German Americans - Knowledge

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consciousness raising, German ethnicity fell into a protracted and permanent slump. The war damaged public expression of German ethnic, linguistic, and cultural institutions almost beyond repair". He states that, after the war, German ethnicity "would never regain its prewar public acclaim, its larger-than-life public presence, with its symbols, rituals, and, above all, its large numbers of people who took pride in their Teutonic ancestry and enjoyed the role of Uncle Sam's favored adopted son". He states "A key indicator of the decline of "Deutschtum" in Chicago was the census: the number identifying themselves to the census-taker as German-born plummeted from 191,000 in 1910 to 112,000 in 1920. This drop far exceeds the natural mortality rate or the number who might be expected to move. Self-identifiers had found it prudent to claim some nationality other than German. To claim German nationality had become too painful an experience". Along similar lines, Terrence G. Wiley states that, in Nebraska, "around 14 percent of the population had identified itself as being of German-origin in 1910; however, only 4.4 percent made comparable assertions in 1920. In Wisconsin, the decline in percentage of those identifying themselves as Germans was even more obvious. The 1920 census reported only 6.6. percent of the population as being of German-origin, as opposed to nearly 29 percent ten years earlier

5727:. Whereas only 471 congregations nationwide held English services in 1910, the number preaching in English in the synod skyrocketed to 2,492 by 1919. The German Evangelical Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states also anglicized its name by dropping German from the title". Writing about Fort Wayne, Indiana, Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon states that, in the First World War, "Local churches were forced to discontinue sermons in German, schools were pressured to stop teaching in German, and the local library director was ordered to purchase no more books written in German. The library shelves also were purged of English-language materials deemed sympathetic to or neutral on Germany. Anti-German sentiment forced the renaming of several local institutions. Teutonia Building, Loan & Savings became Home Loan & Savings, and The German-American bank became Lincoln National Bank & Trust Co." She continues that "in perhaps the most obvious bend to prevailing trends, Berghoff Brewery changed its motto from "A very German brew" to "A very good brew," according to "Fort Wayne: A Most German Town," a documentary produced by local public television station WFWA, Channel 39". Film critic 5098: 2930: 5907:

on to state that "The subcultures of German America, meanwhile, had ample opportunity for contact, however testy, with non-German counterparts. The latter beckoned as destinations when the cost of being German-American rose too high". It is not just Kazal who has pointed out the internal dividedness of the German American community. Kathleen Neils Conzen has pointed it out; David Peterson states that Conzen, "along with many others, concludes that German-Americans' heterogeneity, particularly in religion, hampered their ability to build socially and politically stable ethnic communities", and that Conzen "stresses that German Americans assimilated relatively rapidly and that their diversity played a key role in that assimilation". (Conzen is also drawn upon by Joy Kristina Adams, who cites Conzen when she (Adams) states that "The diversity and size of the German settlements made them susceptible to long-term Americanization by fostering factionalism, increasing contacts between Germans and non-Germans, and weakening unified leadership".) The

2504:("East Frisian News") from 1881 to 1971. It connected the 20,000 immigrants from East Friesland (Ostfriesland), Germany, to each other across the Midwest, and to their old homeland. In Germany East Friesland was often a topic of ridicule regarding backward rustics, but editor Leupke Hündling shrewdly combined stories of proud memories of Ostfriesland. The editor enlisted a network of local correspondents. By mixing local American and local German news, letters, poetry, fiction, and dialogue, the German-language newspaper allowed immigrants to honor their origins and celebrate their new life as highly prosperous farmers with much larger farms than were possible back in impoverished Ostfriesland. During the world wars, when Germania came under heavy attack, the paper stressed its humanitarian role, mobilizing readers to help the people of East Friesland with relief funds. Younger generations could usually speak German but not read it, so the subscription base dwindled away as the target audience Americanized itself. 2328:

customs, and physical features. A majority had been farmers in Germany, and most arrived seeking economic opportunities. A few dissident intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom, but few, save perhaps the Wends, went for religious freedom. The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity. Even in the confined area of the Hill Country, each valley offered a different kind of German. The Llano valley had stern, teetotaling German Methodists, who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations; the Pedernales valley had fun-loving, hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking and dancing; and the Guadalupe valley had freethinking Germans descended from intellectual political refugees. The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse. These small enclaves included Lindsay in Cooke County, largely Westphalian Catholic; Waka in Ochiltree County, Midwestern Mennonite; Hurnville in Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in Wilbarger County, Wendish Lutheran.

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immigrants transcended local or regional homeland affiliations to craft or further consolidate national identities as Poles, Czechs, and Italians. Such groups escaped the fury of "100 percent Americanism" during the war, in part because of their obvious stake in the defeat of the Central Powers". As for Irish Americans, Kazal states that the lack of enthusiasm of many of them for helping England made them "vulnerable to the wartime "antihyphen" climate", but that "Irish nationalist activity intensified during and immediately after that war, as many Irish Americans became swept up in the events leading to the creation of the Irish Free State", and that "It made a difference for the long-term viability of Irish-American identity that the Irish homeland not only did not go to war with the United States but, in fact, emerged during the interwar years as a sovereign nation".

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Party in St. Louis and nearby immigrant strongholds in Missouri and southern Illinois. The German Americans were angered by a proposed Missouri state constitution that discriminated against Catholics and freethinkers. The requirement of a special loyalty oath for priests and ministers was troublesome. Despite their strong opposition the constitution was ratified in 1865. Racial tensions with the blacks began to emerge, especially in terms of competition for unskilled labor jobs. Germania was nervous about black suffrage in 1868, fearing that blacks would support puritanical laws, especially regarding the prohibition of beer gardens on Sundays. The tensions split off a large German element in 1872, led by Carl Schurz. They supported the Liberal Republican party led by

7495:... lacked sufficient cultural and social unity to impose a single powerful German imprint on the city. They were widely dispersed throughout the Second and Third Municipalities, and in Carrollton and Lafayette, and they were fragmented by differences in religion, region of origin, and class. The proliferation of German clubs, associations, and institutions bespoke the Germans' numerical significance in the city, but it also attested to their divisions, for such organizations tended to cater to very specific groups rather than bind the various German strands together. To be sure, distinct concentrations of Germans existed in various parts of the city, wherein various German cultural values survived and influenced the culture of non-Germans in their midst, and German 1625: 3006: 1217: 2942: 5265: 2379:

them and their descendants. As time passed, the Russian monarchy gradually eroded the ethnic German population's relative autonomy. Conscription eventually was reinstated; this was especially harmful to the Mennonites, who practice pacifism. Throughout the 19th century, pressure increased from the Russian government to culturally assimilate. Many Germans from Russia found it necessary to emigrate to avoid conscription and preserve their culture. About 100,000 immigrated by 1900, settling primarily in the Dakotas, Kansas and Nebraska. The southern central part of North Dakota was known as "the German-Russian triangle". A smaller number moved farther west, finding employment as ranchers and cowboys.

5764: 5226:. Started in 1848, the organization was strengthened by the arrival of German liberals after the failure of the revolution of that year. By the mid-1850s the Germans formed one-third of Louisville's population and faced nativist hostility organized in the Know-Nothing movement. Violent demonstrations forced the chorus to suppress publicity of its performances that included works by composer Richard Wagner. The Liederkranz suspended operations during the Civil War, but afterward grew rapidly, and was able to build a large auditorium by 1873. An audience of 8,000 that attended a performance in 1877 demonstrated that the Germans were an accepted part of Louisville life. 5700:

and emigres. (An entire German town was moved to Fort Wayne when Wayne Knitting Mills opened.) Mayors, judges, firefighters and other community leaders had strong German ties. Social and sporting clubs and Germania Park in St. Joseph Township provided outlets to engage in traditional German activities". She goes on to state that "The cultural influences were so strong, in fact, that the Chicago Tribune in 1893 declared Fort Wayne a 'most German town'." Melvin G. Holli states that "No continental foreign-born group had been so widely and favorably received in the United States, or had won such high marks from its hosts as had the Germans before World War

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emerged as perhaps the crucial variable accounting for their assimilationist propensities. Otter Tail County, certainly a rural area, had German-American communities that were diverse and small, and these communities succeeded in maintaining crucial ethnic boundaries into the twentieth century. The persistence of these heterogeneous, lightly populated German-American communities suggest that place of residence was the key factor in the rate of German-American assimilation. Urban orientation may have corroded German-American ethnic boundaries more than diversity did, though the two variables were not unrelated".

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language newspapers in the U.S. The papers were owned and operated in the U.S., with no control from Germany. As Wittke emphasizes, press. it was "essentially an American press published in a foreign tongue". The papers reported on major political and diplomatic events involving Germany, with pride but from the viewpoint of its American readers. For example, during the latter half of the 19th century, at least 176 different German-language publications began operations in the city of Cincinnati alone. Many of these publications folded within a year, while a select few, such as the

5367: 3077: 51: 5610:... indicates that the German-American school was a bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the majority of the pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on." By 1914, the older members attended German-language church services, while younger ones attended English services (in Lutheran, Evangelical and Catholic churches). In German parochial schools, the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their classes were in German. In 1917–18, after the American entry into World War 10715: 7463:

German-American family revealed that two of the therapists who had identified themselves as Polish-American at the beginning of the workshop were, in fact, half German. It turned out that they were suppressing their German identity because of the negative connotations associated with being German. "When asked, one explained that she simply considered herself Polish. The other, after some reflection, said that in a group that was half Jewish, she had been reluctant to acknowledge her German heritage" (Winawer-Steiner and Wetzel 1982, 253)".

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of other faiths. These Lutherans did not traffic much with the sizable German Catholic population of the city, who often shared their houses of worship and political stances with the Irish. The small rabbinical German Jewish community remained insular. The Freethinkers, atheists, socialists, et al., had little use for any of these groups. In addition, the Germans, while heavily concentrated in a few pockets of north and south St. Louis, were spread across the city proper and into the larger countryside". And according to the

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German American communities. The German Catholics and Lutherans each operated large networks of parochial schools in the state. Because the language used in the classroom was German, the law meant the teachers would have to be replaced with bilingual teachers, and in most cases shut down. The Germans formed a coalition between Catholics and Lutherans, under the leadership of the Democratic Party, and the language issue produced a landslide for the Democrats, as Republicans dropped the issue until World War

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identity for an American one. None was so divided internally, a characteristic that made German Americans especially vulnerable to such pressure. Among the larger groups that immigrated in the country after 1830, none – despite regional variations – appears to have muted its ethnic identity to so great an extent." This quote from Kazal identifies both external pressures on German Americans and internal dividedness among them as reasons for their high level of assimilation.

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to which Germans belonged. In part this reflects patterns that had developed over centuries in Germany, whose population came to include nearly every variety of Christianity–from Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups to more radical Anabaptist pietistic movements such as Amish, Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and the Moravian church. It is not surprising, then, that nearly all of these denominations were represented among the German immigrant population in North America."

4239: 3798: 2765: 1413: 12846:"'About the Teutonia Männerchor' – THE EARLY 1800s – Around the early and the mid-1800s and through the end of the 20th century, there was a mass immigration from all across Europe to the United States. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then "Allegheny City" (now the Northside) – just across the river from the City of Pittsburgh. So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as 'Deutschtown'." 5886:

Lithuanians, Italians, east European Jews, and Irish. "Japanese Americans, of course, suffered far more during the Second World War", but until at least the 1950s, the pressure on Japanese Americans "ran toward exclusion from, rather than inclusion in, the nation". "The state and many ordinary European Americans refused to recognize Asians as potentially American. In contrast, they pressured Germans to accept precisely that American identity in place of a German one".

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notably the Irish, but also Italians and people of other European backgrounds. The resulting lack of a unified and clearly definable German-American community explains in part why only few Americans, including those of German descent, have any idea when Steuben Day or German-American Day falls, whereas the Irish St. Patrick's Day is one of America's most popular celebrations, and Columbus Day, named after the Italian explorer, is a federal holiday".

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ancestry, a fact she attributed to the influence her surname had on how others reacted to her. When I asked about times when the relative influence of one or the other side might be stronger, she revealed that political events in Germany and Poland had a lot to do with how she chose to identify herself". Waters goes on to state that "The association of being German with being a Nazi is still strong for Laurie, forty years after World War

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done by the wartime experience had been largely repaired'. The German language was being taught in the schools again; the German theater still survived; and German Day celebrations were drawing larger and larger crowds. Although the assimilation process had taken its toll of pre-1914 German immigrants, a smaller group of newer postwar arrivals had developed a vocal if not impolitic interest in the rebuilding process in Germany under

3152: 3384: 3984: 3775: 3499: 505: 3092: 5667:... A second example of the virtual invisibility is that, though German Americans have been one of the largest ethnic groups in the Chicago area (numbering near one-half million between 1900 and 1910), no museum or archive exists to memorialize that fact. On the other hand, many smaller groups such as Lithuanians, Poles, Swedes, Jews, and others have museums, archives, and exhibit halls dedicated to their immigrant forefathers". 5663:

examples suffice to illustrate this point: when one surveys the popular television scene of the past decade, one hears Yiddish humor done by comedians; one sees Polish, Greek, and East European detective heroes; Italian-Americans in situation comedies; and blacks such as the Jeffersons and Huxtables. But one searches in vain for quintessentially German-American characters or melodramas patterned after German-American experiences.

7355: 3568: 3407: 1344: 5919:... and unlike many immigrant groups, Germans never united as a powerful ethnic block. Religious disputes brought from the old country prevented them from uniting in the new. The two strongest denominations, Catholics and Lutherans, could not come together; and the Free Thinkers distrusted and shunned them both." "These divisions ran so deep that German-Americans could neither unite to fend off attacks engendered by World War 4122: 1660: 4145: 3938: 3476: 13590: 5791:. As the 1930s moved on, Hitler's brutality and Nazi excesses made Germanism once again suspect. The rise of Nazism, as Luebke notes, 'transformed German ethnicity in America into a source of social and psychological discomfort, if not distress. The overt expression of German-American opinion consequently declined, and in more recent years, virtually disappeared as a reliable index of political attitudes 2469: 830: 6186:, with a large population of German origin, was once the home to four of the world's largest breweries owned by ethnic Germans (Schlitz, Blatz, Pabst, and Miller) and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants, Capt. A. Pabst, Eberhard Anheuser, and Adolphus Busch, who founded 2348: 5954:, Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke, who was born in 1941, with German his first language at home; "Grulke's great-grandparents immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1880s, yet three generations later, his farmer parents still spoke German at home, attended German language church services and chatted in German with shopkeepers when they brought their farm eggs into town to sell". 13587: 7448:

Polish, and Eastern European Jewish immigration and culture. Irish bars, Italian restaurants, and Jewish humor abound. German language is rarely studied in high schools or colleges and German restaurants are an endangered culinary species. The blending of so many millions into the American mainstream with barely a trace is one of the major untold stories in American history".

5442:. The Amish, who were originally from southern Germany and Switzerland, arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century. Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years 1727 and 1770. Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to Pennsylvania, which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups. 1169:. They were mercenary soldiers rented out by the rulers of several small German states such as Hesse to fight on the British side. Many were captured; they remained as prisoners during the war but some stayed and became U.S. citizens. In the American Revolution the Mennonites and other small religious sects were neutral pacifists. The Lutherans of Pennsylvania were 2836:) as a personal representative. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. The war evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country. 5465:, although the Lutherans were themselves split among different groups. The more conservative Lutherans comprised the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other Lutherans formed various synods, most of which merged with Scandinavian-based synods in 1988, forming the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 472:

opposed women's suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. On the other hand, there were Protestant groups who emerged from European pietism such as the German Methodist and United Brethren; they more closely resembled the Yankee Methodists in their moralism.

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strategies, and carefully planned their inheritances to keep the land in the family. Their communities showed smaller average farm size, greater equality, less absentee ownership and greater geographic persistence. As one farmer explained, "To protect your family has turned out to be the same thing as protecting your land."

10097:, p. 2; Anita Rapone, The Guardian Life Insurance Company, 1860–1920: A History of a German-American Enterprise (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Robert E. Wright and George David Smith, Mutually Beneficial: The Guardian and Life Insurance in America (New York: New York University Press, 2004). 5941:

Institute for German-American Studies, "The diversity of religious expression among German-speaking immigrants was paralleled by a high degree of heterogeneity stemming from differences in regional and linguistic origins. This situation differed from that of other nineteenth-century immigrant groups,

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held public hearings about the menace of Nazi subversives and spies among the German Americans. In 1940, the Democratic party's attack on anti-war elements as disloyal and pro-Nazi, and the advent of the war itself, made German ethnicity too heavy a burden to bear. As Professor Tischauser wrote, "The

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I "German was the primary language in the homes, churches and parochial schools" of German American settlers. She states that "Many street signs were in German. (Main Street, for instance, was Haupt Strasse.) A large portion of local industry and commercial enterprises had at its roots German tooling

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I". According to Kamphoefner, German "was in a similar position as the Spanish language is in the 20th and 21st century"; it "was by far the most widespread foreign language, and whoever was the largest group was at a definite advantage in getting its language into the public sphere". Kamphoefner has

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By the end of the 19th century, there were over 800 German-language publications in the United States. German immigration was on the decline, and with subsequent generations integrating into English-speaking society, the German language press began to struggle. The periodicals that managed to survive

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The Imperial government in Berlin promoted German culture in the U.S., especially music. A steady influx of German-born conductors, including Arthur Nikisch and Karl Muck, spurred the reception of German music in the United States, while German musicians seized on Victorian Americans' growing concern

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At the local level, historians have explored the changing voting behavior of the German-American community and one of its major strongholds, St. Louis, Missouri. The German Americans had voted 80 percent for Lincoln in 1860, and strongly supported the war effort. They were a bastion of the Republican

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published an article regarding his service as a correspondent for America to the German states saying, "His writings during and after the Civil War did more to create understanding and appreciation of the American situation in Germany and to float U.S. bonds in Europe than the combined efforts of all

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saw themselves a downtrodden ethnic group separate from Russian Americans and having an entirely different experience from the German Americans who had emigrated from German lands; they settled in tight-knit communities who retained their German language and culture. They raised large families, built

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in 1762 and 1763 to settle and introduce more advanced German agriculture methods to rural Russia. They had been promised by the manifesto of their settlement the ability to practice their respective Christian denominations, retain their culture and language, and retain immunity from conscription for

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The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways. They included peasant farmers and intellectuals; Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and atheists; Prussians, Saxons, and Hessians; abolitionists and slave owners; farmers and townsfolk; frugal, honest folk and ax murderers. They differed in dialect,

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They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough

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included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values. Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer, and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs. They generally

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was easily accommodated in the city's genial public culture. But, overall, Germans were too diverse and divided to dominate the city". Miller contrasts this situation with the situation of Irish Americans in New Orleans: "Irish immigrants had greater cohesion and wider influence than the Germans. In

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I, political questions of importance to Germans, nor German candidates could unite the German-Americans of Chicago". Jason Todd Baker, meanwhile, writes that "Divided by imported regional prejudices, religious differences, political affiliations, and spread in pockets across the city, the Germans in

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I actually helped fuel ethnic nationalism in the United States among Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and east European Jews, who felt their desires for existing or prospective homelands stood to gain from an Allied victory. Indeed, some historians have depicted the following decade as one when

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The transition to the English language was abrupt, forced by federal, state and local governments, and by public opinion, when the U.S. was at war with Germany in 1917–18. After 1917, the German language was seldom heard in public; most newspapers and magazines closed; churches and parochial schools

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once "had so many German-American musicians that the conductor often addressed them in the German language", and he states that "No ethnic theater in Chicago glittered with such a classy repertory as did the German-American theater, or served to introduce so many European classical works to American

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from their homes within the redrawn borders of Central and Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Most resettled in Germany, but others came as refugees to the United States in the late 1940s, and established cultural centers in their new

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Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. While they needed profits to stay in operation, they used profits as a tool "to maintain continuity of the family". They used risk averse

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A similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Andrew R. L. Cayton: "In the process of participating in the public culture of Ohio, some Germans struggled to keep connections with their birthplaces. A coherent community was difficult to maintain, however. Proud as they

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He goes on to state that German Americans in St. Louis "could not be relied upon to do much of anything as a group. St. Louis served (and still does) as the seat of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, a conservative American Lutheran confession, and their local strength led to friction with Germans

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also stresses the internal dividedness, stating "One of the distinguishing characteristics of the German population in North America (especially in comparison to other immigrant groups) has been its relative degree of cultural diversity, reflected especially in the number of Christian denominations

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The power of this synthesis, Kerby Miller argued, explains the survival of Irish-American identity despite the ebbing of organized Irish-American nationalism after the Free State's founding. For German Americans, religion and party politics were sources of division rather than of unity". Kazal goes

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II was still quite strong' in shaping 'popular perceptions of the German-American character', enough so that some individuals of mixed background often would acknowledge only the non-German part of their ancestry." Kazal contrasts this experience with the experiences of the Japanese, Poles, Czechs,

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I, women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German-language neighborhood shops and into English-language downtown department stores. The 1920s and 1930s brought English-language popular culture via movies and radio that drowned

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in Chicago, promoted middle-class values and encouraged German ethnic loyalty among their readership. The Germans were proud of their language, supported many German-language public and private schools, and conducted their church services in German. They published at least two-thirds of all foreign

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Western railroads, with large land grants available to attract farmers, set up agencies in Hamburg and other German cities, promising cheap transportation, and sales of farmland on easy terms. For example, the Santa Fe railroad hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres

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It has been shown that cultural differences between the attitudes towards farming of German Americans, on the one hand, and of British-ancestry "Yankees", on the other, lasted into the 1980s and have to some extent lasted into the 21st century; German Americans have tended to see farming in a

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Kazal points out that German Americans have not had an experience that is especially typical of immigrant groups. "Certainly, in a number of ways, the German-American experience was idiosyncratic. No other large immigrant group was subjected to such strong, sustained pressure to abandon its ethnic

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II, German Americans "were ethnics without any visible national or local leaders. Not even politicians would think of addressing them explicitly as an ethnic constituency as they would say, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, or African Americans." Holli states that "Being on the wrong side in two

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II was likewise difficult for them and likewise had the impact of forcing them to drop distinctive German characteristics and assimilate into the general U.S. culture. According to Melvin G. Holli, "By 1930, some German American leaders in Chicago felt, as Dr. Leslie Tischauser put it, 'the damage

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German Americans are no longer a conspicuous ethnic group. As Melvin G. Holli puts it, "Public expression of German ethnicity is nowhere proportionate to the number of German Americans in the nation's population. Almost nowhere are German Americans as a group as visible as many smaller groups. Two

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Some 19th-century immigrants, especially the "Forty-Eighters", were secular, rejecting formal religion. About 250,000 German Jews had arrived by the 1870s, and they sponsored reform synagogues in many small cities across the country. About two million Central and Eastern European Jews arrived from

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By the 1890s, Turners numbered nearly 65,000. At the turn of the 21st century, with the ethnic identity of European Americans in flux and Americanization a key element of immigrant life, there were few Turner groups, athletic events were limited, and non-Germans were members. A survey of surviving

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The Justice Department prepared a list of all German aliens, counting approximately 480,000 of them, more than 4,000 of whom were imprisoned in 1917–18. The allegations included spying for Germany or endorsing the German war effort. Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty. The

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wrote passionately against slavery and was very pro-Lincoln. Raster published anti-slavery pamphlets and was the editor of the most influential German language newspaper in America at the time. He helped secure the votes of German-Americans across the United States for Abraham Lincoln. When Raster

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Kazal then goes on to discuss the internal dividedness. He writes: "German-American identity fell victim not only to a peculiar set of events, but also to an extraordinarily high level of internal diversity. All ethnic groups have internal divides, whether of class, religion, gender, politics, or

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But this inconspicuousness was not always the case. By 1910, German Americans had created their own distinctive, vibrant, prosperous German-language communities, referred to collectively as "Germania". According to historian Walter Kamphoefner, a "number of big cities introduced German into their

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The spiritual beliefs of Johann Conrad Beissel (1690–1768) and the Ephrata Cloister—such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, group – are reflected in Beissel's treatises on music and hymns, which have been considered the beginning of America's musical heritage.

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and the U.S. entering World War I, many German Americans were arrested for refusing allegiance to the U.S. War hysteria led to the removal of German names in public, names of things such as streets, and businesses. Schools also began to eliminate or discourage the teaching of the German language.

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Peterson himself seems not to fully agree with this, stating "Most community studies have examined very large, heterogeneous German-American urban populations that assimilated relatively quickly or, less commonly, large, homogeneous rural ones that did not. Hence, German-Americans' diversity has

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Regarding the external pressures, Kazal writes: "The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration. No other ethnic group saw its 'adoptive fatherland' twice enter a world war against its country of origin. To this stigma, the Third

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was a highly controversial state law passed in Wisconsin in 1889 that required the use of English to teach major subjects in all public and private elementary and high schools. It affected the state's many German-language private schools (and some Norwegian schools), and was bitterly resented by

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in the United States were first organized during the mid-19th century so German American immigrants could visit with one another and become involved in social and sports activities. The National Turnerbund, the head organization of the Turnvereine, started drilling members as in militia units in

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could boast of 11 singing societies—Maennerchor, Harmonie, Liedertafel, Beethoven, Concordia, Liederkranz, Germania, Teutonia, Harmonie-Maennerchor, Arion, and Mozart. The first began in 1855; the last folded in 1961. An important aspect of Wheeling social life, these societies reflected various

7491:, Miller states "During the nineteenth century, the Irish and Germans provided the largest numbers of mmigrants and gave the city its immigrant cast. The Irish and Germans differed in their ethnic cohesiveness and interactions with the host culture(s)". Miller then states that "German immigrants 5738:

Melvin G. Holli states, regarding Chicago, that "After the Great War it became clear that no ethnic group was so de-ethnicized in its public expression by a single historic event as German Americans. While Polish Americans, Lithuanian Americans, and other subject nationalities underwent a great

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As for any immigrant population, the development of a foreign-language press helped immigrants more easily learn about their new home, maintain connections to their native land, and unite immigrant communities. By the late 19th century, Germania published over 800 regular publications. The most

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II, the German language, which had always been used with English for public and official matters, was in serious decline. Today, German is preserved mainly through singing groups and recipes, with the Germans from Russia in the northern Great Plains states speaking predominantly English. German

298:

where 50.7 million Americans identified as German. The census is conducted in a way that allows this total number to be broken down in two categories. In the 2020 census, roughly two thirds of those who identify as German also identified as having another ancestry, while one third identified as

7447:

Similarly, W. Bruce Leslie has written that "German American invisibility in contemporary society and in history is an anomaly deserving attention. By standard statistical measurement, the Germans were the largest immigrant group. Yet historians have been far more interested in Italian, Irish,

5923:

I, nor elect German candidates for political office". McCaffery states that "Discussions of the disunity of the Germans are many", giving a work by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and a work by Kathleen Neils Conzen as examples, and he states that Leslie V. Tischauser "maintains that

765:

as few as 500 made up the first wave of immigrants to leave France en route to the Americas. Less than 150 of those first indentured German farmers made it to Louisiana and settled along what became known as the German Coast. With tenacity, determination and the leadership of D'arensburg these

7457:

In the book that Kazal appears to be quoting here, Waters states "Many people cited various political or social events as having an effect on their consciousness and degree of ethnic identity. I have already noted Laurie Jablonski's stronger identification with her Polish than with her German

5902:

of these divisions. Irish Americans, for example, had lost their status as primarily a proletarian group by 1900, yet they were united by religion and politics. "Irish American" had come to mean Irish Catholic; the vast majority of Irish Americans subscribed to some form of Irish nationalism

2322:

Texas had about 20,000 German Americans in the 1850s. They did not form a uniform bloc, but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived. In this regard, Texas Germania was a

5154:

was the term for transplanted German nationalism, both culturally and politically. Between 1875 and 1915, the German American population in the United States doubled, and many of its members insisted on maintaining their culture. German was used in local schools and churches, while numerous

5853:

I abandoned the last major German characteristics and redefined themselves as old stock or as "Nordic" Americans, stressing their colonial roots in Pennsylvania and distancing themselves from more recent immigrants. On the other hand, working-class and Catholic Germans, groups that heavily

5445:

The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle similar to that of their ancestors. Like the Amish, they fled persecution for their religious beliefs, and came to the United States between 1874 and 1879. Today, Hutterites mostly reside in Montana,

7462:

II. A similar story to Laurie's is related in a description by Hinda Winawer-Steiner and Norbert Wetzel of a workshop for family therapists on ethnicity and family therapy. The therapists were supposed to talk about their ethnicity and how it might influence their work. A discussion of a

3067:

have German ancestry. Tejano culture, particularly Tejano music, has been deeply influenced by German immigrants to Texas and Mexico. In German-speaking parts of Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries, many African-Americans spoke German. Many Black people who were enslaved by white

5349:

basketball team, winners of 762 games (against only 85 losses) in the early years of the 20th century. These examples, and others, reflect the evolving place of sport in the assimilation and socialization of much of the German-American population. Notable German Americans include

1062:

or indentured servants. By 1775, Germans constituted about one-third of the population of the state. German farmers were renowned for their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices. Politically, they were generally inactive until 1740, when they joined a

1044:, Maine, Nova Scotia, and North Carolina after their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native Americans. The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming, and eventually turned to the shipping and fishing industries. 5754:

The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote ethnic (but not interreligious) intermarriage. German-speaking taverns, beer gardens and saloons were all shut down by Prohibition; those that reopened in 1933 spoke English.

