Dissolution of the Soviet Union

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territorial boundaries have been the source of conflict between states experiencing political transition and upheaval. Territorial conflicts can involve several different issues: the reunification of ethnic groups which have been separated, restoration of territorial rights to those who experienced forced deportation, and restoration of boundaries arbitrarily changed during the Soviet era. Territorial disputes remain significant points of controversy as minority groups consistently oppose election outcomes and seek autonomy and self-determination. In addition to territorial disputes and other structural causes of conflict, legacies from the Soviet and pre-Soviet eras, along with the suddenness of the actual sociopolitical change, have resulted in conflict throughout the region. As each group experiences dramatic economic reform and political democratization, there has been a surge in nationalism and interethnic conflict. Overall, the fifteen independent states that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union face problems stemming from uncertain identities, contested boundaries, apprehensive minorities, and an overbearing Russian hegemony.

8863: 8156: 8136: 8645: 8625: 8440: 8420: 6638: 8242: 8222: 6887: 7921: 3691: 6811:, and recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the 1978 RSFSR Constitution consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Additionally, the Soviet Constitution did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected. Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since what was left of the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of the 8092: 8743: 7717: 7633: 8672: 8368: 8049: 8007: 7821: 3875: 8524: 8178: 7876: 7586: 7675: 7965: 1734: 4317:, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all of the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process. That, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year, which had been carried out by Azerbaijanis to ethnic Armenians and led to the expulsion of Armenians from Azerbaijan, was for many Armenians considered an act of revenge for the killings at Sumgait. On 25 November 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence. 7766: 6313: 6147: 8114: 33428: 4141: 25423: 7788: 7653: 33416: 7896: 7943: 566: 4609: 25401: 9360: 8490: 16483:, Special Collections Research Center, The Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University. This collection contains posters documenting the changing social and political culture in the former Soviet Union and Europe (particularly Eastern Europe) during the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union. A significant portion of the posters in this collection were used in a 1999 exhibit at Gelman Library titled "Goodbye Comrade: An Exhibition of Images from the Revolution of '89 and the Collapse of Communism". 8071: 6987: 6738: 8393: 6879:, which confirmed the dissolution of the Soviet Union and formally established the CIS. They also "accepted" Gorbachev's resignation. The command of the Armed Forces of the USSR was entrusted to the Minister of Defense Yevgeny Shaposhnikov. Even at this moment, Gorbachev had not made any formal plans to leave the scene yet. However, with a majority of republics now agreeing that the Soviet Union no longer existed, Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable, telling CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality. 8288: 8467: 3664: 4230:", thousands of Azerbaijanis marched towards Nagorno-Karabakh, demanding information about rumors of an Azerbaijani having been killed in Stepanakert. They were informed that no such incident had occurred, but refused to believe it. Dissatisfied with what they were told, thousands began marching toward Nagorno-Karabakh, killing (or injuring?) 50. Karabakh authorities mobilised over a thousand police to stop the march, with the resulting clashes leaving two Azerbaijanis dead. These deaths, announced on state radio, led to the 31118: 4698: 6622:(the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers of the coup tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup by making speeches from atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on 5634: 7016: 7843: 33766: 22329: 2610: 25375: 25154: 7000: 8597: 8574: 7737: 8266: 5778: 8547: 30826: 6848: 8929:'s grandchildren would live "under communism", and Nixon claimed that Khrushchev's grandchildren would live "under freedom". In a 1992 interview, Nixon commented that during the debate, he was sure Khrushchev's claim was wrong, but Nixon was not sure that his own assertion was correct. Nixon said that events had proved that he was indeed right because Khrushchev's grandchildren now lived "in freedom" in reference to the recent end of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev's son 4289:, by 22 February, there were 100,000, the next day 300,000, and a transport strike was declared, by 25 February, there were close to a million demonstrators—more than a quarter of Armenia's population. This was the first of the large, peaceful public demonstrations that would become a feature of communism's overthrow in Prague, Berlin, and, ultimately, Moscow. Leading Armenian intellectuals and nationalists, including the future first president of independent Armenia 4878:, was established and remained affiliated with the party. However, Lithuania's governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control, a first for a Soviet republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control. The following year, the Communist Party lost power altogether in multiparty parliamentary elections, which had caused 4125:

Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a declaration of national sovereignty under which Estonian laws would take precedence over those of the Soviet Union. Estonia's parliament also laid claim to the republic's natural resources including land, inland waters, forests, mineral deposits, and to the means of industrial production, agriculture, construction, state banks, transportation, and municipal services within the territory of Estonia's borders. At the same time the

33802: 5712: 5353: 33740: 26153: 22840: 22341: 8315: 7985: 25310: 25082: 8337: 6498: 5676: 2665: 30830: 33404: 31137: 8765: 8200: 8027: 25263: 25216: 25030: 24993: 7608: 8820: 5884: 5008: 4354: 25180: 8695: 7695: 6029: 30867: 13051: 4082:. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to attempt separation of party and state, thereby isolating his Party opponents. Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People's Deputies were published on 2 October 1988, and to enable the creation of the new legislature. The Supreme Soviet, during its 29 November – 1 December 1988, session, implemented amendments to the 31052: 4917:, who would become president, as its chairman. On 19 August, 600,000 protesters jammed Baku's Lenin Square (now Azadliq Square) to demand the release of political prisoners. In the second half of 1989, weapons were handed out in Nagorno-Karabakh. When Karabakhis got hold of small arms to replace hunting rifles and crossbows, casualties began to mount; bridges were blown up, roads were blockaded, and hostages were taken. 1672: 25362: 25141: 6844:

parliaments of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, in which it noted that it considers the decisions made on the liquidation of state power and administration bodies illegal and not meeting the current situation and the vital interests of the peoples and stated that in the event further complication of the situation in the country reserves the right to convene in the future the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.

4891: 33778: 7130:. The two countries have enjoyed close relations militarily, economically, and politically, while supporting each other on various global issues. Commentators have debated whether the bilateral strategic partnership constitutes an alliance. Russia and China officially declared their relations 'Not allies, but better than allies'. The relations between the two countries are currently being put to the test after 3468:. The Soviet Union had experienced internal stagnation and ethnic separatism. Although highly centralized until its final years, the country was made up of 15 top-level republics that served as the homelands for different ethnicities. By late 1991, amid a catastrophic political crisis, with several republics already departing the Union and Gorbachev continuing the waning of centralized power, the leaders of 48: 33790: 12887: 6560: 4921:

September, they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law, and on 4 October, the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade. Transport communications between Azerbaijan and Armenia never fully recovered. Tensions continued to escalate and on 29 December, Popular Front activists seized local party offices in

4545:, to focus on ecological issues. From 14 to 18 November, 15 Ukrainian activists were among the 100 human-, national- and religious-rights advocates invited to discuss human rights with Soviet officials and a visiting delegation of the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission). On 10 December, hundreds gathered in Kyiv to observe 13055: 9469: 3526:, communist hardliners and military elites attempted to overthrow Gorbachev and stop the failing reforms. However, the turmoil led to the central government in Moscow losing influence, ultimately resulting in many republics proclaiming independence in the following days and months. The secession of the Baltic states was recognized in September 1991. The 12879: 7238:

went into a downward spiral, with imports and exports falling in tandem. Flooded coal mines required electricity to operate pumps, and the shortage of coal worsened the shortage of electricity. Agriculture reliant on electrically powered irrigation systems, artificial fertilizers and pesticides was hit particularly hard by the economic collapse.

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Soviet passed the measure 254–85 (with 36 abstentions). The decision required a constitutional amendment, ratified by the full congress, which met 12–25 December. It also passed measures that would allow direct elections for presidents of each of the 15 constituent republics. Gorbachev strongly opposed such a move during debate but was defeated.

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as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow's pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, "patriots", and Russian nationalists of the USSR – still strong within the CPSU and the military – were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure.

31028: 5801:, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died. Most of these were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses. 6101:

Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On 1 November, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the

31076: 4959:, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. Given the abuses by members of the armed forces and police, Moscow acted fast. On 14 April, Gorbachev removed 6219: 13059: 4516:

authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On 1 September, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at

6001:. On 15 May the new parliament convened. The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats; the Democratic Bloc, which had evolved into the National Council, had 125 deputies. On 4 June 1990, two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), 6785:(CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of 32444: 15018: 9062:

of leadership, support for local languages, etc.). Over time, they created conscious nations. Furthermore, the basic legitimating myth of the Soviet federative system (that it was a voluntary and mutual union of allied peoples) eased the task of secession and independence. On 25 January 2016, Russian

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In a nationally televised speech in the evening of 25 December, Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and ceded all of its powers

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resulted in 91 percent of Ukraine's voters voting to affirm the independence declaration passed in August and formally secede from the Union. The secession of Ukraine, long second only to Russia in economic and political power, ended any realistic chance of Gorbachev keeping the Soviet Union together

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The Soviet Union collapsed with dramatic speed in the last quarter of 1991. Between August and December, 10 republics seceded from the union, largely out of fear of another coup. By the end of September, Gorbachev no longer had the ability to influence events outside of Moscow. He was challenged even

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More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the RSFSR, as well

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On 9 April 1991, two years after the massacres in Tbilisi and a year and two months after Lithuania's declaration of restored independence, the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR in plenary session declared the formal reconstitution of Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union, 70 years after the

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The army had gained control of Baku, but by 20 January it had essentially lost Azerbaijan. Nearly the entire population of Baku turned out for the mass funerals of "martyrs" buried in the Alley of Martyrs. Thousands of Communist Party members publicly burned their party cards. First Secretary Vezirov

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filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded the resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people

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On 28 October 1989, the Ukrainian Parliament decreed that effective 1 January 1990, Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine, while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups. On the same day, The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian

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On 17 November 1989, the Supreme Council of Georgia held its fall plenary session, which lasted two days. One of the resolutions that came out of it was as a declaration against what it called an "illegal" accession into the Soviet Union of the country 68 years ago, forced against its will by the Red

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The vote expanded the power of republics in local elections, enabling them to decide for themselves how to organize voting. Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia had already proposed laws for direct presidential elections. Local elections in all the republics had already been scheduled to take place between

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On 25 October 1989, the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in union-level and republic-level elections, responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic. After vigorous debate, the 542-member Supreme

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of Latvians in 1941. The authorities did not crack down on demonstrators, which encouraged more and larger demonstrations throughout the Baltic States. On 18 November 1987, hundreds of police and civilian militiamen cordoned off the central square to prevent any demonstration at Freedom Monument, but

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Only six of the countries competed earlier at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Unified team placed second, three fewer medals than Germany. However, much like the Summer Games, the Unified team had the most decorated medalist

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was held on the matter of Georgian independence. Boycotted by the South Ossetian and Abkhaz minorities, who showed up in the all-Union plebiscite earlier that month, a record 99.5% of Georgian voters voted for the restoration of Georgian independence as against 0.5% against. Voter turnout was 90.6%.

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within Russia that had a strong desire for independence, and by now referred to itself as Ichkeria). In each of the other nine republics, a majority of the voters supported the retention of a reformed Soviet Union, the same in the Georgian regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia who also voted for the

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On 25–28 October 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the "renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine". On 28 October UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia's Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch

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took place, even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threatening environment; out of the 350 members, 280 were Communists, with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups, who together formed a Democratic Bloc ("Dembloc").

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In the first session of the new Congress of People's Deputies (from 25 May to 9 June), hardliners retained control but reformers used the legislature as a platform for debate and criticism, which was broadcast live and uncensored. This transfixed the population since nothing like such a freewheeling

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In the 26 March general elections, voter participation was an impressive 89.8%, and 1,958 (including 1,225 district seats) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled. In district races, run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on 2 and 9 April and fresh elections were organized on 14 and 20 April to

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for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On 4 August, which came to be known as "Bloody Thursday", local

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wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev. At the 27 October plenary meeting of the Central Committee, Yeltsin, frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter, criticized the slow pace of reform, and servility to the general secretary. In his reply,

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In 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved, it ended all aid and trade concessions such as cheap oil to North Korea. Without Soviet aid, the flow of imports to the North Korean agricultural sector ended, and the government proved to be too inflexible to respond. Energy imports fell by 75%. The economy

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In the decades following the end of the Cold War, only five or six of the post-Soviet states are on a path to joining the wealthy capitalist states of the West, and most are falling behind, some to such an extent that over 50 years will be needed before they catch up to how they were before the end

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dated 24 December 1991, informing him that "with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States", Russia was the successor state to the USSR. After being circulated among the other UN member states, Russia attended the UN Security Council meeting on the last day of the year,

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had voiced the same position.) Later that day, Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down. On the surface, it appeared that the largest republic had formally seceded. However, this is not the case. Rather, Russia apparently took the line that it did not need to follow

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was very strong in this republic, especially in the west and south, where the Russian-speaking population lived. Over 90% of the seats in the republican parliament were held by communists. Despite all of the above, during the dissolution of the USSR, there were practically no high-profile events in

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Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On 9 January 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On 11 January,

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Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies. Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature's deliberations, where people witnessed the

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also competed as independent nations in the 1992 Games. The Unified Team also competed in Albertville earlier in the year (represented by six of the twelve ex-republics) and finished second in the medal ranking at those Games. Afterwards, the individual NOCs of the non-Baltic former republics were

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was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On 30 July, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers "in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to

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from the USSR under Article 81 of the Soviet Constitution. Deciding that it was legal, deputies prepared a declaration of independence, which Aliyeva signed and presented on 20 January on national television. It was the first declaration of secession by a recognized region in the USSR. Aliyeva and

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and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Gorbachev. On 28 November 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a

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In a new and effective tactic, the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia, which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia's freight came from Azerbaijan. Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions. On 25

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versions began to circulate. That marked the beginning of Yeltsin's rebranding as a rebel and rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure. The following four years of political struggle between Yeltsin and Gorbachev played a large role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 11 November,

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As the Soviet Union began to collapse, social disintegration and political instability fueled a surge in ethnic conflict. Social and economic disparities, along with ethnic differences, created an upsurge in nationalism within groups and discrimination between groups. In particular, disputes over

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The Soviet Union recognized the independence of Baltic republics on 6 September 1991. Georgia cut all ties with the Soviet Union on 7 September, citing the failure to receive a "sufficiently grounded answer" why the USSR did not recognise its independence when it had recognised the Baltic States'

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was held on the independence of the Republic of Estonia, which was attended by those who lived in Estonia before the Soviet annexation and their descendants, as well as persons who have received the so-called "green cards" of the Congress of Estonia. 77.8% of those who voted supported the idea of

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announced that its consul-general to Kyiv would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On 19 November, the United States announced that its consul to Kyiv would be Ukrainian-American John Stepanchuk. On 19 November, the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments, respectively, Kravchuk and

6055:. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on 18 July. On 16 July Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine – with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim 16 July a Ukrainian national holiday. 5953:

since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On 9 February 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to field its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on 4

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On 30 May 1989, Gorbachev proposed that local elections across the country, scheduled for November 1989, be postponed until early 1990 because there were still no laws governing the conduct of such elections. This was seen by some as a concession to local Party officials, who feared they would be

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for the first time in almost 70 years to mark the 1918 declaration of the First Republic. On 15 June 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno-Karabakh's unification as part of the republic. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal republics, had

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On 19 August 1989, the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. On 2 September 1989, tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for

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to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on 18 September. On 27 May 1989, the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was

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On 2 October, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the Front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On 16 November 1988, the Supreme

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In April 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia refused to ratify the Belovezhskaya Agreements and to exclude references to the Constitution and laws of the USSR from the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR. According to some Russian politicians, this was one of the reasons for the

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On 24 October, the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations' representatives in parliament. On 26 October, twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of 1 October and the authorities'

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On 16 June 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on 29 June. On 21 June, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities

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The constituent republics began to declare their fledgling states' sovereignty and began a "war of laws" with the Moscow central government; they rejected union-wide legislation that conflicted with local laws, asserted control over their local economies, and refused to pay taxes to the Soviet

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From 20 to 23 April 1989, pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days, drawing crowds of up to 25,000. The action included a one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions. It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944. On 3 May, a pre-election rally

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struck, killing an estimated 25,000 to 50,000 people. When Gorbachev rushed back from a visit to the United States, he was so angered with being confronted by protesters calling for Nagorno-Karabakh to be made part of the Armenian Republic during a natural disaster that on 11 December 1988, he

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In contrast, structuralist accounts take a more deterministic view in which Soviet dissolution was an outcome of deeply rooted structural issues, which planted a time bomb. For example, Edward Walker has argued that minority nationalities were denied power at the Union level, confronted by a

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On 18 December, the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Council of Republics) adopted a statement, according to which it accepts with understanding the Agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States and considers it a real guarantee of a way out of the acute

5470:. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 140 kilometres (90 miles) from Zhanaozen before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, 9105:

and confused thinking. Party organs at all levels had lost their functions, the military was no longer under Party leadership. In the end, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a great party, was scattered, the Soviet Union, a great socialist country, disintegrated. This is a cautionary

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as sovereign states. On the same day, members of the lower house of the union parliament (Council of the Union) held a meeting of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. The meeting adopted a statement in connection with the signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement and its ratification by the

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On 1 October 1989, a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by police constables in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium, where a concert celebrating the Soviet "reunification" of Ukrainian lands was being held. On 10 October, Ivano-Frankivsk was the site of a

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throughout Soviet society. He proposed that future Communist Party elections should offer a choice between multiple candidates, elected by secret ballot. However, the party delegates at the Plenum watered down Gorbachev's proposal, and democratic choice within the Communist Party was never

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with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.

8859:, 56% of Ukrainians said that the dissolution of the Soviet Union did more harm than good, with only 23% saying it did more good than harm. However, a similar poll conducted in 2016 by a Ukrainian group showed only 35% Ukrainians regretting the Soviet collapse and 50% not regretting it. 31330: 30879: 5158:

On 4 March 1989, the Memorial Society, committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices, was founded in Kyiv. A public rally was held the next day. On 12 March, A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the

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of Belarus secured six gold medals for the team in gymnastics and also became the most decorated athlete of the Summer Games. Gymnastics, athletics, wrestling, and swimming were the strongest sports for the team, as the four combined earned 28 gold medals and 64 medals in total.

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Azarova, Aytalina; Irdam, Darja; Gugushvili, Alexi; Fazekas, Mihaly; Scheiring, Gábor; Horvat, Pia; Stefler, Denes; Kolesnikova, Irina; Popov, Vladimir; Szelenyi, Ivan; Stuckler, David; Marmot, Michael; Murphy, Michael; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin; King, Lawrence (1 May 2017).

7425:. At those Summer Games, the Unified Team secured 45 gold medals, 38 silver medals, and 29 bronze medals; four medals more than second-place United States, and 30 more than third-place Germany. In addition to great team success, the Unified Team also saw great personal success. 6866:

of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation", showing that it was now a fully sovereign non-communist state.

31448: 4986:, a protest against the opening of a Georgian university branch in the town led to violence that quickly degenerated into a large-scale inter-ethnic confrontation in which 18 died and hundreds were injured before Soviet troops restored order. This riot marked the start of the 4001:, thousands of demonstrators marked the occasion in the three Baltic capitals to sing independence songs and attend speeches commemorating Stalin's victims. The gatherings were sharply denounced in the official press and closely watched by the police but were not interrupted. 22725: 33537: 31721: 4278:'s Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators in support of their compatriots in that region. On 5 December 1988, the Soviet police and civilian militiamen moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months. 4479:

and return to the Latin alphabet. The transition from "movement" (an informal association) to "front" (a formal association) was seen as a natural "upgrade" once a movement gained momentum with the public, and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it.

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have contended that Soviet elites were responsible for spurring on both nationalism and capitalism from which they could personally benefit, which is demonstrated also by their continued presence in the higher economic and political echelons of post-Soviet republics.

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fall from power? An important reason was that the struggle in the field of ideology was extremely intense, completely negating the history of the Soviet Union, negating the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, negating Lenin, negating Stalin, creating

6425:, who won 16 percent of the vote. Following Yeltsin's election as president, the RSFSR declared itself autonomous from the Soviet Union. In his election campaign, Yeltsin criticized the "dictatorship of the center", but did not yet suggest that he would introduce a 31047: 4631:

lasted until 24 January 1989. For the next month, selection among the 7,531 district nominees took place at meetings organized by constituency-level electoral commissions. On 7 March, a final list of 5,074 candidates was published; about 85% were Party members.

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In late February, large public rallies took place in Kyiv to protest the election laws, on the eve of the 26 March elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine,

9021:, which argues Gorbachev was the main force in Soviet politics at least from 1985 to 1988 and even later and that he largely spearheaded the political reforms and developments, as opposed to being led by events. That was especially true of the policies of 9373:

autonomous Chechen Republic in 1993–96, until partially recognizing the government of Ichkeria. After not having any recognized government in 1991–93 and in 1996–99, the Chechen Republic was restored as an autonomous part of the Russian Federation under

5466:, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By 25 June, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the 5812:

takeover of the Azerbaijani government by the non-communist opposition, to prevent their victory in upcoming free elections (scheduled for March 1990), to destroy them as a political force, and to ensure that the Communist government remained in power.

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Other issues were also addressed at Alma-Ata on 21 December 1991, including UN membership. In a document additional to the main Alma-Ata Declaration, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the

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In mid-November, The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On 19 November 1989, a public gathering in Kyiv attracted thousands of mourners, friends, and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous

32314: 32304: 31113: 13113:"Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации"" 5940:

organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kyiv, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later

4121:. In late June 1988, Väljas bowed to pressure from the Estonian Popular Front and legalized the flying of the old blue-black-white flag of Estonia, and agreed to a new state language law that made Estonian the official language of the Republic. 32324: 9012:

Intentionalist accounts contend that Soviet collapse was not inevitable and resulted from the policies and decisions of specific individuals, usually Gorbachev and Yeltsin. One characteristic example of intentionalist writing is the historian

6067:. On 3 August, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On 19 August, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On 5–7 September, the International Symposium on the 5273:(Friends of the Earth – Ukraine) environmental association held its founding congress, and on 27 October the Ukrainian Parliament passed a law eliminating the special status of party and other official organizations as deputies of parliament. 3979:, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demonstrators' way while they marched to an impromptu meeting with Boris Yeltsin. 6185:

movement turned violent. Radical economic and political reforms were demanded by the protesters, who torched government buildings; shops and other businesses were attacked and looted. During these riots 26 people were killed and 565 injured.

32309: 4238:(Azerbaijan) saw violent anti-Armenian rioting during which at least 32 people were killed. The authorities totally lost control and occupied the city with paratroopers and tanks; nearly all of the 14,000 Armenian residents of Sumgait fled. 4032:, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The following day 1,000 Armenians participated in another demonstration calling for Armenian national rights in 4594:, which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer and in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew governments in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell. 4101:

In 1986 and 1987, Latvia had been in the vanguard of the Baltic states in pressing for reform. In 1988, Estonia took over the lead role with the foundation of the Soviet Union's first popular front and starting to influence state policy.

31023: 3972:. On the next day, 18 December, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. 30862: 30821: 6446:

Soviet Armed Forces overthrew the Democratic Republic. This landmark declaration of independence by Georgia made it the first of the Caucasian republics to officially secede from the Soviet Union and the 3rd republic overall so far.

6295:, several dissidents were able to be elected to the republican parliament as independent candidates, who, together with their supporters, managed to actively participate in political life and express their opinions. The role of the 5731:

remained a sovereign country because the annexation had been unconstitutional and against the will of the Latvian people. The declaration also stated that Latvia would base its relationship with the Soviet Union on the basis of the

5321:

On 10 December 1989, the first officially sanctioned observance of International Human Rights Day was held in Lviv. On 17 December, an estimated 30,000 attended a public meeting organized in Kyiv by Rukh in memory of Nobel laureate

4171:, with the more liberal Jānis Vagris. In October 1988 Vagris bowed to pressure from the Latvian Popular Front and legalized flying the former carmine red-and-white flag of independent Latvia, and on 6 October he passed a law making 28873: 10426:

These events contributed to the anti-Armenian riots of February 28–29 in Sumgait near Baku. According to official data, 32 Armenians were killed during the riots, but various Armenian sources claimed that more than 200 people were

13066:(enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR 33566: 33562: 6870:

Doubts remained over whether the Belavezha Accords had legally dissolved the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on 21 December, representatives of 11 of the 12 remaining republics – all except

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has shown that over 50 percent of Russia's population regretted its collapse. Consistently, 57% of citizens of Russia regretted the collapse of the Soviet Union in a poll in 2014 (while 30 percent said otherwise), and in 2018 a

5439:; about 100 people were killed. As a consequence, most of the Meskhetian community fled away from Uzbekistan. Uzbek outrage over the events soon reached the capital and soon Moscow acted fast. On 23 June 1989, Gorbachev removed 4724:

in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force – in the

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Gorbachev's speech, as well as the replacement of the Soviet flag with the Russian flag, symbolically marked the end of the Soviet Union. However, the final legal step in the Soviet Union's demise came on 26 December, when the

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23 May, in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained. While most CPSU-endorsed candidates were elected, more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin, the physicist

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submitted a proposal to continue the meetings. In the public discourse, the movement called for national awakening, freedom of speech, the revival of Moldovan traditions, and for the attainment of official status for the

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attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On 7 July, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On 17 July, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village

4202:", was later reinstated. Following a violent protest action in the capital on 28 October, many of Songalia's remaining holdovers within the CPL either resigned or retired in protest of the police brutality of that day. 5265:; and 30,000 in Lviv to protest the election law. On 20 October, faithful and clergy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church participated in a synod in Lviv, the first since its forced liquidation in the 1930s. 4226:. This local vote in a small, remote part of the Soviet Union made headlines around the world; it was an unprecedented defiance of republican and national authorities. On 22 February 1988, in what became known as the " 25696: 12339: 12637: 31704: 28667: 5309:. On 26 November 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope 4635:

In the two weeks prior to the 1,500 district polls, elections to fill 750 reserved seats of public organizations, contested by 880 candidates, were held. Of these seats, 100 were allocated to the CPSU, 100 to the

32439: 28662: 28652: 5151:. On 26 February 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th-century Ukrainian artist and nationalist 15159: 5978:. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On 18 March, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament. 5281:. The following day, thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz, and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the "victims of the repressions of 1939–1941" soon would be erected. 24798: 14796: 3780: 33628: 5726:

on 4 May 1990, with the declaration stipulating a transitional period to complete independence. The Declaration stated that although Latvia had de facto lost its independence in World War II, the country had

5083:) was the Front's first major achievement. Such mass demonstrations, including one attended by 300,000 people on 27 August, convinced the Moldovan Supreme Soviet on 31 August to adopt the language law making 3571:

was the last republic to leave the Union, proclaiming independence on 16 December. All the ex-Soviet republics, with the exception of Georgia and the Baltic states, joined the CIS on 21 December, signing the

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Following the hardliners' takeover, the 30 September 1990 elections (runoffs on 14 October) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed

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On 1 July 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the

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Russian national border change since 1991. This map shows that some portions of the border were continuously held by Russia for more than 200 years before being given to the newly independent states of the

5493:, an ethnic Kazakh who went on to lead Kazakhstan as the Soviet Republic and subsequently to independence. Nazarbayev would lead Kazakhstan for 27 years until he stepped down as president on 19 March 2019. 30575: 28918: 28672: 6665:

indefinitely suspended all CPSU activity on Soviet territory, effectively ending Communist rule in the Soviet Union and dissolving the only remaining unifying force in the country. Gorbachev established a

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became the last republic to formally secede from the Soviet Union, causing the Soviet Union to neither control any territory nor claim to control any territory (although Soviet embassies still existed).

6097:, ending a 46-year banishment from his homeland. On 23 October 1990, Parliament voted to delete Article 6 of the Ukrainian Constitution, which referred to the "leading role" of the Communist Party. 4194:. In October 1988, Brazauskas bowed to pressure from Sąjūdis members, and legalized the flying of the historic yellow-green-red flag of independent Lithuania, and in November 1988 he passed a law making 11853: 7029:

of communism. However, virtually all the former Soviet republics were able to turn their economies around and increase GDP to multiple times what it was under the USSR. In a 2001 study by the economist

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Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno-Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics in response – on 21 May 1988,

31443: 6398: 5668:, making Lithuania the first Soviet Republic to declare independence from the Soviet Union. Moscow reacted with an economic blockade keeping the troops in Lithuania ostensibly "to secure the rights of 4285:

on 18 February, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and the numbers swelled. On 20 February, a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in the

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On 26 March 1989, elections to the Congress of People's Deputies, 15 of the 46 Moldovan deputies elected for congressional seats in Moscow were supporters of the Nationalist/Democratic movement. The

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In 1988, Gorbachev started to lose control of two regions of the Soviet Union, as the Baltic republics were now leaning towards independence, and the Caucasus descended into violence and civil war.

33632: 31491: 29039: 28677: 24713: 24677: 8914:, the Russian GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s. By 1999, around 191 million people in post-Soviet states and former Eastern Bloc countries were living on less than $ 5.50 a day. 709: 13155: 6513:") blocking access to strategically important buildings and bridges in Riga. Soviet attacks in the ensuing days resulted in six deaths and several injuries; one person died later of their wounds. 30081: 29840: 3205: 1555: 1534: 1513: 1492: 1404: 31300: 28734: 13277:"Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств | ГАРАНТ" 1388: 13309:[PROTOCOL to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on December 8, 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine]. 4499:, Hoshi, and Zarvanytsia. On 5 June 1988, as the official celebrations of the Millennium were held in Moscow, the Ukrainian Cultural Club hosted its own observances in Kyiv at the monument to 4266:, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: the Azerbaijani minority was expelled from 33077: 32334: 26069: 11383: 11352: 15788: 14568: 32591: 32510: 11805: 4605:, but Muscovites quickly learned how to pick up signals on their home televisions. That had a major effect on how Soviets saw events in their country and made censorship almost impossible. 2903: 14474: 10603: 8964:

had already joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945, together with the Soviet Union. After declaring independence, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to

27184: 26048: 15646: 11646: 9494: 4454:(formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the 375: 10197: 9752: 7045:

suffered deep and prolonged recessions after shock therapy, with poverty increasing more than tenfold. Catastrophic drops in caloric intake followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

4676:. Composing the final legislative group in the Soviet Union, those elected in 1989 played a vital part in reforms and the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union during the next two years. 4093:

all foreign radio stations, allowing Soviet citizens – for the first time since a brief period in the 1960s – to have unrestricted access to news sources beyond Communist Party control.

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derivatives that occurred upon the implosion of economic agreements between the petroleum-rich Soviet Union and Cuba, and the shrinking of an economy overdependent on Soviet imports.

3890:

In the years leading up to the dissolution, various protests and resistance movements occurred or took hold throughout the Soviet Union, which were variously suppressed or tolerated.

16016: 14766: 9885: 4859:. That was the greatest victory for any national organization within the Soviet Union and was a devastating revelation to the Lithuanian Communist Party of its growing unpopularity. 32461: 30645: 23393: 21248: 15708: 7209:

in late 1993. After assessing the economic situation in the country they concluded that from 1989 to 1993, Cuba's economic decline was more grave than that experienced by any other

6945:. By the end of 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role. 6494:

in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen. This event further weakened the Soviet Union's position internationally and domestically, and stiffened Lithuanian resistance.

5614:

Yeltsin was supported by democratic and conservative members of the Supreme Soviet, who sought power in the developing political situation. A new power struggle emerged between the

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was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, similar to the Baltic republics' popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in

33623: 32135: 31856: 30618: 30504: 30143: 30133: 25691: 15738: 12827: 10778: 8862: 4340:, many demonstrators camped out in front of the republic's legislature in November 1988 calling for Georgia's independence and in support of Estonia's declaration of sovereignty. 20736: 11524: 10837: 5120:

in 1918. On 11–12 February 1989, the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress. On 15 February 1989, the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the

30681: 25574: 25569: 24667: 22705: 14315: 13307:"ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной" 4572:

performed secret killings in Kurapaty. Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the

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analytics company found that a majority of citizens in four former Soviet countries regretted the dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Ukraine. In

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were held on 9 April 14 May, and 21 May. Among the 225 Ukrainian representatives to the Congress, most were conservatives, though a handful of progressives were also elected.

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and other senior officials acted to prevent the union treaty from being signed by forming the "General Committee on the State Emergency", which put Gorbachev – on holiday in

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debate had ever been witnessed in the Soviet Union. On 29 May, Yeltsin managed to secure a seat on the Supreme Soviet, and in the summer he formed the first opposition, the

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Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End". Between May and June 1988,

3760:), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the 1803: 1637: 31669: 13225: 10665: 6537:

When Estonia reaffirmed its independence during the coup (see below) in the dark hours of 20 August 1991, at 11:03 pm Tallinn time, many Estonian volunteers surrounded the

5750:Оn 8 May 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a law officially declaring the reinstatement of the 1938 Constitution of the independent Republic of Estonia. 32500: 30516: 30463: 28689: 22720: 22377: 21652: 21635: 14673: 11414: 8678: 7707: 6731:

On 6 November, Yeltsin – who had by then taken over much of the Soviet government – issued a decree banning all Communist Party activities on Russian territory.

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on 5 September, designed to bring him and the highest officials of the remaining republics into a collective leadership. The State Council was also empowered to appoint a

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organization in the U.S.S.R., and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime, setting an example for other ethnic minorities' pro-independence movements.

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Gorbachev accused Yeltsin of "political immaturity" and "absolute irresponsibility". Nevertheless, news of Yeltsin's insubordination and "secret speech" spread, and soon

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and stated that no subject was off limits for open discussion in the media. On 7 February, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since the

16375: 11615: 11444: 9812: 9722: 6215:. There were about 1,200 casualties, including over 300 dead and 462 seriously injured. The riots broke out over the division of land resources in and around the city. 5797:". Late on 19 January 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital 32567: 28632: 25917: 24930: 24708: 15281: 15149: 6637: 1768: 32929: 14804: 10912: 6629:

After three days, on 21 August 1991, the coup collapsed. The organizers were detained and Gorbachev was reinstated as president, albeit with his power much depleted.

5166:(Compassion) was violently dispersed, and nearly 300 people were detained. On 26 March, elections were held to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union; 32572: 32483: 32329: 31275: 30896: 26034: 20141: 14607: 9782: 7089:, the People's Republic of China entered a gradual rapprochement with the Soviet Union in 1989 when Gorbachev visited the country. Afterwards, the border treaty was 6654: 2968: 11113: 5697:

since the Second World War to be illegal and began a period of national transition towards the formal reestablishment of national independence within the republic.

32647: 30906: 29396: 26020: 25701: 24471: 22710: 22485: 15181: 13668: 11302: 5863: 5627: 3195: 28502: 14284: 12668:"Page 1. Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I "О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом"" 10868: 9945: 33530: 33087: 32550: 32522: 32407: 31772: 31533: 30969: 30153: 29835: 28746: 27077: 25988: 25774: 21625: 14379: 13729: 13426: 11732: 9215: 8563: 8304: 6382: 5747:

was elected chairman of the Council of Ministers (the equivalent of being Latvia's Prime Minister), becoming the first premier of the restored Latvian republic.

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In 1993 a series of economic reforms began to go into effect, initially enacted to offset the economic imbalances which was a result of the dissolution of the

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According to the scholar Marcel H. Van Herpen, the end of the Soviet Union marked the end of the last European empire, and some authors called it the death of

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raised in its place at 7:45 pm, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. In his parting words, Gorbachev defended his record on domestic reform and

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In the March 1989 elections to the Congress of Peoples Deputies, 36 of the 42 deputies from Lithuania were candidates from the independent national movement

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and all other UN organs would be continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

6615:– under house arrest and cut off his communications. The coup leaders issued an emergency decree suspending political activity and banning most newspapers. 32961: 32104: 30103: 28436: 28366: 28110: 25981: 21671: 21640: 17503: 15209: 15126: 9516: 8855:

In a similar poll held in February 2005, 50% of respondents in Ukraine stated they regretted the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 2013, according to

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was held in Kyiv. On 8 September, The first "Youth for Christ" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In 28–30 September, the

4845: 4628: 4620: 4568:, the Belarusian Popular Front's first leader, gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus. It claimed that the 4281:

The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital

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in an attempt to prepare to cut off the communication channels after the Soviet troops seized it and refused to be intimidated by the Soviet troops. When

4882:

to become the first noncommunist leader (Chairman of the Supreme Council of Lithuania) of Lithuania since its forced incorporation into the Soviet Union.

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suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On 5 July 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's

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died at the age of 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the stagnating

33510: 32495: 32341: 31521: 31516: 31511: 31506: 31501: 31496: 31083: 30138: 29630: 28822: 28761: 27149: 27035: 26094: 23227: 17551: 14412: 12880:"Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 - Белзакон.net" 8374: 6482:

in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of 31 July, Russian

3720:, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior 33887: 33006: 32893: 32385: 31201: 31001: 29386: 28789: 28684: 27040: 26086: 25589: 25584: 25579: 25564: 21879: 20960: 19911: 19818: 13183: 13116: 11375: 11344: 20716: 14891:. Noland, Marcus, 1959-, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. (1st ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. 14827: 7540:, which specialized in research and recovery of memory for victims of political repressions as well as support for a general human rights movement. 5708:

was elected chairman of the Council of Ministers (the equivalent of being Prime Minister), and soon a majority-pro independence cabinet was formed.

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and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional "leading role" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner

4601:

became the first non-Soviet broadcaster allowed to beam its TV news programs to Moscow. Officially, CNN was available only to foreign guests in the

32924: 31756: 31254: 30318: 28863: 28704: 27099: 22370: 19206: 18733: 17483: 14560: 11797: 11466: 9086: 7771: 7295: 5901: 5025: 4371: 8839:, 16% of respondents in 2013 said the Soviet collapse did good, while 61% said it did harm. Ever since the Soviet collapse, annual polling by the 6075:

held its founding congress. On 30 September, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kyiv to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.

33092: 32259: 32239: 31816: 31528: 31307: 30696: 30541: 30118: 29587: 28940: 28188: 26118: 20179: 17050: 14466: 11638: 10591: 10163: 9486: 8580: 7749: 6933:). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. The 6686: 6491: 5838: 5298: 4964: 3259: 2042: 1384: 15638: 13403: 9744: 6886: 5178:, site of a mass grave of Ukrainian and Polish victims of Stalinist terror. After a march from Kyiv to the site, a memorial service was staged. 1733: 33827: 32125: 31789: 30711: 30423: 29625: 29577: 28913: 28406: 25614: 25609: 25604: 25599: 24850: 24226: 19292: 16801: 16610: 10189: 9580: 8782: 8723: 7330:. After the tournament, the former Soviet Republics competed as separate independent nations, with FIFA allocating the Soviet team's record to 7127: 6725: 6721: 6717: 3419: 2065: 1471: 1368: 379: 24830: 24808: 14744: 13803: 4737:, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies – jokingly termed the 4418: 33872: 33644: 33505: 32076: 32009: 31413: 31315: 31149: 30606: 30062: 29991: 28328: 28206: 27645: 26041: 25509: 24818: 24775: 24703: 21577: 21190: 20023: 13551: 13314: 7193:

shrunk 35%, imports and exports both fell over 80%, and many domestic industries shrank considerably. In a speculated attempt to re-join the

6653:

On 24 August 1991, Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the CPSU and dissolved all party units in the government. On the same day, the

6117:

Yeltsin, signed a 10-year bilateral pact. In early December 1990 the Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine was founded; on 15 December, the

5850:

the Nakhchivan Soviet's actions were denounced by government officials who forced her to resign and the attempt at independence was aborted.

5736:, in which the Soviet Union recognized Latvia's independence as inviolable "for all future time". 4 May is now a national holiday in Latvia. 5160: 4274:. On 17 November 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in 3863: 3811:, returned to Moscow shortly after receiving a personal telephone call from Gorbachev telling him that after almost seven years his internal 3784: 1376: 1358: 14435: 14250: 13013: 12109:"Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus", Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (eds.), Cambridge University Press. 1997 10272: 4390: 32478: 31906: 30567: 30363: 27303: 26540: 26264: 24621: 24334: 23015: 22785: 21243: 19282: 15972: 15317: 14774: 13778: 12066:"Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus" Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (eds.), Cambridge University Press. 1997 9877: 9636: 7926: 6414: 5615: 5592: 5222:, at its founding congress in Kyiv. On 17 September, between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv, demanding the legalization of the 4523:

On 13 November 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization

2741: 16501: 16486: 15700: 14197: 10226: 8898:. An estimated seven million premature deaths took place in the former USSR after it collapsed, with around four million in Russia alone. 5870:. The document proclaimed the independent Republic of Armenia with its own symbols, army, financial institutions, foreign and tax policy. 33613: 33586: 32555: 32422: 31949: 31376: 31349: 30378: 30233: 30086: 28709: 28694: 28627: 28229: 26550: 25494: 24698: 23107: 22843: 22363: 21762: 21732: 20883: 20056: 19928: 19256: 18143: 15931: 15422: 14646: 12819: 12010: 11672: 11050: 10770: 8271: 8188: 8059: 6820:

the secession process delineated in the Soviet Constitution because it was not possible to secede from a country that no longer existed.

6626:. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into the BBC World Service on a small transistor radio. 6575:, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On 20 August, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a 5867: 5383:

On 30 September 1989, thousands of Belarusians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986

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previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable. This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in

4308:, however, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on 28 May, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-orange 3009: 2833: 2267: 2103: 2008: 1864: 1700: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 20: 15730: 12084: 11827: 11775: 11516: 10829: 7166:

that began in 1991 It was defined primarily by extreme reductions of rationed foods at state-subsidized prices, the severe shortages of

6545:

confronted the Soviet troops for ten minutes, they finally retreated from the TV tower after a failed resistance against the Estonians.

3655:

have been publicly expressing interest in following the same path since the 1990s, despite Russian attempts to persuade them otherwise.

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on 24 August 1991, and on 19 September, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to the

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in 1991. The main aspect of these reforms was to legalize the then illegal U.S. Dollar and regulate its usage in the island's economy.

