Post-Soviet states

8007:

information regarding the environmental problems facing them, and when these problems became evident to the public, authorities continued to attribute them to capitalism. The Chernobyl disaster was a turning point in which the Soviets had to take responsibility for a huge environmental disaster amid pressures to disclose information regarding its causes and consequences, and this led to a broader discussion about the state of the environment as well as to concerns about nuclear energy. As general unrest grew in the final years of the Soviet Union, the public began to demand environmental reform as part of their resistance to Communism. Many citizens wanted to capitalize on the political turnover to achieve an environmentalist agenda. There was a push away from coal and towards cleaner forms of energy in the 1980s, and 1986–1987 saw the first wave of environmental protests. Village Prose literature by authors such as Valentin Rasputin fostered an environmentalist sentiment. The Soviet "Green Front" was a populist environmental movement that had five subgroups: the Social-Ecological Union which promoted environmental solutions based in ecological practice, the Ecological Union which advocated for greater monitoring of pollution, the Ecological Foundation that sought to create funds through pollution taxes, the Ecological Society of the Soviet Union that called for a return to the Russian way of life that was closely connected to nature, and the All-Union Movement of Greens which was a culminating body of the four preceding groups. Russian oil-drilling and the military were among the things they took issue with. Critics of the Green Front opposed their effects on the chemical industry and claimed that it led to reduced commercial product availability of items such as soap, which was in very short supply in the late 1980s, and restricted access to pharmaceutical goods.

8076:. Many of these issues have not been addressed post-independence due to lack of funding. Since independence, Ukraine has experienced a decrease in agricultural and industrial productivity and an increase in diseases, birth abnormalities and child mortality, claimed to have been caused at least in part from the Chernobyl disaster and from polluted water and air. The number of cars in Ukraine has increased post-independence. Sewage waste has increased, but there has been no increase in wastewater treatment facilities to accommodate it, diverting the waste into natural bodies of water; the Black and Azov seas have been polluted by wastewater, though this occurs less with the reduction of industry; agricultural runoff has led to decreased fish populations, particularly in the Azov Sea. The damming of the Dnipro for hydroelectric power caused flooding in local and residential areas, though the river has been recovering from contamination caused by the Chernobyl disaster. Radioactive waste remains from the Chernobyl accident, the uranium industry, mining and industrial processing. There are numerous environmental agencies in Ukraine. In 1991, the Ukrainian Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) was formed. It manages the environment and its resources, but it has experienced decreased funding and staff since 1996. There is also the Ministry for Forestry, the State Committee on Geology and Natural Resource Use, the State Committee on Water Management, the State Committee on Land Use, the Health Ministry, the Road Traffic Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the State Committee on Hydrometeorology. Environmental education was also introduced into the school curriculum in the 1990s by the Ministry of Education. 8019:, engaged in preservationist and recreational outdoor activities. However, environmental damage and openings in political freedom in the 1980s led to greater grassroots activism. The Chernobyl disaster of 1986, its cover-up by national, republic and local government officials, and its environmental and health effects spurred many to action. General dissatisfaction with the socialist regime and a push for democratization took an environmental focus. As Soviet citizens became more comfortable with the Gorbachev-era ideals of glasnost and perestroika in the late 20th century, environmentalists became more outspoken in their demands, and radical splinter groups formed in the late 1980s. The opening of borders led to the spread of ideas and partnership with international environmental NGOs who were able to visit and converse with environmentalists of post-Soviet nations. The conservation state institutions from the Soviet era continued to exist into the post-Soviet era but experienced difficulty getting funding due to their connection with the socialist regime in national memory. New environmental NGOs had challenges receiving funding as well as organizing, and the NGOs that survived were not as influential on national decision-making as the state. Many NGOs expressed disappointment with the lack of substantial environmental change during times of political transformation. It has also been contended that environmental issues are of little importance to Russian citizens today. Many former-Soviet citizens abandoned their earlier interest in the environment after the achievement of independence, while continued demands for environmental reform were suppressed. 8011:

positive and negative environmental effects. The abandonment of croplands following dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the creation of carbon sinks. Industrial activity drastically decreased, which reduced air pollution even as the economy took an upturn. However, the introduction of a capitalist market caused new environmental problems: the increase in privately owned cars and the infrastructure changes to accommodate them, the increase in consumerism with no waste management to handle its byproducts, and the poorly planned construction of retail sites. Environmental clean-up efforts by post-Soviet regimes included institutional changes through the creation of or reformation of environmental agencies, and legislative changes through the introduction of new environmental regulations and their enforcement. However, some contend that the efficacy of these reforms was curtailed by economic troubles in the 1990s. New environmental standards were sometimes used by governments to lower preexisting ones, and many of the post-Soviet initiatives have been criticized as "neoliberal" for their basis in free market principles and belief that the market would correct for environmental problems. Technological innovation was generally directed towards "end-of-pipe" technologies, which deal with the clean-up of emissions and their byproducts rather than the reduction of emissions.

8703: 2446: 8060:, and developed sustainable development goals. In 1996, Yeltsin demoted the Ministry of the Environment to the State Committee on Environmental Protection, and in 2000 Putin ended the State Committee on Environmental Protection and the Federal Forestry Service and tasked the Ministry of Natural Resources with their responsibilities. In 2001, to the ire of many environmental advocates, Russia passed a law that allowed the acceptance, treatment, and storage of nuclear fuel from other nations for profit. The Environmental Doctrine was passed in 2002, the Water Code was passed in 2006, and the Forest Code was passed in 2007, though these policies have been critiqued for the difficulty in enforcing them. Today, Russia has a low population density with most citizens gathered in the cities, so environmental degradation is concentrated in certain areas. Putin is criticized by environmental advocates for prioritizing economic gain over environmental protection, and there are high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and frequent oil spills. 2701: 2825: 2856: 2570: 2477: 2260: 2291: 7407: 2384: 2670: 6516: 7257: 5379: 5738:(CEI) with Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus (and also Central and South-Western European countries in the European Union; it aims at helping Eastern European countries to reach the EU standards and cooperate politically and find a better economic development and a strong, working but more democratic legal system); it is the only regional organization where Belarus is still a member (but the political cooperation with Belarus is almost stalled, as it is the only country of the former Communist bloc country that balances in favor of stronger cooperation with Russia and against integration with EU and NATO; however, Belarus remains isolated and still does not cooperate too in the SCO group led by Russia and China). 2322: 6875: 2763: 3042: 2229: 2794: 4669: 1175: 4728: 2415: 2167: 7231: 7381: 5213: 4931: 3011: 2539: 7004: 2353: 2732: 2508: 7079: 2639: 2949: 8129:

Latvia and Lithuania primarily used fossil fuels for energy including imported gas, oil and petroleum products. The Baltic states used fuels with high amounts of sulfur and pollutants, which has had a negative effect on the environment. Power plants constructed in the Baltic states under the USSR were inefficient, as they were designed to power the entire northwestern region of Soviet territory. During this time, environmental monitoring and regulation were controlled at the local level, but the Baltic states had little influence over the state-managed industrial activities in their area.

2980: 7990:

environmental problems would cease to arise. Some environmental strides were made, such as the banning of lead-based paint and leaded gasoline in the 20th century. However, the prioritization of industrial production over environmental protection meant that many environmental issues were left to post-Soviet institutions, particularly air and water pollution in the Northern regions where industrialism was heaviest. The Northern countries of Central Europe, including Poland, East Germany and Czechoslovakia formed what is referred to as the "black triangle" due to their heavy use of

7087: 6669: 6598: 7643: 3073: 7173: 8171: 1341: 7469: 16664: 7389: 7707: 7597: 2887: 7012: 2918: 7631: 22: 16676: 4396: 5595: 6651: 6703: 8133:

Estonia, the Environmental Protection Committee in Latvia, and the Environmental Protection Department in Latvia, all of which were under the legislative branch but independent from executive government. Air pollution was high in the Baltic states due to the high sulfur and other pollutants emitted from their fuel sources. Water pollution was also considerable due to agricultural and industrial activity, as well as the legacy of Soviet military installations. Emission charges were enacted in the Baltic states to reduce pollution levels.

7306: 6752: 6499: 2011: 1422: 8028: 5744:(BSF) with Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova and Armenia (also non post-soviet countries that are NATO members, interested in their maintaining political stability and avoiding conflicts in the region: Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey, whose first two are also now EU and CEI members, using EU rules for their political development); however, this organization does not focus on helping countries to join the EU, but reaching common standards and good governance and internal stability and democracy like in the CEI. 6492: 2198: 6857: 2601: 7528: 703: 14089: 5134: 7147: 1712: 7239: 6643: 6572: 3019: 2547: 1835: 1550: 1260: 6580: 6725: 1631: 959: 967: 7461: 4595: 4304: 195: 8762: 3081: 2988: 2833: 2802: 2678: 2609: 2516: 2361: 2330: 2206: 789: 1918: 1048: 870: 2895: 2423: 14101: 1926: 1056: 878: 797: 711: 7487: 7332: 4650: 4634: 4611: 4579: 4476: 4358: 4277: 4142: 4115: 4007: 219: 180: 117: 102: 48: 2771: 2299: 1720: 7155: 4428: 4196: 141: 7549: 10561: 3050: 2926: 2709: 2647: 2578: 2454: 2237: 2175: 2740: 2268: 7314: 1843: 1430: 1268: 1183: 2019: 1558: 7681: 7105: 7030: 6955: 4563: 4547: 4531: 4492: 4331: 4223: 4034: 3980: 2864: 2392: 207: 156: 63: 33: 6929: 6849: 4508: 4412: 4088: 4061: 90: 78: 6937: 1639: 7567: 4444: 4169: 129: 5018: 2957: 2485: 1349: 4460: 4250: 168: 9796: 16640: 2135: 2098: 2063: 1978: 1889: 1799: 1764: 1683: 1602: 1514: 1479: 1397: 1312: 1231: 1139: 1104: 1019: 926: 841: 760: 5658:(BSEC) with Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Turkey, Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Armenia (an economic organisation closely related to the SCO but more focused regionally to include also Armenia; it also aims for the harmonious development of democracy for increasing the commerce in South-East Europe and includes some EU members, so it cannot be a regional free-trade union). 10565: 16688: 5291: 5441: 8142:

states. Surrounding nations pressured Estonia to reduce its emissions, but a lack of desulfurization equipment has forced Estonia to instead lower its energy production, which has hurt the nation economically. Water pollution has also been considered among the worst of Estonia's environmental problems because it does not have the infrastructure to effectively treat as much sewage as is created.

9800: 16652: 5705:(some of them are still under surveillance by EU or NATO, as mandated by UNO). They still need to find an internal stability and they can collaborate economically with the help of other organizations focusing on economy or political cooperation and development. However, a more limited cooperation for security is possible through their membership to the larger 418:

capacity has been disputed by Ukraine, which has proclaimed by law that it is the successor state to both the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Union as a whole. The question of whether Russia or Ukraine succeeded the Soviet Union in 1991 arose due to a comprehensive dispute between the two countries over what had been collective Soviet state-owned properties.

8040:

little discussion on how to properly use resources and they were depreciated. The task of environmental governance was distributed among 15 different ministries. There is controversy among academics as to whether environmental destruction under the Soviet Union can be attributed more to Marxist ideology or to the industrialization push.

7561:. Negotiations with Russia led to the signing of a treaty in 1994 which ended Tatarstan's de facto independence, but reserved significant autonomy for the Tatarstan government. In 2002 a new constitution was enacted for Tatarstan which removed the prior constitution's declaration that Tatarstan was a sovereign state. 10215:

consolidation. Orenstein, on the other hand, whose early career was spent conducting research on the transition process in Poland and the Czech Republic, believed that Milanović's findings were overly pessimistic. Poland had done spectacularly well and living standards had increased in many countries.

8161:

Lithuania is the largest producer of electricity of all three Baltic states. Lithuania's land area is roughly 31% forested and is both state and privately owned. Under the USSR, forest and other natural resources were state-owned and centrally managed. The State determined how resources would be used

8132:

Concern for the environment fueled a desire for independence from the USSR. Since declaring independence, the energy consumption of the Baltic states has declined due to a decrease in industrial activity, and each nation has created its own environmental oversight body: the Ministry of Environment in

8099:

Following the fall of the Soviet Union, the newly independent states kept their Soviet-era internal administrative structure but were unpracticed in cross-national natural resource management. This has led to conflict regarding proper water allocation to meet the agricultural, industrial and consumer

5704:

The other remaining countries are those part of the former Yugoslavia, but their recent conflict and political tensions still does not allow them to cooperate efficiently for their political integration and for their mutual security; in addition, they still do not have full sovereignty in this domain

8141:

Northeastern Estonia and the Narva region in particular was the site of an oil-shale industry which provided electricity and heat. Estonia was the only nation to have ever had an oil-shale based energy system. Mining for oil-shale caused Estonia to have the highest amounts of pollution in the Baltic

8111:

To alleviate the stress on water resources in Central Asia, international organizations looking at the situation have advocated for creation of a river basin commission to represent each nation, equitably distribute water, and peacefully resolve conflicts. It has also been suggested that each nation

8051:

was accused of holding "entrepreneurial interests," particularly related to nuclear power. The 1990s saw experiments in taxing pollution of various forms, though this was largely ineffective due to the low charge levels and inflation, as well as more areas of protected land, but there was difficulty

8815:

Various regional structures have emerged in the post-Soviet geography, which is fragmented in political and geopolitical terms. The first of these was the Independent State Society (CIS), which included former Soviet countries outside the Baltic countries. The failure of the CIS to meet the foreign

8096:

Proper water resource management is a significant environmental concern in the post-Soviet nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and the Karakalpakstan region, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Central Asia has an arid climate with hot summers and cold winters. Once within the USSR, the Aral Sea

5579:

Just like GUAM before it, this forum is largely seen as intending to counteract Russian influence in the area. This is the only international forum centered in the post-Soviet space in which the Baltic countries also participate. In addition, the other three post-Soviet states in it are all members

3221:

says this view is "essentially correct" and perhaps underestimates "the negative impacts of transition by focusing only on GDP, inequality and democratic consolidation" whereas Mitchell A. Orenstein says this view is "overly pessimistic" and notes that "Poland had done spectacularly well and living

11281:

On 12 November 1989, a "Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" was proclaimed by an assembly in Comrat ... In reaction to the Moldovan declaration of sovereignty, on 19 August 1990 the Gagauz leadership proclaimed a "Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic", which would be independent from Moldova,

8748:

in November 2016, 2017, and 2018 showed that a majority viewed the collapse of the USSR negatively (56%, 58%, and 66% respectively) and felt that it could have been avoided (51%, 52%, and 60% respectively). The 2018 figure of 66% who regretted the USSR's collapse was the highest since 2004. A 2019

8039:

were created under the Soviet Union. Soviet leaders attributed former pollution and environmental degradation in Russia to private enterprise and capitalism. However, environmental problems arose in Russia under the Soviets because industrialization was favored over environmentalism, and there was

5712:

The only exception is Belarus (whose post-soviet democratic transition did not occur) that still rejects political integration, and all security alliances with NATO, OSCE, WEU or other countries in Europe other than Russia (which the process of reintegration of Belarus has been tightened in almost

5626:

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), is composed of China and five post-Soviet states, namely Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The organization was founded in 2001, though its predecessor, the Shanghai Five grouping, has existed since 1996. Its aims revolve around

10214:

Ghodsee, who had conducted much of her research in the Balkans or East Germany among women and ethnic minorities, believed that Milanović's findings were essentially correct but were most likely underestimating the negative impacts of transition by focusing only on GDP, inequality, and democratic

7989:

The Soviet Union inherited environmental problems from the pre-Revolutionary era that it blamed on the failings and evils of capitalism. The Soviet Union promoted environmental sentiments; it had a constitutional clause on environmental protection and promoted the idea that, by ending capitalism,

8733:

poll showed that 62% of Ukrainians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a post-Soviet market economy.

8128:

until they restored independence in 1991. Afterwards, they have had difficulty acquiring fuels and meeting their energy needs. For this reason, they were reliant on Russian oil, and did not have the capacity to acquire fuel from other producers, which had led to frequent fuel shortages. Estonia,

7873:

as an official language, the language lost its status in other post-Soviet states after the end of the Soviet Union. It maintains semi-official status in all CIS member states, because it is the organisation's official working language, but in the three Baltic states, the Russian language is not

8103:

Most of the water is used for irrigation of agriculture, with Uzbekistan the largest user of agricultural water. Uzbekistan has double the population of its fellow nations and uses 3/5 of regional water supplies. Together, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan use twice the amount of water for industrial

8071:

is made up of a diverse landscape consisting of plains, temperate forest and mountains, five densely populated cities, and agricultural land that makes up 70% of the country. Ukraine heavily increased industrial and agricultural production in the Soviet period, which had negative effects on the

8010:

It was expected that the transition to post-Soviet society would bring about environmental change from both democratic governments and NGOs, but the dissolution of the Soviet Union had both positive and negative effects on the environment. Transition brought about numerous changes that had both

7882:

While the Soviet system placed severe restrictions on religious intellectual life, traditions continued to survive. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Islamic movements have emerged alongside ethnic and secular ones. Vitaly Naumkin gives the following assessment: "Throughout the time of

5112:

On 1 January 2012, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus established the Single Economic Space which ensures the effective functioning of a single market for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies. The agreement included a

8162:

and excluded the public from influencing forest policy. The transition to a post-Soviet political and economic system led to privatization of forests and a market economy. Today, Lithuania's forests are managed democratically and sustainably so as to preserve biodiversity and forest resources.

417:

recognized Russia as the successor state to the Soviet Union as a whole, rather than to just the Russian SFSR. In contrast, the other post-Soviet states were recognized as successors only to their corresponding Union Republics. However, Russia's status as the sole legitimate successor in this

8014:

Nongovernmental environmental organizations did not exist under the Soviet Union. Rather, some republics had state and local institutions for environmental oversight where citizens could voice concerns, but open criticism of the state was prohibited. Conservation brigades, otherwise known as

8006:

due to collective farming In the 1970s, a Soviet study revealed vast technological inefficiencies in the USSR: compared to the West, the USSR created double the amount of pollutants for each product produced, and quadruple the amount of pollution for each car. The Soviet regime also withheld

4917:

that differ in their membership status. As of December 2010, 9 countries have ratified the CIS charter and are full CIS members (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), one country (Turkmenistan) is an associate member and two countries

8836:

on 10 October 1997. The purpose and principles of the organization were determined at the first summit of GUAM on 7 June 2001 in Yalta. The countries participating in the GUAM aimed to maintain their national independence and sovereignty and to increase their maneuverability against Russia.

