Winter War - Knowledge

2014: 2759: 3855: 48: 3725: 2587: 3915: 1698: 2207:

in Finland, in close proximity to Leningrad. No promises to the contrary managed to persuade the other. Additionally, both sides had misunderstood the others position: the Finns had assumed that the Soviets had opened up on a maximalist demand, ready to be traded down smaller. The Soviets instead had stressed the minimalist nature of their demands, and were incredulous over Finnish reluctance to agree. Finally, there was also Stalin's unwillingness or inability to accept that any territorial concessions on the part of Finland would have only been possible by a 4/5th majority in the Finnish parliament. He had mocked such a requirement, proposing that they count his and Molotov's votes, too.

3016: 386: 374: 362: 350: 338: 324: 310: 296: 1883: 170: 2463: 2240: 3453: 3315: 2997:. The Soviet troops also lacked skill in skiing, so soldiers were restricted to movement by road and were forced to move in long columns. The Red Army lacked proper winter tents, and troops had to sleep in improvised shelters. Some Soviet units incurred frostbite casualties as high as ten per cent even before crossing the Finnish border. However, the cold weather did give an advantage to Soviet tanks, as they could move over frozen terrain and bodies of water, rather than being immobilised in swamps and mud. According to Krivosheev, at least 61,506 Soviet troops were sick or 3104:, a number of Soviet tanks broke through the thin line on 19 December, but the Soviets could not benefit from the situation because of insufficient co-operation between branches of service. The Finns remained in their trenches, allowing the Soviet tanks to move freely behind the Finnish line, as the Finns had no proper anti-tank weapons. The Finns succeeded in repelling the main Soviet assault. The tanks, stranded behind enemy lines, attacked the strongpoints at random until they were eventually destroyed, 20 in all. By 22 December, the battle ended in a Finnish victory. 4214: 3437:, occurred on the first day of the war. The capital was bombed only a few times thereafter. All in all, Soviet bombings cost Finland five per cent of its total man-hour production. Nevertheless, Soviet air attacks affected thousands of civilians, killing 957. The Soviets recorded 2,075 bombing attacks in 516 localities. The city of Viipuri, a major Soviet objective close to the Karelian Isthmus front, was almost levelled by nearly 12,000 bombs. No attacks on civilian targets were mentioned in Soviet radio or newspaper reports. In January 1940, the Soviet 4357:, the 7th Soviet Army lost 1,244 tanks during the breakthrough battles of the Mannerheim Line in mid-winter. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Finnish estimate of the number of lost Soviet tanks was 1,000 to 1,200. The Soviet Air Forces lost around 1,000 aircraft, but fewer than half of them were combat casualties. According to Carl Fredrik Geust, based on the studies of Soviet air force units, Finnish anti-aircraft units shot down 119 and Finnish fighter pilots 131 Soviet aircraft, though all Soviet aircraft losses had been more than 900. 3267: 3979: 4097: 13870: 3736:

bad terrain and harsh climate, and falsely claiming that the Mannerheim Line was stronger than the Maginot Line, and that the Americans had sent 1,000 of their best pilots to Finland. However, the Soviets were confronted with the unavoidable reality of the poor performance of their troops against the Finns. Stalin in particular was concerned about the effects of the war on Soviet reputation. In late December, the Soviets decided to reduce their strategic objectives and focused on bringing the war to an end.

3846:

commanders wished to continue the war as their forces were starting to make progress against the Finns, whereas the Communist Party pointed out that the war was becoming too costly and called for the signing of a peace treaty. The party believed that Finland could be taken over later by means of a revolution. The heated discussion that ensued failed to yield any clear result and the matter went to a vote, in which the party's opinion prevailed and the decision was taken to bring hostilities to an end.

4421: 3128: 2942: 2361:

territorial concessions from Finland, and even offered land in return, which would not have made sense if full Sovietization was intended. And according to Kotkin, Stalin seemed to be genuinely interested in reaching an agreement during the negotiations: he had personally attended six of the seven meetings with the Finns, and had multiple times reduced his demands. However, mutual mistrust and misunderstandings would mar the negotiations, producing an impasse.

17722: 3891:

Army's humiliation by the Finns. The Soviets had further demands, as their military position was strong and improving. On 9 March, the Finnish military situation on the Karelian Isthmus was dire, as troops were experiencing heavy casualties. Artillery ammunition was exhausted and weapons were wearing out. The Finnish government, realizing that the hoped-for Franco-British military expedition would not arrive in time, as Norway and Sweden had not given the

3810:(which was overestimated by Soviet intelligence in February and March 1940). With the spring thaw approaching, the Soviet forces risked becoming bogged down in the forests. Finnish Foreign Minister Väinö Tanner arrived in Stockholm on 12 February and negotiated the peace terms with the Soviets through the Swedes. German representatives, not aware that the negotiations were underway, suggested on 17 February that Finland negotiate with the Soviet Union. 278: 266: 254: 242: 230: 216: 202: 4407: 3065:

If he refused to fight, he would be shot. If he tried to sneak through the forest, he would freeze to death. And surrender was no option for him; Soviet propaganda had told him how the Finns would torture prisoners to death." The problem however was that the Finns were mostly too weak to fully exploit their success. Some of the pockets of encircled Soviet soldiers held out for weeks and even months, binding a huge number of Finnish forces.

146: 2045:, stating that the Soviets did not trust Germany and that war was considered possible between the two countries. The Red Army would not wait passively behind the border but would rather "advance to meet the enemy". Finnish representatives assured Yartsev that Finland was committed to a policy of neutrality and that the country would resist any armed incursion. Yartsev suggested that Finland cede or lease some islands in the 3361:, and a company of tanks, was outflanked by a Finnish battalion. The 122nd retreated, abandoning much of its heavy equipment and vehicles. Following this success, the Finns shuttled reinforcements to the defensive line in front of Kemijärvi. The Soviets hammered the defensive line without success. The Finns counter-attacked, and the Soviets retreated to a new defensive line where they stayed for the rest of the war. 2511:, Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. On 28 December, when Stalin asked for volunteers to take over military command, Semyon Timoshenko offered himself on the condition that he be allowed to implement Shaposhnikov's initial plan of a focused attack on the Karelian Isthmus to break the Mannerhiem Line; it was accepted. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front". 4296: 2399:, reported, "The terrain of coming operations is split by lakes, rivers, swamps, and is almost entirely covered by forests.... The proper use of our forces will be difficult". These doubts were not reflected in Meretskov's troop deployments, and he publicly announced that the Finnish campaign would take two weeks at most. Soviet soldiers had even been warned not to cross the border mistakenly into Sweden. 2487:, with its dense well-mapped network of paved roads. Armies fighting there had recognised supply and communications centres, which could be easily targeted by armoured vehicle regiments. Finnish Army centres, in contrast, were deep inside the country. There were no paved roads, and even gravel or dirt roads were scarce. Most of the terrain consisted of trackless forests and swamps. The war correspondent 3987:

interest. Several foreign organisations sent material aid, and many countries granted credit and military materiel to Finland. Nazi Germany allowed arms to pass through its territory to Finland, but after a Swedish newspaper made this public, Adolf Hitler initiated a policy of silence towards Finland, as part of improved German–Soviet relations following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

2341:" and thus "achieve absolute victory". He quoted Molotov, who had commented in November 1939 on the regime change plan to a Soviet ambassador that the new government "will not be Soviet, but one of a democratic republic. Nobody is going to set up Soviets over there, but we hope it will be a government we can come to terms with as to ensure the security of Leningrad". According to Russian historian 4234:. After the end of the war, the situation of the Finnish Army on the Karelian Isthmus became a subject of debate in Finland. Orders had already been issued to prepare a retreat to the next line of defence in the Taipale sector. Estimates of how long the Red Army could have been delayed by retreat-and-stand operations varied from a few days to a few weeks, or to a couple of months at most. 2522:, comprising nine divisions, a tank corps and three tank brigades, was located on the Karelian Isthmus. Its objective was to quickly overrun the Finnish defenses on the Karelian Isthmus and conquer Viipuri. From there, the 7th Army was to continue towards Lappeenranta, then turn west towards Lahti, before the final push to the capital Helsinki. The force was later divided into the 7th and 2353:"could have done so with comparative ease". Bradley Lightbody wrote that the "entire Soviet aim had been to make the Soviet border more secure". In 2002, Russian historian A. Chubaryan stated that no documents had been found in Russian archives that support a Soviet plan to annex Finland. Rather, the objective was to gain Finnish territory and to reinforce Soviet influence in the region. 3753:. The Soviets shipped large numbers of new tanks and artillery pieces to the theatre. Troops were increased from ten divisions to 25–26 divisions with six or seven tank brigades and several independent tank platoons as support, totalling 600,000 soldiers. On 1 February, the Red Army began a large offensive, firing 300,000 shells into the Finnish line in the first 24 hours of the 4307:) met in April 1940, reviewed the lessons of the Finnish campaign and recommended reforms. The role of frontline political commissars was reduced, and old-fashioned ranks and forms of discipline were reintroduced. Clothing, equipment and tactics for winter operations were improved. Not all of the reforms had been completed when Germans initiated Operation Barbarossa 14 months later. 4144:. On 11 December, Churchill opined that the British should gain a foothold in Scandinavia with the objective to help the Finns, but without a war with the Soviet Union. Because of the heavy German reliance on Northern Sweden's iron ore, Hitler had made it clear to the Swedish government in December that any Allied troops on Swedish soil would immediately provoke a German invasion. 2187:

However, this sudden change, contrary to previous statements that Soviet demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, had surprised the Finnish government, and lead them to believe more concession may be forthcoming. Thus, Paasikivi's idea of reaching some sort of compromise by offering the Soviets the island of Jussarö and the fort of Ino were refused by Helsinki.

3293:, which occurred during the month-long Battle of Suomussalmi, resulted in one of the largest Soviet losses in the Winter War. The Soviet 44th and parts of the 163rd Rifle Division, comprising about 14,000 troops, were almost completely destroyed by a Finnish ambush as they marched along the forest road. A small unit blocked the Soviet advance while Finnish Colonel 2107:, the Finnish envoy to Sweden, was sent to Moscow to represent the Finnish government Furthermore, the negotiations were attended by Stalin in person, signalling the seriousness of the effort. Paasikivi would later recount his surprise over the friendly atmosphere in which the delegation was received, and mentioned the pleasant manners of Stalin towards them. 3778:

soldiers. One by one, the defenders' strongholds crumbled under the Soviet attacks and the Finns were forced to retreat. On 15 February, Mannerheim authorised a general retreat of the II Corps to a fallback line of defence. On the eastern side of the isthmus, the Finns continued to resist Soviet assaults, achieving a stalemate in the battle of Taipale.

4345:. After the Winter War, the Soviet prisoners were returned to the USSR in accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty. Of these, 450 were released, 4,354 were sentenced to imprisonment in labour camps ranging from 3 to 10 years and 414 were exposed to be "active in traitorous activities while in captivity", with 334 criminal cases being transferred to the 2194:. This surprised the Finns, and lent credibility to Soviet claims that their demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, as it would have been impossible to reduce them without a loss of prestige after having made them public. However, the Soviet offer was eventually rejected with respect to the opinion of the public and Parliament. 2606:, had estimated seven Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus and no more than five along the whole border north of Lake Ladoga. In the estimation, the manpower ratio would have favoured the attacker by three to one. The true ratio was much higher, however, since for example, 12 Soviet divisions were deployed north of Lake Ladoga. 4160:

of passage by citing a League of Nations resolution as justification. The expedition troops would disembark at the Norwegian port of Narvik and proceed by rail toward Finland, passing through the Swedish ore fields on the way. This demand was sent to Norway and Sweden on 6 January, but it was likewise rejected six days later.

2345:, the Soviet terms encompassed the strongest fortified approaches of the Finnish defences for a reason. He claimed that Stalin had little hope for such a deal but would play for time for the ongoing mobilisation. He stated the objective as being to secure Finland from being used as a staging ground by means of regime change. 2706:, killing about 100 citizens and destroying more than 50 buildings. In response to international criticism, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov stated that the Soviet Air Force was not bombing Finnish cities but rather dropping humanitarian aid to the starving Finnish population; the bombs were sarcastically dubbed 3770:. The Soviets also made occasional small infantry assaults with one or two companies. Because of the shortage of ammunition, Finnish artillery emplacements were under orders to fire only against directly threatening ground attacks. On 1 February, the Soviets further escalated their artillery and air bombardments. 2746:, the first settlement captured by the advancing Red Army. After the war, the puppet government was reabsorbed into the Soviet Union. From the very outset of the war, working-class Finns stood behind the legitimate government in Helsinki. Finnish national unity against the Soviet invasion was later called the 4382:

The Winter War laid bare the disorganisation and ineffectiveness of the Red Army and that of the Allies. The Anglo-French Supreme War Council was unable to formulate a workable plan, revealing its unsuitability to make effective war in either Britain or France. This failure led to the collapse of the

4270:

to Finland. Finland wished to re-enter the war mainly because of the Soviet invasion of Finland during the Winter War, which had taken place after Finland had failed by relying on the League of Nations and on Nordic neutrality. Finland aimed primarily to reverse its territorial losses from the Moscow

4163:

Stymied but not yet dissuaded from the possibility of action, the Allies formulated a final plan on 29 January. First, the Finns would make a formal request for assistance. Then, the Allies would ask Norway and Sweden for permission to move the "volunteers" across their territory. Finally, to protect

4159:

elected to send notes to Norway and Sweden on 27 December, urging the Norwegians and Swedes to help Finland and offer the Allies their support. Norway and Sweden rejected the offer on 5 January 1940. The Allies came up with a new plan, in which they would demand that Norway and Sweden give them right

3748:

The Soviet forces on the Karelian Isthmus were divided into two armies: the 7th and the 13th Army. The 7th Army, now under Kirill Meretskov, would concentrate 75 per cent of its strength against the 16 km (9.9 mi) stretch of the Mannerheim Line between Taipale and the Munasuo swamp. Tactics

2853:

forward to the Taipale front. On 14 December, the bolstered Soviet forces launched a new attack but were pushed back again. A third Soviet division entered the fight but performed poorly and panicked under shell fire. The assaults continued without success, and the Red Army suffered heavy losses. One

2614:

was massively strained because of a lack of workers. An even greater problem than lack of soldiers was the lack of materiel since foreign shipments of anti-tank weapons and aircraft were arriving only in small quantities. The ammunition situation was alarming, as stockpiles had cartridges, shells and

2609:

Finland had a large force of reservists, which was trained in regular maneuvers, some of which had experience from the recent Finnish Civil War. The soldiers were also almost universally trained in basic survival techniques, such as skiing. The Finnish Army was not able to equip all its soldiers with

2360:

also shares the position that the Soviet Union did not aim for annexation. He points out the different treatment Finland was given, compared to the Baltics: unlike the pacts of mutual assistance that the Baltics were pressured into, resulting in their total Sovietization, the Soviets demanded limited

2206:

The negotiations had failed, as neither side was willing to substantially reduce their demands, nor was either side able to fully trust the other. The Finns were fearful of an encroachment on their sovereignty, while the Soviets were (claiming to be) fearful of a springboard for international enemies

2186:

On the next meeting on 23 October, Stalin conceded to lessen his demands: a reduction in the amount of land demanded in Karelia; a reduction of the Hanko garrison from 5000 to 4000 men; and reducing the length of lease from 30 years to whatever date the ongoing (second world) war in Europe would end.

4116:

France had been one of the earliest supporters of Finland during the Winter War. The French saw an opportunity to weaken Germany's resource imports via a Finnish counteroffensive, as both Sweden and the Soviet Union were strategic trading partners to Germany. France had another motive, preferring to

4073:

in early March 1940, where they spread flyers and broadcast propaganda to encircled Soviet troops, but did not carry weapons. The men were subsequently detained by Finnish forces, who mistook them for Soviet infiltrators. After the war's end, Bazhanov was immediately asked to leave Finland, which he

3986:

World opinion largely supported the Finnish cause, and the Soviet aggression was generally deemed unjustified. World War II had not yet directly affected France, the United Kingdom or the United States; the Winter War was practically the only conflict in Europe at that time and thus held major world

3833:

opined after the war that Hitler would view a Soviet occupation of Finland as a threat to this plan. Any potential German plans for bases in Finland would also be thwarted if the Soviets occupied Finland, though Trotsky himself believed that Hitler was not interested in occupying Finland, but rather

3443:

newspaper continued to lie that no civilian targets in Finland had been struck, even accidentally. It is estimated that the Soviet air force lost about 400 aircraft because of inclement weather, lack of fuel and tools, and during transport to the front. The Soviet Air Force flew approximately 44,000

3364:

To the north was Finland's only ice-free port in the Arctic, Petsamo. The Finns lacked the manpower to defend it fully, as the main front was distant at the Karelian Isthmus. In the battle of Petsamo, the Soviet 104th Division attacked the Finnish 104th Independent Cover Company. The Finns abandoned

3213:

In the south, two Soviet divisions were united on the northern side of the Lake Ladoga coastal road. As before, these divisions were trapped as the more mobile Finnish units counterattacked from the north to flank the Soviet columns. On 19 December, the Finns temporarily ceased their assaults due to

3099:

On the eastern side of the Isthmus, the Red Army attempted to break through the Mannerheim Line at the battle of Taipale. On the western side, Soviet units faced the Finnish line at Summa, near the city of Viipuri, on 16 December. The Finns had built 41 reinforced-concrete bunkers in the Summa area,

3064:

in Finnish, originally meaning 1 m (35 cu ft) of firewood), staying alive was an ordeal comparable to combat. The men were freezing and starving and endured poor sanitary conditions. Historian William R. Trotter described these conditions as follows: "The Soviet soldier had no choice.

1619:

Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty in which Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. Their gains exceeded their pre-war demands, and the Soviets received substantial

4258:

gave the order to plan an assault on the Soviet Union and so Germany had to reassess its position regarding Finland. Until then, Germany had rejected Finnish appeals to purchase arms. However, the prospect of an invasion of the Soviet Union reversed the policy. In August, the secret sale of weapons

4237:

Immediately after the war, Helsinki officially announced 19,576 dead. According to revised estimates in 2005 by Finnish historians, 25,904 people died or went missing and 43,557 were wounded on the Finnish side during the war. Finnish and Russian researchers have estimated that there were 800–1,100

4151:

introduced his plan to the General Staff and the War Cabinet. In his plan, Daladier created linkage between the war in Finland and the iron ore in Sweden. There was a danger of Finland's possible fall under Soviet hegemony. In turn, Nazi Germany could occupy both Norway and Sweden. These two powers

4053:

The ranks of RNA were to be filled by prisoners-of-war, but it would be commanded by White émigrés instead of captured Soviet Army officers, who were deemed unreliable. Bazhanov's Finnish assistant Feodor Schulgin chose Captain Vladimir Kiseleff, Lieutenant Vladimir Lugovskoy, Anatoly Budyansky and

3890:

on 6 March, but the Soviets, wanting to keep the pressure on the Finnish government, declined the offer. The Finnish peace delegation travelled to Moscow via Stockholm and arrived on 7 March. They were disappointed to find that Stalin was not present during peace negotiations, likely due to the Red

3735:

Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the results of December 1939 in the Finnish campaign. The Red Army had been humiliated in defeats by smaller Finnish forces. By the third week of the war, Soviet propaganda was already working to explain the failures of the Soviet military to the populace: blaming

3177:

Finnish forces panicked and retreated in front of the overwhelming Red Army. The commander of the Finnish IV Army Corps Juho Heiskanen was replaced by Woldemar Hägglund on 4 December. On 7 December, in the middle of the Ladoga Karelian front, Finnish units retreated near the small stream of Kollaa.

2786:

The array of Finnish defence structures that during the war started to be called the Mannerheim Line was located on the Karelian Isthmus approximately 30 to 75 km (19 to 47 mi) from the Soviet border. The Red Army soldiers on the Isthmus numbered 250,000, facing 130,000 Finns. The Finnish

2402:

Stalin's purges in the 1930s had devastated the officer corps of the Red Army; those purged included three of its five marshals, 220 of its 264 division or higher-level commanders and 36,761 officers of all ranks. Fewer than half of all the officers remained. They were commonly replaced by soldiers

2302:

The People's Government in its present composition regards itself as a provisional government. Immediately upon arrival in Helsinki, capital of the country, it will be reorganised and its composition enlarged by the inclusion of representatives of the various parties and groups participating in the

1572:'s secret protocols as evidence of this, while other sources argue against the idea of a full Soviet conquest. Finland repelled Soviet attacks for more than two months and inflicted substantial losses on the invaders in temperatures as low as −43 °C (−45 °F). The battles focused mainly on 3744:

as the commander of the Soviet forces in the war on 7 January 1940. The main focus of the Soviet attack was switched to the Karelian Isthmus. Timoshenko and Zhdanov reorganised and tightened control between different branches of service in the Red Army. They also changed tactical doctrines to meet

3495:

Finnish fighter pilots often flew their motley collection of planes into Soviet formations that outnumbered them 10 or even 20 times. Finnish fighters shot down 200 Soviet aircraft, while losing 62 of their own on all causes. Finnish anti-aircraft guns downed more than 300 enemy aircraft. Often, a

2202:

later wrote that "the eyes of our opposite numbers opened wide". Stalin had asked "You don't even offer Ino?" This would become the final meeting: the Soviets stopped responding to further Finnish letters and on 13 November, when the Finnish delegation was recalled from Moscow, no Soviet officials

4316:

in the late 1980s, Soviet historiography relied solely on Molotov's speeches on the Winter War. In his radio speech of 29 November 1939, Molotov argued that the Soviet Union had tried to negotiate guarantees of security for Leningrad for two months. The Finns had taken a hostile stance to "please

3777:

By 11 February, the Soviets had approximately 460,000 soldiers, 3,350 artillery pieces, 3,000 tanks and 1,300 aircraft deployed on the Karelian Isthmus. The Red Army was constantly receiving new recruits after the breakthrough. Opposing them, the Finns had eight divisions, totalling about 150,000

3774:

Unlike their tactics in December, Soviet tanks advanced in smaller numbers. The Finns could not easily eliminate tanks if infantry troops protected them. After 10 days of constant artillery barrage, the Soviets achieved a breakthrough on the Western Karelian Isthmus in the Second Battle of Summa.

2311:

In 1939, Soviet military leadership had formulated a realistic and comprehensive plan for the occupation of Finland. However, Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the conservative pace that the operation required and demanded new plans be drawn up. With the new plans, the key deadline for Finland's

4365:

The Winter War was a political success for the Germans. Both the Red Army and the League of Nations were humiliated, and the Anglo-French Supreme War Council had been revealed to be chaotic and powerless. The German policy of neutrality was unpopular in the homeland, and relations with Italy had

3690:

and two destroyers. When the ships were at a range of 24 km (13 nmi; 15 mi), the Finns opened fire with four 234 mm (9.2 in) coastal guns. After five minutes of firing by the coastal guns, the cruiser had been damaged by near misses and retreated. The destroyers remained

2352:

asserted that Stalin's objective was to secure Leningrad's flank from a possible German invasion through Finland. He stated that "the strongest argument" against a Soviet intention of full conquest is that it did not happen in either 1939 or during the Continuation War in 1944 even though Stalin

4176:. The operation would have required 100,000 British and 35,000 French soldiers with naval and air support. The supply convoys would sail on 12 March and the landings would begin on 20 March. The end of the war on 13 March cancelled Franco-British plans to send troops to Finland through Northern 3926:

took effect the next day at noon Leningrad time, 11 a.m. Helsinki time. With it, Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and most of Ladoga Karelia. The area included Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city or fourth-largest city , depending on the census data), much of Finland's industrialised

3845:

on 19 February in which he confirmed having declined Finnish pleas for support from Swedish troops. On 25 February, the Soviet peace terms were spelt out in detail. On 29 February, the Finnish Government accepted the Soviet terms in principle and was willing to enter into negotiations. Red Army

3773:

Although the Soviets refined their tactics and morale improved, the generals were still willing to accept massive losses to reach their objectives. Soviet attacks were now being screened by smoke, heavy artillery, and armour support, but the infantry charged in the open and in dense formations.

3765:

Although the Karelian Isthmus front was less active in January than in December, the Soviets increased bombardments, wearing down the defenders and softening their fortifications. During daylight hours, the Finns took shelter inside their fortifications from the bombardments and repaired damage

2374:

Before the war, Soviet leadership had expected total victory within a few weeks. The Red Army had just completed the invasion of eastern Poland at a cost of fewer than 4,000 casualties after Germany attacked Poland from the west. Stalin's expectations of a quick Soviet triumph were backed up by

3668:

Finnish coastal artillery batteries defended important harbours and naval bases. Most batteries were left over from the Imperial Russian period, with 152 mm (6.0 in) guns being the most numerous. Finland attempted to modernise its old guns and installed a number of new batteries, the

3305:

as they retreated. The Soviets suffered 7,000–9,000 casualties; the Finnish units, 400. The Finnish troops captured dozens of tanks, artillery pieces, anti-tank guns, hundreds of trucks, almost 2,000 horses, thousands of rifles, and much-needed ammunition and medical supplies. So sure of their

2225:, near the border with Finland. A Soviet border guard post had been shelled by an unknown party resulting, according to Soviet reports, in the deaths of four and injuries of nine border guards. Research conducted by several Finnish and Russian historians later concluded that the shelling was a 2052:

Negotiations continued throughout 1938 without results. The Finnish reception of Soviet entreaties was decidedly cool, as the violent collectivisation and purges in Stalin's Soviet Union resulted in a poor opinion of the country. Most of the Finnish communist elite in the Soviet Union had been

1611:

Following the initial setbacks, the Soviets reduced their strategic objectives and put an end to the puppet Finnish communist government in late January 1940, informing the Finnish government that they were willing to negotiate peace. After the Soviet military reorganized and adopted different

3281:

as a classic example of what well-led troops and innovative tactics can do against a much larger adversary. Suomussalmi was a municipality of 4,000 with long lakes, wild forests and few roads. The Finnish command believed that the Soviets would not attack there, but the Red Army committed two

2255:

Molotov claimed that the incident was a Finnish artillery attack. He demanded that Finland apologise for the incident and to move its forces beyond a line 20–25 km (12–16 mi) from the border. Finland denied responsibility for the attack, rejected the demands and called for a joint

2182:

area to the Soviet Union. That would double the distance between Leningrad and the Finnish border but was far less than the Soviets had demanded. The Finns would also cede the islands in the Gulf of Finland, but they would not agree to lease any territory to the USSR for military purposes.

2166:

had argued for an agreement, being pessimistic of the Finnish prospects in a war against the Soviet Union. But the Finnish government was reticent in reaching an agreement out of mistrust for Stalin: there was a fear of repeated follow-up demands, which would have put the future of Finnish

2282:

stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to "correct mistakes" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917. Opinion on the scale of the initial Soviet invasion decision is divided. The puppet Finnish communist government and the

1994:

and the Russian Civil War almost two decades earlier. Soviet leaders believed that the old empire's extended borders provided territorial security and wanted Leningrad, only 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border, to enjoy a similar level of security against the rising power of

3334:, is sparsely developed, with little daylight and persistent snow-cover during winter; the Finns expected nothing more than raiding parties and reconnaissance patrols. Instead, the Soviets sent full divisions. On 11 December, the Finns rearranged the defence of Lapland and detached the 4514:

On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, unsuitable for combat or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve

4253:

During the Interim Peace, Finland aimed to improve its defensive capabilities and conducted negotiations with Sweden on a military alliance, but negotiations ended once it became clear that both Germany and the Soviet Union opposed such an alliance. On 31 July 1940, German Chancellor

4352:

Between 1,200 and 3,543 Soviet tanks were destroyed. The official figure was 611 tank casualties, but Yuri Kilin found a note received by the head of the Soviet General Staff, Boris Shaposhnikov, reporting 3,543 tank casualties and 316 tanks destroyed. According to Finnish historian

9742:

Leskinen, Jari (1999). "Suomen ja Viron salainen sotilaallinen yhteistyö Neuvostoliiton hyökkäyksen varalta 1930-luvulla" [The Clandestine Finnish-Estonian Military Collaboration against a Possible Soviet Invasion in the 1930s]. In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).

