August 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3783:(GKChP). 3777:Lithuania 3723:Chairman 3700:Chairman 3636:Dan Stone 3537:Lithuania 3527:In 1990, 3444:president 3278:Geography 3273:Education 3235:Gorbachev 3230:Chernenko 3118:Osh riots 3098:Jeltoqsan 2984:1982–1991 2820:1964–1982 2725:1953–1964 2604:Holodomor 2581:1927–1953 2520:1917–1927 2465:Communism 1306:Australia 895:Yedinstvo 793:Lithuania 694:republics 644:Tatarstan 501:republics 106:talk page 15705:(mother) 15697:(father) 15555:Monument 15467:campaign 15455:campaign 14537:November 14522:November 14517:February 14139:Mongolia 14134:Ethiopia 14119:Cambodia 14023:Chechnya 13957:Bulgaria 13732:Tank Man 13722:Wang Dan 13707:Liu Gang 13664:Samizdat 13659:Protests 13498:Glasnost 13481:500 Days 13405:Cold War 13313:Internal 13259:Cold War 13121:Gulf War 12477:and the 12350:Internal 12206:Imperial 12090:IRC logs 12037:Archived 12010:(2005). 11998:Archived 11985:Archived 11968:Archived 11944:Archived 11927:Archived 11909:Archived 11892:Archived 11840:Archived 11823:Archived 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