5322:

also had a destabilizing impact on the German immigrant communities upon which the German-language publications relied. By 1920, there were only 278 German language publications remaining in the country. After 1945, only a few publications have been started. One example is

2990:, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent. According to the 2005 American Community Survey, 50 million Americans have German ancestry. German Americans represent 17% of the total U.S. population and 26% of the non-Hispanic white population. 2996:

magazine in 2015 interviewed Petra Schürmann, the director of the German-American Heritage Museum in Washington D.C. for a major article on German-Americans. She notes that all over the United States, celebrations such as German fests and Oktoberfests have been appearing.

5374:

German immigrants who arrived before the 19th century tended to have been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Germany, and created the Lutheran Synods of Pennsylvania, North Carolina and New York. The largest Lutheran denominations in the U.S. today—the

1075:

during the Revolution, possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government, or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society. The Germans, comprising

2744: 2064:

arrived in 1853). They formed small German-Jewish communities in cities and towns. They typically were local and regional merchants selling clothing; others were livestock dealers, agricultural commodity traders, bankers, and operators of local businesses.

7775: 2811:

between 1940 and 1948. Civil rights violations occurred. An unknown number of "voluntary internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave. Many Americans of German ancestry had top war jobs, including General

2601:(in English) was a major conservative voice read closely by church leaders and intellectuals from 1894 until 1934. He was intensely loyal to the Vatican. Preuss upheld the German Catholic community, denounced the "Americanism" heresy, promoted the 5250:

groups and members reflects these radical changes in the role of Turner societies and their marginalization in 21st-century American society, as younger German Americans tended not to belong, even in strongholds of German heritage in the Midwest.

5339:

Germans brought organized gymnastics to America, and were strong supporters of sports programs. They used sport both to promote ethnic identity and pride and to facilitate integration into American society. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the

766:

Germans felled trees, cleared land, and cultivated the soil with simple hand tools as draft animals were not available. The German coast settlers supplied the budding City of New Orleans with corn, rice, eggs. and meat for many years following.

7504:... New Orleans was small enough so that dispersal did not diminish Irish power; in fact, Irish immigrants everywhere shared so many common cultural and class interests that dispersion served to broaden Irish influence on the city's culture". 2732: 5803:

notoriety gained by those who supported the German government between 1933 and 1941 cast a pall over German-Americans everywhere. Leaders of the German-American community would have great difficulty rebuilding an ethnic consciousness

5159:, associations dedicated to literature, humor, gymnastics, and singing, sprang up in German American communities. German Americans tended to support the German government's actions, and, even after the United States entered World War 13372: 5858:

and other European ethnics; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as White ethnics, distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods. Well before World

5718:

switched to English. Melvin G. Holli states, "In 1917, the Missouri Synod's Lutheran Church conference minutes appeared in English for the first time, and the synod's new constitution dropped its insistence on using the language of

1108:). Eventually the word came to refer to people who speak a Germanic language, and only in the last couple centuries the people of the Netherlands. Other Germanic language variants for "deutsch/deitsch/dutch" are: Dutch "Duits" and " 13659:

Olson, Audrey Louise. "St. Louis Germans, 1850–1920: The Nature of an Immigrant Community and Its Relation to the Assimiliation Process" (PhD dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7025388).

5344:

movement offered exercise and sports programs, while also providing a social haven for the thousands of new German immigrants arriving in the United States each year. Another highly successful German sports organization was the

336:

There is a German belt consisting of areas with predominantly German American populations that extends across the United States from eastern Pennsylvania, where many of the first German Americans settled, to the Oregon coast.

2609:

I. He provided lengthy commentary regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the anti-Catholic factor in the presidential campaign of 1928, the hardships of the Great Depression, and the liberalism of the New Deal.

6009:. The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group, whereas Plautdietsch-speakers tend much more to switch to English. Another group of German-speakers can be found in the 2391:

German-style churches, buried their dead in distinctive cemeteries using cast iron grave markers, and sang German hymns. Many farmers specialized in sugar beets—still a major crop in the upper Great Plains. During World War

394:, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their 4340:

Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as

5605:

After two or three generations, most German Americans adopted mainstream American customs – some of which they heavily influenced – and switched their language to English. As one scholar concludes, "The overwhelming

1103:

Etymologically, the word Dutch originates from the Old High German word "diutisc" (from "diot" "people"), referring to the Germanic "language of the people" as opposed to Latin, the language of the learned (see also

480:

The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and were accompanied by the first German that was to settle in North America, physician and botanist Johannes (John) Fleischer (in South America

7779: 5147:) to prepare students and teachers in German language training. By the late 19th century, the Germania Publishing Company was established in Milwaukee, a publisher of books, magazines, and newspapers in German. 9790: 7500:

the great waves of late antebellum immigration, the vast majority of Irish immigrants entering New Orleans came from a few select counties in Ireland. They shared a common faith, poverty, and national identity.

2129:

In the 19th century, German immigrants settled in Midwest, where land was available. Cities along the Great Lakes, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers attracted a large German element. The

5722:

only and instead suggested bilingualism. Dozens of Lutheran schools also dropped instruction in the German language. English-language services also intruded themselves into parishes where German had been the

803:(Canada and Louisiana) in the early 1700s. His letter said "these 9,000 Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate (Alsace part of France) were in Arkansas. The Germans left Arkansas en masse. They went to 11241:

Peter Conolly-Smith, "Transforming an Ethnic Readership Through "Word and Image": William Randolph Hearst's Deutsches Journal and New York's German-Language Press, 1895–1918", Volume 19, Number 1, 2009 in

5191:

in North Carolina had highly developed musical cultures. Choral music, Brass and String Music and Congregational singing were highly cultivated. The Moravian Church produced many composers and musicians.

13691: 5298:, lasted nearly a century. Other cities experienced similar turnover among immigrant publications, especially from opinion press, which published little news and focused instead on editorial commentary. 2795:

during the years before the war. German aliens were the subject of suspicion and discrimination during the war, although prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered as a group generally less than

5950:

Despite the remarkable level of language assimilation reached by German Americans, distinct German usage survived well into the mid-to-late-20th century in some places. Writing about the town of

2559:

Many Germans in late 19th century cities were communists; Germans played a significant role in the labor union movement. A few were anarchists. Eight of the forty-two anarchist defendants in the

2453:(1861–1865). The Germans were the largest immigrant group to participate in the Civil War; over 176,000 U.S. soldiers were born in Germany. A popular Union commander among Germans, Major General 12899:"MÄNNERCHOR, DAMENCHOR, GEMISCHTER CHOR, ALPEN SCHUHPLATTLER UND TRACHTENVEREIN, PITTSBURGH DISTRICT KINDERCHOR, SCHÜTZENKAMERADEN, TEUTONIA HAUSKAPELLE, LUSTIGEN MUSIKANTEN, and 66 CARD LEAGUE" 2803:

required 300,000 German-born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights. Under the still active

2484:

Although only one in four Germans fought in all-German regiments, they created the public image of the German soldier. Pennsylvania fielded five German regiments, New York eleven, and Ohio six.

12191: 2081:. This German-speaking group is quite distinct from the Yiddish-speaking East-European Jews who arrived in much larger numbers starting in the late 19th century and concentrated in New York. 12148: 13369: 10547: 5841:

Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendants. Kazal (2004) looks at Germans in Philadelphia, focusing on four ethnic subcultures: middle-class

14462: 11543: 10516: 10109: 5889:

Kazal goes on to state "The burden of "enemy" status made those pressures far greater for Germans than for other European ethnic groups. To some extent, American intervention in World War

10094: 7483:

were of 'Deutschthum', or the sum of Germanness, it became increasingly vague. Germans were too diverse in terms of religion and politics. 'Wherever four Germans gathered,' observed the

6332:

German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society, including science, architecture, business, sports, entertainment, theology, politics, and the military.

3060:, 15 Black immigrants from Germany were listed living in New Orleans. Afro-German immigrants were also listed on the census living in Memphis, New York City, Charleston, and Cleveland. 2929: 2587:(1863–1916), a German psychologist, moved to Harvard in the 1890s and became a leader in the new profession. He was president of the American Psychological Association in 1898, and the 5704:

I. Some public opinion surveys conducted before the war showed German Americans were even more highly regarded than immigrants from the mother culture, England". Holli states that the

5097: 535:

were better economic conditions, especially the opportunity to own land, and religious freedom. Often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as

5811:... had done to millions of people in pursuit of the 'final solution', and the wisest course for German-Americans was to forget any attachment to the German half of their heritage."" 12799: 7937: 5683:

and other cities "had what we now call two-way immersion programs: school taught half in German, half in English". This was a tradition which continued "all the way down to World War

340:

Pennsylvania, with 3.5 million people of German ancestry, has the largest population of German-Americans in the U.S. and is home to one of the group's original settlements, the

13569:

Knarr, Mary L. "Faith, frauen, and the formation of an ethnic identity: German Lutheran women in south and central Texas, 1831–1890". (Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Christian U. 2009).

5139:

The Germans worked hard to maintain and cultivate their language, especially through newspapers and classes in elementary and high schools. German Americans in many cities, such as

14331:

Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey: English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938, many from German papers.

5458:

migrated during the same time as the Hutterites, but assimilated relatively quickly in the United States, whereas groups of "Russian" Mennonites in Canada resisted assimilation.

2933:

Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police (Polizei). It is part of the town's highlighting its German ethnic origins.

14580: 2528:

was on the ballot, the Germans voted solidly against it. They strongly distrusted moralistic crusaders, whom they called "Puritans", including the temperance reformers and many

10881: 9531: 10162: 10078: 9454: 18637: 8350: 424:; fewer than five percent speak German. German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the 18177: 9116: 5640:

There were fierce battles in Wisconsin and Illinois around 1890 regarding proposals to stop the use of German as the primary language in public and parochial schools. The

2319:, Germans in Houston built the brewing industry. By the 1920s, the first generation of college-educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries. 590:

helped them get to the American colonies. The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease

294:'s figures from 2022, German Americans make up roughly 41 million people in the US, which is approximately 12% of the population. This represents a decrease from the 2012 17991: 17974: 2652:

dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany, and threw his efforts behind the German cause. There was also some Anti-German hysteria like the killing of

18198: 9786: 5833:

By the 1940s, Germania had largely vanished outside some rural areas and the Germans were thoroughly assimilated. According to Melvin G. Holli, by the end of World War

15465: 9074: 7876: 7487:

in 1879, 'they will find four different ideas.'" Another similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Randall M. Miller. Writing about

13573: 13359: 9750: 8138: 5649:

I. By 1917, almost all schools taught in English, but courses in German were common in areas with large German populations. These courses were permanently dropped.

15601: 12086: 10911: 9188: 9143:"Refugees of Revolution; The German Forty-Eighters in America. By Carl Wittke. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952. ix + 384 pp. Index. $ 6.00.)" 8252: 597:

The Palatine immigration of about 2100 people who survived was the largest single immigration to America in the colonial period. Most were first settled along the

13582:

Krawatzek, Félix, and Gwendolyn Sasse. "Integration and Identities: The Effects of Time, Migrant Networks, and Political Crises on Germans in the United States."

613:. One hundred homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent. By 1750, the Germans occupied a strip some 12 miles (19 km) long along both sides of the 15544: 14600: 14381: 13880: 10582: 9038:

American Council of Learned Societies Devoted to Humanistic Studies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States. (1969),

7753: 7529: 13942: 11514:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990" 10056: 9668: 14605: 14506: 12049: 11068: 10821: 10788: 7817: 5845:, working-class socialists, Lutherans, and Catholics. Each group followed a somewhat distinctive path toward assimilation. Lutherans, and the better situated 5621:

About 1.5 million Americans speak German at home, according to the 2000 census. From 1860 to 1917, German was widely spoken in German neighborhoods; see

18414: 16687: 12682: 8467: 12370: 10604: 2704:, the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves. German-named streets were renamed. The town, Berlin, Michigan, was changed to 1963:, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants. Following the 1181:, a Lutheran clergyman in Virginia became a major general and later a Congressman. However, in upstate New York, many Germans were neutral or supported the 18470: 14759: 14140: 14065: 13968: 9272: 7951: 12125: 7319:, whose maternal grandfather Solomon Young was a descendant of Johann Georg Jung and Hans Michael Gutknecht, who emigrated from Germany together in 1752, 2738:

American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German "Hun" soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic.

18494: 18458: 18056: 16813: 16803: 16763: 15252: 15237: 14991: 10455: 9051: 523:

Large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons.

10755: 10671: 10557: 9376: 7648: 970:, translated as House of Passage, the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina, in 1759. Soon after, the German Moravians founded the town of 18431: 11551: 10526: 364: 11386:

Annette R. Hofmann, "Between Ethnic Separation and Assimilation: German Immigrants and Their Athletic Endeavours in Their New American Home Country",

8272: 7561: 3036:. German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island. 18516: 18448: 18436: 13174:

Bade, Klaus J. "German emigration to the United States and continental immigration to Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."

11649: 11609: 12982: 12181: 11741: 11202:

Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, "Trumpeting down the Walls of Jericho: The Politics of Art, Music and Emotion in German-American Relations, 1870–1920",

10022: 5246:

1854. Nearly half of all Turners fought in the Civil War, mostly on the Union side, and a special group served as bodyguards for President Lincoln.

18654: 14440: 13736: 12515: 12158: 11926: 11679: 10239: 5751:... ethnic origins. One must attribute this reaction to the wave of repression that swept the Continent and enveloped anyone with a German past"". 5207:

In most major cities, Germans took the lead in creating a musical culture, with popular bands, singing societies, operas and symphonic orchestras.

3013:

States with the highest proportions of German Americans tend to be those of the upper Midwest, including Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and

2419:(1903–1992) became an iconic figure in the German-Russian community of the northern Great Plains—his success story personified the American dream. 13101: 5688:

come across evidence that as late as 1917, a German version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was still being sung in public schools in Indianapolis.

2712:, the governor prohibited all foreign languages in schools and public places. Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English, but the 18737: 18690: 14459: 13839: 12704: 11521: 10106: 9987: 8247:

About 1% of the more than 700,000 objects catalogued by archaeologists at Jamestown so far bear words. More than 90% of these words are in German

7995: 4499: 2521: 2517: 349: 11355:

Shell, Marc. "Hyphens: Between Deitsch and American." Multilingual America. Ed.. Werner Sollors. New York City: New York University Press, 1998.

10222: 6290:

The following German international schools are in operation in the United States, serving German citizens, Americans, and other U.S. residents:

17687: 13940:

Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). online

7423: 7397: 11491: 10996: 18727: 16447: 15458: 11584: 9429:(1966) pp. 285–87, 557; Gordon L. Iseminger, "Are We Germans, or Russians, or Americans? The McIntosh County German-Russians During World War 6309: 4425: 4407: 14401: 14320: 11886: 2060:. The largest numbers arrived after 1820, especially in the mid-19th century. They spread across the North and South (and California, where 14662: 12807: 6215: 4503: 3052:. Some German-speaking African-Americans were adopted by white German-American families. Other Black German-Americans were immigrants from 10549:

Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

7782:

on May 4, 2009: 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.

18717: 18250: 15611: 15579: 15509: 13864: 13560: 13497:

Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants."

13064: 13006: 12829: 12736: 12649: 12403: 10851: 10265: 6686: 5731:

wrote how "I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice as he recalled being yanked out of Lutheran school during World War

4527: 2676:

when he was overheard praying in German with a dying woman. Questions of German American loyalty increased due to events like the German

2412:

for cake. Despite the loss of their language, the ethnic group remains distinct, and has left a lasting impression on the American West.

761:

organized the first colonization of Louisiana with German immigrants. Of the over 5,000 Germans initially immigrating primarily from the

11400: 529:

involved worsening opportunities for farm ownership in central Europe, persecution of some religious groups, and military conscription;

18722: 14499: 13964: 12935: 9527:

The number of Confederate soldiers born in Germany is not known. Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould;

8852: 7965: 5461:

Immigrants from Germany in the mid-to-late-19th century brought many different religions with them. The most numerous were Lutheran or

5222:

The Liederkranz, a German-American music society, played an important role in the integration of the German community into the life of

2428: 1135:, and their automobile company became one of the largest in America, although never eclipsing the "Big Three", and was a factor in the 13405:

Gross, Stephen John. "Handing down the farm: Values, strategies, and outcomes in inheritance practices among rural German Americans",

12909: 9405: 648:, after the Revolutionary War, became the richest man in America from his fur trading empire and real estate investments in New York. 16756: 15091: 13151: 10877: 10873: 9528: 5747:... to conclude that: "No other North American ethnic group, past or present, has attempted so forcefully to officially conceal their 4521: 15629: 14190: 10159: 5411:

tried to unite all the German-speaking Christians—(Lutheran, Reformed, and Separatists)—into one "Church of God in the Spirit". The

1188:

From names in the 1790 U.S. census, historians estimate Germans constituted nearly 9% of the white population in the United States.

15869: 15529: 15483: 15451: 14422: 14302: 13830: 13766:

Schlossman, Steven L. "Is there an American tradition of bilingual education? German in the public elementary schools, 1840–1919."

10492: 9451: 8489: 4481: 4419: 4413: 2833: 2726:" names (e.g., Schmidt to Smith, Müller to Miller) and limit the use of the German language in public places, especially churches. 2047: 1964: 14072:

Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.),

11704: 10634: 10321: 9347: 8347: 8327: 15911: 15753: 15728: 15596: 13043: 8828: 7428: 5881:. In her study of ethnic identity in the 1980s, sociologist Mary Waters noted that the 'effect of the Nazi movement and World War 4395: 2953: 2225: 2057: 10692: 9910: 9109: 7593: 2968:

After 1970, the anti-German sentiment aroused by World War II faded away. Today, German Americans who immigrated after World War

796: 15938: 15569: 15549: 15539: 15504: 10199: 7113:, were brought to the U.S. They contributed decisively to the development of U.S. military rockets, as well as rockets for the 5376: 4533: 4443: 4389: 881:, who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. In 1721, twelve German families departed Germanna to found 726: 494: 13976:

Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History".

12213:

Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History".

6282:

in Germany, is also played in areas of the United States with large German American populations, such as Wisconsin and Texas.

6163:, the most-produced beer style in the United States, and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since 1850. 18368: 16930: 15874: 15524: 14492: 11084: 10351: 9662: 9052: 5826:, who was of German heritage but attempted to pass himself off as Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War 1092:, and other sects, developed a rich religious life with a strong musical culture. Collectively, they came to be known as the 698: 12608: 12562: 12493: 12003: 11962: 11844: 11805: 11039: 8059: 8025: 5814:

A notable example which highlights the generational effect of this de-germanization on German-American cultural identity is

18606: 18162: 15845: 15644: 15574: 15559: 13688: 10373: 10012:"How Eyewitnesses Survived Explosion: Police and Men on Craft Dodged Death on Land and Water to Save Themselves and Others" 7710: 7402: 6030: 5462: 5392: 5384: 4515: 4437: 4431: 2965:

who had maintained language and customs after settlement in Hungary and the Balkans, immigrated to the U.S. after the war.

2315:, both those who came to farm, and later immigrants who more rapidly took industrial jobs in cities such as Houston. As in 2228:. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included 2151: 2124: 13160: 9878: 9566:

9 (1906): 485–497; J. Neale Carman, ed. and trans., "German Settlements Along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway,"

617:. The soil was excellent; some 500 houses were built, mostly of stone, and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids. 519:

dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States, making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate.

18732: 18611: 18212: 18171: 16914: 16144: 16137: 16070: 15857: 15743: 15584: 15295: 14554: 14372: 13570: 13484: 13356: 13339:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

12445: 10965: 10817: 9053:

American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States

8830:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

7412: 2096: 2090: 2006:

beginning in the 1830s—predominantly in Texas and Missouri, but also in other U.S. states—in which German intellectuals (

773:

settled thousands of German pioneers in French Louisiana during 1721. It encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the

14432: 14285: 13750: 13601:

Der Wanderer of St. Paul: The First Decade, 1867–1877: a Mirror of the German-Catholic Immigrant Experience in Minnesota

13394: 12075: 10903: 9095:

Birte Pfleger, "'Miserable Germans' and Fries's Rebellion: Language, Ethnicity, and Citizenship in the Early Republic,"

8258: 1123:

brothers, forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers, arrived in Pennsylvania in 1736 from the famous blade town of

705: 15965: 15862: 15840: 15659: 15519: 13122: 12856: 11580: 11547: 11033: 10403: 9514:, Vol/ 73, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 117–145; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., 8744: 8736: 8704: 8696: 8664: 8656: 8627: 8590: 8553: 6678: 6598: 6304: 6294: 5396: 5380: 5063: 5027: 3084:

As of 2020, the distribution of German Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:

3005: 2636:

During World War I, German Americans were often accused of being too sympathetic to Imperial Germany. Former president

2588: 1148: 826:. They were attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Hanno Deiler's "Louisiana: A Home for German Settlers". 12882: 10578: 10048: 9690:

Anderson, Kristen L. (2008). "German Americans, African Americans, and the Republican Party in St. Louis, 1865–1872".

8960: 7749: 7525: 5163:

I, they often voted for antidraft and antiwar candidates. 'Deutschtum' in the United States disintegrated after 1918.

2362:

were the most traditional of German-speaking arrivals. They were Germans who had lived for generations throughout the

18581: 18333: 17881: 17739: 16843: 15696: 15639: 15591: 15514: 15474: 14592: 14235: 12602: 12556: 12487: 12300: 11997: 11838: 11799: 9744: 9652: 9384: 8898: 8171: 8132: 8105: 7870: 7827: 6522: 6450: 4983: 2941: 937: 745: 679: 12949: 12769: 12038: 9294: 5370:

This 1850 census map shows the Lutheran population. Nearly all were German, since few Scandinavians had arrived yet.

15775: 15733: 15718: 15534: 15398: 14655: 14540: 14102: 14027: 13536:

Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers,"

13505: 11065: 10813: 10777: 10287: 9510:

Christian B. Keller, "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers",

7133:

II, was brought to the United States through a similar path to von Braun, and served as a civilian employee of the

6670: 6614: 6458: 6195: 5319: 5143:, brought their strong support of education, establishing German-language schools and teacher training seminaries ( 2500:

Germany was a large country with many diverse subregions which contributed immigrants. Dubuque was the base of the

1154: 493:

and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was

330: 14315: 13552:

Kibler, Amanda. "Speaking like a 'good American': National identity and the legacy of German-language education."

13167:

Bade, Klaus J. "From emigration to immigration: The German experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

12672: 12321:

Peterson, David (1992). ""From Bone Depth": German-American Communities in Rural Minnesota before the Great War".

9023: 8983: 8464: 8278: 5264: 2540:

in 1896. In 1900, many German Democrats returned to their party and voted for Bryan, perhaps because of President

2433:

Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery, especially among Forty-Eighters. Notable Forty-Eighter

712: 15785: 15723: 13774: 13427: 13284: 12349: 10612: 9062: 6252:. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then " 4885: 4545: 2619: 429: 386:

by its abundant land and religious freedom, and were pushed out of Germany by shortages of land and religious or

368: 326: 12478:. In Schulze, Mathias; Skidmore, James M.; John, David G.; Liebscher, Grit; Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian (eds.). 9939: 9263: 8187:

Vandermeer, Philip R. (1981). "Religion, Society, and Politics: A Classification of American Religious Groups".

2512:

Relatively few German Americans held office, but the men voted once they became citizens. In general during the

18576: 15830: 15805: 15686: 15606: 15499: 15391: 13490:

Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri,"

13249: 12115: 8886: 8777: 8405: 7793: 7735: 6845: 6789: 6314: 6227: 5131:

CE as Rome's greatest defeat, and in the 19th century he became a symbol of unity for German immigrants facing

4869: 4829: 3080:

Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020

2784: 2664:

barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage. One person was killed by a mob; in

2623: 2602: 2529: 2241: 2233: 1182: 1072: 683: 425: 55:

Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020

10442: 8802: 7641: 5838:

wars had a devastating and long-term negative impact on the public celebration of German-American ethnicity".