2110:

The meetings began on 12 October, with Molotov's offer of a mutual assistance pact, which the Finns immediately refused. To the Finns' surprise, Molotov dropped the offer and instead proposed an exchange of territory. The offer stipulated that the Finnish-Soviet border on the

2100:". The Soviets had already started intensive mobilisation near the Finnish border in 1938–39. Assault troops thought to be necessary for the invasion did not begin deployment until October 1939. Operational plans made in September called for the invasion to start in November. 3073:

The terrain on the Karelian Isthmus did not allow guerrilla tactics, so the Finns were forced to resort to the more conventional Mannerheim Line, with its flanks protected by large bodies of water. Soviet propaganda claimed that it was as strong as or even stronger than the

4534:

At the beginning of the war, the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was

4333:

claimed 126,875 dead and missing and total casualties of 391,783, with 188,671 wounded. In 1991, Yuri Kilin claimed 63,990 dead and total casualties of 271,528. In 2007, he revised the estimate of dead to 134,000 and in 2012, he updated the estimate to 138,533. In 2013,

2735:, with Väinö Tanner as foreign minister because of opposition to Cajander's prewar politics. Finland brought the matter of the Soviet invasion before the League of Nations. The League expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939 and exhorted its members to aid Finland. 1612:

tactics, they renewed their offensive in February 1940 and overcame the Finnish defences on the Karelian Isthmus. This left the Finnish army in the main theatre of war near the breaking point, with a retreat seeming inevitable. Consequently, Finnish commander-in-chief

3927:

territory, and significant land still held by Finland's military – all in all, nine per cent of Finnish territory. The ceded territory included 13 per cent of Finland's economic assets. 12 per cent of Finland's population, 422,000 to 450,000 Karelians,

3749:

would be basic: an armoured wedge for the initial breakthrough, followed by the main infantry and vehicle assault force. The Red Army would prepare by pinpointing the Finnish frontline fortifications. The 123rd Rifle Division then rehearsed the assault on life-size

4317:

foreign imperialists". Finland had undertaken military provocation, and the Soviet Union could no longer abide by the non-aggression pacts. According to Molotov, the Soviet Union did not want to occupy or annex Finland, but the goal was purely to secure Leningrad.

3899:

resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the Soviet Union, but eventually agreed to sign the Moscow Peace Treaty. When he signed the document, the tormented president uttered the well-known words: "Let the hand wither that signs this monstrous treaty!"

2800:. According to Trotter, the favoured Soviet armoured tactic was a simple frontal charge, the weaknesses of which could be exploited. The Finns learned that at close range, tanks could be dealt with in many ways; for example, logs and crowbars jammed into the 3698:

Coastal artillery had a greater effect on land by reinforcing defence in conjunction with army artillery. Two sets of fortress artillery made significant contributions to the early battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. These were located at

4320:

The official Soviet figure, with reference to the command of the Leningrad Military District, was published at a session of the Supreme Soviet on 26 March 1940, with 48,475 dead and 158,863 sick and wounded. More recent Russian estimates vary: in 1990,

3230:

tactic was not applied as a strategy, but as a Finnish adaptation to the behaviour of Soviet troops under fire. In spite of the cold and hunger, the Soviet troops did not surrender easily but fought bravely, often entrenching their tanks to be used as

2849:, Soviet infantry attacked across open ground but was repulsed with heavy casualties. From 6 to 12 December, the Red Army continued to try to engage using only a single division. Next, the Red Army strengthened its artillery and deployed tanks and the 9122:

While the exact number who died during the siege by the German and Finnish armies from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944 will never be known, available data point to 900,000 civilian deaths, over half a million of whom died in the winter of 1941–2

9280: 2256:

Finnish–Soviet commission to examine the incident. In turn, the Soviet Union claimed that the Finnish response was hostile, renounced the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations with Finland on 28 November. In the following years,

2407:, whose approval was needed to approve and ratify military decisions, which they evaluated based on their political merits. The dual system further complicated the Soviet chain of command and annulled the independence of commanding officers. 3935:, and four islands in the Gulf of Finland. The Hanko peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union as a military base for 30 years. The region of Petsamo, captured by the Red Army during the war, was returned to Finland according to the treaty. 3082:. The Finns had built 221 strong-points along the Karelian Isthmus, mostly in the early 1920s. Many were extended in the late 1930s. Despite these defensive preparations, even the most fortified section of the Mannerheim Line had only one 4242:, of whom between 10 and 20 per cent died. The Soviet Union repatriated 847 Finns after the War. Air raids killed 957 civilians. Between 20 and 30 tanks were destroyed and 62 aircraft were lost. Also, Finland had to cede all ships of the 4225:

The 105-day war had a profound and depressing effect in Finland. Meaningful international support was minimal and arrived late, and the German blockade had prevented most armament shipments. The 15-month period between the Winter War and

3958:

in the Gulf of Finland and Rybachy Peninsula to be ceded. In exchange, the Soviet Union proposed to cede Repola and Porajärvi from Eastern Karelia, an area twice as large as the territories that were originally demanded from the Finns.

3805:

By mid-February, it became clear that the Finnish forces were rapidly approaching exhaustion. For the Soviets, casualties were high, the situation was a source of political embarrassment to the Soviet regime, and there was a risk of

2791:

of about 21,000 men in the area in front of the Mannerheim Line to delay and damage the Red Army before it reached the line. In combat, the most severe cause of confusion among Finnish soldiers was Soviet tanks. The Finns had few

3369:

and extreme temperatures of the Lapland winter benefited the Finns, who executed guerrilla attacks against Soviet supply lines and patrols. As a result, the Soviet movements were halted by the efforts of one-fifth as many Finns.

3306:

victory had the Soviets been that a military band, complete with instruments, banners and notes, was traveling with the 44th Division to perform in a victory parade. The Finns found their instruments among the captured materiel.

1955:

was signed between both countries, and it was reaffirmed for ten years in 1934. Foreign trade in Finland was booming, but less than 1% of it was with the Soviet Union. In 1934, the Soviet Union also joined the League of Nations.

2949:

The winter of 1939–40 was exceptionally cold with the Karelian Isthmus experiencing a record low temperature of −43 °C (−45 °F) on 16 January 1940. At the beginning of the war, only those Finnish soldiers who were in

2307:

Soviet leaflets dropped over Helsinki on the first day of the war stated: "Finnish Comrades! We come to you not as conquerors, but as liberators of the Finnish people from the oppression of the capitalists and the landlords".

4524:

550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March. In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.

3660:. Still, only five merchant ships were lost to Soviet action. World War II, which had started before the Winter War, proved more costly for the Finnish merchant vessels, with 26 lost due to hostile action in 1939 and 1940. 2447:

were less successful during the Winter War, and it took the Soviet Union three months and over a million men to accomplish what Zhukov had managed at Khalkhin Gol in ten days (albeit in completely different circumstances).

2442:

of the Soviet Air Forces. Under this divided command structure, the lessons of the Soviet Union's "first real war on a massive scale using tanks, artillery, and aircraft" at Khalkin Gol went unheeded. As a result, Russian

16385: 3429:

were cut thousands of times but the Finns hastily repaired them and service resumed within a matter of hours. The Soviet Air Force learned from its early mistakes, and by late February instituted more effective tactics.

3100:

making the defensive line in this area stronger than anywhere else on the Karelian Isthmus. Because of a mistake in planning, the nearby Munasuo swamp had a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi)-wide gap in the line. During the

2495:

in Finland was a highly-difficult proposition, and according to Trotter, the Red Army failed to meet the level of tactical co-ordination and local initiative that would be required to execute such tactics in Finland.

2235:

and a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. Soviet war games held in March 1938 and 1939 had been based on a scenario in which border incidents taking place at the village of Mainila would spark the war.

1564:, 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border. When Finland refused, the Soviets invaded. Most sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and cite the establishment of the 2714:

violated three separate non-aggression pacts: the Treaty of Tartu, which was signed in 1920, the non-aggression pact between Finland and the Soviet Union, which was signed in 1932 and again in 1934; and also the

3634:

where they were used to bolster the air defence. Their anti-aircraft guns shot down one or two planes over the city, and the ships remained there for the rest of the war. At 18 January, Finnish armed icebreaker

2881:

In Central and Northern Finland, roads were few and the terrain hostile. The Finns did not expect large-scale Soviet attacks, but the Soviets sent eight divisions, heavily supported by armour and artillery. The

1902:

After Soviet involvement in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, no formal peace treaty was signed. In 1918 and 1919, Finnish volunteers conducted two unsuccessful military incursions across the Soviet border, the

2610:

proper uniforms at the outbreak of war, but its reservists were equipped with warm civilian clothing. However, the sparsely-populated highly-agrarian Finland had to draft so many of its working men that the

2053:

executed during the Great Purge, further tarnishing the Soviets' image in Finland. Meanwhile, Finland was attempting to negotiate a military co-operation plan with Sweden and hoping to jointly defend Åland.

15702: 3942:. Before the war, the Soviet Union demanded for the frontier with Finland on the Karelian Isthmus to be moved westward to a point 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Viipuri to the line between Koivisto and 2197:

At the meeting on 9 November, Paasikivi announced to the attending Stalin and Molotov the Finnish refusal to accept even their reduced demands. The Soviets were visibly surprised. Finnish Foreign Minister

4131:

The British, for their part, wanted to block the flow of iron ore from Swedish mines to Germany as the Swedes supplied up to 40 per cent of Germany's iron demand. The matter was raised by British Admiral

3739:

Chief of Staff Boris Shaposhnikov was given full authority over operations in the Finnish theatre, and he ordered the suspension of frontal assaults in late December. Kliment Voroshilov was replaced with

7108: 9268: 4078:

presumes that most members of the RNA were executed after they were returned to the Soviet Union after the war. Additionally, Vladimir Bastamov was later extradited into the Soviet Union as one of the

9024: 1560:

The Soviets made several demands, including that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons – primarily the protection of

2076:

began. After the fall of Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged occupied Polish lands to establish a new border in accordance with the provisions of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Estonia,

1768:. Those attempts were aborted because of Russia's internal strife, but they ruined Russia's relationship with Finland. In addition, support increased in Finland for self-determination movements. 2742:, the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government operated in the parts of Finnish Karelia occupied by the Soviets, and was also referred to as the "Terijoki Government", after the village of 1974:

and that the area and defences of Finland could be used to invade the Soviet Union or restrict fleet movements. Soviet propaganda then painted Finland's leadership as a "vicious and reactionary

4484:

brought their own rifles (over 114,000 rifles, total 116,800 firearms) to the war. The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.

3051:, the Finns isolated smaller portions of numerically superior Soviet forces. With Soviet forces divided into smaller groups, the Finns dealt with them individually and attacked from all sides. 1091: 2533:, comprising six divisions and a tank brigade, was north of Lake Ladoga. Its mission was to execute a flanking manoeuvre around the northern shore of Lake Ladoga to strike at the rear of the 8970:

The ensnaring of Leningrad between the German and Finnish armies did not end the combat in the region as the Soviets launched repeated and desperate attempts to regain contact with the city.

2631:

cartridge that was used by Soviet forces. The situation was so severe that Finnish soldiers sometimes had to maintain their ammunition supply by looting the bodies of dead Soviet soldiers.

1944: 2175:, and the Finnish intelligence in general, who mistook the demands and the Soviet military build-up as a mere bluff on the part of Stalin, and were thus disinclined to reach an agreement. 1943:

on the Arctic Ocean. Despite the signing of the treaty, relations between the two countries remained strained. The Finnish government allowed volunteers to cross the border to support the

3086:

bunker per kilometre. Overall, the line was weaker than similar lines in mainland Europe. According to the Finns, the real strength of the line was the "stubborn defenders with a lot of

17177: 1855:

The period after the Finnish Civil War to the early 1930s was a politically unstable time in Finland because of the continued rivalry between the conservatives and the socialists. The

4050:, a high-ranking ROVS member, in person in January 1940. The project was deemed top secret, and was under the auspices of the intelligence division of the Finnish army headquarters. 8842: 3218:

Contrary to Finnish expectations, the encircled Soviet divisions did not try to break through to the east but instead entrenched. They were expecting reinforcements and supplies to

1081: 16664: 1990:

of 1938, the Soviets changed their foreign policy toward Finland and began to pursue the reconquest of the provinces of Tsarist Russia that had been lost during the chaos of the

4505:

tanks during 1936–39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.

2962:. The rest had to make do with their own clothing, which for many soldiers was their normal winter clothing with a semblance of insignia added. Finnish soldiers were skilled in 2229:

operation since there were no artillery units there, and it was carried out from the Soviet side of the border by an NKVD unit with the purpose of providing the Soviets with a

9137: 3994:

was formed of predominantly Swedes, as well as 1,010 Danes and 727 Norwegians. They fought on the northern front at Salla during the last days of the war. A Swedish unit of

3138:

The strength of the Red Army north of Lake Ladoga in Ladoga Karelia surprised the Finnish Headquarters. Two Finnish divisions were deployed there, the 12th Division led by

16348: 2330: 2127:) and that Finland destroy all existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus. Likewise, the delegation demanded the cession of islands in the Gulf of Finland as well as 1964: 17796: 16516: 16481: 16477: 12441: 3425:. Often, targets were village depots with little value. The country had few modern highways in the interior, therefore making the railways the main targets for bombers. 1365: 12186: 4152:

could divide Scandinavia between them, as they had already done with Poland. The main motivation of the French and the British was to reduce German war-making ability.

3107:

The Soviet advance was stopped at the Mannerheim Line. Red Army troops suffered from poor morale and a shortage of supplies, eventually refusing to participate in more

15697: 11794: 4335: 3119:

near Viipuri on 23 December. Öhquist's plan was bold; however it failed. The Finns lost 1,300 men, and the Soviets were later estimated to have lost a similar number.

1970:

regarded it a disappointment that the Soviet Union could not halt the Finnish Revolution. He thought that the pro-Finland movement in Karelia posed a direct threat to

1553:

on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The

2503:

Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as

17690: 17037: 13792: 11810: 4069:

RNA never participated in battle, despite Boris Bazhanov's later claims to the contrary in his memoirs. About 35 to 40 members of it were present during a battle in

8497: 2203:

came to see them off. The Finns had left under the expectation that the negotiations would continue. Instead, the Soviet Union ramped up its military preparations.

17278: 17236: 16679: 16415: 16354: 10152:

Turtola, Martti (1999b). "Katkera rauha ja Suomen ulkopoliittinen asema sodan jälkeen" [Bitter Peace and the Post-War Position of Finnish Foreign Policy].

12130: 15059: 11733: 11705: 10849: 10555: 4440: 4091: 3807: 3786:

Although the Finns attempted to re-open negotiations with Moscow by every means during the war, the Soviets did not respond. In early January, Finnish communist

3645:, received 2 bombs from a Soviet bomber with 39 Finnish troops killed in action. As well as coastal defence, the Finnish Navy protected the Ålandish and Finnish 1494: 7105: 6719: 17417: 13771: 12450: 12137: 11271: 10143:

Turtola, Martti (1999a). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla" [International Developments in Europe and Finland in the 1930s].

3286:

and effectively cut Finland in two. There were two roads leading to Suomussalmi from the frontier: the northern Juntusranta road and the southern Raate road.

17680: 16211: 15751: 14656: 12753: 12116: 11425: 11050: 9008: 4338:

stated that the Russian State Military Archive has a database confirming 167,976 killed or missing along with the soldiers' names, dates of birth and ranks.

2858:

front, the defending Finnish units relied on the terrain. Ladoga Karelia, a large forest wilderness, did not have road networks for the modern Red Army. The

2594:

The Finnish strategy was dictated by geography. The 1,340 km (830 mi) border with the Soviet Union was mostly impassable except along a handful of

1935:, confirming the old border between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and Imperial Russia proper as the new Finnish–Soviet border. Finland also received 1074: 871: 16864: 16160: 11766: 11712: 10898: 16056: 15800: 14780: 12223: 11719: 11335: 4326: 4322: 17695: 17675: 17149: 16242: 10745: 4435: 4284: 1787: 673: 3401:), was not as effective as the Soviets might have hoped. The material damage by the bomb raids was slight as Finland offered few valuable targets for 2825:

By 6 December, all of the Finnish covering forces had withdrawn to the Mannerheim Line. The Red Army began its first major attack against the Line in

17786: 17685: 16769: 16175: 16112: 16065: 12109: 11556: 11432: 4384: 2564: 1636:

to believe that an attack on the Soviet Union would be successful and confirmed negative Western opinions of the Soviet military. After 15 months of

9271:[The Repressive Policy of the Soviet State and the Fate of the Red Army Prisoners of War Participants in the Soviet-Finnish War 1939–1940]. 2966:. The cold, snow, forest, and long hours of darkness were factors that the Finns could use to their advantage. The Finns dressed in layers, and the 16129: 15766: 15096: 14811: 14614: 11409: 10789: 5330: 2826: 1067: 506: 3625: 3258:

and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.

17700: 17257: 15885: 11846: 11158: 9796:

Manninen, Ohto (1999a). "Neuvostoliiton tavoitteet ennen talvisotaa ja sen aikana" [Soviet objectives before and during the Winter War].

4455: 2822:

alcoholic-beverage corporation and bundled with matches with which to light them. 80 Soviet tanks were destroyed in the border zone engagements.

2092:

by signing the agreement on 28 September. Latvia and Lithuania followed in October. Unlike the three Baltic countries, Finland started a gradual

1375: 1358: 1947:

in Russia in 1921, and Finnish communists in the Soviet Union continued to prepare for revenge and staged a cross-border raid into Finland, the

15963: 15630: 15322: 11665: 10967: 4374:

would be successful. In June 1941, Hitler declared, "we have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down".

13664: 9609:

Kovalyov, E. (2006). "7: Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.)" [Winter War and the Baltic Submarines (1939–1940)].

7550: 3488:. Old-fashioned and few in number, aircraft offered little support for Finnish ground troops. In spite of losses, the number of planes in the 1043: 17670: 16734: 16595: 16170: 15739: 12457: 12420: 12397: 11918: 10840: 10810: 3695:

suffered 17 dead and 30 wounded. The Soviets already knew the locations of the Finnish coastal batteries, but were surprised by their range.

3078:. Finnish historians, for their part, have belittled the line's strength, insisting that it was mostly conventional trenches and log-covered 2085: 12172: 10124: 3214:

exhaustion. It was not until the period of 6–16 January 1940 that the Finns resumed their offensive, dividing Soviet divisions into smaller

2862:

had extended a new railroad line to the border, which could double the supply capability on the front. On 12 December, the advancing Soviet

2854:

typical Soviet attack during the battle lasted just an hour but left 1,000 dead and 27 tanks strewn on the ice. North of Lake Ladoga on the

17160: 16440: 16436: 16096: 15980: 14115: 12550: 12406: 12390: 12362: 11610: 10817: 4239: 3968: 2623:. Finnish tank forces were operationally nonexistent. The ammunition situation was alleviated somewhat since Finns were largely armed with 1448: 435: 158: 9484: 7894:"Venäläisemigranttien talvisota – Mannerheim hyväksyi huippusalaisen suunnitelman bolševikkien vastaisen sotavankiarmeijan perustamisesta" 4121:

and transport them to the Finnish Arctic port of Petsamo. Another proposal was a massive air strike with Turkish co-operation against the

2260:

described the incident as Finnish provocation. Doubt on the official Soviet version was cast only in the late 1980s, during the policy of

16792: 16395: 16294: 15692: 15687: 14947: 14913: 13307: 12374: 12286: 12230: 12193: 11475: 4450: 3814: 3802:

and recognized the Ryti–Tanner government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the USSR was willing to negotiate peace.

3492:

rose by over 50 per cent by the end of the war. The Finns received shipments of British, French, Italian, Swedish and American aircraft.

8292: 3673:

in front of Helsinki, originally intended to block the Gulf of Finland to Soviet ships with the help of batteries on the Estonian side.

3365:

Petsamo and concentrated on delaying actions. The area was treeless, windy, and relatively low, offering little defensible terrain. The

17218: 17042: 15608: 15008: 14297: 12279: 11011: 4271:

Peace Treaty and, depending on the success of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, possibly to expand its borders, especially into

3939: 3162:

on 13 December. The Soviets' mission was to destroy the Finnish troops in the area of Ladoga Karelia and advance into the area between

2970:

wore a lightweight white snow cape. This snow-camouflage made the ski troopers almost invisible so that they could more easily execute

2333:

had set out in 1939 that the former borders of the Tsarist Empire were to be restored, including Finland. American political scientist

1351: 825: 753: 4991:"РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава III. ЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ КРАСНОЙ АРМИИ ЗА ВРЕМЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ И ИНОСТРАННОЙ ВОЕННОЙ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИИ" 1805:, recognised the new Finnish government just three weeks after the declaration. Finland achieved full sovereignty in May 1918 after a 16802: 16774: 16165: 13785: 12413: 10803: 10761: 1844:. Nevertheless, Sweden carefully avoided committing itself to Finnish foreign policy. Finland's military policy included clandestine 5849:

Turtola, Martti (1999). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).

4480:

At the beginning of the war, the Finns had 300,000 soldiers. The Finnish Army had only 250,028 rifles (total 281,594 firearms), but

2703: 17821: 17447: 17104: 16744: 16410: 16122: 15234: 13923: 13634: 11453: 11227: 10990: 10856: 10667: 9593: 9231: 2387:

advocated a narrow-front assault right on the Karelian isthmus. Additionally, Shaposhnikov argued for a fuller build-up, extensive

1872: 1845: 864: 837: 14925: 10022: 9913: 9133: 1879:. By the late 1930s, the export-oriented Finnish economy was growing and the nation's extreme political movements had diminished. 1828:

Finland joined the League of Nations in 1920 and sought security guarantees, but Finland's primary goal was co-operation with the

17017: 16966: 16328: 16049: 15089: 15074: 14534: 12529: 12326: 11363: 10863: 10775: 10711: 4445: 3480:

At the beginning of the war, Finland had a small air force, with only 114 combat planes fit for duty. Missions were limited, and

1129: 967: 9850: 3254:

and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white

2414:

against Japan, on the USSR's eastern border, Soviet High Command had divided into two factions. One side was represented by the

1319: 17195: 17062: 17021: 16674: 16600: 16511: 16405: 16134: 15840: 15771: 15064: 14998: 14843: 14286: 12732: 12244: 11094: 10632: 9209:[Casus Belli: about the Mainila incident, which served as a pretext for the beginning of the "Winter War" of 1939–40]. 9161: 4054:

brothers Nikolay and Vladimir Bastamov as officers for the unit. Of the five, the Bastamovs were not Finnish citizens, but had

4003: 3619: 2548:

region. It was composed of three divisions with one more on its way. Its mission was to thrust westward to cut Finland in half.

1952: 1887: 1814: 1790:, including the right to secede and form a separate state, which gave Finland a window of opportunity. On 6 December 1917, the 1686: 666: 5954:

Leskinen, Jari (1997). "Suomenlahden sulku ja Neuvostoliitto" [Blockade of the Gulf of Finland and the Soviet Union].

3202:, dubbed "the Terror of Morocco", also became a living legend in the Battle of Kollaa. To the north, the Finns retreated from 15368: 14790: 14703: 14693: 14031: 13972: 13328: 13233: 12760: 12506: 12381: 11467: 11441: 11298: 11004: 10921: 10507: 10350: 10285: 9951: 9882:

Palokangas, Markku (1999). "Suomalaisjoukkojen aseistus ja varustus" [Armament and Equipment of the Finnish Forces].

9786: 9659: 9548: 9337: 9318: 9186: 9018: 8867: 8828: 8670: 8622: 8583: 8564: 8507: 8458: 8401: 8366: 8347: 8328: 4082:

in 1945, and was sentenced to 20 years of hard labour. He was released after Stalin's death and returned to Finland in 1956.

1932: 977: 820: 10005: 8894: 8718: 8594: 3222:. As the Finns lacked the necessary heavy artillery equipment and were short of men, they often did not directly attack the 16506: 16501: 16445: 15719: 15709: 15003: 14683: 14607: 14235: 13561: 12968: 12854: 12019: 11486: 11482: 11460: 11064: 9214: 9117: 8965: 4155:

The Military Co-ordination Committee met on 20 December in London, and two days later the French plan was put forward. The

3991: 3472:

had adopted as their symbol in 1918. Despite the similarity, it was not a Nazi design but was based on the personal owner;

3345:

In southern Lapland, near the village of Salla, the Soviet 88th and 122nd Divisions, totaling 35,000 men, advanced. In the

1671: 1520: 886: 857: 499: 9630: 7622: 4998: 2837:

waterway. Along the Suvanto sector, the Finns had a slight advantage of elevation and dry ground to dig into. The Finnish

17831: 17212: 16956: 16874: 16739: 16558: 15744: 14785: 14173: 14058: 13476: 12940: 12272: 12258: 11471: 2883: 2491:

observed the landscape: "Every acre of its surface was created to be the despair of an attacking military force". Waging

2283:

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocol is used as proof that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland.

1794: 1023: 16647: 10547: 9425:

Juutilainen, Antti; Koskimaa, Matti (2005). "Maavoimien joukkojen perustaminen" [Establishing the Army Forces].

8595:"The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory" 4279:, supported a Greater Finland ideology. The Continuation War began in June 1941 and led to Finnish participation in the 3990:

The largest foreign contingent came from neighboring Sweden, which provided nearly 8,760 volunteers during the war. The

1210: 17359: 17032: 16997: 16939: 16224: 16042: 15958: 15790: 15677: 15156: 14871: 13685: 13554: 13432: 13010: 12725: 12676: 12434: 11989: 11241: 11080: 10928: 10782: 10427: 10408: 10368:

Reese, Roger R. (2008). "Lessons of the Winter War: a study in the military effectiveness of the Red Army, 1939–1940".

10323: 10304: 10216: 10161:

Vihavainen, Timo (1999). "Talvisota neuvostohistoriakirjoituksessa" [The Winter War in Soviet historiography].

9379: 9111: 8994: 8959: 8938: 8888: 8807: 8534: 4342: 2907: 2891: 2867: 984: 468: 17766: 17756: 17397: 17128: 15900: 15519: 15465: 15460: 15408: 15403: 15393: 15358: 15353: 15343: 15333: 15311: 15306: 15283: 15278: 15253: 15229: 15224: 15209: 15069: 14707: 14088: 14063: 13801: 12683: 12655: 12472: 12054: 11773: 11740: 10481: 10269: 10234: 10179: 9999: 9974: 9826: 9732: 9691: 9624: 9465: 9443:

Juutilainen, Antti (1999b). "Talvisodan ulkomaalaiset vapaaehtoiset" [Foreign Volunteers in the Winter War].