5370:, established the GUAM group that was largely seen as intending to counter Russian dominance in the region. Notably, these four nations do not participate in any of the other regional organizations that sprang up in the region since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (other than the CIS). 8107:

The Interstate Coordinating Commission for Water Resources was formed in 1991 to allocate water from the Syr Darya and Amu Darya but has had difficulty distributing water fairly among nations due to limited funding and physical infrastructure. This has led to conflict between the states.

2569: 3180:

The initial transition decline was eventually arrested, and after 1995 the economy in the post-Soviet states began to recover, with GDP switching from negative to positive growth rates. By 2007, 10 of the 15 post-Soviet states had recovered their 1991 GDP levels. According to economist

7883:

change, Islam has served as a symbol of identity, a force for mobilization, and a pressure for democracy. This is one of the few social disasters that the church has survived, in which it was not the cause. But if successful politically, it faces economic challenges beyond its grasp."

7938:), which adds another layer of pro-Western orientation to those countries, although the majority of what has been the traditionally Protestant population there (in Estonia and northern Latvia) is now relatively irreligious. The dominant religion in the other former Soviet countries ( 4921:

In 1994, the CIS countries agreed to create a free trade area, but the agreements were never signed. On 19 October 2011, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan and Ukraine signed a free trade agreement. Uzbekistan joined the free trade area in 2013.

6764:

independent from Georgia. Tensions in the area broke out when Georgia sent in troops in 1992 to control groups who wanted separation. The troops and most of the Georgian and Mingrelian speaking population were forced out in 1993, and the region declared independence in 1999. The

5547:

The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe

5643:(EFTA) provides in Western Europe for non EU-members; this alliance an economical organization with strong cooperation with the European Union, for countries that do not want to participate in EurAsEC centered on Russia but that are seeking alliances to the West); even if 7591:, although Ukraine and most of the international community refused to recognize the vote. The next day, the Republic of Crimea declared independence, and within days Russia absorbed the peninsula. Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory. 7980:

LGBT people may encounter difficulties not shared by non-LGBT residents. In Transnistria homosexuality is illegal. In some other regions, such as Russia and Ukraine, homosexual actions are legal, but there is still discrimination and bias towards the gay community.

8097:

Basin now crosses the geopolitical boundaries of these independent nations. Along with the Aral Sea Basin, Central Asia nations also extract freshwater from the Syr Darya, Amu Darya and Zeravshan rivers. These rivers receive the snowmelt of surrounding mountains.

6412:

in the post-Soviet space. In many cases, problems due to factors such as ethnic divisions existed before the fall of the Soviet Union, and upon the fall of the union were brought into the open. Such territories and resulting military conflicts have so far been:

5196:'s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October 2014 and 23 December respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. Kyrgyzstan ratified its accession's treaty in May 2015, and it came into force in August 2015. 9398:"We have new guidance on AP Stylebook Online, recommending that writers avoid the shorthand former Soviet republic(s) for any of the group of 14 countries besides Russia that existed within the former Soviet Union, unless clearly relevant to the story" 5639:(CEFTA) with Moldova (it includes also non post-Soviet countries of the former Yugoslavia; previously, also included other Central European countries that left CEFTA when joining the European Union; CEFTA plays a role in Central Europe similar to what 4771:. Only organizations that are mainly (or completely) composed of post-Soviet states are listed in this section; organizations with wider memberships are not discussed. The 15 post-Soviet states are divided in their participation to the regional blocs: 8112:

take responsibility by limiting its downstream environmental effects through reducing agricultural runoff, informing fellow nations of proposed actions which may impact water quality and supply, and sharing data regarding these natural water sources.

4989:

have observer status in the community; however, Ukraine has declared its desire not to become a full member state. Because having common borders with the rest of the community is a prerequisite for full membership, Moldova is barred from seeking it.

5647:

is the only CEFTA country that is still within a weakening CIS, it no longer participates to the CSTO for most of the common security policy (but cannot join the EU because of incompatibility with WEU stability rules and the unsolved problem of

8726:) have expressed a longing for the Soviet period and its values. The level of post-Soviet nostalgia varies across the former republics. For example, certain groups of people may blend the Soviet and post-Soviet experience in their daily lives. 4672: 5682:(SPforSEE) with Moldova (similar in structure to CEFTA, but does not focus on economy but security, for those countries that are not NATO members); this organization largely cooperates with NATO, and is related to the group of observers at 2824: 11240:

But on 19 August 1990, the Gagauz elite, led by President Stepan Topal and Supreme Soviet Chairperson Mihail Kendighelean, quickly took the next step, declaring Gagauzia to be independent of Moldova and subject only to central Soviet

4689: 8080:, or "Green World", was a successful Ukrainian environmental organization whose mission was to hold the Ukrainian government accountable for their environmental failings, particularly the Chernobyl disaster, and to protect the 9586: 16313: 5275:

which (alongside Georgia and Azerbaijan) withdrew from the CST in 1999, joined GUAM. Then in 2005, it withdrew from GUAM and joined the CSTO in 2006. On 28 June 2012, Uzbekistan suspended its membership in the CSTO.

4694: 3237:

are often independent state institutions, which possess the monopoly on managing and implementing a state's or federation's monetary policy. Besides monetary policy, some of them also perform the supervision of the

2700: 6737:

independent from Georgia. The region declared its intent to seek independence in 1990, leading to a conflict which led to a ceasefire in 1992. Separatism became powerful after the election of Georgian President

5665:(EU) with the three Baltic countries that were the first ones to declare independence from the former USSR have never joined CIS after the collapse of USSR (it includes also now some post-communist countries in 15287: 4898:

notified the CIS executive bodies of its decision to leave the regional organization, and according to the CIS Charter (sec. 1, art. 9) this decision went into force 12 months after the notification date.

11459: 10668: 5988:

in Uzbekistan, until his death in September 2016. All of these had originally more limited terms but through decrees or referendums prolonged their stay in office (a practice also followed by Presidents

2445: 2855: 10710:

Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed a treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union, expanding the membership of Moscow-led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia.

4679: 10656:

Kyrgyzstan is among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC). Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union – from 1 January 2015.

2476: 527: 447:(CSTO). On the other hand, the three Baltic states pursued a policy of near-total disengagement with the Russian-dominated post-Soviet sphere, instead focusing on integrating themselves with the 8722:

Ever since the dissolution of the Soviet Union a certain number of people (predominantly people around the age of ~ 55–80, which is most likely due to the USSR's peak performance in the time of

15932: 15376: 11849:

Coumel, Laurent; Elie, Marc (1 January 2013). "A Belated and Tragic Ecological Revolution: Nature, Disasters, and Green Activists in the Soviet Union and the Post-Soviet States, 1960s–2010s*".

3229:. The average government debt in these countries is nearly 44%, but the deviation is great, because the lowest figure is close to 10% but the highest is 97%. The trend shows that the sovereign 3217:. He concluded that "only 1 out of 10 people living in 'transition' countries have seen a successful transition to capitalism and more democracy." Commenting on Milanović's report in 2021, 7613:, withdrawing after a deal for increased autonomy was granted in 1996. Tensions have continued in the years since then, and the conflict has spilled over into neighbouring regions such as 7575:. The entire Crimean Peninsula has been outside the control of Ukrainian authorities since late February 2014, when Russian special forces, some disguised as "armed self-defence forces" 4884:

and the Community of Democratic Choice. Although Ukraine is one of the three founding countries of the CIS, it is legally not a member because it has never ratified the 1993 CIS Charter.

2290: 11485: 11315:

Zabarah, Dareg (2012). "Opportunity structures and group building processes: An institutional analysis of the secession processes in Pridnestrovie and Gagauzia between 1989 and 1991".

4813:

instead, although their electricity and rail systems remain closely connected with former Soviet organizations. The sole exception to the above has been their recent membership in the

5271:, have enhanced their military cooperation, establishing the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), this being an expansion of the previous Collective Security Treaty (CST). 12652: 12560: 13008: 12318:

Lazdinis, Imantas; Angelstam, Per; Lazdinis, Marius (1 July 2007). "Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity in a Post-Soviet Governance Model: Perceptions by Local Actors in Lithuania".

9590: 8931: 4688: 2259: 16242: 8702: 5693:(NATO), for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Central European countries that have also joined the EU (the EU membership includes also WEU membership because they follow the 2669: 16013: 8886: 3239: 3149:(GDP) dropping by more than 40% overall between 1990 and 1995. This decline in GDP was much more intense than the 27% decline that the United States suffered in the wake of the 9089: 16273: 16254: 16283: 8052:

overseeing these areas due to small budgets. In 1991, the Federal Act on the Protection of the Natural Environment was passed in the independent Russian Federation, and the

3225:

Most of the new states' constitutions define directly or indirectly the economic system of the countries parallel to the democratic transition of the 1990s, emphasising the

570:. Increasing usage of the term in English is connected to assertions of Russia's right to maintain significant influence in the region. The concept has been compared to the 7535:, declared itself the "Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" within Moldova on 12 November 1989, and the Gagauz Republic, separate from Moldova but still within the 16043: 15885: 13412: 13395: 7668: 1662: 12622: 2383: 16363: 16165: 13442: 6069: 7874:

recognized in any official capacity. Georgia, since its departure from the CIS in 2009, has begun operating its government almost exclusively in the Georgian language.

16278: 16266: 16055: 14442: 11020: 16298: 6079: 4718: 475: 16728: 16323: 15993: 7693:

which lasted until a ceasefire in 1994. Sporadic attempts at negotiating a final peace and sporadic bursts of violence have continued up until September 2023 when

5349: 4881: 10878: 2762: 425:(Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) were the first to break away from the Soviet Union by proclaiming the restoration of their national independence in 1990; they cited 16303: 13385: 7672: 11455: 2321: 16288: 13905: 13405: 8085: 5125:). The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union. 5005:

after a session of the Interstate Council of the EAEC. The Eurasian Economic Community was terminated from 1 January 2015 in connection with the launch of the

4918:(Georgia, Ukraine) left the organization in 2009 and in 2018. In 2014, Ukraine declined its CIS chairmanship and considered withdrawal from the organization. 4836:(as well as Belarus) are members of the CIS and participate in several regional organizations that have Russia as a primary mover. Such organizations are the 16538: 16237: 12478: 10487: 9778: 1743: 11635: 16318: 16008: 13431: 13400: 5706: 12904: 11364: 6036:. Theories about the children of other leaders in Central Asia being groomed for succession abound. The participation of Akayev's son and daughter in the 3010: 2538: 16249: 15312: 13390: 13342: 9269: 5726:(SEECP) with Moldova (similar to SPforSEE, but focuses on political integration than cooperation for security, and to CEFTA but does not focus on trade). 478:, several disputed states with varying degrees of international recognition have emerged within the territory of the former Soviet Union. These include: 10377: 6719:. A ceasefire between Transnistrian forces and Moldovan forces has been in place since 1992, enforced by the presence of Russian forces in Transnistria. 4880:

participate in the CIS but other than that they mostly cooperate within regional organizations that are not dominated by Russia. Such organizations are

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but part of the Soviet Union ... on 23 December 1994 the Moldovan Parliament passed the "Law on the Special Juridical Status of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)"

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boosted fears of dynastic succession being used in Kyrgyzstan as well, and may have contributed to the anti-Akayev climate that led to his overthrow.

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around himself. His successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, has maintained a personality cult of his own that has replaced the worshipping of Niyazov.

4680: 3041: 15780: 12758: 10100: 16160: 15371: 15327: 14390: 8043:

In 1988, the Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers formed the USSR Union Republic State Committee for Environmental Control, or the

2414: 2166: 16380: 16308: 16261: 15431: 6062: 5417:. On paper, the Union of Russia and Belarus intends further integration, beyond the scope of mere cooperation, including the introduction of the 5045: 5038: 2979: 2352: 10275: 3169:

resulted in the excess deaths of roughly 1 million working age individuals throughout the former Soviet bloc in the 1990s. A study by economist

2228: 16617: 15627: 14137: 9662: 8911: 7694: 6361: 6273: 6201: 6130: 511: 2886: 16560: 13337: 12950: 11481: 11338: 7998:

in the former Soviet Union is attributed to rapid industrialization and a lack of institutions that were able to curb pollution levels. Many

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asserts that 3.4 million Russians died premature deaths from 1990 to 1998, partly as the result of the shock therapy policies imposed by the

3072: 2507: 436: 12644: 12461: 11674:

Thomas, Valerie M.; Orlova, Anna O. (2001). "Soviet and Post-Soviet Environmental Management: Lessons from a Case Study on Lead Pollution".

2731: 2638: 16206: 14195: 13003: 12869: 12841: 10589:"ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)" 8741:, 42% of respondents supported the formation of a unified state of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus; earlier in 2012 this support had been 48%. 7412: 5741: 4389: 2948: 361: 12874: 12865: 16565: 16102: 16048: 15322: 13522: 13492: 12272: 8939: 7219: 5317:

program with NATO. Ukraine also declared joining NATO as its geopolitical goal once again in 2017 (the first time being right after the

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Russia has an expansive amount of land which contains a high amount of natural resources and biodiversity. Protected natural areas, or

7609:

declared independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a violent war between local separatist forces and the Russian army. Russia first

6381: 6055: 5163: 7769:" have happened in some post-Soviet states after disputed elections, with popular protests bringing into power the former opposition. 4805:

The three Baltic states have not sought membership in any of these post-Soviet organizations, seeking and achieving membership in the

494:(UN) has historically considered Russian-backed states in the "near abroad" to be illegitimate and instead views them as constituting 15813: 13767: 13662: 13534: 13320: 11884:

Schierhorn, Florian; Müller, Daniel; Beringer, Tim; Prishchepov, Alexander V.; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Balmann, Alfons (1 December 2013).

11411: 10588: 10014: 6191: 5729: 1957: 11944:

Pavlínek, Petr; Pickles, John (1999). "Environmental Change and Post-Communist Transformations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia".

3157:

principles resulted in dramatically reduced spending on health, education and other social programs, leading to a sharp increase in

16713: 16180: 14223: 13672: 13589: 13482: 7689:, which declared independence from Azerbaijan. Ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in 1988, and expanded into 4998:

and the Eurasian Economic Community began; it joined on 25 January 2006. Uzbekistan subsequently suspended its membership in 2008.

4706: 2917: 2600: 11104: 8962: 16092: 15978: 15660: 15366: 15307: 13612: 13419: 13286: 10904: 9243: 5679: 5238: 4863: 4845: 600: 503: 444: 12614: 12534: 10722: 5340:

program include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

16373: 15282: 13310: 13155: 11325:

According to the first point of its declaration, the Gagauz Republic "is a sovereign, socialist, soviet and multinational state

11131:"National Construction, Territorial Separatism and Post-Soviet Geopolitics: The Example of the Transdniester Moldovan Republic" 9480: 7558: 6715:

independent from Moldova. It declared independence in 1990, due to its majority Russian-speaking population fearing union with

6291: 6286: 6029: 5723: 4995: 4673: 2197: 1458: 1291: 329: 11105:"Kazakhstan flirts with dynastic succession Dariga Nazarbayeva has led a charmed life. / Kazakhstan's Democratic Forces Forum" 8047:. The intention of this institution was resource management and environmental testing and oversight. Eventually, however, the 5669:, that have left CEFTA when entering the EU : Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Slovenia). 16201: 14447: 14313: 13797: 13298: 13264: 13252: 13247: 13138: 12124:

Nazarov, Nikolai; Cook, Hadrian F.; Woodgate, Graham (September 2001). "Environmental issues in the post-communist Ukraine".

9143: 7975: 6278: 5980:

It has been remarked that several post-Soviet states did not change leadership for decades since their independence, such as

5636: 4798:(except the three Baltic states). It currently consists of nine of the 15 former Soviet republics, with one associate state ( 1867: 426: 13724: 11028: 10797: 8100:

demands of these nations. Water quality degradation, diversion and withdrawal has led to increased insecurity and conflict.

4690: 15830: 15408: 15219: 14435: 13834: 13602: 10304: 7698: 6268: 6118: 5698: 3899:*Economy of most Soviet republics started to decline in 1989–1990, thus indices for 1991 do not match pre-reform maximums. 1581: 464: 353: 325: 10772: 10694: 7745:. The war ended after Russian forces intervened in support of Shevardnadze's government, which in turn agreed to join the 6746:

between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia's recognition of South Ossetia's independence.

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produces the least amount of power and pollution and has the highest amount of forest damage of all the Baltic states.

7746: 7262: 6356: 6346: 6328: 5782: 5758:

Apart from above, the former Soviet republics also hold membership in a number of multinational organizations such as:

5694: 5690: 5337: 5285: 5176:

of post-Soviet states. The treaty aiming for the establishment of the EAEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of

4908: 4787: 4697: 460: 440: 337: 333: 321: 10527: 4887:

Turkmenistan is an associate member of CIS (having withdrawn from full membership in August 2005) and a member in the

15890: 15332: 15292: 14430: 14014: 13965: 13898: 13709: 13437: 13039: 12943: 11395: 9969: 9369: 9307: 9116: 9109:

From Soviet Republics to Eu Member States: A Legal and Political Assessment of the Baltic States' Accession to the EU

8631: 7711: 7449: 6769:

between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia's recognition of Abkhazia's independence.

5589: 5435: 4888: 4849: 2053: 369: 349: 345: 12510: 4696: 4678: 16447: 16385: 16119: 15696: 14044: 14032: 13856: 13846: 13802: 13617: 13293: 13242: 13125: 10823: 10330: 6196: 3905:***World bank publishes GDP data for Estonia only from 1995 onwards. Figures for Estonia are relative to 1995 GDP. 2125: 341: 12482: 9782: 8816:

policy needs of many post-Soviet countries has set the stage for a new regional integration. At the initiative of

16216: 16075: 15224: 14049: 14037: 13893: 13878: 13792: 13694: 13276: 13096: 11654: 10227:

Vértesy, László (2017). "Constitutional Bases of Public Finances in the Central and Eastern European Countries".

9247: 7808: 6152: 6142: 5777: 5640: 5378: 4768: 4685: 3108: 998: 567: 377: 365: 249: 12809: 12574: 10459: 10294:"Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World" 9748: 16109: 15608: 15391: 14326: 13990: 13970: 13667: 13281: 13106: 13034: 12444: 10151: 9933: 9051: 8851: 8693: 6108: 6024:

The issue of dynastical succession has been another element affecting the politics of some post-Soviet States.

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and sought membership in EurAsEc and CSTO (which it subsequently withdrew from in 2008 and 2012, respectively).

4814: 4704:

showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Union

12594: 12200:

Smith, David R. (June 1995). "Environmental Security and Shared Water Resources in Post-Soviet Central Asia".