5629:, that German was almost the official language of the U.S. There was never any such proposal. The U.S. has no 18401: 18281: 18182: 17821: 17366: 15666: 15634: 15621: 15385: 14186: 10747: 9373: 8516: 8293: 8231: 7862: 6781: 6638: 6630: 6336: 5763: 5403:. Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany. Protestants often joined the 5053: 4965: 4755: 4695: 4649: 2775:

Between 1931 and 1940, 114,000 Germans moved to the United States, many of whom—including Nobel prize winner

1170: 963: 873:

to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony. The name "Germanna", selected by Governor

866: 807:

and demanded passage to Europe. The Mississippi Company gave the Germans rich lands on the right bank of the

694: 610: 421: 15308: 6182:; the brewery's flagship product remains a 19th-century German-style amber lager. By the late 19th century, 2644:", insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, such as 17436: 15738: 15671: 15564: 15422: 13925: 13671:

Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest

8582: 8545: 7551: 6813: 6124: 4995: 4747: 4727: 4661: 4366: 1064: 878: 587: 567: 12979: 11641: 11624: 6230:

in New York City, held every third Saturday in September. There are also major annual events in Chicago's

1058:

The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between 1725 and 1775, with immigrants arriving as

325:

The Mississippi Company of France later transported thousands of Germans from Europe to what was then the

17702: 17677: 17473: 15810: 15429: 14648: 14310: 13700:

Ritter, Luke, "Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis, 1840–1860,"

13538: 13386: 11733: 11645: 11610:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011" 11517: 11487: 10907: 10751: 10553: 10522: 10488: 10451: 10134: 10011: 9568: 6265: 5622: 5415:

in America is one of the results of this effort, as are the many "Union" churches in rural Pennsylvania.

5015: 4789: 4775: 4735: 4713: 1127:. With their skills, they made wagons that carried the frontiersmen westward; their cannons provided the 929: 890: 877:, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British queen, 602: 601:

in work camps, to pay off their passage. By 1711, seven villages had been established in New York on the

436:

are popular festivities. There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago,

291: 14437: 14353: 14241: 13733: 13093: 12523: 11918: 11671: 10904:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States" 10579:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 10243: 8913:

De Grauwe, Luc, "Emerging mother-tongues awareness in Dutch and German". In Linn & McLelland (eds).

7750:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 7526:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 6776:

for much of American history, beginning with breweries founded in the 19th century by German immigrants

5798:

Holli goes on to state that "The pain increased during the late 1930s and early 1940s, when Congressman

2445:

the U.S. ministers and consuls." Hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteered to fight for the

18358: 18039: 17458: 15681: 14571: 13978: 11215:

Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and Americanization: The American Turners and Their New Identity",

8619: 6871: 6606: 6368: 5705: 5408: 5259: 5092: 4741: 3029: 2808: 2689: 2628: 2446: 2120: 1017: 917: 360: 106: 14242:"List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English: German" 13353:

Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775

13271:

Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War

12708: 11513: 9976: 6080:(German-American Shooting Society) by William C. Frohne (1885) on St. Mark's Place in the East Village 632:, who led the fight in colonial New York City for freedom of the press in America. A later immigrant, 18230: 17838: 17682: 17649: 17293: 16773: 16371: 15355: 15219: 15193: 14749: 13759: 13719: 13313: 10219: 9237:

The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity, 1843–1914

6967: 6269: 6059: 5469:

started immigrating in large numbers in the mid to latter 19th century, spurred in particular by the

5275: 4825: 4509: 3057: 2987: 2404:

remains the second most spoken language in North and South Dakota, and Germans from Russia often use

1629: 1202: 967: 618: 221: 398:

techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where German-speaking districts emerged.

17697: 17672: 16456: 16303: 16025: 15975: 15921: 15713: 14585: 14020:

Nollendorfs, Valters. "The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies."

12076:"ALLEGIANCE AND HERITAGE: THE GERMAN-AMERICANs OF FREDERICKSBURG, TEXAS IN THE NAZI ERA, 1933–1945" 12039:"FRAGILE AND BELEAGUERED ARE THE MANY:THE RECURRENCE OF ANTI-GERMAN ACTIVITIES DURING WORLD WAR II" 11573: 11483: 8397: 7685: 6951: 6863: 6760: 6326: 6171: 6093: 5188: 5102: 5079: 5071: 5011: 4979: 4969: 4919: 4877: 4781: 2387: 2183: 2131: 1986:"From the Old to the New World" shows German emigrants boarding a steamer in Hamburg, to New York. 1198: 941: 902: 341: 311: 279: 231: 11878: 8003: 7034:

invented the world's first successful airplane in 1903. Famous German-American scientists include

2251:. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century. 2182:, Nebraska, where the proportion of German Americans was 57% in 1910. In many other cities of the 586:

region of Germany escaped conditions of poverty, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London.

18482: 18044: 17634: 17241: 16783: 15953: 15889: 15333: 14471: 13419:

Guenther, Karen. "A Question of Loyalty: German Churches in Reading During the First World War,"

7615: 6745: 6340: 6257: 6253: 6231: 6101: 6097: 6063: 5404: 5400: 5294: 5287: 5211: 5176: 5057: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4803: 4731: 4717: 4673: 4597: 2804: 2190:, German Americans were at least 30% of the population. By 1850 there were 5,000 Germans, mostly 2003: 925: 672: 226: 10126: 9058:

Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States

8097:

Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Attitudes, Training, Or Religious Views?

6437:

Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business, including

6127:

throughout the country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer.

5454:. Most are able to understand Standard German in addition to their dialect. The German speaking 2073:

in Alabama, was a particularly prominent example of such a German-Jewish immigrant. They formed

299:

German alone. German Americans account for about one third of the total population of people of

18102: 17937: 17924: 17421: 15980: 15835: 15706: 15406: 15242: 13225:

Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868–1945

12645: 10257: 9040:

Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population

7778:. The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2006. Archived from 7305: 7047: 6821: 6730: 6299: 6240: 5180: 5003: 4865: 4811: 4763: 4667: 4561: 4539: 4385:

The 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:

3033: 2975: 2751: 2665: 2537: 2473: 2237: 1971:. They included professionals, journalists, and politicians. Prominent Forty-Eighters included 1009: 962:. They established German settlements on that tract, especially in the area around what is now 531: 525: 15326: 13861: 13061: 12998: 12833: 12733: 12395: 10843: 9853:

Arthur Preuss: Journalist and Voice of German and Conservative Catholics in America, 1871–1934

9608:

Lindaman, Matthew (2004). "Heimat in the Heartland: The Significance of an Ethnic Newspaper".

9056: 7856: 6958:, was an early naturalist and publisher of the first botanical textbook in the United States. 5898:

homeland region. What distinguished German America was that it incorporated not just some but

719: 428:

in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September.

18632: 18112: 18107: 18087: 17732: 17601: 17518: 17483: 17478: 17379: 16838: 16808: 16538: 16501: 16423: 16271: 16266: 15879: 15780: 15554: 15319: 15165: 15108: 15006: 14899: 14804: 14134: 14059: 13904: 13895: 13886: 11882: 11406: 9734: 8537: 8161: 8122: 8095: 7079: 7055: 6955: 6837: 6829: 6530: 6415: 6194:

in 1860. Later German immigrants figured prominently in the rebirth of craft brews following

5951: 5903:

conflated with American patriotism; and Irish-American voters were overwhelmingly Democrats.

5618:, nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most German-language church services. 5615: 5311: 5303: 5132: 5049: 4999: 4949: 4911: 4901: 4889: 4855: 4835: 4817: 4771: 4751: 4677: 3049: 3025: 2972:

II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group in the U.S.

2396: 2247:

Whereas half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the

2229: 1162: 836:

was the first German born US Senator (Missouri, 1868) and later US Secretary of the Interior.

13848:

The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture

13342: 10953: 10748:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 8890: 7973: 7331:, whose maternal family's ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of 6045: 5366: 3044:

During the 1800s, there were a number of German-speaking African-Americans, including Black

889:, the start of a westward and southward trend of German migration and settlement across the 18225: 17919: 17591: 17581: 17571: 17561: 17513: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17384: 16823: 16788: 16778: 16615: 16433: 16403: 16357: 16223: 16198: 16020: 15958: 15850: 15227: 15103: 14996: 14932: 14914: 14824: 14809: 14627: 12913: 10258:"Text of H.R. 3198 (109th): Wartime Treatment Study Act (Introduced version) – GovTrack.us" 9446:

Timothy J. Kloberdanz, "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains."

9397: 8844: 7382: 7374: 7277: 7083: 6881: 6867: 6740: 6494: 6419: 6411: 6348: 5771: 5427: 5315: 5281: 5223: 5184: 5075: 5067: 5045: 4991: 4893: 4873: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4707: 4643: 4591: 4573: 4493: 4447: 3365: 2813: 2792: 2780: 2692:

until he finalized his naturalization papers. Orchestras replaced music by German composer

2673: 2549: 2206: 2116: 2035: 1774: 1291: 898: 882: 786: 758: 641: 621:

was the best-known of the German settlements in a region long known as the "German Flats".

387: 356: 315: 6179: 5778:

While its impact appears to be less well-known and studied than the impact which World War

5431: 5150:"Germania" was the common term for German American neighborhoods and their organizations. 3076: 1116:." The Japanese "ドイツ" (/doitsu/) also derives from the aforementioned "Dutch" variations. 459:

Around 180,000 permanent residents from Germany were living in the United States in 2020.

50: 8: 18601: 18316: 18127: 18092: 17586: 17556: 17546: 17536: 17416: 17310: 16909: 16902: 16880: 16858: 16853: 16741: 16662: 16481: 16418: 16388: 16340: 16330: 16283: 16259: 16213: 16208: 16056: 15926: 15884: 15815: 15800: 15795: 15691: 15313: 15288: 14971: 14919: 14904: 14854: 14744: 14730: 14405: 10640: 7588: 7418: 7407: 7209: 7035: 6979: 6877: 6765: 6618: 6518: 6470: 6446: 6442: 6248:

outside of Germany and in Milwaukee, which celebrates its German heritage with an annual

6219: 6191: 6174:(approximately 80 miles northwest of Philadelphia), founded in 1829 by an immigrant from 5966: 5819: 5767: 5692: 5435: 5328: 5215:

social classes and enjoyed great popularity until anti-German sentiments during World War

5119: 5037: 4987: 4973: 4961: 4953: 4905: 4851: 4843: 4723: 4701: 4579: 4557:

Large U.S. communities with a high percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:

4374: 2791:

fleeing government oppression. About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi

2677: 2641: 2591:

in 1908, and played a major role in many other American and international organizations.

2375: 2359: 2195: 2187: 2100: 1664: 1068: 1053: 982: 886: 874: 858: 770: 583: 433: 18475: 18441: 14299: 14178: 13346: 11672:"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: the Case of an Over-confident Minority" 10479: 9004: 8483: 2649: 2584: 18627: 18596: 18586: 18380: 18343: 18301: 18117: 18061: 17996: 17947: 17914: 17902: 17897: 17869: 17833: 17609: 17576: 17566: 17541: 17450: 17389: 17374: 17359: 16828: 16798: 16726: 16704: 16672: 16650: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16582: 16543: 16533: 16528: 16491: 16466: 16393: 16335: 16298: 16247: 16242: 16114: 16107: 16092: 16075: 16051: 16030: 16015: 16005: 15990: 15970: 15948: 15894: 15825: 15790: 15247: 15113: 15081: 15076: 15066: 15056: 15040: 15011: 15001: 14981: 14961: 14875: 14834: 14799: 14715: 14685: 14671: 14618: 14561: 14533: 14527: 14114: 14039: 13995: 13827: 13734:"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: The Case of an Over-confident Minority 13480: 13293: 13231: 13188:

Baron, Frank, "Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants: Turners and Forty-Eighters,"

13060:

ROOTED IN HISTORY: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman, Harry S. Truman Library Genealogy

12330: 12289: 12230: 12186: 11701: 11142:

Lucile E. Hackett, "Johann Conrad Beissel: Early German-American Mystic and Musician",

10784: 10685:"Chronology : The Germans in America (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)" 10645: 9918: 9834: 9715: 9707: 9633: 9625: 9353: 9180: 8385: 8321: 8212: 8204: 7193: 7126: 7122: 6991: 6975: 6913: 6785: 6735: 6582: 6482: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6356: 5970: 5455: 5439: 5434:

had formed and are still in existence today. The Old Order Amish and a majority of the

5106: 5019: 5007: 4957: 4939: 4931: 4847: 4821: 4759: 4689: 4603: 4585: 4552: 4220: 3045: 2934: 2825: 2713: 2709: 2661: 2637: 2513: 2450: 2382:

Negatively influenced by the violation of their rights and cultural persecution by the

2296: 2260: 2201:

Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the "

2112: 2078: 1132: 1093: 906: 854: 846: 547: 536: 319: 241: 196: 98: 18262: 14228:

Wurzeln in fremder Erde: Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika

13608:

The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War

12441:: German Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire and Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1870–1942 10313: 9787:"Beer and Revolution: Some Aspects of German Anarchist Culture in New York, 1880–1900" 5957:

To this day, German speakers can be found in the United States among long-established

1036:

Between 1742 and 1753, roughly 1,000 Germans settled in Broad Bay, Massachusetts (now

18375: 18311: 18291: 18286: 18235: 18220: 18167: 18139: 18122: 18066: 18006: 18001: 17907: 17667: 17551: 17493: 17426: 16885: 16870: 16863: 16833: 16793: 16768: 16751: 16709: 16677: 16667: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16570: 16565: 16558: 16548: 16486: 16471: 16413: 16408: 16376: 16345: 16308: 16293: 16276: 16235: 16203: 16181: 16154: 16102: 16000: 15995: 15985: 15943: 15931: 15820: 15770: 15411: 15258: 15208: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15134: 15118: 15098: 15086: 15071: 15035: 15021: 15016: 14976: 14966: 14945: 14925: 14909: 14885: 14880: 14844: 14829: 14819: 14778: 14736: 14722: 14277: 14231: 13958: 13392:

Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present

13245: 13239: 13183:

Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848–1890

12929: 12598: 12552: 12483: 12296: 11993: 11957: 11834: 11795: 11029: 11025: 10684: 9907: 9740: 9719: 9658: 9637: 9172: 9066: 8894: 8874: 8773: 8750: 8740: 8728: 8710: 8700: 8688: 8670: 8660: 8633: 8623: 8596: 8586: 8559: 8549: 8411: 8401: 8381: 8216: 8167: 8128: 8101: 7945: 7866: 7823: 7787: 7729: 7583: 7249: 7233: 7106: 7099: 7063: 7019: 7015: 6947: 6793: 6726: 6662: 6610: 6578: 6502: 6352: 6132: 5994: 5978: 5630: 5626: 5114: 5023: 4915: 4683: 4627: 4487: 4346: 2817: 2796: 2718: 2342: 2147: 2023: 2019: 1624: 1216: 1166: 894: 808: 629: 594:. Many immigrants, particularly children, died before reaching America in June 1710. 482: 395: 391: 376: 246: 211: 201: 17283: 17097: 15443: 14940: 11986:"What Happens After English is Declared the Official Language of the United States?" 10196: 9167: 7923:

On Illinois see, Raymond Lohne, "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy",

4380: 18591: 18571: 18549: 18453: 18363: 18348: 18321: 18276: 18268: 18240: 18144: 18097: 18082: 18016: 17984: 17957: 17952: 17862: 17725: 17503: 17498: 17488: 17468: 17147: 17025: 16945: 16875: 16848: 16818: 16714: 16692: 16610: 16521: 16516: 16506: 16442: 16350: 16323: 16313: 16288: 16254: 16186: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16149: 16097: 16087: 16080: 16061: 16037: 16010: 15916: 15649: 15345: 15200: 15173: 15139: 15061: 14870: 14839: 14814: 14773: 14754: 14567: 14249: 14202: 13987: 13785:

German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation

13322: 12362: 12222: 12153: 11620: 11248:

Translating America: An Ethnic Press Visualizes Popular American Culture, 1895–1918

9960:

Hickey, Donald R. (Summer 1969), "The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria",

9699: 9617: 9224:

Who Rules the Synagogue?: Religious Authority and the Formation of American Judaism

9162: 9154: 8879: 8577:

Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S.; Shade, William G. (2007).

8196: 7556: 7387: 7245: 7189: 7059: 6987: 6983: 6909: 6885: 6855: 6817: 6682: 6594: 6574: 6454: 6407: 6396: 6275: 6014: 5990: 5933:

comprised the city's largest immigrant ethnicity and possibly its least cohesive".

5466: 5451: 5450:, and Minnesota, and the western provinces of Canada. Hutterites continue to speak 5438:

still speak dialects of German, including Pennsylvania German, informally known as

5324: 5041: 5033: 4945: 4839: 3873: 3318: 2946: 2768: 2560: 2541: 2477: 2312: 2308: 1995: 1465: 1178: 1174: 1037: 994: 933: 862: 633: 543: 508: 372: 216: 119: 102: 11095: 10343: 18409: 18306: 18296: 18257: 17929: 17843: 17826: 17799: 17463: 17411: 17052: 17015: 16970: 16897: 16746: 16736: 16699: 16682: 16655: 16590: 16511: 16496: 16476: 16398: 16381: 16362: 16318: 16228: 16218: 16191: 16176: 16132: 15701: 15282: 15266: 15213: 15159: 15027: 14986: 14849: 14783: 14690: 14515: 14466: 14444: 14306: 14289: 14207:(English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855–1938). 13868: 13834: 13778: 13754: 13740: 13695: 13594: 13577: 13564: 13509: 13431: 13398: 13376: 13363: 13288: 13068: 13028: 12986: 12740: 12590: 12546: 12471: 11985: 11952: 11828: 11787: 11708: 11072: 11019: 10226: 10203: 10166: 10113: 9914: 9535: 9458: 9380: 9027: 8987: 8964: 8471: 8354: 8051: 8029: 7392: 7301: 7201: 7071: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7003: 6937: 6889: 6851: 6825: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6431: 6223: 6086: 5855: 5799: 5412: 5346: 5172: 5110: 4897: 4807: 4453: 4401: 2958: 2829: 2776: 2723: 2705: 2685: 2440: 2175: 2070: 1723: 1113: 921: 559: 383: 307: 300: 251: 206: 191: 161: 123: 39: 12860: 10381: 9811:

Jutta Spillmann, and Lothar Spillmann. "The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg."

9736:

Trade Unions and Community: The German Working Class in New York City, 1870–1900

2597:(1871–1934) was a leading journalist, and theologian. A layman in St Louis. His 18049: 18034: 18011: 17967: 17933: 17874: 17771: 17644: 17305: 17258: 17122: 17117: 17082: 17067: 16645: 16461: 16428: 15906: 15901: 15232: 14765: 14484: 13454:. (1971). Voting behavior of Germans, prohibition, language, and school issues. 11160: 11156: 9886: 9864:

Jutta Spillmann and Lothar Spillmann. "The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg."

7360: 7285: 7241: 7237: 7197: 7173: 7169: 7138: 7118: 7095: 7067: 7011: 7007: 6905: 6859: 6841: 6801: 6797: 6650: 6622: 6586: 6570: 6478: 6438: 6187: 6120: 6010: 5974: 4881: 4767: 4655: 4621: 4354: 4058: 3897: 2962: 2697: 2693: 2672:

was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched. A Minnesota minister was

2553: 2472:

The German vote in 1900 was in doubt; they opposed the "repudiation" policy of

2434: 2374:. Their ancestors had come from all over the German-speaking world, invited by 2363: 2224:". Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city's 2210: 2202: 2077:

and sponsored numerous local and national philanthropic organizations, such as

2074: 2031: 2027: 1968: 1718: 1694: 1558: 1489: 1158: 1067:-led coalition that took control of the legislature, which later supported the 998: 990: 951: 910: 512: 406: 256: 14008:

Other Witnesses: An Anthology of Literature of the German Americans, 1850–1914

13709:

Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America

13264:

Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City

12705:"Friday Lunch Menu | Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh (Deutschtown), PA" 12435: 10971: 9070: 9015:

Theodore G. Tappert, "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

8975:

Theodore G. Tappert, "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

8415: 8274:

Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the First Germans in America, April 18

8200: 8082:

The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures

7343:

region that is now part of France; both families came to America around 1750.

7109:, and most of the leading engineers from the former German V-2 rocket base at 5867: 18711: 18504: 18387: 17979: 17962: 17941: 17787: 17350: 17221: 17169: 17157: 17152: 17142: 17132: 17127: 17047: 17020: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16553: 15676: 14282: 13747: 13557: 13235: 12677: 10444:

Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980

9176: 8637: 8389: 7320: 7253: 7229: 7221: 7165: 7075: 6995: 6933: 6925: 6917: 6897: 6777: 6714: 6602: 6344: 6105: 5878: 5719: 4861: 4567: 4471: 4459: 4314: 4244: 3803: 3619: 3099: 3020:

Of the four major U.S. regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the

2669: 2653: 2645: 2594: 2416: 2352: 2338: 2300: 2286: 2171: 1976: 1752: 1418: 1395: 1021: 975: 811:

about 25 miles (40 km) above New Orleans. The area is now known as 'the

606: 605:

manor. In 1723 Germans became the first Europeans allowed to buy land in the

14095:

Tolzmann, Don Heinrich. "German-American studies: History and development."

13391: 13126: 11721:

The Bennett Law of Eighteen Eighty-Nine: Education and Politics in Wisconsin

11642:"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970" 11342:

Dobbert, G.A. "German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870-1914."

10411: 9340: 9211:

Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830–1914

8754: 8714: 8674: 8600: 8563: 7806:"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171. 7110: 5387:—are all descended from churches started by German immigrants among others. 2291: 1955:

The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and

18353: 17855: 17330: 17206: 16990: 14708: 14612: 14547: 14028:"The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies" 14013:

Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group",

13729:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993. 13678:

German Culture in America, 1600–1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences

13220:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006. 12886: 11243: 9921:. Presented to the Society for Military History Annual Meeting, April 1998. 9825:

Conley, Rory T. (1994). "Arthur Preuss, German-Catholic Exile in America".

8957: 7897:

Zane L. Miller, "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group",

7328: 7316: 7293: 7225: 7217: 7149: 7145: 7023: 6971: 6963: 6921: 6901: 6893: 6809: 6773: 6706: 6698: 6658: 6626: 6590: 6566: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6474: 6427: 6423: 6388: 6199: 6159:, which is popular across the United States. Germans introduced America to 5998: 5815: 5672: 5193: 4475: 4358: 4081: 4035: 4012: 3920: 3053: 2274: 2066: 2061: 2007: 1535: 1512: 1059: 823: 812: 778: 614: 598: 516: 498: 402: 345: 14170:

Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer, eds.

13547:

States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War

13531:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective

12646:"Languages in East Amana, Iowa (Unincorporated Place) – Statistical Atlas" 9908:

The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I

9773:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective

9572:

28 (Autumn 1962): 310–16; cited in Turk, "Germans in Kansas," (2005) p 57.

6013:

in Iowa; according to the website Statistical Atlas, all the residents of

2764: 2158:

was also a favored destination. By 1900, the populations of the cities of

18683: 18131: 17325: 17246: 17226: 17112: 16985: 16890: 11948: 11129:

Andrew Yox, "The German-American Community as a Nationality, 1880–1940",

10666:

Lukas Schemper, "Diasporas and American debates on German unification."

7488: 7336: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7205: 7185: 7181: 7161: 6750: 6718: 6710: 6666: 6550: 6462: 6403: 6380: 6376: 6249: 6245: 6234:

neighborhood, a traditional a center of the city's German population, in

6211: 5982: 5728: 5657: 5641: 5471: 5447: 4465: 3688: 3272: 3068:

German-Americans, as well as their descendants, learned to speak German.

3014: 2708:(honoring those who fought in the Battle of Marne). In Iowa, in the 1918 2533: 2525: 2454: 2367: 2270: 2053: 1972: 1956: 1785: 1244: 1077: 1025: 1002: 833: 819: 804: 571: 551: 490: 449: 146: 89: 14118: 14043: 13687:

edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 207–223)

13647:

Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845–80

13502: 13470:

German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas

12777: 12334: 11827:

Leslie, W. Bruce (1997). "German Americans". In Parish, Peter J. (ed.).

11484:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007" 10291: 9838: 9711: 9629: 1982: 997:

and quickly distinguished themselves through improved farming, advanced

18487: 17288: 17231: 17062: 13999: 13771: 13281: 12472:"Pulitzer, Preetorius, and the German American Identity Project of the 12234: 9562:

C. B. Schmidt, "Reminiscences of Foreign Immigration Work for Kansas,"

9184: 9020: 8980: 8208: 7276:

There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent:

7213: 7157: 7091: 7087: 7051: 6941: 6833: 6694: 6690: 6674: 6542: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6261: 6235: 6148: 6071: 6002: 5958: 5823: 5676: 5355: 4615: 4609: 4370: 4342: 3849: 3826: 3226: 2701: 2458: 2266: 2167: 2155: 2139: 1999: 1689: 1441: 1136: 1128: 1120: 1105: 1013: 800: 686: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 445: 437: 236: 154: 142: 93: 18424: 17848: 17335: 17087: 14392:

The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)

14010:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2007. 13813:

America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History

13424: 12857:"Pittsburgh?s historic Deutschtown – Our Neighborhood Rich in History" 8579:

Old Dominion, New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia, 1607–2007

5985:

to various degrees (though they are generally fluent in English). All

5735:

I and forbidden by his immigrant parents ever to speak German again".

5234:

established German serious music as the superior language of feeling.

4634: 2605:, and anguished over the anti-German America hysteria during World War 974:

in 1766 (now a historical section in the center of Winston-Salem) and

18245: 17778: 17662: 17639: 17614: 17340: 17236: 17092: 17042: 16960: 15303: 14640: 14015:

Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

12366: 9931: 9703: 9621: 9300: 9001:

The Life of Major-General Peter Muhlenberg: Of the Revolutionary Army

7993: 7899:

Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

7332: 7309: 7177: 7153: 7027: 6970:

were noted physicians. The 19th century saw pioneering inventions by

6959: 6929: 6755: 6702: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6279: 6226:

are held regularly throughout the country. One of the largest is the

6183: 6167: 6144: 6140: 5986: 5930: 5680: 5423: 5388: 5351: 5140: 5113:, it is the 3rd largest copper statue in the United States after the 4639:

The 25 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Germany are:

4362: 4350: 4267: 4104: 3665: 3550: 2800: 2788: 2316: 2217: 2191: 2163: 2159: 2143: 2135: 1777:

was an anti-tax movement among Germans in Pennsylvania in 1799–1800.

1326: 1321: 1085: 1081: 971: 563: 555: 486: 453: 441: 414: 284: 150: 17072: 14386: 13991: 13477:

German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective

13458: 12226: 11420: 11265:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

10707: 9654:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

9158: 7121:

to land on the Moon. Similarly, fellow German aviation technologist

6017:

speak German at home, and only 67.7% can speak English "very well".

5830:

II, a claim which would continue to mislead his family for decades.

