Atheism - Knowledge

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cognitive reflection tests than theists, the authors wrote that "The fact that atheists score higher agrees with the literature showing that belief is an automatic manifestation of the mind and its default mode. Disbelieving seems to require deliberative cognitive ability." A 2016 study, in which 4 new studies were reported and a meta-analysis of all previous research on the topic was performed, found that self-identified atheists scored 18.7% higher than theists on the cognitive reflection test and there is a negative correlation between religiosity and analytical thinking. The authors note that recently "it has been argued that analytic thinkers are not actually less religious; rather, the putative association may be a result of religiosity typically being measured after analytic thinking (an order effect)," however, they state "Our results indicate that the association between analytical thinking and religious disbelief is not caused by a simple order effect. There is good evidence that atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers." This "analytic atheist" effect has also been found among academic philosophers, even when controlling for about a dozen potential confounds such as education.

3785:, p. 4: Agnostics are distinguished from innocents, who also neither believe that there are gods nor believe that there are no gods, by the fact that they have given consideration to the question of whether there are gods. Innocents are those who have never considered the question of whether there are gods. Typically, innocents have never considered the question of whether there are gods because they are not able to consider that question. How could that be? Well, in order to consider the question of whether there are gods, one must understand what it would mean for something to be a god. That is, one needs to have the concept of a god. Those who lack the concept of a god are not able to entertain the thought that there are gods. Consider, for example, one-month-old babies. It is very plausible that one-month-old babies lack the concept of a god. So it is very plausible that one-month-old babies are innocents. Other plausible cases of innocents include chimpanzees, human beings who have suffered severe traumatic brain injuries, and human beings with advanced dementia 3210:(to know) to mean that atheism is the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is the lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since the absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it." 2541: 2602: 2790:, atheists have been organizing in cafés and social media, despite regular crackdowns from authoritarian governments. A 2012 poll by Gallup International revealed that 5% of Saudis considered themselves to be "convinced atheists". However, very few young people in the Arab world have atheists in their circle of friends or acquaintances. According to one study, less than 1% did in Morocco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, or Jordan; only 3% to 7% in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Palestine. When asked whether they have "seen or heard traces of atheism in locality, community, and society" only about 3% to 8% responded yes in all the countries surveyed. The only exception was the UAE, with a percentage of 51%. 2766:, 4.4% of Americans self-identified as atheists in 2014. However, the same survey showed that 11.1% of all respondents stated "no" when asked if they believed in God. According to a 2014 report by the Pew Research Center, 3.1% of the US adult population identify as atheist, up from 1.6% in 2007; and within the religiously unaffiliated (or "no religion") demographic, atheists made up 13.6%. According to the 2015 General Sociological Survey the number of atheists and agnostics in the US has remained relatively flat in the past 23 years since in 1991 only 2% identified as atheist and 4% identified as agnostic and in 2014 only 3% identified as atheists and 5% identified as agnostics. 2805: 873: 2840: 2227: 3466:: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." 2099: 1783: 2752: 3761:

disbelief in some particular creed of a religious group. Thus, a child who has received no religious instruction and has never heard about God is not an atheist – for he is not denying any theistic claims. Similarly in the case of an adult who, if he has withdrawn from the faith of his father without reflection or because of frank indifference to any theological issue, is also not an atheist – for such an adult is not challenging theism and not professing any views on the subject. ... I propose to examine some

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of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'

711: 20320: 3394:: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." 2380: 5029:, the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams" ( 18947: 13982: 532: 18957: 13972: 12292: 544: 20218: 20286: 2275:. "The source of man's unhappiness is his ignorance of Nature. The pertinacity with which he clings to blind opinions imbibed in his infancy, which interweave themselves with his existence, the consequent prejudice that warps his mind, that prevents its expansion, that renders him the slave of fiction, appears to doom him to continual error." In Great Britain, William Hammon and physician Mathew Turner authored a pamphlet in response to 1139: 4633:): "Besides, do you say that God finds joy in seeing the creatures which he has created in the prey of all the distress of existence, including the tortures of the hells? Homage to this kind of God! The profane stanza expresses it well: "One calls him Rudra because he burns, because he is sharp, fierce, redoubtable, an eater of flesh, blood and marrow." de La Vallee Poussin, Louis (fr. trans.); Sangpo, Gelong Lodro (eng. trans.) (2012) 20303: 20269: 20337: 20252: 1393: 556: 20235: 3478:: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." 2091:(973–1058). Al-Ma'arri wrote and taught that religion itself was a "fable invented by the ancients" and that humans were "of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains". Despite the fact that these authors were relatively prolific writers, little of their work survives, mainly being preserved through quotations and excerpts in later works by Muslim 1512: 2855:, atheists in the United States are more likely to be white compared to the general U.S. population (77% vs 62%). In a 2008 study, researchers found intelligence to be negatively related to religious belief in Europe and the United States. In a sample of 137 countries, the correlation between national IQ and disbelief in God was found to be 0.60. According to evolutionary psychologist 2888: 1566:". He goes on to say, "The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo." 1940:(performed 423 BCE) portrays Socrates as teaching his students that the traditional Greek deities do not exist. Socrates was later tried and executed under the charge of not believing in the gods of the state and instead worshipping foreign gods. Socrates himself vehemently denied the charges of atheism at his trial. From a survey of these 5th-century BCE philosophers, 2696:

medium-high percentage in Germany (27%), Belgium (27%), UK (25%); to very low in Poland (5%), Greece (4%), Cyprus (3%), Malta (2%), and Romania (1%), with the European Union as a whole at 20%. In a 2012 Eurobarometer poll on discrimination in the European Union, 16% of those polled considered themselves non-believers/agnostics, and 7% considered themselves atheists.

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analytic atheist effect; because men have been found more likely to endorse atheism, and men often perform slightly better on tests of analytic thinking, when not controlling for variables such as math anxiety, the correlation between atheism and analytic reasoning may be partly explained by whatever explains observed gender differences in analytic thinking.

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countries, religious belief is a conformist choice, and there is evidence that more intelligent people are less likely to conform. Another theory is that people of higher IQ are more likely to engage in analytical reasoning, and that disbelief in religion results from the application of higher-level analytical reasoning to the assessment of religious claims.

3872:, pp. 30–34. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement." 4191:, Part III: "If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion." 1311:(1779) cited Epicurus in stating the argument as a series of questions: "Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is impotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?" Similar arguments have been made in 692:, contesting what supernatural entities are considered gods, whether atheism is a philosophical position or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection; however, the norm is to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism. Atheism has been regarded as compatible with 1612:, have also been guilty of mass murder. In response to those claims, atheists such as Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins have stated that Stalin's atrocities were influenced not by atheism but by dogmatic ideology, and that while Stalin and Mao happened to be atheists, they did not do their deeds in the name of atheism. 1109:

Michael Martin argues that atheism is a justified and rational true belief, but offers no extended epistemological justification because current theories are in a state of controversy. Martin instead argues for "mid-level principles of justification that are in accord with our ordinary and scientific

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suggested that: "The man who is unacquainted with theism is an atheist because he does not believe in a god. This category would also include the child with the conceptual capacity to grasp the issues involved, but who is still unaware of those issues. The fact that this child does not believe in god

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Departing even more radically from the norm in philosophy, a few philosophers and quite a few non-philosophers claim that "atheism" shouldn't be defined as a proposition at all, even if theism is a proposition. Instead, "atheism" should be defined as a psychological state: the state of not believing

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among others assert that behaving ethically only because of a divine mandate is not true ethical behavior but merely blind obedience. Baggini argues that atheism is a superior basis for ethics, claiming that a moral basis external to religious imperatives is necessary to evaluate the morality of the

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According to Graham Oppy, direct arguments for atheism aim at showing theism fails on its own terms, while indirect arguments are those inferred from direct arguments in favor of something else that is inconsistent with theism. For example, Oppy says arguing for naturalism is an argument for atheism

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Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history

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The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to

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described Diagoras as an "atheist" who categorically denied the existence of the gods, but in modern scholarship Marek Winiarczyk has defended the view that Diagoras was not an atheist in the modern sense, in a view that has proved influential. On the other hand, the verdict has been challenged by

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The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be ...?", with a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and non-believer/agnostic. Space was given for Other (Spontaneous) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not

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I must begin by stating what sense I am attaching to the word 'atheism,' and how I am construing the theme of this paper. I shall understand by 'atheism' a critique and a denial of the major claims of all varieties of theism. ... atheism is not to be identified with sheer unbelief, or with

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But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice,

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Some studies do not detect this correlation between atheism and analytic thinking in all of the countries that they study, suggesting that the relationship between analytic thinking and atheism may depend on culture. There is also evidence that gender may be involved in what has been termed the

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According to the American Family Survey, 34% were found to be religiously unaffiliated in 2017 (23% 'nothing in particular', 6% agnostic, 5% atheist). According to the Pew Research Center, in 2014, 22.8% of the American population does not identify with a religion, including atheists (3.1%) and

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has sometimes been taken to be an atheist, but rather espoused agnostic views, commenting that "Concerning the gods I am unable to discover whether they exist or not, or what they are like in form; for there are many hindrances to knowledge, the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human

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analyzed previous social science research on secularity and non-belief and concluded that societal well-being is positively correlated with irreligion. He found that there are much lower concentrations of atheism and secularity in poorer, less developed nations (particularly in Africa and South

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have contrasted positive (strong/hard) atheism with negative (weak/soft) atheism. Positive atheism is the explicit affirmation that gods do not exist. Negative atheism includes all other forms of non-theism. According to this categorization, anyone who is not a theist is either a negative or a

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concepts. Definitions of atheism also vary in the degree of consideration a person must put to the idea of gods to be considered an atheist. Atheism has been defined as the absence of belief that any deities exist. This broad definition would include newborns and other people who have not been

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In a 2017 study, it was shown that compared to religious individuals, atheists have higher reasoning capacities and this difference seemed to be unrelated to sociodemographic factors such as age, education and country of origin. In a 2015 study, researchers found that atheists score higher on

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The relationship between atheism and IQ, while statistically significant, is not a large one, and the reason for the relationship is not well understood. One hypothesis is that the negative relationship between IQ and religiosity is mediated by individual differences in nonconformity; in many

3797:, pp. 14ff: "In this interpretation, an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future-ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the latter." 7162: 2695:

According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll, the percentage of those polled who agreed with the statement "you don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force" varied from a high percentage in France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), Netherlands (30%), and Estonia (29%);

2679:(10%). A 2012 study by the NORC found that East Germany had the highest percentage of atheists while Czech Republic had the second highest amount. The number of atheists per country is strongly correlated with the level of security for both the individual and society, with some exceptions. 1757:

in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organized school of followers as the other

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found that the non-religious made up about 9.6% of the world's population, and atheists about 2.0%. This figure did not include those who follow atheistic religions, such as some Buddhists. The average annual change for atheism from 2000 to 2010 was −0.17%. Scholars have indicated that

2559:"New Atheism" is a movement among some early-21st-century atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises." The movement is commonly associated with 2816:

publication, 15% of French people, 45% of Americans, and 99% of Indonesians explicitly believe that a person must believe in God to be moral. Pew furthermore noted that, in a U.S. poll, atheists and Muslims tied for the lowest rating among the major religious demographics on a

974:"god") meant "godless". It was first used as a term of censure roughly meaning "ungodly" or "impious". In the 5th century BCE, the word began to indicate more deliberate and active godlessness in the sense of "severing relations with the gods" or "denying the gods". The term 8696:

Gervais, Will M.; Xygalatas, Dimitris; McKay, Ryan T.; van Elk, Michiel; Buchtel, Emma E.; Aveyard, Mark; Schiavone, Sarah R.; Dar-Nimrod, Ilan; Svedholm-Häkkinen, Annika M.; Riekki, Tapani; Klocová, Eva Kundtová; Ramsay, Jonathan E.; Bulbulia, Joseph (August 7, 2017).

935:". We do not have words for people who doubt that Elvis is still alive or that aliens have traversed the galaxy only to molest ranchers and their cattle. Atheism is nothing more than the noises reasonable people make in the presence of unjustified religious beliefs. 5485:

Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in

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is also used to describe the view that everything that exists is fundamentally natural, and that there are no supernatural phenomena. According to naturalist view, science can explain the world with physical laws and through natural phenomena. Philosopher

7617:"The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high" 2039:

in particular. There was, however, a heavy struggle between Christians and pagans, in which each group accused the other of atheism, for not practicing the religion which they considered correct. When Christianity became the state religion of Rome under

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of Europe, as there is less uncertainty about the future with extensive social safety nets and better health care resulting in a greater quality of life and higher life expectancy. By contrast, in underdeveloped countries, there are far fewer atheists.

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is widely considered to have strongly contributed to atheistic thinking during the Revolution, he also considered fear of God to have discouraged further disorder, having said "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him." The philosopher

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philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these." Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include

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calls "the atheist", was accused of impiety and condemned for stating that "the sun is a type of incandescent stone", an affirmation with which he tried to deny the divinity of the celestial bodies. In the late fifth century BCE, the Greek lyric poet

5394:"That does not, however, show that the atrocities committed by these totalitarian dictatorships were the result of atheist beliefs, carried out in the name of atheism, or caused primarily by the atheistic aspects of the relevant forms of communism." 2634:

studies, 13% of respondents were "convinced atheists" in 2012, 11% were "convinced atheists" in 2015, and in 2017, 9% were "convinced atheists". As of 2012, the top 10 surveyed countries with people who viewed themselves as "convinced atheists" were

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holds that the statement "God exists" does not express a proposition, but is nonsensical or cognitively meaningless. It has been argued both ways as to whether such individuals can be classified into some form of atheism or agnosticism. Philosophers

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their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.

7937: 1203:. Nevertheless, Oppy argues that a strong naturalism favors atheism, though he finds the best direct arguments against theism to be the evidential problem of evil, and arguments concerning the contradictory nature of God were one to exist. 886:

propositions deserve as much disbelief as all other unproven propositions. Atheist criticism of agnosticism says that the unprovability of a god's existence does not imply an equal probability of either possibility. Australian philosopher

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Gervais, Will M.; van Elk, Michiel; Xygalatas, Dimitris; McKay, Ryan; Aveyard, Mark; Buchtel, Emma E.; Dar-Nimrod, Ilan; Klocová, Eva Kundtová; Ramsay, Jonathan E.; Riekki, Tapani; Svedholm-Häkkinen, Annika M.; Bulbulia, Joseph (2018).

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was "probably the first well known 'semi-atheist' to announce himself in a Christian land in the modern era", according to Blainey. Spinoza believed that natural laws explained the workings of the universe. In 1661, he published his

3884:, p. 22. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives." 7286: 7240: 7657: 7626: 2211:, espoused a materialist philosophy and skepticism toward supernatural occurrences. By the late 17th century, deism came to be openly espoused by intellectuals. The first known explicit atheist was the German critic of religion 1497:

imperatives themselves—to be able to discern, for example, that "thou shalt steal" is immoral even if one's religion instructs it—and that atheists, therefore, have the advantage of being more inclined to make such evaluations.