9360: 9245: 9090: 9071: 9049: 8919: 8788: 8712: 8486: 8423: 6711: 5967: 4346: 2716: 1241: 1117: 898: 659: 10956: 1923:

into a single state. In 1920, Finnish communists based in Soviet Russia attempted to assassinate the former Finnish

17791: 17771: 17402: 16919: 16400: 15502: 15438: 15263: 15176: 13838: 12996: 12933: 12068: 11904: 11027: 4156: 3379: 1453: 695: 39: 11581: 8632: 3842: 1033: 17816: 17422: 16909: 16904: 16884: 16832: 16548: 16201: 15895: 15655: 15640: 15581: 14940: 14738: 14600: 13362: 13203: 13192: 13028: 12787: 12746: 12639: 12577: 11964: 11234: 11103: 11071: 4370:

were at the top of the agenda. More importantly, the very poor performance of the Red Army convinced Hitler that

4243: 4118: 3999: 3878:

On 5 March, the Red Army advanced 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi) past the Mannerheim Line and entered the

3790:

contacted the Finnish Government. She offered to contact Moscow through the Soviet Union's ambassador to Sweden,

3525: 2719:, which the Soviet Union signed in 1934. Field Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 1983: 1458: 1008: 945: 794: 777: 492: 449: 16216: 15795: 11751: 11319: 2159:(2120 square miles), an area twice the size as that of the territory demanded from Finland (1000 square miles). 1028: 17467: 17371: 17012: 16879: 16234: 15363: 15327: 14902: 14560: 13936: 13748: 13720: 13598: 13391: 12628: 12079: 12005: 11801: 11172: 10891: 10796: 10681: 10526: 10068: 9415: 7901: 7188: 3766:

during the night. The situation led quickly to war exhaustion among the Finns, who lost over 3,000 soldiers in

3270:

Dead Soviet soldiers and their equipment at Raate Road, Suomussalmi, after being ambushed and encircled at the

3010: 2651: 2508: 2316:, chairman of the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union, commissioned a celebratory piece of music from 2312:

capitulation was to be Stalin's 60th birthday on 21 December. Convinced of the invasion's forthcoming success,

1327: 1260: 957: 10091:

Silvast, Pekka (1999). "Merivoimien ensimmäinen voitto: Russarö" [The Navy's First Victory: Russarö].

9805:

Manninen, Ohto (1999b). "Venäläiset sotavangit ja tappiot" [Russian Prisoners of War and Casualties].

6944: 47: 16992: 16889: 15778: 15529: 15258: 15084: 15079: 15034: 14724: 14646: 14492: 14327: 13808: 13741: 13692: 13623: 13448: 12954: 12905: 12669: 12662: 12265: 12026: 11817: 10870: 9561:(1999). "Puna-armeijan Stalinin tahdon toteuttajana" [The Red Army as an Executor of Stalin's Will]. 4460: 3928: 2914:. The Arctic port of Petsamo was attacked by the 104th Mountain Rifle Division by sea and land, supported by 2850: 2743: 2658: 2647: 2022: 1832:, mainly Sweden, and it focused on the exchange of information and on defence planning (the joint defence of 1484: 1479: 921: 903: 10461: 17647: 17412: 17074: 16924: 16837: 16563: 16553: 16526: 16263: 16144: 16139: 15855: 15825: 15820: 15761: 15650: 15645: 15613: 15554: 15475: 15433: 15316: 14816: 14188: 13916: 13882: 13778: 13153: 13114: 12033: 11868: 11853: 11780: 11759: 11577: 11255: 11041: 11034: 11018: 10729: 10688: 10660: 7714: 1661: 1438: 989: 789: 738: 4497:

tanks and a few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed

1018: 17801: 17094: 16749: 16521: 16496: 16472: 16380: 16321: 16117: 15990: 15973: 15845: 15714: 15682: 15618: 15507: 15398: 15383: 15219: 14830: 14351: 14036: 13845: 13169: 13121: 12739: 12711: 12564: 12179: 12158: 11679: 11342: 11248: 10738: 4189: 4023: 3879: 3170:

within 10 days. The Soviets had a 3:1 advantage in manpower and a 5:1 advantage in artillery, as well as

2500: 2291: 2057: 2008: 1928: 1818: 1613: 1569: 1565: 1463: 1219: 972: 950: 893: 561: 182: 20: 5326: 17811: 17781: 17776: 17707: 17437: 17427: 17392: 16929: 16585: 15890: 15428: 15418: 15388: 15378: 14993: 14933: 14651: 14517: 14512: 14223: 14213: 14203: 14073: 13957: 13643: 13139: 13058: 13003: 12891: 12847: 12497: 12123: 12047: 11949: 11826: 11698: 11691: 11651: 11624: 11356: 11289: 10884: 10695: 10625: 4366:

suffered. After the Moscow Peace Treaty, Germany improved its ties with Finland, and within two weeks,

4039: 3708: 3251: 1856: 1667: 1443: 916: 782: 760: 597: 7204:

Talvisota: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti 2019, pp. 62–66. Helsinki: Sanoma Media Finland Oy. (in Finland)

2064:, but it included a secret protocol in which Central and Eastern European countries were divided into 1868: 1013: 17806: 16531: 16196: 15729: 15623: 15423: 14729: 14373: 14245: 14110: 14083: 13989: 13545: 13462: 13247: 13107: 13079: 12912: 12817: 12607: 12040: 11114: 10768: 10440: 10241: 4117:

have a major war in a remote part of Europe rather than on French soil. France planned to re‑arm the

3461: 2599: 2073: 1545:. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of 799: 765: 11312: 9752:

Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Suomen kunnian päivät" [Glory Days of Finland].

9710:

Lentilä, Riitta; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Talvisodan uhrit" [Victims of the Winter War].

9404:Финляндия на пути к войне: Исследование о военном сотрудничестве Германии и Финляндии в 1940–1941 гг 4042:(ROVS) for aid. Nevertheless, Mannerheim eventually agreed to establish a small Russian detachment ( 4002:

were responsible for air defence in northern Finland and the city of Turku. Volunteers arrived from

3684:. That day, the weather was fair and visibility was excellent. The Finns spotted the Soviet cruiser 3409:

was one of the most important targets because it was an important railway junction, and also housed

3194:) became a legendary motto among Finns. Further contributing to the legend of Kollaa was the sniper 1882: 17761: 17751: 17432: 17268: 17184: 17121: 16914: 16797: 16754: 16714: 15870: 15576: 15151: 14955: 14887: 14507: 14307: 14078: 13284: 13261: 12513: 12314: 12307: 11971: 11631: 11603: 11596: 10983: 7514: 4392: 4367: 4276: 4141: 3484:

were mainly used to repel Soviet bombers. Strategic bombings doubled as opportunities for military

3032: 2747: 2552: 2523: 1761: 1601: 1513: 815: 633: 578: 11328: 11305: 4026:. In total, Finland received 12,000 volunteers, 50 of whom died during the war. The British actor 2989:

Most Soviet soldiers had proper winter clothes, but this was not the case with every unit. In the

2072:, and two days later, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. On 17 September, the 1760:

enjoyed wide autonomy within Russia until the end of the 19th century, when Russia began attempts

19:

This article is about the 1939–1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland. For other uses, see

17642: 17246: 17135: 17002: 16869: 15783: 15512: 15131: 14892: 14853: 14458: 14443: 14378: 14198: 14178: 14004: 13994: 13909: 13706: 13650: 13520: 13380: 13065: 12718: 12614: 12520: 12088: 11956: 11926: 11890: 11875: 11747: 11639: 11617: 11563: 11549: 11531: 11195: 10976: 10704: 10653: 10110: 9207:"Casus Belli: о Майнильском инциденте, послужившим поводом, для начала "Зимней войны" 1939–40 гг" 4576: 3813:

Both Germany and Sweden were keen to see an end to the Winter War. The Germans feared losing the

3636: 3504:, a telephone set and some tents. Air-raid warnings were given by Finnish women organised by the 3410: 2859: 2702:

On 30 November 1939, Soviet forces invaded Finland with 21 divisions, totalling 450,000 men, and

2541: 2530: 2519: 2427: 2411: 2322: 2267: 1692: 1203: 1158: 1104: 852: 711: 444: 4010:

volunteered, and 210 volunteers of other nationalities arrived in Finland before the war ended.

3826: 2875: 2643: 1234: 1110: 733: 573: 17826: 17725: 17634: 16729: 16615: 16314: 15985: 15660: 15181: 15116: 14907: 14637: 14623: 14271: 14218: 13984: 13398: 13291: 13093: 13044: 12947: 12840: 12810: 12593: 12481: 12207: 11998: 11589: 11570: 11540: 11087: 11057: 9434:

Juutilainen, Antti (1999a). "Laatokan Karjalan taistelut" [Battles in Ladoga Karelia].

3892: 3346: 3226:

they had created; instead, they worked to eliminate only the most dangerous threats. Often the

3210:

on 5 December and then repelled a Soviet offensive in the battle of Tolvajärvi on 11 December.

2720: 1875:, had a minor presence in national politics and never had more than 14 seats of the 200 in the 1829: 1757: 1682: 1597: 1332: 962: 881: 638: 15373: 9929:

Peltonen, Martti (1999). "Ilmasota talvisodassa" [Aerial Warfare in the Winter Wari].

3946:; for existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus to be demolished and for the islands of 1891: 17621: 17166: 17155: 17089: 16669: 16390: 16274: 15915: 15875: 15635: 15564: 15013: 14393: 14312: 14230: 13889: 13612: 13455: 13351: 13321: 13277: 13017: 12982: 12975: 12898: 12796: 12237: 12214: 12061: 11672: 11209: 10949: 10935: 10618: 8381: 8300: 4481: 4075: 3729: 3357:

led northwest. On 17 December, the Soviet northern group, comprising an infantry regiment, a

3339: 3314: 3039:. The Red Army was superior in numbers and material, but Finns used the advantages of speed, 2990: 2915: 2615:

fuel to last only 19 to 60 days. The ammunition shortage meant the Finns could seldom afford

2257: 2061: 1924: 1920: 1038: 609: 11507: 3998:

fighters, named "the Flight Regiment 19" also participated. Swedish anti-air batteries with

2982:

uniforms. Not until late January 1940 did the Soviets paint their equipment white and issue

2403:

who were less competent but more loyal to their superiors. Unit commanders were overseen by

17573: 17501: 17442: 17353: 17308: 16985: 16486: 16467: 16258: 16034: 15448: 15121: 15018: 14988: 14806: 14641: 14398: 14383: 14337: 14240: 14183: 14093: 14046: 13713: 13568: 13219: 13176: 13146: 13072: 12882: 12861: 11787: 11264: 10942: 9866: 9296:

Elfvegren, Eero (1999). "Merisota talvisodassa" [Naval Warfare in the Winter War].

8698: 4371: 4330: 4227: 3685: 3599: 3397:, supporting the Red Army's invasion with about 2,500 aircraft (the most common type being 3290: 3271: 3235:

and building timber dugouts. Some specialist Finnish soldiers were called in to attack the

3060: 3048: 2974:

against Soviet columns. At the beginning of the war, Soviet tanks were painted in standard

2963: 2936: 2863: 2724: 2710:

by Finns. The Finnish statesman J. K. Paasikivi commented that the Soviet attack without a

2707: 2616: 2404: 2326:, intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki. 2104: 1645: 1589: 1312: 1298: 1175: 994: 614: 556: 14897: 9669:

Kurenmaa, Pekka; Lentilä, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot" [Casualties of the War].

9477:"Sotasankari Simo Häyhän ennennäkemätön päiväkirja löytyi – "Tässä on minun syntilistani"" 9408:

Birth of the Continuation War: Research of German–Finnish Military Collaboration 1940–1941

4213: 2666: 2590:

Offensives of the four Soviet armies from 30 November to 22 December 1939 displayed in red

270: 8: 17746: 17581: 17565: 17549: 17318: 17273: 17241: 17027: 16620: 16610: 16541: 16079: 16023: 15953: 15810: 15338: 15273: 15044: 14473: 14415: 14363: 14322: 14292: 14161: 14147: 13952: 13831: 13605: 13483: 13439: 12961: 12095: 11861: 11388: 11218: 11202: 11151: 8747: 4615: 4426: 4247: 4109: 3909: 3799: 3791: 3704: 3676:

The first naval battle occurred in the Gulf of Finland on 1 December, near the island of

3151: 3083: 2846: 2758: 2739: 2673: 2639: 2488: 2317: 2248: 2216: 2088:

that allowed the Soviets to establish military bases on their soil. Estonia accepted the

2065: 1764:

as part of a general policy to strengthen the central government and unify the Empire by

1550: 1506: 1272: 1194: 1151: 1048: 928: 91: 10548:"These 17 photos show Finland's brutally cold World War II battle with the Soviet Union" 9572: 9476: 9251: 7603:"Bad blood and humiliation: Finns' experiences of the Moscow peace negotiations in 1940" 4148: 4100:

Franco-British support was offered on the condition their forces could pass freely from

2841:

had scouted the area and made fire plans in advance, anticipating a Soviet assault. The

2586: 2103:

On 5 October 1939, the Soviets invited a Finnish delegation to Moscow for negotiations.

17605: 17533: 17525: 17484: 17457: 17452: 17189: 17142: 16934: 16827: 16719: 16578: 16191: 16013: 15995: 15948: 15930: 15910: 15549: 15301: 15199: 15171: 15054: 15039: 14553: 14478: 14430: 14420: 14332: 14259: 14193: 14098: 14068: 13967: 13944: 13824: 13657: 13582: 13536: 13506: 13414: 13254: 12919: 12803: 12697: 12648: 12586: 12342: 12293: 12102: 11726: 11381: 11179: 10599: 10385: 10036: 9836: 9273:Известия Саратовского Университета. Новая Серия. Серия История. Международные Отношения 9059: 8338:

Chubaryan, A. (2002). "Foreword". In Kulkov, E.; Rzheshevskii, O.; Shukman, H. (eds.).

7542: 4280: 3955: 3864: 3838: 3837:

As the Finnish Cabinet hesitated in the face of harsh Soviet conditions, Sweden's King

3798:

and met Kollontai secretly at a hotel. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet

3611: 3576: 3232: 2932: 2834: 2711: 2439: 2384: 2380: 2349: 2097: 2069: 1991: 1876: 1837: 1775: 1724: Neutral countries with military bases established by Soviet Union in October 1939 1277: 1265: 1253: 1246: 1144: 1122: 701: 315: 10029:

Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland

9901: 3895:

right of passage, had little choice but to accept the Soviet terms. Finnish President

3559:

was a coastal defence force which did not have the training, logistical structure, or

3282:

divisions to the Kainuu area with orders to cross the wilderness, capture the city of

1616:

urged a peace deal with the Soviets, while the Finns still retained bargaining power.

17652: 17283: 17084: 17007: 16724: 16568: 16491: 16462: 16091: 16085: 15920: 15860: 15667: 15593: 15571: 15470: 15348: 15161: 15141: 15136: 15126: 14961: 14848: 14679: 14502: 14453: 14281: 13999: 13815: 13699: 13589: 13529: 13490: 13423: 13405: 13371: 13314: 13268: 13212: 13037: 12775: 12767: 12704: 12557: 12151: 11683: 11144: 11123: 10833: 10522: 10503: 10477: 10448: 10423: 10404: 10389: 10356: 10346: 10329: 10319: 10300: 10281: 10265: 10249: 10230: 10212: 10175: 10064: 9995: 9970: 9947: 9908: 9840: 9822: 9782: 9728: 9687: 9655: 9620: 9585: 9544: 9461: 9411: 9375: 9356: 9333: 9314: 9241: 9182: 9107: 9086: 9067: 9045: 9014: 9004: 8990: 8955: 8934: 8915: 8884: 8863: 8834: 8824: 8803: 8784: 8767: 8755: 8708: 8666: 8618: 8579: 8560: 8540: 8530: 8513: 8503: 8482: 8454: 8438: 8419: 8397: 8362: 8343: 8324: 7614: 7546: 7534: 7184: 5963: 4654: 4267: 4137: 4133: 3995: 3741: 3489: 3469: 3402: 3327: 3294: 3277:

The Suomussalmi–Raate engagement was a double operation which would later be used by

3199: 3108: 3079: 3055: 3040: 3036: 2971: 2842: 2813: 2797: 2434:, the chief of artillery. The other faction was led by Khalkhin Gol veterans General 2423: 2415: 2287: 2163: 2128: 1979: 1806: 1791: 1779: 1750: 1730: 1605: 1573: 1554: 1291: 1284: 933: 772: 748: 539: 329: 221: 120: 16899: 10537: 10434: 9157: 3669:

largest of which featured a 305 mm (12.0 in) gun battery on the island of

3203: 3112: 1986:, were targeted for particular scorn. When Stalin gained absolute power through the 1822: 246: 17597: 17589: 17407: 17365: 17339: 17228: 17099: 17079: 17052: 16812: 16573: 15905: 15850: 15756: 15497: 15268: 15238: 15204: 15049: 14861: 14838: 14576: 14529: 14497: 14403: 14368: 14014: 13734: 13727: 13671: 13335: 13100: 13086: 12989: 12926: 12877: 12690: 12543: 12490: 12300: 12251: 12165: 11395: 11372: 10905: 10577: 10495: 10377: 10100:

Soikkanen, Timo (1999). "Talvisodan henki" [The Spirit of the Winter War].

7526: 4561: 4553: 4193: 4079: 4015: 4007: 3818: 3724: 3513: 3481: 3457: 3422: 3394: 3302: 3297:

and his 9th Division cut off the retreat route, split the enemy force into smaller

3278: 3255: 3187: 3183: 3143: 3044: 2805: 2793: 2788: 2767: 2624: 2480: 2396: 2132: 2120: 2112: 1940: 1936: 1908: 1904: 1810: 1742: 1649: 1581: 1577: 1404: 1399: 1305: 1226: 1182: 1170: 1137: 743: 721: 585: 378: 354: 342: 108: 10914: 9891:

Paulaharju, Jyri (1999). "Pakkastalven kourissa" [In the Grip of Winter].

4063: 3978: 3896: 3579:, 52 submarines, and other miscellaneous vessels. The Soviets used naval bases in 3154:

for almost every road leading west to the Finnish border. The 8th Army was led by

2013: 234: 207: 17541: 17333: 17251: 17047: 16976: 16807: 16652: 16642: 16431: 15925: 15672: 15524: 15492: 15166: 15146: 14567: 14468: 14463: 14408: 14317: 14276: 13757: 13469: 13384: 13342: 13240: 13183: 13051: 12833: 12824: 12353: 11935: 11911: 11165: 10489: 10398: 10170:

Sokolov, Boris (2000). "Путь к миру" [Secrets of the Russo-Finnish War].

10055:

Rentola, Kimmo (2003). Holtsmark, Sven G.; Pharo, Helge Ø.; Tamnes, Rolf (eds.).

9985: 9761:

Malmi, Timo (1999). "Suomalaiset sotavangit" [Finnish Prisoners of War].

9701:

Laaksonen, Lasse (1999). "Kannaksen taistelut" [Battles in the Isthmus].

9101: 8949: 8878: 8702: 8389: 7530: 7112: 6948: 6704: 4712:

Died during the additional refresher training (diseases, accidents, suicides) 34.

4263: 4203: 4105: 4055: 4027: 3931:. Finland also ceded a part of the region of Salla, the Rybachy Peninsula in the 3883: 3854: 3787: 3646: 3390: 3349:, the Soviets proceeded easily to Salla, where the road split. Further ahead was 3198:, dubbed "the White Death" by Soviets, and credited with over 500 kills. Captain 3195: 3131: 3101: 2903: 2763: 2620: 2611: 2534: 2392: 2156: 2140: 2046: 1916: 1489: 911: 832: 621: 551: 544: 534: 390: 104: 13869: 9206: 3115:, decided to launch a counter-attack and encircle three Soviet divisions into a 2348:

Others argue against the idea of a complete Soviet conquest. American historian

1697: 17665: 17657: 17462: 17387: 17303: 17263: 16822: 16817: 16759: 16268: 16008: 15835: 15598: 15588: 14965: 14581: 14208: 14140: 14026: 13764: 13300: 13226: 11278: 11137: 9610: 9503:(2007a). "Leningradin sotilaspiirin rajakahakka". In Jokisipilä, Markku (ed.). 7602: 4990: 4603: 4412: 4047: 3767: 3681: 3509: 3485: 3473: 3159: 3023:, Suomussalmi during a Finnish pursuit in December 1939. Nordic combined skier 2855: 2804:

would often immobilise a tank. Soon, Finns fielded a better ad hoc weapon, the

2732: 2662: 2484: 2419: 2376: 2357: 2313: 2279: 2191: 1895: 1860: 1734: 1585: 1557:

deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from its organization.

847: 842: 366: 258: 124: 112: 10499: 9578:

Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Social Sciences & Humanities

9181:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell. 8951:

Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front: The German Infantry's War, 1941–1944

8838: 8544: 3914: 3505: 3020: 2801: 2068:. Finland fell into the Soviet sphere. On 1 September 1939, Germany began its 17740: 17557: 17517: 17313: 17206: 17201: 17057: 16980: 16946: 16709: 16704: 16590: 16337: 15968: 15805: 15443: 14524: 13575: 11500: 11349: 11188: 10586:(search service for information from Finnish archives, libraries and museums) 10452: 10345:. Translated by Mayow, Nicholas. Helsinki: Finnish War Veterans Association. 10333: 9814: 9770: 9589: 8800:

Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II

8517: 7618: 7538: 4658: 4502: 4354: 4231: 4165: 3568: 3560: 3452: 3354: 3335: 3331: 3247: 3171: 3155: 3139: 3015: 2871: 2830: 2435: 2431: 2338: 2172: 2144: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2018: 1967: 1864: 1825:, and some Swedish troops, in addition to the expulsion of Bolshevik troops. 1798: 1765: 1637: 1394: 301: 53: 10360: 10343:

Artillery barrage at Taipaleenjoki: Paavo Rahikainen. The battle of Sikniemi

7515:"Intelligence and Stalin's Two Crucial Decisions in the Winter War, 1939–40" 3951: 3551:

could still move. The other reason for low naval activity was the nature of

3207: 3127: 2628: 2470:. A Soviet tank on the road in the background according to the photographer. 651: 17613: 17509: 17328: 17069: 16854: 16764: 16625: 15724: 15248: 15214: 14969: 14699: 14689: 14302: 13874: 13678: 11978: 11883: 11514: 10877: 10641: 10420:

The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army

10189:

Vuorenmaa, Anssi; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Myytti Mannerheim-linjasta".

8978:

The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army

8818: 8759: 8552: 8433: 8316: 4388: 4272: 4255: 4164:

the supply line from German actions, the Allies would send units ashore at

4108:

Norway and Sweden instead of the difficult passage through Soviet-occupied

3858:

Situation on the Karelian Isthmus on 13 March 1940, the last day of the war

3830: 3595: 3556: 3240: 3178:

The waterway itself did not offer protection, but alongside it, there were

3075: 2809: 2685: 2677: 2581: 2467: 2395:

and the deployment of the army's best units. Zhdanov's military commander,

2388: 2199: 2093: 1996: 1802: 1788:

declared that national minorities possessed the right of self-determination

1753: 1641: 1633: 1546: 1538: 1059: 684: 385: 373: 361: 349: 337: 323: 309: 295: 282: 175: 15485: 10253: 3728:

Finnish officers inspecting Soviet skiing manuals gained as loot from the

3350: 3319: 2266:. The issue has continued to divide Russian historiography even after the 2152: 1741:

against the Kingdom of Sweden, ostensibly to protect the Russian capital,

17346: 17172: 16859: 15830: 15559: 15480: 15413: 15243: 14865: 14592: 14448: 14019: 13979: 13513: 13499: 13161: 11837: 11658: 11643: 10997: 10024:

Finnország függetlenségi harca 1917–1945, Magyar önkéntesek Finnországban

9153: 4312: 4197: 4177: 4070: 3932: 3817:

and threatened to attack at once if the Swedes granted the Allied forces

3754: 3615: 3552: 3544: 3366: 3024: 2998: 2967: 2951: 2945:

Swedish volunteer with a Carl Gustaf M/96 rifle wearing a face wool mask.

2941: 2899: 2661:

was located north of Lake Ladoga. It was composed of two divisions under

2462: 2244: 2231: 2221:

On 26 November 1939, an incident was reported near the Soviet village of

2168: 1987: 1948: 1771: 1738: 1625: 1621: 1409: 1189: 808: 726: 462: 10447:(1st ed.). Gospolitizdat & Foreign Languages Publishing House. 10061:

Counter Currents: Olav Riste and Norwegian international historiography.

10035:(in Hungarian). Wysocki Légió Hagyományőrző Egyesületnek. Archived from 9519:(2007b). "Rajakahakan hidas jäiden lähtö". In Jokisipilä, Markku (ed.). 3338:

from the North Finland Group. The group was placed under the command of

17323: 16971: 16657: 16280: 16229: 15865: 15815: 15603: 13962: 12868: 12600: 11493: 10826: 10754: 10381: 9963:

Venäjän vallankumous ja Suomi 1917–1920 II: toukokuu 1918–joulukuu 1920

9775:

Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939–1944

9558: 9532: 9516: 9500: 8858:

Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris, eds. (2015).

8636: 8411: 4498: 4494: 3923: 3700: 3670: 3653: 3564: 3536: 3465: 3426: 3398: 3150:, bringing their total strength to over 30,000. The Soviets deployed a 2975: 2728: 2595: 2476: 2342: 2334: 2294:, to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. A declaration delivered via 2226: 2167:

sovereignty in danger. There were also those, such as Foreign Minister

1746: 1628:

and enhanced its international reputation. The poor performance of the

706: 10605: 9236:[Finland's Entrance into World War II]. In Chernov, M. (ed.). 8359:

Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa

3918:

Finland's territorial concessions to the Soviet Union displayed in red

3677: 3588: 3539:

began to freeze over by the end of December, impeding the movement of

3134:, the legendary Finnish sniper, known as "the White Death" by Soviets. 2902:

and ordered to cut Finland in half by advancing on the Raate road. In

2753: 1343: 16951: 16842: 16699: 16637: 15453: 13131: 12536: 12333: 12144: 11942: 11897: 10593: 9967:

Russian Revolution and Finland 1917–1920 II: May 1918 – December 1920

4173: 4125: 4059: 4011: 3947: 3887: 3795: 3711:

provided similar support from the southwestern coast of the Isthmus.