4553:

Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry

3009:

Distribution of Americans claiming German Ancestry by county in 2018

1967:, a wave of political refugees fled to America, who became known as 954:, because the streams and meadows reminded Moravian settlers of the 661: 18509: 18499: 17619: 17273: 17263: 17191: 17164: 17077: 17057: 16995: 16975: 16955: 16950: 15361: 15179: 14891: 13452:

The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896

12516:"How German Is American? Building Communities – Max Kade Institute" 10049:"Silence Broken, Pardons Granted 88 Years After Crimes of Sedition" 8794: 7938:"Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 – 1876" 6805: 6268:" and has been revived as such. Within Deutschtown and since 1854, 6175: 5938: 5124: 4196: 3966: 3757: 3711: 3642: 3596: 3527: 3435: 3295: 3249: 3203: 2979:

U.S. Ancestries by County, Germany in light blue, as of 2000 census

2722:). The response of German Americans to these tactics was often to " 2576: 2405: 2347: 2015: 1604: 1372: 1315: 1267: 1124: 850: 845:

Two waves of German colonists in 1714 and 1717 founded a colony in

637: 628:

The most famous of the early German Palatine immigrants was editor

504: 420:

The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become

310:

in the 1670s, and they settled primarily in the colonial states of

14476: 14325: 14294: 13792:

The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941

13216:

Bungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge, & Robert C. Ostergren (eds.).

12182:"For Donald Trump's Family, an Immigrant's Tale With 2 Beginnings" 12149:"Donald Trump claimed he was of Swedish ancestry – but it's a lie" 9142: 8510: 7819:

Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island

5479:

the 1880s to 1924, bringing more traditional religious practices.

2030:. A prominent representative of this generation of immigrants was 18564: 18559: 18554: 18521: 17748: 17698:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

17431: 17345: 17320: 17268: 17253: 17137: 16965: 16935: 15654: 14427: 14396: 14221:

Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart

11165:

Land without Nightingales: Music in the Making of German-America.

10993:"City & County Information, Town & Community Information" 9932:"Get the Rope! Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin" 8232:"Tour of German-American Sites at James Fort, Historic Jamestown" 8084:(1979) pp 147–58 maps out the political beliefs of key subgroups. 8052:"Auswandern in die USA – das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten" 6999: 6156: 6152: 6128: 5341: 5242: 4381:

Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry

4290: 4173: 3734: 3458: 3341: 3180: 3134: 3091: 3064: 3021: 2248: 1998:

is the designation of several settlements founded by some of the

1581: 1221: 959: 468: 410: 306:

The first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the

172: 85: 18531: 17717: 14449: 13716:

Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest

9583:

Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest

8254:

Where it All Began – Celebrating 400 Years of Germans in America

3039: 885:. They were swiftly replaced by 70 new German arrivals from the 869:

and encouraged German immigration by advertising in Germany for

18647: 18642: 18419: 18326: 17624: 17216: 17201: 17196: 17184: 17179: 17107: 17037: 16940: 16719: 15186: 14391: 12361:(PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. p. 45. 11788:"German American Ethnic and Cultural Identity from 1890 Onward" 9485:"Inventory of the Hermann Raster Papers". The Newberry Library. 7673:

One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society

7552:"6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America" 7340: 6722: 6654: 6562: 6466: 6136: 6006: 5788: 5200:

had its American debut in Bethlehem in the early 19th century.

3989: 3780: 3504: 3389: 3157: 2983:

The German American community supported reunification in 1990.

2371: 2221: 1191: 1041: 986: 955: 793: 782: 774: 762: 591: 295: 14264: 12595:

Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States

11330:, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1984, p. 164. 7268:

became prominent athletes, actors, film directors or artists.

6880:

have been greatly enriched by German-American authors such as

6272:

has been promoting and furthering German cultural traditions.

6264:). So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as " 5318:, which authorized censorship of foreign language newspapers. 5230:

with 'emotion'. The performance of pieces such as Beethoven's

2468: 2146:, Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants. The 829: 18463: 17315: 17298: 17278: 17211: 17174: 17102: 17032: 14701: 14335: 13302:

German Immigrants: Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era.

11189:

Erna Ottl Gwinn, "The Liederkranz in Louisville, 1848–1877",

10481:

1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States

9250:

Thirteenth census of the United States taken in the year 1910

8954:

America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army

7940:. June 11, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. 6402:

German Americans were famous American politicians, including

6160: 6058:(German Dispensary), both by William Schickel (1883–1884) on 5962: 5758: 5633:, but use of German was strongly discouraged during World War 5419: 4127: 3573: 3412: 2821: 2179: 1619: 1349: 1109: 1089: 870: 645: 14416: 14330: 13899:

Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America

12026:

Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism

11953:"I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice" 5915:

Robert Paul McCaffery points out that "Despite their numbers

5712: 5302:

in immigrant communities faced an additional challenge with

2754:

in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.

348:, founded in 1683. Germantown is also the birthplace of the 18659: 18526: 17629: 16980: 14454: 14377: 14172:

News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home

13640:

Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900

13524:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

13062:

https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/index.php?m=g_essay

12762: 12272:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

10229:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 7134: 7114: 5868:

Factors making German-Americans susceptible to assimilation

5818:

erroneous assertion of Swedish heritage as late as 1987 in

4150: 3943: 3481: 2461:, with many German immigrants claiming to enlist to "fight 2383: 1659: 13282:

German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870–1914

12830:"About the Teutonia Männerchor | Teutonia Männerchor" 12480:

German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration and Loss

10992: 7429:

Ellis County, Kansas#English and Russian-German immigrants

6202:

movement that swept the U.S. beginning in the late 1980s.

2516:(1850s–1890s), the Protestants and Jews leaned toward the 1112:", Yiddish "daytsh", Danish/Norwegian "tysk", or Swedish " 777:

region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the

12120: 10847: 9374:

A 10K Walk Through German-Texas Heritage in Austin, Texas

8316: 8314: 7686:"US Census Bureau - German-American Day: October 6, 2023" 2476:(right poster), but also disliked the overseas expansion 2002:

and other refugees from Europe after rebellions like the

14368: 13664:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

13307:

Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War

13152:

German Americans in the Civil War § Further reading

12976:

Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race

11366:

Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

11021:

Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest

9271:. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Chamber of Commerce. p. 81. 8576: 8448:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

6038:

Late-19th-century German-American buildings in Manhattan

1177:

was especially influential on the Patriot side. His son

993:

in the 1730s and 1740s. They were actively recruited by

17694:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

14363: 14358: 14348: 11176:

Edward C. Wolf, "Wheeling's German Singing Societies",

10713: 10344:"BBC NEWS – Americas – The lost voices of Crystal City" 9984:

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences

7323:, whose maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized 6950:

was an important scientist, inventor and astronomer of

14410: 14271: 13414:

German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709–1920

12751: 12749: 10778:"African Americans and the German Language in America" 8311: 5658:

The apparent disappearance of German American identity

5219:

I and changing social values dealt them a death blow.

4321: 4295: 4272: 4249: 4226: 4201: 4178: 4155: 4132: 4109: 4086: 4063: 4040: 4017: 3994: 3971: 3948: 3925: 3902: 3879: 3854: 3831: 3808: 3785: 3762: 3739: 3716: 3693: 3670: 3647: 3624: 3601: 3578: 3555: 3532: 3509: 3486: 3463: 3440: 3417: 3394: 3371: 3346: 3323: 3300: 3277: 3254: 3231: 3208: 3185: 3162: 3139: 3071: 2386:, the Germans from Russia who settled in the northern 1759: 1730: 1702: 1672: 1639: 1609: 1586: 1563: 1540: 1517: 1494: 1471: 1446: 1423: 1400: 1377: 1354: 1331: 1297: 1272: 1249: 15473: 14165:

Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home

13445:

Germania, U.S.A.: Social Change in New Ulm, Minnesota

11338: 11336: 9516:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home

8770:

The Moravians in North Carolina: An Authentic History

7776:"Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background" 7642:"Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" 5399:(strongest in the Midwest), which is now part of the 3048:

people. A few German-speaking African-Americans were

1008:

German immigrants also settled in other areas of the

785:

was sold to France within the greater context of the

558:; many belonged to small religious sects such as the 14283:

German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)

13459:

The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West

13416:(Routledge Explorations in Economic History) (2011). 13383:

February 7, 2015, With a statistical map by counties

11368:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 319. 9097:

Early American Studies: an Interdisciplinary Journal

8915:

Standardization: Studies from the Germanic Languages

7424:

Nativism (politics) in the United States#Anti-German

7350: 2750:

German American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was

2613: 1789:

German population density in the United States, 1872

818:

A thriving population of Germans lived upriver from

14382:

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

14163:Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. 14092:(2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations. 13850:(1977; reprint University of Missouri Press, 2006). 13615:

Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War

12950:"1903 Wright Flyer | National Air and Space Museum" 12746: 12508: 11702:

U.S. State Department, "German Language in the U.S"

8503: 5395:(especially in New York and Pennsylvania), and the 4635:

Communities with the most residents born in Germany

989:region settled in Savannah, St. Simon's Island and 966:. They also founded the transitional settlement of 14103:"German-American Studies: History and Development" 13519:Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2021. 13475:Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. 13327:. (2013); Astor (1763–1848) came to the US in 1783 13204:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 12670: 12288: 11469:Edward S. Shapiro, "Jews", in Elliott Barkan, ed. 11445:, 2001, Scottdale, PA, and Waterloo, ON, page 115. 11333: 9732: 8878: 8461:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire 7125:, the former top aviation technologist within the 6166:The oldest extant brewery in the United States is 1655: 14090:Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 13463:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 12883:"Recurring Activities | Teutonia Männerchor" 12734:Yuengling of Pottsville: America's Oldest Brewery 12444:(PhD dissertation). University of New Hampshire. 12116:"Trump's family denied German heritage for years" 11916: 11790:. In Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A. (eds.). 10314:"German Internment Camps in World War II (thing)" 9866:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9813:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9650: 8845:"Loyalists (Royalists, Tories) in South Carolina" 8120: 7996:"Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England" 7711:"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012" 7315:Presidents with maternal German ancestry include 6687:International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) 6210:German and German-American celebrations, such as 5945: 5807:... Few German-Americans could defend what Hitler 4522:Town of Marshfield, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin 2580:Hugo Münsterberg, Harvard professor of psychology 2307:Texas attracted many Germans who entered through 1071:. Despite this, many of the German settlers were 936:and purchased 98,985 acres (400.58 km) from 18709: 14514: 14387:The Germantown Historical Society (Philadelphia) 14342: 14267:, German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA 14185:. Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the 14139:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 14064:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13311:I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", 11876: 10942:, Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin 9962:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 9475:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press 7950:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7925:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 7854: 6155:are common dishes. German bakers introduced the 5849:with whom they often overlapped, after World War 1796:German Immigration to United States (1820–2004) 1005:-Reformed religious services for the colonists. 944:of North Carolina in 1753. The tract was dubbed 409:tradition, and introduced popular foods such as 329:in present-day Louisiana between 1718 and 1750. 13967:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13908:We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant 13840:Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 13334:(1949), detailed coverage of Germans and Irish. 13044:"Donald Drumpf: A Funny Label, but is It Fair?" 12355:: Heritage Tourism and Identity in German Texas 12109: 12107: 11919:"WWI altered the German accent of Allen County" 11431:, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society 10079:"Anti-German hysteria swept Cincinnati in 1917" 8653:The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina 8476: 7927:Fall/Winter2008, Vol. 101 Issue 3/4, pp 285–314 7026:made significant contributions to the field of 6335:German American general/flag military officers 6005:dialect coming originally from the area around 5822:. This error stems from Donald Trump's father, 2632:Map of German American internment sites in WWII 1685: 1139:and in the industrial foundations of the Army. 14477:Articles and topics related to German American 14369:Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies 14338:by the German Historical Institute Washington. 14121:. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 14046:. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 13945:. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 13241:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 13211:The German Forty-Eighters in the United States 12291:Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America 11912: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11904: 10896: 9585:(U. of North Carolina Press, 1992) pp. 53, 101 8616:Cradle of America : A History of Virginia 8542:Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement 8394:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 7398:German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA 5864:out the few surviving German language venues. 4335: 2952:In the aftermath of World War II, millions of 2457:was the highest-ranking German officer in the 582:In 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or 18385: 17733: 15459: 14656: 14500: 13875:Wilkerson, Miranda E., and Heather Richmond. 13801:, 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, (1995). 13610:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 12999:"Rating the Top Baseball Players of All Time" 12429: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12421: 11388:International Journal of the History of Sport 11217:International Journal of the History of Sport 10605:"German Missions in the United States – Home" 9337:(2007), p. 208; Gross (1996); Johnson (1951). 8941:The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries 8348:Gottlieb Mittleberger on Indentured Servitude 7271: 6772:German Americans were pioneers and dominated 6310:German International School of Silicon Valley 6092:Scheffel Hall by Weber and Drosser (1894) on 3096:Estimated German American population by state 3040:German-speakers and German-Americans of color 2832:(who ironically ran against Roosevelt in the 2688:temporarily stepped down as conductor of the 940:(one of the British Lords Proprietor) in the 18681: 17853: 17785: 17769: 17762: 14433:Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh 14402:Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center 13202:Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. 12800:"About Oktoberfest – Oktoberfest Zinzinnati" 12723: 12591:"Immigration through New Orleans: A Comment" 12396:"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains – GERMANS" 12316: 12314: 12312: 12104: 10280: 10210:by LaVern J. Rippley and Eberhard Reichmann. 9739:. University of Illinois Press. p. 36. 9349:German Settlers in Louisiana and New Orleans 8681: 8536: 8434:Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration 8163:American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition 6024: 5637:I and fell out of daily use in many places. 4211: 2493:(1,200 km) to German-speaking farmers. 1197:Estimated German American population in the 1192:Colonial German American population by state 945: 382:German Americans were drawn to colonial-era 31: 18691:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 14460:Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life 14025: 13823:. Essays by scholars covering broad themes. 13811:Trommler, Frank & Joseph McVeigh, eds. 13685:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 13304:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 12757:Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer 11901: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10177: 10175: 10085:, June 6, 2012. Accessed February 15, 2013. 8613: 8257:, German Information Center, archived from 8124:Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City 7994:Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs. 6078:Deutsch-Amerikanische Schützen Gesellschaft 2018:) met together to devote themselves to the 333:ramped up sharply during the 19th century. 17740: 17726: 15466: 15452: 14663: 14649: 14507: 14493: 14428:German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut 14349:German-American Heritage Museum of the USA 14088:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. 13676:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; 13584:Comparative Studies in Society and History 13332:Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863 13206:(: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp. 13161:The German-Americans: An Ethnic Experience 13029:"Donald Trump Family Tree | CTV News" 12584: 12582: 12580: 12418: 12282: 12280: 12266: 12264: 11990:Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights 11872: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11794:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 11781: 11779: 11393: 10240:"Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold" 10208:The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience 9644: 9367: 9261: 8721: 8427: 8425: 8186: 8093: 6021:more family-oriented manner than Yankees. 5759:Impact of World War II on German Americans 5331:newspaper, which was established in 1997. 5273:prestigious daily newspapers, such as the 3864: 2648:. Similarly, Harvard psychology professor 2429:German Americans in the American Civil War 2216:A particularly attractive destination was 1456: 1001:-construction, and leading joint Lutheran- 489:in 1529). He was followed in 1608 by five 287:who have full or partial German ancestry. 67:44,978,546 (13.6%) alone or in combination 49: 14417:Local German-American history and culture 13821:The Relationship in the Twentieth Century 13727:The German Language in America, 1683–1991 13626:Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln 13355:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996) 12465: 12463: 12433: 12309: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12146: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11441:Donald B. Kraybill and Nelson Hostetter: 11304:The German Language Press of the Americas 10878:Leibniz Institute for the German Language 9506: 9504: 9166: 8873: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8277:, Reuters, March 25, 2008, archived from 7284:and maternal side is also German/Swiss), 7141:was the first human to land on the moon. 5713:Impact of World War I on German Americans 5691:Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon, writing about 3356: 2945:German American kindergarten building in 1282: 746:Learn how and when to remove this message 570:did not arrive in number until after the 550:of Virginia attracted Germans. Most were 14149:German-American Studies: Selected Essays 14100: 14084:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 294–95. 13704:(2012), vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 23–40. 13197:The Catholic Church and German Americans 12320: 12179: 12147:Carlström, Vilhelm (November 28, 2017). 12073: 11792:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait 11574:"Language Use in the United States:2007" 11144:Studies in Puritan American Spirituality 10926: 10735: 10172: 9689: 9607: 9564:Kansas Historical Collections, 1905–1906 9045: 9042:, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 8822: 8820: 8786: 8570: 7339:in the historically culturally Germanic 7117:space program and the initiation of the 5762: 5589: 5365: 5268:German newspapers in North America, 1922 5263: 5096: 3075: 3004: 2974: 2940: 2928: 2771:signing a soldier's cast (Belgium, 1944) 2763: 2627: 2575: 2532:. The German community strongly opposed 2467: 2346: 2290: 2220:, which came to be known as "the German 2170:were all more than 40% German American. 2106: 2048:History of the Jews in the United States 1981: 1965:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 1784: 828: 503: 355:Germantown also was the location of the 18271:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 18265:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 17663:People of the United States / Americans 15912:Southeast Africans in the United States 15870:African immigrants to the United States 14450:Milwaukee German-American Radio Program 14295:Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German) 14076:. (University of Illinois Press, 2009). 13683:Rippley, LaVern J. "German Americans." 13529:Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds. 13526:. (2004). a major study of Philadelphia 12629: 12577: 12277: 12128:from the original on September 28, 2018 12114:Hansler, Jennifer (November 28, 2017). 12113: 11859: 11494:from the original on September 18, 2018 11017: 10937: 10181: 10046: 9771:Hartmut Keil, and John B. Jentz, eds., 9248:Census data from Bureau of the Census, 8792: 8767: 8644: 8530: 8431: 8422: 6932:were popular children's authors, while 5171:Beginning in 1741, the German-speaking 4546:Town of Herman, Dodge County, Wisconsin 401:German Americans established the first 18738:European diaspora in the United States 18710: 15939:Southern Africans in the United States 15781:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 14670: 14079: 13963:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 13517:Germans in America: A Concise History. 13041: 12934:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12632:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 12611:from the original on November 30, 2023 12588: 12565:from the original on November 30, 2023 12544: 12496:from the original on November 30, 2023 12460: 12376:from the original on November 13, 2018 12286: 12241: 12006:from the original on November 30, 2023 11889:from the original on December 24, 2013 11847:from the original on November 30, 2023 11826: 11808:from the original on November 30, 2023 11756: 11426: 11042:from the original on November 30, 2023 10999:from the original on February 13, 2019 10137:from the original on November 30, 2023 10127:"Cincinnati's Century of Change – May" 10028:from the original on February 24, 2021 9993:from the original on November 13, 2018 9959: 9953: 9824: 9753:from the original on November 30, 2023 9671:from the original on November 30, 2023 9501: 9470: 9464: 9387:. 3/6. Retrieved on November 15, 2009. 9191:from the original on November 30, 2023 9141:Easum, Chester V. (December 1, 1952). 9122:from the original on December 12, 2019 9077:from the original on November 30, 2023 8727: 8687: 8607: 8379: 8360: 8229: 8141:from the original on November 30, 2023 8062:from the original on December 28, 2021 7879:from the original on November 30, 2023 7836:from the original on November 30, 2023 7815: 7654:from the original on February 24, 2012 7206:Henry John Deutschendorf (John Denver) 5377:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2924: 2809:interned nearly 11,000 German citizens 2332: 2323:microcosm of the Germania nationwide. 2095:The port cities of New York City, and 2084: 1142: 17721: 15875:Central Africans in the United States 15447: 14644: 14488: 14475: 14438:Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio) 14183:Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey 13975: 13855:Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885 13654:German-Americans: an Informal History 13603:(Peter Lang, 1996), newspaper history 13370:German-Americans: The silent minority 13230:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. "Germans" in 13094:"Researchers: Obama has German roots" 12469: 12406:from the original on January 25, 2019 12347: 12212: 11992:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 11983: 11965:from the original on November 9, 2019 11947: 11785: 11454: 11278:The German-Language Press in America. 10884:from the original on November 2, 2023 10585:from the original on October 12, 2023 10461:from the original on January 16, 2019 10268:from the original on February 5, 2012 10071: 9140: 8826: 8817: 8693:North Carolina through Four Centuries 8650: 7756:from the original on October 12, 2023 7634: 7532:from the original on October 12, 2023 7415:, covers diplomacy, trade and culture 7178:Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff (Doris Day) 5625:. There is a false claim, called the 2954:ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled 2536:, and voted heavily against crusader 2265:Few German immigrants settled in the 1213: 1208: 1173:. The Muhlenberg family, led by Rev. 405:in the United States, introduced the 278: 18728:German diaspora in the United States 15846:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 14364:Germans from Russia Heritage Society 14300:German-American Business Biographies 14167:. (U of North Carolina Press, 2006). 13890:The German-Language Press in America 13872:. New York: Films Media Group, 1976. 13783:Tatlock, Lynne and Matt Erlin, eds. 13325:and the First Great American Fortune 13190:Yearbook of German-American Studies, 12482:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 12194:from the original on August 15, 2018 11316:The German-Language Press in America 11252:The German-Language Press in America 11230:The German-Language Press in America 11018:Murdoch, Adrian (December 1, 2012). 10432:Tischauser, (1990); Tolzmann, (1995) 10288:"German American Internee Coalition" 9977:"Civil Liberties in Times of Crisis" 9974: 9793:from the original on October 3, 2012 9110:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics" 8805:from the original on October 8, 2022 8291: 8230:Grassl, Gary Carl (June–July 2008), 8159: 8026:"The Home of the Hamburger: History" 7434: 7403:German language in the United States 6114: 6054:(Free Library and Reading Hall) and 6031:German language in the United States 5782:I had on German Americans, World War 5591: 5393:Reformed Church in the United States 5385:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 2395:I, their identity was challenged by 2178:had even larger proportions, as did 2125:History of the Germans in Louisville 2026:, science, classical music, and the 684:adding citations to reliable sources 655: 390:. Many arrived seeking religious or 79:Regions with significant populations 16:Americans of German birth or descent 16915:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 16138:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 16071:North Africans in the United States 15858:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 14272:German-American history and culture 14174:. (Cornell University Press, 1991). 13763:. Vol. 6. New York: Appleton, 1909. 13722:, 1992), focus on German Americans. 13192:4 (Supplemental Issue 2012), 1–254. 12685:from the original on March 18, 2019 12551:. The Ohio State University Press. 12448:from the original on April 15, 2023 12180:Horowitz, Jason (August 21, 2016). 11929:from the original on August 2, 2018 11131:Yearbook of German-American Studies 10818:National Museum of American History 10354:from the original on March 22, 2021 10324:from the original on March 22, 2021 9408:from the original on August 7, 2013 9275:from the original on March 16, 2016 8492:from the original on April 11, 2011 8294:"400 Years of Germans In Jamestown" 7716:. United States Census Bureau. 2012 7616:"New York Population Ethnicity Map" 7564:from the original on March 11, 2016 7544: 7266:Kevin George Knipfing (Kevin James) 6325:For a more comprehensive list, see 5981:by a minority of Amish) along with 3072:German American population by state 2303:served as a German-American school. 2091:History of the Germans in Baltimore 978:(an early female college) in 1772. 13: 18718:Ethnic groups in the United States 15966:West Africans in the United States 15841:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 14193:from the original on June 26, 2023 14156: 14082:Reader's Guide to American History 13799:German Americans in the World Wars 13499:Journal of American Ethnic History 13145: 13009:from the original on March 4, 2021 12671:Fischer, Claude S. (May 4, 2015). 12652:from the original on July 20, 2017 12323:Journal of American Ethnic History 12295:. University of California Press. 12055:from the original on March 8, 2021 11877:Ludden, Jennifer (April 1, 2009). 11830:Reader's Guide to American History 11744:from the original on July 16, 2018 11590:from the original on June 14, 2013 11581:United States Bureau of the Census 11548:United States Bureau of the Census 11524:from the original on July 18, 2018 11064:, 2nd ed., New York: Treat, 1907, 10967:Ancestry Map of German Communities 10914:from the original on July 17, 2022 10758:from the original on July 13, 2022 10498:from the original on July 27, 2017 9942:from the original on June 11, 2016 9784: 9692:Journal of American Ethnic History 9610:Journal of American Ethnic History 8855:from the original on March 8, 2021 8737:University of North Carolina Press 8697:University of North Carolina Press 8657:University of South Carolina Press 8519:from the original on March 3, 2009 8292:Jabs, Albert E. (June–July 2008), 6679:Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. 6599:Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts 6305:German American School of Portland 6295:German International School Boston 5854:overlapped, lived and worked with 5397:Evangelical Synod of North America 5327:(Kutztown, PA), the nation's only 5028:Groveland-Big Oak Flat, California 2589:American Philosophical Association 1149:Germans in the American Revolution 92:, California, New Mexico, and the 14: 18749: 18723:American people of German descent 17747: 17510:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 16844:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 15475:Demographics of the United States 14455:Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh 14258: 13933: 13104:from the original on May 13, 2011 12597:. Associated University Presses. 12092:from the original on July 6, 2018 11682:from the original on July 9, 2011 11652:from the original on June 2, 2000 11291:The German-American Radical Press 10854:from the original on May 23, 2023 10824:from the original on May 23, 2023 10794:from the original on May 23, 2023 10695:from the original on May 28, 2023 10059:from the original on May 12, 2011 9547: 9385:The University of Texas at Austin 9265:Ann Arbor the First Hundred Years 7816:Cuevas, John (January 10, 2014). 7596:from the original on May 28, 2023 6866:, left behind visible landmarks. 6523:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 6515:Studebaker Automobile Corporation 6507:Duesenberg Automobile Corporation 6451:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company 6320: 5127:'s victory over Roman troops in 9 4984:Holiday City-Berkeley, New Jersey 4303: 2828:. Roosevelt appointed Republican 2614:World War I anti-German sentiment 2041: 1617: 1040:). Many of the colonists fled to 928:, and a party from Europe led by 865:, had bought land in present-day 17688:Race and ethnicity in the census 15776:African diaspora in the Americas 14074:Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past 13862:Where Have All the Germans Gone? 13817:Immigration, Language, Ethnicity 13115: 13086: 13073: 13054: 13042:Victor, Daniel (March 2, 2016). 13035: 13021: 12991: 12968: 12942: 12902: 12875: 12849: 12822: 12792: 12697: 12664: 12638: 12623: 12538: 12388: 12341: 12206: 12173: 12140: 12067: 12031: 12018: 11977: 11941: 11820: 11726: 11713: 11694: 11664: 11634: 11602: 11566: 11536: 11506: 11476: 11463: 11459:, Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress 11448: 11435: 11380: 11371: 11358: 11349: 11320: 11308: 11296: 11283: 11270: 11257: 11235: 11222: 11209: 11196: 11183: 11170: 11149: 11136: 11123: 11110: 11077: 11054: 11011: 10985: 10958: 10946: 10874:"Black German Speakers in Texas" 10866: 10836: 10806: 10770: 10677: 10668:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 10660: 10627: 10597: 10571: 10540: 10509: 10472: 10435: 10426: 10396: 10366: 10336: 10306: 10250: 10232: 10213: 10190: 10149: 10119: 10100: 8928:Studebaker: The Complete History 8827:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909), 8768:Reichel, Levin Theodore (1968). 8330:from the original on May 9, 2020 7912:Milwaukee, the History of a City 7476: 7466: 7451: 7441: 7367: 7353: 6671:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. 6615:Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 6459:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company 6131:(or "wieners", originating from 6085: 6070: 6044: 5909:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 5743:... These statistics led Burnell 5048:, Southeast Comanche, Oklahoma, 4307: 4283: 4260: 4237: 4213: 4189: 4166: 4143: 4120: 4097: 4074: 4051: 4028: 4005: 3982: 3959: 3936: 3913: 3890: 3866: 3842: 3819: 3796: 3773: 3750: 3727: 3704: 3681: 3658: 3635: 3612: 3589: 3566: 3543: 3520: 3497: 3474: 3451: 3428: 3405: 3382: 3358: 3334: 3311: 3288: 3265: 3242: 3219: 3196: 3173: 3150: 3127: 3098: 3090: 2743: 2731: 2571: 2563:of 1886 in Chicago were German. 2520:and the Catholics were strongly 1745: 1717: 1688: 1658: 1623: 1597: 1574: 1551: 1528: 1505: 1482: 1458: 1434: 1411: 1388: 1365: 1342: 1320: 1308: 1284: 1260: 1237: 1215: 660: 542:Large sections of Pennsylvania, 157:but also multiple other branches 84:Nationwide, most notably in the 15786:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 14411:Indiana German Heritage Society 14397:The Pennsylvania German Society 14378:Max Kade German-American Center 14373:University of Wisconsin–Madison 14359:German American Heritage Center 14326:The German-Hollywood Connection 14265:Discover America´s German Roots 14101:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich (1988). 13828:Germans in Kansas: Review Essay 13512:, on deep-reading their letters 13485:University of Wisconsin–Madison 13209:Brancaforte, Charlotte L., ed. 12434:McCaffery, Robert Paul (1994). 11988:. In Kibbee, Douglas A. (ed.). 11833:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 11544:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 11427:Allard, William Albert (2006), 10088: 10040: 10004: 9968: 9924: 9901: 9871: 9858: 9845: 9818: 9805: 9778: 9765: 9726: 9683: 9657:. Richard Jensen. p. 292. 9601: 9588: 9575: 9556: 9541: 9521: 9488: 9479: 9440: 9419: 9390: 9327: 9314: 9287: 9255: 9242: 9229: 9216: 9203: 9134: 9102: 9089: 9063:U.S. Government Printing Office 9032: 9009: 8993: 8969: 8946: 8933: 8920: 8907: 8867: 8837: 8772:. Genealogical Publishing Com. 8761: 8453: 8440: 8341: 8223: 8180: 8153: 8114: 8087: 8074: 8058:(in German). January 13, 2015. 8044: 8018: 7987: 7958: 7930: 7917: 7904: 7891: 7848: 7809: 7800: 7768: 7413:Germany–United States relations 5877:Reich added the lasting one of 5652: 5358:, both native German speakers. 4996:Woodlawn-Dotsonville, Tennessee 4886:White House Station, New Jersey 4500:Teutopolis, Illinois (township) 3000: 2807:, the United States government 2759: 2716:ruled the ban illegal in 1923 ( 2620:American entry into World War I 1780: 1741: 1713: 1683: 1653: 1047: 1020:, and Texas, especially in the 857:. Virginia Lieutenant Governor 671:needs additional citations for 475: 352:, which emerged there in 1688. 327:German Coast, Orleans Territory 15831:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 15806:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 14278:Chronology: Germans in America 14080:Parish, Peter J., ed. (2013). 13277:(Ohio University Press, 2012). 13218:Wisconsin German Land and Life 12743:". Retrieved December 8, 2006. 12673:"Family Farms vs. Americanism" 12593:. In Stolarik, M. Mark (ed.). 12215:The American Historical Review 11133:2001 36: 181–193; Kazal (2004) 11062:The Cyclopædia of Fraternities 8887:Johns Hopkins University Press 8432:Knittle, Walter Allen (1937), 8127:. Harvard UP. pp. 31–32. 7742: 7703: 7678: 7666: 7608: 7576: 7518: 6846:Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company 6790:Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. 6315:German School Washington, D.C. 6228:German-American Steuben Parade 6052:Freie Bibliothek und Lesehalle 5946:Persistence of German language 5695:, states that before World War 5381:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 4956:, Yuba Foothills, California, 4870:Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida 4830:Basye-Bryce Mountain, Virginia 4540:Town of Brothertown, Wisconsin 4494:Teutopolis, Illinois (village) 4448:Germantown, Illinois (village) 2801:Alien Registration Act of 1940 2624:Internment of German Americans 2603:Catholic University of America 2099:had large populations, as did 2034:who lived most of the time in 1031: 426:German-American Steuben Parade 71:15,447,670 (4.7%) German alone 1: 17367:Hispanic and Latino Americans 14723:German Mennonites from Russia 14343:German-American organizations 14187:Works Progress Administration 14026:Nollendorfs, Valters (1994). 13879:(Southern Illinois UP, 2019) 13768:American Journal of Education 13748:"Germans in the United States 13542:, 73 (January 2009), 117–145. 13447:. (1966). emphasizes Turners. 13438:The Tragedy of German-America 13402:. (2010, updated continually) 12548:Ohio: The History of a People 12545:Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). 11191:Filson Club History Quarterly 11167:(U. of Wisconsin Press, 2002) 10970:, Epodunk.com, archived from 10714:United States Census Bureau, 10184:The Tragedy of German-America 9320:Trudy Knauss Paradis, et al. 8735:(2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: 8166:. NYU Press. pp. 34–35. 7863:University of Wisconsin Press 7511: 7300:; his paternal grandparents, 7144:There were many celebrities. 6782:August Schell Brewing Company 6639:Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. 6631:The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. 5816:U.S. President Donald Trump's 5054:Fort Johnson South, Louisiana 4966:Plainsboro Center, New Jersey 4756:Daytona Beach Shores, Florida 4696:Crestwood Village, New Jersey 4650:Pemberton Heights, New Jersey 4408:Germantown Township, Illinois 2566: 2254: 909:, Virginia German acquired a 515:, 1794, was the first of the 350:American antislavery movement 101:, Plurality in Pennsylvania, 17437:Indigenous Mexican Americans 14316:German-American Hall of Fame 14246:American Newspaper Directory 14212: 14147:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. 14024:86.3 (1994): 319–330 online 13926:Wisconsin Historical Society 13244:. Harvard University Press. 12348:Adams, Joy Kristina (2006). 11917:Moothart O'Bannon, Cynthia. 11457:One Great Cloud of Witnesses 10374:"German Internees Time Line" 10197:A German-American Chronology 10047:Robbins, Jim (May 3, 2006). 9789:. Social Anarchism journal. 9550:I'm Going to Fight Mit Sigel 9262:Stephenson, Orlando (1927). 8614:Wallenstein, Peter (2014) . 8583:University of Virginia Press 8546:University of Virginia Press 8094:Richardson, Belinda (2007). 6814:Molson Coors Brewing Company 6285: 6205: 6125:cuisine of the United States 5597:Foreign-born population only 5488:German speakers in the U.S. 5418:Before 1800, communities of 5409:Count Nicolas von Zinzendorf 5334: 4748:Millers Falls, Massachusetts 4728:Security-Widefield, Colorado 4662:Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey 2480:had delivered (left poster). 2422: 1742: 905:predominated. Meanwhile, in 840: 651: 577: 280:[ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ] 7: 18172:Alsatians and Lotharingians 17678:Maps of American ancestries 17474:French Polynesian Americans 15811:Dutch West Indian Americans 14311:German Historical Institute 13702:Missouri Historical Review, 13539:Journal of Military History 13492:Missouri Historical Review, 13387:German Historical Institute 13375:September 14, 2017, at the 13252:. (1980). pp. 405–425. 12589:Miller, Randall M. (1988). 12074:McIntyre, Jennifer (2004). 11984:Wiley, Terrence G. (1998). 11646:United States Census Bureau 11623:. p. 3. Archived from 11518:United States Census Bureau 11488:United States Census Bureau 10908:United States Census Bureau 10752:United States Census Bureau 10554:United States Census Bureau 10523:United States Census Bureau 10489:United States Census Bureau 10452:United States Census Bureau 10095:Guardian 2009 Annual Report 9938:, George Mason University, 9913:September 12, 2006, at the 9733:Dorothee Schneider (1994). 9569:Kansas Historical Quarterly 9512:Journal of Military History 9147:Journal of American History 8999:Henry Augustus Muhlenberg, 7346: 6607:Hilton Hotels & Resorts 5623:German in the United States 5482: 5361: 5123:. Historians have regarded 5016:Leisure Village, New Jersey 4790:Cedar Glen West, New Jersey 4776:Holiday Heights, New Jersey 4736:Fairbanks Ranch, California 4714:Burnt Store Marina, Florida 4336:German-American communities 4326: 4319: 4299: 4294: 4276: 4271: 4253: 4248: 4230: 4225: 4205: 4200: 4182: 4177: 4159: 4154: 4136: 4131: 4113: 4108: 4090: 4085: 4067: 4062: 4044: 4039: 4021: 4016: 3998: 3993: 3975: 3970: 3952: 3947: 3929: 3924: 3906: 3901: 3883: 3878: 3858: 3853: 3835: 3830: 3812: 3807: 3789: 3784: 3766: 3761: 3743: 3738: 3720: 3715: 3697: 3692: 3674: 3669: 3651: 3646: 3628: 3623: 3605: 3600: 3582: 3577: 3559: 3554: 3536: 3531: 3513: 3508: 3490: 3485: 3467: 3462: 3444: 3439: 3421: 3416: 3398: 3393: 3375: 3370: 3350: 3345: 3327: 3322: 3304: 3299: 3281: 3276: 3258: 3253: 3235: 3230: 3212: 3207: 3189: 3184: 3166: 3161: 3143: 3138: 2840:Number of German Americans 2678:bombing of Black Tom island 2507: 2366:, but especially along the 2205:" district in Cincinnati, " 1990:(New York) November 7, 1874 1764: 1757: 1735: 1728: 1707: 1700: 1677: 1670: 1645: 1636: 1613: 1608: 1590: 1585: 1567: 1562: 1544: 1539: 1521: 1516: 1498: 1493: 1475: 1470: 1450: 1445: 1427: 1422: 1404: 1399: 1381: 1376: 1358: 1353: 1335: 1330: 1301: 1296: 1276: 1271: 1253: 1248: 930:August Gottlieb Spangenberg 292:United States Census Bureau 10: 18754: 18733:German diaspora by country 17459:Pacific Islander Americans 15320:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns 14465:November 13, 2018, at the 14443:November 20, 2015, at the 14354:Steuben Society of America 14336:German Heritage in Letters 14288:November 18, 2016, at the 13979:American Historical Review 13806:German-American Literature 13694:November 30, 2023, at the 13624:Luebke, Frederick C., ed. 13563:November 30, 2023, at the 13494:103 (January 2009), 71–89. 