11793:

Wernstedt, Kris (July 2002). "Environmental Protection in the Russian Federation: Lessons and Opportunities".

11255:"Autonomy And Conflict Transformation: The Case Of The Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In The Republic Of Moldova" 10410: 7701:. The president of Artsakh also signed a decree calling for the republic to dissolve itself by 1 January 2024. 4802:). Georgia withdrew from the CIS in August 2008, while Ukraine stopped participating from the CIS in May 2018. 4683: 4682: 4681: 4677: 16494: 16065: 16038: 14146: 14123: 14061: 13888: 13752: 13704: 13465: 13259: 13133: 13116: 10374: 8218: 8204: 7999: 3120: 1083: 905: 820: 739: 253: 12731: 11750:

Pavlínek, Petr; Pickles, John (2004). "Environmental Pasts/Environmental Futures in Post-Socialist Europe".

11265: 4674: 16082: 15988: 15317: 15105: 14530: 14180: 14165: 13657: 13332: 13227: 13028: 12936: 12892: 10958: 10063:

Rosefielde, Steven (2001). "Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective".

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varies from country to country. While Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, in addition to Russia, have kept

7648: 7636: 7602: 7576: 7369: 7067: 6992: 6176: 6147: 5329:, during which the government officially declared non-alignment status and ceased to seek NATO membership. 5118: 3095: 3002: 2816: 2692: 1009: 519: 515: 495: 16708: 16437: 16211: 15759: 15746: 15653: 14908: 14359: 14170: 13938: 13920: 13686: 13544: 13505: 13472: 13162: 13150: 13066: 12968: 10149:

Milanović, Branko (2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism".

10104: 9695: 7572: 6917: 6376: 6113: 5735: 4956: 4837: 4691: 3920: 2909: 531: 507: 16432: 15870: 9987:

The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

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Kundu, Nivedita Das. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal; New Delhi Vol. 5, Iss. 3, (Jul–Sep 2010): 324–337

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Signed agreement opens up new possibilities for Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, starting from 1st January 2015

10488:

Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia

16718: 16548: 16353: 16126: 15860: 15835: 15277: 15256: 14385: 14306: 14160: 13975: 13948: 13851: 11339:"The Crimea Circumvention: How EU Firms Are Sidestepping Sanctions And Making Money On The Peninsula" 9946:

Transition: The First Ten Years – Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

9202:"Post-Soviet States Between Russia and the EU: Reviving Geopolitical Competition? A Dual Perspective" 8651: 7995: 6261: 6256: 6098: 6010: 5898: 5798: 5787: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4676: 3142: 3064: 3033: 2940: 2785: 2754: 2723: 2661: 2561: 1754: 13943: 12732:"Russia vs. Ukraine: More Russians Want the Soviet Union and Communism Back Amid Continued Tensions" 11886:"Post-Soviet cropland abandonment and carbon sequestration in European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus" 11301: 9670: 9523: 8983: 5001:

On 10 October 2014 an agreement on the termination of the Eurasian Economic Community was signed in

4727: 439:. Subsequently, the 12 remaining Union Republics seceded, with all of them jointly establishing the 15880: 15850: 15845: 15750: 15396: 14230: 14218: 14056: 11992:"Environmental mobilisation and organisations in post-socialist Europe and the former Soviet Union" 7622: 7380: 6303: 6171: 5803: 5413:, before being tightened further on 8 December 1999. It was initiated by the president of Belarus, 4675: 2971: 2878: 619: 587:

recommends avoiding use of the shorthand "former Soviet republic(s)" unless relevant to the story.

467:

with the other post-Soviet states. Ukraine and Georgia have actively sought NATO membership due to

408: 12673: 7003: 5212: 4930: 4687: 16543: 15983: 15952: 15474: 15413: 15297: 15043: 14859: 14854: 14645: 14459: 14420: 14185: 13305: 11507: 11437: 11176: 11158: 10191: 9090:"Раздел СССР. РФ обсудит нулевой вариант долгов СССР, если Украина компенсирует $ 20 млрд долга‏" 8676: 8656: 8626: 8621: 8611: 7963: 7580: 6236: 6006: 5169: 5159: 5006: 4867: 4841: 4692: 3949: 3942: 3233:

in most of the countries has been rising. The constitutional background for taxation is similar.

3138:

in 1990–1991 and made efforts to rebuild and restructure their economic systems, often following

2623: 2530: 2375: 2344: 2220: 1948: 1879: 1592: 1469: 1302: 1221: 1174: 989: 556: 394: 12690: 8749:

poll found that 59% of Russians felt that the Soviet government "took care of ordinary people".

7230: 5313:. Georgia, where both public opinion and the ruling government favor NATO membership, is in the 4891:; it has not sought closer integration in any of the other Western or post-Soviet organizations. 16525: 16484: 16474: 16060: 15646: 14474: 14454: 14364: 13985: 13577: 13515: 12398: 9614: 8881: 8661: 8646: 7852: 7828: 6766: 6743: 6386: 6208: 6157: 5683: 5652:) but can still benefit from the Free Trade Area notably with Romania and Bulgaria (in the EU). 3910: 3146: 2437: 2033: 1857: 1673: 1653: 1572: 1387: 1282: 11456:"Nagorno-Karabakh Republic will cease to exist from Jan 1 2024 - Nagorno-Karabakh authorities" 10236: 9990: 7078: 4961:

The Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC), formerly the CIS Customs Union, was established by

16555: 15494: 15251: 15170: 15120: 14842: 14104: 13076: 12535:""Об изменении численности населения города Алматы с начала 2020 года до 1 января 2021 года"" 12084: 12065: 11885: 11288: 10125: 9397: 9133: 8970: 7840: 7753: 7724: 7044:

Partly occupied by Russia before sham referendums and declared "annexation" in September 2022

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policies, with varying results. In all, the process triggered severe economic declines, with

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The Union State of Russia and Belarus was originally formed on 2 April 1996 under the name

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economic connections, exacerbating the effects on the economies of the post-Soviet states.

2592: 2468: 2313: 2309: 2282: 2251: 2247: 2189: 13953: 11365:"From 'Not Us' To 'Why Hide It?': How Russia Denied Its Crimea Invasion, Then Admitted It" 10596: 10022: 7697:. The government of Artsakh agreed to disarm and enter talks with Azerbaijan, prompting a 8: 16368: 16358: 16185: 16070: 15801: 15721: 15706: 15038: 14972: 14813: 14526: 14516: 14093: 13822: 13627: 13556: 13364: 13213: 13091: 13013: 12986: 12716: 10199: 10065: 9343: 8861: 8730: 8711: 8697: 8170: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7824: 7778: 7742: 7686: 7294: 6739: 6353: 5894: 5122: 5102: 3226: 3162: 3112: 2588: 2499: 2406: 2185: 1340: 468: 463:

in 2004. Since the 2000s, many EU officials have stressed the importance of establishing

12592:

Then and now: Comparing the Soviet and Post-Soviet experience in Latvian autobiographies

12331: 12286: 12267: 12137: 12007: 11901: 11806: 11763: 11687: 11130: 10879:"Poroshenko: EU, NATO membership remains Ukraine's strategic goal, not prospect of 2018" 10375:

Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on Georgia's withdrawal from CIS

10250: 3182: 16510: 16479: 16469: 15911: 15701: 15539: 15148: 15070: 15065: 14920: 14880: 14560: 14550: 14349: 14251: 13960: 13871: 13188: 12991: 12981: 12887: 12791: 12359: 12266:

Salay, Jürgen; Fenhann, Jörgen; Jaanimägi, Karl; Kristoferson, Lars (1 November 1993).

12021: 11921: 11826: 11775: 11715: 11699: 11646: 11585: 11231: 11108: 10990: 10735:

Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration.

10168: 10082: 9374: 9312: 9224: 8073: 7832: 7738: 7734: 7424: 6298: 6218: 6186: 6162: 6137: 6014: 3190: 3127: 2619: 11551: 9560:"Государственный комитет Республики Узбекистан по статистике - Демографические данные" 2433: 21: 16598: 16591: 16506: 16407: 16395: 16144: 15973: 15875: 15855: 15840: 15681: 15673: 15479: 15469: 15464: 15241: 15100: 15060: 15033: 15005: 14967: 14788: 14783: 14597: 14404: 14068: 14008: 13787: 13573: 13269: 13071: 13056: 12998: 12921: 12909: 12538: 12496: 12424: 12351: 12343: 12291: 12217: 12157: 12149: 12089: 12025: 11913: 11866: 11830: 11818: 11779: 11707: 11589: 11391: 11235: 10995: 10855: 10232: 10203: 10172: 10129: 10086: 9994: 9636: 9182: 9139: 9112: 8817: 8370: 7947: 7927: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7766: 7610: 7543:

through a law passed on 23 December 1994 which entered into force on 14 January 1995.

6674: 6603: 6408:

Economic, political, national, military and social problems have all been factors in

6213: 6181: 5933: 5844: 5815: 5355: 5326: 5322: 5318: 4895: 4513: 4093: 3864: 3230: 3194: 3170: 2967: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2719: 2304: 2298: 1995: 1940: 1376: 1210: 526:, were occupied and subsequently declared independence in 2014 before being formally 277: 95: 15865: 12795: 12575:"Статистичний збірник «Чисельність наявного населення України» на 1 січня 2021 року" 12363: 11925: 11719: 11650: 10850: 10350: 7305: 16656: 16533: 16459: 16442: 16420: 16175: 15544: 15529: 15203: 14959: 14903: 14778: 14730: 14721: 14699: 14672: 14501: 14369: 12763: 12335: 12281: 12213: 12209: 12141: 12079: 12011: 11957: 11953: 11905: 11858: 11810: 11767: 11691: 11577: 11223: 10491: 10195: 10160: 10074: 9279: 9274: 9216: 9172: 8876: 8270: 8003: 7870: 7798: 7606: 6321: 6316: 6251: 6018: 4914: 4795: 4395: 3150: 2998: 547: 385: 14464: 12878: 11051: 10164: 9823: 2010: 16675: 16607: 16514: 16501: 16489: 16464: 16454: 16390: 15601: 15586: 15574: 15506: 15350: 15048: 15010: 15000: 14751: 14665: 14660: 14334: 13980: 13193: 13145: 13051: 12917:

Are Independence Referendums First Step Toward Kremlin's 'Historical Revanchism'?

12598: 12016: 11991: 11771: 11342: 10506:"Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space" 10381: 10334: 9982: 9859:"2013-cü ildə ölkənin iqtisadi və sosial inkişafının makroiqtisadi göstəriciləri" 9640: 9365: 9220: 8932:"Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives" 8871: 8723: 8326: 8027: 7866: 7774: 7532: 7135: 6837: 6241: 5561: 5557: 5514: 3218: 3135: 2843: 2657: 1421: 571: 14115: 11581: 11525: 11194: 10362: 10043: 9201: 7729:

Civil wars unrelated to separatist movements have occurred twice in the region:

5594: 3153:

between 1930 and 1934. The reconfiguration of public finance in compliance with

2874: 542:

In the political language of Russia and some other post-Soviet states, the term

16692: 16030: 15711: 15579: 15549: 15519: 15110: 15093: 14995: 14929: 14849: 14825: 14768: 14746: 14677: 14246: 14000: 13928: 13208: 13198: 12842:"Geopolitical and Economic Significance of Central Eurasia: Indian Perspective" 11695: 9722:"Population as of April 1, 2014. Average annual populations January-March 2014" 9303: 8808: 8781: 7935: 7812: 7213: 6831: 6742:

in 2004, and a referendum in 2006 was in favour of declaring independence. The

6552: 6498: 6491: 6474: 5994: 5666: 5662: 5418: 5173: 5082: 4806: 3772: 3483: 3131: 3091: 2812: 2750: 2526: 2495: 1817: 1157: 575: 491: 448: 12810:"Promoting Geopolitical Pluralism in the CIS: GUAM and Western Foreign Policy" 12339: 11862: 11814: 11227: 10078: 9177: 9160: 5133: 16702: 16668: 16612: 16415: 16114: 15942: 15617: 15569: 15534: 15524: 15185: 15115: 14893: 14735: 14618: 13861: 12897: 12347: 12295: 12221: 12153: 12093: 11917: 11870: 11822: 10999: 10959:"Managed leadership succession in Kazakhstan: A model for gradual departure?" 9186: 8891: 8856: 8846: 8790: 8750: 8745: 8592: 8536: 7915: 7865:

population in most of the post-Soviet states, whose political position as an

6730: 6558: 6366: 6025: 5985: 5902: 5819: 5522: 4701: 3644: 3189:

countries still have not caught up to their 1991 levels of output, including

3166: 3111:

occurred against a backdrop of economic stagnation and regression within the

3060: 2371: 2030: 1937: 1854: 1731: 1650: 1569: 1532: 1441: 1279: 1274: 1194: 1067: 978: 889: 808: 724: 702: 583: 487: 422: 16425: 12416: 9449: 7714:, declared autonomy within Azerbaijan, that lasted from June to August 1993. 7146: 6969:

Occupied by Russia before an illegal referendum and annexation 18 March 2014

6017:

in Turkmenistan ruled from independence until his death in 2006, creating a

5105:

in favor of the union. In 2014, voters in the Moldovan autonomous region of

4790:(CIS) in December 1991. It was conceived as a successor organization to the 1711: 16644: 15736: 15731: 15489: 15261: 15175: 15162: 14937: 14808: 14716: 14623: 14613: 14602: 14570: 14555: 14263: 13744: 13565: 12959: 12355: 12161: 12145: 11711: 11568:

Naumkin, Vitaly (November 1992). "Islam in the States of the Former USSR".

11056: 10229:

25th NISPAcee Annual Conference: Innovation Governance in the Public Sector

9797:"Number of persons by month - Database of Indicators - data and statistics" 9446:"The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan : Latest data" 9334: 8906: 8866: 8772: 8715: 7903: 7887: 7802: 7536: 6708: 6642: 6480: 6033: 5998: 5973: 5882: 5649: 5526: 5492: 5086: 4799: 4600: 4309: 3414: 3288: 3234: 3024: 3018: 2936: 2552: 2546: 2216: 1952: 1371: 1205: 1078: 993: 943: 900: 685: 627: 479: 309: 257: 200: 15313:

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG / GCC)

14800: 12883: 10539: 10119: 9960:, Kalikova and Associates Law Firm, Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved 13 January 2009. 7966:. In most countries, religiosity has increased since the Soviet collapse. 6571: 5627:

security-related issues such as border demarcation, terrorism and energy.

5392: CIS members who have shown interest in becoming members of the Union 1834: 1549: 1259: 490:, two partially recognized Russian-backed states in northern Georgia. The 404:) is sometimes used to refer to the post-Soviet states other than Russia. 320:. Each of these countries succeeded their respective Union Republics: the 16680: 15998: 15726: 15716: 15622: 15080: 14758: 14650: 14565: 14535: 14484: 14256: 13607: 13569: 13561: 13183: 13167: 13081: 13023: 12517: 11909: 8901: 8896: 8761: 8498: 8478: 8440: 7660: 7320: 5472: 5404: 5017: 4852:. The last two groups only became distinct once Uzbekistan withdrew from 1630: 1452: 958: 381: 10327: 9858: 9228: 8997: 7460: 6047: 6009:

since its independence until he was forced to resign as a result of the

248:, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the 15927: 14837: 14832: 14706: 13597: 11703: 11212:

Chinn, Jeff; Roper, Steven (1998). "Territorial autonomy in Gagauzia".

11079: 10747: 9957: 9699: 9064: 8833: 8825: 8428: 8408: 8390: 8352: 8256: 7931: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7862: 7618: 7588: 7492: 7337: 6943: 6586: 6409: 6336: 6002: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5886: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5459:

The Economic Cooperation Organization was originally formed in 1985 by

5363: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5201: 5193: 5181: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5022: 4991: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4877: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4655: 4639: 4616: 4584: 4481: 4363: 4282: 4147: 4120: 4012: 3830: 3448: 3380: 3346: 3312: 3210: 3198: 3154: 3139: 3086: 3080: 2993: 2987: 2838: 2832: 2807: 2801: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2614: 2608: 2521: 2515: 2464: 2366: 2360: 2335: 2329: 2278: 2211: 2205: 1917: 1906: 1360: 1047: 1036: 869: 858: 788: 777: 691: 317: 305: 285: 281: 265: 224: 185: 122: 107: 53: 12928: 12759:"Most Russians Say Soviet Union 'Took Care of Ordinary People' – Poll" 11482:"Nagorno-Karabakh almost empty as most of population flees to Armenia" 9883: 9111:. Studies in EU External Relations. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. xxii. 5701:

policies shared now by the EU, the WEU and all European NATO members).

15020: 14942: 14866: 14820: 14773: 14655: 14584: 14539: 14354: 13817: 13812: 13634: 13527: 13357: 13018: 12645:"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union" 9756: 7926:

and other European minorities. The Baltic countries are historically

7554: 6848: 5919: 5834: 5310: 5073:

indicated interest in joining at the time. Russia has been eager for

4433: 4201: 3737: 3186: 2900: 2894: 2428: 2422: 1700: 614: 596: 293: 146: 12786:

Papava, V. (2008). "On The Role of The 'Caucasian Tandem' in GUAM".

9027: 5564:(BSF) is a closely related organization. Observer countries include 4994:

applied for membership in October 2005, when the process of merging

3246:

Change in gross domestic product (GDP) in constant prices, 1991–2015

16087: 15028: 14990: 14682: 14638: 14609: 14592: 14506: 13807: 13352: 13086: 13046: 12736: 12591: 11883: 11555: 11415: 10853:[Verkhovna Rada made joining NATO a priority for Ukraine]. 10798:"SONDAJ Cum văd locuitorii din Republica Moldova unirea cu România" 9028:"Kremlin deems Russia de jure and de facto legal successor to USSR" 8402: 8346: 8174:

Population pyramid of the former USSR constituent republics in 2023

8081: 7923: 7614: 7540: 7475: 6928: 6891: 6757: 6631: 6504: 5569: 5549: 5518: 5468: 5106: 5093:

announced plans to seek membership, but division over the issue in

4913:

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) consists of 10 former

2037: 1944: 1861: 1738: 1657: 1576: 1448: 1367: 1286: 1201: 1074: 1062: 985: 973: 896: 884: 815: 734: 483: 469:

increasingly hostile Russian interference in their internal affairs

15638: 10188:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

9563: 9524:"Statistical Agency under President of the Republic of Tajikistan" 8963:"How did Russia get USSR's permanent seat on UN Security Council?" 5012: 3119:, the state planning agency responsible for economic planning and 15180: 15139: 14982: 14947: 14763: 14268: 13699: 13203: 12265: 10681:

Eurasian Economic Union added December 23 Armenia and Kyrgyzstan.