1106:, asserts that certainty about anything is impossible, so one can never know for sure whether or not a god exists. Hume, however, held that such unobservable metaphysical concepts should be rejected as "sophistry and illusion". 4612:

In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of

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Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical

2821:". Also, a study of religious college students found that they were more likely to perceive and interact with atheists negatively after considering their mortality, suggesting that these attitudes may be the result of 2473:, citing the estimation that nearly half of all people in the world lived under an anti-religious power, and millions more in Africa, Asia, and South America seemed to lack knowledge of the Christian view of theology. 2285:. Theirs was the first work in English to openly defend atheism, and implied that established sentiment of Christianity made speaking up in defense of atheism an act with a reasonable expectation of public punishment. 10484: 625:

Historically, evidence of atheistic viewpoints can be traced back to classical antiquity and early Indian philosophy. In the Western world, atheism declined as Christianity gained prominence. The 16th century and the

5800: 1972:("peace of mind") and one important way of doing this was by exposing fear of divine wrath as irrational. The Epicureans also denied the existence of an afterlife and the need to fear divine punishment after death. 1888:

Does then anyone say there are gods in heaven? There are not, there are not, if a man is willing not to give foolish credence to the ancient story. Consider for yourselves, don't form an opinion on the basis of my

8486: 1365:, "the idea of God implies the abdication of human reason and justice; it is the most decisive negation of human liberty, and necessarily ends in the enslavement of mankind, in theory, and practice." He reversed 9657: 2944:

is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of

1962:). Drawing on the ideas of Democritus and the Atomists, he espoused a materialistic philosophy according to which the universe was governed by the laws of chance without the need for divine intervention (see 3993:

was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.

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Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless, they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said átheos and

1429:, closed-minded, and authoritarian, and in US states with the highest percentages of atheists, the murder rate is lower than average. In the most religious states, the murder rate is higher than average. 7941: 2707:, including agnostics and atheists. According to the same survey, the religiously unaffiliated are the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%). 7865: 1405:

America) than in the richer industrialized democracies. His findings relating specifically to atheism in the US were that compared to religious people in the US, "atheists and secular people" are less

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came to be understood as encompassing belief in any divinity. With respect to the range of phenomena being rejected, atheism may counter anything from the existence of a deity, to the existence of any

913:—the notion that all people believe in God from birth; within this view was the connotation that atheists are in denial. Some atheists have challenged the need for the term "atheism". In his book 7973: 2770:

agnostics (4%). According to a PRRI survey, 24% of the population is unaffiliated. Atheists and agnostics combined make up about a quarter of this unaffiliated demographic. According to a 2023

2117:). There were, however, movements within this period that furthered heterodox conceptions of the Christian god, including differing views of the nature, transcendence, and knowability of God. 8607: 7649: 7616: 6706:

While strongly critical of revealed religion, Abu Bakr al-Razi did accept the existence of God, who was one of his five 'eternal principles' (next to soul, matter, time, and place); see

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had paved the way for atheists by attacking the authority of the Catholic Church, which in turn "quietly inspired other thinkers to attack the authority of the new Protestant churches".

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while also asserting there are things in human experience which cannot be explained in such terms, such as the concept of value, leaving room for theism. Christopher C. Knight asserts a

988:) then came to be applied against those who impiously denied or disrespected the local gods, even if they believed in other gods. Modern translations of classical texts sometimes render 4752: 2812:

Statistically, atheists are held in poor regard across the globe. Non-atheists seem to implicitly view atheists as prone to exhibit immoral behaviors. In addition, according to a 2016

2305:'s philosophy has strongly questioned the very possibility of metaphysical knowledge. Both philosophers undermined the metaphysical basis of natural theology and criticized classical 3817: 1432:

Joseph Baker and Buster Smith assert that one of the common themes of atheism is that most atheists "typically construe atheism as more moral than religion". One of the most common

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negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist

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has concluded that none of them openly defended radical atheism, but since Classical sources clearly attest to radical atheist ideas Athens probably had an "atheist underground".

5342: 1477:, and cannot exist without a wise creator, has been a persistent feature of political if not so much philosophical debate. Moral precepts such as "murder is wrong" are seen as 2612:

It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists in the world. Respondents to religious-belief polls may define "atheism" differently or draw different distinctions between

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as a percentage of the global population due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries generally having higher birth rates.

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is the conscious rejection of belief. It is usual to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism. For the purposes of his paper on "philosophical atheism",

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which would preclude us from saying that we know anything whatever, except perhaps the truths of mathematics and formal logic." Consequently, some atheist authors, such as

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While the word 'atheism' has been used in something like this sense (see for example Antony Flew's article 'The Presumption of Atheism'), it is a highly non-standard use.

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While the word 'atheism' has been used in something like this sense (see for example Antony Flew's article 'The Presumption of Atheism'), it is a highly non-standard use.

8478: 5857: 1361:, influenced by the work of Feuerbach, argued that belief in God and religion are social functions, used by those in power to oppress the working class. According to 1086:

contributed to the expansion of the term to refer to disbelief in all deities, though it remains common in Western society to describe atheism as "disbelief in God".

9040:"The Negative Relationship between Reasoning and Religiosity Is Underpinned by a Bias for Intuitive Responses Specifically When Intuition and Logic Are in Conflict" 5742: 5697: 4682: 10646: 10069: 7889: 7717: 3858:

The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.

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atheists believe that the world as they experience it cannot be reconciled with the qualities commonly ascribed to God and gods by theologians. They argue that an

20134: 9438: 8883: 1369:'s aphorism that if God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him, writing instead that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him." 4862: 1966:). Although Epicurus still maintained that the gods existed, he believed that they were uninterested in human affairs. The aim of the Epicureans was to attain 8317: 7857: 1985:) published his view that the gods were only the deified rulers and founders of the past. Although not strictly an atheist, Euhemerus was later criticized by 3941:

The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated

3417: 906:

Before the 18th century, the existence of God was so accepted in the Western world that even the possibility of true atheism was questioned. This is called

20124: 11764: 9984: 5542: 5221: 412: 10292: 5591: 7752: 8949: 8546: 8424: 7963: 5455:

Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.

2540: 610:. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there 19999: 15414: 9885: 8766: 8679: 5942:, pp. 73–74. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment." 4568: 2389:

Atheism advanced in many societies in the 20th century. Atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies, such as

786:

and deities lead to differing ideas regarding atheism's applicability. The ancient Romans accused Christians of being atheists for not worshiping the

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argues that "sometimes a person who is really an atheist may describe herself, even passionately, as an agnostic because of unreasonable generalized

7406: 5417: 4232: 4045: 3496: 17900: 12898: 12546: 9531: 8971: 8629: 8163: 7684: 3084: 8365: 8257: 6739: 2068:. Along with advances in science and philosophy, Arab and Persian lands produced rationalists who were skeptical about revealed religion, such as 649:. Arguments for atheism range from philosophical to social and historical approaches. Rationales for not believing in deities include the lack of 17749: 11890: 8599: 4928: 9489: 8287: 20139: 18806: 8652: 7014: 4734: 3158: 5273:

In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.

1353:

have argued that God and other religious beliefs are human inventions, created to fulfill various psychological and emotional wants or needs.

766:) would include people (such as young children and some agnostics) who do not believe in a deity but have not explicitly rejected such belief. 630:

marked the resurgence of atheistic thought in Europe. Atheism achieved a significant position in the 20th century with legislation protecting

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reject both categories, stating that both camps accept "God exists" as a proposition; they instead place noncognitivism in its own category.

8197: 8139: 7796: 3114: 19509: 18758: 16111: 10961: 7554: 7514:"He who created god was a fool, he who spreads his name is a scoundrel, and he who worships him is a barbarian." Hiorth, Finngeir (1996). " 5252: 9217: 9101: 8453: 7428: 5378: 3807: 10694: 8042: 5522:

There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term

3045: 2460:. Stalin softened his opposition to the Orthodox church in order to improve public acceptance of his regime during the second world war. 11271: 10723: 9190:"Great Minds do not Think Alike: Philosophers' Views Predicted by Reflection, Education, Personality, and Other Demographic Differences" 8117: 7593: 7332: 6875: 6827: 6384: 5012:'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like? 4525: 4166:

A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion: Against Atheists, Epicures, Paynims, Iewes, Mahumetists, and other infidels

3533: 3420:: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that 3260: 1638:. It has been said that atheism is not mutually exclusive with respect to some religious and spiritual belief systems, including modern 17794: 17721: 14939: 14040: 9915: 9827: 9318: 8825: 7130: 5338: 10099: 9379: 3579: 1162:

is a view that matter is the fundamental substance in nature. This omits the possibility of a non-material divine being. According to

20079: 17599: 14018: 13945: 10895: 10374: 9869: 8516: 8443:"Fewer Americans Affiliate with Organized Religions, Belief and Practice Unchanged: Key Findings from the 2014 General Social Survey" 3726: 3657: 3540:

agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.

3360: 3291: 2691:

Percentage of people in various European countries who said: "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force." (2010)

586: 18045: 6978: 3902: 1562:

called religion "the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the

19353: 17885: 17759: 17744: 13956: 12326: 10119: 8985: 8067: 7995: 7938:"WIN-Gallup International "Religiosity and Atheism Index" reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century" 7909: 7526: 5617: 1183:

references a PhilPapers survey that says 56.5% of philosophers in academics lean toward physicalism; 49.8% lean toward naturalism.

7818: 4378: 1930:) with the trends in pre-Socratic philosophy towards naturalistic inquiry and the rejection of divine explanations for phenomena. 18993: 8568: 8038: 6445: 2716: 2207:

became increasingly frequent in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and England. Some Protestant thinkers, such as

83: 9974: 6910: 5710:

According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.

4800: 4343: 1753:

that our understanding of Chārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools: "Though

838:

those who never considered the question because they lack any understanding of what a god is, for example one-month-old babies.

19441: 12939: 7268: 7222: 6546: 4131: 4101:

The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius

658: 207: 11203: 5849: 5127:

Marx, K. 1976. Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Collected Works, v. 3. New York.

20019: 17905: 11352: 11333: 11312: 11294: 11254: 11228: 11188: 11158: 11148: 11112: 11076: 11023: 11004: 10980: 10945: 10926: 10884: 10850: 10800: 10777: 10747: 10704: 10683: 10635: 10616: 10597: 10575: 10556: 10535: 10478: 10418: 10384: 10360: 10322: 10278: 10237: 10218: 10177: 10137: 10055: 10016: 9909: 9813: 9743: 9687: 9651: 9607: 9581: 9559: 8103: 7587: 7499: 7400: 7280: 7234: 7170: 7124: 6869: 6821: 6691: 6599: 6501: 6378: 6298: 6246: 6015: 5974: 5833: 5794: 5736: 5691: 5515: 5478: 5448: 5411: 5307: 4312: 3977: 3851: 3233: 3031: 3004: 2281: 1642:

movements. In recent years, certain religious denominations have accumulated a number of openly atheistic followers, such as

1307: 1117:, assert the meaninglessness or unintelligibility of basic terms such as "God" and statements such as "God is all-powerful." 11118: 10856: 10514: 9757: 8400: 7176: 6710:. Whether Muhammad al Warraq and Ibn al-Rawandi were merely skeptical freethinkers or full-blown atheists is not clear; see 6656: 4417: 18370: 15409: 12539: 11528: 11494:. Library of both historical and modern writings, a comprehensive online resource for freely available material on atheism. 10168: 9264: 7518: 2351:

considered God to be a human invention and religious activities to be wish-fulfillment. He influenced philosophers such as

1233:

against the existence of God, which assert the incompatibility between certain traits, such as perfection, creator-status,

11049: 1462:". There have, however, been examples to the contrary, among them examples of literal "atheists in foxholes". There exist 1212: 634:. Broad estimates of those who have an absence of belief in a god range from 500 million to 1.1 billion people worldwide. 20206: 18488: 17769: 17370: 11440: 11426: 11411: 10228:

Sartre, Jean-Paul (2004) . "An existentialist ethics". In Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W.; Swindal, James C. (eds.).

7086: 4985:] – or more disastrous in its effects — than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." 4678: 3688: 3653: 3322: 3287: 2367:

notes that he may have also been the first imprisoned on such a charge. Law states that Holyoake "first coined the term '

1730:

around the 6th century BCE is probably the most explicitly atheistic school of philosophy in India, similar to the Greek

1336: 157: 10658: 8598:

Alper, Gregory A. Smith, Patricia Tevington, Justin Nortey, Michael Rotolo, Asta Kallo and Becka A. (January 24, 2024).

7886: 7707: 5468: 2219:(who most likely authored the world's first treatise on the non-existence of God) and in the 1720s by the French priest 2027:

were widely reviled as "atheists" because they did not believe in the existence of the Graeco-Roman deities. During the

1822:

way and interpreted religion as a human reaction to natural phenomena, but did not explicitly deny the gods' existence.

18698: 18428: 18310: 17764: 16349: 14303: 12831: 12814: 9641: 5774: 5526:

is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.

4448: 4287: 2501: 2306: 2215:

in his three writings of 1674. He was followed by two other explicit atheist writers, the Polish ex-Jesuit philosopher

1481:, requiring a divine lawmaker and judge. However, many atheists argue that treating morality legalistically involves a 11066: 4753:"Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" 4009: 2724: 20184: 18748: 17574: 14824: 13358: 9789: 8875: 6957:""Traktatów o istnieniu Boga napisano setki. O nieistnieniu tylko jeden i to w Polsce". Jego autor spłonął na stosie" 6669: 6114: 5879: 4841: 4482: 4210: 2470: 2453: 1639: 1604:—have been used in response to claims of beneficial effects of belief in religion. Believers counter-argue that some 1459: 1454:. There is also a position claiming that atheists are quick to believe in God in times of crisis, that atheists make 6343: 4858: 3989:; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, 2601: 2020:

regarding the matter. His relatively large volume of surviving works had a lasting influence on later philosophers.

1588:

These arguments—combined with historical events that are argued to demonstrate the dangers of religion, such as the

1075:

was first used to describe a self-avowed belief in late 18th-century Europe, specifically denoting disbelief in the

20014: 19375: 18801: 16359: 11946: 11865: 11838: 8309: 7819:"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data" 5470:

Religious and Non-Religious Spirituality in the Western World ("New Age") A New Vision, A New Heart, A Renewed Call

2515: 2317: 1332: 900: 200: 3967: 3611: 2263:

who is best known for his atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being

20114: 20049: 19094: 18763: 18658: 17784: 17779: 17735: 17365: 16209: 15468: 14458: 13985: 13643: 13556: 12532: 11904: 11660: 11369: 9131:"Atheists and Agnostics Are More Reflective than Religious Believers: Four Empirical Studies and a Meta-Analysis" 8790:"What If They're Right About the Afterlife? Evidence of the Role of Existential Threat on Anti-Atheist Prejudice" 7368: 6939: 5538: 2799: 1989:

for having "spread atheism over the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods". In the 3rd century BCE, the

1582: 121: 12755: 5587: 997: 19305: 18618: 18443: 17716: 16735: 16676: 16563: 16442: 16374: 14802: 14440: 14359: 11855: 11613: 10248: 6207:

Collard, C., and Cropp, M.J. (2008). Euripides, Fragments: Volume VII, Aegeus-Meleager. Cambridge, MA, 298-301.

2756: 2523: 680:

lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of gods but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.

136: 16855: 16730: 7763: 5219:

Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice".

4172:]. Translated from French to English by Arthur Golding & Philip Sidney and published in London, 1587. 1884:, claims that a clever man invented "the fear of the gods" in order to frighten people into behaving morally. 19458: 18768: 18183: 17920: 17584: 17433: 17355: 16777: 15819: 15372: 14011: 13935: 13768: 13561: 13420: 13271: 12050: 12040: 11850: 11670: 11665: 8941: 8538: 8421: 7840: 4504: 3692: 3326: 2036: 1585:(when religion is held because it serves ulterior interests) and authoritarianism, dogmatism, and prejudice. 847: 719: 705: 579: 559: 405: 168: 60: 50: 8758: 20069: 20054: 19949: 18826: 18628: 15841: 14591: 13910: 12319: 11799: 11748: 10041: 10000: 8676: 7382: 7091: 6030:

Vassallo, C. (2018). Atomism and the Worship of Gods: On Democritus' 'Rational' Attitude towards Theology.