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prove successful, with most either failing to combat the militaries of their respective republics or agreeing to rejoin them peacefully

32081: 24402: 15812: 15677: 14299: 12910:"Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I "О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств" | ГАРАНТ" 12734: 6005:, was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election. On 5–6 June 1990, Metropolitan 5510:

on political power. In 1990, all fifteen constituent republics of the USSR held their first competitive elections, with reformers and

4852:

Commission condemning the secret protocols of the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact which led to the annexations of the three Baltic republics.

4829:, which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944. The colossal demonstration marked the 50th anniversary of the 4300:

On the same day, when Gorbachev replaced Baghirov with Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party, he also replaced

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in the republic. The rallies also demanded that the republican leadership leave most of the oil revenues in the republic itself, and

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The lifting of total censorship and communist propaganda led to disclosure to public of such political and historical issues as the

4644:), 75 to the Committee of Soviet Women, 75 to the War and Labour Veterans' Organization, and 325 to other organizations such as the 3968:. Demonstrations started in the morning of 17 December 1986, with 200 to 300 students in front of the Central Committee building on 3931:, shouting, "Soviet Russia out! Free Latvia!" Security forces confronted the marchers, and several police vehicles were overturned. 33857: 33822: 33639: 32532: 32109: 31391: 30483: 30403: 30208: 29950: 28879: 28816: 28766: 28525: 28454: 27219: 27204: 27104: 26961: 26919: 25859: 25847: 25706: 24339: 23992: 21912: 21829: 21722: 20772: 19517: 19421: 19287: 17320: 16182: 13169: 11546: 11003: 9078:

20 years ago this month, even more than my launch of perestroika, was perhaps the real cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union."

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National Movement. He also led the campaign for the return of Crimean Tatars to their homeland in Crimea after 45 years of exile.

33877: 33867: 32466: 31586: 31581: 31576: 31159: 30113: 29850: 29786: 29715: 29537: 29497: 28858: 28838: 28799: 28699: 28351: 28279: 25649: 24427: 24292: 23529: 23434: 23349: 22876: 22820: 22674: 21852: 21659: 21526: 19906: 18723: 17367: 13254: 13215: 11406: 9692: 7556: 6517: 6109: 6014: 5121: 4404: 4013: 3628: 1965: 1906: 1330: 1141: 249: 20888: 14681: 12766: 7345:, the Olympic Committee of the Soviet Union formally existed until 12 March 1992, when it disbanded but it was succeeded by the 6021:

of the Russian Orthodox Church, which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by the Metropolitan

33711: 33701: 33596: 31259: 31127: 29903: 29819: 29771: 29737: 29637: 28341: 27974: 27125: 26453: 26190: 25769: 25514: 24737: 24574: 24233: 23650: 22658: 21550: 21395: 20267: 20204: 19933: 19885: 19621: 19373: 19216: 17488: 16365:"The Decline of the Soviet Union: A Hypothesis on Industrial Paradigms, Technological Revolutions and the Roots of Perestroika" 15040: 10972: 10626: 10306: 8957: 8381: 8349: 8097: 8082: 7514: 7094: 6971: 6762: 6658: 6244: 5519: 5369: 5361: 3469: 3120: 2701: 2451: 2446: 2173: 1763: 16130: 11607: 11436: 9804: 9714: 8882:

The breakdown of economic ties that followed the Soviet collapse led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the

3690: 33465: 32703: 31239: 31224: 31219: 31144: 30418: 30168: 30163: 30123: 29923: 29880: 29754: 29502: 29429: 27826: 27214: 26276: 26254: 25779: 25499: 24654: 24626: 24378: 23745: 23408: 23087: 22648: 22037: 21538: 21504: 21492: 21487: 21378: 20980: 20812: 20792: 20767: 20669: 20614: 19870: 19860: 19811: 19700: 19587: 19211: 17146: 16833: 16811: 16512: 16451: 16432: 16417: 16402: 16364: 16353: 16336: 16315: 16172: 16116: 15961: 15622: 15555: 15341:"The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study" 14105: 14051: 12004: 11769: 11044: 9863: 9842: 9619: 8212: 7451: 7435: 7358: 7033:, he calculated that there were 3.4 million premature deaths in Russia from 1990 to 1998, which he partly blames on the 6812: 6527: 6438: 5955: 5563: 5541: 5125: 2320: 2075: 1901: 1157: 313: 267: 32397: 24129: 21964: 18234: 15278: 15262: 12993: 12685: 12509: 10904: 6554: 6112:

enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kyiv and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on 18 November,

5766:, the Popular Front led crowds in the storming and destruction of the frontier fences and watchtowers along the border with 4386: 2436: 33743: 33547: 32351: 32214: 31169: 31060: 30691: 30511: 30358: 29870: 29865: 29532: 29472: 29448: 28930: 28806: 28794: 28751: 28564: 28520: 28262: 27461: 27194: 26691: 25729: 24860: 24813: 24079: 23791: 23044: 22074: 21842: 20832: 20822: 19559: 18053: 17978: 17638: 17238: 13837: 13690: 13344: 10255: 9175: 8975:

All of the twelve other independent states that were established from the former Soviet republics were admitted to the UN:

8039: 7722: 7638: 7620: 6835:, and four non-European countries, the three Baltic Republics and nine of the twelve remaining Soviet republics signed the 6292: 6078:

On 1 October 1990, parliament reconvened amid mass protests calling for the resignations of Kravchuk and of Prime Minister

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Between 1989 and 2006, about 1.6 million Soviet Jews and their non-Jewish spouses and their relatives, as defined by the

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The bloody attacks in Lithuania prompted Latvians to organize defensive barricades (the events are still today known as "

6378: 6358: 6301: 6102: 6052: 5451:, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state until his death in 2017. 4871: 3761: 2756: 2736: 2571: 1773: 419: 19448: 16900: 16828: 16288: 15185: 13652: 12757:"46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library" 10860: 3239: 33832: 33706: 33696: 33686: 33460: 32368: 31976: 31190: 30799: 30478: 30288: 30248: 30228: 30188: 30001: 29955: 29492: 29487: 29444: 29424: 29261: 29014: 28908: 28622: 27089: 26924: 26304: 25907: 25854: 25842: 25837: 25764: 24450: 24285: 23524: 23143: 22386: 22002: 21997: 21717: 21665: 20837: 20664: 19827: 19680: 19436: 19340: 18693: 17788: 16766: 16651: 16605: 16600: 16546: 16215: 15769: 15580: 15468: 15416: 14896: 14177: 13898: 13374: 12667: 12463: 9978: 8749: 8699: 8183: 7881: 7591: 7362: 7299: 7279: 7275: 7153: 6967: 6938: 6922: 6808: 6804: 6782: 6662: 6646: 6418: 6374: 6370: 5608: 4549:

at a rally organized by the Democratic Union. The unauthorized gathering resulted in the detention of local activists.

4254:. From 23 July to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the 4223: 4215: 3564: 3481: 3445: 3412: 3157: 3028: 2863: 2781: 2711: 2706: 2691: 2441: 2359: 2295: 1841: 1322: 1312: 303: 24536: 16492:

23 августа – 24 ноября 1991. Последний этап борьбы за обновленный Союз. "Разбегание" республик и раздел имущества СССР

15100: 14371: 13035: 12315: 11728: 11240: 10067: 9122:(CPSU) leadership had declined by the 1980s. Most party leaders were born after the Soviet Union's origins during the 5789:

Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of

4813:) was a peaceful political demonstration on 23 August 1989. An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a 4765:

trade union, and soon the Pact began to dissolve itself. The last of the countries to overthrow Communist leadership,

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in the Soviet Armed Forces. This conflict caused economic dislocation as supply lines were disrupted, and caused the

5506:

On 7 February 1990, the Central Committee of the CPSU accepted Gorbachev's recommendation that the party give up its

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to Armenia. The police tried to physically prevent the march and after a few incidents, dispersed the demonstrators.

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On 26 December 1986, 300 Latvian youths gathered in Riga's Cathedral Square and marched down Lenin Avenue toward the

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From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe

9404:

Previously called for an autonomy status inside the Georgian SSR as the South Ossetian ASSR since 10 November 1989.

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Photographs of the fall of the USSR by photojournalist Alain-Pierre Hovasse, a first-hand witness of these events.

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for the independence of Turkmenistan, as well as for the assignment of the status of the "state language" to the

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The process began with growing unrest in the country's various constituent national republics developing into an

3083: 3037: 2823: 2761: 2746: 1943: 1693: 30847: 17623: 17510: 17498: 15230: 15206: 15122: 13629: 13078:Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. — М., Закон и право. 1998. — C. 58. — 209 с. 10408:

Vaserman, Arie; Ginat, Ram (1994). "National, territorial or religious conflict? The case of Nagorno-Karabakh".

10389:

Elizabeth Fuller, "Nagorno-Karabakh: The Death and Casualty Toll to Date", RL 531/88, 14 December 1988, pp. 1–2.

10223:"Union of Soviet SOSocialist Republics: Parliamentary elections Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, 1989" 10128: 5481:

With the government and CPSU shocked by the riots, on 22 June 1989, as a result of the riots, Gorbachev removed

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Presidential elections and independence referendums in the Baltic states, the Soviet Union and Successor states

9180: 9006: 8814: 8727: 7793: 6925:, ratified the Belavezha Accords, effectively voting the Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the 6907: 6661:, calling for a national referendum on the independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union. Five days later, the 6043:

withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament.

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The "Special Period", officially known as the "Special Period in the Time of Peace" was an extended period of

6890:

The upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet in its ultimate session, voting the USSR out of existence, 26 December

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founding congress took place two months later, on 20 May. During its second congress (30 June – 1 July 1989),

4483:

On 26 April 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kyiv's

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2 March 1992: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan

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of unintended consequences against American interests, which led to the United States entering into its own

4928:

On 31 May 1989, the 11 members of the Karabakh Committee, who had been imprisoned without trial in Moscow's

3724:

officials who would impede political and economic change. On 23 April 1985, Gorbachev brought two protégés,

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Rosefielde, Steven (2001). "Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective".

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there by Yeltsin, who had begun taking over what remained of the Soviet government, including the Kremlin.

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after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for

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and ethnic clashes unfold during and after the dissolution, provoking humanitarian crises and leaving many

204: 13190: 13112: 8823:

Animated map showing independent states and territorial changes to the Soviet Union in chronological order

3639:, for economic and military cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states and all of the other former 3596:. The following day, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union's upper chamber, the Soviet of the Republics, 33245: 32668: 32633: 32140: 32086: 31993: 31633: 31406: 30923: 30918: 30789: 30764: 30473: 30183: 29652: 28587: 28384: 27979: 27857: 27842: 27449: 27406: 27342: 27325: 27199: 26721: 26468: 26231: 25879: 25716: 25642: 24741: 24689: 24327: 24084: 23821: 23693: 23600: 23554: 23544: 23509: 23389: 23264: 23249: 22903: 22869: 22765: 22178: 22160: 21926: 21784: 21745: 21712: 21402: 21390: 21306: 21208: 20965: 20878: 20731: 20604: 20000: 19733: 19507: 19231: 18703: 18698: 18415: 18093: 17821: 17566: 17525: 17469: 17372: 17253: 17211: 17116: 16641: 16595: 15927: 14838: 7506: 7194: 6832: 6671: 6354: 6118: 5575:

government. Landsbergis, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Lithuania, also exempted Lithuanian men from

5387:

site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the

5326:, who died on 14 December. On 26 December, the Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR adopted a law designating 5106:

celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on 22 January 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized

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The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

11470: 9476:, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. 9041:

has seconded by labelling Gorbachev a "man of the events". In a slightly different vein, David Kotz and

7318:

The breakup of the Soviet Union saw a massive impact in the sporting world. Before its dissolution, the

6894:

On the night of 25 December, at 7:35 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev appeared on television, the

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Kotz, David, and Fred Weir (2006). "The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a Revolution from Above". In

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Violent nationalist riots erupted in Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhstan, on 17 & 18 December 1986

9369:

in 1994–2000. It was not internationally recognized, with Russia supporting another government of its

9312:

Only declared secession from the Moldavian SSR as a separate republic of the Soviet Union; remained a

6047:

was elected first secretary of the CPU. On 11 July, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the

4940:, and later stated that it was in 1989 that he first began considering full independence as his goal. 3732:, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the "power" ministries favorable by promoting KGB Chief 3576:. On 25 December, Gorbachev resigned and turned over his presidential powers—including control of the 33842: 33669: 33515: 33225: 33022: 32814: 32434: 32375: 32194: 31917: 31726: 31426: 31357: 31174: 31108: 30398: 30278: 30223: 30198: 29960: 29572: 29567: 29454: 29306: 29296: 29073: 29024: 28843: 28467: 28097: 27689: 27513: 27394: 27347: 27291: 26756: 26701: 26428: 26314: 26241: 24672: 24308: 24196: 24176: 24149: 23905: 23665: 23424: 23303: 23232: 23112: 22215: 22188: 22091: 21045: 19959: 19297: 19173: 19118: 18938: 17926: 17633: 17194: 16806: 16723: 15490: 15217: 13775:"Е.А. Лукьянова РОССИЙСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОСТЬ И КОНСТИТУЦИОННОЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВО В РОССИИ /1917-1993/" 13521:[The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised]. 13396: 11967: 9547:"Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor" 8788: 7346: 7294:

to rise in 1996. Because of this, U.S. policies in the war are also thought to have contributed to a

7076: 7034: 6913:

held a brief televised speech officially recognizing the independence of the 11 remaining republics.

6230: 5971: 5226:. On 21 September 1989, exhumation of a mass grave began in Demianiv Laz, a nature preserve south of 5181:

From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's

5144:, lampooned as "the mastodon of stagnation". The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by 4168: 3269: 1400: 1392: 917: 687: 22183: 16243: 14797:"Output and Productivity in Cuba: Collapse, Recovery, and Muddling Through to the Crossroads - ASCE" 13708: 9576: 9058:, but they were at the same time strengthened by several policies pursued by the Soviet government ( 6146: 33475: 32390: 32154: 31841: 31782: 31598: 31244: 31088: 30754: 30721: 30546: 30468: 30338: 30283: 30273: 30193: 29965: 29687: 29605: 29404: 29172: 29157: 28419: 28391: 28055: 27684: 27630: 27555: 27231: 27166: 27008: 26991: 26969: 26802: 26777: 26716: 26618: 26371: 26286: 25744: 24579: 24569: 23710: 23549: 23519: 23384: 23298: 23207: 23170: 22296: 21060: 21010: 20649: 20639: 20408: 20169: 18923: 18490: 17753: 17643: 17397: 16941: 15949: 15789:

Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Bloc

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called the dissolution of the USSR as "the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century".

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poll showed that 66% of Russians lamented the fall of the Soviet Union. In 2005, Russian president

7463: 7247: 6895: 5994: 5705: 5687: 5567: 5534: 5376:) to build a monument to thousands of people shot by Stalin-era police in the Kuropaty Forest near 5373: 5302: 5245:

pre-election protest attended by 30,000 people. On 15 October, several thousand people gathered in

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zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later

53: 35: 26388: 20506: 18663: 14198:"Causes and Prevention of Ethnic Conflict: An Overview of Post-Soviet Russian-Language Literature" 13306: 12191:"About Armenia - Armenian Declaration of Independence - The Government of the Republic of Armenia" 11966:(in Azerbaijani). Baku, Azerbaijan: "Aqra" Elmin İnkişafına Dəstək İctimai Birliyi. Archived from 5653:

on 11–13 January 1990, provoked a pro-independence rally attended by an estimated 250,000 people.

5186:

held. On 18 June 1989, an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in

33847: 33618: 32874: 32779: 32346: 32184: 32169: 31937: 31674: 31623: 31184: 30891: 30794: 29682: 29562: 29271: 29256: 29197: 28811: 28530: 28105: 27887: 27603: 27489: 27484: 27389: 27364: 27308: 27142: 27094: 26929: 26850: 26845: 26787: 26711: 26696: 26555: 26336: 25932: 25912: 25869: 25784: 24765: 24509: 24422: 24373: 24361: 24216: 24191: 24027: 23876: 23836: 23539: 23484: 23369: 23237: 22790: 21545: 21111: 21050: 20990: 20893: 20817: 20777: 20644: 20634: 20413: 20330: 20262: 20174: 19831: 19728: 19654: 19458: 18153: 18098: 18083: 18023: 17831: 17811: 17571: 17248: 16853: 15452: 12638:"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991)" 12403:

Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia

9659: 9473: 9278: 9263: 9190: 9082: 7549: 6918: 6836: 6690: 6255:. They did not have a pronounced and eminent leader. Since 1989, small rallies have been held in 5990: 5894: 5018: 4713: 4500: 4364: 4286: 4069: 3632: 3488: 3441: 3351: 2349: 2026: 1821: 1364: 1346: 1326: 1213: 1185: 677: 440: 26510: 25195: 19607: 17056: 15314: 14528:"Chinese media accidentally posts CCP rules on Russia-Ukraine coverage, hint at Taiwan takeover" 13774: 11846:"Upheaval in the East: Azerbaijan; Angry Soviet Crowd Attacks What Is Left Of Iran Border Posts" 6953:. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the 5198:

other official organizations for parliamentary seats: 50,000 in Lviv, 40,000 in Kyiv, 10,000 in

4875: 3078: 579: 33852: 33721: 33470: 31799: 31653: 31638: 30934: 30784: 30759: 30043: 29249: 29123: 28414: 28242: 28060: 27867: 27701: 27657: 27635: 27332: 26782: 26686: 26493: 26236: 26156: 25635: 24855: 24840: 24616: 24600: 24584: 24551: 24154: 24012: 23982: 23937: 23888: 23883: 23816: 23700: 23660: 23620: 23454: 23364: 23359: 23180: 23092: 22959: 22862: 22225: 21817: 21755: 21015: 20827: 20398: 20245: 19695: 18943: 18447: 17841: 17515: 16991: 16751: 16746: 16539: 16238: 14201: 14167: 12040: 10222: 9221: 8835:, 12% of respondents in 2013 said the Soviet collapse did good, while 66% said it did harm. In 7190: 7097:

in 2001, which was renewed in June 2021 for five more years. Both countries are members of the

7004: 6975: 6750: 5545: 5485:(the ethnic Russian whose appointment caused riots in December 1986) as First Secretary of the 5478:, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire. 5234: 5141: 4814: 4259: 4106: 4053: 3600:

the Union. The events of the dissolution resulted in its 15 constituent republics gaining full

3597: 3210: 3110: 895: 773: 583: 293: 31699: 19597: 19153: 15916: 15402: 14630: 14168:

Drobizheva, Leokadia; Rose Gottemoeller; Catherine McArdle Kelleher; Lee Walker, eds. (1998).

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U.S. television coverage of Mikhail Gorbachev's December 25, 1991 speech to the Soviet people

6941:, but were eventually subsumed by the newly independent republics, with the bulk becoming the 6737: 6369:

77.85% percent of voters endorsed retention of a reformed Soviet Union. The Baltic republics,

3090: 32821: 32772: 32640: 32612: 32174: 32054: 31986: 31961: 31886: 31861: 31234: 31093: 30964: 30954: 30666: 30623: 30348: 30203: 29913: 29747: 29597: 29316: 29133: 29083: 29044: 28507: 28050: 28045: 28000: 27936: 27847: 27550: 27499: 27437: 27159: 26996: 26984: 26974: 26743: 26376: 26176: 25819: 25544: 25283: 25236: 24749: 24494: 24181: 23922: 23895: 23856: 23796: 23595: 23564: 23474: 23222: 23158: 22344: 21316: 21116: 21070: 21055: 21020: 20807: 20751: 20340: 20106: 19778: 19690: 19649: 19463: 19359: 19178: 18462: 18457: 18224: 18113: 18068: 18028: 17963: 17907: 17826: 17608: 17422: 17300: 17218: 17126: 17091: 17001: 16946: 16843: 16684: 14407: 13890: 12088: 11831: 11755: 11669:"Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990" 11080: 9487:"The End of the Soviet Union; Text of Declaration: 'Mutual Recognition' and 'an Equal Basis'" 9150: 7283: 7147: 7086: 7054: 6774: 6312: 6291:, opposed independence, suppressing Turkmen dissidents and oppositionists, but following the 6241: 5744: 5556: 4160: 4140: 3616: 3556: 3381: 3366: 3244: 2999: 2980: 2222: 2021: 1195: 388: 333: 320: 14130: 12724: 6365:

in the newly established post of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. On 17 March 1991, in a

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Kotz, David and Fred Weir. "The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a Revolution from Above".

13830:"Руслан Хасбулатов: "Капитуляция произошла потому, что наша страна ориентирована на вождя"" 12597:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. — 864 с. 12413:. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, 10005: 9611: 9210: 9200: 9195: 9165: 9051: 7375: 7371: 7342: 7338: 7307: 7303: 7038: 6959: 6954: 6942: 6746: 6181:

and anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan in 1988. Demonstrations sponsored by the nationalist

6083: 6048: 5793:. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as " 5657: 5638: 5490: 5388: 5191: 5133: 4933: 4879: 4834: 4673: 4602: 4290: 4199: 3990:

for several hours, calling for the right to return to their homeland, from which they were

3713: 3542: 3311: 3306: 3286: 3052: 2513: 2369: 2227: 2200: 2090: 2085: 2070: 1938: 1169: 972: 25461: 22193: 20295: 12573: 12432: 6017:(UAOC) during that Church's first synod. The UAOC declared its full independence from the 5770:, and thousands of Soviet Azerbaijanis crossed the border to meet their ethnic cousins in 5611:

of the RSFSR, despite the fact that Gorbachev asked Russian deputies not to vote for him.

4608: 4262:. On 17 September, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near 4090: 3764:(CPSU) in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the 3503:

was the first republic to declare full independence restored from the Soviet Union by the

8: 33770: 33240: 33220: 33072: 33037: 32860: 32786: 32765: 32598: 32148: 31836: 31643: 31473: 30744: 30388: 30373: 29361: 29346: 29108: 29098: 29034: 28979: 28974: 28597: 28318: 28291: 28077: 27922: 27816: 27811: 27781: 27739: 27662: 27625: 27545: 27530: 27359: 27320: 27027: 26641: 26545: 26296: 25829: 25433: 25268: 25231: 25070: 25035: 25003: 24206: 23962: 23912: 23831: 23735: 23569: 23514: 23469: 23464: 23459: 23414: 23374: 23339: 23281: 23195: 23126: 22988: 22333: 22062: 21867: 21796: 21604: 21453: 21331: 21253: 21226: 20970: 20945: 20741: 20726: 20325: 20065: 20018: 19875: 19743: 19722: 19716: 19163: 19078: 19073: 18973: 18836: 18633: 18517: 18432: 18320: 18173: 18168: 18148: 18133: 18043: 18038: 17943: 17876: 17866: 17778: 17773: 17763: 17663: 17603: 17576: 17402: 17387: 17357: 17335: 17121: 17111: 16838: 16761: 16731: 16715: 15460: 13998: 13744: 12224: 10807: 9205: 9185: 9102: 9038: 8969: 8910:

increasing by an average of 9 points for all former socialist countries. Even before the

8903: 8871: 8770: 7526: 7271: 7232: 7134:. Unlike in the Soviet era, Putin ruled Russia is increasingly China's "junior partner". 7060: 6950: 6934: 6926: 6766:

even on a limited scale. The leaders of the three Slavic republics, Russia, Ukraine, and

6619: 6141: 6090: 6022: 6018: 6006: 5626:. On 12 July 1990, Yeltsin resigned from the Communist Party in a dramatic speech at the 4929: 4867: 4802: 4770: 4692: 4669: 4247: 4195: 4134: 4086:, enacted a law on electoral reform, and set the date of the election for 26 March 1989. 3987: 3903: 3757: 3749: 3605: 3531: 3346: 2614: 2411: 2364: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2151: 1990: 1836: 1790: 1137: 1082: 950: 735: 565: 394: 359: 200: 39: 20456: 18018: 17931: 13926: 13730:"United Nations Response Options to Russia's Aggression: Opportunities and Rabbit Holes" 11491:

Esther B. Fein, "Baltic Nationalists Voice Defiance But Say They Won't Be Provoked", in

11137:"Upheaval in the East; Lithuania Legalizes Rival Parties, Removing Communists' Monopoly" 6986: 4712:

countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized as the

3147: 33654: 33380: 33375: 33290: 32996: 32941: 32800: 32488: 32029: 31971: 31593: 31369: 31362: 30023: 29376: 29371: 29351: 29326: 29321: 29286: 29244: 29234: 29182: 29103: 28853: 28477: 28379: 28274: 28247: 28237: 27964: 27959: 27944: 27796: 27764: 27759: 27652: 27574: 27562: 27471: 27137: 27057: 27045: 27013: 26668: 26663: 26581: 26281: 25927: 25379: 25065: 24918: 24908: 24903: 24825: 24564: 24541: 24517: 24134: 24109: 24099: 24089: 24074: 24059: 24017: 23947: 23932: 23871: 23851: 23841: 23811: 23786: 23771: 23715: 23655: 23645: 23504: 23327: 23313: 23308: 23254: 23190: 23000: 22200: 22111: 21428: 21341: 21231: 21221: 20913: 20802: 20797: 20787: 20782: 20013: 19753: 19636: 19317: 19113: 19098: 19023: 19003: 18998: 18983: 18830: 18578: 18330: 18214: 17968: 17871: 17856: 17768: 17758: 17733: 17728: 17493: 17447: 17362: 17347: 17290: 17106: 17029: 16905: 16796: 16786: 16307:

The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the USSR

16280: 16272: 16008: 16000: 15903: 15895: 15843: 15375: 15340: 15279:"What Can Transition Economies Learn from the First Ten Years? A New World Bank Report" 14997: 14709: 14015: 13948: 13929:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". 12565: 11830:[About the symbolism of Estonia] (in Russian). 6 September 2019. Archived from 11493: 10133: 9970: 9907: 9610:. Translated by Philip, Franklin (English ed.). New York, NY: BasicBooks. p. 9075: 9068: 8887: 8883: 8808: 8511: 7537: 7530: 7189:, food, and machinery. In the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba's 7042: 6781:, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the 6604: 6288: 6222: 5822: 5771: 5511: 5435:

minority in several days of rioting between 4–11 June 1989 in what would be called the

5431:, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the 5384: 5116:. In Kyiv, 60 activists met in a Kyiv apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the 4983: 4960: 4754: 4326: 4294: 4183: 3949: 3620: 3336: 3042: 2989: 2596: 2300: 2290: 2210: 1811: 1451: 1415: 1354: 1342: 1250: 1203: 943: 841: 829: 743: 731: 651: 330: 297: 119: 32946: 20272: 19013: 18842: 15545: 15357: 14200:. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from 13247: 9684: 7256:, emigrated from the former Soviet Union. About 979,000, or 61%, migrated to Israel. 33385: 33295: 33285: 33275: 33189: 33159: 33144: 33139: 33124: 33114: 33032: 32881: 32254: 32024: 31648: 31468: 30981: 30976: 30837: 30298: 29720: 29381: 29356: 29341: 29281: 29227: 29222: 29187: 29093: 29088: 28311: 28219: 28023: 28015: 27729: 27596: 27567: 27525: 27454: 27411: 27369: 27236: 27176: 26948: 26885: 26747: 26528: 26498: 26324: 26135: 26110: 25789: 25481: 25298: 25293: 25278: 25246: 25158: 25050: 24972: 24950: 24945: 24718: 24559: 24366: 24349: 24252: 24004: 23972: 23967: 23952: 23927: 23776: 23725: 23675: 23605: 23583: 23428: 23212: 23148: 23138: 23102: 23005: 22971: 22949: 22894: 22607: 22431: 22421: 22403: 22397: 22308: 22248: 22027: 21813: 21509: 21311: 21296: 21238: 21091: 20721: 20609: 20566: 20561: 20511: 20305: 20300: 20081: 19738: 19330: 19183: 19128: 19103: 19058: 18988: 18963: 18928: 18918: 18887: 18774: 18658: 18628: 18365: 18355: 18269: 18163: 18008: 17723: 17520: 17377: 17330: 17228: 17179: 17153: 17131: 16971: 16951: 16895: 16883: 16697: 16532: 16447: 16428: 16413: 16398: 16349: 16332: 16311: 16284: 16264: 16211: 16168: 16153: 16145: 16112: 16097: 16079: 16063: 16036: 16012: 15992: 15957: 15887: 15847: 15835: 15800: 15765: 15618: 15612: 15576: 15551: 15464: 15412: 15380: 15362: 14978: 14953: 14925: 14902: 14892: 14636: 14599: 14307: 14173: 14136: 14111: 14101: 14057: 14047: 14019: 13952: 13894: 13658: 13604: 13594: 13559: 13434: 13147: 12756: 12608:"Андрей Грачев - к годовщине путча: "Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина"" 12569: 12557: 12414: 12383: 12373: 12110: 12067: 12000: 11941: 11922: 11902: 11878: 11765: 11698: 11328: 11276: 11219: 11170: 11084: 11072: 11040: 10691: 10574: 10553: 10534: 10514: 10463: 10442: 10374: 10349: 9974: 9859: 9838: 9615: 9123: 8942: 8930: 8922: 8126: 7955: 7901: 7518: 7394: 7202: 7030: 6910: 6876: 6872: 6786: 6778: 6761:

The final round of the Soviet Union's collapse began on 1 December 1991. That day, a

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to be one of the "most exemplary and loyal republics" of the Soviet Union to Moscow.

6044: 5607:, garnering 72 percent of the vote. On 29 May 1990, Yeltsin was elected chair of the 5459: 5342: 5174:

attracted 30,000 in Lviv. On 7 May, The Memorial Society organized a mass meeting at

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prison, were released and returned home to a hero's welcome. Soon after his release,

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movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the

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The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" (

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shortly thereafter. Gorbachev resigned on 25 December 1991 and what was left of the

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Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion

31396: 31295: 30779: 30737: 30628: 29725: 28935: 28141: 28134: 28033: 28028: 27954: 27882: 27801: 27716: 27706: 27677: 27613: 27608: 27442: 27416: 27401: 27286: 27264: 27248: 27154: 26603: 26593: 26433: 26226: 26211: 26203: 25874: 25754: 25471: 25456: 25340: 25320: 25129: 25097: 25055: 25045: 25008: 24967: 24913: 24893: 24760: 24755: 24546: 24499: 24432: 24322: 24201: 24139: 24094: 24037: 23942: 23861: 23826: 23635: 23286: 23185: 22993: 22815: 21040: 20908: 20541: 20446: 20393: 20315: 20250: 20131: 19979: 19880: 19416: 19093: 19018: 18948: 18933: 18913: 18860: 18643: 18638: 18618: 18568: 18558: 18385: 18350: 18335: 18284: 18013: 17953: 17793: 17452: 17432: 17141: 17083: 17077: 17044: 17024: 17014: 16863: 16664: 16656: 16324: 16256: 16248: 16059: 16055: 15984: 15968: 15879: 15827: 15494: 15456: 15370: 15352: 14007: 13940: 12549: 10417: 10014: 9962: 9651: 9604: 9145: 8950: 8895: 8856: 8828: 7113: 6642: 6580: 6576: 6538: 6479: 6463: 6264: 6200: 6190: 6040: 6002: 5436: 5306: 5238: 5203: 5152: 5065: 4914: 4794: 4738: 4301: 4172: 4041: 3928: 3894: 3733: 3527: 3523: 3473: 3440:

and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the

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Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union

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Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War – Page 63 by Stuart J. Kaufman

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Members of the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona consisted of

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was appointed his successor in a free vote of party officials. The ethnic Russian

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1–25 декабря 1991. Развал СССР. Беловежские соглашения и отставка Президента СССР

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Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy

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Beissinger, Mark R. (2009). "Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism".

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Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis

10249:"Radio Jamming in the Soviet Union, Poland and others - East European Countries" 10248: 7462:. Between 1993 and 1997, many newly independent republics implemented their own 4118: 33794: 33420: 33365: 33320: 33310: 33270: 33230: 33215: 33199: 33129: 32990: 32835: 32244: 32209: 31930: 31925: 31794: 31689: 31066: 30774: 30238: 29366: 28150: 28082: 28005: 27852: 27806: 27791: 27786: 27769: 27754: 27540: 26895: 26890: 26820: 26406: 26142: 26102: 25913:

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

25411: 25389: 25350: 25330: 25273: 25251: 25168: 25119: 25013: 24455: 24412: 24159: 24032: 23293: 23259: 22983: 22936: 22800: 22240: 22168: 21448: 21438: 21131: 21035: 20551: 20531: 20310: 20091: 19773: 19768: 19138: 19063: 19053: 19048: 18908: 18648: 18437: 18360: 18088: 17993: 17743: 17683: 17315: 17233: 17136: 17096: 17066: 16966: 16921: 16341: 16207: 16089: 14945: 14033: 13715:. Strasbourg: European Commission for Democracy through Law. 8 September 1994. 13488: 13336: 12761: 12729: 12531: 9375: 9140: 9064: 9059: 9034: 8994:

Historiography on the Soviet collapse can be roughly classified in two groups:

8918: 8849: 8601: 7522: 7510: 7426: 7323: 7213: 7143: 7123: 7015: 6899: 6793: 6709: 6608: 6542: 6510: 6459: 6426: 6280: 6252: 6248: 6178: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5740: 5716: 5701: 5680: 5669: 5580: 5482: 5440: 5424: 5408: 5346: 5335: 5290: 5262: 4697: 4565: 4467: 4337: 4231: 4144: 3983: 3961: 3921: 3800: 3788: 3741: 3725: 3717: 3644: 3593: 3589: 3500: 3361: 3172: 2483: 2421: 2163: 2156: 2146: 1780: 992: 984: 928: 873: 640: 626: 595: 402: 347: 216: 61: 57: 28556: 25190: 19826: 15883: 15484: 14863: 14115: 14061: 14011: 13866: 10421: 10018: 9966: 9655: 9236: 9005:

The end of the Soviet Union caught many people by surprise. Before 1991, many

7491:

remains in use alongside the internet domains of the newly created countries.

6770:(formerly Byelorussia), agreed to discuss possible alternatives to the union. 4182:("Movement"), was founded in May 1988. On 19 October 1988, Gorbachev replaced 378:

and negotiation for relocation between Russia and Ukraine in 1997 until 2017;

33816: 33581: 33340: 33330: 33300: 33235: 33169: 33109: 33104: 33001: 32936: 32912: 32867: 32807: 32696: 31342: 28925: 28115: 27862: 27696: 27535: 27337: 26658: 26646: 26488: 26349: 25936: 25686: 25658: 25384: 25325: 25163: 25102: 25060: 24417: 24407: 24266: 24171: 23680: 23419: 23010: 22101: 21136: 21126: 21121: 21005: 20873: 20556: 20536: 20516: 20496: 20471: 20428: 20370: 20360: 20189: 19783: 19617: 19302: 19148: 19043: 19008: 18993: 18953: 18495: 18325: 18063: 17973: 17836: 17816: 17703: 17464: 17442: 17407: 16986: 16981: 16936: 16858: 16818: 16567: 16268: 16226: 16067: 15996: 15891: 15839: 15366: 14603: 14311: 13608: 13563: 13438: 13151: 12561: 12387: 11467:"Update on the Moldavian Elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies" 9953: 9055: 8999: 8926: 8845: 8840: 8552: 7808: 7253: 6410: 6402: 6321: 6204: 6079: 5794: 5782: 5633: 5604: 5600: 5448: 5404: 5124:

was announced. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the

4742: 4730: 4227: 3851: 3776: 3534: 3508: 3371: 3234: 3162: 3115: 2899: 2581: 2508: 2488: 2396: 2168: 1916: 1831: 1676: 1372: 1060: 1010: 697: 667: 446: 224: 24277: 15762:

Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism

14906: 13366: 13184:"Concluding document of The Hague Conference on the European Energy Charter" 12671: 12460: 9116:

Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism

6708:

numbers 46/4, 46/5, and 46/6 admitted Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to the

5859:

In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed.

5777: 5622:. On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted a 5447:

for being unable to stop the race riots in the region and replaced him with

5132:

on 16 February 1989. The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as

3997:

On 23 August 1987, the 48th anniversary of the secret protocols of the 1939

3651:, while some of the other former Soviet republics like Ukraine, Georgia and 33782: 33601: 33350: 32977: 32956: 32758: 32189: 32164: 32014: 31954: 31538: 30901: 30006: 28848: 28155: 28040: 27912: 27877: 26483: 26478: 26473: 26463: 26458: 26448: 26366: 26361: 25884: 25863: 25107: 24047: 23032: 23022: 22805: 22570: 22480: 21984: 21805: 21199: 21000: 20619: 20546: 20501: 20235: 20126: 20101: 19964: 19497: 19394: 19382: 19088: 19038: 18968: 18958: 18812: 18800: 18787: 18593: 18420: 17921: 17169: 17019: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16574: 15384: 15096: 14658: 14343: 14095: 14037: 13032: 8891: 8875: 8398: 8161: 7414: 7357:

in Barcelona, where they finished first in the medal rankings. Separately,

7354: 7220: 7185:

During its existence, the Soviet Union provided Cuba with large amounts of

7008: 6999: 6773:

On 8 December, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in

6754: 6734:

By 7 November 1991, most newspapers referred to the 'former Soviet Union'.

6675: 6600: 6333: 6284: 5805: 5661: 5619: 5576: 5523: 5412: 5310: 5246: 5207: 5167: 4943:

On 7 April 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to

4856: 4702: 4179: 4152: 3998: 3965: 3601: 3433: 2828: 2654: 1239: 1228: 1145: 817: 412: 398: 352: 232: 176: 47: 32983: 22747:

GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)

16252: 15831: 14436:"The limits of authoritarian compatibility: Xi's China and Putin's Russia" 14227:. Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University. 13884: 13090:История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. — М., 2001. — C. 299—300 12940:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I - Сейчас.ру" 9316:

independent state following the final Soviet collapse until reintegration.

7533:, censorship, pacification and procrastination by the Soviet authorities. 6847: 6505:

to prevent the Soviet Army from reaching the Latvian Parliament, July 1991

4004:

On 14 June 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in

33649: 33305: 32793: 32626: 32249: 32064: 32049: 31777: 28964: 28535: 27734: 26651: 26636: 26443: 26401: 26396: 26344: 25951: 25451: 25428: 24888: 24440: 23242: 23049: 22926: 22795: 22653: 22561: 22501: 22409: 21847: 21809: 21801: 21423: 21407: 21321: 21263: 20599: 20486: 20461: 20403: 20365: 20355: 20225: 19546: 19133: 18738: 18708: 18563: 18553: 18452: 18315: 18108: 17597: 17427: 17412: 17223: 17071: 17039: 16926: 16741: 16646: 16585: 15070: 13518: 12307: 12281:. Washington, DC: Commission on security and cooperation in Europe. 1992. 11996: 11236: 10968: 10934: 10302: 9023: 7483: 7349:. However, 12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics competed together as the 7175: 7167: 7105: 6992: 6523:

On 12 February, the independence of Lithuania was recognized by Iceland.

6475: 6260: 6237: 6226: 6218: 6151: 5467: 5432: 5269:

unwillingness to prosecute those responsible. From 26 to 28 October, the

4709: 4484: 4267: 4263: 4211: 4190:- who had been in office for nearly a year - with the relatively liberal 3909: 3768:(although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990). 3753: 3745: 3736:

from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal

3685: 3640: 3636: 3492: 3461: 3291: 3281: 2931: 2890: 2868: 2406: 2285: 2136: 2126: 1911: 1785: 1316: 1217: 1199: 1177: 1165: 587: 272: 33801: 28166: 22601:

Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)

16473: 16046:

Dallin, Alexander (October 1992). "Causes of the Collapse of the USSR".

15899: 13427:"11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers" 6757:, the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution. 5711: 5656:

On 11 March, the newly elected parliament of the Lithuanian SSR elected

5352: 32402: 28833: 28545: 27907: 26815: 26626: 26354: 25923:

Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

25315: 25087: 24835: 23271: 22931: 22921: 22550: 22545: 22530: 22525: 22515: 22490: 22475: 22460: 22455: 22445: 21837: 21101: 20975: 20589: 20375: 20320: 20290: 20220: 18892: 18603: 18573: 18527: 18442: 18410: 18402: 18345: 18033: 17748: 17437: 17325: 16931: 16276: 16004: 15293: 14767:"Cuba 1990–1994: Political Intransigence versus Economic Reform - ASCE" 13717:

Done at Minsk, December 8,1991, and done at Alma Alta, December 21,1991

13651:

Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.; Sullivan, Paige (1997).

13102:Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. — М, 2016. — С. 254—255. — 448 с. 12849: 9089: 8907: 8836: 8650: 8445: 8247: 7990: 7742: 7459: 7422: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7386: 7198: 7116: 6824: 6816: 6572: 6564: 6082:, a leftover from the previous régime. Students erected a tent city on 5908: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5455: 5294: 5250: 5215: 5032: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4782: 4504: 4492: 4378: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4164: 4110: 4025: 3568: 3254: 3132: 2310: 1985: 1826: 1753: 958: 450: 344: 276: 184: 172: 152: 148: 132: 21168: 20034: 17546: 12939: 12686:"Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States" 12190: 11376:"At Least 16 Killed as Protesters Battle the Police in Soviet Georgia" 11345:"Soldiers Patrolling Soviet Georgia Amid Wave of Nationalist Protests" 10164:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia Official Site" 6903: 6497: 6028: 5825:

remained second secretary. In reaction to the Soviet actions in Baku,

5675: 3917: 3448:. It also brought an end to the Soviet Union's federal government and 2131: 32737: 32592:

And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from

32039: 31618: 28540: 28197: 27917: 27872: 26810: 26751: 22916: 22057: 22052: 21874: 21767: 21597: 21258: 21141: 20935: 20654: 20594: 20476: 20086: 19536: 19399: 19188: 19033: 18882: 18855: 18668: 18623: 18532: 18500: 18480: 18472: 17801: 17591: 14043: 13622: 13170:"Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR" 12994:"Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. | www.n-discovery.spb.ru" 12850:"Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав" 11798:"Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay" 11687: 9042: 8792: 7658: 7306:

in 2001, only to end with the US' withdrawal in 2021 and the Taliban

7210: 7186: 7179: 6840: 6276: 6182: 6174: 6068: 5942: 5846: 5830: 5463: 5327: 4936:, an academic, was elected chairman of the anti-communist opposition 4826: 4753:

was the first republic to democratize following the enactment of the

4148: 3936: 3142: 2944: 2381: 1887: 1748: 1429: 1149: 964: 426: 160: 16127:

Perestroika and the 'Dashing Nineties': At the Crossroads of History

15988: 15639:"Vladimir Putin accuses Lenin of placing a 'time bomb' under Russia" 12725:"Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991" 9946:"Baltic Protest in the Gorbachev Era: Movement Content and Dynamics" 8819: 8721:

Peacefully rejoined Ukraine on 6 May 1992, gaining autonomy in 1998;

5883: 5007: 4353: 4198:

the country's official language; also, the former national anthem, "

30928: 28952: 27992: 27985: 27298: 22047: 21592: 21326: 21286: 20491: 20466: 20423: 20257: 20240: 20164: 18767: 18608: 18505: 18380: 18199: 18103: 17243: 17101: 16555: 16491: 16227:"The Collapse of Soviet Communism: A Class Dynamics Interpretation" 15097:"Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights" 14532: 14170:

Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis

13523: 9270:

Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza, also negatively connoted as Russian:

9029: 8293: 7863: 7270:

As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate, it also lost support to

7171: 6852: 6472: 6325: 6256: 6166: 6155: 6132:, asserting its sovereignty as a republic inside the Soviet Union. 5790: 5559:, on 18 March (run-off elections on 25 March 1 April, and 29 April) 5514:

winning many seats. The CPSU lost the elections in five republics:

5428: 5357: 5258: 5237:, a holdover from the Brezhnev era, was replaced in this office by 5199: 5175: 5088: 4994:

Army, the CPSU and the All-Russian Council of People's Commissars.