10643: 9903:"The Population of the Soviet Union : History and Prospects" 8998:"Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations" 8829: 8821: 8707: 8580: 8574: 8466: 8364: 8314: 8068: 7991: 7959: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7652: 7245: 7110: 7093: 7035: 7018: 6960: 6716: 6657: 5965: 5941: 5929: 5923: 5909: 5862: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5826: 5644: 5565: 5553: 5367: 5359: 5302: 5268: 5248: 5197: 5189: 5177: 5094: 5090: 5078: 5074: 5062: 5054: 4986: 4982: 4966: 4873: 4859: 4783: 4775: 4568: 4552: 4536: 4497: 4417: 4336: 4228: 4066: 4039: 3985: 3796: 3668: 3609: 3541: 3507: 3214: 3202: 3158: 3116: 3055: 3049: 2931: 2925: 2745: 2739: 2714: 2708: 2652: 2646: 2583: 2577: 2459: 2453: 2273: 2267: 2242: 2236: 2180: 2174: 2025: 1849: 1823: 1726: 1564: 1538: 1414: 1248: 1163: 803: 510:

in southern Ukraine briefly proclaimed independence before being

313: 297: 273: 269: 261: 212: 161: 83: 68: 38: 14291: 12859: 5502: 16639: 15669: 14742: 14628: 14521: 10534: 8887:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics

8799: 8598: 8560: 8542: 8522: 8516: 8504: 8484: 8446: 8422: 8332: 8294: 8276: 8250: 8238: 8232: 8150: 7955: 7919: 7656: 7395: 7178: 6863: 5969: 5915: 5874: 5830: 5793: 5673: 5573: 5460: 5306: 5244: 5185: 5050: 4962: 4779: 4465: 4449: 4255: 4174: 3703: 3575: 3206: 2962: 2956: 2869: 2863: 2490: 2484: 2397: 2391: 1619: 1355: 1329: 718: 523: 482:, an unrecognized Russian-backed state in eastern Moldova; and 301: 289: 173: 134: 11570:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

11412:"Ukraine PM rejects Crimea referendum, vows to defend country" 10773:"Tajikistan Expresses Readiness to Become Customs Union (...)" 10619:"Kyrgyzstan, Armenia officially enter Eurasian Economic Union" 7625:. Russia claims that the situation in Chechnya has normalised. 5440: 5061:

created a customs union that entered into force in July 2010.

15055: 14694: 14689: 14633: 13622: 13500: 12674:

The language question, the results of recent research in 2012

10932: 10882: 9824:"Feedback / Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia" 8460: 8288: 7664: 7161: 5188:, and came into force on 1 January 2015. Treaties aiming for 5034: 5002: 1189: 566:) refers to the independent republics that emerged after the 12511:""ШУМОРАИ АЊОЛИИ ЉУМЊУРИИ ТОЉИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022"" 10986:"As Authoritarianism Spreads, Uzbekistan Goes the Other Way" 10933:"2020 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders" 5290: 16009:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

16003: 14322: 13734: 13510: 12893:

Former Soviet war zones |The hazards of a long, hard freeze

11643:

Faculty Publications and Presentations (Liberty University)

9970:

Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries

9244:"EU, Ex-Soviet Republics To Extend Partnership Beyond 2020" 8384: 8308: 8125: 8120:

The three Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania—were

7818: 5767: 5762: 5464: 5294: 5114: 5030: 4853: 4810: 4791: 4751: 4746: 1932: 1645: 1436: 452: 12445:""Number of present population of Ukraine 1 January 2022"" 11021:"Kyrgyzstan: between democratisation and authoritarianism" 10529:Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров 10328:

Ratification status of CIS documents as of 15 January 2008

5984:

in Kazakhstan until his surprise resignation in 2019, and

5207: 13719: 13539: 12615:"End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations" 12317: 12064:

Henry, Laura A.; Douhovnikoff, Vladimir (November 2008).

11337:

Zakurdaeva, Kristina; Maglov, Mikhail (3 December 2019).

10048: 9527: 8554: 603:

presently lacking international recognition (read below:

15328:

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

11390:. Elite 228. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 11–12. 9779:"Population - Key Indicators | Latvijas statistika" 5350:

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

3185:, in 2015 many former Soviet republics and other former 12862:

September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR

9635:

independence from the Soviet Union after ratifying the

5026: 4844:, which Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are not members of), 4794:, and in December 1993 it included 12 of the 15 former 4742: 429:, asserting that Baltic sovereignty had continued on a 9268:

Danilova, Maria; Dahlburg, John-Thor (17 March 2014).

8753:'s favorability also hit record highs that same year. 5475:

and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics:

5109:

rejected closer ties to the EU in favor of the union.

252:

in 1991. Prior to their independence, they existed as

16628: 10121:

Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism

9958:

GDP decline: transition and Great Depression compared

8756: 7655:

in 2014. The two breakaway states were recognized by

5630: 5471:

but in 1992 the organization was expanded to include

5279: 4902: 561: 443:(CIS) and most of them later joining the Russian-led 399: 16:

Countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union

10851:"Рада зробила пріоритетом для України вступ до НАТО" 10644:"Putin said the accession of Kyrgyzstan to the EAEC" 9643:, the RF took over the Soviet Union's UN membership. 9165:

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

5707:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

5583: 5429: 5081:

and Ukraine to join the custom union instead of the

12123: 11448: 10460:"Gagauzia Voters Reject Closer EU Ties For Moldova" 10351:

Turkmenistan reduces CIS ties to "Associate Member"

7271:

Renamed to the Republic of Abkhazia in 23 July 1992

5101:after the Ukrainian government backed out of an EU 3902:**The year when GDP decline switched to GDP growth 599:. Not included in these categories are the several 16021:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 15323:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) 11484:. Radio France Internationale. 30 September 2023. 10695:"Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands" 10353:, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 29 August 2005. 9932:Holds both presidency and executive powers as the 7579:and seized the local parliament. In March 2014, a 7557:, declared itself to be a sovereign state after a 7539:, on 19 August 1990; reintegrated into Moldova as 6032:, handed the Presidency of Azerbaijan to his son, 2848:Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan 14145: 12879:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 12870:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 12063: 10905:"Regional organisations in the post-Soviet space" 10748:"Атамбаев утвердил присоединение Киргизии к ЕАЭС" 10186:Ghodsee, Kristen; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 5717: 5536: 4388:The post-Soviet states listed according to their 16700: 13808:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 12697:. Yuri Levada Analytical Center. 14 January 2019 11795:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 11336: 10723:"Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on January 1" 10185: 9267: 5301:Three former Soviet states are members of NATO: 4862:, besides its membership in CIS participates in 3165:. The economic shocks associated with wholesale 427:legal continuity from the original Baltic states 16729:States and territories established in the 1990s 11943: 11749: 11636:"Soviet and Post-Soviet Environmental Problems" 10438:"Most CIS Countries Sign Up To Free-Trade Zone" 10323: 10321: 9364: 8056:became the Ministry of the Environment, or the 6416: 5732:(SECI) with Moldova (closely related to SEECP). 5424: 5046:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia 5039:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia 5013:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia 4767:and cooperating blocs have sprung up since the 4671: 256:, which were the top-level constituents of the 15979:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) 15308:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 15283:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 12649:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 12619:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 11526:"Azerbaijan in a stir over political prisoner" 11080:"Turkmen Leader's Personality Cult Goes Viral" 10538:(in Russian). 17 November 2011. Archived from 10363:Georgian parliament votes to withdraw from CIS 9302: 9161:"Post-Communist States and the European Union" 8912:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 8765:Regional categorization of post-Soviet states: 8187:Largest population centres of the Soviet Union 8104:activities used by Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. 7695:Azerbaijan launched another military offensive 6773: 4925: 4591: 16202:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 15654: 14307: 14131: 12944: 12884:Discovering The Centuries-Old State Tradition 12667: 12268:"Energy and Environment in the Baltic States" 12119: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12103: 9948:, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002, p. 4. 8737:According to July 2012 polling in Ukraine by 7801:in Kyrgyzstan, leading to the resignation of 7501:Reincorporated into Azerbaijan in August 1993 7225:(Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) 6063: 5748:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 5531:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 5509:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 5503:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 4713: 3126:Most of the formerly Soviet states began the 11673: 11362: 10824:"Uzbekistan Suspends Its Membership in CSTO" 10411:"Ukraine Says It Could Quit Russia-Led Bloc" 10318: 10276:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 10053:15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 10015:"Death surge linked with mass privatisation" 9884:"საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური" 9631:The Russian Federation technically achieved 9333: 9200:Moga, Teodor Lucian; Alexeev, Denis (2013). 9106: 7765:Since 2003, a number of (largely) peaceful " 7671:by Russia on 4 October of that year after a 5742:Black Sea Forum for Partnership and Dialogue 5674:Political integration and security alliances 5089:has supported this. In 2013, Kyrgyzstan and 4646: 4630: 4607: 4575: 4472: 3222:standards had increased in many countries." 260:. There are 15 post-Soviet states in total: 12273:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 11989: 11508:"Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh" 10562:"Договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе" 9395: 9199: 5117:for future integration and established the 4424: 435:basis due to the belligerent nature of the 430: 412: 15886:Sovereign states and dependent territories 15661: 15647: 14314: 14300: 14138: 14124: 12951: 12937: 12875:Post-Soviet Russia and its Neighbor States 12462:""Urban and rural population by district"" 12393: 12100: 12071:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 11848: 11211: 10483: 10481: 10286: 10062: 9370:"The World; Learning to Fear Putin's Gaze" 7811:in Armenia, leading to the resignation of 7777:in Georgia, leading to the resignation of 7651:, states which declared independence from 6070: 6056: 5901:in 2022 recorded the following as regards 5164:Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union 5128: 4719: 4707: 3115:. This period marked the breakdown of the 16004:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 12391: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12285: 12083: 12015: 11792: 11379: 10646:(in Russian). Life News. 23 December 2014 10243: 10148: 9900: 9587:"Demographic situation in Half-Year 2014" 9176: 8832:, a GUAM organization was established in 7675:that were recognized as sham referendums. 6077: 6030:extensive and ongoing cult of personality 5730:Southeast European Cooperative Initiative 4663: 4559: 4543: 4527: 4504: 4488: 4408: 4383: 604: 15969:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 15303:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12085:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.051007.082437 11385: 11177:"Regions and territories: South Ossetia" 11050:agencies, Staff and (21 December 2006). 11049: 9981: 9928: 9926: 9422: 9420: 9418: 8760: 8701: 8687: 8169: 8026: 7819:Russian population in post-Soviet states 7699:flight of ethnic Armenians from the area 5593: 5533:which aims to forge closer integration. 5439: 5377: 5289: 5211: 5132: 5016: 4929: 4726: 4667: 4456: 4440: 2113: 2078: 1816: 1779: 1531: 1494: 1156: 1119: 684: 20: 15742:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000 15333:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 15293:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 12958: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12059: 12057: 12055: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11567: 11314: 10983: 10848: 10478: 10387: 10368: 10226: 10117: 9615:"// Populaţia și procesele demografice" 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9241: 9100: 8744:Polls of Russian citizens conducted by 8084:through preventing construction of the 6043: 5680:Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe 5454: Economic Cooperation Organization 5239:Collective Security Treaty Organization 5208:Collective Security Treaty Organization 5085:, and the Moldovan break-away state of 4864:Collective Security Treaty Organization 4846:Collective Security Treaty Organization 595:The 15 states may be divided into four 445:Collective Security Treaty Organization 16701: 16217:European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 12977:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 12785: 12429:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12370: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12035: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11669: 11667: 11633: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11462:from the original on 28 September 2023 11052:"The personality cult of Turkmenbashi" 10692: 10520: 10503: 10435: 10344: 9989:. Princeton University Press. p. 9847:Population data as of 31 December 2013 9612: 9298: 9296: 9025: 8961:Menon, Kiran Mohandas (7 March 2022). 5753: 5724:Southeast European Cooperation Process 5321:and in the beginning of presidency of 4996:Central Asian Cooperation Organization 2630: 15642: 14295: 14119: 12932: 12905:4 enclaves' post-Soviet fate in limbo 12199: 9923: 9435:Population data as of 1 February 2014 9415: 9131: 9005:European Journal of International Law 8960: 7976:LGBT rights in the Post-Soviet states 7760: 6780: 6423: 6051: 5822:'s 2021 report listed the following: 5637:Central European Free Trade Agreement 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 613: 590: 12730:Maza, Christina (19 December 2018). 12729: 12302: 12228: 11552:Russians left behind in Central Asia 11252: 11077: 10305:United Nations Development Programme 9738:Population data as of 1 January 2015 9652:Population data as of 1 January 2018 9603:Population data as of 1 January 2017 9513:Population data as of 1 January 2014 9498: 9358: 9158: 9026:Metzel, Mikhail (17 February 2020). 7791:and toppling the pro-Russian leader 5699:European Security and Defence Policy 5621: Applicants for observer status 5448: Community of Democratic Choice 16083:European Union Customs Union (EUCU) 16066:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 15668: 12287:10.1146/annurev.eg.18.110193.001125 12168: 12126:Journal of Environmental Management 12032: 11990:Carmin, Joann; Fagan, Adam (2010). 11964: 11946:Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 11932: 11837: 11726: 11664: 11596: 11488:from the original on 2 October 2023 11438:"Regions and territories: Chechnya" 11262:European Centre for Minority Issues 11195:"Regions and territories: Abkhazia" 10586: 10356: 10093: 9856: 9293: 7455:(Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic) 7189:after peaceful negotiations in 1994 6038:2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections 5773:International Ice Hockey Federation 5598:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: 3919:for the year 2023 according to the 455:(NATO). They successfully attained 13: 16212:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC) 15989:European Political Community (EPC) 15288:Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC) 12834: 10715: 10686: 10661: 10636: 10621:. World Bulletin. 24 December 2014 10611: 10200:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 9711:Population data as of 1 April 2014 8757:Characteristics of regionalization 7756:that lasted between 1992 and 1997. 7747:Commonwealth of Independent States 6486:(Transnistrian Moldavian Republic) 5783:International Paralympic Committee 5695:Common Foreign and Security Policy 5691:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5631:Economic cooperation organizations 5411:Commonwealth of Russia and Belarus 5338:Individual Partnership Action Plan 5286:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5280:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4909:Commonwealth of Independent States 4903:Commonwealth of Independent States 4788:Commonwealth of Independent States 4394: 2153: 453:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 441:Commonwealth of Independent States 14: 16740: 14321: 12860:Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc 12853: 11851:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 11388:Armies of Russia's War in Ukraine 11367:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 11363:Carl Schreck (26 February 2019). 10693:Farchy, Jack (23 December 2014). 10044:Privatisation 'raised death rate' 9972:, New York Times, 12 October 2000 9576:Population data as of 1 July 2014 9540:Population data as of 1 July 2013 8938:. 30 October 1997. Archived from 7659:on 21 February 2022, followed by 5590:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 5584:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 5436:Economic Cooperation Organization 5430:Economic Cooperation Organization 4889:Economic Cooperation Organization 4850:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2158: 16686: 16674: 16662: 16650: 16638: 15697:Bibliography of European history 14100: 14099: 14087: 12866:New Directions Post-Independence 12802: 12779: 12751: 12723: 12709: 12683: 12655:from the original on 20 May 2018 12637: 12625:from the original on 19 May 2018 12607: 12584: 12567: 12553: 12527: 12503: 12489: 12471: 12454: 12437: 12405: 12066:"Environmental Issues in Russia" 11877: 11786: 11561: 11544: 11518: 11500: 11474: 11430: 11404: 11356: 11330: 11308: 11246: 11205: 10984:Higgins, Andrew (2 April 2018). 9799:. 19 August 2010. Archived from 9613:Statistică, Biroul Naţional de. 9242:Jozwiak, Rikard (5 April 2019). 8115: 7787:in Ukraine, bringing into power 7705: 7679: 7641: 7629: 7595: 7565: 7547: 7526: 7485: 7467: 7459: 7405: 7387: 7379: 7330: 7312: 7304: 7255: 7237: 7229: 7171: 7153: 7145: 7103: 7085: 7077: 7028: 7010: 7002: 6953: 6935: 6927: 6889:Reincorporated into Moldova with 6873: 6855: 6847: 6750: 6723: 6701: 6667: 6649: 6641: 6596: 6578: 6570: 6514: 6497: 6490: 5818:in the former Soviet republics, 5243:Seven CIS member states, namely 4648: 4632: 4609: 4593: 4577: 4561: 4545: 4529: 4506: 4490: 4474: 4458: 4442: 4426: 4410: 4356: 4329: 4302: 4275: 4248: 4221: 4194: 4167: 4140: 4113: 4086: 4059: 4032: 4005: 3978: 3079: 3071: 3048: 3040: 3017: 3009: 2986: 2978: 2955: 2947: 2924: 2916: 2893: 2885: 2862: 2854: 2831: 2823: 2800: 2792: 2769: 2761: 2738: 2730: 2707: 2699: 2676: 2668: 2645: 2637: 2607: 2599: 2576: 2568: 2545: 2537: 2514: 2506: 2483: 2475: 2452: 2444: 2421: 2413: 2390: 2382: 2359: 2351: 2328: 2320: 2297: 2289: 2266: 2258: 2235: 2227: 2204: 2196: 2173: 2165: 2134: 2133: 2097: 2096: 2062: 2061: 2017: 2009: 1977: 1976: 1924: 1916: 1888: 1887: 1841: 1833: 1798: 1797: 1763: 1762: 1718: 1710: 1682: 1681: 1637: 1629: 1601: 1600: 1556: 1548: 1513: 1512: 1478: 1477: 1428: 1420: 1396: 1395: 1347: 1339: 1311: 1310: 1266: 1258: 1230: 1229: 1181: 1173: 1138: 1137: 1103: 1102: 1054: 1046: 1018: 1017: 965: 957: 925: 924: 876: 868: 840: 839: 795: 787: 759: 758: 709: 701: 504:Russian-backed states in Ukraine 217: 205: 193: 178: 166: 154: 139: 127: 115: 100: 88: 76: 61: 46: 31: 16714:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 16364:Social (and financial) rankings 16166:Financial (and social) rankings 16076:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly 15278:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) 11187: 11169: 11151: 11123: 11097: 11071: 11043: 11013: 10977: 10951: 10925: 10897: 10871: 10849:Kizilov, Yevhen (8 June 2017). 10842: 10816: 10790: 10765: 10740: 10725:. The Trumpet. 24 December 2014 10580: 10554: 10504:Barron, Lisa (1 October 2013). 10497: 10452: 10429: 10403: 10268: 10220: 10179: 10142: 10111: 10056: 10037: 10007: 9975: 9963: 9951: 9939: 9894: 9876: 9850: 9841: 9816: 9807: 9789: 9771: 9741: 9732: 9714: 9705: 9688: 9655: 9646: 9625: 9606: 9597: 9579: 9570: 9552: 9543: 9534: 9516: 9473: 9464: 9438: 9429: 9389: 9327: 9261: 9248:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 9235: 9193: 9152: 9065:"Про правонаступництво України" 8191:Current population, city proper 8165: 8124:part of the Soviet Union after 8091: 5778:International Olympic Committee 5641:European Free Trade Association 4769:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3109:dissolution of the Soviet Union 568:dissolution of the Soviet Union 250:dissolution of the Soviet Union 15984:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 15318:Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC) 15298:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 12719:. levada.ru. 19 December 2018. 12214:10.1080/10605851.1995.10640997 11958:10.1080/10889388.1999.10641120 11458:. Reuters. 28 September 2023. 10804:(in Romanian). 8 February 2022 10398:unofficial English translation 9934:Prime Minister of Turkmenistan 9781:. 28 June 2013. Archived from 9589:. 29 July 2014. Archived from 9526:. 6 March 2012. Archived from 9308:"ON LANGUAGE; The Near Abroad" 9270:"Crimea declares independence" 9125: 9082: 9057: 9052:On Legal Succession of Ukraine 9045: 9019: 8990: 8954: 8924: 8852:Border states (Eastern Europe) 8694:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 7984: 7969: 7375:(Chechen Republic of Ichkeria) 7346:Disestablished in January 2024 6283:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 5718:Organizations in other domains 5656:Black Sea Economic Cooperation 5543:Community of Democratic Choice 5537:Community of Democratic Choice 5373: 4815:Community of Democratic Choice 4758: Other EU or NATO members 411:, the international community 1: 16207:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU) 14147:Eurasian economic integration 13640:Political abuse of psychiatry 13432:Congress of People's Deputies 12788:Central Asia and the Caucasus 10165:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402 9426:Area includes land and water. 9159:Lane, David (December 2007). 8917: 8072:environment, as did the 1986 8000:republics of the Soviet Union 7922:, except for their dwindling 7718: 7667:, and they were subsequently 5855:were listed as "partly free". 5790:(Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia) 3240:financial intermediary system 610: 498:. The aftermath of Ukraine's 16061:European Economic Area (EEA) 14531:Middle East and North Africa 14181:Eurasian Patent Organization 14166:Eurasian Economic Commission 12017:10.1080/09644016.2010.508300 11890:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11772:10.1080/09644010410001685227 11317:Soviet and Communist Studies 10671:(in Russian). Deutsche Welle 10464:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 10365:on BBC News, 14 August 2008. 10251:"GDP growth (annual %)" 10103:. 9 May 2006. Archived from 9221:10.11610/Connections.13.1.03 9107:Van Elsuwege, Peter (2008). 8672:Demographics of Turkmenistan 8587: 8569: 8549: 8531: 8511: 8493: 8473: 8455: 8435: 8417: 8397: 8379: 8359: 8341: 8321: 8303: 8283: 8265: 8245: 8227: 8156: 7603:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 7498: 7479: 7474: 7465: 7458: 7447: 7418: 7399: 7394: 7385: 7378: 7367: 7343: 7324: 7319: 7310: 7303: 7292: 7268: 7249: 7244: 7235: 7228: 7217: 7184: 7165: 7160: 7151: 7144: 7133: 7097: 7092: 7083: 7076: 7065: 7022: 7017: 7008: 7001: 6990: 6966: 6947: 6942: 6933: 6926: 6915: 6886: 6867: 6862: 6853: 6846: 6835: 6661: 6656: 6647: 6640: 6629: 6590: 6585: 6576: 6569: 6564:(Republic of South Ossetia – 6556: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6478: 6417:Current self-declared states 5425:Other regional organizations 5119:Eurasian Economic Commission 4820:The Central Asian states of 4403:Very High Human Development: 3096:Prime Minister of Uzbekistan 3003:Prime Minister of Tajikistan 2817:Prime Minister of Kazakhstan 2693:Prime Minister of Azerbaijan 2146: 2109: 2074: 2041: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2008: 1993: 1989: 1956: 1936: 1931: 1922: 1915: 1904: 1900: 1865: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1832: 1821: 1810: 1775: 1742: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1709: 1698: 1694: 1661: 1649: 1644: 1635: 1628: 1617: 1613: 1580: 1568: 1563: 1554: 1547: 1536: 1525: 1490: 1457: 1440: 1435: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1408: 1375: 1359: 1354: 1345: 1338: 1327: 1323: 1290: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1246: 1242: 1209: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1172: 1161: 1150: 1115: 1082: 1066: 1061: 1052: 1045: 1034: 1030: 997: 977: 972: 963: 956: 941: 937: 904: 888: 883: 874: 867: 856: 852: 819: 807: 802: 793: 786: 775: 771: 738: 723: 716: 707: 700: 689: 522:, both located in Ukraine's 496:Russian-occupied territories 7: 15933:International organisations 15760:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14909:Northern and southern China 14171:Eurasian Economic Community 13803:Academy of Medical Sciences 11582:10.1177/0002716292524001011 10965:(in Finnish). 16 March 2020 10828:The Gazette of Central Asia 10280:International Monetary Fund 9396:APStylebook (5 July 2023). 9132:Smith, David James (2001). 8840: 7877: 7559:referendum on 21 March 1992 7073:(Luhansk People's Republic) 6998:(Donetsk People's Republic) 6774:Former self-declared states 5809: 5736:Central European Initiative 5354:Four member states, namely 5325:), after the presidency of 5147: Acceding EAEU Members 4957:Eurasian Economic Community 4926:Eurasian Economic Community 4838:Eurasian Economic Community 3915:(figures are given in 2023 2910:Prime Minister of Lithuania 601:de facto independent states 562: 532:Russian invasion of Ukraine 421:The Union Republics of the 400: 10: 16745: 16324:Electricity use per capita 15831:Largest metropolitan areas 14176:Eurasian Patent Convention 12691:"The Collapse of the USSR" 11696:10.1579/0044-7447-30.2.104 10436:RFE/RL (19 October 2011). 9813:Population data as of 2012 9470:Population data as of 2015 8691: 8682:Demographics of Uzbekistan 8667:Demographics of Tajikistan 8642:Demographics of Kyrgyzstan 8637:Demographics of Kazakhstan 8617:Demographics of Azerbaijan 8597: 8590: 8579: 8572: 8559: 8552: 8541: 8534: 8521: 8514: 8503: 8496: 8483: 8476: 8465: 8458: 8445: 8438: 8427: 8420: 8407: 8400: 8389: 8382: 8369: 8362: 8351: 8344: 8331: 8324: 8313: 8306: 8293: 8286: 8275: 8268: 8255: 8248: 8237: 8230: 8181: 8136: 8063: 8031:Nizhnehopersky Nature Park 7973: 7822: 7722: 7187:Reincorporated into Russia 6401: 5976:– "Very serious situation" 5926:– "Satisfactory situation" 5889:were listed as "not free". 5587: 5540: 5506: 5433: 5402: 5386: Members of the Union 5347: 5283: 5236: 5157: 5043: 4954: 4906: 4354: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4246: 4219: 4192: 4165: 4138: 4111: 4084: 4057: 4030: 4003: 3976: 3102: 236:, also referred to as the 16724:1990s in the Soviet Union 16585: 16524: 16406: 16349: 16340: 16309:Health expense per capita 16225: 16194: 16156: 16152: 16143: 16029: 15961: 15923: 15919: 15910: 15809: 15800: 15768: 15689: 15680: 15595: 15562: 15505: 15455: 15448: 15424: 15367:Countries by average wage 15362: 15358: 15349: 15270: 15215: 15211: 15202: 15161: 15079: 15019: 14981: 14958: 14928: 14919: 14879: 14799: 14583: 14492: 14483: 14443:Countries and territories 14416: 14412: 14403: 14378: 14342: 14333: 14239: 14206: 14161:Eurasian Development Bank 14153: 14081: 14025: 13999: 13919: 13842: 13833: 13778: 13685: 13648: 13588: 13491: 13453: 13373: 13235: 13226: 13176: 13124: 13115: 12967: 12597:14 September 2010 at the 12340:10.1007/s00267-005-0387-8 11863:10.1163/18763324-04002005 11815:10.1080/09640560220143521 11228:10.1080/00905999808408552 10118:Ghodsee, Kristen (2017). 10079:10.1080/09668130120093174 9178:10.1080/13523270701674558 9138:. Routledge. p. 20. 8652:Demographics of Lithuania 8145: 8022: 7996:Environmental degradation 7649:Luhansk People's Republic 7637:Donetsk People's Republic 7212: 7210: 7041: 6830: 6828: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6786: 6783: 6609: 6551: 6549: 6527: 6473: 6471: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6429: 6426: 6197:North Caucasus insurgency 6089: 6011:Kyrgyz revolution of 2005 5944:– "Problematic situation" 5899:Reporters Without Borders 5799:World Health Organization 5788:Kontinental Hockey League 5204:are prospective members. 4741: States that joined 4625:Medium Human Development: 3065:Prime Minister of Ukraine 3034:President of Turkmenistan 2941:Prime Minister of Moldova 2786:Prime Minister of Georgia 2755:Prime Minister of Estonia 2724:Prime Minister of Belarus 2662:Prime Minister of Armenia 2562:President of Turkmenistan 2115:Total former Soviet Union 1814: 1529: 1154: 953:Republic of Turkmenistan) 682: 651: 648: 646:Ethnic majority, percent 645: 642: 639: 636: 631: 626: 623: 618: 551: 528:annexed by Russia in 2022 520:Luhansk People's Republic 516:Donetsk People's Republic 512:annexed by Russia in 2014 465:EU Association Agreements 389: 16539:Childhood population (%) 16274:GNI (nominal) per capita 15756:hybrid variant (2020-22) 14585:Intracontinental regions 14494:Transcontinental regions 14231:Belt and Road Initiative 14219:New Eurasian Land Bridge 12886:, professor Pål Kolstø, 12590:See: Kaprans, M. (2009) 12320:Environmental Management 11634:Bowers, Stephen (1993). 11159:"Trans-Dniester profile" 10669:"EAEC: stillborn union?" 10528: 10417:. Reuters. 