4548: 2016:) compiled a large number of ancient arguments against the existence of gods, recommending that one should 915: 869:

encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. However, many agnostics see their view as distinct from atheism.

16865: 9882: 8911:; Harvey, John; Nyborg, Helmuth (2009). "Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations". 8372: 7452: 4630: 4229: 2129:

could not be intuitively or rationally apprehended by human intellect. Sects deemed heretical such as the

1951:, and from this period the most important Greek thinker in the development of atheism was the philosopher 676:

position than theism and that everyone is born without beliefs in deities; therefore, they argue that the

19475: 18986: 18836: 18548: 18543: 18315: 16838: 16799: 16354: 16268: 15836: 14208: 13322: 13279: 12809: 12799: 9515: 9462:"Are there gender differences in cognitive reflection? Invariance and differences related to mathematics" 8736: 6931:

Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore,

5964: 4648: 3488: 3072: 2457: 1441: 1192: 977: 927:

In fact, "atheism" is a term that should not even exist. No one ever needs to identify himself as a "non-

677: 20224: 16870: 16860: 8249: 7680: 19346: 19069: 17614: 17559: 17255: 15995: 15512: 14203: 14145: 13284: 12949: 12914: 12710: 12060: 9678: 9673: 9519: 6736: 4920: 2739:, 38% of Australians have "no religion", a category that includes atheists. In a 2018 census, 48.2% of 2216: 1254: 1187:

since naturalism and theism "cannot both be true". Fiona Ellis describes the "expansive naturalism" of

1118: 650: 252: 15593: 10094: 9403:"Higher math anxious people have a lower need for cognition and are less reflective in their thinking" 8343: 5789:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 96–97. 4886:, p. 275. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to 3574: 2618: 2616:, non-religious beliefs, and non-theistic religious and spiritual beliefs. A 2010 survey published in 2157: 19994: 19954: 19395: 18861: 18650: 18508: 17960: 16848: 16627: 16258: 15888: 15453: 14585: 14337: 14174: 14129: 13503: 12964: 12451: 11738: 10990: 10411:

Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought

10085: 9709: 8279: 6594:(second ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 556–561. 3645: 3279: 3146: 2834: 2720: 2333: 2204: 1700: 1230: 232: 20309: 16966: 8648: 7491: 7483: 7008: 6421:

5,41–46 & 6.1. Testimonies, especially in the context of polemical criticism, are found e.g. in

6109:. Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, p. 3. 20094: 19822: 19584: 19544: 19534: 19482: 18365: 18325: 18280: 18070: 18060: 17865: 17619: 17444: 17380: 17350: 17240: 17005: 16914: 16882: 16843: 16755: 15662: 14919: 14855: 14325: 14310: 14004: 13621: 13551: 13372: 13137: 13066: 13061: 12760: 12506: 11909: 11885: 11813: 11521: 11388: 7204:

The Origin and Nature of Secularism. Showing that where Freethought Commonly Ends Secularism Begins

6083: 5191:

Kahoe, R.D. (June 1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship".

4951: 2505: 1578: 1346: 892: 803: 572: 20: 15362: 9628:; Besant, Annie; Bradlaugh, Alice; Moss, A. B.; Cattell, C.C.; Standring, G.; Aveling, E. (1884). 7788: 7208: 4607: 2248: 957: 19872: 19780: 19079: 19074: 18816: 18753: 18703: 18663: 18608: 18243: 18238: 18128: 18075: 17965: 17895: 17691: 17502: 17417: 16622: 16600: 16399: 16221: 15746: 15404: 15331: 15015: 14386: 14186: 14095: 13818: 13533: 13473: 13465: 13162: 13157: 12944: 12929: 12794: 12312: 12249: 11880: 11870: 11771: 11630: 10442: 8218: 8172: 8146: 7653: 7621: 7050: 3107: 2596: 2587:, have been cited by "new" atheists as evidence of a need to move toward a more secular society. 2508:

was one of the most influential American atheists; she brought forth the 1963 Supreme Court case

2410: 1804: 1234: 1220: 1175: 1143: 715: 666: 212: 185: 116: 55: 11501: 11475: 10958: 7544: 6762:, by Mohammad Abd-El Hamid Al-Hamad, first edition 1999, Dar Al-Taliaa Al-Jadida, Syria (Arabic) 5260: 5008:, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that "If there is no God, all things are permitted.": 4979:, p. 275. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread [ 3391: 2804: 20044: 20034: 19623: 19554: 19539: 19020: 18979: 18683: 18578: 18538: 18518: 18375: 18350: 18255: 18228: 18178: 18148: 18138: 18055: 18020: 18005: 17990: 17945: 17880: 17554: 17485: 17390: 17385: 17126: 17049: 16811: 16693: 16617: 16414: 16404: 16263: 16231: 16169: 16140: 15657: 15652: 15349: 15309: 15094: 14435: 14430: 14410: 14406: 13415: 13234: 12851: 12846: 12555: 12215: 9090: 8913: 8442: 7438: 5375: 5000: 4031: 2736: 2584: 2398: 2181: 1963: 1845:, but he fled the city to escape punishment. In post-classical antiquity, philosophers such as 1340: 1166:, only physical entities exist. Philosophies opposed to the materialism or physicalism include 1028: 10546: 10163: 7386: 6618:

Sherwin-White, A.N. (April 1964). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? – An Amendment".

5823: 5293: 3021: 2153: 20241: 20154: 20129: 20059: 19742: 19470: 19243: 19201: 19171: 18924: 18869: 18786: 18738: 18713: 18513: 18335: 18330: 18198: 18188: 18010: 17686: 17629: 17449: 17395: 16816: 16794: 16713: 16654: 16320: 15759: 15620: 14782: 14381: 14293: 13950: 13905: 13843: 13833: 13172: 13036: 12881: 12871: 12856: 12804: 11820: 11563: 8093: 7753:"Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons From the Intelligent Design Controversy" 7577: 6859: 6811: 6575: 6366: 5874:. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. 5726: 5681: 5397: 4499: 4041: 3705:

It has come to be widely accepted that to be an atheist is to affirm the non-existence of God

3463: 3339:

It has come to be widely accepted that to be an atheist is to affirm the non-existence of God

2859:, atheism blossoms in places where most people feel economically secure, particularly in the 2847:

Various studies have reported positive correlations between levels of education, wealth, and

2605: 2477: 2426: 2422: 2325: 2271: 2134: 2032: 1994: 1699:. Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the 1625: 1506: 1474: 1171: 722:

atheism (sizes in the diagram are not meant to indicate relative sizes within a population).

178: 111: 15640: 15588: 10045: 9899: 9803: 7114: 5507: 217: 20149: 19904: 19817: 19795: 19718: 19714: 19643: 19559: 19504: 19499: 19322: 19166: 19055: 18914: 18904: 18889: 18796: 18723: 18693: 18668: 18633: 18593: 18588: 18563: 18433: 18355: 18305: 18285: 18275: 18163: 18110: 18085: 17935: 17930: 17910: 17875: 17860: 17804: 17579: 17512: 17480: 17360: 17295: 17161: 17039: 16892: 16772: 16671: 16583: 16551: 16546: 16394: 16126: 15421: 15005: 14765: 14376: 14320: 14271: 14256: 14109: 13940: 13385: 13317: 13260: 13244: 13229: 13209: 13167: 13041: 12886: 12876: 12861: 12826: 12821: 12789: 12512: 12496: 12481: 12222: 11939: 11806: 11655: 11635: 11573: 11421: 10089: 9895: 9702:

The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality

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Rhodes, Nancy; Wood, Wendy (1992). "Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability".

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Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century

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and the partially successful attempts to change the American science curriculum to include

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Sam Harris criticizes Western religion's reliance on divine authority as lending itself to

1524: 1473:, the role of the gods in determining right from wrong is either unnecessary or arbitrary. 1433: 627: 505: 496: 447: 332: 14618: 13583: 10390: 9847: 8508: 8479:"'Nones' are now the biggest religious group in the US – with families torn on priorities" 6813:

Assault on the Remnant: The Advent Movement The Spirit of Prophecy and Rome's Trojan Horse

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In the latter half of the 19th century, atheism rose to prominence under the influence of

2316:

was a restructuring and subordination of the clergy with respect to the state through the

2165: 8: 20292: 20174: 20039: 19909: 19699: 19628: 19385: 19358: 19341: 19329: 19151: 19107: 18919: 18894: 18874: 18851: 18778: 18728: 18708: 18623: 18613: 18568: 18528: 18483: 18478: 18468: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18438: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18380: 18290: 18265: 18143: 18133: 18095: 18065: 18050: 18035: 18025: 18015: 17980: 17975: 17925: 17870: 17845: 17789: 17646: 17634: 17522: 17517: 17507: 17375: 17176: 17089: 17034: 17010: 16897: 16782: 16740: 16535: 16384: 16012: 15804: 15689: 15485: 15287: 15172: 15100: 14990: 14911: 14738: 14391: 14215: 14061: 13925: 13626: 13498: 13377: 13046: 12969: 12959: 12836: 12720: 12715: 12391: 12386: 12346: 12205: 11827: 11514: 10901: 10752: 9843: 9799: 9773: 8542: 8214: 8060: 7116:

Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche

6982: 5248: 4263:. Dover. pp. 115–116. In a footnote, Ayer attributes this view to "Professor H.H. Price". 3898: 3649: 3283: 2852: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2771: 2763: 2700: 2676: 2560: 2519: 2436:

State atheism emerged in Eastern Europe and Asia, particularly in the Soviet Union under

2356: 2161: 2149: 1998: 1696: 1686: 1601: 1563: 1555:—have criticized religions, citing harmful aspects of religious practices and doctrines. 1544: 1532: 1455: 1320: 1312: 1200: 920: 872: 862: 362: 247: 222: 195: 9146: 8002: 5969:. Translated by Zbirohowski-Kościa, Witold. Berlin: Walther de Gruyter. pp. 61–68. 5623: 2839: 2226: 2144:

did much to expand the scope of free thought and skeptical inquiry. Individuals such as

969: 20258: 19894: 19810: 19800: 19633: 19596: 19526: 19465: 19448: 19402: 19312: 19226: 19040: 18899: 18879: 18846: 18743: 18733: 18678: 18673: 18603: 18583: 18573: 18558: 18553: 18533: 18503: 18498: 18473: 18463: 18395: 18360: 18345: 18250: 18223: 18213: 18173: 18158: 18153: 18105: 18100: 18040: 17995: 17955: 17850: 17837: 17624: 17549: 17422: 17245: 16919: 16877: 16718: 16686: 16661: 16588: 16568: 16389: 16337: 16325: 16303: 15895: 15853: 15726: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15382: 15166: 15142: 14521: 14445: 14193: 14139: 13915: 13873: 13783: 13748: 13523: 13488: 13390: 13332: 13294: 13289: 13125: 13115: 12919: 12891: 12841: 12632: 12592: 12156: 11988: 11860: 11697: 11640: 11588: 11283: 10994: 10827: 10789: 10312: 10005: 9961: 9729: 9596: 9481: 9430: 9371: 9310: 9209: 9165: 9130: 9066: 9039: 8817: 8728: 7549: 7004: 6631: 6490:

Klauck, Hans-Joseph (2012). "Moving in and Moving Out". In van der Watt, Jan G. (ed.).

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God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism

2959:

was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities.

2921: 2860: 2394: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2069: 2065: 2024: 1948: 1903: 1864: 1704: 1675: 1647: 1127: 1024: 857: 808: 783: 631: 523: 347: 337: 173: 163: 78: 16007: 15566: 15194: 14924: 13678: 13631: 9342:"Worlds apart? Atheist, agnostic, and humanist worldviews in three European countries" 3439:, p. 2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism 1229:

of Christianity, are ascribed logically inconsistent qualities. Such atheists present

20024: 19926: 19914: 19899: 19879: 19790: 19737: 19709: 19691: 19494: 19370: 19363: 19176: 19124: 19102: 19030: 18956: 18950: 18884: 18841: 18831: 18821: 18811: 18718: 18638: 18598: 18523: 18493: 18385: 18340: 18320: 18295: 18270: 18233: 18218: 18193: 18168: 18080: 18030: 17985: 17970: 17950: 17940: 17915: 17855: 17799: 17564: 17340: 16936: 16907: 16831: 16826: 16787: 16725: 16681: 16666: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16578: 16313: 16199: 15965: 15935: 15915: 15736: 15541: 15522: 15517: 15463: 15426: 15147: 15062: 14985: 14883: 14873: 14841: 14829: 14797: 14774: 14756: 14652: 14507: 14415: 14401: 14364: 14352: 14181: 14100: 14052: 13975: 13971: 13853: 13838: 13508: 13455: 13435: 13337: 13327: 13254: 13083: 13073: 12866: 12654: 12574: 12396: 12291: 12259: 12185: 12035: 11845: 11757: 11733: 11728: 11348: 11329: 11308: 11290: 11250: 11224: 11184: 11154: 11108: 11072: 11019: 11000: 10976: 10941: 10922: 10880: 10846: 10831: 10810:

Ledrew, S. (2012). "The evolution of atheism: Scientific and humanistic approaches".