4979: 4952: 4721: 4641: 4557: 4033: 3857: 3839: 3681: 3609: 3316: 3014: 2280: 1975: 1446: 1350: 1173: 996: 616: 408: 196: 22854: 22580:

1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)

17887:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

16395:

Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? Understanding Historical Change

15449:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

14828:"Dollarization in Cuba and implications for the future transition" 13519:"С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский" 12909: 12788: 11639:"Rioting Youths Reportedly Attack The Police in Soviet Kazakhstan" 9081:

It also had a profound impact on the policy-making circles of the

6293:

elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR in January 1990

4967:

as a result of the killings and replaced him with former Georgian

4017:

thousands lined the streets of Riga in silent protest regardless.

3472:, the Russian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian SSRs, declared that the 33403: 32605: 32034: 31857:

State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason

31048:

Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"

28969: 26421: 26416: 26411: 26168: 25221: 24998: 24354: 23394:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

23276: 22591: 22586: 22535: 22520: 22510: 22465: 22450: 22440: 21939: 21443: 20418: 19582: 19541: 18713: 18598: 18588: 18537: 18078: 16823: 16496: 15514: 15154: 15071:"Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights" 14251:"Russia, China extend friendship and cooperation treaty -Kremlin" 13276: 13220: 12974: 12248: 10190:"Government in the Soviet Union: Gorbachev's Proposal for Change" 9474:

Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

8965: 8906:

surged between 1988 and 1989 and between 1993 and 1995, with the

8899: 8867: 8832: 8205: 8119: 8075: 8032: 7613: 7475: 7467: 7418: 7406: 7390: 7382: 7291: 7023: 6767: 5808:

stated that the use of force in Baku was intended to prevent the

5759: 5650: 5475: 5211: 5108: 4944: 4899: 4844:

Just months after the Baltic Way protests, in December 1989, the

4818: 4533: 4451: 4333: 4282: 4235: 4130: 4021: 3957: 3883: 3652: 3560: 3549: 2994: 2938: 2895: 1181: 180: 164: 140: 136: 128: 30619:

European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine

29841:

Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

25627: 14837:. Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy. Archived from 13709:"Agreements establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States" 13552:"END OF THE SOVIET UNION; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret" 9745:"The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party" 4890: 4491:

in western Ukraine celebrated the Millennium of Christianity in

33777: 30682:

Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War

30671: 28214: 28087: 25367: 25185: 25146: 22885: 22540: 22470: 20345: 19351: 18781: 18583: 18522: 17457: 16076:

Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus

14039:

How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate

11036:

Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy

7948: 7700: 7455: 7206: 7109: 6978:

was adopted, in which there was no mention of the union state.

6930: 6612: 6337: 6270: 6208: 6170: 6113: 5489:

for his poor handling of the June events and replaced him with

5331: 4822: 4746: 4591: 4271: 4210:

On 20 February 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in

4109:

was founded in April 1988. On 16 June 1988, Gorbachev replaced

4009: 3976: 3941: 3913: 3771:

On 1 July 1985, Gorbachev sidelined his main rival by removing

3581: 3577: 3538: 168: 156: 16519: 14889:

Hunger and human rights: the politics of famine in North Korea

7536:

In 1989, the Soviet Union established a civil rights society,

6437:

In response to the USSR-wide referendum, on 31 March 1991, an

5399: 29781: 29692: 26199: 21862: 21740: 19266: 19222:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

18728: 18511: 16590: 15337: 14674:""There is no food": Coping with Food Scarcity in Cuba Today" 14467:"Chinese-Russian Defense Cooperation Is More Flash Than Bang" 14300:"Weary Russia Tries to Avoid Entanglement in U.S.-China Spat" 13457:"Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г." 10166:. Armeniaforeignministry.com. 18 October 1987. Archived from 6958:

31 December 1991, with no objection raised. But questions of

6683:

Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy

5950: 5377: 5286: 5254: 5182: 5092: 4561: 3812: 3712:

on 11 March 1985, just over four hours after his predecessor

2807: 1161: 647: 432: 22385: 16425:

Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union

15617:. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. 15614:

Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union

13650: 12262: 10771:"Tension Called High In Armenia Capital, With 1,400 Arrests" 9878:"Critic of Gorbachev Offers to Resign His Moscow Party Post" 7438:

of Russia, a cross-country skier winning five total medals.

6559: 6161:

On 12–14 February 1990, anti-government riots took place in

5693:

On 30 March 1990, the Estonian Supreme Council declared the

5526:, on 24 February (run-off elections on 4, 7, 8 and 10 March) 4761:

talks from February to April between the government and the

4680:

swept from power in a wave of anti-establishment sentiment.

88:

16 November 1988 – 26 December 1991

22746: 21974: 21750: 18806: 18688: 16580: 16524: 15731:"30 Years After Tiananmen: Memory in the Era of Xi Jinping" 15575:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–275. 14075:

Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries

13623:"Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР № 52. 25 декабря 1991 г." 13140:"Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances" 9577:"Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv)" 7163: 6831:

On 17 December 1991, along with 28 European countries, the

6502: 6487: 6483: 5798: 5767: 5690:

voted to split from the CPSU after a six-month transition.

5103: 5099: 4569: 4275: 4163:

was founded in June 1988. On 4 October, Gorbachev replaced

4005: 3648: 2853: 2818: 2681: 387:

Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the

384:

Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens

28946:

international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR

25918:

Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin

15917:"After the Fall: Building Nations Out of the Soviet Union" 11032: 9517:"For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use" 5758:

During the first week of January 1990, in the Azerbaijani

4733:

in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive

4020:

On 17 October 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in

30863:

National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War

30464:

Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites

21959: 21779: 20142:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

20121: 19261: 19241: 19236: 16329:

Moscow 25 December 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union

15150:"Russian nostalgia for Soviet Union reaches 13-year high" 12707:"September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR" 11962:[Nazim Akbarov: About the woman Sakina Aliyeva]. 11268: 11266: 10891:

Moscow 25 December 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union

10830:"Graves of 500 Stalin Victims Are Reported Outside Minsk" 10370: 10335:

Website of Estonian Embassy in London (National Holidays)

9856:

Moscow 25 December 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union

9835:

Moscow 25 December 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union

9074:

An opinion piece by Gorbachev in April 2006 stated: "The

7487: 6623: 6469: 6245:

People's Democratic Movement "Agzybirlik" ("Unification")

6196: 4968: 4598: 4573: 4222:), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the 3563:, recognizing each other's independence and creating the 24472:

Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

16204:

The End of the Beginning: Lessons of the Soviet collapse

15924:

Tearing Down Walls: The International Monetary Fund 1990

14705:"How Cuba Survived and Surprised in a Post-Soviet World" 14497:"Russia and China: 'Not allies, but better than allies'" 10939:"Moscow Maverick, in Shift, Is Seated in Supreme Soviet" 10003:

Kuzio, Taras (1988). "Nationalist riots in Kazakhstan".

9606:

The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations

6534:

On 11 March, Denmark recognized Estonia's independence.

6300:

Turkmenistan, and the Turkmen SSR was considered by the

6247:

became a supporter of independence, uniting the Turkmen

5411:

started in 1989; it was actively supported by miners of

4627:

The month-long nomination period for candidates for the

33531:

Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine

25504: 15723: 15529:

Cummins, Ian (23 December 1995). "The Great Meltdown".

13804:"Илья Константинов: "Додавить гной пока не получается"" 9848: 9007:

thought that Soviet collapse was impossible or unlikely

8941:

In a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the

6807:

formally ratified the Belavezha Accords, denounced the

6432: 6361:, or premier of the Soviet Union, and was succeeded by 5981:

On 6 April 1990, the Lviv City Council voted to return

5372:

agreed to the demand of the democratic opposition (the

4495:

in secret by holding services in the forests of Buniv,

4450:

Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of

3671:

in the largest republics of USSR before its dissolution

30459:

Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia

16132:

Russian Geostrategic Imperatives: Collection of essays

16074:

Dawisha, Karen & Parrott, Bruce (editors) (1997).

14281:"AFP: Chinese leader Xi, Putin agree key energy deals" 12252:. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft® Student 2009 . 2008. 11263: 11187:"Huge Azerbaijani Rally Asks Moscow to Free Prisoners" 10740:"Amid the Rubble, Armenians Express Rage at Gorbachev" 9601: 9067:

supported that view by calling Lenin's support of the

7313: 7095:

Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation

33754: 33538:

Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion

22560:

Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the

15595: 13886:

Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism

13216:"European Energy Charter (Hansard, 19 December 1991)" 12433:"Chronology of World History January — February 1991" 11517:"Belarus Plans to Build Memorial to Stalin's Victims" 10709:"Soviet Army Puts Armenian Capital Under Its Control" 9283: 9268: 6883:(such as control of the nuclear arsenal) to Yeltsin. 6150:

Tajik nationalist protesters squared off against the

6051:

after he was elected deputy general secretary of the

5845:

where it was debated whether or not Nakhchivan could

5666:

Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania

4008:, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of 3276:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

1949:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

32105:

Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War

16165:

The Strange Death of Soviet Communism: A Post-Script

16109:

Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire

15123:"Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup" 14998:

http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/25yrs_russ_img/

14950:

Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea

14372:"China and Russia Sign Military Cooperation Roadmap" 11729:"1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists" 11547:"Marchers in Minsk Demand Further Chernobyl Cleanup" 11004:"Soviet Legislature Votes to Abolish Official Seats" 7494: 6851:

Changes in national boundaries after the end of the

6674:. The premiership never functioned properly, though 5071:

A series of demonstrations that became known as the

3580:—to Yeltsin, who was now the first president of the 3466:

period of political stalemate and economic backslide

25697:

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

24884:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh

16346:

The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union

15182:"2005 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly" 13248:"ПРАВДА № 296 (26744). Четверг, 19 декабря 1991 г." 10658:"Parts Of Armenia Are Blocked Off By Soviet Troops" 9391:" since 28 November 1990; initially it was called " 9096:Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Why did the 6490:, the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics, 6393: 6211:nationalist group Adolat over the land of a former 3783:. On 23 December 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin 29631:Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters 28823:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians 16179:Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 15760:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (13 September 2022). 15011:"26 دلو سالروز خروج نیروهای ارتش سرخ از افغانستان" 14339:"Behind China and Russia's 'Special Relationship'" 14298:Trofimov, Yaroslav; Grove, Thomas (20 June 2020). 14132:Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism 12221:"Independence: a timeline (CONCLUSION) (08/26/01)" 11407:"Kremlin Calls Georgia Violence a Local Operation" 10307:"Estonia Ferment: Soviet Role Model or Exception?" 9637:"Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism" 9603: 9071:for the Soviet republics a "delayed-action bomb". 6792:On 10 December, the agreement was ratified by the 6579:that would have converted the Soviet Union into a 6468:On 13 January 1991, Soviet troops, along with the 5804:Civil liberties suffered. Soviet Defence Minister 4584: 2122:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 32386:2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap 31284:Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel 31002:2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly 16506:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 16033:Goodbye to the USSR: The Collapse of Soviet Power 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 8979:17 September 1991: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 6405:, Russia's first democratically elected president 6089:On 17 October Masol resigned, and on 20 October, 5586: 5570:, on 28 October (run-off election on 11 November) 4629:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union 4304:with Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the 3752:in which Soviet-imposed socialist regimes of the 3623:have retained close links with Russia and formed 33814: 31316:Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum 30324:Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 22048:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 19207:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 16487:Lowering of the Soviet flag on December 25, 1991 16198:, edited by Laurie Stoff, 155–164. Thomson Gale. 15670:"Chernobyl Disaster: The Meltdown by the Minute" 15443: 14972: 14919: 13591:The world transformed : 1945 to the present 12430: 12370:The world transformed : 1945 to the present 12291: 11033:Wolchik, Sharon L.; Jane Leftwich Curry (2007). 10973:"Gorbachev Urges a Postponement of Local Voting" 10798: 10796: 10627:"Anger Alters the Chemistry of Armenian Protest" 9715:"The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power" 7370:established. Some NOCs made their debuts at the 6745:and the СССР letters (top) in the façade of the 6287:. The leadership of Soviet Turkmenistan, led by 5314:meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the 4848:accepted—and Gorbachev signed—the report by the 4089:On 29 November 1988, the Soviet Union ceased to 1567: 1260: 33511:Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death 32240:Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions 31326:Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations 31084:Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council 30697:Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition 29588:18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack 28586: 20180:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 17644:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 17051:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 14862:Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, 12967: 12965: 11958:Əkbərov, Nazim Fərrux oğlu (30 December 2013). 11608:"Soviets Report an Armed Rampage in Kazakhstan" 11437:"Soviet Troops Struggle To Curb Georgia Strife" 9805:"Soviet Releasing Some Prisoners Under New Law" 8989: 8949:that the membership of the Soviet Union in the 6618:Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the 6591:On 19 August 1991, Gorbachev's vice president, 5839:Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 4965:First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party 4234:. Between 26 February and 1 March, the city of 3837:Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of 3462:reform the Soviet political and economic system 30712:Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief 30424:2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 29578:7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack 20961:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 16474:Guide to the James Hershberg poster collection 13489:"Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162" 13025: 13023: 13021: 12789:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169" 12536:"Instant History: The Case of the Moscow Coup" 10905:"This Time, Many Candidates for Soviet Voters" 10804:"Independence: a timeline (PART I) (08/19/01)" 9930: 7024:Economic decline, hunger, and excess mortality 6516:Оn 9 February, Lithuania held an independence 5501: 5368:On 24 January 1989, the Soviet authorities in 5230:. On 28 September, the First Secretary of the 4817:extending 600 kilometres (370 mi) across 4270:, and the Armenian minority was expelled from 3604:which also marked the major conclusion of the 31155:Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war 30607:restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast 29992:Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy 28572: 28182: 27835: 26184: 25643: 24307: 24293: 22870: 22371: 21184: 20050: 20024:List of sovereign states by date of formation 19812: 19367: 16540: 14825: 14297: 13857: 13855: 13798: 13796: 13691:"Как меня хоронили - Общество - Новая Газета" 13593:. Oxford University Press. pp. 323–324. 12357:The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus 11960:"Nazim Əkbərov Səkinə xanım Əliyeva haqqında" 11893: 11891: 10793: 10407: 9271: 9256: 7543: 7126:remarked that the two nations were forging a 6421:, defeating Gorbachev's preferred candidate, 4458:in Chișinău, and the adjacent park harboring 3864:First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party 3785:First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party 3413: 2632: 1694: 21:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991) 31773:demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin 31695:Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia 29856:Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol 22786:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union 19283:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 16834:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 14225:"Ethnic Conflict in the Former Soviet Union" 12962: 12704: 12044:(in Russian). Moscow, Russia. Archived from 10596:] Calls For Annexing Disputed Territory" 9462: 9460: 8936: 6968:political crisis of September – October 1993 6862:Gorbachev met with Yeltsin and accepted the 6520:with 93.2% voting in favor of independence. 6415:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 6135: 5649:Gorbachev's visit to the Lithuanian capital 5593:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 5423:Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the 5194:'s call for an international day of prayer. 4205: 3818: 3489:incessant political and legislative conflict 33587:Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria 32126:Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families 31812:Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople 30822:Forced confiscation law of Russian property 30319:Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike 30234:Mykolaiv government building missile strike 28869:Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 25775:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident 22675:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002) 19929:Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine 19907:Universals of the Ukrainian Central Council 18144:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15759: 13018: 12820:"Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday" 12516:(in Russian). 16 March 1991. Archived from 11500: 11295:"11 Armenians Leave Prison, Find Celebrity" 11106:"Communists in Baltics Shying From Kremlin" 9237:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCltB4lB2-M 6632: 5993:refused to yield. On 29–30 April 1990, the 5400:Strike action of Kuzbass and Donbass miners 5190:in western Ukraine, responding to Cardinal 4648:. The selection process was done in April. 71:announced his resignation, recognizing the 32523:Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion 31700:Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state 30329:2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike 30039:2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 28887:On conducting a special military operation 28579: 28565: 28189: 28175: 26191: 26177: 25650: 25636: 24300: 24286: 22877: 22863: 22690:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS 22432:1991 agreements parties and "participants" 22378: 22364: 21191: 21177: 20057: 20043: 19819: 19805: 19374: 19360: 19247:United States involvement in regime change 16802:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 16547: 16533: 15869: 15310: 15308: 14471:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 14191: 14189: 14135:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–2. 14128: 13995: 13852: 13793: 12300: 12031: 11911: 11888: 10861:"Stalin's Victims: An Uneasy Enshrinement" 10217: 10215: 10158: 10156: 9634: 9239:Retrieved from YouTube on July 31, 2024. 9050:culturally destabilizing form of economic 5458:on 19 June 1989, young men carrying guns, 5418: 5277:Orthodox Church and proclaimed itself the 4776: 3675: 3420: 3406: 2639: 2625: 1701: 1687: 33609:Russian military presence in Transnistria 32225:Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online 31150:Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict 30677:Ban on Russia-associated religious groups 30454:Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan 29765:Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists 29743:Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting 29626:Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base 28874:Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 28196: 25740:State Committee on the State of Emergency 25115:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 24799:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 19924:Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state 16513:"The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy" 16242: 15698: 15570: 15374: 15356: 15207:"Russians, Ukrainians Evoke Soviet Union" 15147: 15041:"History of the Football Union of Russia" 14589: 14464: 14403:"Russia and China: Axis of revisionists?" 13925: 13137: 12817: 12480:"Estonica.org - The road to independence" 11988: 11039:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 238. 10768: 10737: 10624: 10065: 10034: 9457: 9393:South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic 8613:Peacefully reincorporated into Uzbekistan 7805:Peacefully reincorporated into Azerbaijan 7326:, but its place was instead taken by the 7205:and another IMF official were invited to 6419:the country's first Presidential election 5924:Learn how and when to remove this message 5087:the official language, and replacing the 5048:Learn how and when to remove this message 4638:All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions 4438:Learn how and when to remove this message 3799:Gorbachev continued to press for greater 3794: 3491:between them and the central government. 33888:December 1991 events in the Soviet Union 33692:Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations 33640:Soloti military training ground shooting 33506:Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes 32110:Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War 31255:Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act 30484:2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading 29064: 29040:eastward expansion controversy in Russia 28880:Address concerning the events in Ukraine 28864:British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact 24622:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 24340:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia 22387:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 19518:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 16359: 16201: 15914: 15397: 14973:Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). 14920:Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). 14886: 12394: 12372:. Oxford University Press. p. 321. 12296:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10769:Barringer, Felicity (29 November 1988). 10738:Barringer, Felicity (12 December 1988). 9943: 8861: 8818: 7372:1994 Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer 7085:After decades of hardship following the 7048: 7014: 6998: 6985: 6885: 6846: 6736: 6693:, though with rapidly shrinking powers. 6636: 6558: 6496: 6397: 6311: 6217: 6145: 6027: 5776: 5724:declared the restoration of independence 5710: 5674: 5632: 5351: 5345:, was elected to lead the newly founded 4955:to be fully integrated into Georgia. On 4951:to secede from the Soviet Union and for 4889: 4785:or Baltic Chain (also Chain of Freedom; 4696: 4607: 4466:"). On 15 January 1988, in a tribute to 4139: 4129:started registration of citizens of the 3994:in 1944; police and soldiers looked on. 3873: 3689: 3662: 3592:for the last time and replaced with the 429:and left-wing movements around the world 60:for the last time and replaced with the 19:For broader coverage of this topic, see 32467:Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis 31907:Address of the Russian Union of Rectors 31160:Salvation Committee for Peace and Order 29851:Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine 28859:Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing 28800:Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 23530:Collective Security Treaty Organization 22821:Collective Security Treaty Organization 22398:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS 21198: 20585:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 20064: 17373:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 16427:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 15811:Aron, Leon Rabinovich (25 April 2006). 15528: 15497:. 6 April 2015. Event occurs at 4:20. 15305: 15260:"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe" 14864:Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures 14702: 14222: 14186: 13879: 13745:"The heavy legacy of the Soviet regime" 13549: 13425:Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). 13158:from the original on 17 September 2018. 12530: 12126: 11957: 11753: 11241:"A Gorbachev Deadline on Armenia Issue" 10706: 10212: 10153: 10068:"Tartars Stage Noisy Protest in Moscow" 9775:"1986: Sakharov comes in from the cold" 9054:, and subjected to a certain amount of 8933:became a naturalized American citizen. 8726:into Russia in March 2014, following a 7019:Russian male life expectancy, 1980–2007 6728:passed on 12 September without a vote. 6417:with 57 percent of the popular vote in 6169:, as tensions rose between nationalist 6110:Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 6015:Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 5597:Congress of People's Deputies of Russia 5595:held relatively free elections for the 5122:Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 4720:). All had been occupied by the Soviet 4297:to lead and organize the new movement. 4218:(the Armenian majority area within the 4178:The Popular Front of Lithuania, called 4063: 3823:At the 28–30 January Central Committee 3629:Collective Security Treaty Organization 33815: 33712:2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 33702:2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 31260:Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 30687:Decolonization and derussification law 30542:Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov 29820:Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine 29638:Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks 27126:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 25491:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping 24714:Allegations of third-party involvement 24663:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 24608:September 2009 Agdam military incident 24575:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 22404:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS 21217:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 20268:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 20205:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 19622:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 19217:Russian espionage in the United States 17489:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 16510: 16444:Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union 16310:. University of North Carolina Press. 16303: 16291:from the original on 23 September 2018 16019:from the original on 23 September 2018 15813:"The 'Mystery' of the Soviet Collapse" 15741:from the original on 13 September 2022 15680:from the original on 24 September 2019 15610: 14975:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 14944: 14922:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 14628: 14525: 14195: 13742: 13550:Clarity, James F. (26 December 1991). 13424: 13228:from the original on 28 September 2023 12854:Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України 12161:"Legislation: National Assembly of RA" 12032:Ростовский, Михаил (6 February 2004). 11235: 11103: 10967: 10933: 10902: 10858: 10655: 10589: 10478: 10301: 10099:"Lithuanians Rally For Stalin Victims" 10096: 9875: 8958:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7860:Peacefully reincorporated into Moldova 6943:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 6753:(bottom) after the dissolution of the 6659:Declaration of Independence of Ukraine 6126:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 5873: 5868:Declaration of Independence of Armenia 4997: 4028:, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the 3986:staged a noisy demonstration near the 3948:, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of 3908:'Human Rights Defense Group') 3827:, Gorbachev suggested a new policy of 3815:for defying the authorities was over. 3499:inside the Union on 16 November 1988. 2174:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1764:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 33828:History of the Soviet Union by period 33466:2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash 33449: 33058: 32528:Violations of non-combatant airspaces 32280: 31225:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 31220:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 30565: 30169:Kharkiv government building airstrike 30164:February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing 30082:Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians 30060: 30012:Violations of non-combatant airspaces 29846:Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine 29430:February 2024 Belgorod missile strike 29063: 28608: 28560: 28170: 26172: 25631: 24379:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan 24281: 23088:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 22858: 22359: 21172: 20615:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 20038: 19861:1990 Ukrainian parliamentary election 19800: 19588:1949 East German State Railway strike 19560:World Federation of Democratic Youth 19355: 19212:Soviet espionage in the United States 17368:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 17147:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 16812:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 16528: 16438: 16381:from the original on 21 December 2016 16196:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 16106: 15967: 15937:from the original on 18 December 2014 15667: 15645:. Associated Press. 25 January 2016. 15598:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 15543: 15522: 15162:from the original on 10 December 2020 15129:from the original on 11 November 2020 14952:. Sydney: Fourth Estate. p. 67. 14875:Institute for International Economics 14826:Roberto, Fernandez; Kildegaard, Ane. 14671: 14540:from the original on 23 February 2022 14507:from the original on 10 December 2022 14446:from the original on 10 December 2022 14415:from the original on 10 December 2022 14400: 14351:from the original on 10 December 2022 14336: 14318:from the original on 10 December 2022 14261:from the original on 10 December 2022 14093: 14032: 13840:from the original on 22 December 2021 13781:from the original on 15 December 2019 13469:from the original on 4 September 2021 13377:from the original on 25 February 2020 13367:"Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ" 13257:from the original on 23 December 2021 13138:Schmemann, Serge (13 December 1991). 12920:from the original on 13 November 2020 12890:from the original on 23 December 2021 12830:from the original on 22 December 2017 12618:from the original on 23 December 2021 12308:"Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia" 12263:Erika Dailey, Helsinki Watch (1993). 12171:from the original on 7 September 2021 11695:Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy 10750:from the original on 25 December 2014 10592:"Armenian Legislature Bakcs [ 10481:"Gunfire Erupts in Tense Soviet Area" 10037:"Russian Nationalists Test Gorbachev" 10002: 9785:from the original on 26 December 2010 9583:from the original on 11 November 2019 9171:History of the Soviet Union (1982–91) 8356:Peacefully reincorporated into Russia 7441: 6937:were placed under the command of the 6777:, in western Belarus, and signed the 6449: 5664:, as its chairman and proclaimed the 5644: 4470:at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, 4036:and the proposed unification of both 3758:with the notable exception of Romania 3519:joining it over the next two months. 2076:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 33873:Aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989 33665:Western long-range weapons in Russia 32704:Where have you been for eight years? 32215:Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation 31170:Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory 31061:Conversations about Important Things 30951:highways in the annexed territories 30344:Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike 28817:Belarus–European Union border crisis 28795:Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory 26070:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible 24861:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians 24605:January 2009 Agdam military incident 24335:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 24227:Unified Sports Classification System 19459:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 19288:Soviet Union–United States relations 17639:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 16502:U.S. Response to the End of the USSR 16446:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 15810: 15699:Gorbachev, Mikhail (21 April 2006). 15486:Richard Nixon on "Inside Washington" 15425:from the original on 24 January 2023 14789: 14759: 14747:from the original on 30 October 2022 14717:from the original on 2 February 2021 14696: 14649:from the original on 24 January 2023 14558: 14433: 14382:from the original on 29 January 2020 14231:from the original on 11 October 2013 14149:from the original on 24 January 2023 14026: 13977:from the original on 28 January 2021 13907:from the original on 7 December 2019 13755:from the original on 5 December 2022 13671:from the original on 24 January 2023 13588: 13119:from the original on 26 October 2020 12950:from the original on 25 January 2021 12860:from the original on 24 January 2023 12818:Schmemann, Serge (7 November 1991). 12367: 12201:from the original on 28 October 2021 12087:. CIA World Factbook. Archived from 12013:from the original on 24 January 2023 11778:from the original on 24 January 2023 11735:from the original on 23 October 2012 11636: 11605: 11417:from the original on 16 January 2015 11404: 11373: 11292: 11134: 11071: 11053:from the original on 24 January 2023 11001: 10707:Taubman, Philip (26 November 1988). 10625:Barringer, Felicity (11 July 1988). 10109:from the original on 16 January 2015 10066:Barringer, Felicity (26 July 1987). 9888:from the original on 27 January 2011 8925:claimed that then US Vice-president 7376:1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta 6749:were replaced by five double-headed 6492:assaulted the Lithuanian border post 6433:The Caucasus: Georgia takes the lead 6381:boycotted the referendum as well as 6199:and its environs experienced bloody 6086:, where they continued the protest. 5906:adding citations to reliable sources 5877: 5030:adding citations to reliable sources 5001: 4913:held its first congress and elected 4769:, only did so following the violent 4376:adding citations to reliable sources 4347: 4343: 4224:Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia 4220:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 4155:movement helped restore independence 2955:World Federation of Democratic Youth 30409:April 2024 Chernihiv missile strike 30309:Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack 29643:Makiivka military quarters shelling 29440:March 2024 western Russia incursion 27822:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 24490:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli 24485:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 24467:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 22884: 19252:Soviet involvement in regime change 16462: 15973:"Was the Soviet System Reformable?" 15797:Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life 15550:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 15148:Balmforth, Tom (19 December 2018). 14477:from the original on 4 January 2023 13743:Uvarov, Alexey (29 November 2022). 13531:from the original on 1 January 2022 13445:from the original on 14 April 2017. 12769:from the original on 30 August 2016 12129:"Armenia declares its independence" 11804:. Associated Press. 26 March 1990. 11718:. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740. 11716:Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life 11577:"Uzbekistan Riots Reported Quelled" 11135:Fein, Esther B. (8 December 1989). 11002:Fein, Esther B. (25 October 1989). 10606:from the original on 15 August 2021 10410:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 10348:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 63. 10317:from the original on 19 August 2021 10229:from the original on 5 October 2016 10035:Barringer, Felicity (24 May 1987). 9635:Beissinger, Mark R. (August 2009). 9602:Carrere D'Encausse, Helene (1993). 9557:from the original on 8 October 2020 9527:from the original on 7 January 2023 9120:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 9098:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 9037:stance, as the political scientist 8962:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 7339:1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville 7061:Russian colonialism and imperialism 6687:Inter-Republican Economic Committee 6655:Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR 6581:federation of independent republics 6567:during the 1991 August coup attempt 6103:Western Ukrainian National Republic 6093:of Kyiv and all Ukraine arrived at 6053:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5734:Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty of 1920 5305:. Their remains were reinterred in 5214:. From 8–10 September 1989, writer 4872:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4640:, 75 to the Communist Youth Union ( 4096: 4024:complaining about the condition of 3940:('December') of 1986 were riots in 3920:. Helsinki-86 was the first openly 3869: 3862:Yeltsin was fired from the post of 3762:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3627:organizations such as the CIS, the 3567:(CIS) to replace the Soviet Union. 3436:(USSR) was formally dissolved as a 3434:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 64:on 25 December 1991, moments after 13: 33707:2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 33697:2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 32573:UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission 32369:2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage 31705:Removal of monuments and memorials 31191:What Russia Should Do with Ukraine 30800:Separate Special Purpose Battalion 30479:Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 30289:Kharkiv dormitories missile strike 30249:April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing 30229:March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing 30189:Stara Krasnianka care house attack 30002:Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War 29445:August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion 29425:30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling 28909:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 28503:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 26960: 26198: 26049:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era 25908:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library 25765:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 23525:Commonwealth of Independent States 19681:Sovietization of the Baltic states 19293:Soviet Union–United States summits 16767:1947 Polish parliamentary election 16652:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 15956:. Oxford University Press (1997). 15782: 15711:from the original on 5 August 2020 15649:from the original on 30 March 2022 15461:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 14610:from the original on 30 April 2023 14571:from the original on 30 April 2023 14526:Aitken, Peter (23 February 2022). 14465:Sokolsky, Richard; Rumer, Eugene. 14401:Stent, Angela (24 February 2020). 14084:, New York Times, October 12, 2000 13865:. 28 November 2014. Archived from 13632:from the original on 19 March 2022 13499:from the original on 12 April 2021 13337:"Посткремлевская жизнь правителей" 12439:from the original on 6 August 2011 12318:from the original on 4 August 2018 11293:Fein, Esther B. (27 August 1989). 11147:from the original on 12 March 2017 10903:Clines, Francis X. (15 May 1989). 10656:Keller, Bill (23 September 1988). 10479:Keller, Bill (20 September 1988). 9954:The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 9918:from the original on 12 March 2016 9685:"Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil" 9497:from the original on 22 March 2013 9329:in its Declaration of Sovereignty. 9110:According to political scientists 8508:Disestablished in 1999–2000 during 7434:in the Winter Games as well, with 7154:United States embargo against Cuba 6939:Commonwealth of Independent States 6923:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 6805:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 6783:Commonwealth of Independent States 6663:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 6647:Commonwealth of Independent States 6344: 6207:nationalist group Osh Aymaghi and 5864:Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR 5462:, iron bars, and stones rioted in 5389:banned red-and-white national flag 5128:and were published in the journal 4216:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 4133:to carry out the elections of the 4054:Belovezha Accords § Aftermath 3565:Commonwealth of Independent States 3446:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 3029:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 2296:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1842:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 1574: 304:Commonwealth of Independent States 14: 33899: 32957:North Atlantic Fella Organization 32662:Russian warship, go fuck yourself 32620:Good evening, we are from Ukraine 32230:Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation 32160:Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum 31145:Orthodox Christmas truce proposal 30702:For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) 30314:Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling 30244:Kramatorsk railway station attack 30077:Accusations of genocide in Donbas 29711:Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky 27117:Political Consultative Conference 25903:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center 25692:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU 25657: 24655:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 24632:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 24627:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 24437:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) 20112:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 20097:Criticism of communist party rule 19552:World Federation of Trade Unions 18054:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 17989:United States invasion of Grenada 17259:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 17200:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 16304:Miller, Chris (13 October 2016). 16163:Gvosdev, Nikolas K., ed. (2008). 15501:from the original on 7 April 2022 15447:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 15021:from the original on 28 July 2023 15000:25 years since the Russian aliyah 14703:Kozameh, Sara (30 January 2021). 14678:Society for Cultural Anthropology 14590:Leonhardt, David (8 March 2022). 14559:Long, Katherine (21 March 2023). 14369: 14196:Aklaev, Airat (23 October 2008). 13589:Hunt, Michael H. (26 June 2015). 13570:from the original on 2 March 2022 13347:from the original on 7 April 2022 13287:from the original on 7 April 2022 13052:art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution 12799:from the original on 1 March 2021 12737:from the original on 19 July 2017 12705:Regi Cherian (6 September 2016). 12670:. 7 December 2013. Archived from 12648:from the original on 21 July 2018 12368:Hunt, Michael H. (26 June 2015). 12141:from the original on 2 March 2022 12127:Yuenger, James (24 August 1990). 11374:Fein, Esther B. (10 April 1989). 11104:Cooper, Anne (2 September 1989). 10859:Keller, Bill (28 December 1988). 10491:from the original on 9 March 2021 10261:from the original on 18 May 2015. 10200:from the original on 8 March 2021 10129:"Latvian Protest Reported Curbed" 9944:Ulfelder, Jay (March–June 2004). 9695:from the original on 9 April 2009 9230: 9161:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 9128:Eastern Front during World War II 8399:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 8358:with autonomy on 15 February 1994 7099:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 6668:State Council of the Soviet Union 5781:Azerbaijani stamp with photos of 5427:, southeast of the Uzbek capital 5341:In May 1989, a Soviet dissident, 4833:that divided Eastern Europe into 4387:"Dissolution of the Soviet Union" 4175:the country's official language. 4117:, with the comparatively liberal 3495:was the first Soviet republic to 1588: 306:between eleven independent states 33800: 33788: 33776: 33764: 33739: 33738: 33675:Voronezh military aircraft crash 33426: 33414: 33402: 32200:Open letter from Nobel laureates 31529:Security Council Resolution 2623 31072:Legalization of parallel imports 30144:Mistreatment of prisoners of war 30124:Russian theft of Ukrainian grain 29435:May 2024 Belgorod missile strike 28807:2021 Russia–United States summit 27903:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 27898:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 26152: 26151: 25996:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk 25421: 25399: 25373: 25360: 25308: 25261: 25214: 25178: 25152: 25139: 25080: 25028: 24991: 24523:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives 22839: 22838: 22340: 22339: 22327: 21158:Human rights in the Soviet Union 20117:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 19769:January 1991 events in Lithuania 19427:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 19381: 18129:United States invasion of Panama 17979:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 17619:1971 Turkish military memorandum 17582:Communist insurgency in Thailand 17552:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 17484:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 17311:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 17239:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 16757:Restatement of Policy on Germany 15753: 15692: 15661: 15631: 15604: 15589: 15573:Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders 15564: 15537: 15477: 15437: 15391: 15331: 15272: 15253: 15241:from the original on 7 June 2017 15223: 15200: 15174: 15141: 15115: 15103:from the original on 12 May 2020 15089: 15077:from the original on 14 May 2020 15063: 15033: 15003: 14991: 14966: 14938: 14913: 14880: 14856: 14819: 14729: 14665: 14622: 14583: 14552: 14519: 14489: 14458: 14427: 14394: 14363: 14330: 14291: 14273: 14243: 14216: 14161: 14122: 14087: 14068: 13989: 13959: 13919: 13873: 13822: 13767: 13736: 13722: 13701: 13683: 13644: 13615: 13582: 13543: 13511: 13481: 13449: 13418: 13406:from the original on 11 May 2015 13389: 13359: 13329: 13317:from the original on 11 May 2015 13299: 13269: 13240: 13208: 13176: 13162: 13131: 13105: 13093: 13081: 13069: 13056:art. 72 of the USSR Constitution 13044: 13004: 12986: 12932: 12902: 12872: 12842: 12811: 12781: 12749: 12717: 12698: 12678: 12660: 12630: 12600: 12588: 12524: 12502: 12472: 12451: 12424: 12361: 12349: 12330: 12314:. 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(20 June 1989). 11587:from the original on 1 July 2017 11557:from the original on 1 July 2017 11527:from the original on 1 July 2017 11447:from the original on 1 July 2017 11386:from the original on 1 July 2017 11355:from the original on 1 July 2017 11305:from the original on 1 July 2017 11251:from the original on 1 July 2017 11197:from the original on 1 July 2017 11116:from the original on 1 July 2017 11077:Gorbachev's Failure in Lithuania 11014:from the original on 1 July 2017 10983:from the original on 1 July 2017 10949:from the original on 1 July 2017 10915:from the original on 1 July 2017 10871:from the original on 1 July 2017 10840:from the original on 1 July 2017 10781:from the original on 7 June 2013 10719:from the original on 6 June 2013 10668:from the original on 7 June 2013 10637:from the original on 6 June 2013 10141:from the original on 16 May 2013 10078:from the original on 7 June 2013 10047:from the original on 2 June 2012 9876:Keller, Bill (1 November 1987). 9815:from the original on 16 May 2013 9755:from the original on 16 May 2013 9725:from the original on 16 May 2013 9437: 9428: 9416: 9407: 9398: 9381: 9358: 9350: 9341: 9332: 9319: 9306: 9297: 9176:History of Russia (1991–present) 8947:United Nations Secretary-General 8894:, which was even worse than the 8763: 8741: 8718: 8693: 8670: 8643: 8623: 8595: 8572: 8561: 8545: 8522: 8488: 8465: 8438: 8418: 8409: 8391: 8366: 8335: 8313: 8302: 8286: 8264: 8240: 8220: 8198: 8176: 8154: 8134: 8112: 8090: 8069: 8047: 8025: 8005: 7983: 7963: 7941: 7919: 7894: 7874: 7841: 7819: 7786: 7764: 7735: 7715: 7693: 7673: 7651: 7631: 7606: 7584: 7308:regaining control of Afghanistan 7170:energy resources in the form of 6743:state emblem of the Soviet Union 6394:Russia's President Boris Yeltsin 6130:Declaration of State Sovereignty 6035:became Ukraine's leader in 1990. 5882: 5445:Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR 5289:Camp No. 36 in Perm in the 5112:(religious service) in front of 5006: 4352: 4186:, the "old guard" leader of the 4167:, the "old guard" leader of the 4113:, the "old guard" leader of the 3912:was founded in July 1986 in the 3882:drove initial demonstrations in 3878:Environmental concerns over the 2950:World Federation of Trade Unions 2663: 2608: 2360:End of communist rule in Hungary 2306:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 1732: 1670: 564: 191:Self-proclaimed breakaway states 46: 33858:1991 in international relations 33823:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 33548:Irkutsk military aircraft crash 31629:SWIFT ban against Russian banks 31322:Federated States of Micronesia 31230:Disinformation Governance Board 31215:2022 State of the Union Address 31210:2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 31114:Recruitment of irregular forces 30294:Chaplyne railway station attack 30269:Kremenchuk shopping mall attack 30034:2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 29420:2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 29146:Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 28904:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 28526:Historical separatist movements 27893:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 27090:Political parties and movements 26454:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 26439:Northern and Southern dynasties 25750:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 24644:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 24345:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22826:Collective Rapid Reaction Force 22811:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22634:Unified Team at the Paralympics 21066:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 20996:Fall of the inner German border 19856:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 19493:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 18849:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 18230:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 18159:Fall of the inner German border 18059:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 17709:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 17699:Spanish transition to democracy 17659:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 17286:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 16792:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 16673:Occupation of the Baltic states 16045: 14632:Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook 14561:"Meet China's 'junior partner'" 14434:Baev, Pavel K. (15 June 2020). 14100:. Haymarket Books. p. 55. 13221:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 12223:. Ukrweekly.com. Archived from 12120: 12103: 12077: 12060: 12025: 11992:Azerbaijan: A Political History 11982: 11951: 11931: 11868: 11838: 11820: 11790: 11747: 11721: 11708: 11661: 11630: 11599: 11569: 11539: 11509: 11485: 11459: 11429: 11398: 11367: 11337: 11317: 11286: 11229: 11209: 11179: 11159: 11128: 11097: 11065: 11026: 10995: 10961: 10927: 10896: 10883: 10852: 10822: 10806:. Ukrweekly.com. Archived from 10762: 10731: 10700: 10680: 10649: 10618: 10583: 10563: 10543: 10523: 10503: 10472: 10452: 10432: 10401: 10392: 10383: 10359: 10338: 10329: 10295: 10265: 10241: 10182: 10121: 10097:Keller, Bill (24 August 1987). 10090: 10059: 10028: 9996: 9900: 9869: 9827: 9797: 9767: 9737: 9707: 9579:. Archontology. 27 March 2009. 9114:and Lucan Way in their book In 8785:into Azerbaijan in 2023 after a 8615:with autonomy on 9 January 1993 6981: 6859:political and economic crisis. 6555:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 6328:declared their desire to leave 6297:Communist Party of Turkmenistan 5987:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 5947:Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church 5893:needs additional citations for 5279:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 5224:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 5017:needs additional citations for 4839:occupation of the Baltic states 4757:, as agreed upon following the 4585:Moscow: limited democratization 4537:, and the environmental groups 4363:needs additional citations for 4315:Zvartnots International Airport 3899:Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa 3775:from the Politburo and brought 3740:as a Politburo candidate. That 2377:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1944:Occupation of the Baltic states 1582:Not internationally recognized. 102:(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) 29:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 33878:December 1991 events in Russia 33868:December 1991 events in Europe 33614:Ryazan military aircraft crash 33543:Institute for the Study of War 33461:2023 North Korea–Russia summit 33059: 33028:Vladimir Putin's meeting table 31982:Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev 31852:2022 Russian Far East protests 31562:Accession of Ukraine to the EU 31557:Accession of Moldova to the EU 31041:Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters 30997:2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 30992:2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 30987:2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 30061: 30029:Ukraine and electronic warfare 29997:Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine 29387:Northeastern border skirmishes 29203:Battle of the Siverskyi Donets 25555:NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration 24866:Berkadzor fuel depot explosion 24640:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 24451:1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing 24428:Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms 21056:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 20195:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 19828:1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution 17629:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 17264:Mozambican War of Independence 16703:Indonesian National Revolution 16511:Miller, Chris (5 March 2017). 16224: 16078:. Cambridge University Press. 16060:10.1080/1060586X.1992.10641355 15764:. Princeton University Press. 14672:Garth, Hanna (23 March 2017). 14129:Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2015). 13863:"Завтра — еженедельная газета" 13693:. 27 July 2016. Archived from 13062:(enacted on 3 April 1990) and 13058:), but according to USSR laws 12996:. 3 April 2015. Archived from 12512:[The ice has broken]. 11405:Fein, Esther (25 April 1989). 10889:Pages 188–189. Conor O'Clery. 9677: 9628: 9595: 9569: 9539: 9509: 9479: 9389:South Ossetian Soviet Republic 9303:As part of the Azerbaijan SSR. 9249: 9181:Predictions of Soviet collapse 8815:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 8564:Limited recognition since 2008 8305:Limited recognition since 2008 7794:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic 7259: 7226: 6972:referendum on 12 December 1993 6908:President of the United States 6813:first constitution of the USSR 6548: 5587:Rivalry between USSR and RSFSR 5218:was elected to head Rukh, the 4938:Pan-Armenian National Movement 4547:International Human Rights Day 3474:Soviet Union no longer existed 2196:Mozambican War of Independence 1893:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 1576: 1040:General Secretariat of Ukraine 517: 499: 481: 462: 1: 33687:Yeysk military aircraft crash 33660:Ukrainian conscription crisis 33491:Azovstal Iron and Steel Works 31912:Boycott of Russia and Belarus 31817:Congress of People's Deputies 31685:Finland–Russia border barrier 31250:Ukraine Defense Contact Group 30887:North Korea–Ukraine relations 30817:International Sponsors of War 30566: 30434:September 2024 Poltava strike 30364:Kostiantynivka missile strike 30304:September 2022 Donetsk attack 30179:Irpin refugee column shelling 29987:2023 Crimean Bridge explosion 29982:2022 Crimean Bridge explosion 29956:Nord Stream pipeline sabotage 29738:Military commissariats arsons 29678:Popular Resistance of Ukraine 26014:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 24931:Armenian-occupied territories 24612:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 23435:Political abuse of psychiatry 22742:Interstate Aviation Committee 22654:CIS national rugby union team 21880:Political abuse of psychiatry 21672:Congress of People's Deputies 21076:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 20675:Inter-regional Deputies Group 20660:National League for Democracy 19774:January 1991 events in Latvia 19764:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 19513:Socialist Republic of Romania 19488:People's Republic of Bulgaria 19480:People's Republic of Albania 19449:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 19227:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 18242:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 18195:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 17917:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 17882:Seven Days to the River Rhine 17614:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 16901:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 16829:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 16412:. Stanford University Press. 15872:Contemporary European History 15358:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 15231:"Динаміка ностальгії за СРСР" 13945:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402 12554:10.1080/10584609.1993.9962975 11828:"О символике эстонии Эстония" 11671:. History.com. Archived from 11469:. 24 May 1989. Archived from 10590:Keller, Bill (16 June 1988). 9858:. Transworld Ireland (2011). 9837:. Transworld Ireland (2011). 9644:Contemporary European History 9450: 9423:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 9216:Fall of Socialism in Ethiopia 9156:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9076:nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl 8912:1998 Russian financial crisis 7286:would lead into a continuing 6789:and a geopolitical reality". 6413:was elected President of the 6065:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant 6013:was elected patriarch of the 5753: 5487:Communist Party of Kazakhstan 5396:from the contaminated zones. 