13149: 13123:"Ancestry of Barack Obama" 12774:Oktoberfest-zinzinnati.com 12739:November 12, 2020, at the 12470:Baker, Jason Todd (2008). 11289:Shore, "Introduction". in 9651:Richard J. Jensen (1971). 9498:August 12, 1891: 2. Print. 8952:Charles Patrick Neimeyer, 8833:, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin 8793:Surratt, Jerry L. (2006). 8620:University Press of Kansas 8618:(2nd ed.). Lawrence: 8540:; Kelly, James C. (2000). 8121:Michael A. Lerner (2009). 7966:"The History of Christmas" 7792:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 7734:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7272:German-American presidents 6872:United States Capitol dome 6369:American Revolutionary War 6324: 6062:at St Mark's Place in the 6028: 5706:Chicago Symphony Orchestra 5260:German American journalism 5257: 5237: 5093:List of German restaurants 5090: 5086: 4742:Standing Pine, Mississippi 2834:1940 presidential election 2690:Chicago Symphony Orchestra 2617: 2487: 2426: 2336: 2284: 2258: 2209:" in South St Louis, and " 2121:Germans in Omaha, Nebraska 2110: 2088: 2045: 1714: 1684: 1654: 1618: 1595: 1572: 1549: 1526: 1503: 1480: 1455: 1432: 1409: 1386: 1363: 1340: 1306: 1281: 1258: 1235: 1146: 1051: 985:, Germans mainly from the 920:, an expedition of German 861:, taking advantage of the 853:, located near modern-day 822:, Louisiana, known as the 462: 363:battle fought between the 361:American Revolutionary War 18674: 18620: 18542: 18400: 18211: 18191: 18155: 18075: 18027: 17890: 17814: 17807: 17798: 17755: 17658: 17650:Punjabi Mexican Americans 17600: 17529: 17449: 16923: 16774:Liechtensteiner Americans 16581: 16125: 15763: 15752: 15620: 15490: 15481: 15378: 15296:White Hispanic and Latino 15275: 15127: 15049: 14954: 14863: 14792: 14678: 14523: 14482: 13846:van Ravenswaay, Charles. 13760:The Catholic Encyclopedia 13720:U of North Carolina Press 13656:. (1968), popular history 13556:110.6 (2008): 1241–1268. 13407:Journal of Family History 13337:Faust, Albert Bernhardt. 13317:17 (April 1994): 238–259. 13314:Ethnic and Racial Studies 12804:Oktoberfestzinzinnati.com 12634:. Routledge. p. 101. 11786:Holli, Melvin G. (1995). 11204:Journal of Social History 10938:Zeitlin, Richard (2000), 10107:CCNY Archival Finding Aid 9379:December 4, 2010, at the 8733:North Carolina: A History 8380:Conzen, Kathleen (1980). 8353:February 1, 2009, at the 8201:10.1017/S0145553200014802 8160:Rose, Kenneth D. (1997). 7855:Robert C. Nesbit (2004). 6944:were famous journalists. 6168:D. G. Yuengling & Son 6025:German-American influence 5671:public school programs". 5588: 5276:New Yorker Staats-Zeitung 4826:South Palm Beach, Florida 4820:, Southwest Bell, Texas, 4420:Washington Township, Ohio 2908: 2894: 2880: 2866: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2552:for governor in 1870 and 2502:Ostfriesische Nachrichten 2399:. By the end of World War 1948: 1795: 1199:Continental United States 1165:in Germany, hired 18,000 968:Bethabara, North Carolina 222:Liechtensteiner Americans 186: 181: 134: 129: 118: 113: 83: 78: 65: 60: 48: 29: 17673:Native American ancestry 16448:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 16304:Indo-Caribbean Americans 16026:Sierra Leonean Americans 15976:Bissau-Guinean Americans 15922:South Sudanese Americans 15243:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots 14250:Geo. P. Rowell & Co. 14099:(1988): 278–288. online 13915:The Pennsylvania Germans 13843:28 (Spring 2005): 44–71. 13808:(Scarecrow Press, 1977). 13633:Germans in the New World 13586:60.4 (2018): 1029–1065. 13576:August 18, 2016, at the 13508:August 15, 2021, at the 13409:, (1996) 21: 2, 192–217. 13262:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. 13255:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. 13176:Central European History 13169:Central European History 12770:"Oktoberfest Zinzinnati" 12400:plainshumanities.unl.edu 12287:Waters, Mary C. (1990). 11085:"Deutsch-Athen Revisited 9552:, New York: H. de Marsan 9402:Handbook of Texas Online 9168:2027/uiug.30112064439976 8436:, Philadelphia: Dorrance 8398:Harvard University Press 7584:"The Germans in America" 7000:gasoline-powered tractor 6864:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 6327:List of German Americans 6172:Pottsville, Pennsylvania 5253: 5166: 5103:Hermann Heights Monument 5080:Topsfield, Massachusetts 5072:Rodney Village, Delaware 5012:Laguna Woods, California 4980:Oriental, North Carolina 4970:Silver Ridge, New Jersey 4920:Tega Cay, South Carolina 4878:Leisuretowne, New Jersey 4782:Fort Riley North, Kansas 4396:Granville Township, Ohio 4367:Minneapolis – Saint Paul 3028:, and third in both the 2280: 511:, in an oil painting by 495:Germantown, Pennsylvania 430:Oktoberfest celebrations 88:, though less common in 18192:Multinational dimension 17635:Louisiana Creole people 16784:Luxembourgish Americans 15954:South African Americans 15890:Equatoguinean Americans 14321:How German Is American? 13905:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13896:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13887:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13833:April 23, 2023, at the 13815:. (2 vol 1985); vol 1: 13777:March 19, 2017, at the 13753:March 22, 2021, at the 13554:Teachers College Record 13515:Kamphoefner, Walter D. 13457:Johnson, Hildegard B. " 13430:April 14, 2018, at the 13397:August 4, 2023, at the 13362:March 25, 2019, at the 13287:March 19, 2017, at the 11707:March 30, 2009, at the 11346:. 19.4 (1967): 663-680. 11246:; Peter Conolly-Smith, 11180:1980–1981 42(1–2): 1–56 10083:The Cincinnati Enquirer 9827:U.S. Catholic Historian 9534:April 19, 2023, at the 9494:"Honor Herman Raster." 9457:August 1, 2020, at the 9427:History of North Dakota 9026:August 2, 2020, at the 8986:August 2, 2020, at the 8470:March 14, 2021, at the 8301:German-American Journal 8239:German-American Journal 7137:for over twenty years. 6746:The Wall Street Journal 6434:was a famous diplomat. 6341:George Armstrong Custer 6270:The Teutonia Männerchor 5401:United Church of Christ 5295:Cincinnati Freie Presse 5288:Illinois Staats-Zeitung 5212:Wheeling, West Virginia 5058:Townsend, Massachusetts 4936:Point Lookout, New York 4928:White Sands, New Mexico 4924:Margaretville, New York 4804:Highland Beach, Florida 4732:Grandview Plaza, Kansas 4718:Boles Acres, New Mexico 4674:Sunshine Acres, Florida 4598:Levittown, Pennsylvania 4534:Recovery Township, Ohio 2805:Alien Enemy Act of 1798 2556:for president in 1872. 2370:in Russia and near the 2355:in central Kansas, 1875 2351:Temporary quarters for 2194:living in, and around, 2004:Frankfurter Wachensturm 1012:, including around the 926:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 344:section of present-day 331:Immigration to the U.S. 227:Luxembourgish Americans 18682: 18386: 18113:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17854: 17786: 17770: 17763: 17422:Puerto Rican Americans 15981:Cape Verdean Americans 15836:Saint Lucian Americans 15612:Ethnocultural politics 15580:Racial achievement gap 15510:Educational attainment 14017:42 (Fall 1984): 13–22. 13867:June 18, 2016, at the 13797:Tolzmann, Don H., ed. 13790:Tischauser, Leslie V. 13479:. Madison, Wisconsin: 13300:Efford, Alison Clark. 12630:Skutsch, Carl (2005). 12046:loyolanotredamelib.org 11455:Almen, Lowell (1997), 11060:Albert Clark Stevens, 10581:. September 21, 2023. 10491:, September 18, 1992, 10186:, New York: Arno Press 10182:Hawgood, John (1970), 10165:June 28, 2011, at the 10112:March 3, 2016, at the 9986:(Winter 2006): 26–29, 9473:Refugees of Revolution 9448:Great Plains Quarterly 9296:German Village Society 9019:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 8979:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 8963:July 25, 2020, at the 8917:. p. 101, 104, passim. 8651:Ready, Milton (2005). 8538:Fischer, David Hackett 8323:First German-Americans 8189:Social Science History 7914:(1948) pp. 260–63, 299 7752:. September 21, 2023. 7528:. September 21, 2023. 7306:Elizabeth Christ Trump 7296:(original family name 7288:(original family name 7280:(original family name 7048:Herbert Spencer Gasser 6822:Miller Brewing Company 6731:Arthur Ochs Sulzberger 6531:Levi Strauss & Co. 6300:German School New York 6241:Oktoberfest Zinzinnati 5775: 5407:church. In the 1740s, 5371: 5285:in St. Louis, and the 5269: 5136: 5004:Littlerock, California 4866:Blue Berry Hill, Texas 4812:Langdon, New Hampshire 4764:Beverly Hills, Florida 4668:Alamogordo, New Mexico 4562:Bismarck, North Dakota 3081: 3010: 2980: 2949: 2938: 2772: 2666:Collinsville, Illinois 2642:hyphenated Americanism 2633: 2581: 2538:William Jennings Bryan 2481: 2356: 2330: 2304: 2011: 1991: 1790: 1131:with artillery in the 946: 837: 520: 379:, on October 4, 1777. 271: 32: 17519:New Zealand Americans 17484:Micronesian Americans 17479:Marshallese Americans 17380:Costa Rican Americans 16839:Sammarinese Americans 16809:Montenegrin Americans 16539:Azerbaijani Americans 16502:Palestinian Americans 16424:Singaporean Americans 16272:Bangladeshi Americans 15880:Cameroonian Americans 15602:Unemployment by state 14305:May 29, 2018, at the 14219:Emmerich, Alexander. 13739:July 9, 2011, at the 13631:Luebke, Frederick C. 13613:Luebke, Frederick C. 13593:July 6, 2022, at the 13549:. (Harvard UP, 1979). 13320:Emmerich, Alexander. 13178:13.4 (1980): 348–377. 13171:28.4 (1995): 507–535. 13150:Further information: 13067:June 8, 2020, at the 12985:July 7, 2022, at the 12024:Edward R. Kantowicz, 11883:National Public Radio 11734:"The silent minority" 11630:on September 8, 2019. 11250:(2004); Carl Wittke, 11178:West Virginia History 11071:May 10, 2023, at the 10717:US demographic census 10202:May 13, 2012, at the 9815:29#4 (1993): 322–338. 9471:Wittke, Carl (1952), 8357:, Faulkner University 7901:42 (Fall 1984): 13–22 7560:. September 8, 2013. 7321:Richard Milhous Nixon 7080:J. Robert Oppenheimer 7056:Hermann Joseph Muller 6956:Benjamin Smith Barton 6952:colonial Pennsylvania 6838:Stroh Brewery Company 6830:Pabst Brewing Company 6547:Microsoft Corporation 6416:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 6198:, culminating in the 5952:Hustisford, Wisconsin 5766: 5614:I on the side of the 5369: 5304:anti-German sentiment 5267: 5135:in the United States. 5133:anti-German sentiment 5100: 5050:Lincolndale, New York 5000:West Hurley, New York 4950:Manasota Key, Florida 4912:Level Plains, Alabama 4902:Waynesville, Missouri 4890:Junction City, Kansas 4856:Desoto Lakes, Florida 4836:Sausalito, California 4818:Forest Home, New York 4772:Annandale, New Jersey 4752:Marco Island, Florida 4678:Leisureville, Florida 4516:Gibson Township, Ohio 4504:Cottonwood, Minnesota 4438:Marion Township, Ohio 3079: 3008: 2978: 2944: 2932: 2767: 2696:with French composer 2631: 2579: 2471: 2397:anti-German sentiment 2350: 2325: 2294: 2259:Further information: 2213:" in Columbus, Ohio. 2111:Further information: 2107:Cities of the Midwest 2089:Further information: 1985: 1788: 1153:Great Britain, whose 832: 507: 182:Related ethnic groups 171:16% others including 18612:United Arab Emirates 17920:Transylvanian Saxons 17592:Venezuelan Americans 17582:Surinamese Americans 17572:Paraguayan Americans 17562:Ecuadorian Americans 17514:Australian Americans 17405:Salvadoran Americans 17400:Panamanian Americans 17395:Nicaraguan Americans 17385:Guatemalan Americans 16824:Portuguese Americans 16789:Macedonian Americans 16779:Lithuanian Americans 16616:Belarusian Americans 16434:Vietnamese Americans 16404:Indonesian Americans 16358:Sri Lankan Americans 16224:Fuzhounese Americans 16021:Senegalese Americans 15959:Zimbabwean Americans 15851:Vincentian Americans 14933:Norwegian Minnesotan 13922:Germans in Wisconsin 13421:Pennsylvania History 13257:Germans in Minnesota 12863:on November 26, 2011 11740:. February 5, 2015. 11554:on February 12, 2020 11443:Anabaptist World USA 11390:2008 25(8): 993–1009 11328:The German Americans 11206:2003 36(3): 585–613, 11193:1975 49(3): 276–290, 10952:U.S. Census Bureau. 10940:Germans in Wisconsin 10639:Teacher Resources – 10615:on September 4, 2008 10529:on February 12, 2020 10225:May 6, 2009, at the 10220:German American Bund 9889:on December 28, 2010 9868:29.4 (1993) 322–338. 9435:North Dakota History 9335:The American Midwest 9333:Richard Sisson, ed. 9213:(Varda Books, 2001). 9209:Naomi Wiener Cohen, 9061:. Washington, D.C.: 8958:complete text online 8261:on November 16, 2008 7858:Wisconsin: A History 7383:Americans in Germany 7375:United States portal 7278:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7105:After World War II, 7084:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 6882:William Dean Howells 6870:designed the famous 6868:Thomas Ustick Walter 6804:, currently part of 6741:Charles Bergstresser 6495:Chrysler Corporation 6420:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 6412:Frederick Muhlenberg 6349:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6056:Deutsches Dispensary 5995:"Russian" Mennonites 5967:Old Order Mennonites 5772:German American Bund 5456:"Russian" Mennonites 5436:Old Order Mennonites 5428:Schwarzenau Brethren 5391:Germans founded the 5282:Anzeiger des Westens 5224:Louisville, Kentucky 5187:, Pennsylvania, and 5076:Palenville, New York 5068:Boca Pointe, Florida 5046:The Meadows, Florida 4992:Ponce Inlet, Florida 4894:Ocean Ridge, Florida 4874:Sherman, Connecticut 4800:Masaryktown, Florida 4796:Pelican Bay, Florida 4786:Copperas Cove, Texas 4708:Vine Grove, Kentucky 4644:Lely Resort, Florida 4618:, Pennsylvania 19.7% 4592:Green Bay, Wisconsin 4574:St. Cloud, Minnesota 3319:District of Columbia 2814:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2793:German American Bund 2781:Erich Maria Remarque 2752:tarred and feathered 2674:tarred and feathered 2654:Pastor Edmund Kayser 2550:Benjamin Gratz Brown 2117:Germans in Milwaukee 2036:Belleville, Illinois 1014:Dutch (Deutsch) Fork 899:Blue Ridge Mountains 680:improve this article 642:Electoral Palatinate 501:on October 6, 1683. 485:had already founded 388:political oppression 357:Battle of Germantown 105:, Colorado, and the 18199:Central and Eastern 18103:Italy (South Tyrol) 17587:Uruguayan Americans 17557:Colombian Americans 17547:Brazilian Americans 17537:Argentine Americans 17417:Dominican Americans 17311:Alaskan Athabaskans 16910:Non-Hispanic whites 16903:Ukrainian Americans 16881:Slovenian Americans 16859:Norwegian Americans 16854:Icelandic Americans 16742:Hungarian Americans 16688:Dagestani Americans 16663:Bulgarian Americans 16482:Jordanian Americans 16419:Malaysian Americans 16389:Cambodian Americans 16341:Pakistani Americans 16331:Maldivian Americans 16284:Bhutanese Americans 16260:Mongolian Americans 16214:Taiwanese Americans 16209:Hong Kong Americans 16057:Ethiopian Americans 15927:Tanzanian Americans 15885:Congolese Americans 15816:Grenadian Americans 15801:Bermudian Americans 15796:Barbadian Americans 15530:Housing segregation 15484:Demographic history 15289:Non-Hispanic whites 14406:Kutztown University 14189:of Illinois. 1942. 14151:(Peter Lang, 2001). 13910:. (1939), ch. 6, 9. 13877:Germans in Illinois 13732:Schiffman, Harold. 13725:Salmons, Joseph C. 13662:Otterness, Philip. 13652:O'Connor, Richard. 13638:Luebke, Frederick. 13423:(2017) 84#3:325-53 13297:19 (1967): 663–680. 13280:Dobbert, Guido A. " 13232:Thernstrom, Stephan 13158:Adams, Willi Paul. 13129:on December 3, 2008 12916:on October 15, 2013 12836:on January 17, 2012 12780:on February 7, 2011 11471:A Nation of Peoples 11409:on November 7, 2006 11364:Thomas Adam (Ed.), 11155:Philip V. Bohlman ( 11098:on December 7, 2008 10954:American FactFinder 10670:15.1 (2017): 41–60 10641:Library of Congress 10560:on January 18, 2015 10246:on August 29, 2008. 9879:"Untitled Document" 9425:Elwyn B. Robinson, 9356:on December 4, 2008 8581:. Charlottesville: 8544:. Charlottesville: 8386:Thernstrom, Stephan 8281:on January 21, 2010 8056:Wohin-Auswandern.de 7865:. pp. 155–57. 7589:Library of Congress 7419:Hyphenated American 7408:German Puerto Rican 7036:Albert A. Michelson 6980:Ottmar Mergenthaler 6878:American literature 6766:The Washington Post 6619:Guggenheim Partners 6583:Steinway & Sons 6519:George Westinghouse 6511:Studebaker brothers 6471:John D. Rockefeller 6447:Harvey S. Firestone 6443:H. J. Heinz Company 6278:, the most popular 6256:" (now part of the 6238:, where its annual 6220:German-American Day 5929:nineteenth-century 5820:The Art of the Deal 5768:Anastasy Vonsyatsky 5693:Fort Wayne, Indiana 5489: 5329:Pennsylvania German 5064:Pine Ridge, Florida 5038:Grayson, California 4988:North Sea, New York 4974:Palm Beach, Florida 4962:Tesuque, New Mexico 4954:Del Mar, California 4906:Mill Neck, New York 4852:Rye Brook, New York 4844:Fanwood, New Jersey 4724:Allenhurst, Georgia 4702:Shandaken, New York 4580:Fargo, North Dakota 3105: 3017:; all at over 30%. 2925:Contemporary period 2841: 2544:'s foreign policy. 2376:Catherine the Great 2360:Germans from Russia 2333:Germans from Russia 2196:Ann Arbor, Michigan 2188:Fort Wayne, Indiana 2101:Hoboken, New Jersey 2085:Northeastern cities 1665:Northwest Territory 1205: 1171:on the patriot side 1143:American Revolution 1069:American Revolution 1054:Pennsylvania German 875:Alexander Spotswood 859:Alexander Spotswood 771:Mississippi Company 537:indentured servants 434:German-American Day 232:Mennonite Americans 26: 18344:Pennsylvania Dutch 17577:Peruvian Americans 17567:Guyanese Americans 17542:Bolivian Americans 17464:Chamorro Americans 17390:Honduran Americans 17375:Belizean Americans 17360:Canadian Americans 16829:Romanian Americans 16799:Moldovan Americans 16727:Galician Americans 16705:Estonian Americans 16673:Croatian Americans 16651:Scottish Americans 16606:Austrian Americans 16601:Asturian Americans 16596:Albanian Americans 16544:Georgian Americans 16534:Assyrian Americans 16529:Armenian Americans 16492:Lebanese Americans 16467:Bahraini Americans 16394:Filipino Americans 16336:Nepalese Americans 16299:Gujarati Americans 16248:Ryukyuan Americans 16243:Japanese Americans 16115:Sudanese Americans 16108:Tunisian Americans 16093:Algerian Americans 16076:Egyptian Americans 16052:Eritrean Americans 16031:Togolese Americans 16016:Nigerian Americans 16006:Liberian Americans 15991:Ghanaian Americans 15971:Beninese Americans 15949:Malawian Americans 15895:Gabonese Americans 15826:Jamaican Americans 15791:Bahamian Americans 15697:Moorish Scientists 15597:Standard of living 15314:French Louisianian 14716:Pennsylvania Dutch 14672:European Americans 14423:Germans in Chicago 14230:DRW-Verlag, 1984. 13920:Zeitlin, Richard. 13826:Turk, Eleanor L. " 13522:Kazal, Russell A. 13481:Max Kade Institute 13294:American Quarterly 13079:Stephen E. Ambose 13048:The New York Times 12954:airandspace.si.edu 12526:on August 22, 2018 12270:Russell A. Kazal, 12187:The New York Times 11951:(April 12, 2002). 11719:Robert J. Ulrich, 11676:Ccat.sas.upenn.edu 11344:American Quarterly 11326:La Verne Rippley, 11219:2002 19(1): 91–118 10785:Max Kade Institute 10404:"Wartime Policies" 10053:The New York Times 10019:The New York Times 9919:Mitchell Yockelson 9235:Cornelia Wilhelm, 9226:(Oxford Up, 2016). 8939:Edward J. Lowell, 8875:Hostetler, John A. 8729:Powell, William S. 8689:Powell, William S. 8446:Philip Otterness, 8006:on August 23, 1999 7592:. April 24, 2014. 7194:Johnny Weissmuller 7127:Reich Air Ministry 7123:Siegfried Knemeyer 6992:tabulating machine 6914:Patricia Highsmith 6786:Christian Moerlein 6736:The New York Times 6483:The Boeing Company 6373:American Civil War 6365:United States Army 6361:Norman Schwarzkopf 6357:Carl Andrew Spaatz 5971:Pennsylvania Dutch 5776: 5770:marching with the 5487: 5440:Pennsylvania Dutch 5372: 5270: 5137: 5107:New Ulm, Minnesota 5020:Readsboro, Vermont 5008:Felton, California 4958:Daleville, Alabama 4940:Terra Mar, Florida 4932:Stamford, New York 4848:Fountain, Colorado 4822:Vineyards, Florida 4760:Radcliff, Kentucky 4690:Quantico, Virginia 4604:Erie, Pennsylvania 4586:Madison, Wisconsin 4528:Santa Fe, Illinois 4426:St. Rose, Illinois 3087: 3082: 3046:Pennsylvania Dutch 3011: 2981: 2950: 2939: 2935:New Ulm, Minnesota 2839: 2826:Carl Andrew Spaatz 2797:Japanese Americans 2773: 2714:U.S. Supreme Court 2710:Babel Proclamation 2638:Theodore Roosevelt 2634: 2599:Fortnightly Review 2582: 2514:Third party System 2482: 2451:American Civil War 2357: 2305: 2297:Wahrenberger House 2261:Germans in Alabama 2113:Germans in Chicago 1994:"Latin farmer" or 1992: 1791: 1210:State or Territory 1203:U.S Census of 1790 1196: 1133:American Civil War 1094:Pennsylvania Dutch 932:, headed down the 907:Southwest Virginia 855:Culpeper, Virginia 838: 695:"German Americans" 521: 242:Pennsylvania Dutch 197:Austrian Americans 99:Missouri Rhineland 24: 18705: 18704: 18699: 18698: 18670: 18669: 18207: 18206: 18007:Russian Mennonite 17715: 17714: 17711: 17710: 17668:American ancestry 17552:Chilean Americans 17494:Palauan Americans 17427:Mexican Americans 16886:Spanish Americans 16871:Serbian Americans 16864:Swedish Americans 16834:Russian Americans 16814:Occitan Americans 16804:Monacan Americans 16794:Maltese Americans 16769:Latvian Americans 16764:Kosovan Americans 16752:Italian Americans 16710:Finnish Americans 16678:Cypriot Americans 16668:Catalan Americans 16641:English Americans 16636:Cornish Americans 16631:British Americans 16626:Bosnian Americans 16621:Belgian Americans 16571:Turkish Americans 16566:Kurdish Americans 16559:Israeli Americans 16549:Iranian Americans 16487:Kuwaiti Americans 16472:Emirati Americans 16414:Laotian Americans 16409:Iu Mien Americans 16377:Burmese Americans 16346:Punjabi Americans 16309:Punjabi Americans 16294:Bengali Americans 16277:Bengali Americans 16236:Tibetan Americans 16204:Chinese Americans 16182:Turkmen Americans 16155:Pashtun Americans 16103:Moroccan American 16001:Ivorian Americans 15996:Guinean Americans 15986:Gambian Americans 15944:Angolan Americans 15932:Ugandan Americans 15821:Haitian Americans 15771:African Americans 15570:Racial inequality 15540:Income inequality 15505:Gender inequality 15441: 15440: 15432: 15425: 15418: 15412:White Southerners 15401: 15394: 15369: 15364: 15348: 15341: 15336: 15329: 15322: 15298: 15291: 15261: 15222: 15203: 15196: 15189: 15182: 15168: 15030: 14935: 14928: 14926:Norwegian Dakotan 14894: 14768: 14739: 14737:Hungarian Ohioans 14725: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14638: 14637: 14619:Shenandoah Valley 14006:Kluge, Cora Lee. 13913:Wood, Ralph, ed. 13804:Tolzmann, Don H. 13770:(1983): 139–186. 13746:Schirp, Francis. 13545:Keller, Phyllis. 13468:Jordon, Terry G. 13450:Jensen, Richard. 13351:Fogleman, Aaron. 13223:Coburn, Carol K. 13195:Barry, Colman J. 13185:(Berghahn, 2012). 12974:Roger D Launius, 12161:on April 18, 2019 11958:Chicago Sun-Times 11648:. March 9, 1999. 11429:Hutterite Sojourn 11026:The History Press 10814:"Mexican America" 10414:on March 25, 2015 10384:on March 21, 2015 10350:. April 8, 2004. 10156:Meyer v. Nebraska 10021:. July 31, 1916. 9664:978-0-226-39825-9 9596:Prairie Patrimony 9450:8#1 (1988): 3–15 9437:1992 59(2): 2–16. 9404:, June 15, 2010, 9099:2004 2#2: 343–361 8885:. Baltimore: The 8032:on August 5, 2009 7435:Explanatory notes 7250:Leonardo DiCaprio 7234:Michelle Pfeiffer 7107:Wernher von Braun 7100:Norman Ramsey Jr. 7064:Arthur H. Compton 7020:Douglas Engelbart 7016:Joseph Weizenbaum 6948:David Rittenhouse 6794:Eberhard Anheuser 6727:Adolph Simon Ochs 6663:Universal Studios 6611:Guggenheim family 6579:Henry E. Steinway 6503:August Duesenberg 6353:Chester W. Nimitz 6337:Baron von Steuben 6180:Baden-Württemberg 6178:in what is today 6139:, respectively), 6133:Frankfurt am Main 6119:The influence of 6115:Cuisine and beers 5924:neither World War 5631:official language 5627:Muhlenberg legend 5603: 5602: 5598: 5115:Statue of Liberty 5109:. Erected by the 5024:Nolanville, Texas 4916:Kingsbury, Nevada 4684:Wakefield, Kansas 4628:Beaverton, Oregon 4488:Aviston, Illinois 4347:Northern Kentucky 4333: 4332: 2922: 2921: 2818:Chester W. Nimitz 2719:Meyer v. Nebraska 2343:Russian Mennonite 2148:Northern Kentucky 2075:Reform synagogues 2038:until his death. 2020:German literature 1953: 1952: 1949:Total: 7,237,594 1775:Fries's Rebellion 1771: 1770: 895:Shenandoah Valley 891:Virginia Piedmont 809:Mississippi River 787:Thirty Years' War 756: 755: 748: 730: 630:John Peter Zenger 625:to own a slave). 603:Robert Livingston 548:Shenandoah Valley 483:Ambrosius Ehinger 396:intensive farming 392:political freedom 377:George Washington 290:According to the 272:Deutschamerikaner 265: 264: 247:Sorbian Americans 212:Frisian Americans 202:Belgian Americans 33:Deutschamerikaner 18745: 18687: 18638:Papua New Guinea 18476:Kapitaï and Koba 18442:Kapitaï and Koba 18391: 18269:Los Lagos Region 18251:British Columbia 17859: 17812: 17811: 17805: 17804: 17791: 17775: 17766: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17719: 17718: 17504:Tongan Americans 17499:Samoan Americans 17489:Native Hawaiians 17469:Fijian Americans 17371:Central America 16931:Native Americans 16876:Slovak Americans 16849:Danish Americans 16819:Polish Americans 16732:German Americans 16715:French Americans 16693:Lezgin Americans 16611:Basque Americans 16554:Jewish Americans 16522:Yemeni Americans 16517:Syrian Americans 16507:Qatari Americans 16443:Romani Americans 16351:Sindhi Americans 16324:Telugu Americans 16314:Sindhi Americans 16289:Indian Americans 16255:Korean Americans 16187:Uyghur Americans 16172:Kyrgyz Americans 16167:Kazakh Americans 16162:Baloch Americans 16150:Afghan Americans 16098:Libyan Americans 16088:Berber Americans 16081:Coptic Americans 16062:Somali Americans 16038:Yoruba Americans 16011:Malian Americans 15917:Kenyan Americans 15761: 15760: 15754:By continent and 15525:Household income 15468: 15461: 15454: 15445: 15444: 15428: 15421: 15416: 15397: 15390: 15367: 15360: 15346:Creoles of color 15344: 15339: 15334:Louisiana Creole 15332: 15325: 15318: 15294: 15287: 15257: 15218: 15199: 15192: 15185: 15178: 15164: 15026: 14955:Southeast Europe 14931: 14924: 14890: 14764: 14735: 14721: 14714: 14707: 14700: 14665: 14658: 14651: 14642: 14641: 14516:German Americans 14509: 14502: 14495: 14486: 14485: 14473: 14472: 14253: 14206: 14203:Newberry Library 14200: 14198: 14144: 14138: 14130: 14128: 14126: 14085: 14069: 14063: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14003: 13972: 13962: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13714:Salamon, Sonya. 13645:Nadel, Stanley. 13618: 13599:Kulas, S. John. 13465:41 (1951): 1–41. 13341:. 2 vol (1909). 13323:John Jacob Astor 13310: 13274: 13181:Bank, Michaela. 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13125:. Archived from 13119: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13100:, June 4, 2009, 13090: 13084: 13083:chapter 1 (1987) 13077: 13071: 13058: 13052: 13051: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13025: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13014: 13003:Baseballguru.com 12995: 12989: 12972: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12946: 12940: 12939: 12933: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12912:. Archived from 12906: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12889:on March 6, 2012 12885:. Archived from 12879: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12859:. Archived from 12853: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12832:. Archived from 12826: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12815: 12810:on June 27, 2017 12806:. Archived from 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12776:. Archived from 12766: 12760: 12753: 12744: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12711:on July 30, 2013 12707:. Archived from 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12627: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12586: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12522:. Archived from 12512: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12467: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12431: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12375: 12360: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12318: 12307: 12306: 12294: 12284: 12275: 12268: 12239: 12238: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12157:. Archived from 12154:Business Insider 12144: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12111: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12091: 12080: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12054: 12043: 12035: 12029: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11914: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11874: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11783: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11730: 11724: 11717: 11711: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11621:US Census Bureau 11614: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11589: 11578: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11550:. Archived from 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11480: 11474: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11452: 11446: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11405:, archived from 11397: 11391: 11384: 11378: 11377:Rippley, p. 166. 11375: 11369: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11347: 11340: 11331: 11324: 11318: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11287: 11281: 11274: 11268: 11263:Richard Jensen, 11261: 11255: 11239: 11233: 11226: 11220: 11213: 11207: 11200: 11194: 11187: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11153: 11147: 11140: 11134: 11127: 11121: 11118:Germania, U.S.A. 11114: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11094:. Archived from 11088: 11081: 11075: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10974:on July 29, 2016 10962: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10935: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10793: 10782: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10744: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10724:on April 3, 2009 10720:, archived from 10711: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10681: 10675: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10644:. Archived from 10635:"Shadows of War" 10631: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10611:. Archived from 10601: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10556:, archived from 10544: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10525:, archived from 10513: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10497: 10486: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10449: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10410:. Archived from 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10380:. Archived from 10370: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10294:on March 5, 2015 10290:. Archived from 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10242:. Archived from 10236: 10230: 10217: 10211: 10206:, adapted from: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10179: 10170: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10123: 10117: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10077:Kathleen Doane. 10075: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10016: 10008: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9992: 9981: 9975:Brinkley, Alan, 9972: 9966: 9965: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9928: 9922: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9885:. Archived from 9875: 9869: 9862: 9856: 9851:Rory T. Conley, 9849: 9843: 9842: 9822: 9816: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9704:10.2307/27501880 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9622:10.2307/27501458 9605: 9599: 9592: 9586: 9579: 9573: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9548:Poole, John F., 9545: 9539: 9525: 9519: 9508: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9468: 9462: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9394: 9388: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9352:, archived from 9344: 9338: 9331: 9325: 9322:German Milwaukee 9318: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9299:, archived from 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9270: 9259: 9253: 9246: 9240: 9233: 9227: 9220: 9214: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9170: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9114: 9106: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9049: 9043: 9036: 9030: 9013: 9007: 8997: 8991: 8973: 8967: 8956:(1995) pp 44=64 8950: 8944: 8937: 8931: 8926:Patrick Foster, 8924: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8884: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8824: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8512:Germanna History 8507: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8480: 8474: 8457: 8451: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8429: 8420: 8419: 8377: 8358: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8318: 8309: 8308: 8298: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8249: 8236: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8091: 8085: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8028:. Archived from 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8002:. Archived from 8000:News.harvard.edu 7991: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7976:on June 28, 2006 7972:, archived from 7962: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7941: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7791: 7783: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7733: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7622:. August 1, 2007 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7557:Business Insider 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7522: 7505: 7503: 7494: 7485:Deutsche Pionier 7480: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7388:German Canadians 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7327:to Milhous, and 7308:immigrated from 7246:David Hasselhoff 7190:Marlene Dietrich 7132: 7129:during World War 7102:, among others. 