10796: 10773: 10743: 10700: 10679: 10631: 10612: 10593: 10571: 10552: 10531: 10525: 10499: 10474: 10414: 10380: 10370: 10356: 10348: 10328: 10318: 10284: 10274: 10233: 10214: 10173: 10133: 10051: 10012: 9979: 9905: 9861: 9809: 9785: 9778: 9739: 9683: 9647: 9625: 9603: 9577: 9555: 9434: 9422: 9375: 9314: 9213: 9170: 9071: 8965: 8821: 8809: 8623: 8099: 7834: 7583: 7495: 7396: 7276: 7230: 7166: 7120: 6906: 6865: 6817: 6792: 6687: 6665: 6595: 6497: 6374: 6294: 6242: 6110: 6011: 5970: 5875: 5829: 5790: 5732: 5687: 5666: 5511: 5474: 5444: 5407: 5334: 5303: 5172: 4837: 4771: 4564: 4517: 4478: 4335: 4283: 4240: 4206: 4104: 3973: 3847: 3229: 3154: 3080: 3027: 3000: 2916: 2893: 2572: 2510: 2445: 2313: 2243:

In the course of the 18th century, other openly atheistic thinkers followed, such as

2145: 2118: 2109:

In Europe, the espousal of atheistic views was rare during the Early Middle Ages and

2098: 2057: 1869: 1834: 1810:, but atheism in the modern sense was extremely rare in ancient Greece. Pre-Socratic 1799:, Lucretius stated that everything consists of material substance moving in infinity. 1743: 1651: 1470: 1292: 1158:: the belief that there is only one kind of fundamental substance. The philosophical 547: 543: 382: 273: 20326: 20169: 16419: 16017: 15677: 15431: 13478: 11485: 9485: 8732: 6543: 5167: 5150: 4125: 2719:

or regions where the religiously unaffiliated make up a majority of the population:

1046:), in the sense of "one who ... denies the existence of God or gods", predates 20362: 19785: 19775: 19601: 19549: 19453: 19317: 19206: 19156: 19134: 19129: 19060: 18909: 18791: 18688: 18300: 18260: 18208: 18203: 18120: 18090: 18000: 17890: 17754: 17706: 17701: 17265: 17230: 17203: 16961: 16946: 16821: 16745: 16595: 16573: 16481: 16342: 16121: 16084: 15940: 15925: 15873: 15667: 15647: 15615: 15610: 15581: 15576: 15500: 15490: 15319: 15283: 15275: 15246: 15159: 15079: 15074: 15037: 15027: 14953: 14891: 14733: 14570: 14420: 14078: 13878: 13741: 13711: 13701: 13696: 13593: 13578: 13224: 13120: 12954: 12774: 12745: 12684: 12622: 12476: 12244: 12084: 12074: 12030: 11993: 11981: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11707: 11702: 11675: 11583: 11558: 11345:

Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment

11195: 10819: 10264: 10260: 10206: 10194: 10125: 9936: 9473: 9414: 9361: 9353: 9302: 9256: 9201: 9160: 9150: 9126: 9061: 9051: 9020: 8997: 8922: 8801: 8718: 8710: 8034: 7363: 6623: 6523: 6418: 6182: 6061: 6048: 5914: 5654: 5500: 5289: 5285: 5230: 5200: 5162: 4887: 4767: 4560: 4509: 2992: 2911: 2624: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2383: 2348: 2276: 2212: 2177: 2077: 2045: 2006: 1850: 1807: 1570: 1540: 1463: 1437: 1387: 1358: 866: 619: 535: 487: 440: 433: 426: 372: 317: 106: 16558: 11164: 9477: 6935:(2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" 6569: 4304: 4037:

A Replie to Mr Calfhills Blasphemous Answer Made Against the Treatise of the Cross

2456:, the outlawing of religious instruction in the schools, and the emergence of the 1782: 1552: 1516: 20159: 20099: 19984: 19832: 19827: 19805: 19725: 19679: 19436: 19390: 19288: 19265: 19248: 19221: 19006: 18960: 17589: 17569: 17059: 16951: 16941: 16610: 16278: 16069: 16049: 15980: 15945: 15878: 15598: 15571: 15546: 15495: 15473: 15266: 15209: 14980: 14497: 14298: 14224: 14164: 14119: 14088: 13885: 13868: 13823: 13813: 13758: 13731: 13668: 13663: 13648: 13573: 13309: 13299: 12934: 12924: 12725: 12602: 12295: 12161: 12099: 12089: 12005: 11932: 11578: 11465: 11417: 11275: 11243: 11238: 11102: 10965: 10840: 10757: 10518: 10511: 10336: 10308: 10159: 10061: 10022: 9944: 9889: 9819: 9749: 9733: 9717: 9637: 9613: 9547: 9523: 9418: 9155: 8992: 8926: 8683: 8428: 8392: 8171:. Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010. p. 207. Archived from 8109: 7916: 7893: 7522: 7433: 7390: 7336: 7202: 7198: 7156: 7071:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp. 390–391

6943: 6743: 6660: 6653: 6550: 6452: 6405:

Fragments of Euhemerus' work in Ennius' Latin translation have been preserved in

5778: 5401: 5382: 4674: 4409: 4236: 4225: 4096: 4035: 3812: 3142: 3037: 2687: 2548: 2544: 2497: 2465: 2360: 2321: 1859: 1795: 1731: 1711:, the oldest philosophical school of thought, does not accept God, and the early 1654:. Atheism is accepted as a valid philosophical position within some varieties of 1536: 1362: 1284: 1280: 1250: 1216: 1064: 1059: 1054:

as a label of practical godlessness was used at least as early as 1577. The term

896: 876: 812: 811:

said that "All children are born Atheists; they have no idea of God." Similarly,

654: 419: 342: 302: 287: 242: 237: 227: 190: 9461: 9460:

Primi, Caterina; Donati, Maria Anna; Chiesi, Francesca; Morsanyi, Kinga (2018).

9241: 9024: 7515: 6173:

Kahn, Charles (1997). "Greek Religion and Philosophy in the Sisyphus Fragment".

5234: 2751: 2235: 2125:

limitation of human knowledge to singular objects, and asserted that the divine

1485:, and that morality does not depend on a lawmaker in the same way that laws do. 20189: 20109: 20064: 20004: 19969: 19761: 19674: 19579: 19487: 19278: 19112: 19035: 17711: 17604: 17544: 17260: 17235: 17020: 16924: 16806: 16750: 16703: 16116: 16064: 15960: 15930: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15883: 15779: 15699: 15682: 15635: 15625: 14669: 14332: 14315: 14134: 14114: 14083: 13858: 13848: 13788: 13736: 13673: 13568: 13493: 13450: 13430: 13219: 13095: 13056: 12750: 12740: 12735: 12659: 12269: 12141: 12106: 12045: 11914: 11608: 11037: 10406: 9569: 9402: 9205: 8210: 6406: 6003: 5565: 5063: 4473:

Oppy, Graham (2013). "chapter 4". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.).

4072: 3936: 3722: 3356: 2996: 2740: 2644: 2564: 2437: 2193: 2073: 1528: 1493: 1401: 1383: 662: 642: 322: 307: 282: 126: 15672: 14934: 12491: 11383: 10269: 9260: 6335: 6186: 5658: 2359:, who denied the existence of deities and were critical of religion. In 1842, 1841:

under the charge of being a "godless person" (ἄθεος) after he made fun of the

1436:

has been to the contrary: that denying the existence of a god either leads to

1225:

Some atheists hold the view that the various conceptions of gods, such as the

1018: 830:

contested including the mere absence of theistic belief as a type of atheism.

20356: 20144: 20029: 19944: 19889: 19749: 19669: 19564: 19414: 19407: 19300: 19253: 19146: 19002: 17639: 17193: 17074: 16466: 16461: 16409: 16246: 16184: 16079: 15970: 15868: 15799: 15731: 15721: 15694: 15630: 15527: 15505: 15443: 15339: 15302: 15221: 15129: 14580: 14531: 14236: 13828: 13753: 13636: 13616: 13528: 13483: 12694: 12136: 12069: 11998: 11645: 11593: 11460: 10823: 10288: 9865: 9598:

Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists

9306: 9189: 9089:

Da Silva, Sergio; Matsushita, Raul; Seifert, Guilherme; De Carvalho, Mateus.

9056: 8813: 8805: 8205: 7920: 7897: 7712: 7347: 6654:

Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study

6066: 5782: 5026: 4899: 4521: 3839: 3522: 3405: 3249: 2441: 2302: 2230: 2208: 2189: 2061: 1855: 1746:. It is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement in ancient India. 1635: 1605: 1482: 1445: 1426: 1350: 1196: 1188: 1083: 1079: 945: 883: 367: 312: 141: 18971: 16308: 10065: 9823: 9617: 8714: 8677:

Muslim Millennial Attitudes on Religion and Religious Leadership, Arab World

8113: 4440: 4108: 3198:

lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative

3041: 2088: 1634:, but some sects within major religions reject the existence of a personal, 822:

is "the absence of theistic belief without a conscious rejection of it" and

20179: 19979: 19884: 19730: 19704: 19613: 19295: 19283: 19231: 19191: 19186: 19050: 19045: 17774: 17676: 17537: 17225: 17220: 17198: 17188: 17069: 16501: 16436: 16379: 16364: 16330: 15955: 15863: 14901: 14792: 14787: 14638: 14608: 14482: 14450: 14198: 14169: 14156: 13773: 13763: 13726: 13716: 13706: 13598: 13513: 13445: 13342: 13006: 12730: 12679: 12436: 12366: 12279: 11875: 11553: 11497: 10954: 10872: 10765: 10503: 10429: 10340: 10199:

Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects

10026: 9948: 9852: 9753: 9721: 9426: 9290: 9174: 9075: 8940:

Starr, Michael Lipka, Patricia Tevington and Kelsey Jo (February 7, 2024).

8908: 8789: 6627: 5176: 5055: 4805: 4005: 3751: 2901: 2856: 2430: 2329: 2220: 2041: 2028: 1941: 1931: 1692: 1609: 1489: 1414: 1242: 1226: 1041: 888: 827: 799: 795: 710: 673: 377: 357: 297: 16002: 14689: 10129: 9682:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference US (Gale). p. 359. 8366:"PDF of the Secular Nation article "A Conventioneer's Delight! Pt 5 of 5"" 7900:, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London 4040:. English recusant literature, 1558–1640. Vol. 203. Louvain. p. 2324:

violence and the expulsion of many clerics from France, lasting until the

2188:

gained influence in France, Prussia, and England. In 1546, French scholar

1862:, and this argument was in turn alluded to in Euripides' fragmentary play 1691:

Ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic are documented from the

20119: 19867: 19862: 19854: 19839: 19664: 19569: 19380: 19216: 19181: 19161: 19141: 19119: 19084: 17696: 17671: 17495: 17463: 17454: 17400: 17330: 17315: 17208: 17099: 16760: 16708: 16496: 16214: 16194: 16034: 15975: 15713: 15709: 15532: 15052: 15000: 14970: 14807: 14661: 14553: 14477: 14342: 14278: 14229: 13793: 13778: 13658: 13653: 13199: 13132: 13051: 13016: 12996: 12664: 12524: 12466: 12446: 12356: 12264: 12227: 12195: 12190: 12178: 12055: 11689: 11650: 11568: 11407: 11098: 11033: 10585: 10512:

The atheistic platform, 12 lectures by C. Bradlaugh [and others].

10115: 9697: 7152: 6422: 6313:

Sedley, D. (2013). The atheist underground. In Harte and M. Lane (edd.),

5467:

Johnson, Philip; et al. (2005). Claydon, David; et al. (eds.).

4256: 4076: 3562: 2660: 2652: 2580: 2552: 2535: 2379: 2364: 2344: 2340: 2141: 2130: 2110: 2092: 2023:

The meaning of "atheist" changed over the course of classical antiquity.

1990: 1894: 1819: 1754: 1643: 1593: 1406: 1276: 1272: 1246: 1238: 1180: 1163: 1159: 1123: 1113:

Other arguments for atheism that can be classified as epistemological or

963: 853: 831: 693: 482: 477: 292: 88: 17015: 16956: 16059: 15480: 15314: 14863: 12585: 11398: 10568:

Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece

9366: 8723: 6684:

Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece

6010:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 311–317. 4513: 4113:

The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.

2363:

was the last person imprisoned in Great Britain due to atheist beliefs.

1031:, with each side attributing it, in the pejorative sense, to the other. 899:, prefer distinguishing theist, agnostic, and atheist positions along a 861:

positive atheist. Michael Martin, for example, asserts that agnosticism

750:) reject or eschew belief that any deities exist without asserting that 19650: 19638: 19608: 19574: 19514: 19196: 17662: 17657: 17532: 17527: 17490: 17468: 17325: 17305: 17300: 17141: 17131: 17094: 16698: 16476: 16424: 16164: 15809: 15789: 15367: 15292: 15231: 14995: 14975: 14896: 14548: 14516: 14487: 14266: 14261: 14246: 13721: 13518: 13440: 13425: 13214: 13184: 13147: 13105: 13100: 13031: 12669: 12471: 12426: 12406: 12401: 12239: 12232: 12210: 12151: 12126: 12121: 12015: 11680: 11603: 11598: 11545: 11537: 11402: 9956: 9931: 9591: 9357: 8788:

Cook, Corey L.; Cohen, Florette; Solomon, Sheldon (September 1, 2015).

8699:"Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists" 7545:"Vashti McCollum, 93, Plaintiff In a Landmark Religion Suit – Obituary" 6896:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p. 343

6848:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p. 388

6796: 6410: 6239:

Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization

6194: 5926: 5299: 5212: 4995: 4625: 3605: 2950: 2783: 2782:

In recent years, the profile of atheism has risen substantially in the

2704: 2449: 2418: 2368: 2298: 2294: 2122: 2002: 1936: 1919: 1825: 1815: 1631: 1597: 1478: 1316: 1302: 1103: 1099: 1076: 646: 468: 327: 131: 20275: 16506: 15387: 6936: 6635: 6142:

Whitmarsh, T. (2016). Diagoras, Bellerophon and the Siege of Olympus.

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Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns".

1450: 20084: 19921: 19656: 19618: 19211: 19025: 17609: 17405: 17320: 17310: 17181: 17136: 17121: 17054: 16902: 16369: 16291: 16251: 16241: 16204: 16179: 16159: 16054: 15920: 15774: 15764: 15536: 15394: 15204: 15189: 15154: 15137: 15119: 15032: 14812: 14728: 14707: 14702: 14679: 14674: 14633: 14628: 14565: 14502: 14425: 14396: 14347: 14288: 14241: 13863: 13588: 13410: 13239: 13204: 13189: 13152: 12569: 12486: 12461: 12431: 12421: 12411: 12274: 12200: 12173: 12168: 12146: 12116: 12111: 12020: 11712: 10877:

The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God

9341: 7858:"Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions" 6463:

Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, ii

6103:... nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus ... 5645:

Lyas, Colin (January 1970). "On the Coherence of Christian Atheism".

4834:

American Secularism: Cultural Contours of Nonreligious Belief Systems

2906: 2672: 2352: 2152:. Other critics of religion and the Church during this time included 2133:

were also accused of being atheistic. The resulting division between

1975: 1898: 1881: 1786: 1577:. Multiple studies have discovered there to be a correlation between 1559: 1410: 1354: 1288: 1003: 989: 983: 949: 928: 352: 16:

Absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism

15084: 14613: 10353:

God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist

9975:"Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says" 5918: 5398:"Myth 27 Many Atrocities Have Been Committed in the Name of Atheism" 5204: 2843:

Darwin Day 2012 in Rome organized by Italian atheists and agnostics.

1440:

and leaves one with no moral or ethical foundation, or renders life

1138: 20074: 19770: 19591: 19419: 19334: 19273: 19236: 17412: 17156: 17146: 17001: 16491: 16471: 16298: 16174: 16029: 15603: 15357: 15297: 15216: 15124: 15111: 15089: 15069: 15047: 15042: 15022: 14962: 14929: 14868: 14712: 14697: 14575: 14536: 14492: 14283: 14220: 14124: 14027: 13930: 13920: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13347: 13194: 13110: 13078: 12991: 12983: 12674: 12649: 12617: 12612: 12456: 12351: 12094: 11971: 9960: 6438: 6155:

Davies, M. (1989). Sisyphus and the Invention of Religion (Critias

6071: 6043: 5966:

Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism

5256: 2489: 2485: 2452:. Atheist and anti-religious policies in the Soviet Union included 2289: 1986: 1968: 1952: 1873: 1829: 1771: 1719: 1663: 1655: 1589: 1548: 1366: 1298: 1268: 1167: 1114: 1050:

in English, being first found as early as 1566, and again in 1571.

909: 787: 20343: 10935: 10916: 10842:

Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion

10251:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 10209:(2001) . "Existentialism and Humanism". In Priest, Stephen (ed.). 9242:"Analytic atheism: A cross-culturally weak and fickle phenomenon?" 9129:; Ross, Robert; Koehler, Derek; Fugelsang, Jonathan (April 2016). 8600:"Religious 'Nones' in America: Who They Are and What They Believe" 5278: 3684: 3318: 2332:

seized power in 1793. The Jacobins were deists and introduced the

2192:

was executed upon accusation of being an atheist. The philosopher

1392: 19989: 19756: 17285: 17250: 17171: 17084: 17025: 16929: 16632: 16486: 16236: 16189: 16074: 15950: 15769: 15236: 15199: 15010: 14560: 14526: 14369: 14070: 13179: 13090: 13001: 12644: 12597: 12441: 12361: 12304: 12131: 12010: 11976: 11435: 9291:"The Origins of Religious Disbelief: A Dual Inheritance Approach" 7051:"Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever" 6291:

Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates

2955: 2940:

In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society,

2668: 2664: 2656: 2631: 2126: 1877: 1858:, who argues that Diagoras rejected the gods on the basis of the 1811: 1790: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1735: 1712: 1708: 1659: 1511: 1466:

that do not require principles and rules to be given by a deity.