3607: 3572: 3548: 3358: 3163: 2994: 2838: 2681: 2568: 2089: 2081: 1971: 1783: 1561: 484: 11418: 7893: 5842: 3882:. The same day, the Red Army established a beachhead on the Western 3563:

to undertake large-scale operations. The Baltic Fleet possessed two

3186:

lasted until the end of the war. A memorable quote, "Kollaa holds" (

2190:

On 31 October, Molotov publicly announced the Soviet demands to the

16894: 16605: 16018: 15880: 14483: 14120: 13901: 11402: 11130: 9779:

How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939–1944

7709: 6941: 4299:

Monument devoted to the victims of the Winter War in St. Petersburg

4122: 3943: 3657: 3580: 3501: 3497: 3434: 3418: 3414: 2983: 2955: 2556: 2457: 2262: 2239: 2179: 1841: 1629: 461:

188,671–207,538 wounded or sick (including at least 61,506 sick or

14103: 2115:

be moved westward to a point only 30 km (19 mi) east of

1833: 1729:

Until the early 19th century, Finland was the eastern part of the

16630: 16455: 16450: 14125: 13932: 4540: 4218: 3922:

The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed in Moscow on 12 March 1940. A

3603: 3584: 3540: 3406: 3219: 3167: 3147: 3093: 2959: 2829: – the area between the shore of Lake Ladoga, the 2816:. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Finnish 2603: 2444: 2383:, but other generals were more reserved. Red Army Chief of Staff 2222: 2116: 1975: 1912: 1849: 1542: 277: 265: 253: 241: 229: 215: 201: 151: 80: 16306: 9819:

Talvisodan salatut taustat (Hidden background of the Winter War)

7704: 4661:

had personally supervised the bombardment of the Soviet village.

3652:

Soviet aircraft bombed Finnish vessels and harbours and dropped

2845:

began with a forty-hour Soviet artillery preparation. After the

2049:

along the seaward approaches to Leningrad, but Finland refused.

14957: 14438: 12012: 10610: 4295: 4266:, to defend Karelian rights and interests and to find a way to 4230:, part of which was the Continuation War, was later called the 4169: 4101: 4030:

volunteered in the war for two weeks, but did not face combat.

4019: 3750: 3512:, with 12.83 victories. He would increase his tally during the 3439: 2887: 2560: 2545: 2504: 2148: 2077: 1593: 10583: 10057:

Motstrøms: Olav Riste og norsk internasjonal historieskrivning

9652:

The Raate Road: Tale of Northern Heroism during the Winter War

8734:

Laemlein, Tom (October 2013). "Where Will We Bury Them All?".

8576:

Nomonhan 1939, The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II

5962:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy. pp. 406–407. 4641: 4628: 4096: 3719: 3122: 2627:

rifles dating from the Finnish Civil War, which used the same

16849: 14388: 14130: 12200: 9106:. Foreword by John Barber. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. 8820:

The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939–40 Stalin's Hollow Victory

6712:"Swedish volunteer in position during the Soviet-Finnish War" 4688:

A detailed classification of dead and missing is as follows:

4033: 3642: 3631: 3266: 3179: 2979: 2911: 2895: 2697: 116: 16349:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

16064: 9906:[Red Army – the most peaceful, the most heroic...]. 8704:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

2210: 14135: 10491:

Finnish Military Effectiveness in the Winter War, 1939–1940

4536: 4022:

and later achieved fame as a resistance fighter during the

3760: 3535:

There was little naval activity during the Winter War. The

3283: 3088: 2818: 2295: 2030: 1931:. On 14 October 1920, Finland and Soviet Russia signed the 10227:

The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War

9984:

Shirokorad, A. (2001). "IX: Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. ".

9454:

Punaiset panssarit: Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918–1945

8396:(40th Anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press, US. 4038:

Finland officially refused overtures from the anti-Soviet

3707:

on the northeastern shore of Lake Ladoga. The fortress of

3047:. Particularly on the Ladoga Karelia front and during the 2544:

was positioned to strike into Central Finland through the

9842:Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу 9134:"Putin: Winter War aimed at correcting border "mistakes"" 9129: 7897: 5327:"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians" 4985: 4983: 4062:, although it is possible that some were also trained in 3433:

The largest bombing raid against the capital of Finland,

16386:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

16355:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

10474:

A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940

9940:

Venäläinen talvisotakirjallisuus: Bibliografia 1939–1945

8557:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

8227: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 2474:

Soviet generals were impressed by the success of German

1701:

Geopolitical status in Northern Europe in November 1939

1676: 9903:Красная Армия – самая миролюбивая, самая героическая... 9197: 8527:

The Solution of the Karelian Refugee Problem in Finland

8191: 7868: 7673: 5293: 5291: 4441:

List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II

4092:

Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War

17418:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

11272:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

10602:(Winter War history from a documentary film's website) 10262:

The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940

8357:

Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).

6923: 4980: 4839: 4837: 2921: 2781: Soviet division (XX), corps (XXX) or army (XXXX) 2762:

The situation on 7 December: Soviets have reached the

2143:

for 30 years and to permit the Soviets to establish a

16212:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15752:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10589: 10209:

Finnish Soldier vs Soviet Soldier: Winter War 1939–40

9944:

Russian Winter War Literature: Bibliography 1939–1945

8823:. Johnny Shumate. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 7781: 7779: 7752: 7395: 7393: 6778: 6776: 5937: 5935: 5746: 5744: 5663: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5058: 4849: 4581: 4262:

Karelian evacuees established an interest group, the

3031:

In battles from Ladoga Karelia to the Arctic port of

2870:, was defeated by a much smaller Finnish force under 1774:

led to the collapse of the Russian Empire during the

16865:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

8883:(Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. 8376:

Coates, William Peyton; Coates, Zelda Kahan (1940).

5288: 5018: 5016: 4402: 4085: 3938:

Finnish concessions and territorial losses exceeded

2602:, which had established its wartime headquarters at 2249:

border incident between Finland and the Soviet Union

10314:Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni (2015). 10313: 10299:. Translated by Dinan, Tim. Leandoer & Ekholm. 9751: 9573:"Soviet–Finish War 1939–1940 and Red Army's Losses" 9177:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012). 8479:

The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict, 1939–40

8444:. Translated by Leon Dennen. Yale University Press. 7921: 7919: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7127: 7125: 7106:

Jäätynyt helvetti: Tällainen on Raatteen tie tänään

7002: 6966: 6887: 6763: 6761: 5550: 5548: 5264: 4834: 3834:its role as a buffer between Germany and the USSR. 2754:

First battles and Soviet advance to Mannerheim Line

2723:after the Soviet attack. In a further reshuffling, 2642:was composed of six divisions under the command of 1549:, and ended three and a half months later with the 17150:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 10600:Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia 9571: 9521:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssää 9505:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssää 8437: 7776: 7422: 7390: 7342: 7161: 7086: 7014: 6851: 6827: 6773: 6746: 6301: 6299: 5988: 5932: 5741: 5632: 5608: 5596: 5480: 5420: 5408: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4706:Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 677; 4436:List of Finnish military equipment of World War II 3982:Norwegian volunteers somewhere in Northern Finland 3714: 1871:in 1932. The successor of the Lapua Movement, the 1859:was declared illegal in 1931, and the nationalist 1733:. From 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809, the 16:1939–1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland 10580:(photographs of the Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940) 10063:] (in Norwegian). Cappelen Akademisk Forlag. 9458:Red Armour: The Red Army's Tank Forces, 1918–1945 9103:Leningrad 1941–42: Morality in a City under Siege 8770:(14 December 1939). "Expulsion of the U.S.S.R.". 8179: 8084: 7891: 7246: 6817: 6815: 6559: 6557: 6485: 6483: 6415: 6413: 5874: 5872: 5357: 5013: 4956: 4954: 4873: 4871: 4493:From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French 3068: 2507:), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), 2329:Hungarian historian István Ravasz wrote that the 2162:The Soviet offer divided the Finnish government: 17738: 15767:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 15097:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 10439: 9648:Raatteen tie: Talvisodan pohjoinen sankaritarina 9211:Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya (website) 9064:The Winter War: The Russo–Finnish War of 1939–40 9010:The Winter War: Finland against Russia 1939–1940 8239: 8024: 7916: 7880: 7846: 7844: 7829: 7405: 7378: 7149: 7122: 6800: 6788: 6758: 5545: 5082: 5080: 5048: 5046: 4970: 4968: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4888: 4886: 4657:'s memoirs, which states that Artillery Marshal 3476:had donated the first aircraft to the Air Force. 2147:there. In exchange, the Soviet Union would cede 17258:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 15886:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 15801:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 10080:Российский государственный военный архив (РГВА) 8752:Invasion in the Snow: A Study of Mechanized War 8278: 7978: 7976: 7963: 7961: 7948: 7946: 7856: 7764: 7705:"70th Anniversary of the End of the Winter War" 7212: 7210: 6978: 6911: 6899: 6400: 6398: 6296: 6188: 6176: 6164: 5254: 5252: 5250: 4917: 4727: 4697:Dead, not buried, later declared as dead 3,503; 4456:Military history of Finland during World War II 4349:; 232 of those cases ended in a death penalty. 4018:, fought in the Winter War before returning to 3464:refuelling at its air base on a frozen lake in 3182:up to 10 m (33 ft) high. The ensuing 2634:The Finnish forces were positioned as follows: 16243:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk 8931:Christopher Lee: The Authorised Screen History 8914:(1st ed.). Brassey's Defence Publishers. 8263: 7482: 7434: 7234: 7183:. Vammala: Häijää Invest (Vammaspaino), 1990. 7074: 7062: 7050: 7026: 6863: 6839: 6812: 6734: 6692: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6608: 6574: 6572: 6554: 6480: 6410: 6335: 5896: 5869: 5794: 5651: 5386: 5384: 5314:. E.P. Dutton & Company. pp. 364–365. 4951: 4868: 2483:, but they had been tailored to conditions in 2286:On 1 December 1939, the Soviet Union formed a 2025:" at the Karelian Isthmus, on 10 October 1939. 16833:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 16735:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 16596:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 16322: 16050: 15740:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 14941: 14608: 13917: 10626: 9353:The Mannerheim Line: Legend of the Winter War 7841: 7795: 7793: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 6942:YLE: Marokon Kauhu nousi legendaksi Kollaalla 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 5772: 5770: 5731: 5729: 5702: 5680: 5678: 5584: 5533: 5432: 5237: 5235: 5077: 5043: 4965: 4934: 4898: 4883: 4822: 4798: 4774: 4569: 3468:. On the fuselage is the swastika, which the 3309: 3301:, and then proceeded to destroy the remnants 3054:For many of the encircled Soviet troops in a 2514:The Soviet forces were organised as follows: 2178:The Finns made two counteroffers to cede the 2056:The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the 1514: 1359: 1075: 681: 667: 500: 9233:Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну 8654:The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium 8451:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40 8340:Stalin and the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939–1940 8012: 7973: 7958: 7943: 7931: 7577: 7458: 7207: 7038: 6954: 6680: 6620: 6395: 6359: 6260: 6248: 5560: 5247: 5033: 5031: 4046:, RNA) of 200 men after being introduced to 3969:Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War 3004: 2337:stated that the Soviets "sought to impose a 1840:or on the stockpiling and the deployment of 1089: 70:(3 months, 1 week and 6 days) 16793:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 15693:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 15688:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 14914:Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn 10396: 9719:Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (2005). 9525:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians 9509:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians 9410:] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Karelia. 9347:Geust, Carl-Fredrik; Uitto, Antero (2006). 9266: 8954:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. 8233: 7805: 7649: 7600: 6875: 6716:Second World War the Military Photo Archive 6632: 6596: 6569: 6507: 6383: 6347: 6200: 6129: 5920: 5381: 4786: 4751: 4451:List of Finnish divisions in the Winter War 4183: 3720:Red Army reforms and offensive preparations 3123:Battles in Ladoga Karelia and North Karelia 3092:" – a Finnish idiom roughly translated as " 2898:. The 163rd Rifle Division was deployed at 2555:, comprising three divisions, was based in 17797:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941) 17219:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 16329: 16315: 16057: 16043: 15009:Military history of the Russian Federation 14948: 14934: 14622: 14615: 14601: 13924: 13910: 10633: 10619: 9875:My Actions in Moscow and Finland 1939–1941 9617:Submarine Kings of the Knave of Hearts Sea 9267:Bichekhvost, Alexander Fedorovich (2012). 8987:Hitler's Central European Empire 1938–1945 8781:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis 7790: 7740: 6990: 6425: 6212: 5884: 5857: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5782: 5767: 5726: 5714: 5690: 5675: 5497: 5444: 5309: 5232: 4303:The Soviet General Staff Supreme Command ( 4034:White émigrés and Russian prisoners-of-war 2775: Finnish division (XX) or corps (XXX) 2698:Start of invasion and political operations 2650:was positioned on its right flank and the 2575: 2139:). The Finns would also have to lease the 1521: 1507: 1366: 1352: 1082: 1068: 674: 660: 507: 493: 16803:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 16775:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 15259:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 10487: 10445:Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey) 10294: 9871:Toimintani Moskovassa ja Suomessa 1939–41 9727:] (in Finnish) (1st ed.). WSOY. 9474: 8635:. Finnish Karelian League. Archived from 8613:Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (2006). 8593:Hough, William J.H. (10 September 2019). 8440:Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy, 1939–1942 7817: 6929: 6519: 5345: 5028: 3146:. They also had a support group of three 2451: 2211:Shelling of Mainila and Soviet intentions 2017:Finnish soldiers gather breakfast from a 17787:Eastern European theatre of World War II 16745:Great Construction Projects of Communism 16066:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941 10316:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 10206: 10112:Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940 9612:Короли подплава в море червонных валетов 9424: 8860:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 8679: 8477:Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1985) . 7330: 6058: 5953: 5620: 5396: 5369: 4745: 4739: 4294: 4212: 4095: 4008:American nationals of Finnish background 3977: 3913: 3853: 3761:Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus 3723: 3451: 3313: 3265: 3126: 3014: 2940: 2878:, the first Finnish victory of the war. 2757: 2585: 2461: 2430:and Stalin's favourite general, Marshal 2391:and logistical preparations, a rational 2238: 2012: 1881: 1718: Soviet Union and annexed countries 1696: 1624:and further north. Finland retained its 17161:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 15220:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 15090:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 10606:National Archives of the United Kingdom 10341:Rahikainen, Paavo; Vainio, Ein (1996). 10077: 9718: 9709: 9311:Border – The Karelian Isthmus 1918–1920 9120:from the original on 27 February 2018. 9083:The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939–40 8968:from the original on 27 February 2018. 8651: 8524: 8495: 8476: 7770: 7758: 7679: 7512: 7143: 6548: 6475: 5848: 5626: 5324: 4877: 4763: 4446:List of Finnish corps in the Winter War 4136:on 18 September 1939, and the next day 4058:. The prisoners-of-war were trained in 3873: Soviet corps (XXX) or army (XXXX) 3243:, or "Motti-Matti" as he became known. 2993:, thousands of Soviet soldiers died of 2369: 1652:between Finland and the Soviets began. 1373: 17739: 17196:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 16176:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941) 15841:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 15772:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 15631:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 15609:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 15323:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 14999:Military history of the Russian Empire 14844:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland 12480: 12458:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10546:Woody, Christopher (1 December 2017). 10459: 10417: 8766: 8746: 8633:"Karjalan Liitto – Briefly in English" 7596: 7594: 7592: 6590: 6329: 4600:Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940 4275:. Some right-wing groups, such as the 4147:On 19 December, French Prime Minister 3903: 3849: 2910:and 122nd Rifle Divisions attacked at 2598:. In prewar calculations, the Finnish 1978:clique". Field Marshal Mannerheim and 514: 56:machine gun crew during the Winter War 16310: 16038: 15991:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 15369:Russian colonization of North America 14929: 14812:National Defence Training Association 14596: 13905: 13329:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 12761:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 12407:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 12363:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11468:Rape during the occupation of Germany 10614: 10558:from the original on 19 February 2023 10545: 10516: 10367: 10278:The Red Army and the Second World War 10108: 9668: 9569: 9230:Baryshnikov, N.; Salomaa, E. (2005). 9164:from the original on 30 November 2021 9140:from the original on 14 December 2017 8928: 8691:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 8612: 8592: 8197: 7904:from the original on 17 February 2022 7874: 7850: 7799: 7735: 7601:Lähteenmäki, Maria (1 January 2014). 6996: 6722:from the original on 10 February 2023 6525: 5402: 5363: 5333:from the original on 19 December 2021 5310:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil (1953). 5222: 5220: 5207: 5205: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5175: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5145: 5143: 5130: 5128: 4862: 4246:to the Soviet Union by virtue of the 3973: 3781: 3598:was a coastal defence force with two 2926: 2559:. Its objectives were to capture the 1677:Finnish-Soviet relations and politics 1495:Plans for Franco-British intervention 1347: 1063: 655: 488: 17279:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 17237:20th Congress of the Communist Party 16680:19th Congress of the Communist Party 16517:18th Congress of the Communist Party 16482:17th Congress of the Communist Party 15004:Military history of the Soviet Union 13931: 12451:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11483:Rape during the liberation of France 10275: 10008:from the original on 7 December 2019 9853:from the original on 9 December 2020 9633:from the original on 1 November 2022 9619:] (in Russian). Tsentrpoligraf. 9531: 9349:Mannerheim-linja: Talvisodan legenda 9229: 9217:from the original on 2 December 2022 9198:Finnish, Russian and other languages 9152: 9042:Finland at Peace & War 1918–1993 8845:from the original on 7 February 2022 8721:from the original on 18 January 2023 8416:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939 7655: 6881: 6440: 6159: 5351: 5098: 4618:' catalogue (see authority control). 4552:This name is translated as follows: 4467: 4000:Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns 3663: 3447: 3261: 3239:; the most famous of them was Major 2796:and insufficient training in modern 2273: 17213:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 16437:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 16097:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 15745:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 14786:Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency 10260:Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri. 9983: 9835: 9596:from the original on 6 October 2022 9346: 8631: 8529:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 8499:The Little, Brown book of anecdotes 8293:"The Never-Ending Karelia Question" 8114: 7892:Jormanainen, Heli (15 March 2020). 7589: 7464: 6626: 5120: 4780: 3929:were evacuated and lost their homes 3680:, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of 3384: 3250:, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred 2922:Operations from December to January 2812:liquids and with a simple hand-lit 2466:Dense forests of Ladoga Karelia at 2037:contacted Finnish Foreign Minister 1712: Germany and annexed countries 1566:puppet Finnish Communist government 13: 17360:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 17179:The History of the Communist Party 16998:Soviet offensive plans controversy 16963:Ideological repression in science 16507:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 16225:Soviet offensive plans controversy 15791:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 15157:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 12677:German invasion of the Netherlands 10957:Weather events during World War II 10590:Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive 10200: 9899: 9865: 9804: 9795: 9700: 9677: 9543:] (in Finnish). Karttakeskus. 9389:Halsti, Wolfgang Hallstén (1955). 9039: 9027:from the original on 19 April 2023 8897:from the original on 19 April 2023 8778: 8772:League of Nations Official Journal 8290: 8054: 8042: 7785: 7717:from the original on 13 March 2022 7625:from the original on 6 August 2022 7553:from the original on 6 August 2022 7488: 7440: 7428: 7399: 7348: 7240: 6857: 6845: 6537: 5669: 5566: 5258: 5217: 5202: 5187: 5172: 5155: 5140: 5125: 5071: 5022: 4911: 4592:Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940 4343:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland 4285:Finnish occupation of East Karelia 3962: 3821:. The German invasion plan, named 3815:iron ore fields in Northern Sweden 3508:. The top scoring fighter ace was 2692: 2676:was a collection of White Guards, 2364: 2060:in August 1939. It was publicly a 1953:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1888:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1795:declared the nation's independence 1749:Finland, and converted it into an 1745:. Eventually Russia conquered and 1687:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 14: 17843: 17398:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 17129:Marxism and the National Question 16336: 15656:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 13308:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 10571: 10297:Tanks in the Winter War 1939–1940 10151: 10142: 10130:from the original on 7 March 2022 10078:Russian State Military Archive. 9960: 9916:from the original on 27 June 2022 9813: 9769: 9608: 9487:from the original on 12 June 2018 9374:(in Swedish). Föreningen Norden. 9369: 8912:Cold Will: The Defense of Finland 8733: 8707:(1st ed.). Greenhill Books. 8682:Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917-91 8467: 8388: 8321:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 8291:Ahtiainen, Ilkka (16 July 2000). 8090: 7513:Rentola, Kimmo (1 October 2013). 6501: 6377: 6218: 6087: 6052: 5941: 5750: 5645: 5614: 5602: 5491: 5462: 5426: 5414: 5325:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015). 5134: 5109: 4816: 4746:Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005) 4347:Supreme Court of the Soviet Union 4086:Franco-British intervention plans 3618:. The two coastal defence ships, 3606:, seven motor torpedo boats, one 3530: 3373: 2725:Aimo Cajander's caretaker cabinet 2717:Covenant of the League of Nations 1596:, but there were also battles in 17721: 17720: 17038:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 16502:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 15710:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 15503:Russian conquest of Central Asia 15439:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 15235:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 15177:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 13868: 10640: 10542:Ch. 4. Cornell University Press. 10117:Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940 9475:Kauppinen, Kari (18 July 2017). 9283:from the original on 8 July 2022 9080: 9058: 8802:. Newbury: Casemate Publishers. 8573: 8448: 8394:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 8315: 8269: 8251: 8245: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8173: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8119: 8108: 8096: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8030: 8018: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7967: 7952: 7937: 7925: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7729: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7667: 7661: 7643: 7637: 7607:Nordia Geographical Publications 7583: 7571: 7565: 7519:The International History Review 7506: 7494: 7476: 7470: 7452: 7446: 7416: 7384: 7366: 7354: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7194: 7173: 7155: 7137: 7131: 7098: 7044: 6960: 6935: 6869: 6821: 6806: 6794: 6767: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6602: 6584: 6578: 6563: 6542: 6531: 6513: 6495: 6489: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6446: 6419: 6404: 6371: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6284: 6272: 6266: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6206: 6153: 6141: 6135: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6070: 6064: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6022: 6011: 6000: 5926: 5708: 5590: 5578: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5465:, pp. 156–161, 237–238, 323, 454 5450: 5438: 5390: 5375: 5297: 5241: 5001:from the original on 12 May 2021 4843: 4700:Missing, declared as dead 1,712; 4682: 4673: 4664: 4653:The Soviet role is confirmed in 4419: 4405: 4387:in France and the nomination of 4157:Anglo-French Supreme War Council 4074:did. Finnish military historian 3745:the realities of the situation. 3519: 3380:Aerial warfare in the Winter War 3318:A Finnish soldier on guard near 2567:and then advance to the town of 2410:After the Soviet success at the 1959: 1867:violence, which culminated in a 1672:Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia) 478:321,000–381,000 total casualties 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 322: 308: 294: 276: 264: 252: 240: 228: 214: 200: 168: 144: 68:30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940 46: 40:European theatre of World War II 17822:Wars involving the Soviet Union 17423:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 16559:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 16549:Occupation of the Baltic states 16202:Occupation of the Baltic states 15996:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 15641:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 15582:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 10160: 9937: 9515: 9499: 9442: 9433: 9388: 9372:Karelen: ett gränsland i Norden 9370:Hallberg, Torsten, ed. (2006). 9307:Raja – Karjalankannas 1918–1920 9003: 8984: 8975: 8947: 8816: 8688: 8375: 8257: 8185: 8149: 8066: 7862: 7144:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999) 7008: 6984: 6972: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6476:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999) 6389: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6099: 6076: 6028: 5994: 5982: 5976: 5947: 5914: 5908: 5890: 5878: 5863: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5762: 5756: 5735: 5720: 5696: 5684: 5572: 5554: 5521: 5509: 5468: 5456: 5318: 5303: 5276: 5270: 5114: 5103: 5092: 4960: 4945: 4810: 4647: 4634: 4621: 4546: 4528: 4518: 4372:an invasion of the Soviet Union 4290: 4268:return ceded regions of Karelia 4244:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment 3715:Soviet breakthrough in February 3526:Naval warfare in the Winter War 3415:Tampere Linen and Iron Industry 2096:under the guise of "additional 2002: 1984:Finnish Social Democratic Party 1836:, for example), rather than on 459:126,875–167,976 dead or missing 450:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment 16130:Boundary and Friendship Treaty 15678:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 15328:War of the Austrian Succession 14903:List of wars involving Finland 14032:History of independent Finland 13555:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 11265:Territorial changes of Germany 11173:Indonesian National Revolution 10422:. University Press of Kansas. 10280:. Cambridge University Press. 10188: 10169: 10123:(in Finnish). pp. 14–15. 10099: 10084:Russian State Military Archive 9890: 9760: 9645: 9557: 9451: 9327: 8857: 8697: 8665:. Cambridge University Press. 8660: 8559:. University Press of Kansas. 8551: 8378:Russia, Finland and the Baltic 8356: 8337: 7746: 7500: 7167: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7032: 7020: 6833: 6782: 6752: 6740: 6614: 6549:Russian State Military Archive 6452: 6242: 6147: 6123: 6111: 5226: 5181: 5086: 5052: 5037: 4974: 4928: 4892: 4878:Lentilä and Juutilainen (1999) 4828: 4804: 4792: 4694:Wounded, died of wounds 3,089; 4508: 4501:. The Finns bought 32 British 4487: 4474: 4140:brought up the subject in the 3703:on the Eastern Isthmus and at 3500:consisted of a frozen lake, a 3069:Battles of the Mannerheim Line 3011:Sissi (Finnish light infantry) 2251:escalated into the Winter War. 1: 17264:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 17075:1946–1947 Soviet famine 16648:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 15901:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 15779:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 15530:Russian invasion of Manchuria 15520:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 15466:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 15461:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 15404:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 15394:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 15359:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 15354:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 15344:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 15334:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 15312:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 15307:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 15284:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 15279:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 15254:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 15230:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 15225:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 15210:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 15085:List of wars involving Russia 15080:Sino-Russian border conflicts 12955:Japanese invasion of Thailand 12906:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12670:German invasion of Luxembourg 11051:Mediterranean and Middle East 10195:(Myth of the Mannerheim Line) 9946:] (in Finnish). Docendo. 9928: 9900:Paskhover, A. (3 June 2015). 9881: 9741: 9460:] (in Finnish). PS-Elso. 9304: 9295: 9066:(5th ed.). Aurum Press. 9013:. Stanford University Press. 8980:. University Press of Kansas. 8909: 8453:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8432: 8418:. Stanford University Press. 8410: 8078: 7851:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 7800:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7252: 6997:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 6526:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 6305: 6290: 6278: 6254: 5902: 5657: 5474: 5403:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 5182:Clemmesen and Faulkner (2013) 4769: 4757: 4733: 4703:Died as a prisoner of war 20; 4461:Winter War in popular culture 3863: Finnish corps (XXX) or 3417:premises, which manufactured 3142:and the 13th Division led by 2808:, a glass bottle filled with 1655: 1632:encouraged German Chancellor 872:Mediterranean and Middle East 17413:1956 Georgian demonstrations 15856:Eritrean War of Independence 15826:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 15821:East German uprising of 1953 15762:Eastern Front (World War II) 15651:Red Army invasion of Georgia 15646:Red Army invasion of Armenia 15614:Estonian War of Independence 15555:Russian occupation of Tabriz 15476:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 15434:War of the Seventh Coalition 15317:War of the Polish Succession 15264:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 12862:Invasion of the Soviet Union 12551:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 11869:Independent State of Croatia 10460:Taylor, Alan (23 May 2013). 10400:The White Sniper: Simo Häyhä 10240: 10090: 10054: 9686:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9654:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9401: 9355:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9204: 9128: 8754:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 8663:A Concise History of Finland 8279:General and cited references 8137: 7531:10.1080/07075332.2013.828637 7336: 6017: 6006: 5149: 4721: 4602:) are often used in Russian 4596:Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940 4588:Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 3111:. The Finns, led by General 2438:of the Red Army and General 1927:Commander-in-Chief, Marshal 1662:Background of the Winter War 853:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 17428:Stalin Monument in Budapest 17095:Night of the Murdered Poets 17013:Allegations of antisemitism 16750:Engineers of the human soul 16497:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 16473:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 16171:Commercial Agreement (1940) 16166:Commercial Agreement (1939) 15896:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 15846:Sino-Soviet border conflict 15715:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 15683:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 15619:Latvian War of Independence 15508:Russian conquest of Bukhara 15399:War of the Fourth Coalition 15384:War of the Second Coalition 14791:National Defence University 13846:End of World War II in Asia 13686:Western invasion of Germany 13193:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 13170:Second Battle of El Alamein 12740:Hundred Regiments Offensive 12712:Battle of the Mediterranean 12565:Italian invasion of Albania 10739:Air warfare of World War II 10397:Saarelainen, Tapio (2016). 10370:Journal of Military History 10191:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10163:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10154:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10145:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10109:Statistics Finland (1941). 10102:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10093:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10020: 9931:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9893:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9884:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9849:] (in Russian). Veche. 9821:(in Finnish). Kirjaneuvos. 9807:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9798:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9781:] (in Finnish). Edita. 9763:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9754:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9745:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9721:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen 9712:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9703:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9671:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen 9563:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9511:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9445:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9436:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9427:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen 9298:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9179:A Companion to World War II 9176: 8876: 8779:Lightbody, Bradley (2004). 8574:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012). 8102: 7372: 7360: 5851:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 5282: 5211: 5196: 5166: 4863:Kurenmaa and Lentilä (2005) 4612:Finno-Russian War 1939–1940 4608:Russo–Finnish War 1939–1940 4582: 4398: 4310:Between the Winter War and 4190:Aftermath of the Winter War 4024:German occupation of Norway 3825:, was later implemented as 3808:Franco-British intervention 3630:, were moved to harbour in 3405:. For example, the city of 2978:and men dressed in regular 2665:, who was soon replaced by 2501:Leningrad Military District 2356:Another American historian 2292:Finnish Democratic Republic 2278:In 2013, Russian President 2041:and Finnish Prime Minister 1929:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1919:ideology would combine all 1873:Patriotic People's Movement 1782:. On 15 November 1917, the 1614:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 183:Finnish Democratic Republic 21:Winter War (disambiguation) 10: 17848: 17832:Winter in the Soviet Union 17468:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 17438:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 16586:Soviet atomic bomb project 15891:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 15429:War of the Sixth Coalition 15419:War of the Fifth Coalition 15389:War of the Third Coalition 14994:Military history of Russia 14956:Armed conflicts involving 14839:Allotment system of Sweden 14287:Government-owned companies 13958:Finland under Swedish rule 13772:Naval bombardment of Japan 13140:First Battle of El Alamein 13059:Battle of Christmas Island 13004:Japanese invasion of Burma 12768:Italian invasion of Greece 12684:German invasion of Belgium 12656:German invasion of Denmark 12629:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 12498:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 10762:Comparative military ranks 10538:Dictators at War and Peace 10418:Sander, Gordon F. (2013). 10295:Kolomyjec, Maksim (2011). 9725:Continuation War Guidebook 9678:Laaksonen, Lasse (2005) . 9452:Kantakoski, Pekka (1998). 9397:] (in Finnish). Otava. 9238:Крестовый поход на Россию 9099: 8976:Sander, Gordon F. (2013). 8797: 8283: 8161: 8125: 4679:See the following sources: 4670:See the following sources: 4644:and the following sources: 4631:and the following sources: 4360: 4259:to Finland was permitted. 4208: 4201: 4187: 4089: 4040:Russian All-Military Union 3966: 3907: 3523: 3377: 3310:Battles in Finnish Lapland 3008: 2930: 2579: 2455: 2426:; the tank expert General 2303:people's front of toilers. 2243:29 November 1939, foreign 2214: 2006: 1992:October Revolution of 1917 1857:Communist Party of Finland 1809:in which the conservative 1690: 1680: 1668:Timeline of the Winter War 1665: 1659: 452:ceded to the Soviet Union 18: 17716: 17633: 17494: 17476: 17448:Places named after Stalin 17433:Stalin Monument in Prague 17380: 17292: 17227: 17113: 16957:Repressions in Azerbaijan 16783: 16692: 16675:1950 legislative election 16601:1946 legislative election 16512:1937 legislative election 16424: 16373: 16364: 16344: 16289: 16251: 16197:Soviet invasion of Poland 16184: 16153: 16105: 16072: 16004: 15939: 15730:Soviet invasion of Poland 15540: 15424:French invasion of Russia 15292: 15190: 15109: 15035:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 15027: 14984: 14977: 14898:Demilitarization of Åland 14880: 14829: 14799: 14773: 14717: 14672: 14665: 14630: 14547: 14429: 14359: 14350: 14298:National income agreement 14267: 14258: 14169: 14160: 14054: 14045: 13990:Golden Age of Finnish Art 13943: 13861: 13693:Bratislava–Brno offensive 13633: 13624:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 13361: 13248:Allied invasion of Sicily 13202: 13108:Aleutian Islands campaign 13080:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 13027: 13018:Greek famine of 1941–1944 12913:Second Battle of Changsha 12818:German invasion of Greece 12786: 12663:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 12638: 12576: 12471: 12352: 12078: 11988: 11836: 11539: 11530: 11288: 11113: 11005:North and Central Pacific 10966: 10728: 10721: 10648: 10500:10.1057/978-1-137-44606-0 10462:"Finland in World War II" 10441:Soviet Information Bureau 9994:] (in Russian). ACT. 9961:Polvinen, Tuomo (1987) . 9877:] (in Finnish). WSOY. 9332:(in Finnish). Readme.fi. 9328:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020). 8948:Rutherford, Jeff (2014). 8798:Lunde, Henrik O. (2011). 8680:Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). 8652:Killham, EdwardL (1993). 8578:. Naval Institute Press. 8502:. Boston: Little, Brown. 8496:Fadiman, Clifton (1985). 7771:Engle and Paananen (1985) 7736:Statistics Finland (1940) 5627:Engle and Paananen (1985) 4599: 4591: 4570: 4385:Third Daladier Government 4377: 4325:claimed 53,522 dead, and 4044:Russkaya narodnaya armiya 4006:, Italy and Estonia. 350 3794:. Wuolijoki departed for 3005:Finnish guerrilla tactics 2124: 2086:forced to accept treaties 2074:Soviet invasion of Poland 1385: 1101: 692: 525: 424: 399: 190: 135: 60: 45: 37: 32: 17767:1940 in the Soviet Union 17757:1939 in the Soviet Union 17269:Soviet Nonconformist Art 17185:1936 Soviet Constitution 16838:Soviet famine of 1932–33 16798:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 16770:Transformation of nature 16755:1936 Soviet Constitution 16715:Socialism in One Country 16554:German–Soviet Axis talks 16145:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 15871:South African Border War 15796:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 15698:Chechen uprising of 1932 15379:Russo-Persian War (1796) 14174:Administrative divisions 13285:Allied invasion of Italy 13262:Solomon Islands campaign 13011:Third Battle of Changsha 12608:First Battle of Changsha 12514:Second Sino-Japanese War 11454:German military brothels 11320:United States war crimes 10535:Weeks, Jessica L. 2014. 