4846:Congress of People's Deputies 4666:Inter-Regional Deputies Group 4621:Congress of People's Deputies 4127:Estonian Citizens' Committees 4080:Congress of People's Deputies 3954:Communist Party of Kazakhstan 3952:, the First Secretary of the 3781:Central Committee Secretariat 3766:Congress of People's Deputies 3658: 3530:were signed on 8 December by 3484:voted to dissolve the union. 3470:three of its founding members 3392:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 2255:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 1590: 808:Great Stand on the Ugra River 363: 33681:The Vladimir Putin Interview 33553:Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash 33078:speeches during the invasion 32430:Eurovision Song Contest 2023 32413:Eurovision Song Contest 2022 31827:Feminist Anti-War Resistance 31822:Council of Mothers and Wives 31572:European Political Community 31165:Special Coordinating Council 31019:Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion 30517:Task Force on Accountability 30384:2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 30354:2023 Pokrovsk missile strike 30219:Kyiv shopping centre bombing 29787:Community of Railway Workers 29648:Machulishchy air base attack 29583:Yavoriv military base attack 28609: 27195:Ministry of National Defense 26534:Chinese Communist Revolution 26056:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate 25958:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup 25550:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration 25407:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 24846:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 24537:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état 24384:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations 24080:Traditions and superstitions 22776:Eurasian Patent Organization 22685:Joint CIS Air Defense System 22649:CIS national ice hockey team 22629:Unified Team at the Olympics 20986:Alexanderplatz demonstration 20951:Polish Round Table Agreement 20625:People's Movement of Ukraine 19955:People's Movement of Ukraine 19846:1990s Donbas miners' strikes 19759:Collapse of the Soviet Union 19749:Fall of communism in Albania 18220:Fall of communism in Albania 18190:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 18139:Polish Round Table Agreement 17479:1968 Polish political crisis 17296:Eritrean War of Independence 17062:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 16957:East German uprising of 1953 16889:Chinese Communist Revolution 16554: 15701:"Turning point at Chernobyl" 15125:. Gallup. 19 December 2013. 14977:. Basic Books. p. 308. 14924:. Basic Books. p. 181. 12265:Human Rights in Turkmenistan 12038:[Anatomy of Decay]. 11940:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11921:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11901:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11877:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11327:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11275:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11218:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 11169:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10690:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10573:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10552:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10533:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10513:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10462:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10441:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. NYU. 10283:. 23 October 1989. p. 9 9914:. Latvia National Archives. 9366:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 9118:(2022), the cohesion of the 8990:Historiographic explanations 8771:Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh 8375:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 7343:Summer Olympics in Barcelona 7266:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 6763:Ukrainian popular referendum 6480:stormed the Vilnius TV Tower 5695:Soviet occupation of Estonia 5220:People's Movement of Ukraine 4864:Communist Party of Lithuania 4759:Polish Round Table Agreement 4727:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4597:This was also the year that 4518:Ivan Franko State University 4310:First Armenian Republic flag 4188:Communist Party of Lithuania 4030:Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant 3880:Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant 3387:Fall of communism in Albania 3342:Polish Round Table Agreement 3297:Cuban intervention in Angola 2061:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2056:1956 Georgian demonstrations 2017:East German uprising of 1953 1959:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 310:Several separatist movements 7: 33496:Belgorod accidental bombing 33450: 33088:visit to the United Kingdom 32501:Ukrainian cultural heritage 32141:We Are Together with Russia 32087:detention of Mark Bernstein 31994:Yale CELI List of Companies 31768:in Russian-occupied Ukraine 31732:Swedish anti-terrorism bill 31634:Ukraine Recovery Conference 31407:Operation Israel Guarantees 30924:Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra 30875:National Multi-Subject Test 30790:Romanian Battlegroup Getica 30765:Karelian National Battalion 30474:Makiivka surrender incident 30184:Mariupol hospital airstrike 30119:Russian mobile crematoriums 30017:Missile explosion in Poland 29653:Zarichne barracks airstrike 28588:Russian invasion of Ukraine 28521:Active separatist movements 27858:Flowers of the Four Seasons 27843:Four Treasures of the Study 27462:Water supply and sanitation 27190:Central Military Commission 27185:Outline of military history 26935:Province-level subdivisions 25975:Confession on a Given Theme 25880:Soskovets campaign strategy 24804:2020–2021 Armenian protests 24771:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 23746:Water supply and sanitation 22766:Eurasian Economic Community 22726:2023 Free Trade in Services 22043:Academy of Medical Sciences 21031:January Events in Lithuania 20966:Hungarian Round Table Talks 20605:Democratic Party of Albania 20001:Independence Day of Ukraine 19948:Political groups and people 19934:Declaration of Independence 19734:End of communism in Hungary 19503:Hungarian People's Republic 18094:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 17822:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 17567:Corrective Movement (Syria) 17531:New People's Army rebellion 17526:Sino-Soviet border conflict 17254:Angolan War of Independence 17117:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 16997:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 16642:Jamaican political conflict 16225:Mayer, Tom (1 March 2002). 16111:. New York: Vintage Books. 15928:International Monetary Fund 15269:, BBC News, 11 October 2000 14737:"Will Cuba rejoin the IMF?" 13806:. rusplt.ru. Archived from 12267:. New York: Helsinki Watch. 12085:"CIA World Factbook (1995)" 10893:. Transworld Ireland (2011) 9434:Proclaimed self-governance. 9290:Ruining of the Soviet Union 9284: 9269: 9133: 8866:Pro-Russian separatists in 7374:, and others did so at the 7101:which was founded in 1996. 6921:, the upper chamber of the 6833:European Economic Community 6714:Security Council resolution 6706:General Assembly resolution 6672:premier of the Soviet Union 6390:continuation of the state. 6318:declaration of independence 6119:Democratic Party of Ukraine 5974:won landslide victories in 5945:). On 23 January 1990, the 5502:Moscow loses five republics 5118:Ukrainian People's Republic 5068:was elected its president. 4911:Popular Front of Azerbaijan 4885: 4293:, formed the eleven-member 4256:Popular Front of Azerbaijan 4192:Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas 4047: 3834:significantly implemented. 2775:Allied and satellite states 2186:Angolan War of Independence 2043:"On the Cult of Personality 1996:Death and funeral of Stalin 1726:History of the Soviet Union 1104:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 10: 33904: 33526:Derussification in Ukraine 33521:Decommunization in Ukraine 33083:visit to the United States 32676:Special military operation 32457:Lukoil oil transit dispute 32381:2022 Russian oil price cap 32281: 32205:Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion 32131:Black Sea Grain Initiative 32010:Anonymous and the invasion 31877:Great Translation Movement 31437:border crisis with Ukraine 30770:Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment 30750:Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade 30733:Belarusian Volunteer Corps 30259:Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz 30254:Bilohorivka school bombing 30214:Mariupol theatre airstrike 30209:Chernihiv breadline attack 30204:2022 Borodianka airstrikes 28959:Foundations of Geopolitics 27131:Primary stage of socialism 27073:National People's Congress 26541:People's Republic of China 25855:1996 presidential election 25843:1991 presidential election 24851:2023 Azerbaijani offensive 24809:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher 24781:Treatment of Armenian POWs 22771:Eurasian Patent Convention 22680:United Armed Forces (1992) 22644:CIS national football team 20685:Hungarian Democratic Forum 20680:Alliance of Free Democrats 20670:Union of Democratic Forces 19498:German Democratic Republic 18290:Sino-Indian border dispute 18119:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 18049:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 17807:1976 Argentine coup d'état 17719:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 17669:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 17353:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 17321:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 17010:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 16777:Asian Relations Conference 16423:Walker, Edward W. (2003). 16167:. Transaction Publishers. 16125:Efremenko, Dmitry (2019). 15786: 15571:Breslauer, George (2002). 15409:Princeton University Press 14887:Stephan., Haggard (2005). 13014:На гибель Советского Союза 12975:. Kto i kak uprazdnil SSSR 12691:Vytautas Magnus University 11762:Princeton University Press 11731:. BBC News. 12 July 1990. 9273:Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за 9258:Распа́д Сове́тского Сою́за 9033:, market initiatives, and 8812: 8806: 8602:Republic of Karakalpakstan 7547: 7544:Chronology of declarations 7498: 7328:CIS national football team 7263: 7245: 7230: 7151: 7141: 7074: 7052: 6798:Supreme Council of Belarus 6681:took the post through the 6552: 6456:January Events (Lithuania) 6453: 6353:resigned from his post as 6195:In June 1990, the city of 6188: 6139: 5999:Ukrainian Republican Party 5624:declaration of sovereignty 5603:was elected, representing 5443:as First Secretary of the 5232:Communist Party of Ukraine 4866:, under the leadership of 4690: 4456:Stephen the Great Monument 4306:Communist Party of Armenia 4252:Azerbaijan Communist Party 4250:as First Secretary of the 4147:rally of about 250,000 in 4115:Communist Party of Estonia 4067: 4051: 3679: 3643:states became part of the 2387:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1971:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 1883:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 1852:Death and funeral of Lenin 18: 33833:1980s in the Soviet Union 33734: 33670:Ural Airlines Flight 1383 33624:Sinhury mid-air collision 33516:Decolonization in Ukraine 33456: 33445: 33394: 33208: 33065: 33054: 33023:Vasylkiv maiolica rooster 32905: 32852: 32815:Oi u luzi chervona kalyna 32729: 32720: 32581: 32541: 32287: 32276: 32235:Spain letter bomb attacks 32220:Russia's War Crimes House 32195:Olena Zelenska Foundation 32136:Collaboration with Russia 32118: 32097: 32082:threat to block in Russia 32002: 31918:Do not buy Russian goods! 31897: 31755: 31746: 31662: 31609:Ramstein Air Base meeting 31547: 31492:Emergency special session 31484: 31358:German Taurus controversy 31268: 31200: 31175:Unfriendly countries list 30944: 30654: 30589: 30574: 30561: 30492: 30442: 30399:6 March 2024 Odesa strike 30394:Lysychansk missile strike 30279:Chasiv Yar missile strike 30224:Sumykhimprom ammonia leak 30199:March 2022 Donetsk attack 30174:3 March Chernihiv bombing 30152: 30069: 30056: 29974: 29936: 29896: 29828: 29815: 29806: 29701: 29668: 29661: 29568:Millerovo air base attack 29551: 29463: 29455:Toropets depot explosions 29395: 29307:Battle of Antonov Airport 29295: 29208:Battle of Sievierodonetsk 29156: 29072: 29059: 28990: 28896: 28844:2022 Ukraine cyberattacks 28775: 28615: 28604: 28594: 28516: 28453: 28435: 28405: 28365: 28327: 28228: 28205: 28128: 28096: 28014: 27935: 27715: 27521: 27512: 27470: 27430: 27272: 27263: 27175: 27026: 26956: 26947: 26910: 26881:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 26836: 26770: 26679: 26617: 26589: 26580: 26509: 26387: 26335: 26295: 26219: 26210: 26130: 26079: 26005: 25966: 25895: 25828: 25770:Constitutional referendum 25735:Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar 25715: 25702:28th Congress of the CPSU 25679: 25665: 25537: 25444: 25206: 24983: 24876: 24819:September 2022 escalation 24791: 24688: 24593: 24392: 24315: 24309:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 24246: 24003: 23767: 23758: 23591: 23582: 23335: 23326: 23134: 23125: 23060: 22902: 22893: 22834: 22756:Outside the CIS framework 22755: 22734: 22698: 22667: 22621: 22600: 22579: 22559: 22504:parties and "members" (9) 22499: 22430: 22419: 22393: 22321: 22265: 22239: 22159: 22082: 22073: 22018: 21925: 21888: 21828: 21731: 21693: 21613: 21475: 21466: 21416: 21364: 21355: 21207: 21150: 21084: 21046:1991 protests in Belgrade 20926: 20851: 20760: 20702: 20693: 20575: 20437: 20384: 20281: 20213: 20150: 20072: 20009: 19993: 19947: 19899: 19891:International recognition 19851:United Nations membership 19838: 19709: 19686:Information dissemination 19663: 19613:1956 Hungarian Revolution 19603:1953 East German uprising 19571: 19529: 19472: 19409: 19389: 19326: 19275: 19197: 19174:William Appleman Williams 19119:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 18901: 18873: 18822: 18754: 18747: 18681: 18546: 18471: 18401: 18394: 18303: 18250: 18182: 17895: 17634:Bangladesh Liberation War 17624:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 17539: 17511:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 17499:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 17162: 16937:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 16914: 16624: 16562: 15884:10.1017/S0960777309005074 15491:Seoul Broadcasting System 15265:12 September 2017 at the 15218:Angus Reid Global Monitor 14635:. ABC-CLIO. p. 438. 14223:Lapidus, Gail W. (2005). 14012:10.1080/09668130120093174 13033:Беловежское предательство 12972:V.Pribylovsky, Gr.Tochkin 12431:Ken Polsson (2007–2010). 12292:Sally N Cummings (2011). 10422:10.1080/10576109408435961 10019:10.1080/02634938808400648 9967:10.1080/14718800408405171 9656:10.1017/S0960777309005074 9272: 9257: 8937:United Nations membership 8802: 8553:Republic of South Ossetia 7912: 7624: 7565: 7347:Russian Olympic Committee 7314:Sports and "Unified Team" 7284:Soviet war in Afghanistan 7241: 7011:(from 2014 are forecasts) 6823:On 16 December 1991, the 6794:Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 6251:and moderate and radical 6231:president of Turkmenistan 6108:On 18 November 1990, the 6091:Patriarch Mstyslav I 6084:October Revolution Square 6069:Great Famine of 1932–1933 6011:Ukrainian Orthodox Church 5976:western Ukrainian oblasts 5336:Feast of the Holy Trinity 5293:: human-rights activists 5126:Writers' Union of Ukraine 4894:Photos of victims of the 4810: 4688:December and March 1990. 4206:Rebellion in the Caucasus 4169:Communist Party of Latvia 3819:1987: One-party democracy 3756:were toppled peacefully ( 3617:aftermath of the Cold War 3497:declare state sovereignty 3312:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 1546: 1525: 1507:Luhansk People's Republic 1504: 1486:Donetsk People's Republic 1483: 1462: 1445: 1428: 1249: 1238: 1102: 1081: 1070: 1059: 1038: 927: 916: 905: 894: 883: 688:Principality of Chernigov 530: 512: 494: 475: 459: 449:becomes the world's sole 296:of the Soviet Union into 286: 242: 106: 83: 45: 33: 16:1988–1991 political event 33838:1991 in the Soviet Union 33717:Wagner Group plane crash 33501:Brovary helicopter crash 33476:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment 32568:UN Commission of Inquiry 32556:Ukrainian refugee crisis 32391:EU natural gas price cap 32155:Free Buryatia Foundation 32045:Open-source intelligence 31847:North Caucasian protests 31842:Russian Action Committee 31783:Ukrainian Artistic Front 31245:Task Force KleptoCapture 30755:Freedom of Russia Legion 30729:and other foreign units 30602:people and organizations 30469:Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin 30414:May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 30359:Chernihiv missile strike 30284:Olenivka prison massacre 30274:Serhiivka missile strike 30194:Mykolaiv cluster bombing 30129:Russian torture chambers 30114:Russian filtration camps 29946:Black Sea drone incident 29731:National Republican Army 29670:Russian-occupied Ukraine 29621:Novofedorivka explosions 29606:Desna barracks airstrike 29240:Kharkiv counteroffensive 29129:Kherson counteroffensive 28056:Catholic Church in China 27200:People's Liberation Army 27167:One country, two systems 25943:Monument (Yekaterinburg) 25745:1991 Soviet coup attempt 25529:2023 ceasefire agreement 25487:2020 ceasefire agreement 25467:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 24738:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 24580:1994 Bagratashen bombing 24570:1994 Baku Metro bombings 23520:Prime Minister of Russia 21036:January Events in Latvia 21026:Reunification of Germany 21011:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 20941:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 20665:National Salvation Front 20650:Belarusian Popular Front 20640:Popular Front of Estonia 20409:Polish underground press 20170:List of socialist states 19671:Emigration and defection 19508:Polish People's Republic 17949:1980 Turkish coup d'état 17784:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 17754:1978 Somali coup attempt 17714:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 17679:1973 Chilean coup d'état 17504:Revolutionary Government 17398:South African Border War 17190:1960 Turkish coup d'état 17107:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 16962:1953 Iranian coup d'état 16942:1952 Egyptian revolution 16393:Strayer, Robert (1998). 16372:LEA Working Paper Series 16202:Martinez, Carlo (2020). 16177:Kotkin, Stephen (2008). 16031:Crawshaw, Steve (1992). 15915:Boughton, J. M. (1999). 15511:Richard Nixon Foundation 15345:The Lancet Public Health 15299:20 February 2012 at the 14592:"China's Russia Problem" 14080:28 February 2009 at the 12294:Sovereignty After Empire 12034: 11989:Bolukbasi, Suha (2013). 9413:Seceded from Uzbekistan. 9285:Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza 9242: 9085:(CCP), in particular on 8108:since 19 September 1991: 7575:Independence proclaimed 7337:Before the start of the 7248:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 7070: 6976:new Russian constitution 6633:Fall: August to December 6531:restoring independence. 6095:Saint Sophia's Cathedral 5995:Ukrainian Helsinki Union 5706:Popular Front of Estonia 5688:Estonian Communist Party 5568:Round Table-Free Georgia 5535:Popular Front of Moldova 5374:Belarusian Popular Front 5316:Soviet General Secretary 5146:Soviet General Secretary 5062:Popular Front of Moldova 4988:Georgian-Abkhaz conflict 4862:On 7 December 1989, the 4554:Belarusian Popular Front 4325:ordered that the entire 4320:On 7 December 1988, the 4084:1977 Soviet Constitution 3960:, who was replaced with 3478:joined their declaration 3464:in an attempt to stop a 3133:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 2447:independence declaration 2218:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2206:South African Border War 1873:Socialism in one country 1113: 783: 707: 625: 615: 605: 343:Republics move to adopt 54:flag of the Soviet Union 33863:Dissolutions of empires 33597:Russian nuclear weapons 32780:Generation Cancellation 32335:Russian generals killed 32185:Guide to the Free World 32020:DDoS attacks on Romania 31675:F-16 training coalition 31624:Steadfast Defender 2024 31534:Resolution A/RES/77/229 31397:Closer ties with Russia 31296:Closer ties with Russia 31240:Pentagon document leaks 31185:We Are Together. Sports 30919:Syria–Ukraine relations 30897:Recognition of Ichkeria 30892:Points of Invincibility 30795:Russian Volunteer Corps 29951:Mystery fires in Russia 29726:Killing of Darya Dugina 29683:Berdiansk Partisan Army 29611:Attack on Nova Kakhovka 29563:Chuhuiv air base attack 29483:Ivano-Frankivsk strikes 29272:Battle of Krasnohorivka 29257:Luhansk Oblast campaign 28839:December 2021 ultimatum 28812:2021 Black Sea incident 28730:Ukraine's Peace Formula 28531:Independence referendum 27888:Four Pillars of Destiny 27673:Regional discrimination 27095:Chinese Communist Party 26035:President of All Russia 25933:Street of Boris Yeltsin 25870:Loans for shares scheme 25707:Death and state funeral 25670:1st President of Russia 25538:International documents 25515:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 24709:International reactions 24659:2019 clash near Chinari 24423:Zvartnots Airport clash 24374:Azerbaijanis in Armenia 24362:Armenians in Azerbaijan 23958:Social entrepreneurship 23847:Forced public apologies 23782:Anti-American sentiment 22791:Eurasian Economic Union 22639:CIS national bandy team 22334:Soviet Union portal 21112:Economic liberalization 21051:1991 Belarusian strikes 20991:Fall of the Berlin Wall 20645:Public Against Violence 20635:Popular Front of Latvia 20414:Political demonstration 20263:Chinese economic reform 20175:People Power Revolution 19886:Independence referendum 19832:independence of Ukraine 19729:Fall of the Berlin Wall 19655:1981 protests in Kosovo 19593:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 18154:Fall of the Berlin Wall 18099:People Power Revolution 18084:Central American crisis 18024:1986 Black Sea incident 17674:1973 Afghan coup d'état 17572:Western Sahara conflict 17383:1966 Syrian coup d'état 17306:1963 Syrian coup d'état 17249:Portuguese Colonial War 17212:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 16977:1954 Syrian coup d'état 16854:Annexation of Hyderabad 16797:1947–1949 Palestine war 16479:10 October 2017 at the 16188:31 October 2021 at the 16107:Dobbs, Michael (1998). 15611:Edward, Walker (2003). 15453:Oxford University Press 14304:The Wall Street Journal 12980:26 January 2021 at the 12541:Political Communication 10369:de Waal, Thomas. 2003. 10344:Walker, Edward (2003). 10277:Ellensburg Daily Record 9191:Russian money in London 9083:Chinese Communist Party 8760:since 2 September 1991: 8689:since 26 February 1992: 8541:since 18 November 1991: 8434:since 10 December 1991: 7937:since 25 December 1991: 7890:since 14 November 1990: 7782:since 17 November 1990: 7569:Sovereignty proclaimed 7550:Parade of sovereignties 7507:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 7495:Glasnost and "Memorial" 7322:had just qualified for 7137: 7132:Russia invading Ukraine 6919:Soviet of the Republics 6837:European Energy Charter 6439:independence referendum 6332:and remain part of the 6307: 6136:Central Asian republics 5991:Russian Orthodox Church 5970:), candidates from the 5862:On 23 August 1990, the 5817:decamped to Moscow and 5496: 5419:Central Asian republics 5081:Marea Adunare Națională 5073:Grand National Assembly 4831:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 4777:Baltic Chain of Freedom 4714:Soviet satellite states 4579: 4501:St. Volodymyr the Great 4258:, loosely based on the 4070:Parade of sovereignties 4058: 3964:, an outsider from the 3676:1985: Gorbachev elected 3633:Eurasian Economic Union 3621:former Soviet republics 3476:. Eight more republics 3442:Soviet of the Republics 3377:End of the Soviet Union 3352:Fall of the Berlin Wall 2912: (until 1948) 2887: (until 1977) 2876: (until 1989) 2810: (until 1961) 2789: (until 1961) 2615:Soviet Union portal 2350:Fall of the Berlin Wall 2316:Lithuanian independence 2027:1954 transfer of Crimea 1929:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1822:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1365:Eurasian Economic Union 1214:Parade of sovereignties 678:Principality of Polotsk 439:in the world following 435:becomes the last major 56:being lowered from the 33883:China–Russia relations 33722:Yaroslav Hunka scandal 33471:Anti-Russian sentiment 32648:Russia is here forever 32511:damaged cultural sites 32452:List of notable deaths 32352:Moldovan energy crisis 31800:Club of Angry Patriots 31680:Finland–NATO relations 31670:Consecration of Russia 31654:2024 Washington summit 31639:Versailles declaration 31128:Operation Doppelgänger 30907:Save Ukrainian Culture 30785:Polish Volunteer Corps 30760:German Volunteer Corps 30522:Universal jurisdiction 30429:26 August 2024 strikes 30044:Wagner Group rebellion 29836:Annexation referendums 29250:Second battle of Lyman 29124:Battle of Davydiv Brid 28941:humanitarian situation 28740:June 2024 peace summit 28342:Bosnia and Herzegovina 27641:Science and technology 27314:Special economic zones 26566:persecution of Uyghurs 26494:Century of humiliation 26157:Category:Boris Yeltsin 25800:Monetary reform (1998) 25795:Monetary reform (1993) 25590:UNGA Resolution 62/243 25585:UNGA Resolution 60/285 25580:UNGA Resolution 48/114 24841:2022 Armenian protests 24673:Protests in Azerbaijan 24617:2010 Mardakert clashes 24601:2008 Mardakert clashes 24585:Refugees in Azerbaijan 24552:1993 Summer Offensives 23706:Social security system 23689:Science and technology 23355:Classified information 23181:Central Russian Upland 22500:Additionally the 1993 22226:Stalinist architecture 21980:Science and technology 21890:Ideological repression 21818:Soviet Airborne Forces 21756:Destruction battalions 20246:New political thinking 19871:Sovereignty referendum 18448:Neoclassical economics 17959:Gulf of Sidra incident 17516:1969 Libyan revolution 17207:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 16992:1954 Geneva Conference 16752:Turkish straits crisis 16747:Corfu Channel incident 16331:. Transworld Ireland. 15544:Brown, Archie (1997). 15284:7 January 2023 at the 15045:Russian Football Union 14094:Davis, Stuart (2023). 13777:. leftinmsu.narod.ru. 13038:12 August 2020 at the 12466:14 August 2021 at the 12337:1991: March Referendum 12041:Moskovskij Komsomolets 11754:Bandelj, Nina (2008). 11693:Acton, Edward (1995). 9912:The Virtual Exhibition 9222:The Commanding Heights 9126:, and memories of the 9108: 8879: 8827:In 2013, the American 8824: 8651:Republic of Kyrgyzstan 8639:since 5 February 1991: 8446:Republic of Kazakhstan 8387:since 5 November 1991: 8332:since 7 February 1992: 8248:Republic of Tajikistan 8150:since 27 October 1991: 7991:Republic of Uzbekistan 7743:Republic of Azerbaijan 7731:since 5 February 1991: 7353:and marched under the 7191:gross domestic product 7093:, and they signed the 7081:China–Russia relations 7020: 7012: 6996: 6891: 6855: 6758: 6704:On 17 September 1991, 6650: 6568: 6506: 6406: 6341: 6233: 6158: 6073:Green Party of Ukraine 6036: 5997:disbanded to form the 5785: 5719: 5686:On 25 March 1990, the 5683: 5641: 5546:Estonian Popular Front 5365: 5235:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5142:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5114:St. George's Cathedral 5080: 4906: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4741:in a reference to the 4705: 4624: 4503:, the grand prince of 4260:Estonian Popular Front 4156: 4107:Estonian Popular Front 3898: 3887: 3803:. On 23 December 1986 3795:1986: Sakharov returns 3698: 3672: 3066:Protests and uprisings 2270:: Decline and collapse 955:Provisional Government 896:Grand Duchy of Finland 774:Principality of Moscow 437:Marxist–Leninist state 32773:Flowers of Minefields 32613:Grandpa in his bunker 32506:art theft and looting 32403:End of the Whisky War 32364:Russia–EU gas dispute 32175:Global Tour for Peace 32055:Russian Asset Tracker 31987:Death of Nemes Tarimo 31887:Czech Republic First! 31862:White-blue-white flag 31727:Sweden–NATO relations 31235:Executive Order 14071 31094:Masha Moskalyova case 30667:Be Brave Like Ukraine 30646:Relations with Russia 30533:Criminal proceedings 30379:December 2023 strikes 30349:Lyman cluster bombing 29593:Berdiansk port attack 29134:Liberation of Kherson 29084:Snake Island campaign 29020:Ukraine–United States 27848:Four Great Inventions 27232:People's Armed Police 25989:Presidential Marathon 25805:1998 financial crisis 25545:Astrakhan Declaration 25520:EUMA Feb 2023–present 25284:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 25237:Norat Ter-Grigoryants 24792:Post-ceasefire events 24514:Capture of Artsvashen 24495:Capture of Garadaghly 24167:Russian tsars regalia 23500:Intelligence agencies 23223:Great Russian Regions 22967:Expansion (1500-1800) 22706:Common Economic Space 22008:List of metro systems 21561:Collective leadership 21117:Post-Soviet conflicts 21071:Tajikistani Civil War 21021:Revolution on Granite 20981:Monday Demonstrations 20507:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 20341:Mengistu Haile Mariam 20107:Eastern Bloc politics 19779:Breakup of Yugoslavia 19298:Russia–NATO relations 19179:Jonathan Reed Winkler 18463:Democratic capitalism 18458:Supply-side economics 18426:American conservatism 18225:Breakup of Yugoslavia 18114:Bougainville conflict 18029:South Yemen civil war 17964:Martial law in Poland 17827:Nicaraguan Revolution 17802:Dirty War (Argentina) 17609:1971 JVP insurrection 17423:Years of Lead (Italy) 17301:North Yemen civil war 17219:Berlin Crisis of 1961 17195:Albanian–Soviet split 17127:1959 Tibetan uprising 17092:Syrian Crisis of 1957 16947:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 16807:1948 Arab–Israeli War 16408:Suny, Ronald (1993). 16253:10.1353/sof.2002.0012 16138:12 April 2019 at the 15832:10.1353/jod.2006.0022 15489:. Inside Washington, 15290:Transition Newsletter 14408:Brookings Institution 13891:Duke University Press 12342:30 March 2014 at the 11697:. Longman Group Ltd. 11239:(26 September 1989). 10279:. Helsinki, Finland: 9908:"The Road to Freedom" 9338:Seceded from Georgia. 9151:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9094: 9087:CCP general secretary 8985:31 July 1992: Georgia 8865: 8822: 8813:Further information: 8591:since 9 January 1992: 8343:Republic of Tatarstan 8236:since 31 August 1991: 8194:since 23 August 1990: 8065:since 24 August 1991: 7979:since 31 August 1991: 7838:since 19 August 1990: 7659:Republic of Lithuania 7578:Secession recognized 7559:are shown in italics. 7515:Stalinist repressions 7288:multi-sided civil war 7201:, executive director 7148:Dollarization of Cuba 7104:On the eve of a 2013 7077:Sino–Soviet relations 7055:Post-Soviet conflicts 7049:Post-Soviet conflicts 7018: 7007:since the end of the 7002: 6989: 6889: 6850: 6775:Belavezhskaya Pushcha 6740: 6640: 6562: 6501:Barricade erected in 6500: 6401: 6367:Union-wide referendum 6315: 6242:national conservative 6221: 6149: 6031: 5780: 5745:Latvian Popular Front 5714: 5678: 5636: 5591:On 4 March 1990, the 5557:Latvian Popular Front 5355: 4909:On 16 July 1989, the 4893: 4700: 4619:, was elected to the 4615:, formerly exiled to 4611: 4161:Latvian Popular Front 4143: 3982:On 25 July 1987, 300 3877: 3807:, the most prominent 3693: 3666: 3594:Russian tricolor flag 3588:was lowered from the 3382:Post-Soviet conflicts 3367:Breakup of Yugoslavia 3270:Albanian–Soviet split 2981:Anti-Soviet partisans 2924:Related organizations 2022:Virgin Lands campaign 1847:National delimitation 1596:Not fully controlled. 1430:Republic of Tatarstan 1323:Constitutional crisis 302:Establishment of the 298:15 independent states 33558:Kyivstar cyberattack 33481:Antonov An-225 Mriya 33409:Alexander Lukashenko 32919:Back to the Cold War 32690:Strength is in truth 32462:Nuclear power plants 32408:Environmental impact 32376:Russian debt default 32072:Ukraine Siren Alerts 31938:McDonald's in Russia 31715:Ukraine Square, Oslo 31427:Russia Sanctions Act 31104:Mikhail Simonov case 31099:Metropolis of Crimea 31024:Censorship in Russia 30858:Media Center Ukraine 30727:International Legion 30369:Hroza missile attack 30264:Maisky Market attack 30094:Attacks on hospitals 29961:Transnistria attacks 29573:Chornobaivka attacks 29538:Zaporizhzhia strikes 29498:Khmelnytskyi strikes 29415:Moscow drone strikes 29410:Kremlin drone attack 29312:Capture of Chernobyl 29277:Battle of Ocheretyne 29267:Battle of Chasiv Yar 29213:Battle of Lysychansk 29168:Battle of Volnovakha 29119:Battle of Huliaipole 29114:Battle of Voznesensk 29066:Military engagements 29015:Russia–United States 28914:Annexation of Crimea 28747:Proposed no-fly zone 28735:China peace proposal 27827:World Heritage Sites 27355:Foreign aid received 27063:Environmental policy 26861:Environmental policy 26856:Environmental issues 26063:Boris Yeltsin. First 25820:Impeachment attempts 25575:PACE Resolution 2085 25570:PACE Resolution 1416 25565:OIC Resolution 10/37 25560:OIC Resolution 10/11 25196:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 24724:Aras Valley campaign 24636:2016 Odundağ clashes 24556:Operation Geghamasar 24477:Siege of Stepanakert 24234:World Heritage sites 23611:Droughts and famines 23164:Environmental issues 22912:Proto-Indo-Europeans 21970:Net material product 21913:Censorship of images 21830:Political repression 21790:Soviet Border Troops 21723:First Deputy Premier 21307:1965 economic reform 21302:Soviet space program 20527:Vytautas Landsbergis 20522:Viacheslav Chornovil 20351:Denis Sassou Nguesso 19970:Viacheslav Chornovil 19627:1970 Polish protests 19608:1956 Poznań protests 19473:Soviet-allied states 18719:Non-Aligned Movement 18341:Peaceful coexistence 18295:North Borneo dispute 18210:German reunification 18205:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 17903:Salvadoran Civil War 17852:Grand Mosque seizure 17847:Yemenite War of 1979 17739:Mozambican Civil War 17694:Carnation Revolution 17649:Yemenite War of 1972 17587:1970 Polish protests 17418:1967 Hong Kong riots 17393:Argentine Revolution 17343:Guatemalan Civil War 17271:Cuban Missile Crisis 17185:Bay of Pigs Invasion 17057:1956 Poznań protests 17035:Geneva Summit (1955) 16637:Hukbalahap Rebellion 16616:Non-Aligned Movement 16261:hein.journals/josf80 15954:The Gorbachev Factor 15930:. pp. 349–408. 15857:on 23 September 2018 15820:Journal of Democracy 15735:Journal of Democracy 15547:The Gorbachev Factor 15320:29 July 2018 at the 15212:16 June 2012 at the 15073:. 23 November 2018. 15017:. 14 February 2012. 15015:خبرگزاری آریانا نیوز 14741:World Economic Forum 14629:Henken, Ted (2008). 13869:on 28 November 2014. 13527:. 25 December 1991. 13224:. 19 December 1991. 12409:30 June 2007 at the 12400:Cornell, Svante E., 11834:on 6 September 2019. 10170:on 14 September 2007 10137:. 19 November 1987. 10006:Central Asian Survey 9984:on 20 September 2011 9781:. 23 December 1972. 9665:on 28 September 2017 9523:. 23 December 2021. 9493:. 22 December 1991. 9347:Seceded from Russia. 9211:Yemeni reunification 9201:Strong dollar policy 9196:Separatism in Russia 9166:German reunification 9019:The Gorbachev Factor 8474:Checheno-Ingush ASSR 8294:Republic of Abkhazia 7864:an autonomous status 7647:since 11 March 1990: 7320:Soviet football team 7304:September 11 attacks 7282:in 1989. The end of 7128:special relationship 7041:. Nearly all of the 7039:Washington Consensus 6955:UN Secretary-General 6898:was lowered and the 6803:On 12 December, the 6747:Grand Kremlin Palace 6359:Council of Ministers 6349:On 14 January 1991, 6316:Following Georgia's 6253:Turkmen nationalists 6177:refugees, after the 6124:On 27 July 1990 the 6049:Ukrainian Parliament 5983:St. George Cathedral 5943:1919 Unification Act 5936:On 21 January 1990, 5902:improve this article 5658:Vytautas Landsbergis 5639:Vytautas Landsbergis 5583:to decline further. 5491:Nursultan Nazarbayev 5192:Myroslav Lubachivsky 5134:Vyacheslav Chornovil 5026:improve this article 4978:On 16 July 1989, in 4934:Levon Ter-Petrossian 4880:Vytautas Landsbergis 4876:Mykolas Burokevičius 4835:spheres of influence 4670:Russian nationalists 4541:("Green World") and 4372:improve this article 4291:Levon Ter-Petrossian 4064:Moscow loses control 3744:, however, fostered 3714:Konstantin Chernenko 3584:. That evening, the 3578:nuclear launch codes 3505:Act of 11 March 1990 3362:Barricades in Latvia 3307:1980 Moscow Olympics 3287:Cuban Missile Crisis 2442:Ukrainian revolution 2370:German reunification 2328:Latvian independence 2243:1984 Olympic boycott 2238:1980 Olympic boycott 2228:1980 Summer Olympics 2201:Mozambican Civil War 2091:Cuban Missile Crisis 2071:Peaceful coexistence 1939:Operation Barbarossa 1369:Annexation of Crimea 977:Constituent Assembly 854:Second Patriotic War 325:internally displaced 268:autonomous republics 33241:Alexander Bortnikov 33221:Aleksandr Dvornikov 33073:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 33038:"Z" military symbol 32861:20 Days in Mariupol 32551:Humanitarian impact 32149:Concert for Ukraine 31967:Starlink satellites 31837:Marina Ovsyannikova 31644:2023 Vilnius summit 31599:NATO virtual summit 31474:Operation Interflex 31180:War censorship laws 31007:Blockade of Ukraine 30745:Black Maple Company 30662:Application to NATO 30528:Crime of aggression 30419:8 July 2024 strikes 30389:2024 Donetsk attack 30374:Volnovakha massacre 30339:Uman missile strike 30334:Sloviansk airstrike 29966:Zagreb Tu-141 crash 29886:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 29772:Rail war in Belarus 29405:Bryansk Oblast raid 29362:Battle of Slavutych 29347:Russian Kyiv convoy 29109:Battle of Enerhodar 29099:Battle of Melitopol 29035:enlargement of NATO 28980:Russian imperialism 28975:Russian irredentism 28762:Territorial control 28668:Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 28653:Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 28598:Russo-Ukrainian War 28478:Indian subcontinent 28392:Denmark (Greenland) 28073:History of religion 28068:Freedom of religion 27923:Four Pests campaign 27868:Four Classic Novels 27480:Automotive industry 27360:Foreign aid program 27051:Pro-democratisation 26546:Cultural Revolution 26136:← Mikhail Gorbachev 26021:Three August's Days 25809:1998 miners' strike 25730:Second inauguration 25510:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 25434:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 25269:Republic of Artsakh 25232:Gurgen Dalibaltayan 25071:Samvel Shahramanyan 25036:Republic of Artsakh 25004:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 24856:Protests in Armenia 24648:Shelling of Alxanlı 24527:Operation Həsənqaya 24085:Forms of addressing 23694:Academy of Sciences 23651:Financial districts 23515:President of Russia 23440:Political divisions 23400:Freedom of assembly 23282:West Siberian Plain 23028:Great Patriotic War 22989:February Revolution 22038:Academy of Sciences 21853:Population transfer 21797:Soviet Armed Forces 21660:Congress of Soviets 21641:Presidium/Politburo 21605:Soviet anti-Zionism 21454:West Siberian Plain 21332:Revolutions of 1989 21269:Great Patriotic War 21254:New Economic Policy 20971:Pan-European Picnic 20946:1988 Polish strikes 20326:Wojciech Jaruzelski 20066:Revolutions of 1989 20019:Politics of Ukraine 19876:Chicken Kiev speech 19744:Romanian revolution 19717:Revolutions of 1989 19598:1953 Plzeň uprising 19164:Alex von Tunzelmann 19154:Vladimir Tismăneanu 19079:Thomas J. McCormick 19074:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 18974:Robert Hugh Ferrell 18837:Crusade for Freedom 18634:Illiberal democracy 18518:Ho Chi Minh Thought 18321:Eisenhower Doctrine 18174:Peaceful Revolution 18169:Romanian Revolution 18149:Revolutions of 1989 18134:1988 Polish strikes 18044:Operation INFEKTION 18039:1987 Lieyu massacre 17944:Eritrean Civil Wars 17927:Peruvian Revolution 17877:1979 Herat uprising 17867:Sino-Vietnamese War 17832:Uganda–Tanzania War 17812:Egyptian–Libyan War 17779:Third Indochina War 17774:Sino-Albanian split 17764:Ethiopian Civil War 17664:Eritrean Civil Wars 17604:Ping-pong diplomacy 17577:Cambodian Civil War 17403:Korean DMZ Conflict 17388:Cultural Revolution 17358:Dominican Civil War 17336:Tlatelolco massacre 17122:1959 Mosul uprising 17112:1958 Lebanon crisis 16839:Al-Wathbah uprising 16762:First Indochina War 16732:Iran crisis of 1946 16440:Zubok, Vladislav M. 16048:Post-Soviet Affairs 15971:(27 January 2017). 15795:Aron, Leon (2000). 15051:on 9 September 2016 13999:Europe-Asia Studies 13971:amp.theguardian.com 13251:soveticus5.narod.ru 12674:on 7 December 2013. 12520:on 30 October 2021. 12048:on 19 November 2018 11995:. London, England: 11970:on 17 November 2018 11523:. 25 January 1989. 11473:on 26 February 2012 10810:on 21 November 2011 10273:"Estonia Gets Hope" 9811:. 8 February 1987. 9751:. 8 February 1990. 9470:Declaration № 142-Н 9206:Superpower collapse 9186:Post-Soviet studies 9103:historical nihilism 8970:Republic of Belarus 8904:economic inequality 8750:Nagorno-Karabakh AO 8732:limited recognition 8282:since 23 July 1992: 8206:Republic of Armenia 8120:Republic of Belarus 8033:Republic of Moldova 7902:Republic of Georgia 7614:Republic of Estonia 7557:limited recognition 7527:New Economic Policy 7446:The Soviet Union's 7272:Mohammad Najibullah 7233:North Korean famine 7037:that came with the 6935:Soviet Armed Forces 6927:Soviet of the Union 6599:, Defense Minister 6571:Faced with growing 6387:autonomous republic 6383:Checheno-Ingushetia 6225:, last head of the 6142:1990 Dushanbe riots 6019:Moscow Patriarchate 5512:ethnic nationalists 5393:government-in-exile 5338:official holidays. 5130:Literaturna Ukraina 4930:Matrosskaya Tishina 4925:, wounding dozens. 4868:Algirdas Brazauskas 4771:Romanian Revolution 4693:Revolutions of 1989 4646:Academy of Sciences 4489:Ukrainian Catholics 4248:Abdulrahman Vezirov 4135:Congress of Estonia 4131:Republic of Estonia 3750:revolutions of 1989 3697:(1931–2022) in 1987 3608:and the end of the 3606:Revolutions of 1989 3347:Revolutions of 1989 2365:Romanian Revolution 2345:Peaceful Revolution 2340:Pan-European Picnic 2335:Revolutions of 1989 2276:Invasion of Grenada 2152:Cambodian Civil War 2106:: Era of Stagnation 1991:First Indochina War 1966:Soviet deportations 1934:Great Patriotic War 1907:Cultural Revolution 1837:New Economic Policy 1791:February Revolution 1549:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 1381:Invasion of Ukraine 1170:Great Patriotic War 1142:Cultural revolution 1083:Transcaucasian SFSR 951:February Revolution 838:Emancipation reform 736:Council of Uvetichi 586: • 582: • 395:Soviet Armed Forces 360:Soviet Armed Forces 266:Governments of the 260:Governments of the 252:of the Soviet Union 40:Revolutions of 1989 30: 33619:Siberian wildfires 33381:Vyacheslav Volodin 33376:Vyacheslav Gladkov 33291:Maria Lvova-Belova 32997:Raccoon of Kherson 32962:Newspeak in Russia 32942:Kherson watermelon 32801:Hey, Hey, Rise Up! 32484:Russian emigration 32330:journalists killed 32030:IT Army of Ukraine 31972:Stop Bloody Energy 31962:People's Satellite 31883:In Czech Republic 31807:Anti-War Committee 31522:Resolution ES-11/6 31517:Resolution ES-11/5 31512:Resolution ES-11/4 31507:Resolution ES-11/3 31502:Resolution ES-11/2 31497:Resolution ES-11/1 31464:Economic Crime Act 31370:Zeitenwende speech 31301:Chinese peace plan 30970:R280 "Novorossiya" 30707:Grain From Ukraine 30624:People's Bayraktar 30404:March 2024 strikes 30104:Incendiary weapons 30024:Operation Synytsia 29755:Rail war in Russia 29703:Belarus and Russia 29503:Kryvyi Rih strikes 29377:Battle of Okhtyrka 29372:Siege of Chernihiv 29352:Battle of Moshchun 29327:Battle of Vasylkiv 29322:Battle of Hostomel 29287:Pokrovsk offensive 29262:Battle of Avdiivka 29245:Battle of Kupiansk 29235:Battle of Vuhledar 29183:Battle of Rubizhne 29104:Battle of Mykolaiv 28854:Union Resolve 2022 28725:Peace negotiations 28678:Aug 2024 – present 28493:Republic of Venice 28463:All-Russian Empire 27980:Population history 27960:Internal migration 27575:Harmonious Society 27450:Telecommunications 27407:Standard of living 27326:Online advertising 27078:Standing Committee 25982:Notes of President 25928:Boris Yeltsin Peak 25780:Elizabeth II visit 25760:Demographic crisis 25725:First inauguration 25380:Viktor Polyanichko 25066:Arayik Harutyunyan 24919:Shahumyan Province 24909:Martakert Province 24904:Kashatagh Province 24565:Operation Kalbajar 24542:Battle of Kalbajar 24518:Operation Goranboy 24481:Operation Dashalty 24135:Russian given name 23721:Telecommunications 23671:Petroleum industry 23535:State of emergency 23380:Far-right politics 23345:Capital punishment 23191:Meshchera Lowlands 23045:Russian Federation 23001:October Revolution 22716:1994 FTA Agreement 22659:CIS Cup (football) 21683:Military Collegium 21551:Capital punishment 21429:Caucasus Mountains 21342:Post-Soviet states 21222:Russian Revolution 20331:Slobodan Milošević 20200:Vatican Opposition 20014:History of Ukraine 19754:Singing Revolution 19637:June 1976 protests 19422:Soviet occupations 19318:Russian Revolution 19114:Mary Elise Sarotte 19099:William B. Pickett 19024:Patrick J. Hearden 19004:Gabriel Gorodetsky 18999:Timothy Garton Ash 18984:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 18579:Ethnic nationalism 18331:Hallstein Doctrine 18215:Yemeni unification 18004:1985 Geneva Summit 17969:Casamance conflict 17872:New Jewel Movement 17857:Iranian Revolution 17842:Chadian–Libyan War 17789:Cambodian conflict 17769:Lebanese Civil War 17759:Western Sahara War 17734:June 1976 protests 17729:Cambodian genocide 17494:17 July Revolution 17448:Nigerian Civil War 17363:Rhodesian Bush War 17348:Colombian conflict 17291:Ramadan Revolution 17030:Bandung Conference 16906:Operation Valuable 16787:Partition of India 16146:Gorbachev, Mikhail 15668:Greenspan, Jesse. 15326:The New York Times 15315:"Who Lost Russia?" 15099:. 3 October 2018. 14869:2011-07-06 at the 14844:on 20 January 2022 14807:on 30 October 2022 14777:on 30 October 2022 14743:. 9 January 2015. 14596:The New York Times 14501:The Economic Times 14204:on 10 January 2010 14042:. Abingdon, Oxon: 13973:. 17 August 2011. 13893:. pp. 63–64. 13810:on 7 December 2019 13556:The New York Times 13431:The New York Times 13196:on 24 October 2013 13172:. 22 October 2021. 13144:The New York Times 12824:The New York Times 12694:. 20 January 2020. 12576:on 16 January 2015 12514:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 12461:Референдум распада 12312:pesd.princeton.edu 11852:. 7 January 1990. 11850:The New York Times 11802:The New York Times 11675:on 22 January 2018 11643:The New York Times 11612:The New York Times 11581:The New York Times 11553:. 1 October 1989. 11551:The New York Times 11521:The New York Times 11494:The New York Times 11441:The New York Times 11411:The New York Times 11380:The New York Times 11349:The New York Times 11299:The New York Times 11245:The New York Times 11193:. 20 August 1989. 11191:The New York Times 11141:The New York Times 11110:The New York Times 11081:St. Martin's Press 11073:Senn, Alfred Erich 11008:The New York Times 10977:The New York Times 10943:The New York Times 10909:The New York Times 10865:The New York Times 10836:. 18 August 1988. 10834:The New York Times 10775:The New York Times 10744:The New York Times 10713:The New York Times 10662:The New York Times 10631:The New York Times 10600:The New York Times 10485:The New York Times 10311:The New York Times 10305:(4 October 1988). 10196:. 2 October 1988. 10194:The New York Times 10134:The New York Times 10103:The New York Times 10072:The New York Times 10041:The New York Times 9882:The New York Times 9809:The New York Times 9749:The New York Times 9719:The New York Times 9551:The New York Times 9491:The New York Times 9069:right of secession 8888:post-Soviet states 8884:standard of living 8880: 8825: 8809:Post-Soviet states 8700:Republic of Crimea 8537:20 September 1990 8512:Second Chechen War 8484:since 8 June 1991: 8021:since 23 May 1991: 7949:Russian Federation 7866:on 14 January 1995 7778:23 September 1989 7727:23 September 1989 7701:Republic of Latvia 7531:Chernobyl disaster 7517:, revision of the 7513:, revision of the 7442:Telecommunications 7300:war in Afghanistan 7091:demarcated in 1991 7043:post-Soviet states 7021: 7013: 6997: 6892: 6856: 6759: 6689:and tried to form 6651: 6605:Vladimir Kryuchkov 6569: 6507: 6407: 6342: 6289:Saparmurat Niyazov 6234: 6223:Saparmurat Niyazov 6159: 6037: 6009:of the U.S.