19 March 2014 10380:3 September 2008 at the 9339:"New Europe, Old Russia" 7673:controversial referendum 6028:, after constructing an 5804:World Trade Organization 2972:Prime Minister of Russia 2879:Prime Minister of Latvia 1912:(Republic of Azerbaijan) 1042:(Republic of Uzbekistan) 864:(Republic of Tajikistan) 697:(Republic of Kazakhstan) 15974:Council of Europe (CoE) 15953:Transatlantic relations 14860:Maritime Southeast Asia 14855:Mainland Southeast Asia 14186:Eurasian Economic Union 14094:Soviet Union portal 12561:""Population of Minsk"" 12479:"Population by regions" 11386:Galeotti, Mark (2019). 10333:30 October 2008 at the 10192:Oxford University Press 10101:"Edit/Review Countries" 8677:Demographics of Ukraine 8657:Demographics of Moldova 8632:Demographics of Georgia 8627:Demographics of Estonia 8622:Demographics of Belarus 8612:Demographics of Armenia 7861:There is a significant 7587:was held in Crimea and 7141:(Republic of Tatarstan) 6005:had likewise served as 5958:– "Difficult situation" 5529:are all members of the 5398: Other CIS members 5343: 5232: Other CIS members 5170:Eurasian Economic Union 5160:Eurasian Economic Union 5153: Other CIS Members 5129:Eurasian Economic Union 5021:Economical integration 5007:Eurasian Economic Union 4950: Other CIS members 4868:Eurasian Economic Union 4842:Eurasian Economic Union 4522:High Human Development: 4390:Human Development Index 2624:President of Uzbekistan 2531:President of Tajikistan 2376:President of Kyrgyzstan 2345:President of Kazakhstan 2221:President of Azerbaijan 1706:(Republic of Lithuania) 537: 380:. In Russia, the term " 246:former Soviet republics 15372:Countries by GDP (PPP) 15135:Philippine Archipelago 15106:Indonesian Archipelago 14801:Continental subregions 14225:EU–Russia Common Space 14196:Eurasian Customs Union 13986:Stalinist architecture 13740:Science and technology 13650:Ideological repression 13578:Soviet Airborne Forces 13516:Destruction battalions 12146:10.1006/jema.2001.0460 11996:Environmental Politics 11752:Environmental Politics 11296:Cite journal requires 10021:. 2009. Archived from 8978:Cite journal requires 8882:Operation Provide Hope 8812: 8719: 8662:Demographics of Russia 8647:Demographics of Latvia 8602: 8584: 8564: 8546: 8526: 8508: 8488: 8470: 8450: 8432: 8412: 8394: 8374: 8356: 8336: 8318: 8298: 8280: 8260: 8242: 8175: 8032: 7853:Russians in Azerbaijan 7829:Russians in Kazakhstan 7737:between the forces of 7577:occupied the peninsula 7421:Disestablished in 2000 6637:(Republic of Abkhazia) 6387:Wagner Group rebellion 5684:Western European Union 5623: 5615: Dialogue partner 5456: 5421:as a common currency. 5400: 5298: 5234: 5155: 5041: 4952: 4765:regional organizations 4760: 4724: 4664:Regional organizations 4399: 4384:Developmental progress 3911:gross domestic product 3147:gross domestic product 2438:President of Lithuania 574:, central to American 437:1940 Soviet annexation 431: 413: 229: 16314:Military spending (%) 16304:Unemployment rate (%) 16049:free trade agreements 15814:Areas and populations 15121:Greater Sunda Islands 15044:Indochinese Peninsula 13768:List of metro systems 13321:Collective leadership 12202:Post-Soviet Geography 10126:Duke University Press 8764: 8705: 8688:Post-Soviet nostalgia 8173: 8030: 7964:Orthodox Christianity 7841:Russians in Lithuania 7754:Tajikistani Civil War 7725:Post-Soviet conflicts 7300:(Republic of Artsakh) 6404:Post-Soviet conflicts 6342:Revolution of Dignity 6279:Dungan–Kazakh clashes 6081:Post-Soviet conflicts 5597: 5443: 5381: 5334:Partnership for Peace 5293: 5215: 5136: 5099:Revolution of Dignity 5025:in Post-Soviet area: 5020: 4933: 4730: 4699: 4398: 3917:United States dollars 3030:Serdar Berdimuhamedow 2558:Serdar Berdimuhamedow 2341:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 1829:(Republic of Armenia) 1544:(Republic of Estonia) 1254:(Republic of Moldova) 1169:(Republic of Belarus) 578:in the 20th century. 530:, amidst the broader 502:saw the emergence of 476:post-Soviet conflicts 24: 16319:Urban population (%) 16279:GNI (PPP) per capita 15824:European microstates 15126:Lesser Sunda Islands 15089:Japanese Archipelago 14968:Arabian subcontinent 14712:Greater Central Asia 14436:urban agglomerations 14274:Common European Home 14214:Eurasian Land Bridge 13730:Net material product 13673:Censorship of images 13590:Political repression 13550:Soviet Border Troops 13483:First Deputy Premier 13067:1965 economic reform 13062:Soviet space program 12717:"Ностальгия по СССР" 11910:10.1002/2013GB004654 11215:Nationalities Papers 10019:University of Oxford 9702:, claimed by Ukraine 9368:(25 February 2001). 8086:Danube-Dnieper Canal 7623:North Ossetia–Alania 7541:an autonomous region 6923:(Republic of Crimea) 6892:an autonomous status 6566:the State of Alania) 6362:annexation of Crimea 6044:Separatist conflicts 5991:Alexander Lukashenko 5982:Nursultan Nazarbayev 5837:as "free" countries. 5609: Observer state 5415:Alexander Lukashenko 5332:Other states in the 5315:Intensified Dialogue 3909:List of the present 3175:Washington Consensus 2593:President of Ukraine 2469:President of Moldova 2314:President of Georgia 2310:Salome Zourabichvili 2283:President of Estonia 2252:President of Belarus 2248:Alexander Lukashenko 2190:President of Armenia 2080:Total South Caucasus 2005:Republic of Georgia) 1625:(Republic of Latvia) 1496:Total Eastern Europe 1335:(Russian Federation) 605:Separatist conflicts 16299:Press Freedom Index 16226:Sovereign states by 16071:Eastern Partnership 15707:Classical antiquity 15220:Heads of government 15029:Anatolian Peninsula 14973:Indian subcontinent 14814:Soviet Central Asia 14593:Anatolia/Asia Minor 14527:Greater Middle East 14517:Mediterranean world 13798:Academy of Sciences 13613:Population transfer 13557:Soviet Armed Forces 13420:Congress of Soviets 13401:Presidium/Politburo 13365:Soviet anti-Zionism 13214:West Siberian Plain 13092:Revolutions of 1989 13029:Great Patriotic War 13014:New Economic Policy 12925:, 15 September 2006 12651:. 5 December 2011. 12621:. 2 November 2009. 12523:on 10 October 2022. 12332:2007EnMan..40...20L 12138:2001JEnvM..63...71N 12008:2010EnvPo..19..689C 11902:2013GBioC..27.1175S 11807:2002JEPM...45..493W 11764:2004EnvPo..13..237P 11688:2001Ambio..30..104T 11660:on 9 December 2018. 11558:, 23 November 2005. 11444:. 22 November 2011. 11165:. 26 December 2011. 11025:Gis-reseau-asie.org 10912:Europarl1.europa.eu 10699:The Financial Times 10599:on 25 December 2014 10396:, 22 January 1993 ( 10066:Europe-Asia Studies 9936:role was abolished. 9759:on 23 November 2012 9749:"Official estimate" 9663:"Official estimate" 9481:"Official estimate" 9344:The Washington Post 9337:(6 February 2008). 9054:, Articles 7 and 8. 8862:Russian irredentism 8731:Pew Research Center 8698:Communist nostalgia 7857:Russians in Moldova 7849:Russians in Armenia 7845:Russians in Georgia 7837:Russians in Estonia 7825:Russians in Ukraine 7779:Eduard Shevardnadze 7743:Eduard Shevardnadze 7687:Republic of Artsakh 7585:accession to Russia 6740:Mikhail Saakashvili 6248:Kyrgyz revolutions 5895:Press Freedom Index 5754:Other organizations 5123:European Commission 5103:Eastern Partnership 4840:(later merged with 3227:free market economy 3163:economic inequality 3113:economy of the USSR 2631:Heads of government 2589:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 2500:President of Russia 2407:President of Latvia 2186:Vahagn Khachaturyan 1781:Total Baltic states 409:end of the Cold War 238:former Soviet Union 16709:Post-Soviet states 16438:Capital of Culture 16289:Internet users (%) 16181:Telecommunications 15948:Post-Soviet Europe 15786:predecessor states 15149:Mergui Archipelago 15071:Shandong Peninsula 15066:Liaodong Peninsula 14561:Indian Ocean world 14551:Indo-Mediterranean 14426:metropolitan areas 14386:Military conflicts 14350:Indian Ocean trade 14281:Post-Soviet states 14252:All-Russian nation 13443:Military Collegium 13311:Capital punishment 13189:Caucasus Mountains 13102:Post-Soviet states 12982:Russian Revolution 12888:University of Oslo 11514:. 10 January 2012. 11271:on 14 October 2014 11078:Sattarov, Rafael. 10991:The New York Times 10568:on 1 December 2017 9803:on 19 August 2010. 9696:Republic of Crimea 9375:The New York Times 9313:The New York Times 9231:– via JSTOR. 9007:. 19 December 1991 8813: 8800:Russian Federation 8720: 8585:1,421,125 (2022) 8176: 8074:Chernobyl disaster 8033: 7833:Russians in Latvia 7767:colour revolutions 7761:Colour revolutions 7739:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 7735:Georgian Civil War 7581:popular referendum 7573:Republic of Crimea 7425:Second Chechen War 6347:pro-Russian unrest 6015:Saparmurat Niyazov 5912:– "Good situation" 5624: 5603: Member state 5457: 5401: 5299: 5235: 5226: GUAM members 5220: CSTO members 5156: 5141: EAEU members 5042: 4953: 4944: GUAM members 4938: EAEC members 4761: 4725: 4400: 3959:Post-Soviet States 3191:Bosnia-Herzegovina 2620:Shavkat Mirziyoyev 1121:Total Central Asia 591:Country comparison 563:blizhnee zarubezhe 508:Republic of Crimea 401:bližneye zarubežye 234:post-Soviet states 230: 25:Post-Soviet states 16626: 16625: 16581: 16580: 16336: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16195:Intergovernmental 16139: 16138: 16135: 16134: 16093:Foreign relations 15994:GUAM Organization 15962:Intergovernmental 15906: 15905: 15819:Countries by area 15796: 15795: 15747:COVID-19 pandemic 15636: 15635: 15558: 15557: 15444: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15345: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15271:Intergovernmental 15235:political parties 15198: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15157: 15156: 15101:Malay Archipelago 15061:Leizhou Peninsula 15034:Arabian Peninsula 15006:Mongolian Plateau 14991:Anatolian Plateau 14875: 14874: 14789:Russian Turkestan 14784:Chinese Turkestan 14431:tallest buildings 14399: 14398: 14289: 14288: 14113: 14112: 14077: 14076: 14069:Hammer and sickle 14011:and their groups 14009:Soviet dissidents 13788:Communist Academy 13705:Economic planning 13681: 13680: 13574:Soviet Air Forces 13493:Security services 13413:General Secretary 13396:Central Committee 13338:Political parties 13270:Brezhnev Doctrine 13265:Foreign relations 13222: 13221: 13163:Autonomous okrugs 13077:Soviet–Afghan War 13057:Sino-Soviet split 12999:Russian Civil War 12922:Radio Free Europe 12910:The Seattle Times 11550:Robert Greenall, 11532:. 6 February 2003 11253:Neukirch, Claus. 11031:on 10 August 2021 10939:. 30 January 2013 10856:Ukrayinska Pravda 10542:on 9 October 2019 10508:. Cistran Finance 10466:. 4 February 2014 10384:, 18 August 2008. 10231:. Rochester, NY. 9637:Belavezha Accords 9619:statistica.gov.md 9145:978-0-415-26728-1 9094:Korrespondent.net 9069:Zakon.rada.gov.ua 8607: 8606: 8603:1,142,162 (2021) 8565:1,144,809 (2021) 8527:1,173,299 (2021) 8489:1,187,771 (2021) 8451:1,189,525 (2021) 8433:2,147,233 (2022) 8413:1,201,800 (2022) 8395:2,293,100 (2020) 8375:1,202,731 (2021) 8337:1,228,199 (2021) 8319:2,952,301 (2021) 8299:1,308,660 (2021) 8261:1,350,228 (2022) 8243:13,010,112 (2021) 7928:Western Christian 7916:Southern Caucasus 7809:Velvet Revolution 7793:Viktor Yanukovych 7789:Viktor Yushchenko 7785:Orange Revolution 7522: 7521: 6843:(Gagauz Republic) 6697: 6696: 6399: 6398: 5816:political freedom 5327:Viktor Yanukovych 5323:Viktor Yushchenko 5319:Orange Revolution 5121:(modelled on the 4735: CIS members 4381: 4380: 3953:per capita (USD) 3939:per capita (USD) 3897: 3896: 3231:debt-to-GDP ratio 3171:Steven Rosefielde 2968:Mikhail Mishustin 2782:Irakli Kobakhidze 2720:Roman Golovchenko 2150: 2149: 1941:semi-presidential 1868:21 September 1991 1735:semi-presidential 1445:semi-presidential 1364:semi-presidential 783:(Kyrgyz Republic) 560: 552:ближнее зарубежье 500:Maidan Revolution 459:and were granted 398: 390:ближнее зарубежье 16736: 16719:Successor states 16691: 16690: 16689: 16679: 16678: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16643: 16642: 16634: 16601: 16594: 16347: 16346: 16171:Free trade areas 16154: 16153: 16150: 16149: 15921: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15807: 15806: 15687: 15686: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15640: 15639: 15611: 15604: 15453: 15452: 15432:Property markets 15397:renewable energy 15377:Countries by HDI 15360: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15056:Korean Peninsula 15039:Indian Peninsula 14926: 14925: 14779:Afghan Turkestan 14731:Global Southeast 14722:Greater Khorasan 14700:Russian Far East 14673:Greater Mongolia 14490: 14489: 14414: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14340: 14339: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14293: 14292: 14140: 14133: 14126: 14117: 14116: 14103: 14102: 14092: 14091: 14090: 13840: 13839: 13748: 13603:Collectivization 13348:Marxism–Leninism 13233: 13232: 13122: 13121: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12930: 12929: 12913:, 20 August 2006 12901:, 19 August 2004 12849: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12814: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12764:The Moscow Times 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12687: 12681: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12611: 12605: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12537:. Archived from 12531: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12516:. Archived from 12515: 12507: 12501: 12500: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12481:. Archived from 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12458: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12428: 12420: 12419:on 26 July 2020. 12415:. Archived from 12409: 12403: 12402: 12395: 12368: 12367: 12315: 12300: 12299: 12289: 12263: 12226: 12225: 12197: 12166: 12165: 12121: 12098: 12097: 12087: 12061: 12030: 12029: 12019: 11987: 11962: 11961: 11941: 11930: 11929: 11896:(4): 1175–1185. 11881: 11875: 11874: 11846: 11835: 11834: 11790: 11784: 11783: 11747: 11724: 11723: 11671: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11653:. Archived from 11640: 11631: 11594: 11593: 11565: 11559: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11522: 11516: 11515: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11408: 11402: 11401: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11299: 11294: 11292: 11284: 11278: 11276: 11270: 11264:. Archived from 11259: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11201:. 12 March 2012. 11191: 11185: 11184: 11183:. 25 April 2012. 11173: 11167: 11166: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11135: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11111:on 12 March 2005 11107:. Archived from 11101: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11027:. Archived from 11017: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10909: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10885:. 6 January 2018 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10777:gca.satrapia.com 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10730: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10690: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10676: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10651: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10626: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10595:. Archived from 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10564:. Archived from 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10501: 10495: 10492:Interfax-Ukraine 10485: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10407: 10401: 10391: 10385: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10325: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10298: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10255:World Bank Group 10247: 10241: 10240: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10183: 10177: 10176: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10073:(8): 1159–1176. 10060: 10054: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9983:Scheidel, Walter 9979: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9930: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9907: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9854: 9848: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9785:on 28 June 2013. 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9755:. Archived from 9745: 9739: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9718: 9712: 9709: 9703: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9676:on 17 March 2018 9675: 9669:. Archived from 9659: 9653: 9650: 9644: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9610: 9604: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9593:on 29 July 2014. 9583: 9577: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9566:on 23 July 2014. 9562:. Archived from 9556: 9550: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9530:on 6 March 2012. 9520: 9514: 9511: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9477: 9471: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9452:on 1 August 2013 9448:. Archived from 9442: 9436: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9280:Associated Press 9275:The Boston Globe 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9206: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9180: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9002: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8981: 8976: 8974: 8966: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8928: 8877:New Union Treaty 8806: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8547:1,544,376 (2021) 8509:1,633,595 (2021) 8471:1,995,471 (2021) 8357:2,909,466 (2022) 8281:5,601,911 (2021) 8271:Saint Petersburg 8188: 8179: 8178: 8004:soil degradation 7799:Tulip Revolution 7710: 7709: 7708: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7607:Dzhokhar Dudayev 7601: 7599: 7598: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7428: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7191: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6896: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6778: 6777: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6509:2 September 1990 6501: 6494: 6487: 6421: 6420: 6274:Gorno-Badakhshan 6269:South Kyrgyzstan 6242:Batken spillover 6099:Nagorno-Karabakh 6084: 6082: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6019:personality cult 5997:of Tajikistan). 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5513:The post-Soviet 5453: 5447: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5152: 5146: 5140: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4915:Soviet Republics 4796:Soviet republics 4757: 4740: 4734: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4484: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4392:scores in 2021: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4011: 4009: 4008: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3926: 3925: 3250: 3249: 3183:Branko Milanović 3151:Great Depression 3084: 3083: 3075: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3022: 3021: 3013: 2999:Kokhir Rasulzoda 2991: 2990: 2982: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2906:Ingrida Šimonytė 2898: 2897: 2889: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2836: 2835: 2827: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2743: 2742: 2734: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2612: 2611: 2603: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2403:Edgars Rinkēvičs 2395: 2394: 2386: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2137: 2136: 2100: 2099: 2065: 2064: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2006: 2004: 1980: 1979: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1891: 1890: 1870: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1801: 1800: 1766: 1765: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1685: 1684: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1604: 1603: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1516: 1515: 1481: 1480: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1424: 1399: 1398: 1377:12 December 1991 1352: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1314: 1313: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1233: 1232: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1141: 1140: 1106: 1105: 1084:1 September 1991 1059: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1021: 1020: 970: 969: 968: 961: 954: 952: 928: 927: 906:9 September 1991 881: 880: 879: 872: 865: 843: 842: 800: 799: 798: 791: 784: 762: 761: 740:16 December 1991 721: 714: 713: 712: 705: 698: 611: 565: 555: 553: 434: 416: 403: 393: 391: 330:Byelorussian SSR 228: 227: 223: 221: 220: 211: 209: 208: 199: 197: 196: 189: 184: 182: 181: 172: 170: 169: 160: 158: 157: 150: 145: 143: 142: 133: 131: 130: 121: 119: 118: 111: 106: 104: 103: 94: 92: 91: 82: 80: 79: 72: 67: 65: 64: 56: 52: 50: 49: 41: 37: 35: 34: 16744: 16743: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16735: 16734: 16733: 16699: 16698: 16697: 16687: 16685: 16673: 16663: 16661: 16651: 16649: 16637: 16629: 16627: 16622: 16604: 16597: 16590: 16577: 16561:Life expectancy 16549:genetic history 16520: 16455:Classical music 16402: 16391:Bologna Process 16354:Ages of consent 16328: 16238:Budget revenues 16221: 16190: 16131: 16025: 15957: 15902: 15792: 15764: 15722:Early modernity 15676: 15667: 15637: 15632: 15614: 15607: 15600: 15591: 15587:Pacific Century 15575:Chinese Century 15554: 15501: 15485:Life expectancy 15436: 15420: 15414:high-speed rail 15387:Stock exchanges 15337: 15266: 15190: 15153: 15140:Visayan Islands 15075: 15049:Malay Peninsula 15015: 15011:Tibetan Plateau 15001:Iranian Plateau 14977: 14954: 14930:Supercontinents 14915: 14871: 14795: 14752:Southern Levant 14666:Outer Manchuria 14661:Northeast China 14579: 14479: 14395: 14374: 14329: 14320: 14290: 14285: 14235: 14202: 14149: 14144: 14114: 14109: 14088: 14086: 14073: 14021: 13995: 13915: 13829: 13774: 13746: 13720:Internet domain 13715:Five-year plans 13677: 13644: 13584: 13487: 13449: 13381:Communist Party 13369: 13328:Passport system 13218: 13194:European Russia 13172: 13111: 13052:Khrushchev Thaw 13031:(World War II) 13009:Creation treaty 12963: 12957: 12856: 12840: 12837: 12835:Further reading 12832: 12831: 12821: 12819: 12812: 12808: 12807: 12803: 12784: 12780: 12770: 12768: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12742: 12740: 12728: 12724: 12715: 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12689: 12688: 12684: 12672: 12668: 12658: 12656: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12628: 12626: 12613: 12612: 12608: 12599:Wayback Machine 12589: 12585: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12568: 12559: 12558: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12533: 12532: 12528: 12520: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12495: 12494: 12490: 12485:on 3 June 2021. 12477: 12476: 12472: 12464: 12460: 12459: 12455: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12422: 12421: 12413:"Archived copy" 12411: 12410: 12406: 12397: 12396: 12371: 12316: 12303: 12264: 12229: 12198: 12169: 12122: 12101: 12062: 12033: 11988: 11965: 11942: 11933: 11882: 11878: 11847: 11838: 11791: 11787: 11748: 11727: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11638: 11632: 11597: 11566: 11562: 11549: 11545: 11535: 11533: 11524: 11523: 11519: 11506: 11505: 11501: 11491: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11465: 11463: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11436: 11435: 11431: 11421: 11419: 11410: 11409: 11405: 11398: 11384: 11380: 11370: 11368: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11343:Current Time TV 11335: 11331: 11313: 11309: 11297: 11295: 11286: 11285: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11257: 11251: 11247: 11210: 11206: 11193: 11192: 11188: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11076: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11034: 11032: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11004: 11002: 10982: 10978: 10968: 10966: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10781: 10779: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10752:www.interfax.ru 10746: 10745: 10741: 10728: 10726: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10703: 10701: 10691: 10687: 10674: 10672: 10667: 10666: 10662: 10649: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10624: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10600: 10593:customs-code.ru 10585: 10581: 10571: 10569: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10511: 10509: 10502: 10498: 10486: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10392: 10388: 10382:Wayback Machine 10373: 10369: 10361: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10335:Wayback Machine 10326: 10319: 10309: 10307: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10259: 10257: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10225: 10221: 10210: 10194:. p. 184. 10184: 10180: 10147: 10143: 10136: 10116: 10112: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10061: 10057: 10042: 10038: 10028: 10026: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9980: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9944: 9940: 9931: 9924: 9914: 9912: 9905: 9901:Frank Lorimer. 