10488:Tuunainen, Pasi (2016). 10276:Hill, Alexander (2017). 10207:Campbell, David (2016). 10079: 9986: 9902: 9841: 9611: 9483:(in Finnish). Helsinki. 9403: 9402:Jokipii, Mauno (1999). 9395:The Winter War 1939–1940 9232: 9040:Tillotson, H.M. (1993). 8985:Sedlar, Jean W. (2007). 8933:. Reynolds & Hearn. 8929:Rigby, Jonathan (2003). 8689:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 8449:Edwards, Robert (2006). 7111:3 September 2019 at the 6591:League of Nations (1939) 5960:Hushed bridge of Finland 5197:Zeiler and DuBois (2012) 5137:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49 4393:Prime Minister of France 4368:Finnish-German relations 4277:Academic Karelia Society 4240:Finnish prisoners of war 4217:Heroes' Memorial Day in 4184:Aftermath and casualties 3886:. The Finns proposed an 3641:was severely damaged at 3602:, five submarines, four 3555:forces in the area. The 3444:sorties during the war. 3393:throughout the war. The 3367:almost constant darkness 3109:suicidal frontal attacks 2890:, and further north the 2748:spirit of the Winter War 2379:and military strategist 2331:Soviet Central Committee 1965:Soviet General Secretary 1951:, in 1922. In 1932, the 1093:Nordic states, 1939–1945 858:pre-war border conflicts 415:425,000–760,000 soldiers 406:300,000–340,000 soldiers 17792:Finland in World War II 17772:20th century in Finland 17393:Iosif Stalin locomotive 17136:Foundations of Leninism 17122:Anarchism or Socialism? 17003:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 16870:NKVD prisoner massacres 16522:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 16411:Death and state funeral 16238:Northern Sea Route Raid 16118:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 15513:Khivan campaign of 1873 15364:Russo-Polish War (1792) 14657:List of senior officers 14005:Finland in World War II 13995:Independence of Finland 13707:Second Guangxi campaign 13562:Philippines (1944–1945) 13066:Battle of the Coral Sea 12969:Fall of the Philippines 12615:Battle of South Guangxi 12521:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 11927:Italian Social Republic 10021:Ravasz, István (2003). 9081:Van Dyke, Carl (1997). 8468:Elliston, H.B. (1940). 8115:Finnish Karelian League 7656:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 6947:3 November 2020 at the 6882:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 6441:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 5352:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 4264:Finnish Karelian League 4142:Chamberlain War Cabinet 3421:and weapons, including 2576:Finnish order of battle 2412:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 2323:Suite on Finnish Themes 2268:end of the Soviet Union 2058:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2009:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1813:defeated the socialist 1706: Neutral countries 1693:Independence of Finland 1570:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 455:70,000 total casualties 17817:Wars involving Finland 17601:(second father-in-law) 16855:Murder of Sergey Kirov 16730:Stalinist architecture 16616:Turkish Straits crisis 15986:Western Libya campaign 15661:East Karelian uprising 15182:Wagner Group rebellion 15117:Uprising of Bolotnikov 14624:Finnish Defence Forces 13292:Armistice of Cassibile 13094:Battle of Dutch Harbor 13045:Battle of the Java Sea 12948:Attack on Pearl Harbor 12848:Syria–Lebanon campaign 12841:Battle of South Shanxi 12811:Invasion of Yugoslavia 12594:Battle of the Atlantic 12208:Korean Liberation Army 11921:(until September 1943) 11878:(until September 1944) 11856:(until September 1944) 10521:. Aspasia Books, Inc. 10517:Tuuri, Antti (2003) . 10494:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9992:Russia's Northern Wars 9938:Petrov, Pavel (2013). 9847:Stalin's Missed Chance 9570:Kilin, Yu. M. (2012). 9535:; Raunio, Ari (2007). 9158:"Yuri Kilin interview" 9100:Yarov, Sergey (2017). 8817:Murphy, David (2021). 8615:Finland at War 1939–45 8525:Gadolin, Axel (1952). 8382:Lawrence & Wishart 5329:. War History Online. 4565: 4557: 4300: 4222: 4113: 3983: 3940:Soviet pre-war demands 3919: 3875: 3732: 3591:for their operations. 3543:; by mid-winter, only 3477: 3456:March 1940, a Finnish 3411:State Aircraft Factory 3323: 3274: 3191: 3158:, who was replaced by 3135: 3028: 2946: 2783: 2721:Finnish Defence Forces 2591: 2471: 2452:Soviet order of battle 2305: 2252: 2136: 2026: 1945:East Karelian uprising 1915:that according to the 1899: 1830:Scandinavian countries 1758:Grand Duchy of Finland 1726: 1683:East Karelian uprising 1537:was a war between the 430:25,904 dead or missing 191:Commanders and leaders 17622:William Wesley Peters 17167:Falsifiers of History 17090:Rootless cosmopolitan 16396:Rule as Soviet leader 16275:Falsifiers of History 16113:Relations before 1941 15981:Intervention in Syria 15916:Tajikistani Civil War 15624:Lithuanian–Soviet War 15565:Battle of Robat Karim 15014:Post-Soviet conflicts 13456:Second Battle of Guam 13352:Bengal famine of 1943 13322:Second Battle of Kiev 13278:Battle of the Dnieper 12983:Battle of Wake Island 12855:East African campaign 12797:Battle of South Henan 12442:atrocities by Germans 12215:Korean Volunteer Army 11196:Occupation of Germany 10950:Music in World War II 10472:Trotter, William R.: 10318:. Osprey Publishing. 10211:. Osprey Publishing. 9987:Северные войны России 9867:Paasikivi, Juho Kusti 9684:Reality and Illusions 9680:Todellisuus ja harhat 9537:Talvisodan taisteluja 9240:(in Russian). Yauza. 8699:Krivosheyev, Grigoriy 8661:Kirby, David (2006). 6330:Langdon-Davies (1941) 4614:are used by the U.S. 4543:type was very common. 4298: 4216: 4099: 3981: 3917: 3857: 3730:Battle of Suomussalmi 3727: 3600:coastal defence ships 3460:Mk. IV bomber of the 3455: 3317: 3269: 3130: 3102:First Battle of Summa 3094:guts, fighting spirit 3018: 2991:Battle of Suomussalmi 2944: 2761: 2708:Molotov bread baskets 2589: 2465: 2300: 2258:Soviet historiography 2242: 2062:non-aggression treaty 2016: 1921:Baltic Finnic peoples 1885: 1817:with the help of the 1762:to assimilate Finland 1700: 783:Yugoslavian Partisans 425:Casualties and losses 17643:Stalin's house, Gori 17574:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 17502:Besarion Jughashvili 17443:Batumi Stalin Museum 17354:Nineteen Eighty-Four 17105:Censorship of images 16784:Crimes, repressions, 16487:1931 Menshevik Trial 16468:First five-year plan 16259:Operation Barbarossa 16135:Population transfers 15964:Annexation of Crimea 15668:Central Asian Revolt 15577:Ukrainian–Soviet War 15449:Russo-Circassian War 15132:Pugachev's Rebellion 15075:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 15019:Russian Armed Forces 14989:Early modern warfare 14807:Finnish Border Guard 14642:President of Finland 14535:World Heritage Sites 13742:Surrender of Germany 13220:Battle of West Hubei 13177:Guadalcanal campaign 13147:Battle of Stalingrad 13073:Battle of Madagascar 11847:Albania protectorate 11634:(formerly Swaziland) 11343:Wehrmacht war crimes 11159:Expulsion of Germans 10943:Art and World War II 10841:British contribution 10790:Governments in exile 10174:(in Russian). Вече. 9646:Kulju, Mika (2007). 9305:Engman, Max (2007). 9156:(22 December 2019). 8910:Ries, Tomas (1988). 8877:Reiter, Dan (2009). 8748:Langdon-Davies, John 8472:. London: G. Harrap. 5956:Vaiettu Suomen silta 5273:, pp. 966, 974, 1008 4691:Dead, buried 16,766; 4331:Grigoriy Krivosheyev 4228:Operation Barbarossa 3827:Operation Weserübung 3353:, while the fork to 3326:The Finnish area of 3291:Battle of Raate Road 3272:Battle of Raate Road 3049:Battle of Raate Road 2964:cross-country skiing 2937:Cold-weather warfare 2884:155th Rifle Division 2864:139th Rifle Division 2851:150th Rifle Division 2654:, on its left flank. 2405:political commissars 2370:Soviet military plan 2247:at Mainila, where a 2105:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 2066:spheres of influence 1982:, the leader of the 1911:, to annex areas in 1846:defence co-operation 1819:Imperial German Army 1807:four-month civil war 1646:Operation Barbarossa 1273:Kirkenes and Petsamo 1261:Heavy water sabotage 17635:Stalin's residences 17582:Galina Dzhugashvili 17566:Svetlana Alliluyeva 17550:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 17477:Cultural depictions 17319:Anti-Stalinist left 17274:Shvernik Commission 17242:Pospelov Commission 17018:Population transfer 16993:1941 Red Army purge 16967:Suppressed research 16621:First Indochina War 16564:Great Patriotic War 16542:Moscow Peace Treaty 16406:Cult of personality 16080:Anti-Comintern Pact 16024:Sphere of influence 15954:Russo-Ukrainian War 15811:First Indochina War 15784:Soviet–Japanese War 15720:Xinjiang War (1937) 15589:Kazakhstan Campaign 15374:Kościuszko Uprising 15274:Second Northern War 15152:Coup attempt (1991) 15045:Soviet-Finnish wars 14725:Ministry of Defence 14647:Minister of Defence 13832:Potsdam Declaration 13721:Italy (Spring 1945) 13484:Liberation of Paris 12941:Siege of Sevastopol 11959:(until August 1944) 11862:Wang Jingwei regime 11684:from September 1943 11644:from September 1944 11582:from September 1944 11442:Romanian war crimes 11433:Persecution of Jews 11419:Croatian war crimes 11389:Japanese war crimes 11203:Occupation of Japan 11152:First Indochina War 10864:Military production 10776:Declarations of war 10552:Business Insider UK 10248:. Victor Gollancz. 10172:Тайны финской войны 10086:] (in Russian). 9837:Meltiukhov, Mikhail 9527:] (in Finnish). 9391:Talvisota 1939–1940 9269:"Вы точно человек?" 9060:Trotter, William R. 9044:. Michael Russell. 8599:DigitalCommons@NYLS 7863:Juutilainen (1999b) 7465:Geust; Uitto (2006) 7009:Juutilainen (1999a) 6985:Juutilainen (1999a) 6973:Juutilainen (1999a) 6918:Juutilainen (1999a) 6906:Juutilainen (1999a) 6894:Juutilainen (1999a) 6627:Geust; Uitto (2006) 6551:F.34980 Op.14 D.108 4616:Library of Congress 4427:Soviet Union portal 4329:, 53,500. In 1997, 4248:Moscow Peace Treaty 3910:Moscow Peace Treaty 3904:Moscow Peace Treaty 3850:End of war in March 3800:Terijoki Government 3792:Alexandra Kollontai 3691:undamaged, but the 3649:in the Baltic Sea. 3577:motor torpedo boats 3084:reinforced-concrete 2986:to their infantry. 2868:56th Rifle Division 2866:, supported by the 2787:command deployed a 2740:Otto Wille Kuusinen 2674:North Finland Group 2652:III Army Corps 2640:Army of the Isthmus 2489:John Langdon-Davies 2318:Dmitri Shostakovich 2217:Shelling of Mainila 2171:and Prime Minister 2021:during "additional 1892:Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen 1869:failed coup attempt 1786:Russian government 1551:Moscow Peace Treaty 1377:Finland (1939–1945) 127:to the Soviet Union 92:Moscow Peace Treaty 17802:History of Karelia 17606:Alexander Svanidze 17534:Konstantin Kuzakov 17526:Yakov Dzhugashvili 17485:Apocalypse: Stalin 17458:Stalin Peace Prize 17453:State Stalin Prize 17156:"Ten Blows" speech 17143:Dizzy with Success 17053:Operation "Priboi" 17033:Operation "Lentil" 16986:1937 Soviet Census 16665:Sino-Soviet Treaty 16579:Potsdam Conference 16532:Invasion of Poland 16192:Invasion of Poland 16161:Economic relations 16014:Russian Revolution 15949:Russo-Georgian War 15931:Second Chechen War 15911:Georgian Civil War 15550:Russo-Japanese War 15302:Great Northern War 15200:Russo-Crimean Wars 15172:Second Chechen War 15070:Russo-Turkish wars 15065:Russo-Swedish wars 15055:Russo-Persian Wars 15040:Russo-Crimean Wars 14872:War in Afghanistan 14817:Territorial Forces 14638:Commander-in-chief 14328:Telecommunications 13968:Great Northern War 13825:Surrender of Japan 13658:Battle of Iwo Jima 13507:Belgrade offensive 12920:Siege of Leningrad 12804:Battle of Shanggao 12733:British Somaliland 12698:Dunkirk evacuation 12649:Norwegian campaign 12587:Invasion of Poland 12414:Japanese prisoners 11382:Italian war crimes 11313:British war crimes 11228:Soviet occupations 11012:South-West Pacific 10899:Allied cooperation 10857:Military equipment 10382:10.1353/jmh.0.0004 10246:The Red Army Moves 10042:on 20 October 2017 9541:Winter War Battles 9330:Talvisota Väreissä 9254:on 6 November 2008 8481:. Westview Press. 8234:Bichekhvost (2012) 7181:Talvisodan Tampere 6160:Iltasanomat (2019) 5099:Baryshnikov (2005) 4929:Krivosheyev (1997) 4793:Krivosheyev (1997) 4301: 4281:Siege of Leningrad 4223: 4119:Polish exile units 4114: 3984: 3974:Foreign volunteers 3920: 3880:suburbs of Viipuri 3876: 3782:Peace negotiations 3733: 3478: 3324: 3279:military academics 3275: 3136: 3029: 2947: 2933:Climate of Finland 2927:Weather conditions 2784: 2712:declaration of war 2659:IV Army Corps 2648:II Army Corps 2592: 2472: 2440:Grigory Kravchenko 2385:Boris Shaposhnikov 2381:Kliment Voroshilov 2350:William R. Trotter 2253: 2098:refresher training 2070:invasion of Poland 2027: 2023:refresher training 1900: 1877:Finnish Parliament 1838:military exercises 1776:Russian Revolution 1727: 1620:territories along 1485:Finnish evacuation 985:French West Africa 826:South West Pacific 734:Denmark and Norway 316:Kliment Voroshilov 159:Foreign volunteers 17812:League of Nations 17782:Conflicts in 1940 17777:Conflicts in 1939 17734: 17733: 17691:Kholodnaya Rechka 17388:Iosif Stalin tank 17309:Lenin's Testament 17284:Era of Stagnation 17085:Mingrelian Affair 17063:Forced settlement 17048:Operation "North" 17008:Soviet war crimes 16786:and controversies 16725:Socialist realism 16688: 16687: 16670:Tito–Stalin split 16569:Tehran Conference 16492:Spanish Civil War 16463:Chinese Civil War 16304: 16303: 16092:Spanish Civil War 16086:Jewish Bolshevism 16032: 16031: 15921:First Chechen War 15876:Soviet–Afghan War 15861:Angolan Civil War 15636:Polish–Soviet War 15594:Finnish Civil War 15572:Russian Civil War 15471:November Uprising 15409:Anglo-Russian War 15349:Bar Confederation 15162:First Chechen War 15142:Russian Civil War 15137:Decembrist revolt 15127:Bulavin Rebellion 15122:Razin's Rebellion 15105: 15104: 15060:Russo-Polish Wars 15028:Lists by opponent 14923: 14922: 14849:Finnish Civil War 14825: 14824: 14704:list of equipment 14694:list of equipment 14680:Finnish Air Force 14590: 14589: 14543: 14542: 14346: 14345: 14254: 14253: 14236:Political parties 14189:Foreign relations 14156: 14155: 13899: 13898: 13857: 13856: 13700:Battle of Okinawa 13599:Burma (1944–1945) 13433:Mariana and Palau 13213:Tunisian campaign 13038:Fall of Singapore 12962:Fall of Hong Kong 12705:Battle of Britain 12558:Operation Himmler 12467: 12466: 12131:Dutch East Indies 11774:Southern Rhodesia 11526: 11525: 11426:Genocide of Serbs 11329:German war crimes 11306:Soviet war crimes 11299:Allied war crimes 11145:Division of Korea 11124:Chinese Civil War 10922:Strategic bombing 10834:Manhattan Project 10509:978-1-137-44606-0 10352:978-951-97557-0-0 10287:978-1-1070-2079-5 9953:978-952-5912-97-5 9909:Ukrayinska Pravda 9788:978-951-37-5278-1 9661:978-951-20-7218-7 9550:978-951-593-068-2 9339:978-952-373-053-3 9320:978-951-0-32765-4 9188:978-1-4051-9681-9 9132:(15 March 2013). 9020:978-0-8047-0482-3 8869:978-1-4728-2718-0 8830:978-1-4728-4394-4 8768:League of Nations 8736:American Rifleman 8672:978-0-521-53989-0 8639:on 20 August 2009 8624:978-1-84176-969-1 8585:978-1-59114-329-1 8566:978-0-7006-0879-9 8509:978-0-316-08472-7 8460:978-0-297-84630-7 8403:978-0-19-531700-8 8368:978-90-04-24908-0 8349:978-0-7146-5203-0 8330:978-0-679-72994-5 8323:. Vintage Books. 8200:, pp. 21–24. 8186:Vihavainen (1999) 8150:Rutherford (2014) 7877:, pp. 59–60. 7713:. 13 March 2010. 7081:Kantakoski (1998) 6783:Paulaharju (1999) 6753:Paulaharju (1999) 6741:Paulaharju (1999) 6718:. 29 April 2019. 5853:. pp. 41–43. 5121:Shirokorad (2001) 5053:Kantakoski (1998) 4829:Kantakoski (1998) 4783:: ch. 4, Table 10 4781:Meltiukhov (2000) 4758:Palokangas (1999) 4734:Palokangas (1999) 4655:Nikita Khrushchev 4580: 4468:Explanatory notes 4341:There were 5,572 4327:N. I. Baryshnikov 4323:Mikhail Semiryaga 4138:Winston Churchill 4134:Reginald Plunkett 3996:Gloster Gladiator 3742:Semyon Timoshenko 3664:Coastal artillery 3490:Finnish Air Force 3470:Finnish Air Force 3448:Finnish Air Force 3423:grenade launchers 3403:strategic bombing 3389:The USSR enjoyed 3330:, bestriding the 3322:in February 1940. 3295:Hjalmar Siilasvuo 3262:Battles in Kainuu 3200:Aarne Juutilainen 3041:manoeuvre warfare 3037:guerrilla tactics 3035:, the Finns used 3019:Soviet tracks at 2972:guerrilla attacks 2843:Battle of Taipale 2798:anti-tank tactics 2794:anti-tank weapons 2667:Woldemar Hägglund 2509:Nikolai Kuznetsov 2499:Commander of the 2424:Soviet Air Forces 2418:veterans General 2416:Spanish Civil War 2288:puppet government 2274:Soviet intentions 2164:Gustaf Mannerheim 2137:Kalastajasaarento 2129:Rybachy Peninsula 1909:Aunus expeditions 1792:Senate of Finland 1780:Russian Civil War 1731:Kingdom of Sweden 1555:League of Nations 1531: 1530: 1418: 1417: 1341: 1340: 1057: 1056: 978:Strategic bombing 894:Mediterranean Sea 647: 646: 483: 482: 472:1,200–3,543 tanks 418:2,514–6,541 tanks 330:Semyon Timoshenko 271:Woldemar Hägglund 222:C.G.E. Mannerheim 131: 130: 121:Rybachy Peninsula 17839: 17807:Karelian Isthmus 17724: 17723: 17626: 17618: 17610: 17609:(brother-in-law) 17602: 17598:Sergei Alliluyev 17594: 17590:Joseph Alliluyev 17586: 17578: 17570: 17562: 17554: 17546: 17538: 17530: 17522: 17514: 17506: 17408:Pantheon, Moscow 17366:The Soviet Story 17340:Darkness at Noon 17229:De-Stalinization 17080:Leningrad Affair 16813:Decossackization 16611:1946 Iran crisis 16574:Yalta Conference 16446:Collectivization 16371: 16370: 16331: 16324: 16317: 16308: 16307: 16073:Prior antagonism 16059: 16052: 16045: 16036: 16035: 15906:Transnistria War 15851:War of Attrition 15757:Continuation War 15706: 15498:January Uprising 15339:Seven Years' War 15239:Time of Troubles 15205:Russo-Kazan Wars 15050:Russo-Kazan Wars 14982: 14981: 14950: 14943: 14936: 14927: 14926: 14862:Continuation War 14752:Plans and Policy 14684:list of aircraft 14670: 14669: 14652:Chief of Defence 14617: 14610: 14603: 14594: 14593: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14518:Independence Day 14508:National symbols 14357: 14356: 14265: 14264: 14167: 14166: 14059:Cities and towns 14052: 14051: 14037:Military history 14015:Continuation War 13926: 13919: 13912: 13903: 13902: 13892: 13885: 13878: 13875:World portal 13873: 13872: 13848: 13841: 13834: 13827: 13818: 13811: 13804: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13760: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13735:Prague offensive 13730: 13728:Battle of Berlin 13723: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13672:Vienna offensive 13667: 13660: 13653: 13651:Battle of Manila 13646: 13626: 13617: 13608: 13601: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13564: 13557: 13550: 13541: 13532: 13525: 13516: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13486: 13479: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13435: 13428: 13419: 13410: 13401: 13394: 13392:Korsun–Cherkassy 13387: 13376: 13354: 13345: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13317: 13310: 13303: 13294: 13287: 13280: 13273: 13264: 13257: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13234:Bombing of Gorky 13229: 13222: 13215: 13195: 13188: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13156: 13149: 13142: 13135: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13103: 13101:Battle of Midway 13096: 13089: 13087:Battle of Gazala 13082: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13020: 13013: 13006: 12999: 12997:Battle of Borneo 12992: 12990:Malayan campaign 12985: 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12934:Bombing of Gorky 12929: 12927:Battle of Moscow 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12799: 12779: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12691:Battle of France 12686: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12631: 12624: 12617: 12610: 12603: 12596: 12589: 12567: 12560: 12553: 12546: 12544:Munich Agreement 12539: 12532: 12523: 12516: 12509: 12500: 12493: 12478: 12477: 12460: 12453: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12429:Soviet prisoners 12423: 12416: 12409: 12400: 12393: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12369:German prisoners 12365: 12345: 12336: 12329: 12322: 12317: 12310: 12303: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12275: 12268: 12261: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12226: 12217: 12210: 12203: 12196: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12140: 12133: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12105: 12098: 12091: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11960: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11929: 11922: 11914: 11907: 11905:French Indochina 11900: 11893: 11886: 11879: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11849: 11829: 11820: 11813: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11769: 11762: 11755: 11752:from August 1944 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11687: 11675: 11668: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11635: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11552: 11537: 11536: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11478: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11444: 11435: 11428: 11421: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11396:Nanjing Massacre 11391: 11384: 11375: 11373:Nuremberg trials 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11214: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11106: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11044: 11037: 11030: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10977:Asia and Pacific 10959: 10952: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10908: 10906:Mulberry harbour 10901: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10843: 10836: 10829: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10748: 10741: 10726: 10725: 10714: 10707: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10656: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10612: 10611: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10532: 10513: 10469: 10456: 10433: 10414: 10393: 10364: 10337: 10310: 10291: 10257: 10222: 10194: 10185: 10166: 10157: 10148: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10129: 10122: 10105: 10096: 10087: 10074: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10041: 10034: 10017: 10015: 10013: 9980: 9957: 9934: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9896: 9887: 9878: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9832: 9810: 9801: 9792: 9766: 9757: 9748: 9738: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9674: 9665: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9575: 9566: 9554: 9528: 9512: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9471: 9448: 9439: 9430: 9421: 9398: 9385: 9366: 9343: 9324: 9301: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9250:. Archived from 9226: 9224: 9222: 9205:Aptekar, Pavel. 9192: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9125: 9096: 9077: 9055: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9000: 8981: 8972: 8944: 8925: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8873: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8813: 8794: 8775: 8763: 8743: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8694: 8693:. Penguin Press. 8685: 8676: 8657: 8656:. Howells House. 8648: 8646: 8644: 8628: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8589: 8570: 8548: 8521: 8492: 8473: 8464: 8445: 8443: 8429: 8407: 8390:Conquest, Robert 8385: 8372: 8353: 8334: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8299:. Archived from 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8055:Paasikivi (1958) 8052: 8046: 8043:Laaksonen (2005) 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7971: 7965: 7956: 7950: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7889: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7788: 7786:Ahtiainen (2000) 7783: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7598: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7525:(5): 1089–1112. 7510: 7504: 7501:Enkenberg (2020) 7498: 7492: 7489:Laaksonen (1999) 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7441:Laaksonen (1999) 7438: 7432: 7429:Laaksonen (1999) 7426: 7420: 7414: 7403: 7400:Laaksonen (1999) 7397: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7349:Tillotson (1993) 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7313:Elfvegren (1999) 7310: 7304: 7301:Elfvegren (1999) 7298: 7292: 7289:Elfvegren (1999) 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7241:Tillotson (1993) 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7205: 7198: 7192: 7177: 7171: 7168:Vuorenmaa (1999) 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7120: 7117:Suomen Kuvalehti 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7033:Vuorenmaa (1999) 7030: 7024: 7021:Vuorenmaa (1999) 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6939: 6933: 6930:Kauppinen (2017) 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6858:Laaksonen (1999) 6855: 6849: 6846:Laaksonen (1999) 6843: 6837: 6834:Vuorenmaa (1999) 6831: 6825: 6819: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6771: 6765: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6615:Soikkanen (1999) 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6538:Paskhover (2015) 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5739: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5673: 5670:Manninen (1999a) 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5567:Lightbody (2004) 5564: 5558: 5552: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5259:Lightbody (2004) 5256: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5227:Chubaryan (2002) 5224: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5153: 5147: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5075: 5072:Manninen (1999b) 5069: 5056: 5050: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5023:Manninen (1999b) 5020: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4987: 4978: 4972: 4963: 4958: 4949: 4943: 4932: 4926: 4915: 4912:Tillotson (1993) 4909: 4896: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4860: 4847: 4841: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4642:relevant section 4638: 4632: 4629:relevant section 4625: 4619: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4550: 4544: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4194:Continuation War 4149:Édouard Daladier 4056:Nansen passports 3872: 3862: 3843:public statement 3819:right of passage 3647:merchant vessels 3514:Continuation War 3496:Finnish forward 3482:fighter aircraft 3458:Bristol Blenheim 3395:Soviet Air Force 3385:Soviet Air Force 3256:layered clothing 3184:battle of Kollaa 3144:Hannu Hannuksela 3045:economy of force 3001:during the war. 2806:Molotov cocktail 2789:defence in depth 2780: 2774: 2768:Karelian Isthmus 2727:was replaced by 2397:Kirill Meretskov 2126: 2113:Karelian Isthmus 1941:ice-free harbour 1937:Petsamo Province 1778:of 1917 and the 1756:. The resulting 1743:Saint Petersburg 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1650:Continuation War 1640:, in June 1941, 1578:Karelian Isthmus 1523: 1516: 1509: 1421: 1420: 1405:Moscow Armistice 1400:Continuation War 1380: 1378: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1345: 1344: 1328:Petsamo–Kirkenes 1171:Continuation War 1096: 1094: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1061: 1060: 1044:French Indochina 687: 676: 669: 662: 653: 652: 529:Karelian Isthmus 520: 509: 502: 495: 486: 485: 474:261–515 aircraft 445:armed icebreaker 416: 407: 389: 388: 379:Mikhail Dukhanov 377: 376: 365: 364: 355:Vladimir Grendal 353: 352: 343:Kirill Meretskov 341: 340: 327: 326: 313: 312: 299: 298: 281: 280: 269: 268: 257: 256: 245: 244: 233: 232: 219: 218: 205: 204: 174: 172: 171: 150: 148: 147: 109:Karelian Isthmus 62: 61: 50: 30: 29: 17847: 17846: 17842: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17837: 17836: 17762:1940 in Finland 17752:1939 in Finland 17737: 17736: 17735: 17730: 17712: 17708:Stalin's bunker 17658:Room at Kremlin 17648:Tiflis Seminary 17629: 17624: 17616: 17608: 17600: 17592: 17585:(granddaughter) 17584: 17576: 17568: 17560: 17552: 17544: 17542:Artyom Sergeyev 17536: 17528: 17520: 17512: 17504: 17490: 17472: 17376: 17334:True Communists 17297: 17295: 17288: 17252:Khrushchev Thaw 17223: 17190:Stalin's poetry 17109: 16977:Japhetic theory 16915:Medvedev Forest 16808:Georgian Affair 16785: 16779: 16740:Five-year plans 16684: 16653:Berlin Blockade 16643:Greek Civil War 16432:August Uprising 16420: 16401:Political views 16366: 16360: 16340: 16335: 16305: 16300: 16285: 16247: 16180: 16149: 16101: 16068: 16063: 16033: 16028: 16000: 15941: 15935: 15926:War of Dagestan 15700: 15673:August Uprising 15542: 15536: 15525:Boxer Rebellion 15493:Amur Annexation 15294: 15288: 15192: 15186: 15167:War of Dagestan 15147:August Uprising 15101: 15023: 14973: 14954: 14924: 14919: 14876: 14821: 14795: 14769: 14730:Defence Command 14713: 14661: 14626: 14621: 14591: 14586: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14539: 14513:Public holidays 14425: 14342: 14250: 14214:Law enforcement 14152: 14041: 13973:The Great Wrath 13939: 13930: 13900: 13895: 13888: 13881: 13867: 13865: 13853: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13814: 13807: 13800: 13791: 13786:Atomic bombings 13784: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13705: 13698: 13691: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13663: 13656: 13649: 13642: 13629: 13622: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13560: 13553: 13544: 13535: 13528: 13519: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13489: 13482: 13477:Eastern Romania 13475: 13470:Warsaw Uprising 13468: 13463:Tannenberg Line 13461: 13454: 13449:Western Ukraine 13447: 13438: 13431: 13422: 13413: 13404: 13397: 13390: 13379: 13370: 13357: 13350: 13341: 13334: 13327: 13320: 13313: 13306: 13299: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13241:Battle of Kursk 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13198: 13191: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13138: 13129: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13071: 13064: 13057: 13052:St Nazaire Raid 13050: 13043: 13036: 13023: 13016: 13009: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12890: 12876: 12867: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12834:Anglo-Iraqi War 12832: 12825:Battle of Crete 12823: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12795: 12782: 12773: 12766: 12759: 12754:Eastern Romania 12752: 12745: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12717: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12654: 12647: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12572: 12563: 12556: 12549: 12542: 12535: 12528: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12496: 12489: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12440: 12433: 12428: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12396: 12389: 12380: 12373: 12368: 12361: 12348: 12341: 12332: 12325: 12320: 12315:Western Ukraine 12313: 12306: 12299: 12292: 12285: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12259:Northeast China 12257: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12229: 12222: 12213: 12206: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12171: 12164: 12157: 12150: 12143: 12136: 12129: 12122: 12115: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12087: 12074: 12067: 12060: 12053: 12046: 12039: 12032: 12025: 12018: 12011: 12004: 11997: 11984: 11977: 11970: 11965:Slovak Republic 11963: 11955: 11948: 11941: 11936:Empire of Japan 11934: 11925: 11917: 11910: 11903: 11896: 11889: 11882: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11852: 11845: 11832: 11825: 11816: 11809: 11800: 11793: 11786: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11650: 11638: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11595: 11588: 11576: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11522: 11513: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11481: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11448:Sexual violence 11447: 11440: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11371: 11362: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11318: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11217: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11178: 11171: 11166:Greek Civil War 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11109: 11102: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11070: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10996: 10991:South-East Asia 10989: 10982: 10975: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10883: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10850:Military awards 10848: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10816: 10809: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10744: 10737: 10717: 10710: 10703: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10675: 10666: 10659: 10652: 10644: 10639: 10574: 10561: 10559: 10529: 10510: 10435:(online review) 10430: 10411: 10353: 10340: 10326: 10307: 10288: 10225:Chew, Allen F. 10219: 10203: 10201:Further reading 10198: 10182: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10120: 10081: 10071: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10011: 10009: 10002: 9988: 9977: 9954: 9919: 9917: 9904: 9856: 9854: 9843: 9829: 9789: 9735: 9694: 9662: 9636: 9634: 9627: 9613: 9599: 9597: 9551: 9490: 9488: 9468: 9418: 9405: 9382: 9363: 9340: 9321: 9286: 9284: 9257: 9255: 9248: 9234: 9220: 9218: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9167: 9165: 9143: 9141: 9114: 9093: 9074: 9052: 9030: 9028: 9021: 8997: 8962: 8941: 8922: 8900: 8898: 8891: 8870: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8810: 8791: 8724: 8722: 8715: 8673: 8642: 8640: 8625: 8603: 8601: 8586: 8567: 8537: 8510: 8489: 8461: 8426: 8404: 8369: 8350: 8331: 8306: 8304: 8303:on 29 June 2011 8286: 8281: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8210:Van Dyke (1997) 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8091:Turtola (1999b) 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7993: 7989: 7981: 7974: 7966: 7959: 7951: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7890: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7812:Van Dyke (1997) 7810: 7806: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7599: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7406: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7325:Leskinen (1999) 7323: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7253:Peltonen (1999) 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7208: 7200:Jouko Juonala: 7199: 7195: 7191:|. (in Finnish) 7178: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7130: 7123: 7113:Wayback Machine 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6949:Wayback Machine 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6502:Laemlein (2013) 6500: 6496: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6378:Manninen (2008) 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6219:Conquest (2007) 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6088:Elliston (1940) 6086: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6053:Kokoshin (1998) 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6018:Yle News (2013) 6016: 6012: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5952: 5948: 5942:Turtola (1999a) 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5757: 5751:Turtola (1999a) 5749: 5742: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5646:Turtola (1999a) 5644: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5615:Turtola (1999a) 5613: 5609: 5603:Turtola (1999a) 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5528:Van Dyke (1997) 5526: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5492:Turtola (1999a) 5490: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5463:Polvinen (1987) 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5427:Turtola (1999a) 5425: 5421: 5415:Turtola (1999a) 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5319: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5156: 5148: 5141: 5135:Manninen (2008) 5133: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5110:Kovalyov (2006) 5108: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5059: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4935: 4927: 4918: 4910: 4899: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4850: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4817:Manninen (1994) 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4770:Peltonen (1999) 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4568:, Russian: 4551: 4547: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4380: 4363: 4293: 4283:as well as the 4211: 4206: 4204:Cross of Sorrow 4200: 4188:Main articles: 4186: 4094: 4088: 4080:Leino prisoners 4036: 4028:Christopher Lee 3992:Volunteer Corps 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963:Foreign support 3912: 3906: 3884:Gulf of Viipuri 3874: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3852: 3788:Hella Wuolijoki 3784: 3763: 3722: 3717: 3666: 3614:and at least 5 3533: 3528: 3522: 3462:No. 44 Squadron 3450: 3391:air superiority 3387: 3382: 3376: 3347:Battle of Salla 3312: 3264: 3125: 3071: 3013: 3007: 2939: 2929: 2924: 2904:Finnish Lapland 2860:Soviet 8th Army 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2764:Mannerheim Line 2756: 2704:bombed Helsinki 2700: 2695: 2693:Soviet invasion 2621:saturation fire 2617:counter-battery 2612:Finnish economy 2600:Defence Command 2584: 2578: 2535:Mannerheim Line 2460: 2454: 2393:order of battle 2372: 2367: 2365:Opposing forces 2276: 2219: 2213: 2157:Eastern Karelia 2141:Hanko Peninsula 2047:Gulf of Finland 2029:In April 1938, 2011: 2005: 1962: 1933:Treaty of Tartu 1917:Greater Finland 1898:in Moscow 1932. 