-based 5823:Viktor Polyanichko 5786: 5772:Iranian Azerbaijan 5720: 5684: 5642: 5385:Chernobyl disaster 5366: 4961:Jumber Patiashvili 4907: 4755:April Novelization 4706: 4625: 4327:Karabakh Committee 4295:Karabakh Committee 4184:Ringaudas Songaila 4157: 3950:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 3888: 3847:in the mid-1950s. 3699: 3673: 3598:formally dissolved 3582:Russian Federation 3522:During the failed 3511:neighbors and the 3337:Singing Revolution 3111:Novocherkassk 1962 2597:Post-Soviet states 2301:Singing Revolution 2291:Chernobyl disaster 2211:Rhodesian Bush War 1812:October Revolution 1465:Republic of Crimea 1416:Russian Federation 1359:Presidential terms 1251:Karelo-Finnish SSR 1204:Chernobyl disaster 944:Russian Revolution 842:Russo-Japanese War 830:1812 Patriotic War 744:Battle of Kulikovo 732:Council of Liubech 521:Then romanized as 503:Then romanized as 485:Then romanized as 466:Then romanized as 393:Relocation of the 380:terminated in 2014 329:Republics declare 321:military conflicts 28: 33752: 33751: 33730: 33729: 33441: 33440: 33386:Yevgeny Prigozhin 33296:Nikolai Patrushev 33286:Mikhail Mishustin 33276:Igor Kastyukevich 33246:Andrei Kolesnikov 33190:Valerii Zaluzhnyi 33160:Oleksiy Neizhpapa 33145:Oleksandr Syrskyi 33140:Oleksandr Pavlyuk 33125:Iryna Venediktova 33115:Denys Monastyrsky 33050: 33049: 33046: 33045: 33033:Walk of the Brave 32889:Ukraine on Fire 2 32882:Turn in the Wound 32440:Impact on theatre 32320:Colombians killed 32272: 32271: 32268: 32267: 32255:Volos Declaration 32025:DeepStateMap.Live 31742: 31741: 31649:15th BRICS summit 31614:EU–Ukraine Summit 31469:Homes for Ukraine 30982:2023 Moscow rally 30977:2022 Moscow rally 30838:Look for Your Own 30641:Sanctioned yachts 30557: 30556: 30537:Vadim Shishimarin 30500:ICC investigation 30299:Izium mass graves 30099:Cluster munitions 30052: 30051: 29932: 29931: 29802: 29801: 29721:Irpin Declaration 29533:Vinnytsia strikes 29473:Chernihiv strikes 29382:Battle of Lebedyn 29357:Battle of Brovary 29342:Battle of Makariv 29282:Battle of Toretsk 29228:Battle of Soledar 29223:Battle of Bakhmut 29193:Battle of Marinka 29188:Battle of Popasna 29173:Battle of Kharkiv 29094:Battle of Kherson 29089:Siege of Mariupol 29055: 29054: 28554: 28553: 28425:Western Australia 28164: 28163: 28124: 28123: 27931: 27930: 27508: 27507: 27495:Shipping industry 27259: 27258: 27225:Strategic Support 27100:General Secretary 27085:National security 27068:Foreign relations 27022: 27021: 26943: 26942: 26906: 26905: 26609:Natural disasters 26576: 26575: 26529:Chinese Civil War 26524:Republic of China 26499:Taiping Rebellion 26372:Spring and Autumn 26277:Foreign relations 26166: 26165: 26123: 26115: 26111:Tatyana Yumasheva 26107: 26099: 26091: 25838:Electoral history 25790:First Chechen War 25680:Life and politics 25625: 25624: 25482:Madrid Principles 25462:Tehran Communiqué 25299:Mikael Arzumanyan 25294:Jalal Harutyunyan 25279:Kristapor Ivanyan 25247:Tiran Khachatryan 25159:Mikhail Gorbachev 25051:Leonard Petrosyan 24984:Political leaders 24973:Zangilan District 24951:Kalbajar District 24946:Jabrayil District 24719:Madagiz offensive 24560:Operation Horadiz 24533:Operation Qazançı 24510:Capture of Shusha 24460:Voskepar massacre 24367:Armenians in Baku 24350:Karabakh movement 24275: 24274: 24242: 24241: 23822:Domestic violence 23754: 23753: 23676:Russian oligarchs 23601:Aircraft industry 23578: 23577: 23555:Mass surveillance 23545:Search and rescue 23510:Political parties 23390:Foreign relations 23322: 23321: 23121: 23120: 23113:Historical cities 22972:Tsardom of Russia 22852: 22851: 22617: 22616: 22353: 22352: 22317: 22316: 22309:Hammer and sickle 22251:and their groups 22249:Soviet dissidents 22028:Communist Academy 21945:Economic planning 21921: 21920: 21814:Soviet Air Forces 21733:Security services 21653:General Secretary 21636:Central Committee 21578:Political parties 21510:Brezhnev Doctrine 21505:Foreign relations 21462: 21461: 21403:Autonomous okrugs 21317:Soviet–Afghan War 21297:Sino-Soviet split 21239:Russian Civil War 21166: 21165: 21092:Colour revolution 20922: 20921: 20889:Congo-Brazzaville 20610:Democratic Russia 20567:Pope John Paul II 20562:George H. W. Bush 20512:Vladimir Bukovsky 20301:Mikhail Gorbachev 20296:Nicolae Ceaușescu 20082:Era of Stagnation 20032: 20031: 19794: 19793: 19739:Velvet Revolution 19701:Telephone tapping 19675:list of defectors 19464:Tito–Stalin split 19349: 19348: 19336:List of conflicts 19184:Rudolph Winnacker 19129:Giles Scott-Smith 19104:Ronald E. Powaski 19059:Melvyn P. Leffler 18989:John Lewis Gaddis 18964:Robert D. English 18929:Warren H. Carroll 18919:Michael Beschloss 18888:Nuclear arms race 18869: 18868: 18775:Neues Deutschland 18677: 18676: 18659:White nationalism 18629:Liberal democracy 18366:Ulbricht Doctrine 18356:Brezhnev Doctrine 18164:Velvet Revolution 17908:Soviet–Afghan War 17724:Angolan Civil War 17521:Goulash Communism 17378:ASEAN Declaration 17331:Mexican Dirty War 17229:Annexation of Goa 17180:1960 U-2 incident 17154:Sino-Soviet split 17132:Laotian Civil War 16972:Bricker Amendment 16952:Mau Mau rebellion 16896:Malayan Emergency 16884:Chinese Civil War 16844:Tito–Stalin split 16698:Division of Korea 16453:978-0-300-25730-4 16433:978-0-74252-453-8 16418:978-0-80472-247-6 16403:978-0-76560-004-2 16363:(December 2016). 16354:978-1-78074-646-3 16337:978-1-84827-112-8 16317:978-1-4696-3018-2 16173:978-1-41280-698-5 16118:978-0-307-77316-6 15969:Cohen, Stephen F. 15962:978-0-19288-052-9 15799:. HarperCollins. 15624:978-0-74252-453-8 15557:978-0-19288-052-9 14287:on 11 April 2013. 14107:978-1-64259-812-4 14053:978-0-429-49012-5 13927:Milanović, Branko 13713:Council of Europe 13626:vedomosti.sssr.su 12642:www.illuminats.ru 12490:on 15 August 2021 12458:Маркедонов Сергей 12346:SovietHistory.org 12006:978-0-85771-932-4 11771:978-0-691-12912-9 11046:978-0-7425-4068-2 9864:978-1-84827-112-8 9843:978-1-84827-112-8 9621:978-0-465-09812-5 9553:. 12 March 1985. 9282: 9267: 9124:Russian Civil War 8943:Russian President 8931:Sergei Khrushchev 8923:Nikita Khrushchev 8800: 8799: 8774: 8756:2 September 1991 8703: 8685:12 February 1991 8654: 8635:15 December 1990 8605: 8587:14 December 1990 8556: 8531:South Ossetian AO 8499: 8480:27 November 1990 8449: 8402: 8346: 8297: 8251: 8213:21 September 1991 8209: 8165: 8123: 8079: 8036: 7994: 7952: 7913:26 December 1991 7905: 7855:26 December 1991 7852: 7834:12 November 1989 7797: 7746: 7704: 7689:since 4 May 1990: 7662: 7625:6 September 1991 7602:since 8 May 1990: 7519:Russian Civil War 7454:is still used by 7203:Jacques de Groote 7121:Russian President 7087:Sino–Soviet split 7031:Steven Rosefielde 6911:George H. W. Bush 6877:Alma-Ata Protocol 6809:1922 Union Treaty 6787:international law 6779:Belavezha Accords 6645:to establish the 6595:, Prime Minister 6409:On 12 June 1991, 6058:On 23 July 1990, 6045:Stanislav Hurenko 6041:Volodymyr Ivashko 6039:On 22 June 1990, 6003:Volodymyr Ivashko 5960:people's deputies 5934: 5933: 5926: 5874:Western republics 5700:On 3 April 1990, 5577:mandatory service 5343:Mustafa Dzhemilev 5149:Mikhail Gorbachev 5058: 5057: 5050: 4998:Western republics 4870:, split from the 4735:Brezhnev Doctrine 4477:Romanian language 4464:Alley of Classics 4448: 4447: 4440: 4422: 4344:Western republics 4336:, the capital of 4322:Spitak earthquake 4214:, capital of the 3907: 3850:On 10 September, 3706:General Secretary 3702:Mikhail Gorbachev 3695:Mikhail Gorbachev 3619:, several of the 3574:Alma-Ata Protocol 3528:Belovezha Accords 3513:Southern Caucasus 3482:Soviet parliament 3458:Mikhail Gorbachev 3450:General Secretary 3430: 3429: 3265:Sino-Soviet split 3245:Tito–Stalin split 3240:Czechoslovak coup 3218: 3217: 3158:Ukraine 1989–1991 3096:East Germany 1953 3038:Soviet occupation 2649: 2648: 2478:Soviet leadership 2464:Alma-Ata Protocol 2459:Belovezha Accords 2355:Velvet Revolution 2321:Economic blockade 2223:Soviet–Afghan War 2191:Angolan Civil War 2142:Laotian Civil War 2117:Era of Stagnation 2112:Brezhnev Doctrine 2081:Sino-Soviet split 2011:: Khrushchev Thaw 1902:Industrialization 1817:Russian Civil War 1711: 1710: 1677:Russia portal 1605: 1604: 1299:Belavezha Accords 1281: 1280: 1192:Era of Stagnation 1158:Industrialization 1124: 1123: 1001:Soviet-Polish War 937: 936: 918:Russian Manchuria 864:Tsardom of Russia 850:October Manifesto 834:Decembrist Revolt 826:Petrovian reforms 794: 793: 754:Novgorod Republic 718: 717: 634: 633: 538: 537: 389:Soviet–Afghan War 338:semi-presidential 256:Soviet government 77:Alma-Ata Protocol 73:Belovezha Accords 33895: 33843:1991 in politics 33805: 33804: 33793: 33792: 33791: 33781: 33780: 33769: 33768: 33767: 33760: 33742: 33741: 33655:U-24 association 33636: 33570: 33486:Axis of Upheaval 33447: 33446: 33433:Leonid Pasechnik 33431: 33430: 33419: 33418: 33407: 33406: 33371:Vitaly Gerasimov 33356:Valery Gerasimov 33346:Sergey Surovikin 33336:Sergey Naryshkin 33195:Vitali Klitschko 33185:Serhii Sternenko 33175:Sergiy Kyslytsya 33150:Oleksii Reznikov 33120:Denys Prokopenko 33093:visits to Europe 33056: 33055: 33019: 32974: 32933: 32897: 32745:Bakhmut Fortress 32727: 32726: 32683:To bomb Voronezh 32656: 32448: 32315:Canadians killed 32305:Americans killed 32278: 32277: 32180:Go by the Forest 32068: 31958: 31753: 31752: 31452: 31334: 31141: 31122: 31080: 31056: 31032: 31015: 30915: 30883: 30871: 30843:Lukoil sanctions 30834: 30780:Pahonia Regiment 30738:Terror Battalion 30636:Humanitarian aid 30629:Signmyrocket.com 30587: 30586: 30563: 30562: 30087:child abductions 30058: 30057: 29904:Chernihiv Oblast 29813: 29812: 29666: 29665: 29543:Zhytomyr strikes 29518:Mykolaiv strikes 29198:Battle of Donbas 29141:Dnieper campaign 29061: 29060: 29045:open door policy 28936:Minsk agreements 28695:Foreign fighters 28606: 28605: 28581: 28574: 28567: 28558: 28557: 28191: 28184: 28177: 28168: 28167: 28144: 28137: 28034:Tibetan Buddhism 28029:Chinese Buddhism 27883:Four Holy Beasts 27833: 27832: 27685:Social relations 27614:Standard Chinese 27609:Chinese language 27519: 27518: 27304:Economic history 27270: 27269: 27249:Maritime Militia 26958: 26957: 26954: 26953: 26925:Border crossings 26920:Baseline islands 26615: 26614: 26587: 26586: 26551:Tiananmen Square 26434:Sixteen Kingdoms 26242:Military history 26217: 26216: 26193: 26186: 26179: 26170: 26169: 26155: 26154: 26143:Vladimir Putin → 26121: 26113: 26105: 26097: 26095:Claudia Yeltsina 26089: 25875:Semibankirschina 25755:Belovezh Accords 25652: 25645: 25638: 25629: 25628: 25595:UNSC resolutions 25472:OSCE Minsk Group 25457:Bishkek Protocol 25427: 25425: 25424: 25405: 25403: 25402: 25378: 25377: 25376: 25366: 25364: 25363: 25341:Mais Barkhudarov 25321:Isgandar Hamidov 25314: 25312: 25311: 25267: 25265: 25264: 25220: 25218: 25217: 25207:Military leaders 25184: 25182: 25181: 25157: 25156: 25155: 25145: 25143: 25142: 25130:Tural Ganjaliyev 25098:Abulfaz Elchibey 25086: 25084: 25083: 25056:Arkadi Ghukasyan 25046:Robert Kocharyan 25034: 25032: 25031: 25009:Robert Kocharyan 24997: 24995: 24994: 24968:Qubadli District 24914:Martuni Province 24894:Askeran Province 24766:Battle of Shusha 24761:Lachin offensive 24756:Battle of Hadrut 24594:Interwar clashes 24547:Battle of Aghdam 24530:Battle of Lachin 24500:Khojaly massacre 24433:Kirovabad pogrom 24323:Nagorno-Karabakh 24302: 24295: 24288: 24279: 24278: 24255: 24202:Russian language 24145:National symbols 23765: 23764: 23684: 23641:Fishing industry 23631:Economic regions 23626:Defence industry 23589: 23588: 23333: 23332: 23287:Russian Far East 23186:Northwest Russia 23144:Cities and towns 23132: 23131: 22994:Russian Republic 22900: 22899: 22879: 22872: 22865: 22856: 22855: 22842: 22841: 22816:New Union Treaty 22781:EU Technical Aid 22428: 22427: 22380: 22373: 22366: 22357: 22356: 22343: 22342: 22332: 22331: 22330: 22080: 22079: 21988: 21843:Collectivization 21588:Marxism–Leninism 21473: 21472: 21362: 21361: 21193: 21186: 21179: 21170: 21169: 21041:Transnistria War 20700: 20699: 20542:Aung San Suu Kyi 20457:Alexander Dubček 20394:Civil resistance 20251:Sinatra Doctrine 20231:Demokratizatsiya 20132:Shortage economy 20059: 20052: 20045: 20036: 20035: 19980:Levko Lukyanenko 19912:Fourth Universal 19881:Belovezh Accords 19821: 19814: 19807: 19798: 19797: 19583:Goryani Movement 19563: 19555: 19521: 19483: 19417:Yalta Conference 19376: 19369: 19362: 19353: 19352: 19094:David S. Painter 19019:John Earl Haynes 18949:Nicholas J. Cull 18934:Adrian Cioroianu 18914:Thomas A. Bailey 18861:Voice of America 18752: 18751: 18664:White separatism 18644:Social democracy 18639:Guided democracy 18619:Authoritarianism 18569:Ultranationalism 18559:Anti-imperialism 18486:Marxism–Leninism 18399: 18398: 18386:Kinmen Agreement 18351:Johnson Doctrine 18336:Kennedy Doctrine 18252:Frozen conflicts 18235:1991 August Coup 18124:Afghan Civil War 18019:Reykjavík Summit 18014:Somali Rebellion 17954:Ugandan Bush War 17932:Gdańsk Agreement 17453:Protests of 1968 17433:War of Attrition 17142:Cuban Revolution 17078:We will bury you 17045:Cyprus Emergency 17025:Kashmir Princess 17015:Jebel Akhdar War 16864:Western betrayal 16549: 16542: 16535: 16526: 16525: 16516: 16457: 16397:. M. E. Sharpe. 16390: 16388: 16386: 16380: 16369: 16361:Segrillo, Angelo 16321: 16300: 16298: 16296: 16246: 16221: 16122: 16071: 16028: 16026: 16024: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15936: 15921: 15911: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15856: 15850:. Archived from 15817: 15776: 15775: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15727: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15716: 15696: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15685: 15665: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15654: 15635: 15629: 15628: 15608: 15602: 15601: 15593: 15587: 15586: 15568: 15562: 15561: 15541: 15535: 15534: 15526: 15520: 15518: 15508: 15506: 15495:Richard V. Allen 15481: 15475: 15474: 15445:Ghodsee, Kristen 15441: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15430: 15399:Scheidel, Walter 15395: 15389: 15388: 15378: 15360: 15351:(5): e231–e238. 15335: 15329: 15328:, 8 October 2000 15312: 15303: 15276: 15270: 15257: 15251: 15250: 15248: 15246: 15227: 15221: 15204: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15193: 15188:on 29 March 2015 15184:. Archived from 15178: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15167: 15145: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15134: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15093: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15067: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15047:. Archived from 15037: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15026: 15007: 15001: 14995: 14989: 14988: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14942: 14936: 14935: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14884: 14878: 14860: 14854: 14853: 14851: 14849: 14843: 14832: 14823: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14812: 14803:. Archived from 14793: 14787: 14786: 14784: 14782: 14773:. Archived from 14763: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14752: 14733: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14722: 14700: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14689: 14680:. Archived from 14669: 14663: 14662: 14656: 14654: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14615: 14587: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14556: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14545: 14523: 14517: 14516: 14514: 14512: 14493: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14482: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14451: 14431: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14398: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14367: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14356: 14334: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14283:. Archived from 14277: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14257:. 28 June 2021. 14247: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14220: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14209: 14193: 14184: 14183: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14126: 14120: 14119: 14091: 14085: 14072: 14066: 14065: 14030: 14024: 14023: 14006:(8): 1159–1176. 13993: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13923: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13912: 13881:Ghodsee, Kristen 13877: 13871: 13870: 13859: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13845: 13836:. 12 June 2019. 13826: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13800: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13726: 13720: 13719: 13705: 13699: 13698: 13697:on 27 July 2016. 13687: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13648: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13619: 13613: 13612: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13547: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13536: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13485: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13468: 13461: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13393: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13333: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13303: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13273: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13195: 13189:. Archived from 13188: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13166: 13160: 13159: 13135: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13124: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13073: 13067: 13048: 13042: 13027: 13016: 13008: 13002: 13001: 13000:on 3 April 2015. 12990: 12984: 12969: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12936: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12895: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12793:Президент России 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12721: 12715: 12714: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12664: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12604: 12598: 12595:Островский А. В. 12592: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12572:. Archived from 12528: 12522: 12521: 12506: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12486:. Archived from 12484:www.estonica.org 12476: 12470: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12428: 12422: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12334: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12304: 12298: 12297: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12217: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12187: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12157: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12124: 12118: 12107: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12091:on 14 March 2005 12081: 12075: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12035:Анатомия распада 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11955: 11949: 11935: 11929: 11915: 11909: 11895: 11886: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11725: 11719: 11712: 11706: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11583:. 12 June 1989. 11573: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11513: 11507: 11504: 11498: 11497:, 28 August 1989 11489: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11443:. 18 July 1989. 11433: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11351:. 8 April 1989. 11341: 11335: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11290: 11284: 11270: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11256: 11233: 11227: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11183: 11177: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10900: 10894: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10800: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10704: 10698: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10587: 10581: 10567: 10561: 10547: 10541: 10527: 10521: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10476: 10470: 10456: 10450: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10405: 10399: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10381: 10363: 10357: 10342: 10336: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10253: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10219: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10160: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9983: 9977:. Archived from 9950: 9941: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9873: 9867: 9852: 9846: 9833:O'Clery, Conor. 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9721:. 30 June 1988. 9711: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9691:. 1 April 2009. 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9664: 9658:. Archived from 9641: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9609: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9483: 9477: 9468: 9464: 9444: 9443:Seceded Ukraine. 9441: 9435: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9396: 9385: 9379: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9354: 9348: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9330: 9323: 9317: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9253: 9146:American decline 9039:George Breslauer 8951:Security Council 8896:Great Depression 8870:celebrating the 8796: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8735: 8716: 8715:(second attempt) 8709: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8688: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8663:26 December 1991 8649: 8647: 8646: 8638: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8617: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8540: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8516: 8514: 8502:1 November 1991 8496:Chechen Republic 8494: 8492: 8491: 8483: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8458:26 December 1991 8453:16 December 1991 8444: 8442: 8441: 8433: 8430:25 October 1990 8424: 8422: 8421: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8386: 8382:2 September 1990 8377: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8360: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8281: 8274: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8255:9 September 1991 8246: 8244: 8243: 8235: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8193: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8107: 8098:Byelorussian SSR 8096: 8094: 8093: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8064: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8020: 8011: 8009: 8008: 7998:1 September 1991 7989: 7987: 7986: 7978: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7956:12 December 1991 7947: 7945: 7944: 7936: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7868: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7813: 7800:19 January 1990 7792: 7790: 7789: 7781: 7774: 7772:Nakhichevan ASSR 7770: 7768: 7767: 7755:26 December 1991 7741: 7739: 7738: 7730: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7688: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7646: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7597:16 November 1988 7590: 7588: 7587: 7563: 7562: 7214:Eastern European 6960:state succession 6951:Security Council 6900:Russian tricolor 6712:, conforming to 6577:New Union Treaty 6539:Tallinn TV Tower 6464:Tallinn TV Tower 6450:Baltic republics 6265:Turkmen language 6191:Osh riots (1990) 5954:March. At those 5929: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5886: 5878: 5660:, the leader of 5645:Baltic republics 5537:, on 25 February 5437:Fergana massacre 5307:Baikove Cemetery 5239:Vladimir Ivashko 5204:Dniprodzerzhynsk 5202:, 5,000 each in 5153:Taras Shevchenko 5053: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5010: 5002: 4915:Abulfaz Elchibey 4812: 4739:Sinatra Doctrine 4460:Aleea Clasicilor 4443: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4380: 4356: 4348: 4302:Karen Demirchian 4246:was replaced by 4097:Baltic republics 4042:Nagorno-Karabakh 4014:mass deportation 3929:Freedom Monument 3902: 3870:Protest activity 3830:demokratizatsiya 3809:Soviet dissident 3734:Viktor Chebrikov 3647:(EU) and joined 3635:(EAEU), and the 3524:1991 August coup 3422: 3415: 3408: 3331: 3278: 3229: 3074:Poland 1944–1989 3058:Operation Jungle 2977: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2925: 2776: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2592:Soviet republics 2432:New Union Treaty 2233:Olympic boycotts 2051:We will bury you 2037:De-Stalinization 1954:Battle of Berlin 1878:Collectivization 1759:World revolution 1736: 1713: 1712: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1661: 1599: 1598: 1585: 1584: 1561: 1540: 1519: 1498: 1477: 1457: 1447:Chechen Republic 1440: 1423: 1412: 1411: 1309:USSR dissolution 1225: 1224: 1154:Collectivization 1072:Byelorussian SSR 1029:Russian Republic 1025: 1024: 860: 859: 822:Treaty of Nystad 750: 749: 664: 663: 592: 591: 590: 568: 558: 540: 539: 532: 520: 514: 502: 496: 484: 479: 477: 465: 441:economic reforms 401:and the rest of 368: 365: 123:Soviet republics 100: 99: 97: 93: 50: 31: 27: 33903: 33902: 33898: 33897: 33896: 33894: 33893: 33892: 33813: 33812: 33811: 33799: 33789: 33787: 33775: 33765: 33763: 33755: 33753: 33748: 33726: 33626: 33560: 33452: 33437: 33425: 33413: 33401: 33390: 33326:Sergey Kobylash 33316:Roman Berdnikov 33266:Dmitry Medvedev 33261:Andrey Vorobyov 33256:Andrey Belousov 33251:Andrei Sychevoi 33226:Aleksandr Lapin 33204: 33180:Serhiy Shaptala 33165:Ruslan Khomchak 33155:Oleksiy Danilov 33135:Mykola Oleschuk 33100:Andriy Biletsky 33061: 33042: 33009: 33007:Saint Mariuburg 32964: 32952:Madonna of Kyiv 32947:Královec Region 32927: 32901: 32891: 32848: 32722: 32716: 32650: 32583: 32577: 32561:Sobieskiego 100 32543: 32537: 32442: 32347:Inflation surge 32342:Economic impact 32325:Israelis killed 32295:Aircraft losses 32283: 32264: 32114: 32093: 32062: 31998: 31952: 31943:Vkusno i tochka 31893: 31832:Flower protests 31738: 31710:Streets renamed 31658: 31604:Operation Oscar 31567:Brussels summit 31549: 31543: 31480: 31460:United Kingdom 31446: 31385:Operation Ganga 31328: 31269:Other countries 31264: 31196: 31135: 31133:Opinion polling 31116: 31074: 31050: 31026: 31009: 30940: 30909: 30877: 30865: 30824: 30810:Turan Battalion 30805:Sibir Battalion 30650: 30581: 30579: 30577: 30570: 30553: 30547:Anton Cherednik 30505:Arrest warrants 30488: 30446: 30444: 30438: 30155: 30148: 30139:Sexual violence 30065: 30048: 29970: 29938: 29928: 29924:Zhytomyr Oblast 29892: 29881:Mykolaiv Oblast 29824: 29808: 29798: 29792:Cyber Partisans 29760:Stop the Wagons 29697: 29657: 29598:Sinking of the 29555: 29553: 29547: 29493:Kherson strikes 29488:Kharkiv strikes 29465: 29459: 29391: 29337:Battle of Irpin 29332:Battle of Bucha 29298: 29291: 29218:Battle of Pisky 29178:Battle of Izium 29159: 29152: 29075: 29068: 29051: 29005:Belarus–Ukraine 28992: 28986: 28892: 28829:Crimea Platform 28771: 28720:Order of battle 28700:Information war 28611: 28600: 28590: 28585: 28555: 28550: 28512: 28449: 28431: 28401: 28361: 28323: 28224: 28201: 28195: 28165: 28160: 28147: 28140: 28133: 28120: 28092: 28010: 27970:Life expectancy 27927: 27831: 27711: 27631:Public holidays 27619:Written Chinese 27604:Intellectualism 27556:Sex trafficking 27504: 27466: 27426: 27255: 27171: 27018: 27009:Nationality law 26992:Law enforcement 26970:Judicial system 26939: 26902: 26876:Nature reserves 26866:Protected areas 26832: 26803:Water resources 26766: 26675: 26613: 26572: 26556:Economic reform 26519:1911 Revolution 26505: 26469:Jin (1115–1234) 26383: 26331: 26291: 26206: 26197: 26167: 26162: 26126: 26087:Nikolay Yeltsin 26075: 26001: 25962: 25891: 25824: 25711: 25675: 25661: 25656: 25626: 25621: 25533: 25440: 25422: 25420: 25400: 25398: 25374: 25372: 25361: 25359: 25346:Hikmat Mirzayev 25336:Valeh Barshadly 25309: 25307: 25289:Monte Melkonian 25262: 25260: 25242:Jirair Sefilian 25227:Vazgen Sargsyan 25215: 25213: 25202: 25179: 25177: 25153: 25151: 25140: 25138: 25125:Nizami Bahmanov 25093:Ayaz Mutallibov 25081: 25079: 25041:Artur Mkrtchyan 25029: 25027: 25019:Nikol Pashinyan 24992: 24990: 24979: 24961:Lachin corridor 24956:Lachin District 24941:Fuzuli District 24936:Aghdam District 24924:Shushi Province 24899:Hadrut Province 24872: 24787: 24684: 24589: 24505:Maraga massacre 24388: 24311: 24306: 24276: 24271: 24258: 24251: 24238: 24197:Public holidays 24192:Political jokes 24177:Personification 24130:Names of Russia 23999: 23918:Life expectancy 23750: 23682: 23574: 23425:Law enforcement 23318: 23304:Protected areas 23201:Smolensk Upland 23196:Oka–Don Lowland 23176:European Russia 23117: 23056: 22942:Mongol invasion 22889: 22883: 22853: 22848: 22830: 22751: 22730: 22721:2011 FTA Treaty 22694: 22663: 22613: 22596: 22575: 22555: 22495: 22415: 22389: 22384: 22354: 22349: 22328: 22326: 22313: 22261: 22235: 22155: 22069: 22014: 21986: 21960:Internet domain 21955:Five-year plans 21917: 21884: 21824: 21727: 21689: 21621:Communist Party 21609: 21568:Passport system 21458: 21434:European Russia 21412: 21351: 21292:Khrushchev Thaw 21271:(World War II) 21249:Creation treaty 21203: 21197: 21167: 21162: 21146: 21107:Democratization 21097:Decommunization 21080: 21016:Helsinki Summit 20956:April 9 tragedy 20928: 20918: 20847: 20756: 20704: 20695: 20689: 20577: 20571: 20439: 20433: 20386: 20380: 20336:Mathieu Kérékou 20283: 20277: 20209: 20185:Reagan Doctrine 20160:Active measures 20152: 20146: 20137:Totalitarianism 20074: 20068: 20063: 20033: 20028: 20005: 19989: 19985:Oleksandr Moroz 19975:Leonid Kravchuk 19960:Democratic Bloc 19943: 19939:Lisbon Protocol 19895: 19866:USSR referendum 19834: 19825: 19795: 19790: 19705: 19659: 19646:Soviet reaction 19632:Croatian Spring 19576: 19574: 19567: 19561: 19553: 19525: 19519: 19481: 19468: 19454:Berlin Blockade 19405: 19404: 19385: 19380: 19350: 19345: 19322: 19313:Second Cold War 19271: 19199: 19193: 19169:Odd Arne Westad 19159:Patrick Vaughan 19144:Athan Theoharis 19124:Ellen Schrecker 19109:Yakov M. Rabkin 19084:Timothy Naftali 19029:Tvrtko Jakovina 19014:Jussi Hanhimäki 18897: 18875: 18865: 18843:Paix et Liberté 18818: 18762:Active measures 18743: 18673: 18654:White supremacy 18614:Totalitarianism 18542: 18467: 18390: 18376:Reagan Doctrine 18371:Carter Doctrine 18311:Truman Doctrine 18299: 18246: 18178: 18073:Soviet reaction 17984:Ndogboyosoi War 17891: 17862:Saur Revolution 17689:1973 oil crisis 17654:Munich massacre 17562:Alcora Exercise 17557:Black September 17535: 17281:Sino-Indian War 17175:Simba rebellion 17158: 17002:Capture of the 16910: 16849:Berlin Blockade 16782:May 1947 crises 16772:Truman Doctrine 16737:Greek Civil War 16726:Blacklist Forty 16693:Gouzenko Affair 16680:Cursed soldiers 16632:Morgenthau Plan 16620: 16558: 16553: 16481:Wayback Machine 16465: 16460: 16454: 16384: 16382: 16378: 16367: 16318: 16294: 16292: 16244:10.1.1.846.4133 16218: 16190:Wayback Machine 16140:Wayback Machine 16119: 16090:de Waal, Thomas 16022: 16020: 15989:10.2307/1520337 15940: 15938: 15934: 15919: 15860: 15858: 15854: 15815: 15791: 15785: 15783:Further reading 15780: 15779: 15772: 15758: 15754: 15744: 15742: 15729: 15728: 15724: 15714: 15712: 15697: 15693: 15683: 15681: 15666: 15662: 15652: 15650: 15637: 15636: 15632: 15625: 15609: 15605: 15594: 15590: 15583: 15569: 15565: 15558: 15542: 15538: 15527: 15523: 15504: 15502: 15483: 15482: 15478: 15471: 15442: 15438: 15428: 15426: 15419: 15411:. p. 222. 15396: 15392: 15336: 15332: 15322:Wayback Machine 15313: 15306: 15301:Wayback Machine 15286:Wayback Machine 15277: 15273: 15267:Wayback Machine 15258: 15254: 15244: 15242: 15229: 15228: 15224: 15214:Wayback Machine 15205: 15201: 15191: 15189: 15180: 15179: 15175: 15165: 15163: 15146: 15142: 15132: 15130: 15121: 15120: 15116: 15106: 15104: 15095: 15094: 15090: 15080: 15078: 15069: 15068: 15064: 15054: 15052: 15039: 15038: 15034: 15024: 15022: 15009: 15008: 15004: 14996: 14992: 14985: 14971: 14967: 14960: 14946:Demick, Barbara 14943: 14939: 14932: 14918: 14914: 14899: 14885: 14881: 14871:Wayback Machine 14861: 14857: 14847: 14845: 14841: 14830: 14824: 14820: 14810: 14808: 14795: 14794: 14790: 14780: 14778: 14765: 14764: 14760: 14750: 14748: 14735: 14734: 14730: 14720: 14718: 14701: 14697: 14687: 14685: 14684:on 13 June 2017 14670: 14666: 14652: 14650: 14643: 14627: 14623: 14613: 14611: 14588: 14584: 14574: 14572: 14557: 14553: 14543: 14541: 14524: 14520: 14510: 14508: 14495: 14494: 14490: 14480: 14478: 14463: 14459: 14449: 14447: 14432: 14428: 14418: 14416: 14399: 14395: 14385: 14383: 14368: 14364: 14354: 14352: 14335: 14331: 14321: 14319: 14296: 14292: 14279: 14278: 14274: 14264: 14262: 14249: 14248: 14244: 14234: 14232: 14221: 14217: 14207: 14205: 14194: 14187: 14180: 14172:. M.E. Sharpe. 14166: 14162: 14152: 14150: 14143: 14127: 14123: 14108: 14092: 14088: 14082:Wayback Machine 14073: 14069: 14054: 14034:Weber, Isabella 14031: 14027: 13994: 13990: 13980: 13978: 13965: 13964: 13960: 13924: 13920: 13910: 13908: 13901: 13878: 13874: 13861: 13860: 13853: 13843: 13841: 13828: 13827: 13823: 13813: 13811: 13802: 13801: 13794: 13784: 13782: 13773: 13772: 13768: 13758: 13756: 13741: 13737: 13728: 13727: 13723: 13707: 13706: 13702: 13689: 13688: 13684: 13674: 13672: 13665: 13657:. M.E. Sharpe. 13649: 13645: 13635: 13633: 13621: 13620: 13616: 13601: 13587: 13583: 13573: 13571: 13548: 13544: 13534: 13532: 13517: 13516: 13512: 13502: 13500: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13459: 13455: 13454: 13450: 13423: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13395: 13394: 13390: 13380: 13378: 13371:www.panorama.ru 13365: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13335: 13334: 13330: 13320: 13318: 13305: 13304: 13300: 13290: 13288: 13275: 13274: 13270: 13260: 13258: 13246: 13245: 13241: 13231: 13229: 13214: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13186: 13182: 13181: 13177: 13168: 13167: 13163: 13136: 13132: 13122: 13120: 13111: 13110: 13106: 13100:Лукашевич Д. А. 13098: 13094: 13088:Станкевич З. А. 13086: 13082: 13074: 13070: 13049: 13045: 13040:Wayback Machine 13028: 13019: 13009: 13005: 12992: 12991: 12987: 12982:Wayback Machine 12970: 12963: 12953: 12951: 12938: 12937: 12933: 12923: 12921: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12893: 12891: 12878: 12877: 12873: 12863: 12861: 12848: 12847: 12843: 12833: 12831: 12816: 12812: 12802: 12800: 12787: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12755: 12754: 12750: 12740: 12738: 12723: 12722: 12718: 12703: 12699: 12684: 12683: 12679: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12651: 12649: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12606: 12605: 12601: 12593: 12589: 12579: 12577: 12532:Gerbner, George 12529: 12525: 12508: 12507: 12503: 12493: 12491: 12478: 12477: 12473: 12468:Wayback Machine 12456: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12429: 12425: 12411:Wayback Machine 12399: 12395: 12380: 12366: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12344:Wayback Machine 12335: 12331: 12321: 12319: 12306: 12305: 12301: 12290: 12286: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12261: 12257: 12245: 12244: 12240: 12230: 12228: 12227:on 24 June 2012 12219: 12218: 12214: 12204: 12202: 12189: 12188: 12184: 12174: 12172: 12159: 12158: 12154: 12144: 12142: 12134:Chicago Tribune 12125: 12121: 12108: 12104: 12094: 12092: 12083: 12082: 12078: 12065: 12061: 12051: 12049: 12036: 12030: 12026: 12016: 12014: 12007: 11999:. p. 138. 11987: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11956: 11952: 11936: 11932: 11916: 11912: 11896: 11889: 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11811: 11809: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11779: 11772: 11752: 11748: 11738: 11736: 11727: 11726: 11722: 11713: 11709: 11692: 11688: 11678: 11676: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11652: 11650: 11635: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11604: 11600: 11590: 11588: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11560: 11558: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11530: 11528: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11474: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11435: 11434: 11430: 11420: 11418: 11403: 11399: 11389: 11387: 11372: 11368: 11358: 11356: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11322: 11318: 11308: 11306: 11291: 11287: 11271: 11264: 11254: 11252: 11234: 11230: 11214: 11210: 11200: 11198: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11164: 11160: 11150: 11148: 11133: 11129: 11119: 11117: 11102: 11098: 11091: 11070: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11047: 11031: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11000: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10971:(31 May 1989). 10966: 10962: 10952: 10950: 10937:(30 May 1989). 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10901: 10897: 10888: 10884: 10874: 10872: 10857: 10853: 10843: 10841: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10813: 10811: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10767: 10763: 10753: 10751: 10736: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10705: 10701: 10685: 10681: 10671: 10669: 10654: 10650: 10640: 10638: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10588: 10584: 10568: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10528: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10473: 10457: 10453: 10437: 10433: 10406: 10402: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10384: 10364: 10360: 10343: 10339: 10334: 10330: 10320: 10318: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10284: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10258: 10251: 10247: 10246: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10221: 10220: 10213: 10203: 10201: 10188: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10161: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10110: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10033: 10029: 10001: 9997: 9987: 9985: 9981: 9948: 9942: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9906: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9874: 9870: 9854:Conor O'Clery, 9853: 9849: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9788: 9786: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9639: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9600: 9596: 9586: 9584: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9530: 9528: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9386: 9382: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9333: 9324: 9320: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9298: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9233: 9228: 9136: 9112:Steven Levitsky 8992: 8945:, informed the 8939: 8890:and the former 8817: 8811: 8805: 8789:ethnic conflict 8786: 8780: 8777:6 January 1992 8764: 8762: 8761: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8722: 8719: 8714: 8710: 8708:(first attempt) 8707: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8624: 8622: 8614: 8611: 8608:9 January 1992 8596: 8594: 8592: 8581:Karakalpak ASSR 8579: 8573: 8571: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8459: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8419: 8417: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8357: 8354: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8328:30 August 1990 8320: 8314: 8312: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8278:25 August 1990 8265: 8263: 8262: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8232:24 August 1990 8221: 8219: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8177: 8175: 8169:27 October 1991 8155: 8153: 8151: 8146:22 August 1990 8135: 8133: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8091: 8089: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8048: 8046: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8006: 8004: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7964: 7962: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7920: 7918: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7875: 7873: 7861: 7858: 7849:Gagauz Republic 7842: 7840: 7839: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7806: 7803: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7756: 7750:18 October 1991 7736: 7734: 7732: 7716: 7714: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7674: 7672: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7632: 7630: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7585: 7583: 7552: 7546: 7503: 7501:Decommunization 7497: 7484:Internet domain 7464:numbering plans 7444: 7436:Lyubov Yegorova 7316: 7290:, only for the 7268: 7262: 7250: 7244: 7235: 7229: 7160:economic crisis 7156: 7150: 7142:Main articles: 7140: 7083: 7075:Main articles: 7073: 7057: 7051: 7035:"shock therapy" 7026: 6984: 6815:. (In 1996 the 6641:Signing of the 6635: 6597:Valentin Pavlov 6593:Gennady Yanayev 6557: 6551: 6466: 6454:Main articles: 6452: 6435: 6423:Nikolai Ryzhkov 6396: 6363:Valentin Pavlov 6351:Nikolai Ryzhkov 6347: 6345:Moscow's crisis 6310: 6213:collective farm 6203:between ethnic 6193: 6144: 6138: 6060:Leonid Kravchuk 6033:Leonid Kravchuk 5972:Democratic Bloc 5964:Supreme Council 5949:held its first 5930: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5899: 5887: 5876: 5856:ballot stuffing 5843:special session 5829:, Chair of the 5756: 5739:On 7 May 1990, 5670:ethnic Russians 5647: 5589: 5504: 5499: 5472:Fort-Shevchenko 5421: 5402: 5324:Andrei Sakharov 5228:Ivano-Frankivsk 5210:, and 2,000 in 5188:Ivano-Frankivsk 5054: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5023: 5011: 5000: 4973:Givi Gumbaridze 4896:April 9 tragedy 4888: 4837:and led to the 4811:Балтийский путь 4807:Baltijos kelias 4779: 4695: 4658:Anatoly Sobchak 4656:and the lawyer 4654:Andrei Sakharov 4613:Andrei Sakharov 4587: 4582: 4529:Kyiv University 4444: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4357: 4346: 4244:Kamran Baghirov 4208: 4200:Tautiška giesmė 4099: 4072: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4050: 3975:On 6 May 1987, 3970:Brezhnev Square 3872: 3845:Khrushchev Thaw 3821: 3805:Andrei Sakharov 3797: 3773:Grigory Romanov 3730:Nikolai Ryzhkov 3688: 3678: 3669:life expectancy 3661: 3438:sovereign state 3426: 3397: 3396: 3332: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3274: 3250:Berlin Blockade 3230: 3228:Cold War events 3227: 3220: 3219: 3143:Kazakhstan 1986 2974: 2969: 2967: 2960: 2959: 2926: 2923: 2916: 2915: 2777: 2774: 2767: 2766: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2655: 2645: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2392:April 9 tragedy 2271: 2260: 2259: 2107: 2096: 2095: 2032:Khrushchev Thaw 2012: 2001: 2000: 1981:Berlin Blockade 1868: 1857: 1856: 1807: 1806:: Establishment 1796: 1795: 1774:Bolshevik Party 1769:Bolshevik split 1744: 1707: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1587: 1586: 1573: 1559: 1538: 1517: 1496: 1475: 1455: 1438: 1421: 1410: 1405:2022 annexation 1389:Mass emigration 1377:2020 amendments 1360: 1318: 1304: 1291: 1290: 1282: 1223: 1209: 1187: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1023: 1006: 969:Kornilov affair 947: 946: 938: 907:Congress Poland 885:Russian America 858: 846:1905 Revolution 813: 804: 803: 795: 764:Vladimir-Suzdal 748: 740:Mongol conquest 728: 727: 719: 662: 657:Russkaya Pravda 652:Baptism of Rus' 644: 643: 635: 600:pre-9th century 578: 576: 556: 549: 534: 516: 498: 480: 461: 455: 373:Black Sea Fleet 366: 282: 238: 235:(since 1990) 195: 127: 115: 114: 101: 95: 91: 89: 87: 79: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 33901: 33891: 33890: 33885: 33880: 33875: 33870: 33865: 33860: 33855: 33850: 33848:1991 in Russia 33845: 33840: 33835: 33830: 33825: 33810: 33809: 33797: 33785: 33773: 33750: 33749: 33747: 33746: 33735: 33732: 33731: 33728: 33727: 33725: 33724: 33719: 33714: 33709: 33704: 33699: 33694: 33689: 33684: 33677: 33672: 33667: 33662: 33657: 33652: 33647: 33645:Soviet imagery 33642: 33637: 33621: 33616: 33611: 33606: 33605: 33604: 33594: 33589: 33584: 33579: 33571: 33555: 33550: 33545: 33540: 33535: 33534: 33533: 33523: 33518: 33513: 33508: 33503: 33498: 33493: 33488: 33483: 33478: 33473: 33468: 33463: 33457: 33454: 33453: 33443: 33442: 33439: 33438: 33436: 33435: 33423: 33421:Denis Pushilin 33411: 33398: 33396: 33392: 33391: 33389: 33388: 33383: 33378: 33373: 33368: 33366:Viktor Zolotov 33363: 33361:Viktor Sokolov 33358: 33353: 33348: 33343: 33338: 33333: 33328: 33323: 33321:Rustam Muradov 33318: 33313: 33311:Ramzan Kadyrov 33308: 33303: 33298: 33293: 33288: 33283: 33278: 33273: 33271:Gennady Zhidko 33268: 33263: 33258: 33253: 33248: 33243: 33238: 33233: 33231:Aleksey Dyumin 33228: 33223: 33218: 33216:Vladimir Putin 33212: 33210: 33206: 33205: 33203: 33202: 33200:Yevhen Moisiuk 33197: 33192: 33187: 33182: 33177: 33172: 33167: 33162: 33157: 33152: 33147: 33142: 33137: 33132: 33130:Kyrylo Budanov 33127: 33122: 33117: 33112: 33107: 33102: 33097: 33096: 33095: 33090: 33085: 33080: 33069: 33067: 33063: 33062: 33052: 33051: 33048: 33047: 33044: 33043: 33041: 33040: 33035: 33030: 33025: 33020: 33004: 32999: 32994: 32991:Putinversteher 32987: 32980: 32975: 32959: 32954: 32949: 32944: 32939: 32934: 32925:Borodianka cat 32922: 32915: 32909: 32907: 32903: 32902: 32900: 32899: 32885: 32878: 32871: 32864: 32856: 32854: 32850: 32849: 32847: 32846: 32839: 32832: 32825: 32822:Slava Ukraini! 32818: 32811: 32804: 32797: 32790: 32783: 32776: 32769: 32762: 32755: 32748: 32741: 32733: 32731: 32724: 32718: 32717: 32715: 32714: 32707: 32700: 32693: 32686: 32679: 32672: 32669:Slava Ukraini! 32665: 32658: 32644: 32637: 32630: 32623: 32616: 32609: 32602: 32595: 32587: 32585: 32579: 32578: 32576: 32575: 32570: 32565: 32564: 32563: 32553: 32547: 32545: 32539: 32538: 32536: 32535: 32530: 32525: 32520: 32515: 32514: 32513: 32508: 32498: 32493: 32492: 32491: 32481: 32476: 32471: 32470: 32469: 32459: 32454: 32449: 32437: 32432: 32427: 32426: 32425: 32420: 32410: 32405: 32400: 32395: 32394: 32393: 32388: 32383: 32378: 32373: 32372: 32371: 32361: 32360: 32359: 32349: 32339: 32338: 32337: 32332: 32327: 32322: 32317: 32312: 32310:Britons killed 32307: 32297: 32291: 32289: 32285: 32284: 32274: 32273: 32270: 32269: 32266: 32265: 32263: 32262: 32257: 32252: 32247: 32245:Pavel Filatyev 32242: 32237: 32232: 32227: 32222: 32217: 32212: 32210:Rubikus.HelpUA 32207: 32202: 32197: 32192: 32187: 32182: 32177: 32172: 32167: 32162: 32157: 32152: 32145: 32144: 32143: 32133: 32128: 32122: 32120: 32116: 32115: 32113: 32112: 32107: 32101: 32099: 32095: 32094: 32092: 32091: 32090: 32089: 32084: 32074: 32069: 32057: 32052: 32047: 32042: 32037: 32032: 32027: 32022: 32017: 32012: 32006: 32004: 32000: 31999: 31997: 31996: 31991: 31990: 31989: 31984: 31974: 31969: 31964: 31959: 31947: 31946: 31945: 31935: 31934: 31933: 31931:Igor Mangushev 31926:E.N.O.T. Corp. 31923: 31922: 31921: 31909: 31903: 31901: 31895: 31894: 31892: 31891: 31890: 31889: 31881: 31880: 31879: 31871: 31866: 31865: 31864: 31859: 31854: 31849: 31844: 31839: 31834: 31829: 31824: 31819: 31814: 31809: 31804: 31803: 31802: 31795:Angry patriots 31787: 31786: 31785: 31780: 31775: 31770: 31761: 31759: 31750: 31744: 31743: 31740: 31739: 31737: 31736: 31735: 31734: 31724: 31719: 31718: 31717: 31707: 31702: 31697: 31692: 31690:Iron diplomacy 31687: 31682: 31677: 31672: 31666: 31664: 31660: 31659: 31657: 31656: 31651: 31646: 31641: 31636: 31631: 31626: 31621: 31616: 31611: 31606: 31601: 31596: 31591: 31590: 31589: 31584: 31579: 31569: 31564: 31559: 31553: 31551: 31545: 31544: 31542: 31541: 31536: 31531: 31526: 31525: 31524: 31519: 31514: 31509: 31504: 31499: 31488: 31486: 31485:United Nations 31482: 31481: 31479: 31478: 31477: 31476: 31471: 31466: 31458: 31453: 31441: 31440: 31439: 31431: 31430: 31429: 31421: 31416: 31411: 31410: 31409: 31401: 31400: 31399: 31389: 31388: 31387: 31379: 31374: 31373: 31372: 31367: 31366: 31365: 31352: 31347: 31346: 31345: 31337: 31336: 31335: 31320: 31319: 31318: 31310: 31305: 31304: 31303: 31298: 31288: 31287: 31286: 31278: 31272: 31270: 31266: 31265: 31263: 31262: 31257: 31252: 31247: 31242: 31237: 31232: 31227: 31222: 31217: 31212: 31206: 31204: 31198: 31197: 31195: 31194: 31187: 31182: 31177: 31172: 31167: 31162: 31157: 31152: 31147: 31142: 31130: 31125: 31124: 31123: 31106: 31101: 31096: 31091: 31086: 31081: 31069: 31067:Krasovsky case 31064: 31057: 31045: 31044: 31043: 31033: 31021: 31016: 31004: 30999: 30994: 30989: 30984: 30979: 30974: 30973: 30972: 30967: 30962: 30960:A291 "Tavrida" 30957: 30948: 30946: 30942: 30941: 30939: 30938: 30931: 30926: 30921: 30916: 30904: 30899: 30894: 30889: 30884: 30872: 30860: 30855: 30850: 30845: 30840: 30835: 30819: 30814: 30813: 30812: 30807: 30802: 30797: 30792: 30787: 30782: 30777: 30775:Norman Brigade 30772: 30767: 30762: 30757: 30752: 30747: 30742: 30741: 30740: 30724: 30722:I Want to Live 30719: 30714: 30709: 30704: 30699: 30694: 30689: 30684: 30679: 30674: 30669: 30664: 30658: 30656: 30652: 30651: 30649: 30648: 30643: 30638: 30633: 30632: 30631: 30626: 30621: 30611: 30610: 30609: 30604: 30593: 30591: 30584: 30572: 30571: 30559: 30558: 30555: 30554: 30552: 30551: 30550: 30549: 30544: 30539: 30531: 30524: 30519: 30514: 30512:ICJ court case 30509: 30508: 30507: 30496: 30494: 30490: 30489: 30487: 30486: 30481: 30476: 30471: 30466: 30461: 30456: 30450: 30448: 30440: 30439: 30437: 30436: 30431: 30426: 30421: 30416: 30411: 30406: 30401: 30396: 30391: 30386: 30381: 30376: 30371: 30366: 30361: 30356: 30351: 30346: 30341: 30336: 30331: 30326: 30321: 30316: 30311: 30306: 30301: 30296: 30291: 30286: 30281: 30276: 30271: 30266: 30261: 30256: 30251: 30246: 30241: 30239:Bucha massacre 30236: 30231: 30226: 30221: 30216: 30211: 30206: 30201: 30196: 30191: 30186: 30181: 30176: 30171: 30166: 30160: 30158: 30150: 30149: 30147: 30146: 30141: 30136: 30131: 30126: 30121: 30116: 30111: 30106: 30101: 30096: 30091: 30090: 30089: 30079: 30073: 30071: 30067: 30066: 30054: 30053: 30050: 30049: 30047: 30046: 30041: 30036: 30031: 30026: 30021: 30020: 30019: 30009: 30004: 29999: 29994: 29989: 29984: 29978: 29976: 29972: 29971: 29969: 29968: 29963: 29958: 29953: 29948: 29942: 29940: 29934: 29933: 29930: 29929: 29927: 29926: 29921: 29916: 29911: 29906: 29900: 29898: 29894: 29893: 29891: 29890: 29889: 29888: 29883: 29878: 29876:Luhansk Oblast 29873: 29871:Kherson Oblast 29868: 29866:Kharkiv Oblast 29863: 29861:Donetsk Oblast 29858: 29848: 29843: 29838: 29832: 29830: 29826: 29825: 29823: 29822: 29816: 29810: 29804: 29803: 29800: 29799: 29797: 29796: 29795: 29794: 29789: 29784: 29779: 29769: 29768: 29767: 29762: 29752: 29751: 29750: 29745: 29735: 29734: 29733: 29723: 29718: 29713: 29707: 29705: 29699: 29698: 29696: 29695: 29690: 29685: 29680: 29674: 29672: 29663: 29659: 29658: 29656: 29655: 29650: 29645: 29640: 29635: 29634: 29633: 29628: 29623: 29616:Crimea attacks 29613: 29608: 29603: 29595: 29590: 29585: 29580: 29575: 29570: 29565: 29559: 29557: 29549: 29548: 29546: 29545: 29540: 29535: 29530: 29525: 29520: 29515: 29510: 29505: 29500: 29495: 29490: 29485: 29480: 29478:Dnipro strikes 29475: 29469: 29467: 29461: 29460: 29458: 29457: 29452: 29442: 29437: 29432: 29427: 29422: 29417: 29412: 29407: 29401: 29399: 29393: 29392: 29390: 29389: 29384: 29379: 29374: 29369: 29367:Battle of Sumy 29364: 29359: 29354: 29349: 29344: 29339: 29334: 29329: 29324: 29319: 29317:Battle of Kyiv 29314: 29309: 29303: 29301: 29293: 29292: 29290: 29289: 29284: 29279: 29274: 29269: 29264: 29259: 29254: 29253: 29252: 29247: 29237: 29232: 29231: 29230: 29225: 29220: 29215: 29210: 29205: 29195: 29190: 29185: 29180: 29175: 29170: 29164: 29162: 29154: 29153: 29151: 29150: 29149: 29148: 29138: 29137: 29136: 29126: 29121: 29116: 29111: 29106: 29101: 29096: 29091: 29086: 29080: 29078: 29070: 29069: 29057: 29056: 29053: 29052: 29050: 29049: 29048: 29047: 29042: 29037: 29027: 29022: 29017: 29012: 29010:Belarus–Russia 29007: 29002: 29000:Russia–Ukraine 28996: 28994: 28988: 28987: 28985: 28984: 28983: 28982: 28977: 28972: 28967: 28962: 28950: 28949: 28948: 28943: 28938: 28933: 28923: 28922: 28921: 28911: 28906: 28900: 28898: 28894: 28893: 28891: 28890: 28883: 28876: 28871: 28866: 28861: 28856: 28851: 28846: 28841: 28836: 28831: 28826: 28819: 28814: 28809: 28804: 28803: 28802: 28797: 28790:Disinformation 28787: 28781: 28779: 28773: 28772: 28770: 28769: 28764: 28759: 28754: 28749: 28744: 28743: 28742: 28737: 28732: 28722: 28717: 28712: 28707: 28702: 28697: 28692: 28687: 28685:Aerial warfare 28682: 28681: 28680: 28675: 28673:Apr – Jul 2024 28670: 28665: 28663:Sep – Nov 2023 28660: 28658:Jun – Aug 2023 28655: 28650: 28648:Aug – Nov 2022 28645: 28643:Apr – Aug 2022 28640: 28638:Feb – Apr 2022 28635: 28625: 28619: 28617: 28613: 28612: 28602: 28601: 28595: 28592: 28591: 28584: 28583: 28576: 28569: 28561: 28552: 28551: 28549: 28548: 28543: 28538: 28533: 28528: 28523: 28517: 28514: 28513: 28511: 28510: 28505: 28500: 28495: 28490: 28485: 28483:Ottoman Empire 28480: 28475: 28473:Czechoslovakia 28470: 28465: 28459: 28457: 28451: 28450: 28448: 28447: 28441: 28439: 28433: 28432: 28430: 28429: 28428: 28427: 28422: 28411: 28409: 28403: 28402: 28400: 28399: 28394: 28389: 28388: 28387: 28382: 28371: 28369: 28363: 28362: 28360: 28359: 28357:United Kingdom 28354: 28349: 28344: 28339: 28333: 28331: 28325: 28324: 28322: 28321: 28316: 28315: 28314: 28304: 28299: 28294: 28289: 28284: 28283: 28282: 28277: 28267: 28266: 28265: 28260: 28255: 28250: 