1258: 932: 903:—the likelihood that each assigns to the statement "God exists". 638: 11491: 11448: 11268: 10332: 9088: 7329: 7081: 5895:. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55. 5850:"The ancient connections between atheism, buddhism and Hinduism" 2504:

case that struck down religious education in US public schools.

1742:

and hence is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of

20009: 17594: 17473: 17458: 17277: 17166: 17151: 17109: 16887: 16765: 16039: 15794: 15784: 15438: 15399: 15241: 14849: 14819: 14543: 13249: 13142: 13021: 12501: 12416: 12381: 12335: 12254: 11479: 11181:

The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions

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System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World

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Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism".

4078:

The Psalmes of David and others, with J. Calvin's commentaries

4008:. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2009. 3578:. Vol. 1 (15th ed.). 2011. p. 666. 0852294735. 3526: 3253: 2148:

sought experimentation as a means of explanation, and opposed

714:

A diagram showing the relationship between the definitions of

20200: 19974: 19964: 19959: 19431: 19426: 17290: 17064: 17044: 17029: 16605: 16431: 16226: 16089: 16044: 16024: 15226: 14623: 14469: 14251: 13026: 12579: 12376: 12079: 11966: 11506: 9125: 8852:

Vyse, Stuart (April 2020). "Are atheists sadder but wiser?".

8698: 3432: 3430: 2787: 2640: 2636: 2493: 2481: 2185: 1739: 1727: 1718:

The thoroughly materialistic and anti-theistic philosophical

1630:

People who self-identify as atheists are often assumed to be

1574: 1422: 1262: 1013: 995: 975: 967: 955: 607: 9780:

The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason

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The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought

1766:. The rejection of a personal creator "God" is also seen in 1749:

Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta explain in

20104: 17215: 17104: 15057: 13996: 12607: 11245:

How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God

8339: 5327: 1558:

The 19th-century German political theorist and sociologist

11265:

A Sacred Space is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism

10255:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 9289:

Gervais, Will M.; Najle, Maxine B.; Caluori, Nava (2021).

8876:"Why are atheists generally smarter than religious people" 8098:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 55, 57. 7326:

A Sacred Space is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism

5466: 4637:, p. 677. Motilal Banarsidass Pubs. ISBN 978-81-208-3608-2 3455: 3453: 3427: 17114: 17079: 15754: 15133: 12689: 11955: 9459: 8399:. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. 8237: 7968: 7582:. Walnut Creek, California: AltraMira Press. p. 48. 5148: 4981: 3397: 3383: 3381: 2828: 2001:

were also reputed to deny the existence of the gods. The

8604:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8254:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

7793:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

6746:

by Fred Whitehead; also quoted in Cyril Glasse, (2001),

6686:. Barcelona: Independently Published. pp. 171–178. 6373:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 26–27. 6369:. In McBrayer, Justin P.; Howard-Snyder, Daniel (eds.). 3515: 3173: 3026:. Liverpool University Press. p. 122 (footnote 1). 20089: 10470:

A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell

3469: 3450: 2949:

encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in

2848: 2051: 1615: 1301:

is credited with first expounding the problem of evil.

14039: 11924: 10755:, "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", 10376:

The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason

9340:

Schnell, Tatjana; de Boer, Elpine; Alma, Hans (2021).

7049:

Hammon, William; Turner, Matthew (November 22, 2004).

5357: 3378: 2774:

study, 28% of Americans are religiously unaffiliated.

2583:

ideas, together with support for those ideas from the

2518:

was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter,

2514:

which banned compulsory prayer in public schools. The

2492:

for discriminating and dividing people in the name of

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10436: 9091:"Atheists score higher on cognitive reflection tests" 6816:(Expanded ed.). Dog Ear Publishing. p. 39. 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 4549:"Theistic Naturalism and "Special" Divine Providence" 4540: 4468: 4466: 4170:

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7910:

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4825: 4432: 3947: 3756:

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2982: 2980: 2953:

deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term

2883: 2137:

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1789:

pointing to the casus, the downward movement of the

1734:. This branch of Indian philosophy is classified as 1326: 1023:. The term found frequent use in the debate between 994:

as "atheistic". As an abstract noun, there was also

790:

deities. Gradually, this view fell into disfavor as

688:

Writers disagree on how best to define and classify

637:

Atheist organizations have defended the autonomy of

618:, which in its most general form is the belief that 9288: 6803: 6789:

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Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide

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Moore. 4703: 2297:developed a skeptical epistemology grounded in 2121:inspired anti-metaphysical tendencies with his 10770:Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism 10628:Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre 9400: 7821:. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011 6371:The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 4850: 4401: 4370: 4296: 4282:(First ed.). Routledge. pp. 14, 15. 4273: 4271: 4269: 4194: 19:"Atheist" redirects here. For other uses, see 19001: 18987: 14012: 12540: 12320: 11940: 11522: 10544: 9037: 8672: 8670: 8061:"Beliefs about God across Time and Countries" 7789:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" 7744: 7608: 7357: 7003: 6981:. William Paterson University. Archived from 6787:Stein, Rebecca L.; Stein, Phillip L. (2007). 6717: 6617: 6583: 5443:. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. p. 299. 5019: 3754:(1959). "Philosophical Concepts of Atheism". 3600: 3537:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3264:(11th ed.). 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German philosopher 1803:Western atheism has its roots in 1715:also rejected the notion of God. 1539:, and following such thinkers as 1460:there are no atheists in foxholes 1377: 1327:Reductionary accounts of religion 20335: 20318: 20301: 20284: 20267: 20250: 20233: 20216: 18955: 18946: 18945: 18759:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17901:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13981: 13980: 13970: 12290: 11866:Freedom From Religion Foundation 10609:The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief 10527:At the Origins of Modern Atheism 10211:Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings 9735:The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief 9453: 9394: 9333: 9282: 9232: 9181: 9119: 9082: 9031: 9004: 8978: 8933: 8781: 8751: 8689: 8591: 8561: 8531: 8509:"DN American Family Survey 2017" 8501: 8471: 8415: 8358: 8332: 8302: 8272: 8190: 8059:Smith, Tom W. (April 18, 2012). 8052: 8020: 7996:"Religion prevails in the world" 7976:from the original on May 6, 2015 7940:. August 6, 2012. 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Cambridge University Press. 4604:"The Buddhist Attitude to God" 4475:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism 4127:Merriam-Webster Online:Atheism 3272: 3213: 3099: 3013: 2757:Atheist Alliance International 2730: 2715:There are three countries and 2524:separation of church and state 2259:was a prominent figure in the 816:qualifies him as an atheist." 137:Separation of church and state 1: 15373:Traditional Sabahan religions 12051:Negative and positive atheism 12041:Implicit and explicit atheism 11851:American Humanist Association 11486:Religion & Ethics—Atheism 11458: 11324:Zuckerman, Phil, ed. (2010). 10812:History of the Human Sciences 10314:Atheism: The Case Against God 10230:Ethics: Contemporary Readings 9784:. W.W. Norton & Company. 9704:. New York: Barnes and Noble. 9478:10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606 8984:Nigel Barber (May 18, 2010). 7039:(London, 1797), Vol. 1, p. 25 6907:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 6748:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 6542:Stein, Gordon (Ed.) (1980). 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(2014). 5785:; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). 5403:50 great myths about atheism 5295:Ethics for a Brave New World 4950:Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). 3972:. Chicago: Ares Publishers. 2971: 2500:was the plaintiff in a 1948 1726:) school that originated in 1606:regimes that espouse atheism 1089: 1004: 990: 984: 950: 939: 916:Letter to a Christian Nation 7: 17575:National religiosity levels 16800:Nauruan Indigenous religion 16355:Hellenism (modern religion) 13323:Best of all possible worlds 13280:Eschatological verification 12837:Fine-tuning of the universe 11153:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10879:. Oxford University Press. 10428:Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). 9602:. New York: Ulysses Press. 9576:. Oxford University Press. 9025:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.156 9001:. Retrieved March 17, 2021. 7762:. 33 Book 2. Archived from 7531:International Humanist News 7486:. In Michael, S. M. (ed.). 7267:Overall, Christine (2006). 7221:Overall, Christine (2006). 7119:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 6954: 6549:September 30, 2007, at the 5498:Matthews, Carol S. (2009). 5235:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5 4649:The Essence of Christianity 4385:. Oxford University Press. 2879: 2458:League of Militant Atheists 2095:attempting to refute them. 1319:(4th/5th century) outlined 1291:, and where divine love is 1174:and other forms of monism. 752:"at least one deity exists" 736:"at least one deity exists" 10: 20379: 16984: 12062:Theological noncognitivism 11661:Discrimination/Persecution 11147:Robinson, Richard (1964). 10894:Maritain, Jacques (1952). 10716:"The Problem with Atheism" 10678:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 9888:February 24, 2015, at the 9732:, ed. (October 25, 2007). 9507: 9206:10.1007/s13164-022-00628-y 8649:"The rise of Arab atheism" 8250:"Religiously Unaffiliated" 7915:December 13, 2021, at the 7521:December 11, 2013, at the 7387:"Religion Under Communism" 7207:. London: Watts. pp. 7113:Ray, Matthew Alun (2003). 6750:, p. 278. Rowman Altamira. 6742:February 14, 2012, at the 6590:Ferguson, Everett (1993). 6451:September 2, 2023, at the 6293:. Routledge. p. 112. 5963:Winiarczyk, Marek (2016). 4836:. NYU Press. p. 100. 4505:The Philosophers' Magazine 3969:Atheism in Pagan Antiquity 3224:Parsons, Keith M. (1989). 2997:10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004 2832: 2797: 2594: 2533: 1837:was sentenced to death in 1684: 1673: 1669: 1619: 1504: 1381: 1330: 1210: 1119:Theological noncognitivism 996: 976: 968: 956: 845: 703: 253:Theological noncognitivism 18: 19955:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 19935: 19853: 19690: 19525: 19396:Standard Average European 19264: 19093: 19013: 18941: 18860: 18777: 18649: 18394: 18119: 17836: 17832: 17821: 17730: 17655: 17431: 17339: 17276: 16994: 16990: 16979: 16542: 16529: 16454: 16277: 16259:Transcendental Meditation 16152: 16139: 16104: 15852: 15829: 15818: 15745: 15708: 15452: 15348: 15330: 15274: 15265: 15182: 15110: 14961: 14952: 14910: 14882: 14840: 14773: 14764: 14755: 14721: 14688: 14660: 14651: 14601: 14468: 14155: 14069: 14060: 14051: 14047: 14034: 13966: 13898: 13802: 13687: 13607: 13542: 13464: 13371: 13356: 13308: 13270: 12982: 12907: 12782: 12773: 12703: 12640: 12631: 12562: 12342: 12288: 11962: 11898: 11837: 11747: 11721: 11688: 11622: 11544: 11422:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 11384:Resources in your library 11038:"The Atheism of Epicurus" 10270:10.1163/9789004331471_021 10166:. In Edward Craig (ed.). 9261:10.1017/S1930297500007701 8759:"10 facts about atheists" 8682:February 8, 2016, at the 8026: 7839:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6659:October 30, 2015, at the 6187:10.1163/15685289760518153 5659:10.1017/S0031819100009578 4646:Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) 4261:Language, Truth and Logic 3966:Drachmann, A.B. (1977) . 3899:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 3650:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 3284:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 3222:, pp. 17–18, citing 3190:, p. 35: "The terms 2835:Religiosity and education 2682: 2454:numerous legislative acts 2334:Cult of the Supreme Being 2205:Criticism of Christianity 1910:5th century BCE, fr. 286 1701:historical Vedic religion 1464:normative ethical systems 1095:Epistemological arguments 620:at least one deity exists 20095:Lancaster House Treaties 19585:Christian existentialism 19545:Ancient Roman philosophy 19535:Ancient Greek philosophy 17886:Central African Republic 14920:Vietnamese folk religion 14311:Charismatic Christianity 13552:Friedrich Schleiermacher 13138:Theories about religions 12940:Inconsistent revelations 11910:Disestablishmentarianism 11886:Recovering from Religion 11814:Why I Am Not a Christian 11471:templates for discussion 11343:Zuckerman, Phil (2010). 11317:Whitmarsh, Tim. (2015), 11179:Rosenberg, Alex (2011). 11018:. New York: Prometheus. 10999:. New York: Prometheus. 10964:August 30, 2023, at the 10938:The Improbability of God 10919:The Impossibility of God 10839:Le Poidevin, R. (1996). 10824:10.1177/0952695112441301 10795:. New York: Prometheus. 10693:Harbour, Daniel (2003). 10172:. Taylor & Francis. 9466:Thinking & Reasoning 9307:10.1177/1948550621994001 9057:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02191 8942:"8 facts about atheists" 8806:10.1177/1948550615584200 7576:Jurinski, James (2004). 7389:. In Smith, S.A. (ed.). 6237:Garland, Robert (2008). 6159:1 (43) F 19 = B 25 DK). 6105:Cicero, Marcus Tullius: 6084:Olympiodorus the Younger 5907:Philosophy East and West 5006:Brother Ivan Fyodorovich 4751:Zuckerman, Phil (2009). 4622:Vasubandhu wrote in his 4508:. 1st Quarter (72): 45. 4441:"The PhilPapers Surveys" 4334:Stubenberg, Stubenberg. 4247:. Retrieved 2007-APR-07. 4201:Martin, Michael (1992). 2927: 2794:Attitudes toward atheism 2705:religiously unaffiliated 2632:Win-Gallup International 2233:, atheist and editor of 1579:religious fundamentalism 1448:argued this view in his 1102:, based on the ideas of 893:philosophical skepticism 21:Atheist (disambiguation) 19873:Equality before the law 19080:Romano-Germanic culture 17780:New religious movements 17418:Theories about religion 17371:Evolutionary psychology 16400:Modern Finnish paganism 14387:Independent Catholicism 11954: 11905:Countries by irreligion 11881:Rational Response Squad 11871:Humanists International 11772:The Demon-Haunted World 11307:. New York: Continuum. 11303:Walters, Kerry (2010). 11281:Thrower, James (1971). 11274:April 24, 2022, at the 11065:Onfray, Michel (2007). 11016:Naturalism and Religion 10973:Some Dogmas of Religion 10630:. New York: Macmillan. 10607:Tom Flynn, ed. (2007). 10121:Atheism and Agnosticism 10095:Encyclopædia Britannica 9044:Frontiers in Psychology 8863:(subscription required) 8715:10.1038/s41562-017-0151 8427:April 10, 2019, at the 8234:reach the 1% threshold. 7654:Wisconsin State Journal 7650:"The Atheists' Calling" 7622:Wisconsin State Journal 7335:April 24, 2022, at the 6942:March 30, 2012, at the 6760:Al-Zandaqa Wal Zanadiqa 6443:Moralia—Isis and Osiris 5787:The Classical Tradition 5773:Mulsow, Martin (2010). 5683:Hinduism, a way of life 5060:Beyond Belief Session 6 5031:Critique of Pure Reason 4416:. Stanford University. 4342:. Stanford University. 4311:. Stanford University. 4081:. pp. Ep. Ded. 3. 3671:in the existence of God 3575:Encyclopædia Britannica 3534:Encyclopædia Britannica 3305:in the existence of God 3261:Encyclopædia Britannica 3182:Agnosticism and Atheism 3077:The Secular Web Library 2710: 2619:Encyclopædia Britannica 2597:Demographics of atheism 2423:Analytical philosophers 2158:Bonaventure des Périers 1082:. In the 20th century, 667:argument from nonbelief 208:Inconsistent revelation 202:Incompatible properties 117:Demographics of atheism 20035:Eastern European Group 19624:Continental philosophy 19555:Judeo-Christian ethics 19540:Hellenistic philosophy 19021:Cradle of civilization 18429:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16415:Erzyan native religion 16264:Unitarian Universalism 15653:Native American Church 14431:Oneness Pentecostalism 13416:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 12556:Philosophy of religion 12216:Naturalistic pantheism 11326:Atheism and secularity 11194:Russell, Paul (2013). 10996:Philosophy and Atheism 10787:Krueger, D.E. (1998). 10772:. Metropolitan Books. 10738:Howson, Colin (2011). 10676:Seven Types of Atheism 10651:The Objective Standard 10566:Duran, Martin (2019). 10524:Buckley, M.J. (1990). 10517:June 11, 2024, at the 10467:Berman, David (1990). 10373:(September 22, 2009). 9802:(September 19, 2006). 9630:The Atheistic Platform 9013:Psychological Bulletin 8991:June 11, 2024, at the 8703:Nature Human Behaviour 8483:www.christiantoday.com 7892:June 23, 2017, at the 7516:Atheism in South India 7482:Michael, S.M. (1999). 7372:; Viking; 2011; p. 494 7269:"Feminism and Atheism" 7223:"Feminism and Atheism" 6682:Duran, Martin (2019). 6528:Outlines of Pyrrhonism 6070:II, 265 = 59 A 19 DK; 5564:Levin, S. (May 1995). 5541:. BBC. July 20, 2006. 5253:"An Atheist Manifesto" 5001:The Brothers Karamazov 4662:What the Buddha Taught 4235:July 23, 2013, at the 4103:. London. p. 63. 4086:Translated from Latin. 3719:"Where's The Evidence" 3353:"Where's The Evidence" 3202:both before the Greek 2844: 2809: 2759: 2737:2021 Australian Census 2692: 2609: 2556: 2386: 2240: 2106: 1964:scientific determinism 1917: 1800: 1681:Early Indian religions 1520: 1397: 1341:Psychology of religion 1151: 1063: 1040: 1017: 937: 879: 767: 754:is a false statement. 738:is a false statement. 20155:Three Seas Initiative 20130:Pacific Islands Forum 19995:British–Irish Council 19743:Greek Orthodox Church 19202:Industrial Revolution 19172:Scientific Revolution 18749:Saint Kitts and Nevis 18046:São Tomé and Príncipe 17906:Republic of the Congo 16112:Aboriginal Australian 14783:Chinese folk religion 13951:Faith and rationality 13906:Criticism of religion 13844:Robert Merrihew Adams 13834:Nicholas Wolterstorff 13037:Divine command theory 11821:Why I Am Not a Muslim 11671:Negative and positive 11666:Implicit and explicit 11564:Criticism of religion 11502:"Why I am an Atheist" 11289:. London: Pemberton. 11267:(Princeton UP, 2018) 11223:. London: SCM Press. 11219:Sharpe, R.A. (1997). 11014:Nielsen, Kai (2001). 10959:"Why I am an Atheist" 10845:. London: Routledge. 10699:. London: Duckworth. 10473:. London: Routledge. 10201:. Simon and Schuster. 10130:10.1017/9781108555340 9896:Hitchens, Christopher 8485:. November 17, 2017. 8450:General Social Survey 8378:on November 21, 2008. 8256:. December 18, 2012. 8206:Special Eurobarometer 8152:on December 15, 2010. 7328:(Princeton UP, 2018) 6858:Bryson, M.E. (2016). 6576:Catholic Encyclopedia 6480:. SUNY Press. (1985). 6476:, 121. in Reale, G., 6078:10 p. 169 F – 170 A; 5626:on September 29, 2006 5590:. BBC. May 17, 2006. 5381:May 25, 2013, at the 4952:"Atheism and Society" 4809:. September 2, 2010. 4721:Religion and Politics 4719:Bruce, Steve (2003). 4500:"Theistic naturalism" 4498:Ellis, Fiona (2016). 4383:Oxford Bibliographies 4278:Oppy, Graham (2019). 4144:First Known Use: 1546 2842: 2833:Further information: 2807: 2754: 2690: 2604: 2543: 2506:Madalyn Murray O'Hair 2478:Periyar E.V. Ramasamy 2382: 2326:Thermidorian Reaction 2272:Christianity Unveiled 2249:Jacques-André Naigeon 2229: 2217:Kazimierz Łyszczyński 2199:Short Treatise on God 2101: 1886: 1785: 1626:Nontheistic religions 1620:Further information: 1514: 1507:Criticism of religion 1501:Criticism of religion 1469:According to Plato's 1434:criticisms of atheism 1395: 1331:Further information: 1211:Further information: 1141: 1134:Ontological arguments 1058:was derived from the 925: 875: 852:Philosophers such as 842:Positive vs. negative 713: 700:Implicit vs. explicit 180:Fate of the unlearned 158:Arguments for atheism 112:Criticism of religion 20150:Special Relationship 19560:Christian philosophy 19505:Western Christianity 19167:Age of Enlightenment 19041:Hellenistic Kingdoms 18371:United Arab Emirates 17162:Religious experience 16536:Historical religions 14940:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 14272:Schwenkfelder Church 13941:Religious philosophy 13421:Pico della Mirandola 13386:Anselm of Canterbury 13318:Augustinian theodicy 13230:Religious skepticism 12563:Concepts in religion 12482:Religious naturalism 12223:Philosophical theism 11807:The System of Nature 11574:Organized secularism 10753:Inglehart, Ronald F. 10592:. Prometheus Books. 10263:. pp. 242–252. 9738:. Prometheus Books. 8048:on October 16, 2012. 8008:on November 14, 2017 7441:on December 9, 2013. 7010:The System of Nature 6810:Schultz, T. (2016). 6628:10.1093/past/27.1.23 6415:Eusebius of Caesarea 6317:. Cambridge, 329-48. 6271:Atheism in Antiquity 6219:Atheism in Antiquity 5728:India, that is, sidd 5614:Altizer, Thomas J.J. 5539:"Humanistic Judaism" 5058:(November 6, 2006). 2630:According to global 2569:Christopher Hitchens 2266:The System of Nature 2261:French Enlightenment 2115:Medieval Inquisition 1995:Theodorus Cyrenaicus 1843:Eleusinian Mysteries 1622:Atheism and religion 1525:Christopher Hitchens 1519:criticizes religion. 1456:deathbed conversions 1150:is all-encompassing. 1110:rational practice." 628:Age of Enlightenment 606:in the existence of 506:Criticism of atheism 497:Atheism and religion 448:The System of Nature 333:Christopher Hitchens 20175:West Nordic Council 20040:Eastern Partnership 19629:Analytic philosophy 19330:Classical tradition 19152:Early modern period 19108:Classical antiquity 19103:European Bronze Age 18764:Trinidad and Tobago 18659:Antigua and Barbuda 17827:Religion by country 16888:Cult of Magna Mater 15410:Philippine Dayawism 14991:Nimbarka Sampradaya 14739:Chinese Manichaeism 14411:Jehovah's Witnesses 14216:Proto-Protestantism 13926:History of religion 13627:Friedrich Nietzsche 13504:Gottfried W Leibniz 13499:Nicolas Malebranche 13431:King James VI and I 12711:Abrahamic religions 12206:Classical pantheism 11828:Why I Am an Atheist 11492:Secular Web library 11263:Smolkin, Victoria. 11150:An Atheist's Values 10897:The Range of Reason 10720:The Washington Post 10674:Gray, John (2018). 10657:(3). Archived from 10506:and others. (1884) 10393:on October 11, 2012 9554:. London: Vintage. 9188:Byrd, Nick (2022). 9147:2016PLoSO..1153039P 8946:Pew Research Center 8763:Pew Research Center 8543:Pew Research Center 8397:World Values Survey 8224:on December 2, 2012 8215:European Commission 7927:, February 20, 2013 7769:on December 7, 2013 6985:on January 12, 2012 6727:, p. 318. Routledge 6530:Book III, Chapter 3 6032:Philosophie antique 5588:"Christian Atheism" 4925:The Washington Post 4679:"God and the State" 4610:on January 2, 2008. 4514:10.5840/tpm20167224 4280:Atheism: The Basics 4245:Secular Web Library 4226:Drange, Theodore M. 4162:de Mornay, Philippe 3765:concepts of atheism 3495:. Merriam Webster. 3151:Secular Web Library 3143:Drange, Theodore M. 2853:Pew Research Center 2819:feeling thermometer 2814:Pew Research Center 2772:Pew Research Center 2764:World Values Survey 2701:Pew Research Center 2567:, Richard Dawkins, 2520:Annie Laurie Gaylor 2357:Friedrich Nietzsche 2253:French materialists 2172:Early modern period 2162:Michel de Montaigne 2154:Niccolò Machiavelli 2072:(fl. 9th century), 2035:in general and the 1999:Strato of Lampsacus 1778:Classical antiquity 1697:classical antiquity 1687:Atheism in Hinduism 1564:opium of the people 1545:Robert G. Ingersoll 1313:Buddhist philosophy 1231:deductive arguments 1201:theistic naturalism 363:Friedrich Nietzsche 223:Omnipotence paradox 31:Part of a series on 19634:Post-structuralism 19597:Christian humanism 19227:Universal suffrage 18699:Dominican Republic 17745:Abrahamic prophets 16839:Proto-Indo-Iranian 15383:Aliran Kepercayaan 14586:Non-denominational 14508:Modernist Salafism 14194:Oriental Orthodoxy 13936:Religious language 13916:Ethics in religion 13874:William Lane Craig 13749:Charles Hartshorne 13489:Desiderius Erasmus 13391:Augustine of Hippo 13333:Inconsistent triad 13295:Apophatic theology 13290:Logical positivism 13272:Religious language 12892:Watchmaker analogy 12857:Necessary existent 12633:Conceptions of God 12593:Intelligent design 12157:Ethical monotheism 11989:Conceptions of God 11861:Center for Inquiry 11765:Breaking the Spell 11589:Secular liberalism 11196:"Hume on Religion" 11136:Religious Humanism 11104:Arguing about Gods 10590:God and Philosophy 10500:Bradlaugh, Charles 10371:Stenger, Victor J. 10349:Stenger, Victor J. 9626:Bradlaugh, Charles 9520:"Abu Bakr al-Razi" 9358:10.1037/rel0000446 8854:Skeptical Inquirer 7972:. April 13, 2015. 7944:on August 25, 2012 7760:Vermont Law Review 7751:Garfield, Alan E. 7550:The New York Times 7324:Victoria Smolkin, 7257:, pp. 233–246 7082:"Natural Theology" 6861:The Atheist Milton 6409:writings (e.g. by 4917:See, for example: 3758:. Sheridan House. 2991:. pp. 47–66. 2922:Outline of atheism 2861:social democracies 2845: 2810: 2760: 2693: 2610: 2557: 2395:logical positivism 2387: 2241: 2107: 2070:Muhammad al Warraq 1949:Hellenistic period 1928: 470–399 BCE 1801: 1676:History of atheism 1652:Christian atheists 1648:humanistic Judaism 1583:extrinsic religion 1521: 1398: 1373:Atheism and ethics 1349:and psychoanalyst 1295:from many people. 1152: 1128:Theodore M. Drange 880: 865:negative atheism. 