7060:John H. Northrop 6988:Herman Hollerith 6910:Charles Bukowski 6886:Theodore Dreiser 6856:John A. Roebling 6818:Frederick Miller 6683:Herman Hollerith 6595:John Jacob Astor 6575:Kraft Foods Inc. 6455:Frank Seiberling 6408:Friedrich Hecker 6399:, respectively. 6397:Persian Gulf War 6392: 6384: 6216:Rhenish Carnival 6089: 6074: 6048: 5991:Hutterite German 5927: 5922: 5918: 5892: 5884: 5862: 5852: 5836: 5829: 5810: 5806: 5794: 5785: 5781: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5703: 5698: 5686: 5666: 5648: 5636: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5596: 5490: 5486: 5467:Catholic Germans 5452:Hutterite German 5325:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 5309: 5306:during World War 5243:Turner societies 5218: 5162: 5145:Töchter-Institut 5130: 5042:Shokan, New York 5034:Rotonda, Florida 4946:Rifton, New York 4840:Bovina, New York 4510:Dallas, Michigan 4482:Greensburg, Ohio 4414:Jackson, Indiana 4323: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4297: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4274: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4251: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4203: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4180: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4042: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4019: 4011: 4009: 4008: 3996: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3973: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3927: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3904: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3856: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3833: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3810: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3787: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3764: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3741: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3718: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3695: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3672: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3649: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3626: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3580: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3557: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3534: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3511: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3442: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3396: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3348: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3325: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3256: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3187: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3024:, second in the 2988:1990 U.S. Census 2971: 2961:, for instance, 2917: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2889: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2842: 2838: 2769:Marlene Dietrich 2747: 2735: 2650:Hugo Münsterberg 2608: 2585:Hugo Münsterberg 2561:Haymarket Affair 2542:William McKinley 2518:Republican party 2402: 2394: 2058:the colonial era 1996:Latin Settlement 1988:Harper's Weekly, 1960: 1793: 1792: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1732: 1722: 1721: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1641: 1634: 1630:1790 Census Area 1628: 1627: 1611: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1220: 1219: 1206: 1201:as of the first 1195: 1179:Peter Muhlenberg 1175:Henry Muhlenberg 1038:Waldoboro, Maine 995:James Oglethorpe 949: 934:Great Wagon Road 863:headright system 751: 744: 740: 737: 731: 729: 688: 664: 656: 636:, who came from 634:John Jacob Astor 568:German Catholics 544:Upstate New York 509:John Jacob Astor 373:Continental Army 308:British colonies 282: 277: 268:German Americans 217:Jewish Americans 145:, significantly 120:American English 103:Upstate New York 61:Total population 53: 43: 35: 27: 25:German Americans 23: 18753: 18752: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18744: 18743: 18742: 18708: 18707: 18706: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18666: 18616: 18538: 18396: 18263:Los Ríos Region 18203: 18187: 18151: 18076:Southern Europe 18071: 18045:North Schleswig 18028:Northern Europe 18023: 17886: 17827:Sudeten Germans 17794: 17751: 17746: 17716: 17707: 17654: 17596: 17525: 17445: 17412:Cuban Americans 17053:Mission Indians 16919: 16898:Swiss Americans 16747:Irish Americans 16737:Greek Americans 16700:Dutch Americans 16683:Czech Americans 16656:Welsh Americans 16591:White Americans 16577: 16512:Saudi Americans 16497:Omani Americans 16477:Iraqi Americans 16399:Hmong Americans 16382:Karen Americans 16363:Tamil Americans 16319:Tamil Americans 16229:Hoklo Americans 16219:Hakka Americans 16192:Uzbek Americans 16177:Tajik Americans 16133:Asian Americans 16121: 16048:Horn of Africa 15756:ethnic ancestry 15755: 15748: 15714:Native American 15702:Nation of Islam 15692:Five Percenters 15616: 15585:Racial wage gap 15575:Race and health 15560:Personal income 15492: 15486: 15477: 15472: 15442: 15437: 15374: 15356:French Canadian 15283:White Americans 15276:Other Europeans 15271: 15220:Irish Traveller 15123: 15050:Southern Europe 15045: 14950: 14864:Northern Europe 14859: 14788: 14750:Liechtensteiner 14674: 14669: 14639: 14634: 14560:Massachusetts ( 14519: 14513: 14478: 14467:Wayback Machine 14445:Wayback Machine 14419: 14345: 14307:Wayback Machine 14290:Wayback Machine 14274: 14261: 14256: 14240: 14226:Rehs, Michael. 14215: 14210: 14196: 14194: 14177: 14159: 14157:Primary sources 14154: 14132: 14131: 14124: 14122: 14057: 14056: 14049: 14047: 13992:10.2307/2169006 13956: 13955: 13948: 13946: 13943:"Archived copy" 13941: 13936: 13931: 13869:Wayback Machine 13835:Wayback Machine 13779:Wayback Machine 13755:Wayback Machine 13741:Wayback Machine 13696:Wayback Machine 13669:Pickle, Linda. 13616: 13606:Levine, Bruce. 13595:Wayback Machine 13578:Wayback Machine 13565:Wayback Machine 13533:(1983). 252 pp. 13510:Wayback Machine 13501:(2009): 34–54. 13443:Iverson, Noel. 13436:Hawgood, John. 13432:Wayback Machine 13412:Grubb, Farley. 13399:Wayback Machine 13377:Wayback Machine 13364:Wayback Machine 13330:Ernst, Robert. 13308: 13289:Wayback Machine 13272: 13269:DeWitt, Petra. 13154: 13148: 13146:Further reading 13143: 13142: 13132: 13130: 13121: 13120: 13116: 13107: 13105: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13078: 13074: 13069:Wayback Machine 13059: 13055: 13040: 13036: 13027: 13026: 13022: 13012: 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10269: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10227:Wayback Machine 10218: 10214: 10204:Wayback Machine 10195: 10191: 10180: 10173: 10167:Wayback Machine 10154: 10150: 10140: 10138: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10114:Wayback Machine 10105: 10101: 10093: 10089: 10076: 10072: 10062: 10060: 10045: 10041: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10005: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9958: 9954: 9945: 9943: 9936:History Matters 9930: 9929: 9925: 9915:Wayback Machine 9906: 9902: 9892: 9890: 9877: 9876: 9872: 9863: 9859: 9850: 9846: 9823: 9819: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9794: 9783: 9779: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9672: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9606: 9602: 9593: 9589: 9581:Sonya Salamon, 9580: 9576: 9561: 9557: 9546: 9542: 9536:Wayback Machine 9526: 9522: 9509: 9502: 9496:Chicago Tribune 9493: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9469: 9465: 9459:Wayback Machine 9445: 9441: 9430: 9424: 9420: 9411: 9409: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9381:Wayback Machine 9372: 9368: 9359: 9357: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9332: 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Chapel Hill: 8686: 8682: 8667: 8649: 8645: 8630: 8612: 8608: 8593: 8575: 8571: 8556: 8535: 8531: 8522: 8520: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8495: 8493: 8485:J. Hanno Deiler 8482: 8481: 8477: 8472:Wayback Machine 8458: 8454: 8445: 8441: 8430: 8423: 8408: 8400:. p. 407. 8378: 8361: 8355:Wayback Machine 8346: 8342: 8333: 8331: 8320: 8319: 8312: 8296: 8284: 8282: 8271: 8264: 8262: 8251: 8234: 8228: 8224: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8135: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8080:Paul Kleppner, 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7992: 7988: 7979: 7977: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7943: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7922: 7918: 7909: 7905: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7873: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7785: 7784: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7492: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7393:German diaspora 7373: 7368: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7302:Frederick Trump 7274: 7202:Walter Damrosch 7130: 7072:Charles Richter 7044:Joseph Erlanger 7040:Albert Einstein 7032:Wright brothers 7004:Howard H. Aiken 6976:sewing machines 6938:Walter Lippmann 6890:Wallace Stevens 6858:and architects 6852:Brooklyn Bridge 6826:Frederick Pabst 6647:Diebold Nixdorf 6643:Charles Diebold 6635:Lehman Brothers 6491:Walter Chrysler 6487:United Airlines 6432:Henry Kissinger 6390: 6382: 6330: 6323: 6288: 6260:of the City of 6244:is the largest 6224:Von Steuben Day 6208: 6123:is seen in the 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6027: 5963:Old Order Amish 5948: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5890: 5882: 5870: 5860: 5850: 5847:Vereinsdeutsche 5843:Vereinsdeutsche 5834: 5827: 5808: 5804: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5761: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5715: 5701: 5696: 5684: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5646: 5634: 5611: 5607: 5485: 5413:Moravian Church 5364: 5347:Buffalo Germans 5337: 5310:I and with the 5307: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5216: 5175:Settlements of 5173:Moravian Church 5169: 5160: 5128: 5111:Sons of Hermann 5095: 5089: 4898:Viola, New York 4808:Milford, Kansas 4637: 4555: 4454:Coldwater, Ohio 4402:St. Henry, Ohio 4383: 4338: 4308: 4306: 4284: 4282: 4261: 4259: 4238: 4236: 4214: 4212: 4190: 4188: 4167: 4165: 4144: 4142: 4121: 4119: 4098: 4096: 4075: 4073: 4052: 4050: 4029: 4027: 4006: 4004: 3983: 3981: 3960: 3958: 3937: 3935: 3914: 3912: 3891: 3889: 3867: 3865: 3843: 3841: 3820: 3818: 3797: 3795: 3774: 3772: 3751: 3749: 3728: 3726: 3705: 3703: 3682: 3680: 3659: 3657: 3636: 3634: 3613: 3611: 3590: 3588: 3567: 3565: 3544: 3542: 3521: 3519: 3498: 3496: 3475: 3473: 3452: 3450: 3429: 3427: 3406: 3404: 3383: 3381: 3359: 3357: 3335: 3333: 3312: 3310: 3289: 3287: 3266: 3264: 3243: 3241: 3220: 3218: 3197: 3195: 3174: 3172: 3151: 3149: 3128: 3126: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3074: 3063:In Texas, many 3042: 3003: 2969: 2959:Danube Swabians 2927: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2830:Wendell Willkie 2777:Albert Einstein 2762: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2736: 2706:Marne, Michigan 2686:Frederick Stock 2626: 2616: 2606: 2574: 2569: 2510: 2490: 2441:Chicago Tribune 2431: 2425: 2400: 2392: 2345: 2335: 2289: 2283: 2263: 2257: 2176:Davenport, Iowa 2154:area along the 2127: 2109: 2093: 2087: 2071:Lehman Brothers 2050: 2044: 1958: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1783: 1746: 1744: 1724:Spanish America 1716: 1687: 1657: 1622: 1598: 1596: 1575: 1573: 1552: 1550: 1529: 1527: 1506: 1504: 1483: 1481: 1459: 1457: 1435: 1433: 1412: 1410: 1389: 1387: 1366: 1364: 1343: 1341: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1285: 1283: 1261: 1259: 1238: 1236: 1214: 1194: 1155:King George III 1151: 1145: 1056: 1050: 1034: 903:Palatine German 843: 752: 741: 735: 732: 689: 687: 677: 665: 654: 580: 556:German Reformed 497:, founded near 478: 465: 384:British America 301:German ancestry 275: 261: 257:Texan Silesians 252:Swiss Americans 207:Dutch Americans 177: 97: 73: 69: 56: 44: 37: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18751: 18741: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18703: 18702: 18697: 18696: 18694: 18693: 18688: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18665: 18664: 18663: 18662: 18655:German Samoans 18652: 18651: 18650: 18645: 18635: 18630: 18624: 18622: 18618: 18617: 18615: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18568: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18546: 18544: 18540: 18539: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18514: 18513: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18492: 18491: 18490: 18480: 18479: 18478: 18468: 18467: 18466: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18445: 18444: 18434: 18429: 18428: 18427: 18422: 18412: 18406: 18404: 18398: 18397: 18395: 18394: 18393: 18392: 18378: 18373: 18372: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18336: 18331: 18330: 18329: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18273: 18272: 18266: 18255: 18254: 18253: 18248: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18217: 18215: 18209: 18208: 18205: 18204: 18202: 18201: 18195: 18193: 18189: 18188: 18186: 18185: 18183:United Kingdom 18180: 18175: 18165: 18159: 18157: 18156:Western Europe 18153: 18152: 18150: 18149: 18148: 18147: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18079: 18077: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18053: 18052: 18050:Potato Germans 18047: 18037: 18031: 18029: 18025: 18024: 18022: 18021: 18020: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17985:North Caucasus 17982: 17972: 17971: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17927: 17922: 17912: 17911: 17910: 17900: 17894: 17892: 17891:Eastern Europe 17888: 17887: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17878: 17877: 17867: 17866: 17865: 17860: 17851: 17846: 17836: 17831: 17830: 17829: 17822:Czech Republic 17818: 17816: 17815:Central Europe 17809: 17802: 17796: 17795: 17793: 17792: 17783: 17782: 17781: 17772:Reichsdeutsche 17767: 17764:Bundesdeutsche 17759: 17757: 17753: 17752: 17745: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17722: 17713: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17606: 17604: 17598: 17597: 17595: 17594: 17589: 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16372:Southeast Asia 16369: 16368: 16367: 16366: 16365: 16355: 16354: 16353: 16348: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16327: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16286: 16281: 16280: 16279: 16264: 16263: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16240: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16232: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16211: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16158: 16157: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16129: 16127: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16119: 16118: 16117: 16112: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16085: 16084: 16083: 16067: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16042: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15936: 15935: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15909: 15907:Igbo Americans 15904: 15902:Fula Americans 15899: 15898: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15767: 15765: 15758: 15750: 15749: 15747: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15734:Scientologists 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15710: 15709: 15707:Value Creators 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15637: 15632: 15626: 15624: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15555:Middle classes 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15520:Home-ownership 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15496: 15494: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15479: 15478: 15471: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15448: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15426: 15419: 15409: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15395: 15382: 15380: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15371: 15370: 15365: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15342: 15330: 15323: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15292: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15269: 15264: 15263: 15262: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15224: 15223: 15211: 15206: 15205: 15204: 15197: 15190: 15183: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15131: 15129: 15128:Western Europe 15125: 15124: 15122: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15095: 15094: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15053: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15032: 15031: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14929: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14896: 14895: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14867: 14865: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14796: 14794: 14793:Eastern Europe 14790: 14789: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14719: 14712: 14705: 14693: 14688: 14682: 14680: 14679:Central Europe 14676: 14675: 14668: 14667: 14660: 14653: 14645: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14630: 14622: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14595: 14590: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14575: 14565: 14558: 14551: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14512: 14511: 14504: 14497: 14489: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14470: 14469: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14375: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14339: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14297: 14292: 14280: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14260: 14259:External links 14257: 14255: 14254: 14238: 14224: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14208: 14175: 14168: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14145: 14113:(3): 278–288. 14093: 14086: 14077: 14070: 14038:(3): 319–330. 14018: 14011: 14004: 13986:(2): 437–471. 13973: 13937: 13935: 13934:Historiography 13932: 13930: 13929: 13918: 13911: 13902: 13893: 13884: 13873: 13858: 13853:Walker, Mack. 13851: 13844: 13824: 13809: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13764: 13744: 13730: 13723: 13712: 13707:Roeber, A. G. 13705: 13698: 13681: 13674: 13667: 13666:(2004) 235 pp. 13660: 13657: 13650: 13643: 13636: 13629: 13622: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13580: 13567: 13550: 13543: 13534: 13527: 13520: 13513: 13495: 13488: 13473: 13466: 13455: 13448: 13441: 13434: 13417: 13410: 13403: 13384: 13366: 13349: 13335: 13328: 13318: 13305: 13298: 13278: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13236:Handlin, Oscar 13234:; Orlov, Ann; 13228: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13155: 13147: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13114: 13085: 13072: 13053: 13034: 13020: 12990: 12967: 12956:. June 2, 2022 12941: 12901: 12874: 12848: 12821: 12791: 12761: 12745: 12722: 12696: 12663: 12637: 12622: 12603: 12576: 12557: 12537: 12507: 12488: 12474:Westliche Post 12459: 12417: 12387: 12340: 12308: 12301: 12276: 12240: 12221:(2): 437–471. 12205: 12172: 12139: 12103: 12083:ttu-ir.tdl.org 12066: 12030: 12017: 11998: 11976: 11940: 11900: 11858: 11839: 11819: 11800: 11755: 11725: 11712: 11693: 11663: 11633: 11601: 11565: 11535: 11505: 11475: 11473:(1999) 330–36. 11462: 11447: 11434: 11419: 11392: 11379: 11370: 11357: 11348: 11332: 11319: 11307: 11295: 11282: 11269: 11256: 11234: 11221: 11208: 11195: 11182: 11169: 11161:Otto Holzapfel 11157:Philip Bohlman 11148: 11146:1995 5: 95–121 11135: 11122: 11116:Noel Iverson, 11109: 11076: 11053: 11035:978-0752494555 11034: 11010: 10984: 10957: 10945: 10925: 10895: 10865: 10835: 10805: 10769: 10734: 10706: 10676: 10659: 10648:on May 6, 2009 10626: 10596: 10570: 10539: 10518:Ancestry: 2000 10508: 10471: 10434: 10425: 10395: 10365: 10348:News.bbc.co.uk 10335: 10305: 10279: 10249: 10231: 10212: 10189: 10171: 10148: 10118: 10099: 10087: 10070: 10039: 10003: 9967: 9952: 9923: 9900: 9870: 9857: 9844: 9817: 9804: 9777: 9764: 9745: 9725: 9682: 9663: 9643: 9600: 9587: 9574: 9555: 9540: 9520: 9500: 9487: 9478: 9463: 9439: 9418: 9389: 9366: 9339: 9326: 9313: 9303:on May 9, 2008 9286: 9254: 9241: 9228: 9215: 9202: 9133: 9101: 9088: 9044: 9031: 9017:Church History 9008: 8992: 8977:Church History 8968: 8945: 8932: 8919: 8906: 8899: 8866: 8836: 8816: 8785: 8778: 8760: 8746:978-0807842195 8745: 8720: 8706:978-0807818503 8705: 8680: 8666:978-1570035913 8665: 8643: 8629:978-0700619948 8628: 8606: 8592:978-0813926094 8591: 8569: 8555:978-0813917740 8554: 8529: 8502: 8475: 8452: 8439: 8421: 8406: 8390:Handlin, Oscar 8388:; Orlov, Ann; 8359: 8340: 8310: 8222: 8179: 8172: 8152: 8133: 8113: 8106: 8100:. p. 55. 8086: 8073: 8043: 8017: 7986: 7970:Gareth Marples 7957: 7929: 7916: 7903: 7890: 7871: 7847: 7828: 7808: 7799: 7767: 7741: 7702: 7677: 7665: 7633: 7607: 7575: 7543: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7475: 7465: 7450: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7364: 7361:Germany portal 7348: 7345: 7286:Herbert Hoover 7273: 7270: 7242:Sandra Bullock 7238:Bryan Cranston 7198:Ernst Lubitsch 7174:Dale Earnhardt 7170:Michael Keaton 7139:Neil Armstrong 7119:Apollo program 7096:Polykarp Kusch 7068:Harold C. Urey 7012:Claude Shannon 7008:George Stibitz 6906:John Steinbeck 6860:Walter Gropius 6842:Joseph Schlitz 6834:Bernhard Stroh 6802:Anheuser-Busch 6798:Adolphus Busch 6651:Bernard Kroger 6623:Marcus Goldman 6587:Charles Pfizer 6571:James L. Kraft 6479:William Boeing 6439:Henry J. Heinz 6363:commanded the 6322: 6321:Notable people 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6287: 6284: 6254:Allegheny City 6232:Lincoln Square 6207: 6204: 6188:Anheuser-Busch 6121:German cuisine 6116: 6113: 6104:Streets, near 6091: 6084: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6068: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029:Main article: 6026: 6023: 6011:Amana Colonies 5975:Bernese German 5947: 5944: 5869: 5866: 5760: 5757: 5714: 5711: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5601: 5600: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5484: 5481: 5363: 5360: 5336: 5333: 5258:Main article: 5255: 5252: 5239: 5236: 5232:Ninth Symphony 5210:A small city, 5168: 5165: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5061: 5031: 4977: 4943: 4909: 4882:Killeen, Texas 4859: 4833: 4815: 4793: 4779: 4768:Davilla, Texas 4745: 4739: 4721: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4656:Kempner, Texas 4653: 4647: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4622:Columbus, Ohio 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4444:Jennings, Ohio 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4390:Monterey, Ohio 4382: 4379: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4059:South Carolina 4047: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3898:North Carolina 3886: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3792: 3791: 3788: 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2615: 2612: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2554:Horace Greeley 2509: 2506: 2489: 2486: 2435:Hermann Raster 2427:Main article: 2424: 2421: 2364:Russian Empire 2334: 2331: 2285:Main article: 2282: 2279: 2256: 2253: 2211:German Village 2203:Over-the-Rhine 2108: 2105: 2086: 2083: 2069:, who founded 2046:Main article: 2043: 2042:Jewish Germans 2040: 2032:Gustav Koerner 2028:Latin language 1969:Forty-Eighters 1951: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1782: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1695:French America 1682: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1635: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1559:South Carolina 1547: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1490:North Carolina 1478: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1193: 1190: 1147:Main article: 1144: 1141: 1052:Main article: 1049: 1046: 1033: 1030: 1018:South Carolina 1010:American South 999:tabby (cement) 991:Fort Frederica 983:Georgia Colony 947:Wachau-die-Aue 938:Lord Granville 924:living around 918:North Carolina 911:Swabian German 842: 839: 781:to immigrate. 754: 753: 668: 666: 659: 653: 650: 579: 576: 513:Gilbert Stuart 477: 474: 464: 461: 407:Christmas tree 303:in the world. 263: 262: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 176: 175: 169: 166: 165: 164: 162:Roman Catholic 158: 135: 132: 131: 127: 126: 116: 115: 111: 110: 81: 80: 76: 75: 63: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 30: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18750: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18715: 18713: 18692: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18673: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18656: 18653: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18640: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18625: 18623: 18619: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18551: 18548: 18547: 18545: 18541: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18519: 18518: 18515: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18505:Dar es Salaam 18503: 18501: 18498: 18497: 18496: 18493: 18489: 18486: 18485: 18484: 18481: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18472: 18469: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18443: 18440: 18439: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18417: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18407: 18405: 18403: 18399: 18390: 18389: 18388:Colonia Tovar 18384: 18383: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18341: 18340: 18339:United States 18337: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18270: 18267: 18264: 18261: 18260: 18259: 18256: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18243: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18218: 18216: 18214: 18210: 18200: 18197: 18196: 18194: 18190: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18173: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18160: 18158: 18154: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18138: 18133: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18074: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18042: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18035:Baltic states 18033: 18032: 18030: 18026: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17994: 17993: 17990: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17973: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17943: 17939: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17909: 17906: 17905: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17889: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17871: 17868: 17864: 17861: 17858: 17857: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17841: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17828: 17825: 17824: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17797: 17790: 17789: 17788:Volksdeutsche 17784: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17774: 17773: 17768: 17765: 17761: 17760: 17758: 17754: 17750: 17749:German people 17743: 17738: 17736: 17731: 17729: 17724: 17723: 17720: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17693: 17689: 17686: 17685: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17660: 17657: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 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15861: 15859: 15856: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15769: 15768: 15766: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15751: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15724:Non-religious 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15684: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15619: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15489: 15485: 15480: 15476: 15469: 15464: 15462: 15457: 15455: 15450: 15449: 15446: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15420: 15415: 15414: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15400: 15399:San Francisco 15396: 15393: 15389: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15354: 15347: 15343: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15316: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15286: 15285: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15274: 15268: 15265: 15260: 15256: 15255: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15228:Luxembourgian 15226: 15221: 15217: 15216: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15202: 15198: 15195: 15191: 15188: 15184: 15181: 15177: 15176: 15175: 15172: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15029: 15028:Alaskan Serbs 15025: 15024: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14953: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14934: 14930: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14893: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14791: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14767: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14738: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14724: 14720: 14717: 14713: 14710: 14706: 14703: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14666: 14661: 14659: 14654: 14652: 14647: 14646: 14643: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14587: 14586:New York City 14584: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14517: 14510: 14505: 14503: 14498: 14496: 14491: 14490: 14487: 14481: 14474: 14468: 14464: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14287: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14237: 14236:3-87181-231-5 14233: 14229: 14225: 14222: 14218: 14217: 14204: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14173: 14169: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14078: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14061: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13980: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13960: 13944: 13939: 13938: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13894: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13866: 13863: 13859: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13832: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13796: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13745: 13742: 13738: 13735: 13731: 13728: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13672: 13668: 13665: 13661: 13658: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13637: 13634: 13630: 13627: 13623: 13620: 13612: 13609: 13605: 13602: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13568: 13566: 13562: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13548: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13535: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13521: 13518: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13393: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13381:The Economist 13378: 13374: 13371: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13286: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13268: 13265: 13261: 13258: 13254: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13226: 13222: 13219: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13180: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13089: 13082: 13076: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13057: 13049: 13045: 13038: 13030: 13024: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12955: 12951: 12945: 12937: 12931: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12758: 12752: 12750: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12731: 12726: 12710: 12706: 12700: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12678:Boston Review 12674: 12667: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12633: 12626: 12610: 12606: 12604:9780944190005 12600: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12564: 12560: 12558:9780814208991 12554: 12550: 12549: 12541: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12511: 12495: 12491: 12489:9781554580279 12485: 12481: 12477: 12476:in St. Louis" 12475: 12466: 12464: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12304: 12302:9780520070837 12298: 12293: 12292: 12283: 12281: 12273: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12176: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12150: 12143: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12117: 12110: 12108: 12088: 12084: 12077: 12070: 12051: 12047: 12040: 12034: 12027: 12021: 12005: 12001: 11999:9789027275073 11995: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11969:September 19, 11964: 11960: 11959: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11928: 11924: 11923:fortwayne.com 11920: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11846: 11842: 11840:9781134261895 11836: 11832: 11831: 11823: 11807: 11803: 11801:9780802870537 11797: 11793: 11789: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11743: 11739: 11738:The Economist 11735: 11729: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11697: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11611: 11605: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11569: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11472: 11466: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11438: 11430: 11423: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11383: 11374: 11367: 11361: 11352: 11345: 11339: 11337: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11292: 11286: 11279: 11273: 11266: 11260: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11228:Carl Wittke, 11225: 11218: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11192: 11186: 11179: 11173: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11145: 11139: 11132: 11126: 11119: 11113: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11014: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10941: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10773: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10710: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10647: 10643: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10543: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10512: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10482: 10475: 10457: 10453: 10446: 10445: 10438: 10429: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10216: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10193: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10157: 10152: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10103: 10096: 10091: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10024: 10020: 10013: 10007: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9963: 9956: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9909: 9904: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9808: 9792: 9788: 9785:Goyens, Tom. 9781: 9774: 9768: 9752: 9748: 9746:9780252020575 9742: 9738: 9737: 9729: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9686: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9591: 9584: 9578: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9524: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9497: 9491: 9482: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9436: 9428: 9422: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9370: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9330: 9323: 9317: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9290: 9274: 9267: 9266: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9238: 9232: 9225: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9118: 9111: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9048: 9041: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8923: 8916: 8910: 8902: 8900:9780801844423 8896: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8881:Amish Society 8876: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8832: 8831: 8823: 8821: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459:Axel Madsen, 8456: 8449: 8443: 8435: 8428: 8426: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8344: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8317: 8315: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8173:9780814774663 8169: 8165: 8164: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8134:9780674040090 8130: 8126: 8125: 8117: 8109: 8107:9780549564379 8103: 8099: 8098: 8090: 8083: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7913: 7910:Bayrd Still, 7907: 7900: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7872:9780299108045 7868: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7851: 7835: 7831: 7829:9780786485789 7825: 7822:. McFarland. 