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1689: 1681:Main articles: 1679: 1674: 1664: 1658: 1527: 1490:Mannerheim Line 1480:Popular culture 1449:Foreign support 1419: 1414: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1342: 1337: 1133:(Faroe Islands) 1097: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1058: 1053: 940:Other campaigns 934:Southern France 843:Burma and India 838:South-East Asia 833:Franco-Thai War 688: 682: 680: 650: 649: 648: 643: 521: 515: 513: 476: 475: 473: 471: 466: 460: 453: 448: 442: 440: 438: 433: 431: 419: 417: 414: 410: 408: 405: 395: 391:Valerian Frolov 383: 371: 359: 347: 335: 321: 307: 293: 287: 275: 263: 251: 239: 227: 213: 199: 169: 167: 145: 143: 105:Gulf of Finland 103:Cession of the 99: 83: 69: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17845: 17835: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17732: 17731: 17729: 17728: 17717: 17714: 17713: 17711: 17710: 17705: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17639: 17637: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17627: 17619: 17611: 17603: 17595: 17587: 17579: 17571: 17563: 17555: 17547: 17539: 17531: 17523: 17515: 17507: 17498: 17496: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17488: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17470: 17465: 17463:Stalin Society 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17403:Stalin statues 17400: 17395: 17390: 17384: 17382: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17362: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17304:Stalin Epigram 17300: 17298: 17293: 17290: 17289: 17287: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17254: 17249: 17247:Rehabilitation 17244: 17239: 17233: 17231: 17225: 17224: 17222: 17221: 17216: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17175: 17170: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17146: 17139: 17132: 17125: 17117: 17115: 17111: 17110: 17108: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17025: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16974: 16969: 16961: 16960: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16943: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16867: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16846: 16845: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16823:Wittorf affair 16820: 16818:Dekulakization 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16789: 16787: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16760:New Soviet man 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16696: 16694: 16690: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16634: 16633: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16582: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16534: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16453: 16443: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16377: 16375: 16368: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16352: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16334: 16333: 16326: 16319: 16311: 16302: 16301: 16299: 16298: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16283: 16278: 16271: 16269:Katyń massacre 16266: 16261: 16255: 16253: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16245: 16240: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217:Naval cruiser 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16126: 16125: 16115: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16082: 16076: 16074: 16070: 16069: 16062: 16061: 16054: 16047: 16039: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16009:Russian Winter 16005: 16002: 16001: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15836:Vlora incident 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15775: 15774: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15748: 15747: 15737: 15732: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15664: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15606: 15601: 15599:Sochi conflict 15596: 15591: 15586: 15585: 15584: 15569: 15568: 15567: 15557: 15552: 15546: 15544: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15532: 15522: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15510: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15489: 15488: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15451: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15325: 15320: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15298: 15296: 15290: 15289: 15287: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15196: 15194: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15113: 15111: 15107: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15031: 15029: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14985: 14979: 14975: 14974: 14953: 14952: 14945: 14938: 14930: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14910: 14908:Military ranks 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14884: 14882: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14869: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14835: 14833: 14827: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14803: 14801: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14727: 14721: 14719: 14715: 14714: 14712: 14711: 14697: 14687: 14676: 14674: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14634: 14632: 14628: 14627: 14620: 14619: 14612: 14605: 14597: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14572: 14571: 14564: 14557: 14549: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14435: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14421:Welfare system 14418: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14374:Climate change 14371: 14366: 14360: 14354: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14318:Stock exchange 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14268: 14262: 14256: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14246:Prime Minister 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14227: 14226: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14113: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14096: 14091: 14089:National parks 14086: 14084:Municipalities 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14064:Extreme points 14061: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14027:Finlandization 14024: 14023: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13949: 13947: 13941: 13940: 13929: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13906: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13842: 13835: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13805: 13802:South Sakhalin 13798: 13797: 13796: 13782: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13696: 13689: 13682: 13675: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13639: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13627: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13602: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13551: 13542: 13533: 13526: 13517: 13510: 13503: 13496: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13452: 13445: 13436: 13429: 13420: 13411: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13377: 13367: 13365: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13339: 13325: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13281: 13274: 13265: 13258: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13227:Battle of Attu 13223: 13216: 13208: 13206: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13196: 13189: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13118: 13104: 13097: 13090: 13083: 13076: 13069: 13062: 13055: 13048: 13041: 13033: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12976:Battle of Guam 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12899:Battle of Kiev 12895: 12888: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12858: 12851: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12829: 12828: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12792: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12780: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12680: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12652: 12644: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12625: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12597: 12590: 12582: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12568: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12517: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12486: 12484: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12446: 12445: 12438: 12426: 12425: 12424: 12410: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12398:United Kingdom 12394: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12366: 12358: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12330: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12297: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12248: 12241: 12234: 12227: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12211: 12197: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12169: 12162: 12155: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12084: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12009: 12002: 11994: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11975: 11968: 11961: 11953: 11946: 11939: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11915: 11908: 11901: 11894: 11887: 11880: 11872: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11842: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802:British Empire 11795:United Kingdom 11791: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11744: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11636: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11611:Czechoslovakia 11607: 11600: 11593: 11586: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11545: 11543: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11511: 11508:Rape of Manila 11504: 11497: 11490: 11479: 11464: 11457: 11445: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11429: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11385: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11360: 11346: 11339: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11316: 11309: 11294: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11279:United Nations 11275: 11268: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11224: 11215: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11138:Decolonization 11134: 11127: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11084: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11038: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11015: 11008: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10972: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10902: 10888: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10830: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10814: 10811:United Kingdom 10807: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10734: 10732: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10657: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10638: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10597: 10587: 10581: 10578:Военный альбом 10573: 10572:External links 10570: 10569: 10568: 10543: 10533: 10527: 10519:The Winter War 10514: 10508: 10485: 10470: 10457: 10437: 10429:978-0700619108 10428: 10415: 10410:978-1612004297 10409: 10394: 10376:(3): 825–852. 10365: 10351: 10338: 10325:978-1472806314 10324: 10311: 10306:978-9197589529 10305: 10292: 10286: 10273: 10258: 10238: 10223: 10218:978-1472813244 10217: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10186: 10180: 10167: 10158: 10149: 10140: 10106: 10097: 10088: 10075: 10069: 10052: 10018: 10000: 9981: 9975: 9958: 9952: 9935: 9926: 9912:(in Russian). 9897: 9888: 9879: 9863: 9833: 9827: 9815:Manninen, Ohto 9811: 9802: 9793: 9787: 9771:Manninen, Ohto 9767: 9758: 9749: 9739: 9733: 9716: 9707: 9698: 9692: 9675: 9666: 9660: 9643: 9625: 9606: 9584:(126): 21–24. 9567: 9555: 9549: 9529: 9513: 9497: 9472: 9466: 9449: 9440: 9431: 9422: 9416: 9399: 9386: 9381:978-9185276806 9380: 9367: 9361: 9344: 9338: 9325: 9319: 9302: 9293: 9275:(in Russian). 9264: 9246: 9227: 9213:(in Russian). 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9187: 9174: 9150: 9126: 9113:978-1509508020 9112: 9097: 9091: 9078: 9072: 9056: 9050: 9037: 9019: 9001: 8996:978-1591139102 8995: 8989:. BookLocker. 8982: 8973: 8961:978-1107055711 8960: 8945: 8940:978-1903111642 8939: 8926: 8920: 8907: 8890:978-0691140605 8889: 8874: 8868: 8855: 8829: 8814: 8809:978-1612000374 8808: 8795: 8789: 8776: 8764: 8744: 8731: 8713: 8695: 8686: 8677: 8671: 8658: 8649: 8629: 8623: 8610: 8590: 8584: 8571: 8565: 8549: 8536:978-9401179645 8535: 8522: 8508: 8493: 8487: 8474: 8470:Finland Fights 8465: 8459: 8446: 8430: 8424: 8412:Coox, Alvin D. 8408: 8402: 8386: 8373: 8367: 8354: 8348: 8342:. Frank Cass. 8335: 8329: 8313: 8297:Helsinki Times 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8270:Edwards (2006) 8262: 8250: 8246:Edwards (2006) 8238: 8226: 8222:Trotter (2002) 8214: 8202: 8190: 8178: 8174:Trotter (2002) 8166: 8154: 8142: 8138:Jokipii (1999) 8130: 8118: 8107: 8095: 8083: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8035: 8031:Edwards (2006) 8023: 8019:Trotter (2002) 8011: 8007:Trotter (2002) 7999: 7995:Trotter (2002) 7987: 7983:Edwards (2006) 7972: 7968:Trotter (2002) 7957: 7953:Edwards (2006) 7942: 7938:Edwards (2006) 7930: 7926:Trotter (2002) 7915: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7840: 7836:Trotter (2002) 7828: 7816: 7804: 7789: 7775: 7763: 7759:Gadolin (1952) 7751: 7739: 7728: 7696: 7692:Trotter (2002) 7684: 7682:, p. 320. 7680:Fadiman (1985) 7672: 7668:Trotter (2002) 7660: 7648: 7644:Trotter (2002) 7636: 7613:(1): 101–113. 7588: 7584:Edwards (2006) 7576: 7572:Trotter (2002) 7564: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7477:Trotter (2002) 7469: 7457: 7453:Trotter (2002) 7445: 7433: 7421: 7417:Trotter (2002) 7404: 7389: 7385:Trotter (2002) 7377: 7375:, pp. 126, 127 7365: 7353: 7341: 7337:Silvast (1999) 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7277:Trotter (2002) 7269: 7265:Trotter (2002) 7257: 7245: 7233: 7229:Trotter (2002) 7221: 7217:Trotter (2002) 7206: 7193: 7172: 7160: 7156:Trotter (2002) 7148: 7136: 7132:Trotter (2002) 7121: 7104:Pöntinen, P.: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7045:Trotter (2002) 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6961:Trotter (2002) 6953: 6934: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6870:Trotter (2002) 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6822:Trotter (2002) 6811: 6807:Trotter (2002) 6799: 6795:Trotter (2002) 6787: 6772: 6768:Trotter (2002) 6757: 6745: 6733: 6703: 6699:Trotter (2002) 6691: 6687:Trotter (2002) 6679: 6675:Trotter (2002) 6667: 6663:Trotter (2002) 6655: 6651:Trotter (2002) 6643: 6639:Trotter (2002) 6631: 6619: 6607: 6603:Trotter (2002) 6595: 6593:, pp. 506, 540 6583: 6579:Trotter (2002) 6568: 6564:Trotter (2002) 6553: 6541: 6530: 6518: 6514:Trotter (2002) 6506: 6494: 6490:Trotter (2002) 6479: 6468: 6465:Trotter (2002) 6457: 6445: 6424: 6420:Trotter (2002) 6409: 6405:Trotter (2002) 6394: 6382: 6370: 6366:Edwards (2006) 6358: 6354:Edwards (2006) 6346: 6342:Trotter (2002) 6334: 6322: 6318:Goldman (2012) 6310: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6267:Edwards (2006) 6259: 6247: 6235: 6231:Bullock (1993) 6223: 6211: 6207:Trotter (2002) 6199: 6197:, pp. 981, 994 6187: 6175: 6173:, pp. 966, 974 6163: 6152: 6140: 6136:Edwards (2006) 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6069: 6065:Killham (1993) 6057: 6045: 6041:Trotter (2002) 6033: 6021: 6010: 6007:Aptekar (2009) 5999: 5987: 5975: 5968: 5946: 5931: 5927:Edwards (2006) 5919: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5881:, pp. 961, 974 5868: 5856: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5803:, pp. 963, 971 5793: 5781: 5766: 5755: 5740: 5725: 5713: 5709:Trotter (2002) 5701: 5689: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5591:Trotter (2002) 5583: 5579:Trotter (2002) 5571: 5559: 5544: 5540:Edwards (2006) 5532: 5520: 5516:Edwards (2006) 5508: 5504:Edwards (2006) 5496: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5451:Edwards (2006) 5443: 5439:Edwards (2006) 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5391:Trotter (2002) 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5317: 5302: 5298:Trotter (2002) 5287: 5285:, pp. 126, 127 5275: 5263: 5246: 5242:Trotter (2002) 5231: 5216: 5201: 5186: 5171: 5154: 5150:Rentola (2003) 5139: 5124: 5113: 5102: 5091: 5076: 5057: 5042: 5027: 5012: 4979: 4975:Sokolov (2000) 4964: 4950: 4933: 4916: 4897: 4882: 4867: 4848: 4844:Trotter (2002) 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4646: 4633: 4620: 4604:historiography 4583:Zimnyaya voyna 4571:Зи́мняя война́ 4545: 4527: 4517: 4507: 4486: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4416: 4413:Finland portal 4400: 4397: 4379: 4376: 4362: 4359: 4292: 4289: 4210: 4207: 4185: 4182: 4090:Main article: 4087: 4084: 4048:Boris Bazhanov 4035: 4032: 3975: 3972: 3967:Main article: 3964: 3961: 3908:Main article: 3905: 3902: 3869: 3867:'s coast group 3859: 3851: 3848: 3783: 3780: 3768:trench warfare 3762: 3759: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3665: 3662: 3532: 3531:Naval activity 3529: 3524:Main article: 3521: 3518: 3510:Jorma Sarvanto 3486:reconnaissance 3474:Eric von Rosen 3449: 3446: 3386: 3383: 3378:Main article: 3375: 3374:Aerial warfare 3372: 3340:Kurt Wallenius 3311: 3308: 3263: 3260: 3160:Grigory Shtern 3124: 3121: 3113:Harald Öhquist 3070: 3067: 3006: 3003: 2952:active service 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2856:Ladoga Karelia 2777: 2771: 2755: 2752: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2670: 2663:Juho Heiskanen 2655: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2549: 2538: 2527: 2485:Central Europe 2453: 2450: 2420:Pavel Rychagov 2377:Andrei Zhdanov 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2358:Stephen Kotkin 2314:Andrei Zhdanov 2280:Vladimir Putin 2275: 2272: 2215:Main article: 2212: 2209: 2192:Supreme Soviet 2007:Main article: 2004: 2001: 1961: 1958: 1896:Maxim Litvinov 1890:was signed by 1861:Lapua Movement 1735:Russian Empire 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1678: 1675: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1586:Ladoga Karelia 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1472:Related topics 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1454:Aerial warfare 1451: 1446: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1348: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1232: 1216: 1215: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1168: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1064: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009:Baltic Nations 1000: 999: 998: 997: 987: 982: 981: 980: 970: 965: 960: 955: 954: 953: 937: 936: 931: 926: 925: 924: 919: 914: 906: 901: 896: 891: 890: 889: 884: 868: 867: 862: 861: 860: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 829: 828: 818: 805: 804: 803: 802: 792: 787: 786: 785: 775: 770: 769: 768: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 736: 731: 730: 729: 724: 719: 709: 704: 693: 690: 689: 679: 678: 671: 664: 656: 645: 644: 642: 641: 636: 630: 629: 625: 624: 619: 618: 617: 606: 605: 601: 600: 594: 593: 589: 588: 583: 582: 581: 570: 569: 568:Ladoga Karelia 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 548: 547: 537: 531: 530: 526: 523: 522: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 481: 480: 457: 432:43,557 wounded 427: 426: 422: 421: 420:3,880 aircraft 412: 402: 401: 397: 396: 394: 393: 381: 369: 367:Grigori Shtern 357: 345: 333: 319: 305: 290: 288: 286: 285: 273: 261: 259:Erik Heinrichs 249: 247:Harald Öhquist 237: 225: 211: 196: 193: 192: 188: 187: 186: 185: 163: 162: 161: 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 113:Ladoga Karelia 101: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 78: 76: 72: 71: 66: 58: 57: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17844: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17827:Winter events 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17744: 17742: 17727: 17719: 17718: 17715: 17709: 17706: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17681:Semyonovskoye 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17663: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17640: 17638: 17636: 17632: 17623: 17620: 17615: 17612: 17607: 17604: 17599: 17596: 17591: 17588: 17583: 17580: 17575: 17572: 17567: 17564: 17559: 17558:Vasily Stalin 17556: 17553:(second wife) 17551: 17548: 17545:(adopted son) 17543: 17540: 17535: 17532: 17527: 17524: 17519: 17518:Kato Svanidze 17516: 17511: 17508: 17503: 17500: 17499: 17497: 17493: 17487: 17486: 17482: 17481: 17479: 17475: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17367: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17355: 17351: 17349: 17348: 17344: 17342: 17341: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17314:Ryutin Affair 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17294:Criticism and 17291: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17230: 17226: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17210: 17208: 17207:Order No. 270 17205: 17203: 17202:Order No. 227 17200: 17198: 17197: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17168: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17151: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17137: 17133: 17130: 17126: 17123: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17112: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17100:Doctors' plot 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17058:Nazino affair 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17030: 17029: 17026: 17023: 17022:German–Soviet 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16981:Slavists case 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16962: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16947:Moscow Trials 16945: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16872: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16782: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16710:Korenizatsiya 16708: 16706: 16705:Neo-Stalinism 16703: 16701: 16698: 16697: 16695: 16691: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16632: 16629: 16628: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16591:Ili Rebellion 16589: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16448: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16423: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16372: 16369: 16363: 16356: 16353: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16343: 16339: 16338:Joseph Stalin 16332: 16327: 16325: 16320: 16318: 16313: 16312: 16309: 16297: 16296: 16292: 16291: 16288: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16276: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16264:Eastern Front 16262: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16250: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16220: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16183: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16104: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16087: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16060: 16055: 16053: 16048: 16046: 16041: 16040: 16037: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16003: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15975: 15974:2022 invasion 15972: 15970: 15969:War in Donbas 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15938: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15806:Ili Rebellion 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15704: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15570: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15539: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15505: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15444:Caucasian War 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15291: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15189: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15114: 15112: 15108: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14986: 14983: 14980: 14976: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14951: 14946: 14944: 14939: 14937: 14932: 14931: 14928: 14916: 14915: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14888:Civil defence 14886: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14870: 14867: 14863: 14859: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14828: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14798: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14716: 14709: 14708:list of ships 14705: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14639: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14618: 14613: 14611: 14606: 14604: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14574: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14550: 14546: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14486: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14308:Ship-building 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14257: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13927: 13922: 13920: 13915: 13913: 13908: 13907: 13904: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13871: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13836: 13833: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13809:Kuril Islands 13806: 13803: 13799: 13794: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13750: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13718: 13715: 13711: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13648: 13645: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13625: 13621: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13591: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13576:Syrmian Front 13573: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13534: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13522:Market Garden 13518: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13434: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13400: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13381:Monte Cassino 13378: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13353: 13349: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13323: 13319: 13316: 13312: 13309: 13305: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13279: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13263: 13259: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13245: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13194: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13144: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13105: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13081: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13046: 13042: 13039: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12959: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12875: 12870: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12831: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12785: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12769: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12747:Baltic states 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12555: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12522: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12504: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12448: 12443: 12439: 12436: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12411: 12408: 12404: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12391:United States 12388: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12351: 12344: 12340: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12327:Quốc dân Đảng 12324: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12291: 12288: 12284: 12281: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12263: 12260: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12228: 12225: 12221: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12177: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12070: 12066: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12027:Liechtenstein 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11835: 11828: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811:United States 11808: 11803: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11775: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11529: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11501:Comfort women 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11485: / 11484: 11480: 11477: 11474: / 11473: 11470: / 11469: 11465: 11462: 11461:Camp brothels 11458: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11416: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350:The Holocaust 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11336:forced labour 11333: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189:Marshall Plan 11186: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11101: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11043: 11042:Eastern Front 11039: 11036: 11035:Western Front 11032: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11002: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10933: 10930: 10929:Puppet states 10926: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10886: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871:Naval history 10868: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10847: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10818:United States 10815: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10629: 10624: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10486: 10483: 10482:1-56512-249-6 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10298: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10271: 10270:0-8117-2433-6 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10242:Cox, Geoffrey 10239: 10236: 10235:0-87013-167-2 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10193:(in Finnish). 10192: 10187: 10183: 10181:5-7838-0583-1 10177: 10173: 10168: 10165:(in Finnish). 10164: 10159: 10156:(in Finnish). 10155: 10150: 10147:(in Finnish). 10146: 10141: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10113: 10107: 10104:(in Finnish). 10103: 10098: 10095:(in Finnish). 10094: 10089: 10085: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10053: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10025: 10019: 10007: 10003: 10001:5-17-009849-9 9997: 9993: 9989: 9982: 9978: 9976:951-0-14299-9 9972: 9969:]. WSOY. 9968: 9964: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9936: 9933:(in Finnish). 9932: 9927: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9898: 9895:(in Finnish). 9894: 9889: 9886:(in Finnish). 9885: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9828:952-90-5251-0 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9809:(in Finnish). 9808: 9803: 9800:(in Finnish). 9799: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9765:(in Finnish). 9764: 9759: 9756:(in Finnish). 9755: 9750: 9747:(in Finnish). 9746: 9740: 9736: 9734:951-0-28690-7 9730: 9726: 9722: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9705:(in Finnish). 9704: 9699: 9695: 9693:951-20-6911-3 9689: 9685: 9681: 9676: 9673:(in Finnish). 9672: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9644: 9632: 9628: 9626:5-9524-2324-8 9622: 9618: 9614: 9607: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9565:(in Finnish). 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9467:951-98057-0-2 9463: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9447:(in Finnish). 9446: 9441: 9438:(in Finnish). 9437: 9432: 9429:(in Finnish). 9428: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9362:951-20-7042-1 9358: 9354: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313:]. WSOY. 9312: 9308: 9303: 9300:(in Finnish). 9299: 9294: 9282: 9279:(4): 99–108. 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9253: 9249: 9247:5-87849-171-0 9243: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9202: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9092:0-7146-4314-9 9088: 9085:. Routledge. 9084: 9079: 9075: 9073:1-85410-881-6 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9051:0-85955-196-2 9047: 9043: 9038: 9026: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9005:Tanner, Väinö 9002: 8998: 8992: 8988: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8923: 8921:0-08-033592-6 8917: 8913: 8908: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8856: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8790:0-415-22404-7 8786: 8783:. Routledge. 