784:conceptions of God 768: 632:freedom of thought 413:Breaking the Spell 348:Michael Lou Martin 174:Evil God challenge 79:History of atheism 20198: 20197: 20025:Council of Europe 19927:International law 19880:Constitutionalism 19738:Eastern Orthodoxy 19244:Post–Cold War era 19177:Age of Revolution 19031:Greco-Roman world 18969: 18968: 18937: 18936: 18933: 18932: 17921:Equatorial Guinea 17817: 17816: 17813: 17812: 17356:Cognitive science 16975: 16974: 16908:Mysteries of Isis 16682:Frankish paganism 16525: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16269:White Brotherhood 16135: 16134: 16100: 16099: 15444:Sundanese Wiwitan 15261: 15260: 15257: 15256: 14986:Brahma Sampradaya 14948: 14947: 14751: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14729:Assianism/Uatsdin 14647: 14646: 14416:British Israelism 14402:Nontrinitarianism 14365:Plymouth Brethren 14360:Nondenominational 14294:Congregationalism 14182:Eastern Orthodoxy 14130:Reconstructionist 13994: 13993: 13894: 13893: 13854:Peter van Inwagen 13839:Richard Swinburne 13784:George I Mavrodes 13644:Vladimir Solovyov 13584:Søren Kierkegaard 13509:William Wollaston 13456:William of Ockham 13436:Marcion of Sinope 13338:Irenaean theodicy 13328:Euthyphro dilemma 13255:Transcendentalism 13084:Womanist theology 13074:Feminist theology 12978: 12977: 12769: 12768: 12655:Divine simplicity 12575:Euthyphro dilemma 12522: 12521: 12397:Feminist theology 12302: 12301: 12260:Theistic finitism 12186:Nontrinitarianism 12036:Christian atheism 11922: 11921: 11846:American Atheists 11758:The Age of Reason 11370:Library resources 11354:978-0-8147-9723-5 11335:978-0-313-35183-9 11313:978-0-8264-2493-8 11296:978-0-301-71101-0 11256:978-0-7167-3561-8 11230:978-0-334-02680-8 11189:978-0-393-08023-0 11167:on April 25, 2011 11160:978-0-19-824191-1 11114:978-0-521-86386-5 11078:978-1-55970-820-3 11068:Atheist Manifesto 11025:978-1-57392-853-3 11006:978-0-87975-289-7 10982:978-0-548-14955-3 10947:978-1-59102-381-4 10928:978-1-59102-120-9 10886:978-0-19-824682-4 10852:978-0-415-09338-5 10802:978-1-57392-214-2 10779:978-0-8050-7442-0 10748:978-0-521-18665-0 10706:978-0-7156-3229-1 10685:978-0-241-19941-1 10661:on April 28, 2011 10637:978-0-02-340681-2 10618:978-1-59102-391-3 10599:978-1-59102-330-2 10577:978-1-08-061240-6 10558:978-0-19-964465-0 10537:978-0-300-04897-1 10480:978-0-415-04727-2 10420:978-90-04-11374-9 10413:. Leiden: Brill. 10386:978-1-59102-751-5 10362:978-1-59102-652-5 10324:978-0-87975-124-1 10280:978-90-04-33092-4 10239:978-0-415-25680-3 10220:978-0-415-21367-7 10207:Sartre, Jean-Paul 10195:Russell, Bertrand 10179:978-0-415-07310-3 10139:978-1-108-55534-0 10057:978-0-521-84270-9 10018:978-0-87722-642-0 9980:Los Angeles Times 9911:978-0-7710-4143-3 9815:978-0-307-27877-7 9745:978-1-59102-391-3 9689:978-0-02-865780-6 9653:978-0-593-05548-9 9609:978-1-56975-677-5 9583:978-0-19-280424-2 9561:978-0-09-927367-7 9407:Acta Psychologica 9127:Pennycook, Gordon 8882:. Future US Inc. 8651:. June 29, 2015. 8178:on April 30, 2011 8105:978-0-521-60367-6 7795:. April 2, 2015. 7589:978-0-7591-0601-7 7579:Religion on Trial 7501:978-1-55587-697-5 7459:. April 8, 1966. 7402:978-0-19-960205-6 7282:978-1-139-82739-3 7236:978-1-139-82739-3 7172:978-0-19-955364-8 7126:978-0-7546-3456-0 7005:d'Holbach, P.H.T. 6871:978-1-317-04095-8 6823:978-1-4575-4765-2 6693:978-1-08-061240-6 6601:978-0-8028-0669-7 6503:978-3-11-018973-5 6380:978-1-118-60797-8 6300:978-0-415-15681-3 6248:978-1-4549-0908-8 6129:. hyp. 3.218 cf. 6080:Diogenes Laërtius 6017:978-0-674-36281-9 5976:978-3-11-044765-1 5856:. April 3, 2019. 5835:978-81-208-0412-8 5796:978-0-674-03572-0 5738:978-81-7023-561-3 5693:978-81-208-0899-7 5517:978-0-7910-8096-2 5480:978-0-87808-364-0 5450:978-0-7566-1901-5 5413:978-0-470-67404-8 5309:978-1-58134-712-8 5290:Feinberg, Paul D. 5286:Feinberg, John S. 5189:See for example: 4760:Sociology Compass 4601:V.A. Gunasekara, 4408:Papineau, David. 4377:Witmer, D. Gene. 4303:Stoljar, Daniel. 4241:Internet Infidels 3979:978-0-89005-201-3 3853:978-0-8264-8971-5 3717:Michael Anthony. 3683:McCormick, Matt. 3602:d'Holbach, P.H.T. 3351:Michael Anthony. 3317:McCormick, Matt. 3235:978-0-87975-551-5 3155:Internet Infidels 3081:Internet Infidels 3033:978-1-84631-187-1 3006:978-0-521-84270-9 2917:Lists of atheists 2894:Philosophy portal 2762:According to the 2735:According to the 2573:Victor J. Stenger 2511:Murray v. Curlett 2484:, fought against 2314:French Revolution 2166:François Rabelais 2146:Leonardo da Vinci 2119:William of Ockham 2058:Early Middle Ages 1835:Diagoras of Melos 1760:Classical Samkhya 1744:Indian philosophy 1602:terrorist attacks 1471:Euthyphro dilemma 1221:Divine hiddenness 1207:Logical arguments 1038:(from the French 720:implicit/explicit 597: 596: 562: 550: 548:Philosophy portal 538: 526: 513: 512: 390: 389: 383:Victor J. Stenger 274:Lists of atheists 20370: 20348: 20340: 20339: 20338: 20331: 20330:from Wikiversity 20323: 20322: 20321: 20314: 20306: 20305: 20304: 20297: 20289: 20288: 20287: 20280: 20272: 20271: 20270: 20263: 20255: 20254: 20253: 20246: 20238: 20237: 20236: 20229: 20221: 20220: 20219: 20209: 20070:EU Customs Union 19602:Secular humanism 19550:Christian ethics 19500:East–West Schism 19483:Physical culture 19207:Great Divergence 19157:Age of Discovery 18996: 18989: 18982: 18973: 18972: 18959: 18949: 18948: 18827:Papua New Guinea 18802:Marshall Islands 18629:Northern Ireland 17834: 17833: 17823: 17822: 17707:Secular theology 17702:Secular humanism 16992: 16991: 16981: 16980: 16856:Ancestral Pueblo 16531: 16530: 16150: 16149: 15827: 15826: 15272: 15271: 15028:Shaiva Siddhanta 14959: 14958: 14892:Korean shamanism 14771: 14770: 14762: 14761: 14658: 14657: 14571:Mahdawi movement 14441:Swedenborgianism 14421:Christadelphians 14067: 14066: 14058: 14057: 14049: 14048: 14036: 14035: 14021: 14014: 14007: 13998: 13997: 13984: 13983: 13974: 13879:Ali Akbar Rashad 13742:Reinhold Niebuhr 13702:Bertrand Russell 13697:George Santayana 13594:Albrecht Ritschl 13579:Ludwig Feuerbach 13369: 13368: 13365:(by date active) 13225:Process theology 12970:Russell's teapot 12780: 12779: 12775:Existence of God 12685:Process theology 12638: 12637: 12623:Theological veto 12586:religious belief 12549: 12542: 12535: 12526: 12525: 12477:Process theology 12329: 12322: 12315: 12306: 12305: 12294: 12245:Skeptical theism 12085:Ceremonial deism 12075:Classical theism 12063: 12031:Agnostic atheism 11949: 11942: 11935: 11926: 11925: 11793:God Is Not Great 11786:The God Delusion 11779:The End of Faith 11708:Agnostic atheism 11676:Existence of God 11584:Secular humanism 11559:Anti-clericalism 11531: 11524: 11517: 11508: 11507: 11449:The New Atheists 11445: 11431: 11418:Zalta, Edward N. 11358: 11339: 11300: 11288: 11260: 11248: 11239:Shermer, Michael 11234: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11163:. Archived from 11143: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11029: 11010: 10986: 10951: 10932: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10904:on April 7, 2013 10890: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10835: 10806: 10794: 10783: 10740:Objecting to God 10735: 10733: 10731: 10722:. Archived from 10710: 10689: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10641: 10622: 10603: 10581: 10562: 10541: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10434: 10424: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10389:. Archived from 10366: 10344: 10309:Smith, George H. 10304: 10302: 10300: 10272: 10261:Brill Publishers 10243: 10224: 10202: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10160:Rowe, William L. 10155: 10153: 10151: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10010: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9969: 9967: 9952: 9942: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9904:. Random House. 9881: 9879: 9877: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9795: 9783: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9725: 9705: 9693: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9646:. Bantam Press. 9643:The God Delusion 9638:Dawkins, Richard 9633: 9621: 9601: 9587: 9565: 9552:A History of God 9548:Armstrong, Karen 9543: 9541: 9539: 9524:Zalta, Edward N. 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9369: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9301:(7): 1369–1379. 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9269: 9246: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9168: 9158: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9095: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9069: 9059: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9008: 9002: 8998:Psychology Today 8982: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8905: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8849: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8765:. June 1, 2016. 8755: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8726: 8693: 8687: 8674: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8645: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8447: 8438: 8432: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8389: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8371:. Archived from 8370: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8246: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8223: 8202: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8177: 8170: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8041:. Archived from 8032: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7934: 7928: 7907: 7901: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7854: 7845: 7844: 7838: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7757: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7540: 7534: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7453:"'Is God Dead?'" 7449: 7443: 7442: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7379: 7373: 7364:Geoffrey Blainey 7361: 7355: 7345: 7339: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6952: 6946: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6679: 6673: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6620:Past and Present 6615: 6606: 6605: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6540: 6531: 6524:Sextus Empiricus 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6487: 6481: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6455: 6436: 6430: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6331: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6286: 6280: 6279:, pp. 14–19 6274: 6266: 6253: 6252: 6234: 6228: 6227:, pp. 12–13 6222: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6170: 6164: 6153: 6147: 6140: 6134: 6123: 6117: 6107:De natura deorum 6100: 6091: 6062:Flavius Josephus 6059: 6053: 6049:Against Heresies 6041: 6035: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6000: 5981: 5980: 5960: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5913:(3/4): 189–206. 5902: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5779:Grafton, Anthony 5770: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5725:Pandian (1996). 5722: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5566:"Jewish Atheism" 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5505: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5392: 5386: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5259:. Archived from 5245: 5239: 5238: 5216: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5011: 4992: 4986: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4915: 4909: 4897: 4891: 4888:moral bankruptcy 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4774:. Archived from 4757: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4675:Bakunin, Michael 4671: 4665: 4660:Walpola Rahula, 4658: 4652: 4644: 4638: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4606:. Archived from 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4336:"Neutral Monism" 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4264: 4254: 4248: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4097:Hanmer, Meredith 4093: 4087: 4085: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3894: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3816:. May 28, 2013. 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3771:Critiques of God 3767: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3457: 3448: 3434: 3425: 3411: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3257: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3217: 3211: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3069: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2984: 2960: 2938: 2912:Brights movement 2896: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2415:Bertrand Russell 2384:Bertrand Russell 2349:Ludwig Feuerbach 2312:One goal of the 2277:Joseph Priestley 2269:(1770) but also 2213:Matthias Knutzen 2178:Geoffrey Blainey 2135:faith and reason 2086: 2083: 2078:Abu Bakr al-Razi 2025:Early Christians 2018:suspend judgment 2015: 2012: 2007:Sextus Empiricus 1984: 1981: 1961: 1958: 1929: 1926: 1915: 1909: 1851:Sextus Empiricus 1808:Greek philosophy 1703:. Among the six 1571:authoritarianism 1541:Bertrand Russell 1438:moral relativism 1388:Secular morality 1359:Friedrich Engels 1347:Ludwig Feuerbach 1068: 1045: 1025:early Christians 1022: 1007: 1001: 1000: 993: 987: 981: 980: 973: 972: 961: 960: 953: 948:, the adjective 867:Agnostic atheism 824:explicit atheism 820:Implicit atheism 761: 745: 729: 589: 582: 575: 558: 557: 553: 546: 541: 534: 533: 529: 522: 488:Secular humanism 465: 464: 441:God Is Not Great 434:The God Delusion 427:The End of Faith 373:Bertrand Russell 318:Ludwig Feuerbach 270: 269: 248:Russell's teapot 203: 196:Hitchens's razor 181: 107:Atheist feminism 28: 27: 20378: 20377: 20373: 20372: 20371: 20369: 20368: 20367: 20353: 20352: 20351: 20341: 20336: 20334: 20324: 20319: 20317: 20307: 20302: 20300: 20296:from Wikisource 20290: 20285: 20283: 20273: 20268: 20266: 20256: 20251: 20249: 20239: 20234: 20232: 20228:from Wiktionary 20222: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20208:sister projects 20205:at Knowledge's 20199: 20194: 20160:UKUSA Agreement 20100:Lublin Triangle 19985:Baltic Assembly 19937: 19931: 19849: 19686: 19521: 19391:Eurolinguistics 19260: 19249:Information age 19222:Interwar period 19089: 19009: 19000: 18970: 18965: 18929: 18856: 18837:Solomon Islands 18773: 18645: 18549:North Macedonia 18390: 18115: 17828: 17809: 17770:Mass gatherings 17738: 17733: 17726: 17665: 17660: 17651: 17590:Religiocentrism 17570:National church 17438: 17435: 17427: 17342: 17335: 17272: 17194:Bodies of water 16986: 16971: 16756:Jamaican Maroon 16538: 16513: 16450: 16280: 16273: 16144: 16142: 16131: 16096: 16070:Trinidad Orisha 15855: 15848: 15821: 15814: 15741: 15704: 15455: 15448: 15344: 15326: 15253: 15227:Srilankan Vedda 15178: 15106: 14981:Sri Vaishnavism 14944: 14906: 14878: 14836: 14743: 14717: 14684: 14643: 14597: 14522:Twelver Shi'ism 14464: 14326:Neo-charismatic 14299:Presbyterianism 14151: 14043: 14030: 14025: 13995: 13990: 13962: 13890: 13886:Alexander Pruss 13869:Jean-Luc Marion 13824:Alvin Plantinga 13819:Dewi Z Phillips 13806: 13804: 13798: 13769:Walter Kaufmann 13759:Frithjof Schuon 13732:Rudolf Bultmann 13689: 13683: 13679:Joseph Maréchal 13669:Pavel Florensky 13664:Sergei Bulgakov 13649:Ernst Troeltsch 13632:Harald Høffding 13609: 13603: 13574:William Whewell 13562:Georg W F Hegel 13557:Karl C F Krause 13544: 13538: 13534:Johann G Herder 13524:Baron d'Holbach 13474:Augustin Calmet 13460: 13376: 13364: 13363: 13360: 13352: 13310:Problem of evil 13304: 13300:Verificationism 13266: 12974: 12920:Atheist's Wager 12903: 12765: 12699: 12627: 12603:Problem of evil 12558: 12553: 12523: 12518: 12338: 12333: 12303: 12298: 12296:Religion portal 12284: 12162:Post-monotheism 12090:Christian deism 12061: 12006:Agnostic theism 11958: 11953: 11923: 11918: 11894: 11833: 11743: 11717: 11684: 11618: 11579:Parody religion 11540: 11535: 11474: 11434: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11361: 11355: 11336: 11297: 11276:Wayback Machine 11257: 11231: 11209: 11207: 11170: 11168: 11161: 11124: 11122: 11115: 11088: 11086: 11079: 11055: 11053: 11026: 11007: 10983: 10966:Wayback Machine 10948: 10929: 10907: 10905: 10887: 10862: 10860: 10853: 10803: 10780: 10758:Foreign Affairs 10729: 10727: 10726:on May 24, 2011 10707: 10686: 10664: 10662: 10638: 10619: 10600: 10578: 10559: 10538: 10519:Wayback Machine 10490: 10488: 10481: 10462: 10460:Further reading 10457: 10448: 10446: 10432: 10421: 10407:Stroumsa, Sarah 10396: 10394: 10387: 10363: 10325: 10298: 10296: 10281: 10240: 10221: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10149: 10147: 10140: 10105: 10103: 10075: 10073: 10058: 10042:Martin, Michael 10031: 10029: 10019: 10001:Martin, Michael 9990: 9988: 9921: 9919: 9912: 9890:Wayback Machine 9875: 9873: 9833: 9831: 9816: 9792: 9763: 9761: 9746: 9690: 9663: 9661: 9654: 9610: 9584: 9570:Baggini, Julian 9562: 9537: 9535: 9510: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9458: 9454: 9444: 9442: 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9287: 9283: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9186: 9182: 9141:(4): e0153039. 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9036: 9032: 9009: 9005: 8993:Wayback Machine 8983: 8979: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8953: 8938: 8934: 8906: 8899: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8850: 8841: 8831: 8829: 8786: 8782: 8772: 8770: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8742: 8740: 8694: 8690: 8684:Wayback Machine 8675: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8637: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8611: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8513:DeseretNews.com 8507: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8429:Wayback Machine 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8391: 8390: 8383: 8375: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8248: 8247: 8238: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7925:Huffington Post 7917:Wayback Machine 7908: 7904: 7894:Wayback Machine 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7856: 7855: 7848: 7832: 7831: 7824: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7679:Hooper, Simon. 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7523:Wayback Machine 7513: 7509: 7502: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7403: 7383:Madsen, Richard 7380: 7376: 7362: 7358: 7346: 7342: 7337:Wayback Machine 7323: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7292: 7290: 7283: 7265: 7261: 7246: 7244: 7237: 7219: 7215: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7173: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7053:. Gutenberg.org 7047: 7043: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7013:. Vol. 2. 7002: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6953: 6949: 6944:Wayback Machine 6930: 6926: 6916: 6914: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6824: 6808: 6804: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6744:Wayback Machine 6735: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6680: 6676: 6661:Wayback Machine 6650: 6643: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6588: 6584: 6570:"Atheism" 6565: 6561: 6551:Wayback Machine 6541: 6534: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6453:Wayback Machine 6437: 6433: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6332: 6321: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6287: 6283: 6267: 6256: 6249: 6235: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6171: 6167: 6154: 6150: 6141: 6137: 6124: 6120: 6101: 6094: 6076:On superstition 6060: 6056: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6004:Burkert, Walter 6001: 5984: 5977: 5961: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5919:10.2307/1397540 5903: 5899: 5890: 5886: 5869: 5865: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5771: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5739: 5723: 5716: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5518: 5496: 5492: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5393: 5389: 5383:Wayback Machine 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5335:D'Souza, Dinesh 5332: 5328: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5300:Stand To Reason 5283: 5279: 5266: 5264: 5263:on May 16, 2011 5247: 5246: 5242: 5205:10.2307/1385749 5188: 5184: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5009: 4993: 4989: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4898: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4781:on June 8, 2015 4778: 4755: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4641: 4631:Abhidharmakosha 4621: 4617: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4471: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4276: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4237:Wayback Machine 4224: 4220: 4213: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4180: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4094: 4090: 4073:Golding, Arthur 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3937:Cudworth, Ralph 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3813:Huffington Post 3806: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3749: 3745: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3711: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3677: 3663: 3661: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3546: 3528:"Atheism" 3520: 3516: 3502: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3458: 3451: 3435: 3428: 3402: 3398: 3386: 3379: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3311: 3297: 3295: 3277: 3273: 3255:"Atheism" 3247: 3243: 3236: 3218: 3214: 3206:(divinity) and 3180:Harvey, Van A. 