9899: 9895: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9867: 9865: 9857:Samadov, Anar. 9855: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9822: 9821: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9762: 9760: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9693: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9651: 9647: 9641:Almaty protocol 9630: 9626: 9611: 9607: 9602: 9598: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9453: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9366:Steven Erlanger 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9316: 9306:(22 May 1994). 9301: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9240: 9236: 9204: 9198: 9194: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9105: 9101: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8979: 8977: 8968: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8942:on 3 March 2016 8930: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8872:Frozen conflict 8843: 8811: 8804: 8802: 8795: 8793: 8786: 8784: 8777: 8775: 8768: 8766: 8759: 8700: 8690: 8608: 8327:Nizhny Novgorod 8193: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8168: 8159: 8148: 8139: 8118: 8098: 8094: 8066: 8025: 7987: 7978: 7972: 7880: 7867:ethnic minority 7859: 7823:Main articles: 7821: 7775:Rose Revolution 7763: 7727: 7721: 7706: 7704: 7680: 7678: 7642: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7611:invaded in 1994 7596: 7594: 7566: 7564: 7548: 7546: 7533:Gagauz Republic 7527: 7525: 7499: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7468: 7466: 7454: 7453: 7422: 7419: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7400:1 November 1991 7388: 7386: 7374: 7373: 7344: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7313: 7311: 7299: 7298: 7269: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7238: 7236: 7224: 7223: 7188: 7185: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7154: 7152: 7140: 7139: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7086: 7084: 7072: 7071: 7042: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7011: 7009: 6997: 6996: 6967: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6936: 6934: 6922: 6921: 6890: 6887: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6856: 6854: 6842: 6841: 6789: 6776: 6751: 6749: 6724: 6722: 6702: 6700: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6650: 6648: 6636: 6635: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6579: 6577: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6485: 6484: 6432: 6419: 6406: 6400: 6395: 6354:Russo-Ukrainian 6308: 6223: 6192:guerrilla phase 6177:Chechen–Russian 6085: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6046: 5993:of Belarus and 5893:Similarly, the 5812: 5756: 5720: 5676: 5633: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5586: 5562:Black Sea Forum 5558:North Macedonia 5545: 5539: 5515:disputed states 5511: 5505: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5427: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5352: 5346: 5288: 5282: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5166: 5158:Main articles: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5048: 5015: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4911: 4905: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4705: 4698: 4668: 4666: 4649: 4647: 4633: 4631: 4610: 4608: 4594: 4592: 4578: 4576: 4562: 4560: 4546: 4544: 4530: 4528: 4507: 4505: 4491: 4489: 4475: 4473: 4459: 4457: 4443: 4441: 4427: 4425: 4411: 4409: 4386: 4357: 4355: 4330: 4328: 4303: 4301: 4276: 4274: 4249: 4247: 4222: 4220: 4195: 4193: 4168: 4166: 4141: 4139: 4114: 4112: 4087: 4085: 4060: 4058: 4033: 4031: 4006: 4004: 3979: 3977: 3952: 3946:(millions USD) 3945: 3938: 3934:(millions USD) 3933: 3281: 3219:Kristen Ghodsee 3136:command economy 3105: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2844:Akylbek Japarov 2842: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2658:Nikol Pashinyan 2656: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2606: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2451: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2434:Gitanas Nausėda 2432: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2389: 2387: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2156: 2154:Current leaders 2151: 2036: 2018: 2016: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1958:18 October 1991 1951: 1943: 1925: 1923: 1911: 1910: 1866: 1860: 1842: 1840: 1828: 1827: 1737: 1719: 1717: 1705: 1704: 1656: 1638: 1636: 1624: 1623: 1575: 1557: 1555: 1543: 1542: 1447: 1429: 1427: 1366: 1348: 1346: 1334: 1333: 1285: 1267: 1265: 1253: 1252: 1200: 1182: 1180: 1168: 1167: 1073: 1055: 1053: 1041: 1040: 999:27 October 1991 992: 984: 966: 964: 950: 948: 947: 895: 877: 875: 863: 862: 814: 796: 794: 782: 781: 730: 717: 710: 708: 696: 695: 633: 593: 572:Monroe Doctrine 540: 457:NATO membership 254:Union Republics 218: 216: 206: 204: 194: 192: 190: 179: 177: 167: 165: 155: 153: 151: 140: 138: 128: 126: 116: 114: 112: 101: 99: 89: 87: 77: 75: 73: 62: 60: 58: 47: 45: 43: 32: 30: 28: 27: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16742: 16732: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16696: 16695: 16683: 16671: 16659: 16647: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16603: 16602: 16595: 16587: 16586: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16575: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16558: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16541: 16536: 16530: 16528: 16522: 16521: 16519: 16518: 16504: 16499: 16498: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16451: 16450: 16448:film festivals 16440: 16435: 16430: 16429: 16428: 16423: 16412: 16410: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16393: 16383: 16378: 16377: 16376: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16350: 16344: 16338: 16337: 16334: 16333: 16330: 16329: 16327: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16247: 16246: 16245: 16235: 16229: 16227: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16157: 16147: 16141: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16123: 16122: 16112: 16107: 16106: 16105: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16073: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16046: 16035: 16033: 16031:European Union 16027: 16026: 16024: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15965: 15963: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15924: 15914: 15908: 15907: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15900: 15895: 15894: 15893: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15851:Extreme points 15848: 15846:Climate change 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15816: 15810: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15778: 15772: 15770: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15762: 15757: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15712:Late antiquity 15709: 15704: 15699: 15693: 15691: 15684: 15678: 15677: 15666: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15643: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15613: 15612: 15605: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15589: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15580:Indian Century 15577: 15566: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15511: 15509: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15456: 15450: 15446: 15445: 15442: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15428: 15426: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15411: 15401: 15400: 15399: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15363: 15353: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15274: 15272: 15268: 15267: 15265: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15238: 15237: 15227: 15225:Heads of state 15222: 15216: 15206: 15200: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15167: 15165: 15159: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15146: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15142: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15128: 15123: 15113: 15111:Maluku Islands 15098: 15097: 15096: 15094:Ryukyu Islands 15085: 15083: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15025: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14996:Deccan Plateau 14993: 14987: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14945: 14934: 14932: 14923: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14896: 14891: 14885: 14883: 14877: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14870: 14869: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14857: 14850:Southeast Asia 14847: 14846: 14845: 14835: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14826:Northeast Asia 14818: 14817: 14816: 14805: 14803: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14771: 14769:South Caucasus 14766: 14761: 14756: 14755: 14754: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14725: 14724: 14714: 14704: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14680: 14678:Inner Mongolia 14670: 14669: 14668: 14663: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14607: 14606: 14605: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14563: 14553: 14548: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14519: 14509: 14504: 14498: 14496: 14487: 14481: 14480: 14478: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14455:Extreme points 14452: 14451: 14450: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14417: 14407: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14365:Decolonisation 14362: 14357: 14352: 14346: 14344: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14319: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14296: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14283: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14247:Russian Empire 14243: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14221: 14216: 14210: 14208: 14207:Infrastructure 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14143: 14142: 14135: 14128: 14120: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14107: 14097: 14082: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14029: 14027: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14005: 14003: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13925: 13923: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13896: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13854: 13849: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13784: 13782: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13765: 13763:Rail transport 13760: 13758:Railway system 13750: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13691: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13654: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13580: 13554: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13537: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13508: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13478:Deputy Premier 13475: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13461:Heads of state 13457: 13455: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13435: 13429: 13426:Supreme Soviet 13423: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13393: 13388: 13377: 13375: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13367: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13343:State ideology 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13291: 13290: 13289: 13279: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13262: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13250: 13239: 13237: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13211: 13209:Ural Mountains 13206: 13201: 13199:North Caucasus 13196: 13191: 13186: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13148: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13130: 13128: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13037: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12979: 12973: 12971: 12965: 12964: 12956: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12914: 12902: 12890: 12881: 12872: 12863: 12855: 12854:External links 12852: 12851: 12850: 12836: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12817:Taraskuzio.com 12801: 12778: 12767:. 24 June 2019 12750: 12722: 12708: 12682: 12666: 12636: 12606: 12583: 12566: 12552: 12541:on 25 May 2021 12526: 12502: 12497:""Population"" 12488: 12470: 12453: 12436: 12404: 12369: 12301: 12280:(1): 169–216. 12227: 12208:(6): 351–370. 12167: 12099: 12078:(1): 437–460. 12031: 12002:(5): 689–707. 11963: 11952:(5): 354–382. 11931: 11876: 11857:(2): 157–165. 11836: 11801:(4): 493–516. 11785: 11758:(1): 237–265. 11725: 11682:(2): 104–111. 11663: 11595: 11560: 11543: 11517: 11499: 11473: 11447: 11429: 11418:. 6 March 2014 11403: 11396: 11378: 11355: 11329: 11307: 11298:|journal= 11245: 11204: 11186: 11168: 11150: 11122: 11096: 11070: 11042: 11012: 10976: 10950: 10924: 10896: 10870: 10859:(in Ukrainian) 10841: 10830:. 29 June 2012 10815: 10789: 10764: 10739: 10714: 10685: 10660: 10635: 10610: 10579: 10553: 10519: 10496: 10494:(14 June 2013) 10477: 10451: 10428: 10402: 10386: 10367: 10355: 10343: 10317: 10285: 10267: 10242: 10219: 10209:978-0197549247 10208: 10178: 10159:(2): 135–138. 10141: 10135:978-0822369493 10134: 10128:. p. 63. 10110: 10107:on 9 May 2006. 10092: 10055: 10036: 10025:on 2 July 2014 10006: 10000:978-0691165028 9999: 9974: 9962: 9950: 9938: 9922: 9893: 9875: 9849: 9840: 9815: 9806: 9788: 9770: 9740: 9731: 9726:Ukrstat.gov.ua 9713: 9704: 9687: 9654: 9645: 9624: 9605: 9596: 9578: 9569: 9551: 9542: 9533: 9515: 9497: 9472: 9463: 9437: 9428: 9414: 9388: 9357: 9326: 9304:William Safire 9292: 9260: 9234: 9192: 9171:(4): 461–477. 9151: 9144: 9124: 9117: 9099: 9081: 9056: 9044: 9018: 8989: 8980:|journal= 8953: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8842: 8839: 8809:South Caucasus 8803: 8794: 8785: 8782:Eastern Europe 8776: 8767: 8758: 8755: 8718:on 9 May 2018. 8712:Soviet victory 8710:celebrate the 8689: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8578: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8502: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8406: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8388: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8368: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8350: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8274: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8182: 8177: 8167: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8147: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8117: 8114: 8093: 8090: 8065: 8062: 8024: 8021: 7986: 7983: 7974:Main article: 7971: 7968: 7936:Roman Catholic 7879: 7876: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7813:Serzh Sargsyan 7805: 7795: 7781: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7750: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7702: 7676: 7626: 7592: 7562: 7544: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7497: 7478: 7473: 7464: 7457: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7417: 7398: 7393: 7384: 7377: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7342: 7325:6 January 1992 7323: 7318: 7309: 7302: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7267: 7250:25 August 1990 7248: 7243: 7234: 7227: 7216: 7214:South Caucasus 7211: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7183: 7164: 7159: 7150: 7143: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7096: 7091: 7082: 7075: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7040: 7021: 7016: 7007: 7000: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6965: 6946: 6941: 6932: 6925: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6885: 6868:19 August 1990 6866: 6861: 6852: 6845: 6834: 6832:Eastern Europe 6829: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6747: 6720: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6660: 6655: 6646: 6639: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6589: 6584: 6575: 6568: 6555: 6553:South Caucasus 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6529:Not recognised 6526: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6477: 6475:Eastern Europe 6472: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6418: 6415: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6313: 6312: 6311:Eastern Europe 6307: 6306: 6304:Karakalpakstan 6301: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6219:Russo-Georgian 6216: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6131:2023 offensive 6128: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6045: 6042: 5995:Emomali Rahmon 5978: 5977: 5959: 5945: 5927: 5913: 5891: 5890: 5856: 5838: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5687: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667:Central Europe 5663:European Union 5659: 5653: 5632: 5629: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5588:Main article: 5585: 5582: 5541:Main article: 5538: 5535: 5507:Main article: 5504: 5501: 5450: 5444: 5434:Main article: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5403:Main article: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5348:Main article: 5345: 5342: 5284:Main article: 5281: 5278: 5237:Main article: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5206: 5174:economic union 5149: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5083:European Union 5044:Main article: 5014: 5011: 4955:Main article: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4907:Main article: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4871: 4857: 4818: 4807:European Union 4803: 4754: 4737: 4731: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4644: 4622: 4621: 4605: 4589: 4573: 4557: 4541: 4519: 4518: 4502: 4486: 4470: 4454: 4438: 4422: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3773:South Caucasus 3768: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3484:Eastern Europe 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3132:market economy 3121:inter-republic 3104: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3092:Abdulla Aripov 3077: 3070: 3068: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3015: 3008: 3006: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2813:Oljas Bektenov 2798: 2791: 2789: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2751:Kristen Michal 2736: 2729: 2727: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2527:Emomali Rahmon 2512: 2505: 2503: 2496:Vladimir Putin 2481: 2474: 2472: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2159:Heads of state 2157: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2028: 2023: 2014: 2007: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1935: 1930: 1921: 1914: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1864: 1852: 1847: 1838: 1831: 1820: 1818:South Caucasus 1815: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1729: 1724: 1715: 1708: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1648: 1643: 1634: 1627: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1567: 1562: 1553: 1546: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459:24 August 1991 1456: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1358: 1353: 1344: 1337: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1292:27 August 1991 1289: 1277: 1272: 1263: 1256: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211:25 August 1991 1208: 1192: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1160: 1158:Eastern Europe 1155: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1044: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1004: 1001: 996: 976: 971: 962: 955: 939: 938: 936: 933: 930: 922: 919: 914: 911: 908: 903: 887: 882: 873: 866: 854: 853: 851: 848: 845: 837: 834: 829: 826: 823: 821:31 August 1991 818: 806: 801: 792: 785: 773: 772: 770: 767: 764: 756: 753: 748: 745: 742: 737: 728:dominant-party 722: 715: 706: 699: 688: 683: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 654: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 630: 625: 622: 617: 609: 592: 589: 576:grand strategy 539: 536: 492:United Nations 449:European Union 407:Following the 354:Lithuanian SSR 326:Azerbaijan SSR 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16741: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16694: 16684: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16670: 16660: 16658: 16648: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16584: 16574: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16544:Ethnic groups 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16516: 16512: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16411: 16409: 16405: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16375: 16372: 16371: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16351: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16339: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16260: 16256: 16253: 16252: 16251: 16250:GDP (nominal) 16248: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16224: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16128: 16125: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16115:Schengen Area 16113: 16111: 16108: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16028: 16022: 16019: 16015: 16012: 16011: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15922: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15909: 15899: 15896: 15892: 15891:by population 15889: 15888: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15811: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15767: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15664: 15659: 15657: 15652: 15650: 15645: 15644: 15641: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15594: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15570:Asian Century 15568: 15567: 15565: 15561: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15508: 15504: 15496: 15495:ethnic groups 15493: 15492: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15454: 15451: 15447: 15433: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15423: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15361: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15348: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15269: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15214: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15187: 15186:Tropical Asia 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15164: 15163:Biogeographic 15160: 15150: 15147: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15136: 15133: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15118: 15117: 15116:Sunda Islands 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15099: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15078: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15022: 15018: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14986: 14984: 14980: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14960:Subcontinents 14957: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14933: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14918: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14878: 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14819: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14798: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14753: 14750: 14749: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14736:Greater India 14734: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14675: 14674: 14671: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14658: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14619:Greater China 14617: 14616: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14541: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14449: 14448:by population 14446: 14445: 14444: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14419: 14418: 14415: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14402: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14317: 14312: 14310: 14305: 14303: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14282: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14226: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14141: 14136: 14134: 14129: 14127: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14106: 14098: 14096: 14095: 14084: 14083: 14080: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14055: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13966:Printed media 13964: 13962: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13924: 13922: 13918: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13900: 13899:Cyrillisation 13897: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13867:Working class 13865: 13863: 13862:Soviet people 13860: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13781: 13777: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13710:Energy policy 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13688: 13684: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13542: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13452: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13438:Supreme Court 13436: 13433: 13430: 13427: 13424: 13421: 13418: 13414: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13372: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13288: 13285: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13271: 13268: 13267: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13225: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13041: 13040:The Holocaust 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12961: 12954: 12949: 12947: 12942: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12924: 12923: 12918: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12906: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898:The Economist 12894: 12891: 12889: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12864: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12818: 12811: 12805: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12754: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12726: 12718: 12712: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12680:(25 May 2012) 12679: 12675: 12670: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12587: 12576: 12570: 12562: 12556: 12540: 12536: 12530: 12519: 12512: 12506: 12498: 12492: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12463: 12457: 12446: 12440: 12432: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12400: 12399:"2021 Census" 12394: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12297: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12095: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12036: 12027: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11880: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11670: 11668: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11553: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11521: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11443: 11439: 11433: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11399: 11397:9781472833440 11393: 11389: 11382: 11366: 11359: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11311: 11303: 11290: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11222:(1): 87–101. 