7821: 7820: 7812: 7803: 7795: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7737: 7731: 7712: 7706: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7650: 7643: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7498: 7497:Gemütlichkeit 7490: 7486: 7479: 7469: 7454: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7365: 7362: 7351: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7254:Kirsten Dunst 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230:Kevin Costner 7227: 7223: 7222:Marlon Brando 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7166:Jack Nicklaus 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7076:Linus Pauling 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6996:John Froelich 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6968:Caspar Wistar 6965: 6961: 6957: 6954:. His nephew 6953: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6934:H. L. Mencken 6931: 6927: 6926:L. Frank Baum 6923: 6919: 6918:Kurt Vonnegut 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6898:Pearl S. Buck 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6778:August Schell 6775: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6715:Alphabet Inc. 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6603:Conrad Hilton 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6345:John Pershing 6342: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6107: 6106:Gramercy Park 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6060:Second Avenue 6057: 6053: 6047: 6032: 6022: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5961:groups – the 5960: 5955: 5953: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5887: 5880: 5879:the Holocaust 5874: 5865: 5857: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5756: 5752: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5725:lingua franca 5721: 5710: 5707: 5694: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5316:Sedition Acts 5313: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862:Ogden, Kansas 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568:Dubuque, Iowa 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4472:Minster, Ohio 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4460:Jackson, Ohio 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4316: 4315:United States 4304: 4292: 4281: 4280: 4269: 4258: 4257: 4246: 4245:West Virginia 4235: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4187: 4186: 4175: 4164: 4163: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4106: 4095: 4094: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4060: 4049: 4048: 4037: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3991: 3980: 3979: 3968: 3957: 3956: 3945: 3934: 3933: 3922: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3888: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3862: 3851: 3840: 3839: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3805: 3804:New Hampshire 3794: 3793: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3759: 3748: 3747: 3736: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3644: 3633: 3632: 3621: 3620:Massachusetts 3610: 3609: 3598: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3529: 3518: 3517: 3506: 3495: 3494: 3483: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3391: 3380: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3354: 3343: 3332: 3331: 3320: 3309: 3308: 3297: 3286: 3285: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3251: 3240: 3239: 3228: 3217: 3216: 3205: 3194: 3193: 3182: 3171: 3170: 3159: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2994:The Economist 2991: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:Robert Prager 2667: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:H. L. Mencken 2643: 2639: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Arthur Preuss 2592: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2572:Intellectuals 2564: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2417:Lawrence Welk 2413: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2353:Volga Germans 2349: 2344: 2340: 2339:Volga Germans 2329: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2287:Texas Germans 2278: 2277:, and Texas. 2276: 2272: 2269:, apart from 2268: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1977:Henry Villard 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1753:United States 1738: 1733: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1606: 1594: 1583: 1571: 1560: 1548: 1537: 1525: 1514: 1502: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1454: 1443: 1431: 1420: 1419:New Hampshire 1408: 1397: 1396:Massachusetts 1385: 1374: 1362: 1351: 1339: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1305: 1293: 1280: 1269: 1257: 1246: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:was also the 1156: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1060:redemptioners 1055: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 976:Salem College 973: 969: 965: 964:Winston-Salem 961: 957: 953: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 835: 831: 827: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 790: 789:(1618–1648). 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 764: 763:Alsace Region 760: 750: 747: 739: 728: 725: 721: 718: 714: 711: 707: 704: 700: 697: – 696: 692: 691:Find sources: 685: 681: 675: 674: 669:This section 667: 663: 658: 657: 649: 647: 644:, since 1803 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:Mohawk Valley 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 533: 528: 527: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 473: 470: 460: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:kindergartens 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 338: 334: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 297: 293: 288: 286: 281: 273: 269: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 189: 188: 185: 180: 174: 170: 168:<1% Jewish 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 139: 137: 136: 133: 128: 125: 121: 117: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 82: 77: 72: 68: 64: 59: 52: 47: 41: 34: 28: 19: 18483:South Africa 18338: 17856:Walddeutsche 16731: 16145:Central Asia 15744:Zoroastrians 15592:Social class 15166:Jersey Dutch 14709:German Texan 14695: 14548:German Coast 14248:, New York: 14245: 14227: 14220: 14201:– via 14195:. Retrieved 14182: 14171: 14164: 14148: 14135:cite journal 14123:. Retrieved 14110: 14106: 14096: 14089: 14081: 14073: 14060:cite journal 14048:. Retrieved 14035: 14031: 14021: 14014: 14007: 13983: 13977: 13949:November 30, 13947:. Retrieved 13921: 13914: 13907: 13898: 13889: 13876: 13860: 13854: 13847: 13838: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13767: 13758: 13726: 13715: 13708: 13701: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13663: 13653: 13646: 13639: 13632: 13625: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13583: 13553: 13546: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13516: 13498: 13491: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13420: 13413: 13406: 13390: 13380: 13352: 13338: 13331: 13321: 13312: 13301: 13292: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13240: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13159: 13131:. Retrieved 13127:the original 13117: 13106:, retrieved 13097: 13088: 13080: 13075: 13056: 13047: 13037: 13023: 13013:November 28, 13011:. Retrieved 13002: 12993: 12975: 12970: 12958:. Retrieved 12953: 12944: 12918:. Retrieved 12914:the original 12904: 12891:. Retrieved 12887:the original 12877: 12865:. Retrieved 12861:the original 12851: 12838:. Retrieved 12834:the original 12824: 12812:. Retrieved 12808:the original 12803: 12794: 12782:. Retrieved 12778:the original 12773: 12764: 12756: 12729: 12725: 12713:. Retrieved 12709:the original 12699: 12687:. Retrieved 12676: 12666: 12654:. Retrieved 12640: 12631: 12625: 12613:. Retrieved 12594: 12567:. Retrieved 12547: 12540: 12528:. Retrieved 12524:the original 12520:mki.wisc.edu 12519: 12510: 12498:. Retrieved 12479: 12473: 12450:. Retrieved 12440: 12436: 12408:. Retrieved 12399: 12390: 12378:. Retrieved 12354: 12350: 12343: 12329:(2): 27–55. 12326: 12322: 12290: 12271: 12218: 12214: 12208: 12196:. Retrieved 12185: 12175: 12163:. Retrieved 12159:the original 12152: 12142: 12130:. Retrieved 12119: 12094:. Retrieved 12082: 12069: 12057:. Retrieved 12045: 12033: 12025: 12020: 12008:. Retrieved 11989: 11979: 11967:. Retrieved 11956: 11949:Ebert, Roger 11943: 11931:. Retrieved 11922: 11893:December 23, 11891:. Retrieved 11849:. Retrieved 11829: 11822: 11810:. Retrieved 11791: 11746:. Retrieved 11737: 11728: 11720: 11715: 11696: 11684:. Retrieved 11675: 11666: 11654:. Retrieved 11636: 11625:the original 11616: 11604: 11592:. Retrieved 11568: 11556:. Retrieved 11552:the original 11538: 11526:. Retrieved 11508: 11496:. Retrieved 11478: 11470: 11465: 11456: 11450: 11442: 11437: 11428: 11422: 11411:, retrieved 11407:the original 11401: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11373: 11365: 11360: 11351: 11343: 11327: 11322: 11315: 11310: 11303: 11298: 11290: 11285: 11277: 11272: 11267:(1971) ch. 5 11264: 11259: 11251: 11247: 11244:Project MUSE 11237: 11229: 11224: 11216: 11211: 11203: 11198: 11190: 11185: 11177: 11172: 11164: 11151: 11143: 11138: 11130: 11125: 11117: 11112: 11100:. Retrieved 11096:the original 11091: 11079: 11061: 11056: 11044:. Retrieved 11020: 11013: 11001:. Retrieved 10987: 10976:, retrieved 10972:the original 10966: 10960: 10948: 10939: 10916:. Retrieved 10898: 10886:. Retrieved 10868: 10856:. Retrieved 10838: 10826:. Retrieved 10808: 10796:. Retrieved 10772: 10760:. Retrieved 10726:, retrieved 10722:the original 10716: 10709: 10697:. Retrieved 10688: 10679: 10667: 10662: 10650:. Retrieved 10646:the original 10638: 10629: 10617:. Retrieved 10613:the original 10609:Germany.info 10608: 10599: 10587:. Retrieved 10573: 10564:November 30, 10562:, retrieved 10558:the original 10548: 10542: 10533:November 30, 10531:, retrieved 10527:the original 10517: 10511: 10502:November 30, 10500:, retrieved 10480: 10474: 10465:November 30, 10463:, retrieved 10443: 10437: 10428: 10416:. Retrieved 10412:the original 10407: 10398: 10386:. Retrieved 10382:the original 10377: 10368: 10356:. Retrieved 10347: 10338: 10326:. Retrieved 10317: 10308: 10296:. Retrieved 10292:the original 10282: 10270:. Retrieved 10261: 10252: 10244:the original 10234: 10215: 10207: 10192: 10183: 10160:262 U.S. 390 10155: 10151: 10139:. Retrieved 10131:Enquirer.com 10130: 10121: 10102: 10090: 10082: 10073: 10061:. Retrieved 10052: 10042: 10030:. Retrieved 10018: 10006: 9997:November 19, 9995:, retrieved 9983: 9970: 9961: 9955: 9944:, retrieved 9935: 9926: 9903: 9891:. Retrieved 9887:the original 9882: 9873: 9865: 9860: 9852: 9847: 9833:(3): 41–62. 9830: 9826: 9820: 9812: 9807: 9795:. Retrieved 9780: 9772: 9767: 9757:February 13, 9755:. Retrieved 9735: 9728: 9698:(1): 34–51. 9695: 9691: 9685: 9673:. Retrieved 9653: 9646: 9616:(3): 78–98. 9613: 9609: 9603: 9595: 9590: 9582: 9577: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9549: 9543: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9495: 9490: 9481: 9472: 9466: 9447: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9421: 9410:, retrieved 9401: 9392: 9369: 9360:November 30, 9358:, retrieved 9354:the original 9348: 9342: 9334: 9329: 9321: 9316: 9307:November 19, 9305:, retrieved 9301:the original 9295: 9289: 9279:February 25, 9277:. Retrieved 9264: 9257: 9249: 9244: 9236: 9231: 9223: 9218: 9210: 9205: 9193:. Retrieved 9150: 9146: 9136: 9126:November 20, 9124:. Retrieved 9104: 9096: 9091: 9079:. Retrieved 9057: 9047: 9039: 9034: 9016: 9011: 9000: 8995: 8976: 8971: 8953: 8948: 8940: 8935: 8927: 8922: 8914: 8909: 8880: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8848: 8839: 8829: 8807:. Retrieved 8798: 8788: 8769: 8763: 8732: 8723: 8692: 8683: 8655:. Columbia: 8652: 8646: 8615: 8609: 8578: 8572: 8541: 8532: 8521:, retrieved 8511: 8505: 8496:November 30, 8494:, retrieved 8484: 8478: 8460: 8455: 8447: 8442: 8433: 8393: 8343: 8332:, retrieved 8322: 8304: 8300: 8283:, retrieved 8279:the original 8273: 8263:, retrieved 8259:the original 8253: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8225: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8162: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8123: 8116: 8096: 8089: 8081: 8076: 8064:. Retrieved 8055: 8046: 8034:. Retrieved 8030:the original 8020: 8008:. Retrieved 8004:the original 7999: 7989: 7978:, retrieved 7974:the original 7969: 7960: 7932: 7924: 7919: 7911: 7906: 7898: 7893: 7881:. Retrieved 7857: 7850: 7838:. Retrieved 7818: 7811: 7802: 7780:the original 7770: 7758:. Retrieved 7744: 7720:September 7, 7718:. Retrieved 7705: 7695:September 7, 7693:. Retrieved 7689: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7658:November 11, 7656:. Retrieved 7636: 7624:. Retrieved 7620:turkey-visit 7619: 7610: 7598:. Retrieved 7587: 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7555: 7546: 7534:. Retrieved 7520: 7496: 7484: 7478: 7468: 7453: 7443: 7329:Barack Obama 7324: 7317:Harry Truman 7314: 7297: 7294:Donald Trump 7289: 7281: 7275: 7226:Kim Basinger 7218:Meryl Streep 7150:George Eyser 7146:Bruce Willis 7143: 7104: 7024:Donald Knuth 6972:Isaac Singer 6964:Michael Leib 6946: 6922:Sylvia Plath 6902:Thomas Wolfe 6894:Henry Miller 6876: 6850: 6810:Adolph Coors 6774:beer brewing 6771: 6764: 6761:Eugene Meyer 6754: 6744: 6734: 6707:Eric Schmidt 6699:Michael Dell 6659:Carl Laemmle 6627:Samuel Sachs 6591:Pfizer, Inc. 6567:Tesla Motors 6539:PepsiCo Inc. 6535:Charles Guth 6527:Levi Strauss 6475:Standard Oil 6436: 6428:Donald Trump 6424:John Boehner 6401: 6334: 6331: 6289: 6274: 6239: 6209: 6165: 6129:Frankfurters 6118: 6094:Third Avenue 6077: 6064:East Village 6055: 6051: 6019: 5999:Plautdietsch 5956: 5949: 5935: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5888: 5875: 5871: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5813: 5797: 5777: 5753: 5737: 5724: 5716: 5709:audiences". 5690: 5673:Indianapolis 5669: 5661: 5653:Assimilation 5639: 5620: 5604: 5590: 5477: 5470: 5460: 5444: 5417: 5373: 5338: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5248: 5241: 5231: 5228: 5221: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5170: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5118: 4638: 4612:, Ohio 19.8% 4556: 4476:Kalida, Ohio 4432:Butler, Ohio 4384: 4359:Indianapolis 4339: 4327: 4320: 4305: 4082:South Dakota 4036:Rhode Island 4013:Pennsylvania 3921:North Dakota 3119: 3114: 3109: 3083: 3062: 3043: 3019: 3012: 3001:Demographics 2993: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2967: 2957:homes. Some 2951: 2947:Galveston TX 2937:, July 1974. 2774: 2760:World War II 2717: 2684:In Chicago, 2683: 2658: 2635: 2598: 2593: 2583: 2558: 2546: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2462: 2439: 2432: 2414: 2409: 2381: 2358: 2326: 2321: 2306: 2275:German Coast 2264: 2246: 2215: 2200: 2128: 2094: 2079:B'nai B'rith 2067:Henry Lehman 2062:Levi Strauss 2051: 2008:freethinkers 1993: 1987: 1954: 1781:19th century 1772: 1765: 1758: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1715: 1708: 1701: 1686: 1678: 1671: 1656: 1647: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1621: 1620: 1536:Rhode Island 1513:Pennsylvania 1209: 1187: 1152: 1118: 1102: 1097: 1057: 1048:Pennsylvania 1035: 1007: 980: 950:, Latinized 915: 867:Spotsylvania 844: 824:German Coast 817: 813:German Coast 791: 768: 757: 742: 736:October 2017 733: 723: 716: 709: 702: 690: 678:Please help 673:verification 670: 627: 623: 615:Mohawk River 611:Little Falls 599:Hudson River 596: 581: 541: 532:pull factors 530: 526:Push factors 524: 522: 517:Astor family 499:Philadelphia 479: 476:Colonial era 466: 458: 422:Americanized 419: 417:to America. 400: 381: 369:William Howe 365:British Army 354: 346:Philadelphia 339: 335: 324: 312:Pennsylvania 305: 289: 267: 266: 70: 66: 21:Ethnic group 18: 18684:Ostsiedlung 18633:New Zealand 18607:Philippines 18449:Ivory Coast 18334:Puerto Rico 18287:El Salvador 18178:Netherlands 18132:Gottscheers 17932:(including 17882:Switzerland 17683:2010 census 17602:Multiethnic 16891:Californios 16757:before 1880 15660:Protestants 15622:By religion 15535:Immigration 15491:By economic 15392:Los Angeles 15109:Sammarinese 15092:before 1880 15007:Montenegrin 14900:Greenlandic 14805:Azerbaijani 14593:Puerto Rico 14546:Louisiana ( 14518:by location 14107:Monatshefte 14097:Monatshefte 14032:Monatshefte 14022:Monatshefte 13924:. Madison: 12960:February 2, 12867:November 3, 12840:January 14, 12689:January 31, 12437:Islands of 10995:. ePodunk. 10918:October 12, 10762:October 12, 10589:October 21, 10262:GovTrack.us 9883:Earlham.edu 9675:January 15, 9269:(Hardcover) 9222:Zev Eleff, 9081:October 12, 8849:Sciway3.net 8195:(1): 3–24. 8145:October 16, 7980:December 2, 7883:October 16, 7760:October 21, 7536:October 21, 7489:New Orleans 7337:Bischwiller 7262:Zazie Beetz 7258:Evan Peters 7186:Clark Gable 7182:Grace Kelly 7162:Johnny Depp 6751:Al Neuharth 6723:PayPal Inc. 6719:Peter Thiel 6711:Google Inc. 6667:Marcus Loew 6553:(YouTube), 6551:Jawed Karim 6463:Walt Disney 6404:Carl Schurz 6377:Indian Wars 6266:Deutschtown 6250:German Fest 6246:Oktoberfest 6212:Oktoberfest 6196:Prohibition 5983:High German 5800:Martin Dies 5729:Roger Ebert 5642:Bennett Law 5472:Kulturkampf 5448:the Dakotas 5320:Prohibition 4466:Union, Ohio 3689:Mississippi 3273:Connecticut 3058:1870 Census 3015:the Dakotas 2779:and author 2724:Americanize 2640:denounced " 2534:Free Silver 2526:prohibition 2455:Franz Sigel 2368:Volga River 2271:New Orleans 2054:German Jews 1973:Carl Schurz 1818:immigrants 1811:Immigration 1801:Immigration 1245:Connecticut 1032:New England 1026:San Antonio 897:around the 834:Carl Schurz 820:New Orleans 805:New Orleans 572:War of 1812 491:glassmakers 450:San Antonio 90:New England 74:2020 census 18712:Categories 18597:Kyrgyzstan 18587:Kazakhstan 18488:Afrikaners 18282:Costa Rica 18246:Hutterites 18108:Yugoslavia 18088:Azerbaijan 17997:Bessarabia 17756:Historical 17610:Afro-Asian 17232:Potawatomi 17063:Chemehuevi 16267:South Asia 15729:Rastafaris 15687:Ahmadiyyas 15640:Christians 15515:Emigration 15493:and social 15386:California 15104:Portuguese 14997:Macedonian 14915:Lithuanian 14825:Circassian 14810:Belarusian 14624:Wisconsin 14617:Virginia ( 14601:Cincinnati 14553:Maryland ( 14541:Louisville 14539:Kentucky ( 14532:Illinois ( 14197:August 27, 13250:0674375122 13133:October 9, 13108:August 28, 12814:August 28, 12784:August 28, 12530:August 21, 12439:Deutschtum 12096:August 25, 12059:August 25, 11617:census.gov 11413:October 6, 11102:August 28, 11003:August 10, 10978:August 12, 10408:Traces.org 10378:Traces.org 9893:August 28, 9412:January 2, 9071:1086749050 8889:. p. 8809:October 7, 8795:"Wachovia" 8779:0806302925 8416:1038430174 8407:0674375122 8334:October 5, 8307:(3): 1, 11 8066:January 5, 7690:Census.gov 7512:References 7312:in 1902). 7282:Eisenhauer 7214:Heidi Klum 7158:Lou Gehrig 7111:Peenemünde 7092:Paul Flory 7088:Hans Bethe 7052:Otto Stern 6942:Lee Miller 6695:Apple Inc. 6691:Steve Jobs 6675:Harry Cohn 6543:Bill Gates 6395:, and the 6262:Pittsburgh 6258:North Side 6236:Cincinnati 6149:sauerkraut 6141:hamburgers 6015:East Amana 6003:Low German 5987:Hutterites 5959:Anabaptist 5824:Fred Trump 5677:Cincinnati 5584:1,083,637 5576:1,104,354 5568:1,383,442 5560:1,547,987 5552:1,586,593 5544:1,201,535 5536:1,332,399 5528:1,589,040 5520:2,188,006 5512:2,267,128 5504:2,759,032 5424:Mennonites 5383:, and the 5356:Lou Gehrig 5152:Deutschtum 5120:Portlandia 5091:See also: 4616:Pittsburgh 4610:Cincinnati 4371:Pittsburgh 4343:Cincinnati 4322:42,589,571 4221:Washington 3850:New Mexico 3827:New Jersey 3227:California 3120:Percentage 2915:44,978,546 2901:47,911,129 2887:42,885,162 2873:57,947,374 2859:49,224,146 2816:, Admiral 2789:anti-Nazis 2702:Cincinnati 2618:See also: 2567:World Wars 2522:Democratic 2459:Union Army 2408:, such as 2337:See also: 2267:Deep South 2255:Deep South 2226:Socialists 2192:Schwabians 2186:, such as 2168:Cincinnati 2156:Ohio River 2152:Louisville 2140:Cincinnati 2134:cities of 2132:Midwestern 2024:philosophy 2012:Freidenker 2010:, German: 2000:Dreissiger 1808:immigrants 1773:The brief 1442:New Jersey 1137:war effort 1129:Union Army 1121:Studebaker 1106:theodiscus 1086:Mennonites 958:valley in 887:Palatinate 883:Germantown 801:New France 797:Charlevoix 706:newspapers 588:Queen Anne 564:Mennonites 546:, and the 446:Pittsburgh 438:Cincinnati 415:hamburgers 371:, and the 342:Germantown 276:pronounced 237:Hutterites 155:Anabaptist 143:Protestant 138:Christian 94:Deep South 18628:Australia 18381:Venezuela 18364:Palatines 18312:Nicaragua 18292:Guatemala 18221:Argentina 18002:Black Sea 17948:Satu Mare 17908:Black Sea 17779:Palatines 17640:Melungeon 17615:Amerasian 17341:Tsimshian 17148:Chochenyo 17093:Kitanemuk 17043:Menominee 17026:Tuscarora 16961:Chickasaw 16946:Blackfeet 16457:West Asia 16199:East Asia 15719:Neopagans 15645:Catholics 15635:Buddhists 15500:Affluence 15423:Louisiana 15379:By region 15304:Melungeon 15259:Wisconsin 14972:Bulgarian 14920:Norwegian 14905:Icelandic 14855:Ukrainian 14745:Kashubian 14731:Hungarian 14628:Milwaukee 14606:Cleveland 14577:New York 14555:Baltimore 14309:from the 14223:. (2013). 14213:In German 13928:, (2000). 13917:. (1942). 13901:. (1952). 13892:. (1957). 13819:; vol 2: 13794:. (1990). 13787:. (2005). 13743:" (1987). 13711:. (1998). 13680:. (1957). 13642:. (1969). 13635:. (1990). 13628:. (1971). 13621:. (1974). 13472:. (1966). 13440:. (1940). 13266:. (1976). 13259:. (2003). 13227:. (1992). 13213:. (1989). 13199:. (1953). 13098:USA Today 12656:August 2, 12452:April 15, 12410:August 1, 12380:August 9, 12367:2152/2652 11933:August 2, 11686:March 17, 11656:August 6, 11558:August 8, 11498:August 6, 11402:The Amish 11046:March 20, 10844:"Tejanos" 10728:April 15, 10699:March 17, 10652:March 17, 10619:March 17, 10418:March 17, 10388:March 17, 10358:March 17, 10328:March 17, 10298:March 17, 10272:March 17, 10141:March 17, 9964:: 126–127 9946:August 1, 9720:254486844 9638:254494566 9594:Salamon, 9398:"GERMANS" 9177:0021-8723 8859:March 17, 8731:(1988) . 8638:878668026 8523:August 2, 8382:"Germans" 8245:(3): 10, 8217:147478252 8036:March 18, 8010:March 17, 7675:, p. 120. 7626:March 20, 7568:March 10, 7335:and from 7333:Besigheim 7325:Melhausen 7310:Kallstadt 7154:Babe Ruth 7028:computing 6960:Adam Kuhn 6930:Dr. Seuss 6854:engineer 6756:USA Today 6703:Dell Inc. 6559:SolarCity 6555:Elon Musk 6499:Frederick 6389:World War 6381:World War 6286:Education 6280:card game 6206:Festivals 6200:microbrew 6192:St. Louis 6184:Milwaukee 6145:bratwurst 5993:and many 5965:and most 5931:St. Louis 5681:Cleveland 5496:Speakers 5432:Moravians 5405:Methodist 5389:Calvinist 5352:Babe Ruth 5335:Athletics 5312:Espionage 5177:Bethlehem 5141:Milwaukee 4375:St. Louis 4363:Milwaukee 4351:Cleveland 4273:2,195,662 4268:Wisconsin 4227:1,177,478 4133:2,429,525 4105:Tennessee 4018:2,915,171 3949:2,730,617 3880:1,809,206 3717:1,366,691 3671:1,753,612 3666:Minnesota 3648:1,849,636 3551:Louisiana 3487:1,016,154 3464:1,378,584 3441:2,175,044 3347:1,943,171 3255:1,039,001 3232:2,786,161 3056:. In the 3030:Northeast 2662:Red Cross 2530:Populists 2438:died the 2423:Civil War 2415:Musician 2406:loanwords 2317:Milwaukee 2313:Indianola 2309:Galveston 2218:Milwaukee 2207:Dutchtown 2164:Milwaukee 2160:Cleveland 2144:St. Louis 2136:Milwaukee 2097:Baltimore 2016:Latinists 1957:World War 1941:2001–2004 1935:1911–1920 1927:1991–2000 1921:1901–1910 1913:1981–1990 1907:1891–1900 1899:1971–1980 1896:1,452,970 1893:1881–1890 1885:1961–1970 1879:1871–1880 1871:1951–1960 1865:1861–1870 1857:1941–1950 1851:1851–1860 1843:1931–1940 1837:1841–1850 1829:1921–1930 1823:1820–1840 1816:Number of 1806:Number of 1078:Lutherans 1073:loyalists 922:Moravians 841:Southeast 799:traveled 652:Louisiana 578:Palatines 560:Moravians 487:Maracaibo 454:St. Louis 442:Milwaukee 375:, led by 367:, led by 285:Americans 270:(German: 114:Languages 107:Southwest 18675:See also 18602:Pakistan 18510:Zanzibar 18500:Bagamoyo 18495:Tanzania 18415:Cameroon 18349:Nebraska 18317:Paraguay 18277:Colombia 18213:Americas 18145:Bosporus 18128:Slovenia 18093:Bulgaria 17953:Bukovina 17938:Highland 17925:Landlers 17870:Slovakia 17800:Diaspora 17620:Blaxican 17432:Chicanos 17326:Gwich'in 17274:Shoshone 17264:Seminole 17192:Muscogee 17165:Tataviam 17128:Suisunes 17078:Diegueño 17058:Cahuilla 17016:Onondaga 16996:Iroquois 16976:Comanche 16971:Colville 16956:Cheyenne 16951:Cherokee 15545:Language 15430:Maryland 15417:Arkansas 15248:Scottish 15201:Huguenot 15194:Canadian 15114:Sicilian 15082:Galician 15077:Corsican 15067:Canarian 15057:Asturian 15041:Yugoslav 15012:Romanian 15002:Moldovan 14982:Croatian 14962:Albanian 14876:Estonian 14835:Georgian 14800:Armenian 14760:Silesian 14686:Austrian 14581:Syracuse 14568:Nebraska 14463:Archived 14441:Archived 14303:Archived 14286:Archived 14191:Archived 14179:"German" 14119:30161608 14044:30153298 13959:cite web 13865:Archived 13831:Archived 13775:Archived 13772:in JSTOR 13751:Archived 13737:Archived 13692:Archived 13591:Archived 13574:Archived 13561:Archived 13506:Archived 13503:in JSTOR 13428:Archived 13395:Archived 13373:Archived 13360:Archived 13285:Archived 13102:archived 13065:Archived 13007:Archived 12983:Archived 12930:cite web 12737:Archived 12715:July 30, 12683:Archived 12650:Archived 12609:Archived 12563:Archived 12494:Archived 12446:Archived 12404:Archived 12371:Archived 12335:27500930 12198:July 26, 12192:Archived 12165:July 26, 12126:Archived 12087:Archived 12050:Archived 12004:Archived 11963:Archived 11927:Archived 11887:Archived 11879:"German" 11845:Archived 11806:Archived 11748:July 15, 11742:Archived 11705:Archived 11680:Archived 11650:Archived 11594:June 24, 11585:Archived 11528:July 22, 11522:Archived 11520:. 1990. 11492:Archived 11314:Wittke, 11276:Wittke, 11069:Archived 11040:Archived 10997:Archived 10912:Archived 10882:Archived 10852:Archived 10822:Archived 10789:Archived 10756:Archived 10693:Archived 10583:Archived 10493:archived 10456:archived 10352:Archived 10322:Archived 10266:Archived 10223:Archived 10200:Archived 10163:Archived 10135:Archived 10116:, p. 81. 10110:Archived 10063:July 30, 10057:Archived 10032:July 30, 10023:Archived 9988:archived 9940:archived 9911:Archived 9839:25154032 9791:Archived 9751:Archived 9712:27501880 9669:Archived 9630:27501458 9532:Archived 9455:Archived 9406:archived 9377:Archived 9273:Archived 9195:June 27, 9189:Archived 9117:Archived 9075:Archived 9055:(1932). 9024:Archived 9003:(1849). 8984:Archived 8961:Archived 8877:(1993). 8853:Archived 8803:Archived 8755:18290931 8715:18589517 8691:(1989). 8675:58976124 8601:74964181 8564:41278488 8517:archived 8490:archived 8468:Archived 8392:(eds.). 8351:Archived 8328:archived 8139:Archived 8060:Archived 7946:cite web 7877:Archived 7840:June 25, 7834:Archived 7788:cite web 7754:Archived 7730:cite web 7649:Archived 7600:June 12, 7594:Archived 7562:Archived 7530:Archived 7347:See also 7210:John Kay 6984:Linotype 6806:AB InBev 6176:Aldingen 6096:between 5979:Alsatian 5939:Max Kade 5606:evidence 5483:Language 5463:Catholic 5362:Religion 5198:Creation 5189:Wachovia 5181:Nazareth 4355:Columbus 4197:Virginia 3967:Oklahoma 3874:New York 3758:Nebraska 3712:Missouri 3643:Michigan 3597:Maryland 3528:Kentucky 3436:Illinois 3296:Delaware 3250:Colorado 3204:Arkansas 3032:and the 2824:General 2508:Politics 2478:McKinley 2465:Sigel". 2056:came in 1888:190,796 1874:477,765 1860:226,578 1846:114,058 1832:412,202 1605:Virginia 1466:New York 1373:Maryland 1316:Kentucky 1268:Delaware 1183:Loyalist 1167:Hessians 1125:Solingen 1082:Reformed 1016:area of 1003:Anglican 952:Wachovia 942:Piedmont 913:accent. 901:, where 851:Germanna 847:Virginia 775:Alsatian 759:John Law 638:Walldorf 619:Herkimer 609:west of 584:Palatine 552:Lutheran 432:and the 411:hot dogs 320:Virginia 316:New York 173:atheists 151:Reformed 147:Lutheran 130:Religion 18621:Oceania 18565:Tianjin 18560:Qingdao 18555:Beijing 18522:Baguida 18471:Senegal 18459:Nigeria 18454:Namibia 18425:Yaoundé 18376:Uruguay 18369:by city 18302:Jamaica 18231:Bolivia 18163:Belgium 18118:Croatia 18098:Georgia 18083:Armenia 18062:Finland 18040:Denmark 18017:Galicia 17992:Ukraine 17958:Dobruja 17915:Romania 17903:Moldova 17898:Belarus 17863:Galicia 17849:Olęders 17844:Vistula 17834:Hungary 17645:Mulatto 17451:Oceania 17346:Tlingit 17336:Iñupiat 17321:Alutiiq 17269:Shawnee 17254:Quechan 17138:Awaswas 17123:Serrano 17118:Salinan 17098:Luiseño 17088:Juaneño 17083:Esselen 17068:Chumash 16966:Choctaw 16936:Abenaki 15682:Muslims 15655:Mormons 15650:Coptics 15630:Baha'is 15565:Poverty 15362:Acadian 15327:Isleños 15253:Walloon 15238:Occitan 15209:Frisian 15180:Acadian 15155:English 15150:Cornish 15145:British 15135:Belgian 15119:Spanish 15099:Maltese 15087:Italian 15072:Catalan 15036:Turkish 15022:Serbian 15017:Slovene 14992:Kosovan 14977:Cypriot 14967:Bosnian 14946:Swedish 14910:Latvian 14892:Findian 14886:Finnish 14881:Faroese 14845:Russian 14830:Cossack 14820:Chechen 14779:Sorbian 14562:Holyoke 14534:Chicago 14528:Alabama 14371:at the 14000:2169006 13857:(1964). 13673:(1996). 13649:(1990). 13487:(2004). 13238:, eds. 13164:(1993). 12980:excerpt 12978:(2019) 12893:May 17, 12615:May 16, 12569:May 16, 12500:May 16, 12353:Deutsch 12274:(2004). 12235:2169006 12132:July 6, 12010:May 16, 11851:May 16, 11812:May 16, 11723:(1981). 11302:Arndt, 11254:(1957). 11163:, eds. 11120:(1966). 11092:Uwm.edu 10888:May 23, 10858:May 23, 10828:May 23, 10798:May 23, 10689:Loc.gov 10169:(1923). 9855:(1998). 9797:July 8, 9775:(1983). 9518:(2006). 9239:(2011). 9185:1895032 8799:NCPedia 8465:excerpt 8463:(2001) 8285:May 26, 8265:May 26, 8209:1171088 7292:), and 6994:), and 6769:) etc. 6367:in the 6157:pretzel 6153:strudel 5774:in 1939 5238:Turners 5157:Vereine 5125:Hermann 5087:Culture 4300:22.66% 4296:131,730 4291:Wyoming 4277:37.81% 4254:15.62% 4250:282,257 4231:15.67% 4206:10.30% 4202:876,286 4183:10.15% 4174:Vermont 4160:10.37% 4156:326,656 4110:612,083 4091:35.74% 4087:314,246 4064:471,940 4022:22.78% 3999:17.29% 3995:721,995 3976:12.25% 3972:483,973 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