28245: 28234: 28232: 28226: 28225: 28223: 28222: 28217: 28211: 28209: 28203: 28202: 28194: 28193: 28186: 28179: 28171: 28162: 28161: 28159: 28158: 28153: 28146: 28145: 28138: 28130: 28129: 28126: 28125: 28122: 28121: 28119: 28118: 28113: 28108: 28102: 28100: 28094: 28093: 28091: 28090: 28085: 28080: 28075: 28070: 28065: 28064: 28063: 28058: 28048: 28043: 28038: 28037: 28036: 28031: 28020: 28018: 28012: 28011: 28009: 28008: 28003: 27998: 27997: 27996: 27989: 27977: 27972: 27967: 27962: 27957: 27952: 27947: 27941: 27939: 27933: 27932: 27929: 27928: 27926: 27925: 27920: 27915: 27910: 27905: 27900: 27895: 27890: 27885: 27880: 27875: 27870: 27865: 27860: 27855: 27853:Four Gentlemen 27850: 27845: 27839: 27837: 27836:Fours of China 27830: 27829: 27824: 27819: 27814: 27809: 27804: 27799: 27794: 27789: 27784: 27779: 27774: 27773: 27772: 27762: 27757: 27752: 27747: 27742: 27737: 27732: 27727: 27721: 27719: 27713: 27712: 27710: 27709: 27704: 27699: 27694: 27693: 27692: 27682: 27681: 27680: 27675: 27670: 27665: 27655: 27650: 27649: 27648: 27638: 27633: 27628: 27623: 27622: 27621: 27616: 27606: 27601: 27600: 27599: 27594: 27593: 27592: 27577: 27572: 27571: 27570: 27560: 27559: 27558: 27553: 27548: 27538: 27533: 27528: 27522: 27516: 27510: 27509: 27506: 27505: 27503: 27502: 27497: 27492: 27487: 27485:Civil aviation 27482: 27476: 27474: 27468: 27467: 27465: 27464: 27459: 27458: 27457: 27447: 27446: 27445: 27434: 27432: 27431:Infrastructure 27428: 27427: 27425: 27424: 27419: 27414: 27409: 27404: 27399: 27398: 27397: 27392: 27387: 27385:Semiconductors 27382: 27377: 27367: 27365:Historical GDP 27362: 27357: 27352: 27351: 27350: 27345: 27340: 27330: 27329: 27328: 27318: 27317: 27316: 27311: 27301: 27296: 27295: 27294: 27284: 27279: 27273: 27267: 27261: 27260: 27257: 27256: 27254: 27253: 27252: 27251: 27241: 27240: 27239: 27229: 27228: 27227: 27222: 27217: 27212: 27207: 27197: 27192: 27187: 27181: 27179: 27173: 27172: 27170: 27169: 27164: 27163: 27162: 27157: 27147: 27146: 27145: 27143:Vice President 27135: 27134: 27133: 27123: 27122: 27121: 27120: 27119: 27109: 27108: 27107: 27102: 27087: 27082: 27081: 27080: 27070: 27065: 27060: 27055: 27054: 27053: 27043: 27038: 27032: 27030: 27024: 27023: 27020: 27019: 27017: 27016: 27011: 27006: 27001: 27000: 26999: 26989: 26988: 26987: 26982: 26972: 26966: 26964: 26951: 26945: 26944: 26941: 26940: 26938: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26922: 26916: 26914: 26908: 26907: 26904: 26903: 26901: 26900: 26899: 26898: 26893: 26883: 26878: 26873: 26871:National parks 26868: 26863: 26858: 26853: 26851:Climate policy 26848: 26846:Climate change 26842: 26840: 26834: 26833: 26831: 26830: 26829: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26805: 26800: 26795: 26790: 26785: 26780: 26774: 26772: 26768: 26767: 26765: 26764: 26759: 26754: 26752:Central Plains 26741: 26736: 26735: 26734: 26729: 26719: 26714: 26709: 26704: 26699: 26694: 26689: 26683: 26681: 26677: 26676: 26674: 26673: 26672: 26671: 26666: 26656: 26655: 26654: 26649: 26639: 26634: 26629: 26623: 26621: 26612: 26611: 26606: 26601: 26599:Extreme points 26596: 26590: 26584: 26578: 26577: 26574: 26573: 26571: 26570: 26569: 26568: 26563: 26558: 26553: 26548: 26538: 26537: 26536: 26531: 26521: 26515: 26513: 26507: 26506: 26504: 26503: 26502: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26466: 26461: 26456: 26451: 26446: 26441: 26436: 26431: 26426: 26425: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26407:Three Kingdoms 26404: 26399: 26393: 26391: 26385: 26384: 26382: 26381: 26380: 26379: 26377:Warring States 26374: 26369: 26359: 26358: 26357: 26347: 26341: 26339: 26333: 26332: 26330: 26329: 26328: 26327: 26322: 26317: 26307: 26301: 26299: 26293: 26292: 26290: 26289: 26284: 26279: 26274: 26269: 26268: 26267: 26262: 26257: 26249: 26244: 26239: 26237:Historiography 26234: 26229: 26223: 26221: 26214: 26208: 26207: 26196: 26195: 26188: 26181: 26173: 26164: 26163: 26161: 26160: 26147: 26146: 26139: 26131: 26128: 26127: 26125: 26124: 26116: 26108: 26103:Naina Yeltsina 26100: 26092: 26083: 26081: 26077: 26076: 26074: 26073: 26066: 26059: 26052: 26045: 26038: 26031: 26024: 26017: 26009: 26007: 26003: 26002: 26000: 25999: 25992: 25985: 25978: 25970: 25968: 25964: 25963: 25961: 25960: 25955: 25945: 25940: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25910: 25905: 25899: 25897: 25893: 25892: 25890: 25889: 25888: 25887: 25882: 25877: 25872: 25867: 25852: 25851: 25850: 25840: 25834: 25832: 25826: 25825: 25823: 25822: 25817: 25812: 25802: 25797: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25777: 25772: 25767: 25762: 25757: 25752: 25747: 25742: 25737: 25732: 25727: 25721: 25719: 25713: 25712: 25710: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25689: 25683: 25681: 25677: 25676: 25674: 25673: 25666: 25663: 25662: 25655: 25654: 25647: 25640: 25632: 25623: 25622: 25620: 25619: 25618: 25617: 25612: 25607: 25602: 25592: 25587: 25582: 25577: 25572: 25567: 25562: 25557: 25552: 25547: 25541: 25539: 25535: 25534: 25532: 25531: 25526: 25525: 25524: 25523: 25522: 25517: 25512: 25502: 25497: 25489: 25484: 25479: 25477:Prague Process 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25454: 25448: 25446: 25442: 25441: 25439: 25438: 25437: 25436: 25417: 25416: 25415: 25414: 25412:Shamil Basayev 25395: 25394: 25393: 25392: 25390:Rustam Muradov 25387: 25382: 25356: 25355: 25354: 25353: 25351:Hikmat Hasanov 25348: 25343: 25338: 25333: 25331:Surat Huseynov 25328: 25323: 25304: 25303: 25302: 25301: 25296: 25291: 25286: 25281: 25276: 25274:Samvel Babayan 25257: 25256: 25255: 25254: 25252:Seyran Ohanyan 25249: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25210: 25208: 25204: 25203: 25201: 25200: 25199: 25198: 25193: 25174: 25173: 25172: 25171: 25169:Vladimir Putin 25166: 25161: 25135: 25134: 25133: 25132: 25127: 25122: 25120:Bayram Safarov 25112: 25111: 25110: 25105: 25100: 25095: 25076: 25075: 25074: 25073: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25024: 25023: 25022: 25021: 25016: 25014:Serzh Sargsyan 25011: 25006: 24987: 24985: 24981: 24980: 24978: 24977: 24976: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24964: 24963: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24938: 24928: 24927: 24926: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24880: 24878: 24877:Main locations 24874: 24873: 24871: 24870: 24869: 24868: 24863: 24858: 24848: 24843: 24838: 24833: 24828: 24823: 24822: 24821: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24795: 24793: 24789: 24788: 24786: 24785: 24784: 24783: 24773: 24768: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24728:Bombardments ( 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24695: 24693: 24686: 24685: 24683: 24682: 24681: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24660: 24657: 24652: 24651: 24650: 24642: 24637: 24634: 24629: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24606: 24603: 24597: 24595: 24591: 24590: 24588: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24554: 24549: 24544: 24539: 24534: 24531: 24528: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24482: 24479: 24474: 24469: 24464: 24463:Battle of Togh 24461: 24458: 24456:Operation Ring 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24435: 24430: 24425: 24420: 24415: 24413:Sumgait pogrom 24410: 24405: 24403:Çardaqlı clash 24399: 24397: 24390: 24389: 24387: 24386: 24381: 24376: 24371: 24370: 24369: 24359: 24358: 24357: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24331: 24330: 24319: 24317: 24313: 24312: 24305: 24304: 24297: 24290: 24282: 24273: 24272: 24270: 24269: 24264: 24257: 24256: 24248: 24247: 24244: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24237: 24236: 24231: 24230: 24229: 24219: 24214: 24209: 24204: 24199: 24194: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24163: 24162: 24157: 24152: 24142: 24137: 24132: 24127: 24122: 24117: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24097: 24092: 24087: 24082: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24062: 24057: 24052: 24051: 24050: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24009: 24007: 24001: 24000: 23998: 23997: 23996: 23995: 23985: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23925: 23920: 23915: 23910: 23909: 23908: 23903: 23893: 23892: 23891: 23881: 23880: 23879: 23874: 23869: 23859: 23854: 23849: 23844: 23839: 23834: 23829: 23824: 23819: 23814: 23809: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23779: 23774: 23768: 23762: 23756: 23755: 23752: 23751: 23749: 23748: 23743: 23738: 23733: 23728: 23723: 23718: 23713: 23711:Space industry 23708: 23703: 23698: 23697: 23696: 23686: 23678: 23673: 23668: 23663: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23623: 23618: 23613: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23592: 23586: 23580: 23579: 23576: 23575: 23573: 23572: 23567: 23562: 23557: 23552: 23550:Urban planning 23547: 23542: 23537: 23532: 23527: 23522: 23517: 23512: 23507: 23502: 23497: 23492: 23487: 23482: 23477: 23472: 23467: 23462: 23457: 23452: 23447: 23442: 23437: 23432: 23422: 23417: 23412: 23402: 23397: 23387: 23385:Federal budget 23382: 23377: 23372: 23367: 23362: 23357: 23352: 23347: 23342: 23336: 23330: 23324: 23323: 23320: 23319: 23317: 23316: 23311: 23306: 23301: 23296: 23294:North Caucasus 23291: 23290: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23269: 23268: 23267: 23262: 23257: 23247: 23246: 23245: 23235: 23230: 23228:Highest points 23225: 23220: 23215: 23210: 23205: 23204: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23173: 23171:Extreme points 23168: 23167: 23166: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23135: 23129: 23123: 23122: 23119: 23118: 23116: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23064: 23062: 23058: 23057: 23055: 23054: 23053: 23052: 23042: 23041: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23020: 23019: 23018: 23013: 23003: 22998: 22997: 22996: 22986: 22984:Russian Empire 22981: 22980: 22979: 22969: 22964: 22963: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22944: 22939: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22919: 22914: 22908: 22906: 22897: 22891: 22890: 22888: articles 22882: 22881: 22874: 22867: 22859: 22850: 22849: 22847: 22846: 22835: 22832: 22831: 22829: 22828: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22808: 22803: 22801:Russian Empire 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22759: 22757: 22753: 22752: 22750: 22749: 22744: 22738: 22736: 22732: 22731: 22729: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22711:Economic Court 22708: 22702: 22700: 22696: 22695: 22693: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22671: 22669: 22665: 22664: 22662: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22625: 22623: 22619: 22618: 22615: 22614: 22612: 22611: 22604: 22602: 22598: 22597: 22595: 22594: 22589: 22583: 22581: 22577: 22576: 22574: 22573: 22567: 22565: 22557: 22556: 22554: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22507: 22505: 22497: 22496: 22494: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22437: 22435: 22425: 22417: 22416: 22414: 22413: 22407: 22401: 22394: 22391: 22390: 22383: 22382: 22375: 22368: 22360: 22351: 22350: 22348: 22347: 22337: 22322: 22319: 22318: 22315: 22314: 22312: 22311: 22306: 22305: 22304: 22294: 22293: 22292: 22282: 22281: 22280: 22269: 22267: 22263: 22262: 22260: 22259: 22258: 22257: 22245: 22243: 22237: 22236: 22234: 22233: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22186: 22181: 22176: 22171: 22165: 22163: 22157: 22156: 22154: 22153: 22148: 22143: 22142: 22141: 22136: 22126: 22121: 22116: 22115: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22094: 22089: 22083: 22077: 22071: 22070: 22068: 22067: 22066: 22065: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22035: 22030: 22024: 22022: 22016: 22015: 22013: 22012: 22011: 22010: 22005: 22003:Rail transport 22000: 21998:Railway system 21990: 21982: 21977: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21947: 21942: 21937: 21931: 21929: 21923: 21922: 21919: 21918: 21916: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21894: 21892: 21886: 21885: 21883: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21871: 21870: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21834: 21832: 21826: 21825: 21823: 21822: 21821: 21820: 21794: 21793: 21792: 21787: 21777: 21772: 21771: 21770: 21760: 21759: 21758: 21748: 21743: 21737: 21735: 21729: 21728: 21726: 21725: 21720: 21718:Deputy Premier 21715: 21710: 21709: 21708: 21701:Heads of state 21697: 21695: 21691: 21690: 21688: 21687: 21686: 21685: 21675: 21669: 21666:Supreme Soviet 21663: 21657: 21656: 21655: 21650: 21649: 21648: 21643: 21633: 21628: 21617: 21615: 21611: 21610: 21608: 21607: 21602: 21601: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21583:State ideology 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21564: 21563: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21531: 21530: 21529: 21519: 21514: 21513: 21512: 21502: 21497: 21496: 21495: 21490: 21479: 21477: 21470: 21464: 21463: 21460: 21459: 21457: 21456: 21451: 21449:Ural Mountains 21446: 21441: 21439:North Caucasus 21436: 21431: 21426: 21420: 21418: 21414: 21413: 21411: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21399: 21398: 21388: 21383: 21382: 21381: 21370: 21368: 21359: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21283: 21282: 21277: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21235: 21234: 21229: 21219: 21213: 21211: 21205: 21204: 21196: 21195: 21188: 21181: 21173: 21164: 21163: 21161: 21160: 21154: 21152: 21148: 21147: 21145: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21132:Post-communism 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21088: 21086: 21082: 21081: 21079: 21078: 21073: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20973: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20943: 20938: 20932: 20930: 20924: 20923: 20920: 20919: 20917: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20855: 20853: 20849: 20848: 20846: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20764: 20762: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20739: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20722:Czechoslovakia 20719: 20714: 20708: 20706: 20705:Eastern Europe 20697: 20691: 20690: 20688: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20581: 20579: 20573: 20572: 20570: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20552:Isaias Afwerki 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20532:Zianon Pazniak 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20464: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20443: 20441: 20435: 20434: 20432: 20431: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20390: 20388: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20311:Erich Honecker 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20287: 20285: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20254: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20223: 20217: 20215: 20211: 20210: 20208: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20156: 20154: 20148: 20147: 20145: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20092:Anti-communism 20089: 20084: 20078: 20076: 20070: 20069: 20062: 20061: 20054: 20047: 20039: 20030: 20029: 20027: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20010: 20007: 20006: 20004: 20003: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19951: 19949: 19945: 19944: 19942: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19915: 19914: 19903: 19901: 19897: 19896: 19894: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19842: 19840: 19836: 19835: 19824: 19823: 19816: 19809: 19801: 19792: 19791: 19789: 19788: 19787: 19786: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19719: 19713: 19711: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19667: 19665: 19661: 19660: 19658: 19657: 19652: 19639: 19634: 19629: 19624: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19579: 19577: 19572: 19569: 19568: 19566: 19565: 19557: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19533: 19531: 19527: 19526: 19524: 19523: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19476: 19474: 19470: 19469: 19467: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19445: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19419: 19413: 19411: 19407: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19387: 19386: 19379: 19378: 19371: 19364: 19356: 19347: 19346: 19344: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19327: 19324: 19323: 19321: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19279: 19277: 19273: 19272: 19270: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19209: 19203: 19201: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19139:Timothy Snyder 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19069:Vojtech Mastny 19066: 19064:Geir Lundestad 19061: 19056: 19054:Walter Laqueur 19051: 19049:Walter LaFeber 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18979:André Fontaine 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18909:Gar Alperovitz 18905: 18903: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18879: 18877: 18871: 18870: 18867: 18866: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18852: 18851: 18846: 18839: 18834: 18826: 18824: 18820: 18819: 18817: 18816: 18809: 18804: 18797: 18790: 18785: 18778: 18771: 18764: 18758: 18756: 18749: 18745: 18744: 18742: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18685: 18683: 18679: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18649:Third-Worldism 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18550: 18548: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18477: 18475: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18438:Libertarianism 18435: 18430: 18429: 18428: 18418: 18416:Chicago school 18413: 18407: 18405: 18396: 18392: 18391: 18389: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18361:Nixon Doctrine 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18307: 18305: 18304:Foreign policy 18301: 18300: 18298: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18256: 18254: 18248: 18247: 18245: 18244: 18239: 18238: 18237: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18186: 18184: 18180: 18179: 18177: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18089:Operation RYAN 18086: 18081: 18076: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17994:Able Archer 83 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17940: 17939: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17910: 17905: 17899: 17897: 17893: 17892: 17890: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17744:Oromo conflict 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17684:Yom Kippur War 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17543: 17541: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17507: 17506: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17467: 17462: 17461: 17460: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17339: 17338: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17316:Aden Emergency 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17267: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17234:Papua conflict 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17215: 17214: 17204: 17203: 17202: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17166: 17164: 17160: 17159: 17157: 17156: 17151: 17150: 17149: 17139: 17137:Kitchen Debate 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17097:Sputnik crisis 17094: 17089: 17081: 17074: 17069: 17067:Polish October 17064: 17059: 17054: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16967:Pact of Madrid 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16922:Bamboo Curtain 16918: 16916: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16892: 16891: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16721: 16713: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16682: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16670: 16662: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16628: 16626: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16571: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16552: 16551: 16544: 16537: 16529: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16508: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16471: 16464: 16463:External links 16461: 16459: 16458: 16452: 16436: 16421: 16406: 16391: 16357: 16342:Plokhy, Serhii 16339: 16325:O'Clery, Conor 16322: 16316: 16301: 16237:(3): 759–811. 16222: 16217:978-9380118789 16216: 16208:LeftWord Books 16199: 16192: 16175: 16161: 16143: 16123: 16117: 16104: 16096:. NYU (2003). 16087: 16072: 16054:(4): 279–302. 16043: 16035:. Bloomsbury. 16029: 15983:(3): 459–488. 15965: 15947: 15912: 15878:(3): 331–347. 15867: 15808: 15792: 15784: 15781: 15778: 15777: 15771:978-0691169521 15770: 15752: 15722: 15691: 15660: 15630: 15623: 15603: 15588: 15582:978-0521892445 15581: 15563: 15556: 15536: 15531:The Australian 15521: 15519:30 March 1992. 15476: 15470:978-0197549247 15469: 15455:. p. 43. 15436: 15418:978-0691165028 15417: 15390: 15330: 15304: 15292:, World Bank, 15271: 15252: 15235:ratinggroup.ua 15222: 15199: 15173: 15140: 15114: 15088: 15062: 15032: 15002: 14990: 14983: 14965: 14958: 14937: 14930: 14912: 14898:978-0977111107 14897: 14879: 14855: 14818: 14788: 14758: 14728: 14695: 14664: 14641: 14621: 14582: 14551: 14518: 14488: 14457: 14426: 14393: 14362: 14329: 14290: 14272: 14242: 14215: 14185: 14179:978-1563247415 14178: 14160: 14141: 14121: 14106: 14086: 14067: 14052: 14025: 13988: 13958: 13939:(2): 135–138. 13918: 13900:978-0822369493 13899: 13872: 13851: 13821: 13792: 13766: 13735: 13721: 13700: 13682: 13663: 13643: 13614: 13599: 13581: 13542: 13510: 13493:www.libussr.ru 13480: 13448: 13417: 13388: 13358: 13328: 13298: 13281:base.garant.ru 13268: 13239: 13207: 13175: 13161: 13130: 13104: 13092: 13080: 13068: 13043: 13017: 13003: 12985: 12961: 12931: 12914:base.garant.ru 12901: 12871: 12841: 12810: 12780: 12762:United Nations 12748: 12730:United Nations 12716: 12697: 12677: 12659: 12629: 12599: 12587: 12548:(2): 193–203. 12523: 12510:"Лед тронулся" 12501: 12471: 12450: 12423: 12393: 12378: 12360: 12355:Charles King, 12348: 12329: 12299: 12284: 12270: 12255: 12238: 12212: 12182: 12152: 12119: 12102: 12076: 12059: 12024: 12005: 11981: 11950: 11930: 11910: 11887: 11867: 11837: 11819: 11789: 11770: 11764:. p. 41. 11746: 11720: 11707: 11686: 11660: 11629: 11598: 11568: 11538: 11508: 11499: 11484: 11458: 11428: 11397: 11366: 11336: 11316: 11285: 11262: 11228: 11208: 11178: 11158: 11127: 11096: 11089: 11083:. p. 78. 11064: 11045: 11025: 10994: 10960: 10926: 10895: 10882: 10851: 10821: 10792: 10761: 10730: 10699: 10679: 10648: 10617: 10582: 10562: 10542: 10522: 10502: 10471: 10451: 10431: 10400: 10391: 10382: 10358: 10337: 10328: 10294: 10264: 10240: 10211: 10181: 10152: 10120: 10089: 10058: 10027: 9995: 9961:(3–4): 23–43. 9929: 9899: 9868: 9847: 9826: 9796: 9766: 9736: 9706: 9676: 9627: 9620: 9594: 9568: 9538: 9508: 9478: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9436: 9427: 9415: 9406: 9397: 9387:Full name is " 9380: 9376:Akhmat Kadyrov 9349: 9340: 9331: 9327:SSR of Moldova 9318: 9305: 9296: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9232: 9231:External links 9229: 9227: 9226: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9141:1980s oil glut 9137: 9135: 9132: 9065:Vladimir Putin 9060:indigenization 9035:foreign policy 8996:intentionalist 8991: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8938: 8935: 8919:Kitchen Debate 8872:Soviet victory 8850:Vladimir Putin 8807:Main article: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8783:Reincorporated 8778: 8775: 8757: 8754: 8737: 8736: 8717: 8704: 8686: 8683: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8658:31 August 1991 8655: 8636: 8633: 8619: 8618: 8609: 8606: 8588: 8585: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8557: 8538: 8535: 8518: 8517: 8503: 8500: 8481: 8478: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8450: 8431: 8428: 8414: 8413: 8411:Not recognized 8408: 8406:25 August 1991 8403: 8384: 8379: 8362: 8361: 8352: 8347: 8329: 8326: 8309: 8308: 8301: 8298: 8279: 8276: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8233: 8230: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8191: 8189:23 August 1990 8186: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8147: 8144: 8130: 8129: 8127:25 August 1991 8124: 8105: 8100: 8086: 8085: 8083:24 August 1991 8080: 8062: 8057: 8043: 8042: 8040:27 August 1991 8037: 8018: 8015: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7976: 7973: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7934: 7929: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7906: 7887: 7884: 7870: 7869: 7856: 7853: 7835: 7832: 7815: 7814: 7801: 7798: 7779: 7776: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7747: 7728: 7725: 7723:Azerbaijan SSR 7711: 7710: 7705: 7686: 7683: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7644: 7641: 7639:Lithuanian SSR 7627: 7626: 7623: 7618: 7599: 7594: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7545: 7542: 7523:White movement 7511:Katyn massacre 7496: 7493: 7443: 7440: 7427:Vitaly Scherbo 7315: 7312: 7302:following the 7278:following the 7264:Main article: 7261: 7258: 7246:Main article: 7243: 7240: 7231:Main article: 7228: 7225: 7144:Special Period 7139: 7136: 7124:Vladimir Putin 7114:Chinese leader 7072: 7069: 7053:Main article: 7050: 7047: 7025: 7022: 6983: 6980: 6751:Russian eagles 6710:United Nations 6634: 6631: 6553:Main article: 6550: 6547: 6543:Edgar Savisaar 6526:On 3 March, a 6511:The Barricades 6460:The Barricades 6451: 6448: 6434: 6431: 6427:market economy 6395: 6392: 6346: 6343: 6309: 6306: 6249:intelligentsia 6201:ethnic clashes 6189:Main article: 6179:Sumgait pogrom 6140:Main article: 6137: 6134: 6063:shut down the 5968:Verkhovna Rada 5956:1990 elections 5932: 5931: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5835:Supreme Soviet 5827:Sakina Aliyeva 5819:Ayaz Mutalibov 5755: 5752: 5741:Ivars Godmanis 5717:Ivars Godmanis 5702:Edgar Savisaar 5681:Edgar Savisaar 5646: 5643: 5609:Supreme Soviet 5588: 5585: 5581:Soviet economy 5572: 5571: 5560: 5549: 5538: 5527: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5483:Gennady Kolbin 5441:Rafiq Nishonov 5425:Fergana Valley 5420: 5417: 5401: 5398: 5380:in the 1930s. 5291:Ural Mountains 5263:Dnipropetrovsk 5161:Marian Society 5091:alphabet with 5056: 5055: 5014: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4887: 4884: 4778: 4775: 4691:Main article: 4668:, composed of 4623:in March 1989. 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4566:Zianon Pazniak 4468:Mihai Eminescu 4446: 4445: 4360: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4338:Soviet Georgia 4287:Theater Square 4232:Sumgait Pogrom 4207: 4204: 4098: 4095: 4068:Main article: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4049: 4046: 3984:Crimean Tatars 3962:Gennady Kolbin 3922:anti-Communist 3871: 3868: 3820: 3817: 3801:liberalization 3796: 3793: 3789:Viktor Grishin 3742:liberalization 3738:Sergei Sokolov 3726:Yegor Ligachev 3718:Soviet economy 3677: 3674: 3660: 3657: 3645:European Union 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:January Events 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3168:Lithuania 1991 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2824:Czechoslovakia 2821: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2541:Related topics 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2422:The Barricades 2419: 2417:January Events 2414: 2412:Dushanbe riots 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2181:Wars in Africa 2178: 2177: 2176: 2166: 2164:Yom Kippur War 2161: 2160: 2159: 2157:Fall of Saigon 2154: 2149: 2147:Operation Menu 2144: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1781:Russian Empire 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1666: 1665: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1531: 1528:Kherson Oblast 1522: 1521: 1510: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1021: 985:Bolshevik Coup 941: 940: 939: 935: 934: 931: 929:Uryankhay Krai 924: 923: 920: 913: 912: 909: 902: 901: 898: 891: 890: 887: 880: 879: 876: 874:Russian Empire 870: 869: 866: 857: 856: 801:Tsarist Russia 798: 797: 796: 792: 791: 789: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 766: 760: 759: 756: 747: 746: 722: 721: 720: 716: 715: 713: 704: 703: 700: 694: 693: 690: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 661: 660: 638: 637: 636: 632: 631: 629: 622: 621: 619: 612: 611: 609: 607:Rus' Khaganate 602: 601: 598: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 561: 560: 551: 550: 543: 536: 535: 460: 457: 456: 454: 453: 443: 430: 423: 416: 405: 403:Central Europe 391: 385: 382: 370: 356: 350: 348:market economy 341: 327: 317: 312:in the former 307: 300: 290: 288: 284: 283: 281: 280: 270: 264: 258: 253: 246: 244: 240: 239: 237: 236: 227:(since 1992), 217:Karakalpakstan 211:(1992; 2014), 199:(since 1992), 187: 112: 111: 110: 108: 104: 103: 85: 81: 80: 62:flag of Russia 58:Moscow Kremlin 51: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 33900: 33889: 33886: 33884: 33881: 33879: 33876: 33874: 33871: 33869: 33866: 33864: 33861: 33859: 33856: 33854: 33853:1991 in China 33851: 33849: 33846: 33844: 33841: 33839: 33836: 33834: 33831: 33829: 33826: 33824: 33821: 33820: 33818: 33808: 33803: 33798: 33796: 33786: 33784: 33779: 33774: 33772: 33762: 33761: 33758: 33745: 33737: 33736: 33733: 33723: 33720: 33718: 33715: 33713: 33710: 33708: 33705: 33703: 33700: 33698: 33695: 33693: 33690: 33688: 33685: 33682: 33678: 33676: 33673: 33671: 33668: 33666: 33663: 33661: 33658: 33656: 33653: 33651: 33648: 33646: 33643: 33641: 33638: 33634: 33630: 33625: 33622: 33620: 33617: 33615: 33612: 33610: 33607: 33603: 33600: 33599: 33598: 33595: 33593: 33590: 33588: 33585: 33583: 33582:Nord Stream 2 33580: 33578: 33576: 33572: 33568: 33564: 33559: 33556: 33554: 33551: 33549: 33546: 33544: 33541: 33539: 33536: 33532: 33529: 33528: 33527: 33524: 33522: 33519: 33517: 33514: 33512: 33509: 33507: 33504: 33502: 33499: 33497: 33494: 33492: 33489: 33487: 33484: 33482: 33479: 33477: 33474: 33472: 33469: 33467: 33464: 33462: 33459: 33458: 33455: 33448: 33444: 33434: 33429: 33424: 33422: 33417: 33412: 33410: 33405: 33400: 33399: 33397: 33393: 33387: 33384: 33382: 33379: 33377: 33374: 33372: 33369: 33367: 33364: 33362: 33359: 33357: 33354: 33352: 33349: 33347: 33344: 33342: 33341:Sergei Shoigu 33339: 33337: 33334: 33332: 33331:Sergey Lavrov 33329: 33327: 33324: 33322: 33319: 33317: 33314: 33312: 33309: 33307: 33304: 33302: 33301:Oleg Salyukov 33299: 33297: 33294: 33292: 33289: 33287: 33284: 33282: 33279: 33277: 33274: 33272: 33269: 33267: 33264: 33262: 33259: 33257: 33254: 33252: 33249: 33247: 33244: 33242: 33239: 33237: 33236:Aleksey Nagin 33234: 33232: 33229: 33227: 33224: 33222: 33219: 33217: 33214: 33213: 33211: 33207: 33201: 33198: 33196: 33193: 33191: 33188: 33186: 33183: 33181: 33178: 33176: 33173: 33171: 33170:Rustem Umerov 33168: 33166: 33163: 33161: 33158: 33156: 33153: 33151: 33148: 33146: 33143: 33141: 33138: 33136: 33133: 33131: 33128: 33126: 33123: 33121: 33118: 33116: 33113: 33111: 33110:Denys Kireyev 33108: 33106: 33105:Denys Shmyhal 33103: 33101: 33098: 33094: 33091: 33089: 33086: 33084: 33081: 33079: 33076: 33075: 33074: 33071: 33070: 33068: 33064: 33057: 33053: 33039: 33036: 33034: 33031: 33029: 33026: 33024: 33021: 33017: 33013: 33008: 33005: 33003: 33002:Saint Javelin 33000: 32998: 32995: 32992: 32988: 32985: 32981: 32979: 32976: 32972: 32968: 32963: 32960: 32958: 32955: 32953: 32950: 32948: 32945: 32943: 32940: 32938: 32937:Ghost of Kyiv 32935: 32931: 32926: 32923: 32921: 32920: 32916: 32914: 32911: 32910: 32908: 32904: 32898: 32895: 32890: 32886: 32884: 32883: 32879: 32877: 32876: 32872: 32870: 32869: 32868:A Rising Fury 32865: 32863: 32862: 32858: 32857: 32855: 32851: 32845: 32844: 32840: 32838: 32837: 32833: 32831: 32830: 32826: 32824: 32823: 32819: 32817: 32816: 32812: 32810: 32809: 32805: 32803: 32802: 32798: 32796: 32795: 32791: 32789: 32788: 32784: 32782: 32781: 32777: 32775: 32774: 32770: 32768: 32767: 32763: 32761: 32760: 32756: 32754: 32753: 32749: 32747: 32746: 32742: 32740: 32739: 32735: 32734: 32732: 32728: 32725: 32719: 32712: 32708: 32705: 32701: 32698: 32697:Westsplaining 32694: 32691: 32687: 32684: 32680: 32677: 32673: 32670: 32666: 32663: 32659: 32654: 32649: 32645: 32642: 32638: 32635: 32634:Putin khuylo! 32631: 32628: 32624: 32621: 32617: 32614: 32610: 32607: 32603: 32600: 32596: 32593: 32589: 32588: 32586: 32580: 32574: 32571: 32569: 32566: 32562: 32559: 32558: 32557: 32554: 32552: 32549: 32548: 32546: 32540: 32534: 32531: 32529: 32526: 32524: 32521: 32519: 32516: 32512: 32509: 32507: 32504: 32503: 32502: 32499: 32497: 32494: 32490: 32487: 32486: 32485: 32482: 32480: 32477: 32475: 32472: 32468: 32465: 32464: 32463: 32460: 32458: 32455: 32453: 32450: 32446: 32441: 32438: 32436: 32433: 32431: 32428: 32424: 32421: 32419: 32416: 32415: 32414: 32411: 32409: 32406: 32404: 32401: 32399: 32396: 32392: 32389: 32387: 32384: 32382: 32379: 32377: 32374: 32370: 32367: 32366: 32365: 32362: 32358: 32355: 32354: 32353: 32350: 32348: 32345: 32344: 32343: 32340: 32336: 32333: 32331: 32328: 32326: 32323: 32321: 32318: 32316: 32313: 32311: 32308: 32306: 32303: 32302: 32301: 32298: 32296: 32293: 32292: 32290: 32286: 32279: 32275: 32261: 32260:Wimbledon ban 32258: 32256: 32253: 32251: 32248: 32246: 32243: 32241: 32238: 32236: 32233: 32231: 32228: 32226: 32223: 32221: 32218: 32216: 32213: 32211: 32208: 32206: 32203: 32201: 32198: 32196: 32193: 32191: 32188: 32186: 32183: 32181: 32178: 32176: 32173: 32171: 32168: 32166: 32163: 32161: 32158: 32156: 32153: 32151: 32150: 32146: 32142: 32139: 32138: 32137: 32134: 32132: 32129: 32127: 32124: 32123: 32121: 32117: 32111: 32108: 32106: 32103: 32102: 32100: 32096: 32088: 32085: 32083: 32080: 32079: 32078: 32075: 32073: 32070: 32066: 32061: 32058: 32056: 32053: 32051: 32048: 32046: 32043: 32041: 32038: 32036: 32033: 32031: 32028: 32026: 32023: 32021: 32018: 32016: 32013: 32011: 32008: 32007: 32005: 32001: 31995: 31992: 31988: 31985: 31983: 31980: 31979: 31978: 31975: 31973: 31970: 31968: 31965: 31963: 31960: 31956: 31951: 31948: 31944: 31941: 31940: 31939: 31936: 31932: 31929: 31928: 31927: 31924: 31919: 31915: 31914: 31913: 31910: 31908: 31905: 31904: 31902: 31900: 31896: 31888: 31885: 31884: 31882: 31878: 31875: 31874: 31872: 31870: 31867: 31863: 31860: 31858: 31855: 31853: 31850: 31848: 31845: 31843: 31840: 31838: 31835: 31833: 31830: 31828: 31825: 31823: 31820: 31818: 31815: 31813: 31810: 31808: 31805: 31801: 31798: 31797: 31796: 31793: 31792: 31791: 31788: 31784: 31781: 31779: 31776: 31774: 31771: 31769: 31766: 31765: 31763: 31762: 31760: 31758: 31754: 31751: 31749: 31745: 31733: 31730: 31729: 31728: 31725: 31723: 31720: 31716: 31713: 31712: 31711: 31708: 31706: 31703: 31701: 31698: 31696: 31693: 31691: 31688: 31686: 31683: 31681: 31678: 31676: 31673: 31671: 31668: 31667: 31665: 31661: 31655: 31652: 31650: 31647: 31645: 31642: 31640: 31637: 31635: 31632: 31630: 31627: 31625: 31622: 31620: 31617: 31615: 31612: 31610: 31607: 31605: 31602: 31600: 31597: 31595: 31594:Madrid summit 31592: 31588: 31585: 31583: 31580: 31578: 31575: 31574: 31573: 31570: 31568: 31565: 31563: 31560: 31558: 31555: 31554: 31552: 31550:organizations 31548:International 31546: 31540: 31537: 31535: 31532: 31530: 31527: 31523: 31520: 31518: 31515: 31513: 31510: 31508: 31505: 31503: 31500: 31498: 31495: 31494: 31493: 31490: 31489: 31487: 31483: 31475: 31472: 31470: 31467: 31465: 31462: 31461: 31459: 31457: 31454: 31450: 31445: 31442: 31438: 31435: 31434: 31432: 31428: 31425: 31424: 31422: 31420: 31417: 31415: 31412: 31408: 31405: 31404: 31402: 31398: 31395: 31394: 31393: 31390: 31386: 31383: 31382: 31380: 31378: 31375: 31371: 31368: 31364: 31361: 31360: 31359: 31356: 31355: 31353: 31351: 31348: 31344: 31343:Mission Aigle 31341: 31340: 31338: 31332: 31327: 31324: 31323: 31321: 31317: 31314: 31313: 31311: 31309: 31306: 31302: 31299: 31297: 31294: 31293: 31292: 31289: 31285: 31282: 31281: 31279: 31277: 31274: 31273: 31271: 31267: 31261: 31258: 31256: 31253: 31251: 31248: 31246: 31243: 31241: 31238: 31236: 31233: 31231: 31228: 31226: 31223: 31221: 31218: 31216: 31213: 31211: 31208: 31207: 31205: 31203: 31202:United States 31199: 31192: 31188: 31186: 31183: 31181: 31178: 31176: 31173: 31171: 31168: 31166: 31163: 31161: 31158: 31156: 31153: 31151: 31148: 31146: 31143: 31139: 31134: 31131: 31129: 31126: 31120: 31115: 31112: 31111: 31110: 31107: 31105: 31102: 31100: 31097: 31095: 31092: 31090: 31087: 31085: 31082: 31078: 31073: 31070: 31068: 31065: 31063: 31062: 31058: 31054: 31049: 31046: 31042: 31039: 31038: 31037: 31034: 31030: 31025: 31022: 31020: 31017: 31013: 31008: 31005: 31003: 31000: 30998: 30995: 30993: 30990: 30988: 30985: 30983: 30980: 30978: 30975: 30971: 30968: 30966: 30963: 30961: 30958: 30956: 30953: 30952: 30950: 30949: 30947: 30943: 30937: 30936: 30932: 30930: 30927: 30925: 30922: 30920: 30917: 30913: 30908: 30905: 30903: 30900: 30898: 30895: 30893: 30890: 30888: 30885: 30881: 30876: 30873: 30869: 30864: 30861: 30859: 30856: 30854: 30851: 30849: 30846: 30844: 30841: 30839: 30836: 30832: 30828: 30823: 30820: 30818: 30815: 30811: 30808: 30806: 30803: 30801: 30798: 30796: 30793: 30791: 30788: 30786: 30783: 30781: 30778: 30776: 30773: 30771: 30768: 30766: 30763: 30761: 30758: 30756: 30753: 30751: 30748: 30746: 30743: 30739: 30736: 30735: 30734: 30731: 30730: 30728: 30725: 30723: 30720: 30718: 30715: 30713: 30710: 30708: 30705: 30703: 30700: 30698: 30695: 30693: 30690: 30688: 30685: 30683: 30680: 30678: 30675: 30673: 30670: 30668: 30665: 30663: 30660: 30659: 30657: 30653: 30647: 30644: 30642: 30639: 30637: 30634: 30630: 30627: 30625: 30622: 30620: 30617: 30616: 30615: 30612: 30608: 30605: 30603: 30600: 30599: 30598: 30595: 30594: 30592: 30588: 30585: 30583: 30573: 30569: 30564: 30560: 30548: 30545: 30543: 30540: 30538: 30535: 30534: 30532: 30530: 30529: 30525: 30523: 30520: 30518: 30515: 30513: 30510: 30506: 30503: 30502: 30501: 30498: 30497: 30495: 30491: 30485: 30482: 30480: 30477: 30475: 30472: 30470: 30467: 30465: 30462: 30460: 30457: 30455: 30452: 30451: 30449: 30441: 30435: 30432: 30430: 30427: 30425: 30422: 30420: 30417: 30415: 30412: 30410: 30407: 30405: 30402: 30400: 30397: 30395: 30392: 30390: 30387: 30385: 30382: 30380: 30377: 30375: 30372: 30370: 30367: 30365: 30362: 30360: 30357: 30355: 30352: 30350: 30347: 30345: 30342: 30340: 30337: 30335: 30332: 30330: 30327: 30325: 30322: 30320: 30317: 30315: 30312: 30310: 30307: 30305: 30302: 30300: 30297: 30295: 30292: 30290: 30287: 30285: 30282: 30280: 30277: 30275: 30272: 30270: 30267: 30265: 30262: 30260: 30257: 30255: 30252: 30250: 30247: 30245: 30242: 30240: 30237: 30235: 30232: 30230: 30227: 30225: 30222: 30220: 30217: 30215: 30212: 30210: 30207: 30205: 30202: 30200: 30197: 30195: 30192: 30190: 30187: 30185: 30182: 30180: 30177: 30175: 30172: 30170: 30167: 30165: 30162: 30161: 30159: 30157: 30151: 30145: 30142: 30140: 30137: 30135: 30132: 30130: 30127: 30125: 30122: 30120: 30117: 30115: 30112: 30110: 30107: 30105: 30102: 30100: 30097: 30095: 30092: 30088: 30085: 30084: 30083: 30080: 30078: 30075: 30074: 30072: 30068: 30064: 30059: 30055: 30045: 30042: 30040: 30037: 30035: 30032: 30030: 30027: 30025: 30022: 30018: 30015: 30014: 30013: 30010: 30008: 30005: 30003: 30000: 29998: 29995: 29993: 29990: 29988: 29985: 29983: 29980: 29979: 29977: 29973: 29967: 29964: 29962: 29959: 29957: 29954: 29952: 29949: 29947: 29944: 29943: 29941: 29935: 29925: 29922: 29920: 29917: 29915: 29912: 29910: 29907: 29905: 29902: 29901: 29899: 29895: 29887: 29884: 29882: 29879: 29877: 29874: 29872: 29869: 29867: 29864: 29862: 29859: 29857: 29854: 29853: 29852: 29849: 29847: 29844: 29842: 29839: 29837: 29834: 29833: 29831: 29827: 29821: 29818: 29817: 29814: 29811: 29805: 29793: 29790: 29788: 29785: 29783: 29780: 29778: 29777:Busly liaciać 29775: 29774: 29773: 29770: 29766: 29763: 29761: 29758: 29757: 29756: 29753: 29749: 29746: 29744: 29741: 29740: 29739: 29736: 29732: 29729: 29728: 29727: 29724: 29722: 29719: 29717: 29716:Civic Council 29714: 29712: 29709: 29708: 29706: 29704: 29700: 29694: 29691: 29689: 29688:Yellow Ribbon 29686: 29684: 29681: 29679: 29676: 29675: 29673: 29671: 29667: 29664: 29660: 29654: 29651: 29649: 29646: 29644: 29641: 29639: 29636: 29632: 29629: 29627: 29624: 29622: 29619: 29618: 29617: 29614: 29612: 29609: 29607: 29604: 29602: 29601: 29596: 29594: 29591: 29589: 29586: 29584: 29581: 29579: 29576: 29574: 29571: 29569: 29566: 29564: 29561: 29560: 29558: 29550: 29544: 29541: 29539: 29536: 29534: 29531: 29529: 29528:Rivne strikes 29526: 29524: 29523:Odesa strikes 29521: 29519: 29516: 29514: 29511: 29509: 29506: 29504: 29501: 29499: 29496: 29494: 29491: 29489: 29486: 29484: 29481: 29479: 29476: 29474: 29471: 29470: 29468: 29462: 29456: 29453: 29450: 29446: 29443: 29441: 29438: 29436: 29433: 29431: 29428: 29426: 29423: 29421: 29418: 29416: 29413: 29411: 29408: 29406: 29403: 29402: 29400: 29398: 29394: 29388: 29385: 29383: 29380: 29378: 29375: 29373: 29370: 29368: 29365: 29363: 29360: 29358: 29355: 29353: 29350: 29348: 29345: 29343: 29340: 29338: 29335: 29333: 29330: 29328: 29325: 29323: 29320: 29318: 29315: 29313: 29310: 29308: 29305: 29304: 29302: 29300: 29294: 29288: 29285: 29283: 29280: 29278: 29275: 29273: 29270: 29268: 29265: 29263: 29260: 29258: 29255: 29251: 29248: 29246: 29243: 29242: 29241: 29238: 29236: 29233: 29229: 29226: 29224: 29221: 29219: 29216: 29214: 29211: 29209: 29206: 29204: 29201: 29200: 29199: 29196: 29194: 29191: 29189: 29186: 29184: 29181: 29179: 29176: 29174: 29171: 29169: 29166: 29165: 29163: 29161: 29155: 29147: 29144: 29143: 29142: 29139: 29135: 29132: 29131: 29130: 29127: 29125: 29122: 29120: 29117: 29115: 29112: 29110: 29107: 29105: 29102: 29100: 29097: 29095: 29092: 29090: 29087: 29085: 29082: 29081: 29079: 29077: 29071: 29067: 29062: 29058: 29046: 29043: 29041: 29038: 29036: 29033: 29032: 29031: 29028: 29026: 29023: 29021: 29018: 29016: 29013: 29011: 29008: 29006: 29003: 29001: 28998: 28997: 28995: 28989: 28981: 28978: 28976: 28973: 28971: 28968: 28966: 28963: 28961: 28960: 28956: 28955: 28954: 28951: 28947: 28944: 28942: 28939: 28937: 28934: 28932: 28931:2022 timeline 28929: 28928: 28927: 28926:War in Donbas 28924: 28920: 28917: 28916: 28915: 28912: 28910: 28907: 28905: 28902: 28901: 28899: 28895: 28888: 28884: 28881: 28877: 28875: 28872: 28870: 28867: 28865: 28862: 28860: 28857: 28855: 28852: 28850: 28847: 28845: 28842: 28840: 28837: 28835: 28832: 28830: 28827: 28824: 28820: 28818: 28815: 28813: 28810: 28808: 28805: 28801: 28798: 28796: 28793: 28792: 28791: 28788: 28786: 28783: 28782: 28780: 28778: 28774: 28768: 28765: 28763: 28760: 28758: 28755: 28753: 28750: 28748: 28745: 28741: 28738: 28736: 28733: 28731: 28728: 28727: 28726: 28723: 28721: 28718: 28716: 28713: 28711: 28708: 28706: 28705:Naval warfare 28703: 28701: 28698: 28696: 28693: 28691: 28690:Defense lines 28688: 28686: 28683: 28679: 28676: 28674: 28671: 28669: 28666: 28664: 28661: 28659: 28656: 28654: 28651: 28649: 28646: 28644: 28641: 28639: 28636: 28634: 28631: 28630: 28629: 28626: 28624: 28621: 28620: 28618: 28614: 28607: 28603: 28599: 28593: 28589: 28582: 28577: 28575: 28570: 28568: 28563: 28562: 28559: 28547: 28544: 28542: 28539: 28537: 28534: 28532: 28529: 28527: 28524: 28522: 28519: 28518: 28515: 28509: 28506: 28504: 28501: 28499: 28496: 28494: 28491: 28489: 28486: 28484: 28481: 28479: 28476: 28474: 28471: 28469: 28466: 28464: 28461: 28460: 28458: 28456: 28452: 28446: 28443: 28442: 28440: 28438: 28437:South America 28434: 28426: 28423: 28421: 28418: 28417: 28416: 28413: 28412: 28410: 28408: 28404: 28398: 28397:United States 28395: 28393: 28390: 28386: 28383: 28381: 28378: 28377: 28376: 28373: 28372: 28370: 28368: 28367:North America 28364: 28358: 28355: 28353: 28350: 28348: 28345: 28343: 28340: 28338: 28335: 28334: 28332: 28330: 28326: 28320: 28317: 28313: 28310: 28309: 28308: 28305: 28303: 28300: 28298: 28295: 28293: 28290: 28288: 28285: 28281: 28278: 28276: 28273: 28272: 28271: 28268: 28264: 28261: 28259: 28256: 28254: 28251: 28249: 28246: 28244: 28241: 28240: 28239: 28236: 28235: 28233: 28231: 28227: 28221: 28218: 28216: 28213: 28212: 28210: 28208: 28204: 28199: 28192: 28187: 28185: 28180: 28178: 28173: 28172: 28169: 28157: 28154: 28152: 28149: 28148: 28143: 28139: 28136: 28132: 28131: 28127: 28117: 28114: 28112: 28109: 28107: 28104: 28103: 28101: 28099: 28095: 28089: 28086: 28084: 28081: 28079: 28076: 28074: 28071: 28069: 28066: 28062: 28061:Protestantism 28059: 28057: 28054: 28053: 28052: 28049: 28047: 28046:Folk religion 28044: 28042: 28039: 28035: 28032: 28030: 28027: 28026: 28025: 28022: 28021: 28019: 28017: 28013: 28007: 28004: 28002: 27999: 27994: 27990: 27987: 27983: 27982: 27981: 27978: 27976: 27973: 27971: 27968: 27966: 27963: 27961: 27958: 27956: 27953: 27951: 27950:Ethnic groups 27948: 27946: 27943: 27942: 27940: 27938: 27934: 27924: 27921: 27919: 27916: 27914: 27911: 27909: 27906: 27904: 27901: 27899: 27896: 27894: 27891: 27889: 27886: 27884: 27881: 27879: 27876: 27874: 27871: 27869: 27866: 27864: 27863:Four Beauties 27861: 27859: 27856: 27854: 27851: 27849: 27846: 27844: 27841: 27840: 27838: 27834: 27828: 27825: 27823: 27820: 27818: 27815: 27813: 27810: 27808: 27805: 27803: 27800: 27798: 27795: 27793: 27790: 27788: 27785: 27783: 27780: 27778: 27775: 27771: 27768: 27767: 27766: 27763: 27761: 27758: 27756: 27753: 27751: 27748: 27746: 27743: 27741: 27738: 27736: 27733: 27731: 27728: 27726: 27723: 27722: 27720: 27718: 27714: 27708: 27705: 27703: 27702:Urban society 27700: 27698: 27695: 27691: 27688: 27687: 27686: 27683: 27679: 27676: 27674: 27671: 27669: 27666: 27664: 27661: 27660: 27659: 27658:Social issues 27656: 27654: 27651: 27647: 27644: 27643: 27642: 27639: 27637: 27636:Rural society 27634: 27632: 27629: 27627: 27624: 27620: 27617: 27615: 27612: 27611: 27610: 27607: 27605: 27602: 27598: 27595: 27591: 27588: 27587: 27586: 27583: 27582: 27581: 27578: 27576: 27573: 27569: 27566: 27565: 27564: 27561: 27557: 27554: 27552: 27549: 27547: 27544: 27543: 27542: 27539: 27537: 27536:Chinese Dream 27534: 27532: 27529: 27527: 27524: 27523: 27520: 27517: 27515: 27511: 27501: 27500:Space program 27498: 27496: 27493: 27491: 27488: 27486: 27483: 27481: 27478: 27477: 27475: 27473: 27469: 27463: 27460: 27456: 27453: 27452: 27451: 27448: 27444: 27441: 27440: 27439: 27436: 27435: 27433: 27429: 27423: 27420: 27418: 27415: 27413: 27410: 27408: 27405: 27403: 27400: 27396: 27393: 27391: 27388: 27386: 27383: 27381: 27378: 27376: 27373: 27372: 27371: 27368: 27366: 27363: 27361: 27358: 27356: 27353: 27349: 27346: 27344: 27341: 27339: 27336: 27335: 27334: 27331: 27327: 27324: 27323: 27322: 27319: 27315: 27312: 27310: 27307: 27306: 27305: 27302: 27300: 27297: 27293: 27290: 27289: 27288: 27285: 27283: 27280: 27278: 27275: 27274: 27271: 27268: 27266: 27262: 27250: 27247: 27246: 27245: 27242: 27238: 27235: 27234: 27233: 27230: 27226: 27223: 27221: 27218: 27216: 27213: 27211: 27208: 27206: 27203: 27202: 27201: 27198: 27196: 27193: 27191: 27188: 27186: 27183: 27182: 27180: 27178: 27174: 27168: 27165: 27161: 27158: 27156: 27153: 27152: 27151: 27150:State Council 27148: 27144: 27141: 27140: 27139: 27136: 27132: 27129: 27128: 27127: 27124: 27118: 27115: 27114: 27113: 27110: 27106: 27103: 27101: 27098: 27097: 27096: 27093: 27092: 27091: 27088: 27086: 27083: 27079: 27076: 27075: 27074: 27071: 27069: 27066: 27064: 27061: 27059: 27056: 27052: 27049: 27048: 27047: 27044: 27042: 27039: 27037: 27036:Civil service 27034: 27033: 27031: 27029: 27025: 27015: 27012: 27010: 27007: 27005: 27002: 26998: 26995: 26994: 26993: 26990: 26986: 26983: 26981: 26978: 26977: 26976: 26973: 26971: 26968: 26967: 26965: 26963: 26959: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26946: 26936: 26933: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26917: 26915: 26913: 26909: 26897: 26894: 26892: 26889: 26888: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26844: 26843: 26841: 26839: 26835: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26808: 26806: 26804: 26801: 26799: 26796: 26794: 26791: 26789: 26786: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26775: 26773: 26769: 26763: 26760: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26749: 26745: 26742: 26740: 26737: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26724: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26703: 26700: 26698: 26695: 26693: 26690: 26688: 26685: 26684: 26682: 26678: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26661: 26660: 26657: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26644: 26643: 26642:South Central 26640: 26638: 26635: 26633: 26630: 26628: 26625: 26624: 26622: 26620: 26616: 26610: 26607: 26605: 26602: 26600: 26597: 26595: 26592: 26591: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26579: 26567: 26564: 26562: 26559: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26547: 26544: 26543: 26542: 26539: 26535: 26532: 26530: 26527: 26526: 26525: 26522: 26520: 26517: 26516: 26514: 26512: 26508: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26486: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26445: 26442: 26440: 26437: 26435: 26432: 26430: 26429:Jin (266–420) 26427: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26413: 26410: 26409: 26408: 26405: 26403: 26400: 26398: 26395: 26394: 26392: 26390: 26386: 26378: 26375: 26373: 26370: 26368: 26365: 26364: 26363: 26360: 26356: 26353: 26352: 26351: 26348: 26346: 26343: 26342: 26340: 26338: 26334: 26326: 26323: 26321: 26318: 26316: 26313: 26312: 26311: 26308: 26306: 26303: 26302: 26300: 26298: 26294: 26288: 26285: 26283: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26273: 26272:Ethnic groups 26270: 26266: 26263: 26261: 26258: 26256: 26253: 26252: 26250: 26248: 26245: 26243: 26240: 26238: 26235: 26233: 26230: 26228: 26225: 26224: 26222: 26218: 26215: 26213: 26209: 26205: 26201: 26194: 26189: 26187: 26182: 26180: 26175: 26174: 26171: 26159: 26158: 26149: 26148: 26145: 26144: 26140: 26138: 26137: 26133: 26132: 26129: 26120: 26119:Elena Okulova 26117: 26112: 26109: 26104: 26101: 26096: 26093: 26088: 26085: 26084: 26082: 26078: 26072: 26071: 26067: 26065: 26064: 26060: 26058: 26057: 26053: 26051: 26050: 26046: 26044: 26043: 26039: 26037: 26036: 26032: 26030: 26029: 26025: 26023: 26022: 26018: 26016: 26015: 26011: 26010: 26008: 26004: 25998: 25997: 25993: 25991: 25990: 25986: 25984: 25983: 25979: 25977: 25976: 25972: 25971: 25969: 25965: 25959: 25956: 25953: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25938: 25937:Yekaterinburg 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25900: 25898: 25896:Commemoration 25894: 25886: 25883: 25881: 25878: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25868: 25865: 25861: 25858: 25857: 25856: 25853: 25849: 25846: 25845: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25836: 25835: 25833: 25831: 25827: 25821: 25818: 25816: 25815:List of trips 25813: 25810: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25786: 