11221: 11217: 11216: 11208: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11139: 11132: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11046: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10980: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10913: 10906: 10900: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10845: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10736: 10724: 10718: 10711: 10700: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10670: 10664: 10657: 10645: 10639: 10632: 10620: 10614: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10583: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10523: 10507: 10500: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10482: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10439: 10432: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10399: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10371: 10364: 10359: 10352: 10347: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10324: 10322: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10145: 10137: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10059: 10052: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9971: 9966: 9959: 9954: 9947: 9942: 9935: 9929: 9927: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9844: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9735: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9708: 9701: 9697: 9694:Includes the 9691: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9649: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9546: 9537: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9467: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9432: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9392: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9264: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9147: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9128: 9120: 9118:9789004169456 9114: 9110: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9006: 8999: 8993: 8985: 8972: 8964: 8957: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Russification 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8857:Russian world 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8847:Soviet Empire 8845: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8810: 8801: 8792: 8791:Baltic states 8783: 8774: 8763: 8754: 8752: 8751:Joseph Stalin 8747: 8746:Levada Center 8742: 8740: 8735: 8732: 8727: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8593:Rostov-on-Don 8582: 8577: 8576: 8568: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8537:Yekaterinburg 8530: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8506: 8501: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8416: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8378: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8354: 8349: 8348: 8340: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8302: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8264: 8258: 8253: 8252: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8180: 8172: 8163: 8154: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8116:Baltic states 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8070: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8054:Goskompriroda 8050: 8049:Goskompriroda 8046: 8045:Goskompriroda 8041: 8038: 8029: 8020: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7982: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7962:) is Eastern 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7888:Central Asian 7884: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7713: 7712:Talysh-Mughan 7703: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7638: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7494: 7477: 7462: 7452: 7451: 7450:Talysh-Mughan 7446: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7414: 7397: 7382: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7339: 7322: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7264: 7247: 7232: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7180: 7166:21 March 1992 7163: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7095: 7080: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7037: 7020: 7005: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6962: 6948:11 March 2014 6945: 6930: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6882: 6881:Moldavian SSR 6865: 6850: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6798:Independence 6784:Country name 6779: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6731:South Ossetia 6721: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6699: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6659: 6644: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6605: 6588: 6573: 6561: 6560: 6559:South Ossetia 6554: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6523: 6522:Moldavian SSR 6506: 6500: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6441:Independence 6427:Country name 6422: 6414: 6411: 6405: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6377:2022 invasion 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6202:IS insurgency 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6172:North Ossetia 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143:South Ossetia 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6119:Border crisis 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6026:Heydar Aliyev 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5986:Islam Karimov 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903:press freedom 5900: 5897:published by 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820:Freedom House 5817: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5713:all domains). 5711: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5596: 5591: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5523:South Ossetia 5520: 5516: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5442: 5437: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4932: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4702:Euler diagram 4657: 4645: 4641: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4606: 4602: 4590: 4586: 4574: 4570: 4558: 4554: 4542: 4538: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4503: 4499: 4487: 4483: 4471: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4439: 4435: 4423: 4419: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3645:Baltic states 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3235:Central banks 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:privatization 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143:shock therapy 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061:Denys Shmyhal 3058: 3057: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372:Sadyr Japarov 2369: 2368: 2362: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2034:parliamentary 2032: 2027: 2012: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1919: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1858:parliamentary 1856: 1851: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1744:11 March 1990 1740: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1713: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654:parliamentary 1652: 1647: 1632: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1573:parliamentary 1571: 1566: 1551: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1342: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283:parliamentary 1281: 1276: 1261: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1176: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1049: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980: 975: 960: 946: 945: 940: 934: 931: 923: 920: 918: 915: 912: 909: 907: 902: 898: 894: 891: 886: 871: 861: 860: 855: 849: 846: 838: 835: 833: 830: 827: 824: 822: 817: 813: 810: 805: 790: 780: 779: 774: 768: 765: 757: 754: 752: 749: 746: 743: 741: 736: 733: 729: 726: 720: 704: 694: 693: 687: 681: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 657:Coat of arms 656: 655: 637:Independence 629: 621: 616: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 588: 586: 585: 584:AP Styleguide 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 558: 549: 545: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506:in 2014: the 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:South Ossetia 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 461:EU membership 458: 454: 451:(EU) and the 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 428: 424: 423:Baltic states 419: 415: 410: 405: 402: 396: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:Ukrainian SSR 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:Moldavian SSR 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 226: 214: 202: 187: 175: 163: 148: 136: 124: 109: 97: 85: 70: 55: 40: 23: 19: 16526:Demographics 16485:Christianity 16433:Architecture 16386:Universities 16294:Minimum wage 16233:Average wage 15947: 15737:Pax Europaea 15732:World War II 15460:Demographics 15262:Pan-Asianism 15247:Human rights 15176:Indo-Pacific 15171:Eastern Asia 15081:Archipelagos 14938:Afro-Eurasia 14809:Central Asia 14717:Greater Iran 14624:China proper 14614:Pacific Asia 14603:South Arabia 14571:Pacific Asia 14556:Indo-Pacific 14502:Asia–Pacific 14485:Geopolitical 14280: 14264:Soviet Union 14224: 14154:Institutions 14085: 13857:Demographics 13847:Antisemitism 13700:Central Bank 13618:Forced labor 13566:Spetsnaz GRU 13386:organisation 13294:Human rights 13243:Constitution 13126:Subdivisions 13101: 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Retrieved 8940:the original 8935: 8926: 8907:Second World 8867:Eastern Bloc 8814: 8773:Central Asia 8743: 8736: 8728: 8721: 8716:Nazi Germany 8591: 8573: 8553: 8535: 8515: 8497: 8477: 8459: 8439: 8421: 8401: 8383: 8363: 8345: 8325: 8307: 8287: 8269: 8249: 8231: 8166:Demographics 8160: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8092:Central Asia 8078:Zelenyi svit 8077: 8067: 8057: 8053: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8037:zapovedniki, 8036: 8034: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8002:experienced 7994:for energy. 7988: 7979: 7904:Turkmenistan 7885: 7881: 7860: 7803:Askar Akayev 7764: 7728: 7583:in favor of 7537:Soviet Union 7500: 7480:21 June 1993 7448: 7420: 7413:Russian SFSR 7368: 7345: 7293: 7270: 7263:Georgian SSR 7218: 7186: 7134: 7066: 7043: 6991: 6968: 6916: 6888: 6836: 6788:Coat of arms 6761: 6734: 6712: 6709:Transnistria 6662:23 July 1992 6630: 6557: 6528: 6481:Transnistria 6479: 6444:Recognition 6431:Coat of arms 6407: 6372:Kerch Strait 6317:Transnistria 6226:Central Asia 6124:2022 clashes 6034:Ilham Aliyev 6023: 5999:Askar Akayev 5979: 5974:Turkmenistan 5892: 5883:Turkmenistan 5813: 5757: 5650:Transnistria 5625: 5578: 5546: 5527:Transnistria 5512: 5493:Turkmenistan 5458: 5410: 5408: 5353: 5331: 5300: 5242: 5167: 5111: 5087:Transnistria 5049: 5000: 4960: 4920: 4912: 4800:Turkmenistan 4786:founded the 4763:A number of 4762: 4700:A clickable 4624: 4623: 4601:Turkmenistan 4521: 4520: 4402: 4401: 4387: 4310:Turkmenistan 3958: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3771: 3643: 3482: 3415:Turkmenistan 3289:Central Asia 3287: 3245: 3244: 3224: 3179: 3125: 3106: 3085: 3054: 3025:Turkmenistan 3023: 2992: 2961: 2937:Dorin Recean 2930: 2899: 2875:Evika Siliņa 2868: 2837: 2806: 2775: 2744: 2713: 2682: 2651: 2613: 2582: 2553:Turkmenistan 2551: 2520: 2489: 2458: 2427: 2396: 2365: 2334: 2303: 2272: 2241: 2217:Ilham Aliyev 2210: 2179: 2114: 2079: 2043:9 April 1991 2003:formerly the 1994: 1953:dictatorship 1905: 1822: 1780: 1699: 1618: 1537: 1506:199,500,942 1495: 1413: 1372:dictatorship 1328: 1247: 1206:dictatorship 1198:presidential 1162: 1120: 1079:dictatorship 1071:presidential 1035: 994:dictatorship 982:presidential 951:formerly the 944:Turkmenistan 942: 901:dictatorship 893:presidential 857: 812:presidential 776: 732:presidential 690: 686:Central Asia 594: 582: 580: 543: 541: 480:Transnistria 473: 420: 406: 362:Russian SFSR 338:Georgian SSR 334:Estonian SSR 322:Armenian SSR 310:Turkmenistan 258:Soviet Union 245: 241: 237: 233: 231: 201:Turkmenistan 18: 16556:Immigration 16120:Visa policy 16103:enlargement 15999:Open Balkan 15938:Integration 15781:Sovereignty 15727:World War I 15717:Middle Ages 14889:Austronesia 14759:Mesopotamia 14651:Malay world 14566:Pacific Rim 14536:Middle East 14391:Sovereignty 14360:Imperialism 14257:Pan-Slavism 14191:Enlargement 13961:Phraseology 13906:Prohibition 13894:Linguistics 13879:Drug policy 13872:1989 census 13793:Cybernetics 13695:Agriculture 13608:Great Purge 13570:Soviet Navy 13562:Soviet Army 13434:(1989–1991) 13428:(1938–1991) 13422:(1922–1936) 13406:Secretariat 13277:Gun control 13184:Caspian Sea 13168:Closed city 13097:Dissolution 13082:Perestroika 13024:Great Purge 12822:21 February 12743:21 December 11576:: 131–142. 11536:21 February 11371:15 November 11348:15 November 11143:21 February 11084:Carnegie.ru 10917:21 February 10889:14 February 10863:14 February 10808:20 December 10802:adevarul.ro 10782:20 December 10757:20 December 10729:26 December 10704:26 December 10675:26 December 10650:26 December 10625:26 December 10546:19 November 10394:CIS Charter 9863:Stat.gov.az 9549:UN estimate 9209:Connections 9074:21 February 8936:harvard.edu 8902:Russophobia 8897:Russophilia 8499:Novosibirsk 8479:Krasnoyarsk 8441:Chelyabinsk 7985:Environment 7970:LGBT rights 7661:North Korea 7321:Stepanakert 7098:12 May 2014 7023:12 May 2014 6807:Population 6760:, which is 6733:, which is 6711:, which is 6591:29 May 1992 6450:Population 6329:1993 Moscow 5473:Afghanistan 5405:Union State 5374:Union State 5097:led to the 2126:296,582,638 2119:22,307,815 2090:16,831,069 1500:17,943,385 1455:since 2022 1453:martial law 1388:146,171,015 1381:17,098,242 1131:76,350,229 643:Population 634:government 544:near abroad 474:Due to the 382:near abroad 370:Turkmen SSR 350:Latvian SSR 346:Kirghiz SSR 16703:Categories 16573:Retirement 16475:Philosophy 16470:Literature 16374:endangered 16267:per capita 16255:per capita 16243:per capita 16127:Statistics 16014:statistics 15928:Eurosphere 15702:Prehistory 15690:Chronology 15540:Philosophy 15530:Literature 15392:Technology 15382:Currencies 15021:Peninsulas 14899:Sinosphere 14894:Indosphere 14843:Subregions 14838:South Asia 14833:North Asia 14707:Inner Asia 14343:Chronology 14001:Opposition 13991:Television 13971:Propaganda 13944:Literature 13818:Naukograds 13813:Sharashkas 13747:(currency) 13725:Inventions 13668:Censorship 13598:Red Terror 13282:Government 13156:Autonomous 13139:Autonomous 13072:Stagnation 13035:Evacuation 10603:2 December 10572:13 January 10512:25 October 10470:2 December 10444:14 January 10421:14 January 10260:2 December 9888:Geostat.ge 9828:Armstat.am 9700:Sevastopol 8946:2 December 8918:References 8834:Strasbourg 8826:Azerbaijan 8706:People in 8692:See also: 8429:Kazakhstan 8409:Tajikistan 8391:Azerbaijan 8353:Uzbekistan 8257:Kazakhstan 8215:City name 8201:City name 8058:Minpriroda 7992:brown coal 7932:Protestant 7912:Azerbaijan 7908:Uzbekistan 7900:Tajikistan 7896:Kyrgyzstan 7892:Kazakhstan 7863:Russophone 7723:See also: 7719:Civil wars 7619:Ingushetia 7589:Sevastopol 7493:Azerbaijan 7437:1,103,686 7423:after the 7338:Azerbaijan 7200:3,786,488 7123:1,464,039 7055:2,302,444 6980:1,913,731 6944:Simferopol 6410:separatism 6402:See also: 6337:Euromaidan 6299:Kazakhstan 6237:Uzbekistan 6232:Tajikistan 6214:Ingushetia 6003:Kyrgyzstan 5962:Azerbaijan 5956:Uzbekistan 5952:Tajikistan 5948:Kazakhstan 5938:Kyrgyzstan 5887:Uzbekistan 5879:Tajikistan 5871:Kyrgyzstan 5867:Kazakhstan 5859:Azerbaijan 5814:Regarding 5497:Uzbekistan 5489:Tajikistan 5485:Kyrgyzstan 5481:Kazakhstan 5477:Azerbaijan 5364:Azerbaijan 5273:Uzbekistan 5265:Uzbekistan 5261:Tajikistan 5257:Kyrgyzstan 5253:Kazakhstan 5202:Tajikistan 5194:Kyrgyzstan 5182:Kazakhstan 5071:Tajikistan 5067:Kyrgyzstan 5059:Kazakhstan 4992:Uzbekistan 4979:Tajikistan 4975:Kyrgyzstan 4971:Kazakhstan 4878:Azerbaijan 4834:Uzbekistan 4830:Tajikistan 4826:Kyrgyzstan 4822:Kazakhstan 4656:Tajikistan 4640:Kyrgyzstan 4617:Uzbekistan 4585:Azerbaijan 4482:Kazakhstan 4364:Uzbekistan 4283:Tajikistan 4266:4,988,829 4260:2,062,649 4148:Kyrgyzstan 4121:Kazakhstan 4013:Azerbaijan 3969:7,496,732 3963:3,035,843 3831:Azerbaijan 3449:Uzbekistan 3381:Tajikistan 3347:Kyrgyzstan 3313:Kazakhstan 3280:Turnaround 3211:Tajikistan 3199:Kyrgyzstan 3155:capitalist 3140:neoliberal 3128:transition 3087:Uzbekistan 2994:Tajikistan 2839:Kyrgyzstan 2808:Kazakhstan 2689:Ali Asadov 2684:Azerbaijan 2615:Uzbekistan 2522:Tajikistan 2465:Maia Sandu 2367:Kyrgyzstan 2336:Kazakhstan 2279:Alar Karis 2212:Azerbaijan 2122:8,613,096 1969:10,127,145 1949:hereditary 1907:Azerbaijan 1791:5,998,274 1663:4 May 1990 1582:8 May 1990 1503:6,927,980 1470:36,744,636 1384:6,601,668 1128:1,545,667 1125:4,003,258 1095:37,030,884 1037:Uzbekistan 990:hereditary 917:10,077,600 859:Tajikistan 778:Kyrgyzstan 751:20,075,271 747:1,052,090 744:2,724,900 692:Kazakhstan 597:subregions 514:; and the 376:, and the 342:Kazakh SSR 318:Uzbekistan 306:Tajikistan 286:Kyrgyzstan 282:Kazakhstan 266:Azerbaijan 225:Uzbekistan 186:Tajikistan 123:Kyrgyzstan 108:Kazakhstan 54:Azerbaijan 16657:Geography 16566:by region 16426:sculpture 16381:Tattooing 16369:Languages 16359:Etiquette 16262:GDP (PPP) 16186:Transport 16056:Education 16044:relations 15871:Mountains 15802:Geography 15480:Languages 15470:Etiquette 15465:Education 15404:Transport 15242:Democracy 15230:Elections 14943:Afro-Asia 14867:West Asia 14821:East Asia 14774:Turkestan 14656:Manchuria 14646:Indochina 14540:Near East 14470:Mountains 14405:Geography 14355:Silk Road 14062:Republics 14050:Republics 14038:Republics 13889:Languages 13753:Transport 13635:Holodomor 13528:Militsiya 13466:President 13358:Stalinism 13260:Elections 13134:Republics 13117:Geography 13107:Nostalgia 13019:Stalinism 12877:from the 12868:from the 12695:levada.ru 12348:1432-1009 12296:1056-3466 12222:1060-5851 12154:0301-4797 12094:1543-5938 12026:144224257 11918:1944-9224 11871:1075-1262 11831:154142478 11823:0964-0568 11780:155024373 11590:145812443 11275:9 October 11241:authority 11236:154359743 11089:10 August 11063:10 August 11035:10 August 11005:10 August 11000:0362-4331 10969:10 August 10587:Дмитрий. 10173:153398717 10152:Challenge 10087:145733112 9285:10 August 9253:10 August 9187:1352-3279 8157:Lithuania 7555:Tatarstan 7136:Tatarstan 6587:Tskhinval 6357:(outline) 6007:President 5920:Lithuania 5835:Lithuania 5580:of GUAM. 5311:Lithuania 4894:In 2008, 4434:Lithuania 4202:Lithuania 3738:Lithuania 3187:communist 2901:Lithuania 2429:Lithuania 2054:3,688,600 1880:2,976,800 1755:2,859,718 1701:Lithuania 1674:1,882,200 1593:1,331,796 1303:2,512,758 1222:9,155,978 1010:7,057,841 832:7,100,000 615:Subregion 557:romanized 395:romanized 378:Uzbek SSR 366:Tajik SSR 294:Lithuania 244:) or the 147:Lithuania 16608:Category 16511:Armorial 16480:Religion 16421:painting 16110:Politics 16088:Eurozone 15912:Politics 15898:Villages 15776:Military 15769:By topic 15674:articles 15618:Category 15545:Religion 15409:airports 15257:Military 15204:Politics 14983:Plateaus 14921:Physical 14881:Cultural 14683:Mongolia 14639:Xinjiang 14610:Far East 14507:Caucasus 14379:By topic 14370:Cold War 14327:articles 14105:Category 13658:Religion 13545:Chairmen 13391:Congress 13353:Leninism 13333:Propiska 13228:Politics 13087:Glasnost 13047:Cold War 12987:February 12796:55012247 12737:Newsweek 12653:Archived 12623:Archived 12602:Keywords 12595:Archived 12425:cite web 12364:21279014 12356:17464529 12162:11591031 11926:53637765 11720:27761136 11712:11374307 11651:41347149 11556:BBC News 11530:BBC News 11512:BBC News 11486:Archived 11460:Archived 11442:BBC News 11422:6 August 11416:CBC News 11199:BBC News 11181:BBC News 11163:BBC News 10440:. RFE/RL 10378:Archived 10331:Archived 9985:(2017). 9633:de facto 9381:18 April 9350:18 April 9319:18 April 9229:26326349 8841:See also 8724:Brezhnev 8403:Dushanbe 8347:Tashkent 8219:Republic 8205:Republic 8122:de facto 8082:Azov Sea 8017:druzhiny 7890:states ( 7878:Religion 7615:Dagestan 7605:, where 7512:960,000 7476:Lankaran 7370:Chechnya 7357:120,000 7282:525,061 7220:Abkhazia 6905:134,132 6838:Gagauzia 6810:Density 6795:Capital 6767:2008 war 6762:de facto 6758:Abkhazia 6744:2008 war 6735:de facto 6713:de facto 6687:254,246 6632:Abkhazia 6610:Limited 6539:306,000 6505:Tiraspol 6453:Density 6438:Capital 6333:Ukraine 6209:Dagestan 6148:Abkhazia 6093:Caucasus 5810:Politics 5570:Bulgaria 5550:Slovenia 5519:Abkhazia 5469:Pakistan 5107:Gagauzia 4866:and the 4848:and the 4374:371,346 4347:444,194 4341:148,712 4320:126,355 4212:137,389 4131:652,597 4125:245,695 4050:217,040 4023:193,478 3929:Country 2084:186,043 2038:republic 1947:under a 1945:republic 1862:republic 1785:175,201 1739:republic 1658:republic 1577:republic 1466:233,090 1463:603,700 1449:republic 1370:under a 1368:republic 1287:republic 1275:Chișinău 1215:207,600 1204:under a 1202:republic 1091:171,469 1088:444,103 1077:under a 1075:republic 1063:Tashkent 1006:189,657 1003:491,210 988:under a 986:republic 974:Ashgabat 910:143,100 899:under a 897:republic 885:Dushanbe 825:199,945 816:republic 735:republic 649:Density 624:Symbols 518:and the 484:Abkhazia 414:de facto 16693:History 16631:Portals 16592:Outline 16507:Symbols 16495:Judaism 16460:Cuisine 16408:Culture 16396:Erasmus 16342:Society 16161:History 16145:Economy 16098:Members 16039:Economy 15876:Regions 15861:Islands 15856:Geology 15841:Climate 15682:History 15602:Outline 15525:Cuisine 15507:Culture 15449:Society 15425:Markets 15351:Economy 15181:Malesia 14948:Eurasia 14904:Nanyang 14764:Siberia 14460:Islands 14335:History 14269:Comecon 14240:History 14026:Symbols 13939:Fashion 13921:Culture 13835:Society 13780:Science 13745:Rouble 13687:Economy 13663:Science 13473:Premier 13454:Offices 13316:Leaders 13236:General 13204:Siberia 13177:Regions 13151:Oblasts 12992:October 12969:History 12701:24 June 12328:Bibcode 12134:Bibcode 12004:Bibcode 11898:Bibcode 11803:Bibcode 11760:Bibcode 11704:4315114 11684:Bibcode 11323:(1–2). 11115:5 April 10963:Fiia.fi 10943:12 June 10937:Rsf.org 10834:29 June 10415:Reuters 10339:Russian 10237:3157175 10029:28 June 9915:5 March 9868:5 March 9833:5 March 9763:5 March 9753:Stat.ee 9680:5 March 9490:5 March 9485:Stat.kg 9456:5 March 9402:Twitter 9135:Estonia 9037:20 June 9011:19 June 8830:Moldova 8822:Ukraine 8818:Georgia 8729:A 2009 8708:Donetsk 8581:Ukraine 8575:Kharkiv 8467:Belarus 8371:Georgia 8365:Tbilisi 8315:Ukraine 8137:Estonia 8069:Ukraine 8064:Ukraine 7960:Ukraine 7952:Moldova 7948:Georgia 7944:Belarus 7940:Armenia 7924:Russian 7914:in the 7910:) plus 7871:Russian 7669:annexed 7653:Ukraine 7431:15,300 7295:Artsakh 7246:Sukhumi 7197:26,255 7194:68,000 7126:174.77 7111:Ukraine 7094:Luhansk 7068:Luhansk 7058:293.19 7036:Ukraine 7019:Donetsk 6993:Donetsk 6977:10,077 6974:26,100 6961:Ukraine 6894:in 1995 6781:Region 6717:Romania 6675:Georgia 6658:Sukhumi 6619:53,532 6604:Georgia 6424:Region 6382:prelude 6138:Georgia 5966:Belarus 5942:Ukraine 5934:Georgia 5930:Armenia 5924:Moldova 5910:Estonia 5863:Belarus 5853:Ukraine 5849:Moldova 5845:Georgia 5841:Armenia 5827:Estonia 5709:(OSCE). 5645:Moldova 5566:Armenia 5560:). 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