8782: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8720: 8716: 8714:1-85367-280-7 8710: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8488:0-8133-0149-1 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8435: 8434:Dallin, David 8431: 8427: 8425:0-8047-1160-7 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8317:Bullock, Alan 8314: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8258:Sedlar (2007) 8254: 8248:, pp. 277–279 8247: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8223: 8218: 8211: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8188:, pp. 893–896 8187: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8140:, pp. 145–146 8139: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8103:Reiter (2009) 8099: 8092: 8087: 8080: 8079:Dallin (1942) 8075: 8068: 8067:Halsti (1955) 8063: 8056: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8033:, pp. 272–273 8032: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8009:, pp. 238–239 8008: 8003: 7997:, pp. 237–238 7996: 7991: 7984: 7979: 7977: 7969: 7964: 7962: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7939: 7934: 7928:, pp. 235–236 7927: 7922: 7920: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7845: 7838:, pp. 194–202 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7814:, pp. 189–190 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7773:, pp. 142–143 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7670:, pp. 249–251 7669: 7664: 7658:, pp. 260–295 7657: 7652: 7646:, pp. 247–248 7645: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7585: 7580: 7574:, pp. 246–247 7573: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7431:, pp. 426–427 7430: 7425: 7419:, pp. 214–215 7418: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7402:, pp. 424–425 7401: 7396: 7394: 7387:, pp. 203–204 7386: 7381: 7374: 7373:Reiter (2009) 7369: 7362: 7361:Reiter (2009) 7357: 7351:, pp. 152–153 7350: 7345: 7339:, pp. 694–696 7338: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7285: 7279:, pp. 191–192 7278: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7255:, pp. 607–608 7254: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7231:, pp. 187–188 7230: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7170:, pp. 545–549 7169: 7164: 7158:, pp. 178–180 7157: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7134:, pp. 171–174 7133: 7128: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7101: 7095:, pp. 217–218 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7023:, pp. 559–561 7022: 7017: 7011:, pp. 516–517 7010: 7005: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6975:, pp. 510–511 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6902: 6896:, pp. 504–505 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6860:, pp. 411–412 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6836:, pp. 494–495 6835: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6809:, pp. 148–149 6808: 6803: 6797:, pp. 131–132 6796: 6791: 6785:, pp. 297–298 6784: 6779: 6777: 6770:, pp. 145–146 6769: 6764: 6762: 6755:, pp. 289–290 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6390:Kotkin (2017) 6386: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6293:, pp. 994–995 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6195:Kotkin (2017) 6191: 6185:, pp. 974-975 6184: 6183:Kotkin (2017) 6179: 6172: 6171:Kotkin (2017) 6167: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6100:Sander (2013) 6096: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6077:Coates (1940) 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6029:Tanner (1950) 6025: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5995:Kilin (2007a) 5991: 5984: 5983:Tanner (1950) 5979: 5971: 5969:951-710-050-7 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5915:Murphy (2021) 5911: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5891:Kotkin (2017) 5887: 5880: 5879:Kotkin (2017) 5875: 5873: 5865: 5864:Kotkin (2017) 5860: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5837:Kotkin (2017) 5833: 5826: 5825:Kotkin (2017) 5821: 5814: 5813:Kotkin (2017) 5809: 5802: 5801:Kotkin (2017) 5797: 5790: 5789:Kotkin (2017) 5785: 5778: 5777:Kotkin (2017) 5773: 5771: 5764: 5763:Tanner (1950) 5759: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5736:Kotkin (2017) 5732: 5730: 5722: 5721:Kotkin (2017) 5717: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5697:Kotkin (2017) 5693: 5686: 5685:Kotkin (2017) 5681: 5679: 5672:, pp. 141–148 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5555:Murphy (2021) 5551: 5549: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5477:, pp. 452–454 5476: 5475:Engman (2007) 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5306: 5300:, pp. 234–235 5299: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5283:Reiter (2009) 5279: 5272: 5271:Kotkin (2017) 5267: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212:Reiter (2009) 5208: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5168: 5167:Ravasz (2003) 5163: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5074:, pp. 810–811 5073: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4961:Petrov (2013) 4957: 4955: 4947: 4946:Kilin (2007b) 4942: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4736:, pp. 299–300 4735: 4730: 4726: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4660: 4659:Grigory Kulik 4656: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4521: 4511: 4504: 4503:Vickers 6-Ton 4500: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4417: 4414: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4358: 4356: 4355:Ohto Manninen 4350: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4232:Interim Peace 4229: 4220: 4215: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3980: 3970: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3916: 3911: 3901: 3898: 3897:Kyösti Kallio 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3866: 3856: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3839:Gustav V 3835: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3726: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3661: 3659: 3656:into Finnish 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:heavy cruiser 3566: 3562: 3561:landing craft 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3527: 3520:Naval warfare 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3381: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355:Pelkosenniemi 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336:Lapland Group 3333: 3332:Arctic Circle 3329: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248:North Karelia 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220:arrive by air 3217: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:Kollaa kestää 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3172:air supremacy 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:Ivan Khabarov 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140:Lauri Tiainen 3133: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2919: 2917: 2916:naval gunfire 2913: 2909: 2906:, the Soviet 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872:Paavo Talvela 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Taipale river 2828: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:border guards 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644:Hugo Österman 2641: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:unpaved roads 2588: 2583: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2436:Georgy Zhukov 2433: 2432:Grigory Kulik 2429: 2428:Dmitry Pavlov 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339:regime change 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2173:Aimo Cajander 2170: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:military base 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043:Aimo Cajander 2040: 2039:Rudolf Holsti 2036: 2035:Boris Yartsev 2032: 2024: 2020: 2019:field kitchen 2015: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Joseph Stalin 1966: 1960:Justification 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:anticommunist 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1821:, pro-German 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Soviet Russia 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1766:Russification 1763: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Interim Peace 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1459:Naval warfare 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1395:Interim Peace 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 996: 993: 992: 991: 988: 986: 983: 979: 976: 975: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 952: 949: 948: 947: 944: 943: 942: 941: 935: 932: 930: 927: 923: 920: 918: 917:Syria–Lebanon 915: 913: 910: 909: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 877: 876: 875: 874: 873: 866: 863: 859: 856: 855: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 827: 824: 823: 822: 821:Pacific Ocean 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 810: 801: 798: 797: 796: 793: 791: 790:Eastern Front 788: 784: 781: 780: 779: 776: 774: 771: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 740: 739:Western Front 737: 735: 732: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 698: 697: 691: 686: 683:Campaigns of 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 657: 654: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 627: 626: 623: 620: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 592:North Karelia 591: 590: 587: 584: 580: 577: 576: 575: 572: 571: 567: 566: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 527: 524: 518: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 487: 479: 470: 464: 458: 456: 451: 446: 437: 429: 428: 423: 413: 404: 403: 398: 392: 387: 382: 380: 375: 370: 368: 363: 358: 356: 351: 346: 344: 339: 334: 332: 331: 325: 320: 318: 317: 311: 306: 304: 303: 302:Joseph Stalin 297: 292: 291: 289: 284: 279: 274: 272: 267: 262: 260: 255: 250: 248: 243: 238: 236: 235:Hugo Österman 231: 226: 224: 223: 217: 212: 210: 209: 208:Kyösti Kallio 203: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 177: 164: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 140: 139: 134: 126: 123:and lease of 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 82: 77: 74: 73: 67: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54:Maxim M/09-21 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 17625:(son-in-law) 17617:(son-in-law) 17614:Yuri Zhdanov 17521:(first wife) 17510:Keke Geladze 17483: 17372:Antisemitism 17364: 17352: 17345: 17338: 17329:Kremlin Plot 17256: 17194: 17178: 17165: 17070:Tax on trees 17028:Deportations 16765:Stakhanovite 16626:Eastern Bloc 16536: 16527:World War II 16480: / 16367:and politics 16293: 16273: 16235: 16218: 16206: 16123:negotiations 15734: 15725:World War II 15249:Smolensk War 15215:Livonian War 14912: 14893:Conscription 14857: 14854:World War II 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739:Intelligence 14737: 14733: 14732:(Divisions: 14700:Finnish Navy 14690:Finnish Army 14666:Organization 14568:Bibliography 14485:The Kalevala 14484: 14459:Coat of arms 14444:Architecture 14379:Demographics 14303:Nordic model 14277:Central bank 14199:Human rights 14179:Constitution 14009: 13883:Bibliography 13866: 13679:Project Hula 13644:Vistula–Oder 13613: 13546: 13537: 13521: 13491: 13440: 13424: 13415: 13406: 13372: 13269: 13184: 13160: 13130: 12881: 12774: 12719:North Africa 12621: 12421:Soviet Union 12375:Soviet Union 12301:Soviet Union 12069:Vatican City 11979:Vichy France 11884:German Reich 11781:Soviet Union 11767:South Africa 11760:Sierra Leone 11713:Newfoundland 11532:Participants 11515:Marocchinate 11219: 11210: 11180: 11058:North Africa 11019:Indian Ocean 10878:Nazi plunder 10769:Cryptography 10642:World War II 10560:. Retrieved 10551: 10536: 10518: 10490: 10473: 10466:The Atlantic 10465: 10444: 10419: 10403:. Casemate. 10399: 10373: 10369: 10342: 10315: 10296: 10277: 10261: 10245: 10226: 10208: 10190: 10171: 10162: 10153: 10144: 10132:. Retrieved 10116: 10111: 10101: 10092: 10083: 10060: 10056: 10044:. Retrieved 10037:the original 10028: 10023: 10010:. Retrieved 9991: 9966: 9962: 9943: 9939: 9930: 9918:. Retrieved 9907: 9892: 9883: 9874: 9870: 9855:. Retrieved 9846: 9818: 9806: 9797: 9778: 9774: 9762: 9753: 9744: 9724: 9720: 9711: 9702: 9683: 9679: 9670: 9651: 9647: 9635:. Retrieved 9616: 9598:. Retrieved 9581: 9577: 9562: 9540: 9536: 9524: 9520: 9508: 9504: 9491:15 September 9489:. Retrieved 9480: 9457: 9453: 9444: 9435: 9426: 9407: 9394: 9390: 9371: 9352: 9348: 9329: 9310: 9306: 9297: 9285:. Retrieved 9276: 9272: 9256:. Retrieved 9252:the original 9237: 9219:. Retrieved 9210: 9178: 9166:. Retrieved 9142:. Retrieved 9121: 9102: 9082: 9063: 9041: 9029:. Retrieved 9009: 8986: 8977: 8969: 8950: 8930: 8911: 8899:. Retrieved 8880:How Wars End 8879: 8859: 8847:. Retrieved 8819: 8799: 8780: 8771: 8751: 8739: 8735: 8723:. Retrieved 8703: 8690: 8684:. MIT Press. 8681: 8662: 8653: 8641:. Retrieved 8637:the original 8614: 8604:29 September 8602:. Retrieved 8598: 8575: 8556: 8553:Glanz, David 8526: 8498: 8478: 8469: 8450: 8439: 8415: 8393: 8377: 8358: 8339: 8320: 8305:. Retrieved 8301:the original 8296: 8265: 8253: 8241: 8229: 8217: 8205: 8198:Kilin (2012) 8193: 8181: 8169: 8162:Yarov (2009) 8157: 8145: 8133: 8126:Lunde (2011) 8121: 8110: 8098: 8086: 8074: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8026: 8014: 8002: 7990: 7933: 7906:. Retrieved 7875:Rigby (2003) 7870: 7858: 7831: 7824:Trotter 2002 7819: 7807: 7766: 7761:, p. 7. 7754: 7747:Kirby (2006) 7742: 7731: 7719:. Retrieved 7708: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7663: 7651: 7639: 7627:. Retrieved 7610: 7606: 7579: 7567: 7555:. Retrieved 7522: 7518: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7202:Ilmahälytys! 7201: 7196: 7180: 7179:Esko Lammi: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7139: 7116: 7100: 7093:Kulju (2007) 7088: 7076: 7069:Kulju (2007) 7064: 7057:Kulju (2007) 7052: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6951:(in Finnish) 6937: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6802: 6790: 6748: 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6715: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6544: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6471: 6460: 6453:Nenye (2015) 6448: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6243:Glanz (1998) 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6166: 6155: 6148:Nenye (2015) 6143: 6131: 6126:, pp. 50, 51 6124:Nenye (2015) 6119: 6112:Nenye (2015) 6107: 6102:, pp. 38, 39 6095: 6083: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6043:, pp. 58, 61 6036: 6024: 6013: 6002: 5997:, pp. 99–100 5990: 5978: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5859: 5850: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5758: 5716: 5704: 5692: 5665: 5653: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5376:Trotter 2002 5371: 5364:Hough (2019) 5359: 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5320: 5311: 5305: 5278: 5266: 5116: 5105: 5094: 5087:Kilin (1999) 5038:Kilin (1999) 5005:11 September 5003:. Retrieved 4994: 4893:Malmi (1999) 4824: 4812: 4805:Kilin (1999) 4800: 4788: 4776: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4709:Unknown 137; 4684: 4675: 4666: 4649: 4636: 4623: 4611: 4607: 4595: 4587: 4586:. The names 4566:Vinterkriget 4548: 4530: 4520: 4510: 4489: 4482:White Guards 4476: 4389:Paul Reynaud 4381: 4364: 4351: 4340: 4336:Pavel Petrov 4319: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4291:Soviet Union 4273:East Karelia 4261: 4256:Adolf Hitler 4252: 4236: 4224: 4221:19 May 1940. 4162: 4154: 4146: 4130: 4115: 4068: 4052: 4043: 4037: 3989: 3985: 3937: 3921: 3877: 3836: 3831:Leon Trotsky 3822: 3812: 3804: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3675: 3667: 3651: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3612:minesweepers 3596:Finnish Navy 3593: 3571:, almost 20 3557:Baltic Fleet 3545:ice breakers 3534: 3494: 3479: 3438: 3432: 3388: 3363: 3344: 3325: 3298: 3288: 3276: 3252:at Ilomantsi 3245: 3241:Matti Aarnio 3236: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3212: 3176: 3137: 3116: 3106: 3098: 3087: 3076:Maginot Line 3072: 3059: 3053: 3030: 3027:is pictured. 2988: 2968:ski troopers 2948: 2894:attacked at 2886:attacked at 2880: 2824: 2817: 2802:bogie wheels 2785: 2737: 2701: 2686:Wiljo Tuompo 2684:units under 2680:and drafted 2633: 2625:Mosin–Nagant 2608: 2593: 2582:Finnish Army 2513: 2498: 2492: 2475: 2473: 2409: 2401: 2389:fire support 2373: 2355: 2347: 2328: 2321: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2290:, named the 2285: 2277: 2261: 2254: 2230: 2220: 2205: 2200:Vaino Tanner 2196: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2161: 2109: 2102: 2094:mobilisation 2055: 2051: 2028: 2003:Negotiations 1997:Nazi Germany 1980:Väinö Tanner 1963: 1901: 1854: 1827: 1803:Soviet Union 1801:, later the 1770: 1754:buffer state 1728: 1634:Adolf Hitler 1618: 1610: 1559: 1547:World War II 1539:Soviet Union 1534: 1532: 1424: 1389: 1321: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1266: 1254: 1235: 1227: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1183: 1176: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1138: 1130: 1111: 1103: 1002: 1001: 990:Indian Ocean 951:Ecuador–Peru 939: 938: 908:Middle East 882:North Africa 870: 869: 809:Asia-Pacific 807: 806: 716: 694: 685:World War II 516: 477: 454: 439:20–30 tanks 411:114 aircraft 328: 314: 300: 283:Wiljo Tuompo 220: 206: 176:Soviet Union 166: 165: 142: 141: 136:Belligerents 38:Part of the 25: 17381:Remembrance 17347:Animal Farm 17173:Stalin Note 16860:Great Purge 16828:Great Break 16720:Great Break 16441:(1928–1941) 16357:(1946–1953) 16351:(1922–1952) 15831:Vietnam War 15701: [ 15560:World War I 15481:Crimean War 15414:Finnish War 15330:(1740–1748) 15319:(1733–1738) 15244:Ingrian War 14960:(including 14866:Lapland War 14774:Specialized 14272:Agriculture 14116:Urban areas 14020:Lapland War 13985:Grand Duchy 13980:Finnish War 13614:Bodenplatte 13500:Gothic Line 12726:West Africa 12273:Philippines 12252:Netherlands 12117:Czech lands 12055:Switzerland 11999:Afghanistan 11950:Philippines 11818:Puerto Rico 11734:Philippines 11720:New Zealand 11706:Netherlands 11659:Free France 11410:Prosecution 11211:Osoaviakhim 11081:West Africa 11065:East Africa 10712:Conferences 9559:Kilin, Yuri 9533:Kilin, Juri 9517:Kilin, Juri 9501:Kilin, Juri 9221:2 September 9154:Iltasanomat 9144:14 December 8849:22 December 8272:, pp. 13–14 7853:, pp. 21–22 7826:, pp. 14–16 6872:, pp. 87–89 6824:, pp. 62–63 6726:10 February 6701:, pp. 53–54 6677:, pp. 51–55 6665:, pp. 76–78 6653:, pp. 72–73 6566:, pp. 48–51 6492:, pp. 42–44 6422:, pp. 38–39 6344:, pp. 35–36 6306:Coox (1985) 6291:Coox (1985) 6279:Coox (1985) 6255:Ries (1988) 5985:, pp. 85–86 5944:, pp. 44–45 5905:, pp. 77–78 5903:Ries (1988) 5753:, pp. 41–43 5711:, pp. 14–16 5660:, pp. 55–56 5658:Ries (1988) 5648:, pp. 38–41 5617:, pp. 34–35 5605:, pp. 32–33 5593:, pp. 12–13 5542:, pp. 32–33 5518:, pp. 43–46 5494:, pp. 30–33 5441:, pp. 26–27 5429:, pp. 33–34 5417:, pp. 21–24 5337:19 December 5152:pp. 188–217 4995:rus-sky.com 4931:, pp. 77–78 4539:, but also 4391:as the new 4313:perestroika 4198:Lapland War 4178:Scandinavia 3933:Barents Sea 3823:Studie Nord 3755:bombardment 3627:Väinämöinen 3616:icebreakers 3565:battleships 3553:Soviet Navy 3506:Lotta Svärd 3427:Rail tracks 3025:Timo Murama 3021:Kianta Lake 2999:frostbitten 2900:Suomussalmi 2733:his cabinet 2524:13th Armies 2375:politician 2245:journalists 2232:casus belli 2169:Eljas Erkko 1988:Great Purge 1949:Pork Mutiny 1939:, with its 1925:White Guard 1772:World War I 1739:Finnish War 1626:sovereignty 1622:Lake Ladoga 1410:Lapland War 1320:Attacks on 1190:Lapland War 973:Air Warfare 887:East Africa 610:Suomussalmi 463:frostbitten 441:62 aircraft 98:Territorial 17747:Winter War 17741:Categories 17696:Lake Ritsa 17676:Uspenskoye 17593:(grandson) 17577:(grandson) 17569:(daughter) 17324:Trotskyism 17296:opposition 16972:Lysenkoism 16658:Korean War 16537:Winter War 16425:Chronology 16416:Death toll 16381:Early life 16281:Baltic Way 16230:Basis Nord 16207:Winter War 16140:Axis talks 15866:Ogaden War 15816:Korean War 15735:Winter War 15604:Heimosodat 15191:Tsardom of 14858:Winter War 14756:C5 Systems 14744:Operations 14631:Leadership 14479:Literature 14394:Healthcare 14231:Parliament 14194:Government 14010:Winter War 13963:Cudgel War 13953:Prehistory 13714:West Hunan 13547:Pointblank 12883:Silver Fox 12869:Summer War 12622:Winter War 12601:Phoney War 12382:Azerbaijan 12343:Yugoslavia 12238:Luxembourg 12080:Resistance 11827:Yugoslavia 11692:Luxembourg 11494:Sook Ching 11290:War crimes 10892:Technology 10885:Opposition 10827:Lend-Lease 10804:Australian 10797:Home front 10755:Blitzkrieg 10705:Casualties 10696:Commanders 10668:Operations 10562:11 January 10528:097310533X 10070:8202218284 10046:26 January 9857:29 October 9417:5754507356 9168:3 December 8901:29 October 8862:. Osprey. 8839:1261364794 8725:12 October 8643:18 October 8617:. Osprey. 8545:9401179646 8380:. London: 8307:5 November 7189:9529017073 4598:(Russian: 4590:(Russian: 4495:Renault FT 4202:See also: 4126:oil fields 4076:Carl Geust 3952:Tytärsaari 3924:cease-fire 3701:Kaarnajoki 3671:Kuivasaari 3573:destroyers 3549:submarines 3537:Baltic Sea 3466:Tikkakoski 3399:Tupolev SB 3208:Tolvajärvi 3196:Simo Häyhä 3132:Simo Häyhä 3058:(called a 3009:See also: 2976:olive drab 2931:See also: 2876:Tolvajärvi 2738:Headed by 2729:Risto Ryti 2629:7.62×54mmR 2580:See also: 2493:Blitzkrieg 2477:Blitzkrieg 2456:See also: 2343:Yuri Kilin 2335:Dan Reiter 2227:false flag 2084:were soon 1863:organised 1751:autonomous 1737:waged the 1691:See also: 1666:See also: 1656:Background 1648:, and the 1644:commenced 1590:Raate Road 1576:along the 1535:Winter War 1439:Background 1425:Winter War 1390:Winter War 1314:Zitronella 1300:Gearbox II 1236:Weserübung 1177:Silver Fox 1166:Winter War 1112:Weserübung 1014:Yugoslavia 995:Madagascar 958:Antarctica 929:Dodecanese 749:Resistance 717:Winter War 707:Phoney War 615:Raate Road 574:Tolvajärvi 562:Vyborg Bay 557:Honkaniemi 517:Winter War 434:800–1,100 52:A Finnish 33:Winter War 17686:New Athos 16952:Hotel Lux 16935:Vinnytsia 16890:Chortkiv 16880:Berezwecz 16875:Berezhany 16843:Holodomor 16700:Stalinism 16638:Cominform 16374:Overviews 16252:Aftermath 16106:Political 15486:Åland War 15454:Murid War 15293:18th–19th 14800:Auxiliary 14748:Logistics 14734:Personnel 14503:Mythology 14399:Languages 14384:Education 14338:Transport 14241:President 14204:Judiciary 14184:Elections 14141:Jyväskylä 14094:Provinces 14047:Geography 14000:Civil War 13779:Manchuria 13665:Indochina 13441:Bagration 12892:Lithuania 12537:Anschluss 12334:Viet Minh 12231:Lithuania 12173:Hong Kong 11943:Manchukuo 11898:Azad Hind 11557:Australia 11357:Aftermath 11220:Paperclip 11115:Aftermath 10915:Total war 10783:Diplomacy 10746:In Europe 10594:CC BY 4.0 10453:155723998 10390:110326295 10334:899228795 9590:1998-5053 9481:Iltalehti 9287:23 August 9062:(2002) . 9031:3 October 9007:(1957) . 8701:(1997b). 8518:759509883 8392:(2007) . 8361:. Brill. 7619:2736-9722 7547:155013785 7539:0707-5332 6504:pp. 95–99 5893:, pp. 974 5791:, pp. 965 5723:, pp. 962 5699:, pp. 963 5687:, pp. 960 5393:, pp. 4–6 5378:, pp. 3–5 4865:, p. 1152 4722:Citations 4577:romanized 4558:talvisota 4515:aircraft. 4499:pillboxes 4174:Trondheim 4060:Huittinen 4016:Norwegian 4012:Max Manus 3948:Suursaari 3888:armistice 3796:Stockholm 3621:Ilmarinen 3608:minelayer 3419:munitions 3359:battalion 3351:Kemijärvi 3320:Kemijärvi 3303:in detail 3233:pillboxes 3204:Ägläjärvi 3164:Sortavala 2995:frostbite 2984:snowsuits 2839:artillery 2810:flammable 2682:reservist 2569:Rovaniemi 2553:14th Army 2422:from the 2270:in 1991. 2153:Porajärvi 2090:ultimatum 2082:Lithuania 1972:Leningrad 1784:Bolshevik 1562:Leningrad 1464:Aftermath 1196:Tanne Ost 1131:Valentine 865:Australia 761:Alps 1940 754:1944–1945 598:Ilomantsi 579:Varolampi 552:2nd Summa 535:1st Summa 107:islands, 17726:Category 17666:Kuntsevo 17513:(mother) 17505:(father) 16940:Zolochiv 16925:Valozhyn 16895:Kurapaty 16693:Concepts 16606:Cold War 16295:Category 16185:Military 16154:Economic 16019:Cold War 15881:Gulf War 15237:and the 15110:Internal 14966:Imperial 14760:Training 14673:Branches 14577:Category 14474:Folklore 14416:Religion 14364:Abortion 14323:Taxation 14313:Startups 14293:Industry 14219:Military 14162:Politics 14148:Wildlife 14121:Helsinki 13937:articles 13890:Category 13839:document 13749:document 13606:Ardennes 13590:Budapest 13538:Crossbow 13416:Overlord 13255:Smolensk 12473:Timeline 12308:Slovakia 12294:Thailand 12145:Ethiopia 12110:Bulgaria 12034:Portugal 11972:Thailand 11854:Bulgaria 11632:Eswatini 11625:Ethiopia 11578:Bulgaria 11403:Unit 731 11364:Response 11181:Keelhaul 11131:Cold War 11104:Americas 11095:timeline 11088:Atlantic 10968:Theaters 10556:Archived 10443:(1948). 10361:41278218 10244:(1941). 10134:13 March 10125:Archived 10006:Archived 9914:Archived 9869:(1958). 9851:Archived 9839:(2000). 9817:(1994). 9773:(2008). 9631:Archived 9594:Archived 9485:Archived 9281:Archived 9215:Archived 9162:Archived 9138:Archived 9130:Yle News 9118:Archived 9025:Archived 8966:Archived 8895:Archived 8843:Archived 8750:(1941). 8719:Archived 8555:(1998). 8436:(1942). 8414:(1985). 8319:(1993). 8224:, p. 263 8212:, p. 191 8152:, p. 190 8105:, p. 132 8093:, p. 863 8081:, p. 191 8069:, p. 412 8057:. p. 177 8045:, p. 365 8021:, p. 239 7985:, p. 146 7970:, p. 237 7955:, p. 145 7940:, p. 141 7902:Archived 7865:, p. 776 7749:, p. 215 7721:13 March 7715:Archived 7710:Yle News 7694:, p. 254 7629:6 August 7623:Archived 7586:, p. 261 7557:6 August 7551:Archived 7491:, p. 452 7479:, p. 233 7455:, p. 218 7443:, p. 430 7363:, p. 126 7327:, p. 130 7315:, p. 692 7303:, p. 678 7291:, p. 681 7267:, p. 189 7243:, p. 157 7219:, p. 193 7146:, p. 164 7109:Archived 7083:, p. 283 7071:, p. 229 7059:, p. 230 7047:, p. 150 7035:, p. 550 6987:, p. 514 6963:, p. 110 6945:Archived 6920:, p. 520 6908:, p. 506 6884:, p. 113 6848:, p. 407 6743:, p. 292 6720:Archived 6689:, p. 121 6617:, p. 235 6407:, p. 204 6392:, p. 994 6368:, p. 125 6320:, p. 167 6308:, p. 997 6281:, p. 996 6269:, p. 189 6233:, p. 489 6221:, p. 450 6090:, p. 237 6031:, p. 114 5929:, p. 105 5866:, p. 975 5839:, p. 973 5827:, p. 971 5815:, p. 966 5779:, p. 964 5738:, p. 970 5331:Archived 5229:, p. xvi 5214:, p. 124 5089:, p. 381 5055:, p. 286 5025:, p. 815 4999:Archived 4977:, p. 340 4914:, p. 160 4895:, p. 792 4880:, p. 821 4846:, p. 187 4831:, p. 260 4807:, p. 383 4760:, p. 318 4640:See the 4627:See the 4399:See also 4123:Caucasus 4104:through 4071:Ruskeala 4064:Lempäälä 3956:Koivisto 3751:mock-ups 3709:Koivisto 3610:and six 3604:gunboats 3581:Paldiski 3541:warships 3502:windsock 3498:air base 3435:Helsinki 3413:and the 3152:division 3148:brigades 2956:uniforms 2833:and the 2744:Terijoki 2563:port of 2557:Murmansk 2542:9th Army 2531:8th Army 2520:7th Army 2458:Red Army 2445:BT tanks 2298:stated: 2263:glasnost 2180:Terijoki 1842:materiel 1630:Red Army 1568:and the 1444:Timeline 1431:Articles 1333:Finnmark 1279:Gauntlet 1267:Claymore 1255:Alphabet 1230:incident 1152:Bornholm 1145:Isefjord 1034:Bulgaria 963:Atlantic 946:Americas 899:Adriatic 469:captured 447:damaged 436:captured 409:32 tanks 400:Strength 79:Eastern 75:Location 17701:Sukhumi 17662:Dachas 17653:Kureika 17043:Koreans 16930:Vileyka 16631:Comecon 16456:Sovkhoz 16451:Kolkhoz 16365:History 15959:Outline 15942:century 15543:century 15295:century 14978:Related 14962:Tsarist 14831:History 14781:FINCENT 14718:Command 14554:Outline 14464:Cuisine 14431:Culture 14409:Swedish 14404:Finnish 14352:Society 14333:Tourism 14260:Economy 14126:Tampere 14099:Regions 14074:Islands 14069:Geology 13945:History 13933:Finland 13816:Shumshu 13583:Hungary 13530:Estonia 13514:Lapland 13492:Dragoon 13425:Neptune 13407:Ichi-Go 13373:Tempest 13315:Changde 13270:Cottage 13162:Jubilee 12878:Finland 12776:Compass 12482:Prelude 12435:Finland 12321:Vietnam 12287:Romania 12159:Germany 12138:Estonia 12124:Denmark 12103:Belgium 12096:Austria 12089:Albania 12020:Ireland 12006:Andorra 11990:Neutral 11957:Romania 11891:Hungary 11876:Finland 11748:Romania 11640:Finland 11618:Denmark 11564:Belgium 11550:Algeria 11256:Romania 11242:Hungary 10998:Pacific 10722:General 10676:Leaders 10661:Battles 10654:Outline 10592:(under 9920:21 June 9600:27 June 8760:1535780 8284:English 7802:, p. 10 7503:, p.215 7467:, p. 77 7119:, 2015. 6999:, p. 44 6641:, p. 69 6629:, p. 54 6605:, p. 58 6581:, p. 61 6516:, p. 47 6455:, p. 54 6443:, p. 13 6380:, p. 14 6356:, p. 93 6257:, p. 56 6245:, p. 58 6209:, p. 34 6150:, p. 51 6138:, p. 98 6114:, p. 50 6067:, p. 78 6055:, p. 93 5581:, p. 15 5569:, p. 52 5530:, p. 13 5506:, p. 31 5453:, p. 18 5354:, p. 10 5312:Memoirs 5261:, p. 55 5244:, p. 17 4948:, p. 91 4819:, p. 43 4795:, p. 63 4748:, p. 83 4562:Swedish 4554:Finnish 4361:Germany 4219:Joensuu 4209:Finland 4110:Petsamo 4106:neutral 4004:Hungary 3841:made a 3678:Russarö 3658:seaways 3589:Liepāja 3585:Tallinn 3407:Tampere 3328:Lapland 3216:mottis. 3188:Finnish 3168:Joensuu 3080:dugouts 3033:Petsamo 2960:weapons 2847:barrage 2835:Suvanto 2827:Taipale 2766:on the 2604:Mikkeli 2565:Petsamo 2481:tactics 2223:Mainila 2133:Finnish 2121:Russian 2117:Viipuri 1976:fascist 1913:Karelia 1850:Estonia 1747:annexed 1642:Germany 1606:Lapland 1602:Petsamo 1588:and on 1574:Taipale 1543:Finland 1322:Tirpitz 1293:Gearbox 1286:Fritham 1242:Denmark 1228:Altmark 1204:Iceland 1159:Finland 1118:Denmark 1105:Denmark 1039:Hungary 1029:Romania 878:Africa 778:Balkans 773:Britain 727:Lapland 722:Karelia 712:Finland 634:Petsamo 628:Lapland 540:Taipale 519:battles 152:Finland 100:changes 81:Finland 17495:Family 16920:Sambir 16219:Lützow 15269:Deluge 15193:Russia 14972:times) 14970:Soviet 14958:Russia 14582:Portal 14454:Cinema 14439:Anthem 14291: 14282:Energy 14111:Rivers 13935: 13793:Debate 13765:Taipei 13758:Borneo 13336:Tarawa 12530:Europe 12491:Africa 12280:Poland 12266:Norway 12245:Malaya 12224:Latvia 12166:Greece 12152:France 12048:Sweden 12013:Bhutan 11741:Poland 11727:Norway 11699:Mexico 11666:Greece 11652:France 11590:Canada 11571:Brazil 11541:Allies 11487:Serbia 11476:Poland 11249:Poland 11235:Baltic 11028:Europe 10730:Topics 10682:Allied 10525: 10506: 10480: 10451: 10426: 10407: 10388: 10359: 10349: 10332: 10322: 10303: 10284: 10268: 10254:502873 10252: 10233: 10215: 10178: 10119:] 10067: 10031:] 10012:1 July 9998: 9973: 9950: 9825: 9785: 9731: 9690: 9658: 9637:1 July 9623: 9588: 9547: 9464: 9414: 9378: 9359: 9336: 9317: 9258:1 July 9244: 9185: 9123:alone. 9110: 9089: 9070: 9048: 9017: 8993: 8958: 8937: 8918: 8887: 8866: 8837: 8827: 8806: 8787: 8758: 8711: 8669: 8621: 8582: 8563: 8543: 8533: 8516: 8506: 8485: 8457: 8422: 8400: 8365: 8346: 8327: 8260:, p. 8 8176:p. 264 8164:, p. 7 8128:, p. 9 7908:8 June 7617: 7545: 7537: 7187: 6528:, p. 6 6332:, p. 7 5966: 5917:, p. 9 5629:, p. 6 5557:, p. 7 5405:, p. 3 5199:p. 210 5040:p. 381 4594:) and 4378:Allies 4305:Stavka 4196:, and 4172:, and 4170:Bergen 4166:Namsos 4102:Narvik 4020:Norway 3954:, and 3944:Lipola 3893:Allies 3871: 3861: 3705:Mantsi 3567:, one 3440:Pravda 3299:mottis 3237:mottis 3224:mottis 3180:ridges 3056:pocket 2888:Lieksa 2779: 2773: 2646:. The 2561:Arctic 2546:Kainuu 2505:Stavka 2468:Kollaa 2149:Repola 2125:Vyborg 2078:Latvia 2033:agent 1823:Jägers 1811:Whites 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1594:Kainuu 1582:Kollaa 1307:Leader 1247:Norway 1220:Norway 1184:Orator 1139:Safari 1123:Norway 968:Arctic 800:Sicily 702:Poland 696:Europe 604:Kainuu 586:Kollaa 467:5,572 173: 149: 88:Result 17671:Sochi 17561:(son) 17537:(son) 17529:(son) 17114:Works 16905:Lutsk 16900:Katyn 16885:Dubno 16850:Gulag 16236:Komet 15705:] 14881:Other 14764:Legal 14561:Index 14530:Sport 14525:Sauna 14498:Music 14493:Media 14389:Finns 14369:Crime 14131:Turku 14104:Åland 14079:Lakes 13569:Leyte 13399:Narva 13385:Anzio 13343:Makin 13301:Burma 13185:Torch 13154:Rzhev 13115:Kiska 12201:Korea 12187:Japan 12180:Italy 12062:Tibet 12041:Spain 11919:Italy 11680:Italy 11673:India 11597:China 11472:Japan 11072:Italy 10984:China 10936:Women 10584:Finna 10386:S2CID 10128:(PDF) 10121:(PDF) 10115:[ 10082:[ 10059:[ 10040:(PDF) 10033:(PDF) 10027:[ 9990:[ 9965:[ 9942:[ 9873:[ 9845:[ 9777:[ 9723:[ 9682:[ 9650:[ 9615:[ 9539:[ 9523:[ 9507:[ 9456:[ 9406:[ 9393:[ 9351:[ 9309:[ 7543:S2CID 5958:[ 5184:p. 76 3865:Oesch 3693:Kirov 3687:Kirov 3682:Hanko 3654:mines 3643:Kotka 3638:Tarmo 3632:Turku 3575:, 50 3228:motti 3117:motti 3061:motti 2980:khaki 2912:Salla 2896:Kuhmo 2155:from 1905:Viena 1848:with 1834:Åland 1598:Salla 1580:, on 1049:Japan 1024:Italy 1003:Coups 904:Malta 848:Japan 816:China 795:Italy 639:Salla 622:Kuhmo 545:Kelja 125:Hanko 117:Salla 16910:Lviv 16478:16th 16391:Rise 15940:21st 15541:20th 14968:and 14864:and 14469:Flag 14224:NATO 14136:Oulu 13635:1945 13363:1944 13204:1943 13132:Blue 13122:Attu 13029:1942 12788:1941 12640:1940 12578:1939 12507:Asia 12354:POWs 12194:Jews 11912:Iraq 11838:Axis 11788:Tuva 11604:Cuba 10689:Axis 10564:2018 10523:ISBN 10504:ISBN 10478:ISBN 10449:OCLC 10424:ISBN 10405:ISBN 10357:OCLC 10347:ISBN 10330:OCLC 10320:ISBN 10301:ISBN 10282:ISBN 10266:ISBN 10250:OCLC 10231:ISBN 10213:ISBN 10176:ISBN 10136:2022 10065:ISBN 10048:2015 10014:2008 9996:ISBN 9971:ISBN 9948:ISBN 9922:2015 9859:2010 9823:ISBN 9783:ISBN 9729:ISBN 9688:ISBN 9656:ISBN 9639:2008 9621:ISBN 9602:2018 9586:ISSN 9545:ISBN 9493:2020 9462:ISBN 9412:ISBN 9376:ISBN 9357:ISBN 9334:ISBN 9315:ISBN 9289:2020 9260:2008 9242:ISBN 9223:2009 9183:ISBN 9170:2021 9146:2017 9108:ISBN 9087:ISBN 9068:ISBN 9046:ISBN 9033:2020 9015:ISBN 8991:ISBN 8956:ISBN 8935:ISBN 8916:ISBN 8903:2010 8885:ISBN 8864:ISBN 8851:2021 8835:OCLC 8825:ISBN 8804:ISBN 8785:ISBN 8756:OCLC 8727:2015 8709:ISBN 8667:ISBN 8645:2009 8619:ISBN 8606:2020 8580:ISBN 8561:ISBN 8541:OCLC 8531:ISBN 8514:OCLC 8504:ISBN 8483:ISBN 8455:ISBN 8420:ISBN 8398:ISBN 8363:ISBN 8344:ISBN 8325:ISBN 8309:2009 7910:2022 7723:2022 7631:2022 7615:ISSN 7559:2022 7535:ISSN 7185:ISBN 6728:2023 5964:ISBN 5339:2021 5169:p. 3 5007:2018 4537:T-26 4014:, a 3624:and 3594:The 3587:and 3547:and 3289:The 3284:Oulu 3166:and 3089:sisu 3043:and 2958:and 2954:had 2935:and 2908:88th 2892:44th 2819:Alko 2814:fuse 2731:and 2672:The 2657:The 2638:The 2551:The 2540:The 2529:The 2518:The 2296:TASS 2151:and 2080:and 2031:NKVD 1907:and 1894:and 1886:The 1815:Reds 1685:and 1670:and 1600:and 1541:and 1533:The 1212:Fork 1019:Iraq 922:Iran 912:Iraq 766:1944 744:1940 65:Date 14449:Art 14209:Law 10496:doi 10378:doi 8740:161 7898:Yle 7527:doi 4610:or 3246:In 3206:to 3096:". 2874:in 2619:or 1604:in 1592:in 1584:in 17743:: 16979:, 15703:ru 14964:, 14860:, 14762:· 14758:· 14754:· 14750:· 14746:· 14742:· 14736:· 14706:· 14640:: 13383:/ 10554:. 10550:. 10502:. 10484:). 10464:. 10384:. 10374:72 10372:. 10355:. 10328:. 10272:). 10237:). 10004:. 9629:. 9592:. 9580:. 9576:. 9479:. 9277:12 9160:. 9136:. 9116:. 9023:. 8964:. 8893:. 8841:. 8833:. 8738:. 8717:. 8597:. 8539:. 8512:. 8295:. 7975:^ 7960:^ 7945:^ 7918:^ 7900:. 7896:. 7882:^ 7843:^ 7792:^ 7778:^ 7707:. 7621:. 7611:43 7609:. 7605:. 7591:^ 7549:. 7541:. 7533:. 7523:35 7521:. 7517:. 7407:^ 7392:^ 7209:^ 7124:^ 7115:. 6814:^ 6775:^ 6760:^ 6714:. 6571:^ 6556:^ 6482:^ 6427:^ 6412:^ 6397:^ 6298:^ 5934:^ 5871:^ 5769:^ 5743:^ 5728:^ 5677:^ 5634:^ 5547:^ 5482:^ 5383:^ 5290:^ 5249:^ 5234:^ 5219:^ 5204:^ 5189:^ 5174:^ 5157:^ 5142:^ 5127:^ 5079:^ 5060:^ 5045:^ 5030:^ 5015:^ 4997:. 4993:. 4982:^ 4967:^ 4953:^ 4936:^ 4919:^ 4900:^ 4885:^ 4870:^ 4851:^ 4836:^ 4606:; 4574:, 4564:: 4560:, 4556:: 4541:BT 4395:. 4287:. 4250:. 4192:, 4180:. 4168:, 4128:. 4066:. 3950:, 3829:. 3757:. 3583:, 3516:. 3342:. 3190:: 3174:. 2918:. 2750:. 2320:, 2135:: 2123:: 1999:. 1852:. 1797:. 1608:. 443:1 119:, 115:, 111:, 17215:" 17211:" 17152:" 17148:" 17145:" 17141:" 17138:" 17134:" 17131:" 17127:" 17124:" 17120:" 17024:) 17020:( 16439:/ 16330:e 16323:t 16316:v 16088:" 16084:" 16058:e 16051:t 16044:v 14949:e 14942:t 14935:v 14868:) 14856:( 14766:) 14710:) 14702:( 14696:) 14692:( 14686:) 14682:( 14616:e 14609:t 14602:v 13925:e 13918:t 13911:v 12886:) 12880:( 11754:) 11750:( 11686:) 11682:( 11646:) 11642:( 11584:) 11580:( 10634:e 10627:t 10620:v 10596:) 10566:. 10540:, 10531:. 10512:. 10498:: 10476:( 10468:. 10455:. 10432:. 10413:. 10392:. 10380:: 10363:. 10336:. 10309:. 10290:. 10264:( 10256:. 10229:( 10221:. 10184:. 10138:. 10073:. 10050:. 10016:. 9979:. 9956:. 9924:. 9861:. 9831:. 9791:. 9737:. 9714:. 9696:. 9664:. 9641:. 9604:. 9582:5 9553:. 9495:. 9470:. 9420:. 9384:. 9365:. 9342:. 9323:. 9291:. 9262:. 9225:. 9191:. 9172:. 9148:. 9095:. 9076:. 9054:. 9035:. 8999:. 8943:. 8924:. 8905:. 8872:. 8853:. 8812:. 8793:. 8774:. 8762:. 8742:. 8729:. 8675:. 8647:. 8627:. 8608:. 8588:. 8569:. 8547:. 8520:. 8491:. 8463:. 8428:. 8406:. 8384:. 8371:. 8352:. 8333:. 8311:. 8236:. 7912:. 7725:. 7633:. 7561:. 7529:: 6932:. 6730:. 5972:. 5366:. 5341:. 5009:. 4579:: 4112:. 2770:. 2688:. 2669:. 2571:. 2537:. 2526:. 2131:( 2119:( 1522:e 1515:t 1508:v 1367:e 1360:t 1353:v 1083:e 1076:t 1069:v 675:e 668:t 661:v 508:e 501:t 494:v 465:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.