25785:Privatization 25783: 25781: 25778: 25776: 25773: 25771: 25768: 25766: 25763: 25761: 25758: 25756: 25753: 25751: 25748: 25746: 25743: 25741: 25738: 25736: 25733: 25731: 25728: 25726: 25723: 25722: 25720: 25718: 25714: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25684: 25682: 25678: 25671: 25668: 25667: 25664: 25660: 25659:Boris Yeltsin 25653: 25648: 25646: 25641: 25639: 25634: 25633: 25630: 25616: 25613: 25611: 25608: 25606: 25603: 25601: 25598: 25597: 25596: 25593: 25591: 25588: 25586: 25583: 25581: 25578: 25576: 25573: 25571: 25568: 25566: 25563: 25561: 25558: 25556: 25553: 25551: 25548: 25546: 25543: 25542: 25540: 25536: 25530: 25527: 25521: 25518: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25507: 25506: 25503: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25493: 25492: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25483: 25480: 25478: 25475: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25449: 25447: 25445:Peace process 25443: 25435: 25432: 25431: 25430: 25419: 25418: 25413: 25410: 25409: 25408: 25397: 25396: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25385:Pavel Grachev 25383: 25381: 25371: 25370: 25369: 25358: 25357: 25352: 25349: 25347: 25344: 25342: 25339: 25337: 25334: 25332: 25329: 25327: 25326:Rahim Gaziyev 25324: 25322: 25319: 25318: 25317: 25306: 25305: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25275: 25272: 25271: 25270: 25259: 25258: 25253: 25250: 25248: 25245: 25243: 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25224: 25223: 25212: 25211: 25209: 25205: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25189: 25188: 25187: 25176: 25175: 25170: 25167: 25165: 25164:Boris Yeltsin 25162: 25160: 25150: 25149: 25148: 25137: 25136: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25118: 25117: 25116: 25113: 25109: 25106: 25104: 25103:Heydar Aliyev 25101: 25099: 25096: 25094: 25091: 25090: 25089: 25078: 25077: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25061:Bako Sahakyan 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25038: 25037: 25026: 25025: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25001: 25000: 24989: 24988: 24986: 24982: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24962: 24959: 24958: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24937: 24934: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24925: 24922: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24886: 24885: 24882: 24881: 24879: 24875: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24853: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24839: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24820: 24817: 24816: 24815: 24814:Border crisis 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24796: 24794: 24790: 24782: 24779: 24778: 24777: 24774: 24772: 24769: 24767: 24764: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24754: 24751: 24747: 24743: 24739: 24735: 24731: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24687: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24665: 24664: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24653: 24649: 24646: 24645: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24607: 24604: 24602: 24599: 24598: 24596: 24592: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24535: 24532: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24480: 24478: 24475: 24473: 24470: 24468: 24465: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24446:Bağanis Ayrum 24444: 24442: 24439: 24436: 24434: 24431: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24418:Gugark pogrom 24416: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24408:Askeran clash 24406: 24404: 24401: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24391: 24385: 24382: 24380: 24377: 24375: 24372: 24368: 24365: 24364: 24363: 24360: 24356: 24353: 24352: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24329: 24326: 24325: 24324: 24321: 24320: 24318: 24314: 24310: 24303: 24298: 24296: 24291: 24289: 24284: 24283: 24280: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24259: 24254: 24250: 24249: 24245: 24235: 24232: 24228: 24225: 24224: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24217:Seven Wonders 24215: 24213: 24210: 24208: 24205: 24203: 24200: 24198: 24195: 24193: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24182:Playing cards 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24161: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24151: 24148: 24147: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24049: 24046: 24045: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24010: 24008: 24006: 24002: 23994: 23991: 23990: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23911: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23898: 23897: 23894: 23890: 23887: 23886: 23885: 23882: 23878: 23877:Mental health 23875: 23873: 23870: 23868: 23865: 23864: 23863: 23860: 23858: 23855: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23837:Ethnic groups 23835: 23833: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23823: 23820: 23818: 23815: 23813: 23810: 23808: 23805: 23803: 23800: 23798: 23795: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23769: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23757: 23747: 23744: 23742: 23739: 23737: 23734: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23724: 23722: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23709: 23707: 23704: 23702: 23699: 23695: 23692: 23691: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23679: 23677: 23674: 23672: 23669: 23667: 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23629: 23627: 23624: 23622: 23619: 23617: 23614: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23593: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23581: 23571: 23568: 23566: 23563: 23561: 23558: 23556: 23553: 23551: 23548: 23546: 23543: 23541: 23540:Civil defense 23538: 23536: 23533: 23531: 23528: 23526: 23523: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23485:Media freedom 23483: 23481: 23478: 23476: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23441: 23438: 23436: 23433: 23430: 23426: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23410: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23395: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23370:Criminal code 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23351: 23350:Civil Service 23348: 23346: 23343: 23341: 23338: 23337: 23334: 23331: 23329: 23325: 23315: 23312: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23302: 23300: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23274: 23273: 23270: 23266: 23263: 23261: 23258: 23256: 23253: 23252: 23251: 23248: 23244: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23229: 23226: 23224: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23211: 23209: 23206: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23178: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23165: 23162: 23161: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23136: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23124: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23065: 23063: 23059: 23051: 23048: 23047: 23046: 23043: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23025: 23024: 23021: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23011:Russian state 23009: 23008: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22995: 22992: 22991: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22978: 22975: 22974: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22947: 22945: 22943: 22940: 22938: 22935: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22918: 22915: 22913: 22910: 22909: 22907: 22905: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22892: 22887: 22880: 22875: 22873: 22868: 22866: 22861: 22860: 22857: 22845: 22837: 22836: 22833: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22761: 22760: 22758: 22754: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22739: 22737: 22733: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22703: 22701: 22697: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22672: 22670: 22666: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22626: 22624: 22620: 22609: 22606: 22605: 22603: 22599: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22584: 22582: 22578: 22572: 22569: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22558: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22498: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22429: 22426: 22423: 22418: 22411: 22408: 22405: 22402: 22399: 22396: 22395: 22392: 22388: 22381: 22376: 22374: 22369: 22367: 22362: 22361: 22358: 22346: 22338: 22336: 22335: 22324: 22323: 22320: 22310: 22307: 22303: 22300: 22299: 22298: 22295: 22291: 22288: 22287: 22286: 22283: 22279: 22276: 22275: 22274: 22271: 22270: 22268: 22264: 22256: 22253: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22246: 22244: 22242: 22238: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22207: 22206:Printed media 22204: 22202: 22199: 22195: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22187: 22185: 22182: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22166: 22164: 22162: 22158: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22140: 22139:Cyrillisation 22137: 22135: 22132: 22131: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22107:Working class 22105: 22103: 22102:Soviet people 22100: 22099: 22098: 22095: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22084: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22072: 22064: 22061: 22060: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22039: 22036: 22034: 22031: 22029: 22026: 22025: 22023: 22021: 22017: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21995: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21951: 21950:Energy policy 21948: 21946: 21943: 21941: 21938: 21936: 21933: 21932: 21930: 21928: 21924: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21895: 21893: 21891: 21887: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21869: 21866: 21865: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21833: 21831: 21827: 21819: 21815: 21811: 21807: 21803: 21800: 21799: 21798: 21795: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21782: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21769: 21766: 21765: 21764: 21761: 21757: 21754: 21753: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21738: 21736: 21734: 21730: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21707: 21704: 21703: 21702: 21699: 21698: 21696: 21692: 21684: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21678:Supreme Court 21676: 21673: 21670: 21667: 21664: 21661: 21658: 21654: 21651: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21638: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21616: 21612: 21606: 21603: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21585: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21562: 21559: 21558: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21540: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21532: 21528: 21525: 21524: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21511: 21508: 21507: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21485: 21484: 21481: 21480: 21478: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21465: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21421: 21419: 21415: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21397: 21394: 21393: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21380: 21377: 21376: 21375: 21372: 21371: 21369: 21367: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21354: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21281: 21280:The Holocaust 21278: 21276: 21273: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21224: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21214: 21212: 21210: 21206: 21201: 21194: 21189: 21187: 21182: 21180: 21175: 21174: 21171: 21159: 21156: 21155: 21153: 21149: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21137:Yugoslav Wars 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21127:Neo-Stalinism 21125: 21123: 21122:Neo-Sovietism 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21089: 21087: 21083: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21006:Black January 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20969: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20933: 20931: 20925: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20856: 20854: 20850: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20765: 20763: 20759: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20709: 20707: 20701: 20698: 20692: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20582: 20580: 20574: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20557:Ronald Reagan 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20537:Zhelyu Zhelev 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20517:Boris Yeltsin 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20497:Joachim Gauck 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20444: 20442: 20436: 20430: 20429:Strike action 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20391: 20389: 20383: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20371:Todor Zhivkov 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20361:Deng Xiaoping 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20288: 20286: 20280: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20228: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20218: 20216: 20212: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20190:Soviet Empire 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20155: 20151:International 20149: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20079: 20077: 20071: 20067: 20060: 20055: 20053: 20048: 20046: 20041: 20040: 20037: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20011: 20008: 20002: 19999: 19998: 19996: 19992: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19950: 19946: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19913: 19910: 19909: 19908: 19905: 19904: 19902: 19898: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19843: 19841: 19837: 19833: 19829: 19822: 19817: 19815: 19810: 19808: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19785: 19784:Yugoslav Wars 19782: 19781: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19724: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19714: 19712: 19708: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19668: 19666: 19662: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19619: 19618:Prague Spring 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19570: 19564: 19558: 19556: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19534: 19532: 19530:Organizations 19528: 19522: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19478: 19477: 19475: 19471: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19432:Baltic states 19430: 19428: 19425: 19424: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19408: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19388: 19384: 19377: 19372: 19370: 19365: 19363: 19358: 19357: 19354: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19328: 19325: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19303:War on terror 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19280: 19278: 19274: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19204: 19202: 19198:Espionage and 19196: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19149:Andrew Thorpe 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19044:Gabriel Kolko 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19009:Fred Halliday 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18994:Lloyd Gardner 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18954:Norman Davies 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18939:John Costello 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18904: 18900: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18880: 18878: 18874:Technological 18872: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18844: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18832: 18828: 18827: 18825: 18821: 18815: 18814: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18802: 18798: 18796: 18795: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18783: 18779: 18777: 18776: 18772: 18770: 18769: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18759: 18757: 18755:Pro-communist 18753: 18750: 18746: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18682:Organizations 18680: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18513: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18496:Eurocommunism 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18478: 18476: 18474: 18470: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18427: 18424: 18423: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18404: 18400: 18397: 18393: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18326:Domino theory 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18308: 18306: 18302: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18280:South Ossetia 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18253: 18249: 18243: 18240: 18236: 18233: 18232: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18181: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18064:8888 Uprising 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18009:Iran–Iraq War 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17974:Falklands War 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17837:NDF Rebellion 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17817:German Autumn 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17797: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17704:Metapolitefsi 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17599: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17544: 17542: 17538: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17505: 17502: 17501: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17473: 17468: 17466: 17465:Prague Spring 17463: 17459: 17456: 17455: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17443:Al-Wadiah War 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17408:12-3 incident 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17337: 17334: 17333: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17213: 17210: 17209: 17208: 17205: 17201: 17198: 17197: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17165: 17161: 17155: 17152: 17148: 17145: 17144: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17087: 17082: 17079: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17052: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17005: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16987:Domino theory 16985: 16983: 16982:Petrov Affair 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16913: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16859:Madiun Affair 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16819:Marshall Plan 16817: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16727: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16712: 16711: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16688: 16683: 16681: 16678: 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Doubleday. 16151: 16147: 16144: 16141: 16137: 16134: 16133: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16114: 16110: 16105: 16103: 16102:0-8147-1945-7 16099: 16095: 16091: 16088: 16085: 16084:0-521-59731-5 16081: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16061: 16057: 16053: 16049: 16044: 16042: 16041:0-7475-1561-1 16038: 16034: 16030: 16018: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15977:Slavic Review 15974: 15970: 15966: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15951: 15950:Brown, Archie 15948: 15933: 15929: 15925: 15918: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15889: 15885: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15868: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15814: 15809: 15806: 15805:0-00-653041-9 15802: 15798: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15773: 15767: 15763: 15756: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15726: 15710: 15706: 15702: 15695: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15664: 15648: 15644: 15640: 15634: 15626: 15620: 15616: 15615: 15607: 15599: 15592: 15584: 15578: 15574: 15567: 15559: 15553: 15549: 15548: 15540: 15532: 15525: 15516: 15512: 15500: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15487: 15480: 15472: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15440: 15424: 15420: 15414: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15394: 15386: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15334: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15316: 15311: 15309: 15302: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15280: 15275: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15256: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15208: 15203: 15187: 15183: 15177: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15144: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15076: 15072: 15066: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15006: 14999: 14994: 14986: 14984:9780465031238 14980: 14976: 14969: 14961: 14959:9780732286613 14955: 14951: 14947: 14941: 14933: 14931:9780465031238 14927: 14923: 14916: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14894: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14865: 14859: 14840: 14836: 14829: 14822: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14792: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14762: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14716: 14712: 14711: 14706: 14699: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14668: 14660: 14648: 14644: 14642:9781851099849 14638: 14634: 14633: 14625: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14586: 14570: 14566: 14562: 14555: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14522: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14461: 14445: 14441: 14437: 14430: 14414: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14397: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14366: 14350: 14346: 14345: 14340: 14333: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14294: 14286: 14282: 14276: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14246: 14230: 14226: 14219: 14203: 14199: 14192: 14190: 14181: 14175: 14171: 14164: 14148: 14144: 14142:9781442253599 14138: 14134: 14133: 14125: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14099: 14098: 14090: 14083: 14079: 14076: 14071: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14046:. p. 6. 14045: 14041: 14040: 14035: 14029: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13992: 13976: 13972: 13968: 13962: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13933: 13928: 13922: 13906: 13902: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13876: 13868: 13864: 13858: 13856: 13839: 13835: 13834:БИЗНЕС Online 13831: 13825: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13754: 13750: 13749:Riddle Russia 13746: 13739: 13732:. March 2022. 13731: 13725: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13696: 13692: 13686: 13670: 13666: 13664:9781563246371 13660: 13656: 13655: 13647: 13631: 13627: 13624: 13618: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13600:9780199371020 13596: 13592: 13585: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13546: 13530: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13514: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13465: 13458: 13452: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13421: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13392: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13332: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13272: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13243: 13227: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13211: 13192: 13185: 13179: 13171: 13165: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13134: 13118: 13114: 13108: 13101: 13096: 13089: 13084: 13077: 13072: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13047: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13031: 13030:Воронин Ю. М. 13026: 13024: 13022: 13015: 13012: 13011:Бабурин С. Н. 13007: 12999: 12995: 12989: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12973: 12968: 12966: 12949: 12945: 12944:www.lawmix.ru 12941: 12935: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12845: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12814: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12752: 12736: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12720: 12712: 12708: 12701: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12681: 12673: 12669: 12663: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12617: 12613: 12612:sobesednik.ru 12609: 12603: 12596: 12591: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12533: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12505: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12454: 12438: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12419:91-506-1600-5 12416: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12397: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12379:9780199371020 12375: 12371: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12333: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12295: 12288: 12280: 12274: 12266: 12259: 12251: 12250: 12242: 12226: 12222: 12216: 12200: 12196: 12192: 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9770: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9623: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9607: 9598: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9526: 9522: 9521:Bloomberg.com 9518: 9512: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9471: 9463: 9461: 9456: 9440: 9431: 9425:in 1998–2014. 9424: 9419: 9410: 9401: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9353: 9344: 9335: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9300: 9293: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9265: 9255:Russian: 9252: 9248: 9240: 9238: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9131: 9130:were fading. 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9092:, who states: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9079: 9077: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9057: 9056:Russification 9053: 9052:modernization 9047: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9003: 9001: 9000:structuralist 8998:accounts and 8997: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8956:However, the 8954: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8927:Richard Nixon 8924: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8858: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8846:Levada Center 8842: 8841:Levada Center 8838: 8834: 8830: 8821: 8816: 8810: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8787:decades-long 8784: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8713: 8712:11 March 2014 8705: 8702: 8701: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8668: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8463: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8350:21 March 1992 8348: 8345: 8344: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8300:23 July 1992 8299: 8296: 8295: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Ukrainian SSR 8045: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8019: 8017:23 June 1990 8016: 8014: 8013:Moldavian SSR 8003: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7977: 7975:20 June 1990 7974: 7972: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7865: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7810: 7809:Heydar Aliyev 7802: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7760: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7687: 7685:28 July 1989 7684: 7682: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666:11 March 1990 7664: 7661: 7660: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7274:'s regime in 7273: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7254:Law of Return 7249: 7239: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7017: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6988: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6875:– signed the 6874: 6868: 6865: 6864:fait accompli 6860: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6411:Boris Yeltsin 6404: 6403:Boris Yeltsin 6400: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322:South Ossetia 6319: 6314: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6121:was founded. 6120: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080:Vitaliy Masol 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5928: 5925: 5917: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5891:This section 5889: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795:Black January 5792: 5784: 5783:Black January 5779: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5628:28th Congress 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5601:Boris Yeltsin 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5548:, on 18 March 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5449:Islam Karimov 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5407:of miners in 5406: 5405:Strike action 5397: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5348: 5347:Crimean Tatar 5344: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5299:Oleksiy Tykhy 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5052: 5049: 5041: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5015:This section 5013: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799:Baltijas ceļš 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743:Frank Sinatra 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731:Prague Spring 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4564:by historian 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4531:student club 4530: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4473: 4472:Anatol Șalaru 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4442: 4439: 4431: 4428:December 2017 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: – 4388: 4384: 4383:Find sources: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4361:This section 4359: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4329:be arrested. 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228:Askeran clash 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958:ethnic Kazakh 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3916:port town of 3915: 3911: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3852:Boris Yeltsin 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777:Boris Yeltsin 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3670: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Boris Yeltsin 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3460:'s effort to 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3372:Yugoslav Wars 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260:Secret Speech 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235:Marshall Plan 3233: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900:North Vietnam 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582:Soviet Empire 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2397:Black January 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2250:Polish strike 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169:Prague Spring 2167: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086:Space program 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917:Moscow trials 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1832:War communism 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:War in Donbas 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1355:Five-Days War 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:Privatization 1324: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288:Modern Russia 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1093:Russian State 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1061:Ukrainian SSR 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 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32496:Ship losses 32443: [ 32435:Food crises 32250:True Russia 32063: [ 32050:peacenotwar 31953: [ 31778:ArmWomenNow 31764:In Ukraine 31447: [ 31363:Taurus leak 31329: [ 31136: [ 31117: [ 31089:Martial law 31075: [ 31051: [ 31027: [ 31010: [ 30935:United News 30910: [ 30878: [ 30866: [ 30848:Martial law 30825: [ 30493:Legal cases 29937:Potentially 29919:Sumy Oblast 29909:Kyiv Oblast 29809:occupations 29554:on military 29025:Russia–NATO 28965:Novorossiya 28757:Reparations 28536:Irredentism 28302:Philippines 27817:Variety art 27812:Tea culture 27740:Calligraphy 27725:Archaeology 27585:Food safety 27380:Gold mining 27282:Aquaculture 27277:Agriculture 27237:Coast Guard 27004:Naming laws 26838:Environment 26826:South China 26305:Paleolithic 26297:Prehistoric 26255:before 1912 25952:Cholpon-Ata 25672:(1991–1999) 25452:Baker rules 25429:Afghanistan 25191:Turgut Özal 24889:Stepanakert 24746:Stepanakert 24441:Baku pogrom 24396:(1988–1994) 24207:tea culture 24060:Fairy tales 23923:Open access 23896:Immigration 23857:Gun control 23596:Agriculture 23565:Term limits 23475:Martial law 23470:Nationalism 23465:Irredentism 23460:Imperialism 23243:Caspian Sea 23159:Environment 23154:Earthquakes 23050:Union State 23038:Dissolution 22937:Kievan Rus' 22927:Early Slavs 22796:Union State 22610:(1993–2009) 22562:CIS Charter 22502:CIS Charter 22410:CIS Charter 22201:Phraseology 22146:Prohibition 22134:Linguistics 22119:Drug policy 22112:1989 census 22033:Cybernetics 21935:Agriculture 21848:Great Purge 21810:Soviet Navy 21802:Soviet Army 21674:(1989–1991) 21668:(1938–1991) 21662:(1922–1936) 21646:Secretariat 21517:Gun control 21424:Caspian Sea 21408:Closed city 21337:Dissolution 21322:Perestroika 21264:Great Purge 21061:August Coup 20914:South Yemen 20859:Afghanistan 20703:Central and 20696:by location 20600:Civic Forum 20487:Feng Congde 20462:Ion Iliescu 20447:Lech Wałęsa 20404:Magnitizdat 20366:Zhao Ziyang 20356:Heng Samrin 20316:Miloš Jakeš 20226:Perestroika 19710:Dissolution 19650:Martial law 19573:Revolts and 19547:Warsaw Pact 19134:Shen Zhihua 18944:Michael Cox 18876:competition 18823:Pro-Western 18813:Soviet Life 18739:Safari Club 18709:Warsaw Pact 18564:Nationalism 18554:Imperialism 18453:Reaganomics 18316:Containment 18109:Perestroika 17598:Realpolitik 17428:Six-Day War 17413:Greek junta 17224:Berlin Wall 17072:Suez Crisis 17040:Vietnam War 16927:McCarthyism 16742:Baruch Plan 16687:Unthinkable 16647:Dekemvriana 16586:Warsaw Pact 16374:(2): 1–25. 15745:11 December 15705:Japan Times 15133:20 December 15107:14 December 15081:14 December 14337:Bob Savic. 14153:24 December 13844:22 December 13410:23 December 13381:23 December 13321:23 December 13261:23 December 13200:11 December 12894:23 December 12834:21 December 12652:24 November 12622:23 December 12322:11 February 12095:11 December 12052:19 November 12017:19 November 11997:I.B. Tauris 11974:18 November 11714:Leon Aron, 11506:King, p.140 10814:11 December 10346:Dissolution 10233:11 December 10225:. Ipu.org. 9024:perestroika 8706:5 May 1992 8631:Kirghiz SSR 8272:Abkhaz ASSR 8142:Turkmen SSR 7828:Gagauz ASSR 7681:Latvian SSR 7529:, the 1986 7276:Afghanistan 7260:Afghanistan 7227:North Korea 7168:hydrocarbon 7106:state visit 6993:near abroad 6896:Soviet flag 6701:secession. 6620:White House 6549:August Coup 6476:Alpha Group 6261:Krasnovodsk 6238:Turkmen SSR 6227:Turkmen SSR 6173:and ethnic 6152:Soviet Army 5468:Caspian Sea 5370:Byelorussia 5356:Meeting in 5066:Ion Hadârcă 4982:'s capital 4815:human chain 4809:, Russian: 4710:Warsaw Pact 4701:Map of the 4603:Savoy Hotel 4513:Zarvanytsia 4485:Khreschatyk 4268:Stepanakert 4264:Stepanakert 4212:Stepanakert 4145:Anti-Soviet 3910:Helsinki-86 3754:Warsaw Pact 3746:nationalist 3686:Perestroika 3641:Warsaw Pact 3637:Union State 3586:Soviet flag 3557:Shushkevich 3292:Vietnam War 3282:Berlin Wall 3211:North Korea 3148:Brașov 1987 3116:Prague 1968 3079:Poznań 1956 2932:Warsaw Pact 2891:South Yemen 2869:North Korea 2782:Afghanistan 2702:Byelorussia 2437:August Coup 2407:War of Laws 2286:Perestroika 2137:Vietnam War 2127:Six-Day War 1912:Great Purge 1867:: Stalinism 1786:World War I 1295:August Coup 1218:War of Laws 1200:Perestroika 1178:Warsaw Pact 1166:Great Purge 1129:1923–1991: 993:White Guard 973:Directorate 942:1917–1923: 799:1480–1917: 725:Feudal Rus' 723:1240–1480: 596:Rus' people 588:Early Slavs 555:History of 468:Byelorussia 425:Decline of 407:End of the 376:partitioned 367: 1992 331:multi-party 294:Dissolution 273:Nationalist 231:(1992–94), 223:(1990–93), 219:(1992–93), 215:(1990–95), 33817:Categories 33281:Ivan Popov 33066:Ukrainians 33060:Key people 32913:Babylon'13 32300:Casualties 32003:Technology 31869:In Belarus 31587:3rd summit 31582:2nd summit 31577:1st summit 30154:Attacks on 30063:War crimes 29662:Resistance 29552:Airstrikes 29464:Airstrikes 29449:occupation 28897:Background 28834:Zapad 2021 28546:Separatism 28508:Yugoslavia 28468:Bangladesh 28455:Historical 28200:by country 28198:Secessions 28078:Irreligion 27975:Statistics 27945:Emigration 27908:Four Wangs 27797:Philosophy 27782:Mass media 27765:Literature 27663:Patriarchy 27626:Propaganda 27546:Corruption 27531:Censorship 27321:E-commerce 27028:Government 26821:East China 26793:Waterfalls 26739:Peninsulas 26707:Grasslands 26122:(daughter) 26114:(daughter) 26028:Tsar Boris 25717:Presidency 25687:Birthplace 25316:Azerbaijan 25088:Azerbaijan 24776:War crimes 24704:Casualties 24690:Second war 24316:Background 24212:Television 24187:Philosophy 24120:Mass media 24110:Literature 24105:Inventions 23867:Healthcare 23802:Corruption 23792:Censorship 23683:(currency) 23560:Separatism 23505:Opposition 23490:Neo-Nazism 23480:Monarchism 23450:Liberalism 23445:Propaganda 23405:Government 23272:North Asia 23073:Journalism 22932:East Slavs 22922:Sarmatians 22551:Uzbekistan 22546:Tajikistan 22531:Kyrgyzstan 22526:Kazakhstan 22516:Azerbaijan 22491:Uzbekistan 22476:Tajikistan 22461:Kyrgyzstan 22456:Kazakhstan 22446:Azerbaijan 22241:Opposition 22231:Television 22211:Propaganda 22184:Literature 22058:Naukograds 22053:Sharashkas 21987:(currency) 21965:Inventions 21908:Censorship 21838:Red Terror 21522:Government 21396:Autonomous 21379:Autonomous 21312:Stagnation 21275:Evacuation 21102:Lustration 20976:Baltic Way 20927:Individual 20904:Mozambique 20843:Uzbekistan 20828:Tajikistan 20813:Kyrgyzstan 20808:Kazakhstan 20773:Azerbaijan 20752:Yugoslavia 20630:Solidarity 20590:Charter 77 20576:Opposition 20472:Wu'erkaixi 20438:Opposition 20385:Opposition 20376:Siad Barre 20321:Egon Krenz 20291:Ramiz Alia 20282:Government 20221:Uskoreniye 20153:background 20075:background 19664:Conditions 19642:Solidarity 19575:opposition 18902:Historians 18893:Space Race 18794:Rudé právo 18748:Propaganda 18604:Neo-Nazism 18574:Chauvinism 18528:Trotskyism 18443:Monetarism 18411:Liberalism 18403:Capitalism 18395:Ideologies 18346:Ostpolitik 18069:Solidarity 18034:Toyota War 17937:Solidarity 17794:Operation 17749:Ogaden War 17438:Dhofar War 17326:Shifta War 17084:Operation 16932:Korean War 16724:Operation 16716:Operation 16708:Operation 16685:Operation 16665:Operation 16657:Operation 16181:(2nd ed.) 15787:See also: 15600:: 155–164. 15220:(01/02/05) 15166:31 January 14848:25 October 14811:29 October 14781:18 October 14751:19 October 14116:1345216431 14062:1228187814 13981:21 January 13814:8 December 13785:7 December 13759:5 December 13123:22 October 12954:7 November 12924:7 November 12803:22 October 12494:13 October 12443:24 January 12205:11 October 12145:11 October 12137:. Moscow. 11860:7 February 11812:7 February 11782:11 October 11739:29 October 11653:7 February 11622:7 February 11591:7 February 11561:7 February 11531:7 February 11451:7 February 11390:7 February 11359:7 February 11309:7 February 11255:7 February 11201:7 February 11151:7 February 11120:7 February 11018:7 February 10987:7 February 10953:7 February 10919:7 February 10875:7 February 10844:7 February 10416:(4): 348. 10321:7 February 10204:7 February 9892:7 February 9650:(3): 5–6. 9451:References 9090:Xi Jinping 9063:President 9002:accounts. 8908:Gini ratio 8837:Kyrgyzstan 8728:referendum 8426:Kazakh SSR 8322:Tatar ASSR 7708:4 May 1990 7621:8 May 1990 7548:See also: 7499:See also: 7460:Kazakhstan 7423:Uzbekistan 7411:Tajikistan 7409:, Russia, 7403:Kyrgyzstan 7399:Kazakhstan 7387:Azerbaijan 7296:"blowback" 7280:withdrawal 7199:World Bank 7152:See also: 7117:Xi Jinping 6825:Kazakh SSR 6817:State Duma 6573:separatism 6565:Red Square 6528:referendum 6518:referendum 6281:Azerbaijan 6277:Uzbekistan 6269:"not feed 6229:and first 6163:Tajikistan 5764:Nakhchivan 5679:Estonia's 5605:Sverdlovsk 5456:Kazakhstan 5433:Meskhetian 5334:, and the 5295:Vasyl Stus 5251:Chernivtsi 5216:Ivan Drach 5164:Myloserdia 4803:Lithuanian 4791:Balti kett 4783:Baltic Way 4763:Solidarity 4525:Spadschyna 4505:Kyivan Rus 4493:Kyivan Rus 4398:newspapers 4196:Lithuanian 4165:Boris Pugo 4111:Karl Vaino 4052:See also: 4038:Nakhchivan 4026:Lake Sevan 3946:Kazakhstan 3893:The CTAG ( 3680:See also: 3667:Change of 3659:Background 3569:Kazakhstan 3302:Afghan War 3255:Korean War 3091:Plzeň 1953 2970:Opposition 2910:Yugoslavia 2864:Mozambique 2762:Uzbekistan 2747:Tajikistan 2717:Kazakhstan 2697:Azerbaijan 2572:Leadership 2499:Khrushchev 2452:referendum 2427:Referendum 2311:Baltic Way 1986:Korean War 1827:Red Terror 1754:Bolshevism 1743:Background 1361:amendments 1273:Tannu Tuva 1196:Afghan War 1131:Soviet Era 639:879–1240: 580:Prehistory 476:Белоруссия 451:superpower 345:capitalist 314:autonomies 279:opposition 221:Nakhchivan 185:Uzbekistan 173:Tajikistan 153:Kyrgyzstan 149:Kazakhstan 133:Azerbaijan 96:1991-12-26 92:1988-11-16 32875:Follow Me 32752:Bayraktar 32582:Terms and 32398:Education 32077:Knowledge 32040:Liveuamap 31950:NashStore 31899:Companies 31873:In China 31790:In Russia 31619:REPowerEU 31414:Lithuania 30717:Hero City 30597:Sanctions 30568:Reactions 30156:civilians 30109:Landmines 28993:relations 28919:reactions 28785:Reactions 28752:Red lines 28541:Secession 28415:Australia 28287:Indonesia 28275:Khalistan 28243:Hong Kong 27965:Languages 27918:Four Olds 27873:Four arts 27760:Libraries 27690:Structure 27653:Sexuality 27590:incidents 27563:Education 27472:Transport 27348:Renewable 27343:Petroleum 27138:President 27105:Politburo 27058:Elections 27046:Democracy 27014:Terrorism 26762:Volcanoes 26744:Northeast 26722:Mountains 26632:Northeast 26582:Geography 26489:High Qing 26310:Neolithic 26282:Dynasties 26260:1912–1949 26251:Economic 26220:Overviews 25830:Elections 24678:Reactions 24668:Incidents 24394:First war 24070:Festivals 23963:Sociology 23913:Languages 23832:Education 23736:Transport 23570:Terrorism 23415:Judiciary 23409:Apparatus 23375:Elections 23340:Anarchism 23314:Far North 23265:Volcanoes 23250:Mountains 23127:Geography 23006:Civil war 22917:Scythians 22699:Economics 22302:Republics 22290:Republics 22278:Republics 22129:Languages 21993:Transport 21875:Holodomor 21768:Militsiya 21706:President 21598:Stalinism 21500:Elections 21374:Republics 21357:Geography 21347:Nostalgia 21259:Stalinism 21142:Pink tide 20936:Jeltoqsan 20852:Elsewhere 20803:Lithuania 20655:Rastokhez 20595:New Forum 20578:movements 20477:Chai Ling 20087:Communism 19900:Documents 19723:Die Wende 19696:Economies 19537:Cominform 19520:(to 1948) 19482:(to 1961) 19410:Formation 19400:Communism 19189:Ken Young 19034:Tony Judt 18883:Arms race 18856:Red Scare 18724:NN States 18669:Apartheid 18624:Autocracy 18533:Stalinism 18501:Guevarism 18491:Castroism 18481:Communism 18473:Socialism 17999:Star Wars 17592:Koza riot 16718:Beleaguer 16710:Masterdom 16515:. C-Span. 16504:from the 16285:144397576 16269:0037-7732 16239:CiteSeerX 16068:1060-586X 16013:163376578 15997:0037-6779 15892:1469-2171 15848:144642549 15840:1086-3214 15429:7 October 15367:2468-2667 14604:0362-4331 14481:22 August 14450:22 August 14440:Brookings 14419:22 August 14386:4 January 14355:4 January 14312:0099-9660 14265:22 August 14044:Routledge 14020:145733112 13953:153398717 13932:Challenge 13675:7 October 13609:907585907 13564:0362-4331 13439:0362-4331 13341:www.ng.ru 13152:0362-4331 12711:Gulf News 12570:143563888 12562:1058-4609 12388:907585907 9975:143191904 9922:27 August 9669:9 January 9561:5 October 9531:4 January 9279:romanized 9264:romanized 9043:Fred Weir 8921:of 1959, 8793:Armenians 8228:Tajik SSR 7971:Uzbek SSR 7359:Lithuania 7324:Euro 1992 7216:country. 7211:socialist 7180:petroleum 6841:the Hague 6657:passed a 6643:agreement 6563:Tanks in 6320:in 1991, 6257:Ashghabad 6183:Rastokhez 6128:passed a 5841:called a 5831:Presidium 5715:Latvia's 5555:, to the 5544:, to the 5533:, to the 5520:Lithuania 5464:Zhanaozen 5460:firebombs 5328:Christmas 5261:; 500 in 4923:Jalilabad 4841:in 1940. 4827:Lithuania 4149:Lithuania 3937:Jeltoqsan 3779:into the 3710:Politburo 3543:President 3532:President 3507:with its 3501:Lithuania 3454:President 3173:Riga 1991 3163:Baku 1990 3053:Lithuania 2945:Cominform 2849:Kampuchea 2752:Turkmenia 2732:Lithuania 2722:Kirghizia 2677:Republics 2562:Geography 2557:Education 2519:Gorbachev 2514:Chernenko 2402:Osh riots 2382:Jeltoqsan 2268:1982–1991 2104:1964–1982 2009:1953–1964 1888:Holodomor 1865:1927–1953 1804:1917–1927 1749:Communism 1654:1982–1991 1650:1964–1982 1646:1953–1964 1642:1927–1953 1638:1917–1927 1634:1894–1917 1630:1855–1894 1626:1796–1855 1622:1721–1796 1397:Sanctions 1347:Oligarchy 1277:1921–1944 1255:1940–1956 1244:1922–1991 1233:1922–1991 1150:Stalinism 1108:1921–1923 1097:1918–1920 1087:1922–1922 1076:1920–1922 1065:1919–1922 1054:1917–1922 1044:1917–1918 1033:1917–1918 1019:Emigrants 1005:Priamurye 989:Civil War 965:July Days 933:1914–1921 922:1900–1905 911:1867–1915 900:1809–1917 889:1799–1867 878:1721–1917 868:1547–1721 778:1263–1547 768:1157–1331 758:1136–1478 702:1093–1157 627:Garðaríki 584:Antiquity 531:Туркмения 523:Turkmenia 487:Kirghizia 427:communist 319:Numerous 262:republics 229:Tatarstan 161:Lithuania 69:Gorbachev 66:President 33807:Politics 33744:Category 33592:Punisher 33577:incident 33209:Russians 32829:Stefania 32808:Mama ŠČ! 32479:Religion 32357:protests 32170:Get Lost 32060:Squad303 31757:Protests 31354:Germany 31312:Denmark 31036:Chechnya 30929:United24 30582:entities 30580:official 30447:soldiers 29897:Previous 29297:Northern 29074:Southern 28953:Putinism 28710:Legality 28628:Timeline 28610:Overview 28420:Tasmania 28297:Pakistan 28263:Xinjiang 28151:Category 28024:Buddhism 28016:Religion 27993:Post-90s 27986:Post-80s 27730:Archives 27597:HIV/AIDS 27568:Literacy 27526:Abortion 27455:Internet 27412:Taxation 27395:Textiles 27375:Chemical 27370:Industry 27299:Currency 27177:Military 26985:in Tibet 26949:Politics 26886:Wildlife 26798:Wetlands 26561:COVID-19 26389:Imperial 26287:Monarchs 26247:Language 26232:Timeline 26204:articles 26098:(mother) 26090:(father) 25948:Monument 25860:campaign 25848:campaign 24826:Susuzluq 24699:Timeline 24262:Category 24140:Nobility 24100:Internet 24095:Heraldry 24090:Graffiti 24075:Folklore 24018:Armorial 23948:Religion 23933:Polygamy 23872:HIV/AIDS 23852:Funerals 23842:Feminism 23812:Deafness 23797:Citizens 23787:Cannabis 23772:Abortion 23716:Taxation 23656:Gambling 23646:Forestry 23495:Military 23328:Politics 23309:Wildlife 23255:Caucasus 23218:Glaciers 23098:Military 23083:Internet 23061:By topic 22955:Vladimir 22950:Novgorod 22904:Timeline 22844:Category 22668:Military 22345:Category 21898:Religion 21785:Chairmen 21631:Congress 21593:Leninism 21573:Propiska 21468:Politics 21327:Glasnost 21287:Cold War 21227:February 20899:Mongolia 20894:Ethiopia 20879:Cambodia 20783:Chechnya 20717:Bulgaria 20492:Tank Man 20482:Wang Dan 20467:Liu Gang 20424:Samizdat 20419:Protests 20258:Glasnost 20241:500 Days 20165:Cold War 20073:Internal 19691:Politics 19341:Timeline 19331:Category 19276:See also 18768:Izvestia 18609:Islamism 18506:Hoxhaism 18381:Rollback 18260:Abkhazia 18200:Gulf War 18104:Glasnost 17474:incident 17244:Sand War 17102:Ifni War 16611:Rio Pact 16556:Cold War 16477:Archived 16442:(2021). 16376:Archived 16344:(2014). 16327:(2011). 16289:Archived 16186:Archived 16148:(1995). 16136:Archived 16017:Archived 15932:Archived 15908:46642309 15900:40542830 15739:Archived 15715:9 August 15709:Archived 15684:9 August 15678:Archived 15653:28 March 15647:Archived 15499:Archived 15423:Archived 15401:(2017). 15385:28626827 15318:Archived 15297:Archived 15282:Archived 15263:Archived 15239:Archived 15210:Archived 15160:Archived 15127:Archived 15101:Archived 15075:Archived 15019:Archived 14948:(2010). 14907:64390356 14867:Archived 14745:Archived 14715:Archived 14688:9 August 14647:Archived 14614:30 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3121:Invasion 2995:Bulgaria 2859:Mongolia 2834:Ethiopia 2803:Bulgaria 2737:Moldavia 2577:Politics 2524:List of 2509:Andropov 2504:Brezhnev 2494:Malenkov 2281:Glasnost 1976:Cold War 1718:a series 1716:Part of 1618:860–1721 1614:Timeline 1351:Putinism 1305:Protocol 1303:Alma-Ata 1208:Karabakh 1188:transfer 1174:Cold War 997:Red Army 981:election 814:Troubles 692:988–1402 682:987–1397 672:882–1136 617:Arthania 546:a series 544:Part of 513:Молдавия 505:Moldavia 495:Киргизия 409:Cold War 362:divided 358:Unified 213:Gagauzia 205:Chechnya 197:Abkhazia 107:Location 94: – 75:and the 38:and the 36:Cold War 33795:History 33757:Portals 33451:Related 32843:Crushed 32836:Ukraine 32723:culture 32721:Popular 32606:Bavovna 32584:phrases 32489:The Ark 32423:Ukraine 32288:Effects 32035:Killnet 31433:Poland 31419:Moldova 31403:Israel 31377:Hungary 31350:Georgia 31339:France 31308:Croatia 31280:Canada 31276:Belarus 30655:Ukraine 30590:General 30445:against 30134:Looting 30070:General 29939:related 29829:Ongoing 29807:Russian 29556:targets 29466:by city 29299:Ukraine 29160:Ukraine 29158:Eastern 29076:Ukraine 28991:Foreign 28970:Ruscism 28777:Prelude 28633:Prelude 28623:Outline 28616:General 28488:Prussia 28407:Oceania 28380:Alberta 28337:Belgium 28312:Siberia 28135:Outline 28098:Symbols 27955:Eunuchs 27802:Smoking 27750:Cuisine 27717:Culture 27707:Welfare 27678:Suicide 27646:history 27514:Society 27443:Housing 27417:Tourism 27402:Poverty 27287:Banking 27265:Economy 27244:Militia 27155:Premier 26757:Valleys 26717:Islands 26702:Deserts 26692:Canyons 26680:Terrain 26659:Western 26647:Central 26619:Regions 26604:Geology 26594:Borders 26337:Ancient 26320:Yangtze 26227:History 26212:History 25222:Armenia 24999:Armenia 24742:Martuni 24355:Miatsum 24328:History 24253:Outline 24065:Fashion 24055:Fashion 24043:Cuisine 24005:Culture 23993:in army 23978:Wedding 23973:Suicide 23968:Smoking 23953:Slavery 23928:Orphans 23901:Illegal 23777:Alcohol 23760:Society 23726:Tourism 23606:Banking 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