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3140: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3106:Shook, John R. 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3034: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2837: 2831: 2802: 2796: 2780: 2749: 2733: 2713: 2699:According to a 2685: 2599: 2593: 2585:religious right 2549:Lawrence Krauss 2545:Richard Dawkins 2538: 2532: 2498:Vashti McCollum 2446:Communist China 2377: 2361:George Holyoake 2257:Baron d'Holbach 2245:Baron d'Holbach 2180:wrote that the 2174: 2103:De rerum natura 2084: 2076:(827–911), and 2054: 2013: 1982: 1959: 1927: 1916: 1893: 1860:problem of evil 1796:De rerum natura 1780: 1732:Cyrenaic school 1689: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1628: 1618: 1551:, and novelist 1537:Richard Dawkins 1509: 1503: 1444:and miserable. 1390: 1380: 1375: 1363:Mikhail Bakunin 1343: 1329: 1251:omnibenevolence 1223: 1217:Problem of evil 1209: 1136: 1097: 1092: 942: 897:Richard Dawkins 877:Richard Dawkins 850: 844: 813:George H. Smith 809:Baron d'Holbach 757: 755: 741: 739: 725: 723: 708: 702: 686: 678:burden of proof 655:problem of evil 593: 515: 514: 462: 461:Related stances 454: 453: 420:De rerum natura 400: 392: 391: 343:Lawrence Krauss 338:Baron d'Holbach 303:Richard Dawkins 288:Mikhail Bakunin 267: 259: 258: 257: 243:Problem of Hell 238:Problem of evil 228:Parody religion 201: 191:God of the gaps 179: 164:Atheist's wager 155: 147: 146: 102: 94: 93: 74: 66: 65: 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20376: 20366: 20365: 20350: 20349: 20332: 20315: 20313:from Wikibooks 20298: 20281: 20279:from Wikiquote 20264: 20247: 20230: 20201: 20196: 20195: 20193: 20192: 20190:Westernization 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20170:Visegrád Group 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20110:Nordic Council 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20005:Bucharest Nine 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19970:Arctic Council 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19941: 19939: 19933: 19932: 19930: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19918: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19882: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19865: 19859: 19857: 19851: 19850: 19848: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19836: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19814: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19765: 19764: 19754: 19753: 19752: 19747: 19746: 19745: 19735: 19734: 19733: 19723: 19722: 19721: 19696: 19694: 19688: 19687: 19685: 19684: 19683: 19682: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19661: 19660: 19648: 19647: 19646: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19605: 19604: 19599: 19589: 19588: 19587: 19580:Existentialism 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19531: 19529: 19523: 19522: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19492: 19491: 19490: 19480: 19479: 19478: 19473: 19463: 19462: 19461: 19451: 19446: 19445: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19424: 19423: 19422: 19412: 19411: 19410: 19400: 19399: 19398: 19393: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19367: 19366: 19356: 19351: 19350: 19349: 19339: 19338: 19337: 19327: 19326: 19325: 19315: 19310: 19309: 19308: 19298: 19293: 19292: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19270: 19268: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19258: 19257: 19256: 19251: 19241: 19240: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19144: 19139: 19138: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19117: 19116: 19115: 19113:Late antiquity 19105: 19099: 19097: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19064: 19063: 19058: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19028: 19023: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19010: 18999: 18998: 18991: 18984: 18976: 18967: 18966: 18964: 18963: 18953: 18942: 18939: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18931: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18866: 18864: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18783: 18781: 18775: 18774: 18772: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18655: 18653: 18647: 18646: 18644: 18643: 18642: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18619:United Kingdom 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18400: 18398: 18392: 18391: 18389: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18247: 18246: 18241: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18125: 18123: 18117: 18116: 18114: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17842: 17840: 17830: 17829: 17819: 17818: 17815: 17814: 17811: 17810: 17808: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17741: 17739: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17725: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17712:Secularization 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17692:Deconstruction 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17668: 17666: 17656: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17643: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17545:Fundamentalism 17542: 17541: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17499: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17478: 17477: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17452: 17447: 17441: 17439: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17426: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17409: 17408: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17347: 17345: 17337: 17336: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17282: 17280: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17212: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17186: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17023: 17021:Call to prayer 17018: 17013: 17008: 17006:Disaffiliation 16998: 16996: 16988: 16987: 16977: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16933: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16912: 16911: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16880: 16875: 16874: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16853: 16852: 16851: 16846: 16836: 16835: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16809: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16785: 16775: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16722: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16704:Greco-Buddhism 16701: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16664: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16598: 16593: 16592: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16527: 16526: 16523: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16458: 16456: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16447: 16446: 16434: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16328: 16318: 16317: 16316: 16311: 16301: 16296: 16295: 16294: 16285: 16283: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16255: 16254: 16249: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16218: 16217: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16156: 16154: 16147: 16137: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16108: 16106: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16065:Tambor de Mina 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16021: 16020: 16015: 16010: 15991: 15990: 15989: 15988: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15886: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15860: 15858: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15842:Guanche church 15833: 15831: 15824: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15751: 15749: 15747:Tibeto-Burmese 15743: 15742: 15740: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15718: 15716: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15680: 15670: 15665: 15663:Nuu-chah-nulth 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15585: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15572:Muscogee Creek 15569: 15564: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15466: 15460: 15458: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15439:Sumbese Marapu 15436: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15385: 15377: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15360: 15358:Batak Parmalim 15354: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15342: 15336: 15334: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15307: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15280: 15278: 15269: 15263: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15244: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15176: 15169: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15152: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15122: 15116: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15104: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14967: 14965: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14916: 14914: 14908: 14907: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14888: 14886: 14880: 14879: 14877: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14860: 14859: 14846: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14810: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14779: 14777: 14768: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14749: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14725: 14723: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14694: 14692: 14686: 14685: 14683: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14670:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 14666: 14664: 14655: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14546: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14514: 14513: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14505: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14474: 14472: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14462: 14455: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14407:Bible Students 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14377:Restorationism 14374: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14333:Evangelicalism 14330: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14244: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14227: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14206: 14196: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14161: 14159: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14075: 14073: 14064: 14055: 14045: 14044: 14032: 14031: 14024: 14023: 14016: 14009: 14001: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13988: 13978: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13902: 13900: 13899:Related topics 13896: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13882: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13859:Daniel Dennett 13856: 13851: 13849:Ravi Zacharias 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13814:William L Rowe 13810: 13808: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13789:William Alston 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13739: 13737:Gabriel Marcel 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13693: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13674:Ernst Cassirer 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13613: 13611: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13569:Thomas Carlyle 13565: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13494:Baruch Spinoza 13491: 13486: 13481: 13479:René Descartes 13476: 13470: 13468: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13451:Thomas Aquinas 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13382: 13380: 13366: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13314: 13312: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13220:Possibilianism 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13096:Fundamentalism 13093: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13064: 13057:Existentialism 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12988: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12950:Noncognitivism 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12901: 12899:Transcendental 12896: 12895: 12894: 12889: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12867:Pascal's wager 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12802: 12797: 12795:Christological 12792: 12786: 12784: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12552: 12551: 12544: 12537: 12529: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12516: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12336:Belief systems 12332: 12331: 12324: 12317: 12309: 12300: 12299: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12270:Trinitarianism 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12225: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12171: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12149: 12144: 12142:Liberal theism 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12107:Dipolar theism 12104: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12046:Jewish atheism 12043: 12038: 12033: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11952: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11929: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11915:Secular ethics 11912: 11907: 11902: 11900: 11899:Related topics 11896: 11895: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11796: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11761: 11753: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11609:Secularization 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11550: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11534: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11456: 11446: 11432: 11414: 11405: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364:External links 11362: 11360: 11359: 11353: 11340: 11334: 11321: 11315: 11301: 11295: 11278: 11269:online reviews 11261: 11255: 11235: 11229: 11216: 11191: 11177: 11159: 11144: 11131: 11113: 11095: 11077: 11062: 11048:(2): 187–223. 11030: 11024: 11011: 11005: 10987: 10981: 10968: 10952: 10946: 10933: 10927: 10914: 10891: 10885: 10869: 10851: 10836: 10807: 10801: 10784: 10778: 10762: 10750: 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Prometheus. 10367: 10361: 10345: 10323: 10305: 10279: 10244: 10238: 10225: 10219: 10203: 10191: 10178: 10156: 10138: 10112: 10082: 10056: 10044:, ed. (2006). 10038: 10017: 9997: 9970: 9953: 9928: 9910: 9892: 9846:(April 2006). 9840: 9814: 9796: 9790: 9770: 9744: 9726: 9706: 9694: 9688: 9670: 9652: 9634: 9622: 9608: 9588: 9582: 9566: 9560: 9544: 9516:Adamson, Peter 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9472:(2): 258–279. 9452: 9393: 9332: 9281: 9255:(3): 268–274. 9231: 9200:(2): 647–684. 9180: 9118: 9081: 9050:(2191): 2191. 9030: 9019:(1): 156–171. 9003: 8977: 8932: 8897: 8866: 8839: 8800:(7): 840–846. 8780: 8750: 8688: 8666: 8635: 8590: 8560: 8530: 8500: 8470: 8433: 8414: 8393:"WVS Database" 8381: 8357: 8340:"Atheist Zone" 8331: 8301: 8271: 8236: 8211:European Union 8189: 8155: 8131: 8104: 8084: 8051: 8019: 7987: 7955: 7929: 7902: 7879: 7846: 7810: 7780: 7743: 7731: 7698: 7671: 7640: 7607: 7588: 7568: 7535: 7507: 7500: 7474: 7444: 7429:"Is God Dead?" 7420: 7401: 7374: 7356: 7340: 7330:online reviews 7317: 7305: 7281: 7259: 7235: 7213: 7199:Holyoake, G.J. 7190: 7171: 7144: 7125: 7105: 7073: 7064: 7041: 7028: 6996: 6970: 6947: 6924: 6898: 6889: 6870: 6850: 6841: 6822: 6802: 6779: 6764: 6752: 6729: 6716: 6699: 6692: 6674: 6641: 6607: 6600: 6582: 6559: 6532: 6516: 6502: 6482: 6465: 6456: 6431: 6398: 6379: 6357: 6319: 6306: 6299: 6281: 6269:Bremmer, Jan. 6254: 6247: 6229: 6217:Bremmer, Jan. 6209: 6200: 6181:(3): 247–262. 6165: 6148: 6146:, 136 182-186. 6135: 6118: 6092: 6054: 6036: 6023: 6016: 6008:Greek Religion 5982: 5975: 5944: 5932: 5897: 5884: 5863: 5841: 5834: 5814: 5795: 5783:Most, Glenn W. 5756: 5737: 5714: 5692: 5672: 5637: 5605: 5579: 5556: 5530: 5516: 5490: 5479: 5459: 5449: 5431: 5412: 5387: 5368: 5366:, p. 291. 5356: 5326: 5308: 5277: 5240: 5229:(2): 113–133. 5199:(2): 179–182. 5182: 5161:(3): 242–250. 5141: 5129: 5120: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5064:Salk Institute 5062:(Conference). 5047: 5035: 5018: 5004:(Book Eleven: 4987: 4969: 4942: 4910: 4900:Pascal, Blaise 4892: 4876: 4849: 4842: 4824: 4792: 4766:(6): 949–971. 4740: 4711: 4696: 4666: 4653: 4639: 4615: 4594: 4582: 4539: 4490: 4483: 4462: 4431: 4400: 4369: 4357: 4326: 4295: 4289:978-1138506916 4288: 4265: 4249: 4218: 4211: 4193: 4178: 4148: 4117: 4088: 4059: 4032:Martiall, John 4023: 3997: 3978: 3958: 3946: 3928: 3916: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3852: 3844:What I believe 3840:Kenny, Anthony 3831: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3743: 3723:Philosophy Now 3709: 3675: 3637: 3625: 3593: 3561: 3544: 3525:, ed. (1911). 3523:Chisholm, Hugh 3514: 3480: 3468: 3449: 3426: 3396: 3377: 3357:Philosophy Now 3343: 3309: 3271: 3252:, ed. (1911). 3250:Chisholm, Hugh 3241: 3234: 3212: 3172: 3131: 3098: 3059: 3032: 3012: 3005: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2881: 2878: 2830: 2827: 2795: 2792: 2779: 2776: 2748: 2745: 2741:New Zealanders 2732: 2729: 2712: 2709: 2684: 2681: 2645:Czech Republic 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2577:events of 9/11 2565:Daniel Dennett 2534:Main article: 2531: 2528: 2438:Vladimir Lenin 2399:existentialism 2376: 2373: 2328:. The radical 2194:Baruch Spinoza 2173: 2170: 2074:Ibn al-Rawandi 2064:experienced a 2053: 2050: 1983: 300 BCE 1960: 300 BCE 1891: 1793:. In his work 1779: 1776: 1685:Main article: 1682: 1679: 1674:Main article: 1671: 1668: 1617: 1614: 1608:, such as the 1529:Daniel Dennett 1502: 1499: 1494:Julian Baggini 1402:Phil Zuckerman 1384:Secular ethics 1379: 1378:Secular ethics 1376: 1374: 1371: 1328: 1325: 1281:omnibenevolent 1208: 1205: 1135: 1132: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1008:), "atheism". 941: 938: 858:Michael Martin 846:Main article: 843: 840: 834:classifies as 804:transcendental 734:) assert that 704:Main article: 701: 698: 685: 682: 643:secular ethics 613: 595: 594: 592: 591: 584: 577: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 551: 539: 527: 517: 516: 511: 510: 509: 508: 500: 499: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 480: 472: 471: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 323:A. C. Grayling 320: 315: 310: 308:Daniel Dennett 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 283:Julian Baggini 277: 276: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 256: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 198: 193: 188: 183: 176: 171: 169:Creator of God 166: 160: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 139: 134: 129: 127:Secular ethics 124: 119: 114: 109: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 58: 53: 47: 44: 43: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20375: 20364: 20361: 20360: 20358: 20347:from Wikidata 20346: 20345: 20333: 20329: 20328: 20316: 20312: 20311: 20299: 20295: 20294: 20282: 20278: 20277: 20265: 20262:from Wikinews 20261: 20260: 20248: 20244: 20243: 20231: 20227: 20226: 20214: 20213: 20210: 20204: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20135:PROSUR/PROSUL 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 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19750:Protestantism 19748: 19744: 19741: 19740: 19739: 19736: 19732: 19729: 19728: 19727: 19724: 19720: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19708: 19707: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19697: 19695: 19693: 19689: 19681: 19678: 19677: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19670:Sovereigntism 19668: 19666: 19663: 19659: 19658: 19654: 19653: 19652: 19649: 19645: 19642: 19641: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19594: 19593: 19590: 19586: 19583: 19582: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19565:Scholasticism 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19524: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19489: 19486: 19485: 19484: 19481: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19468: 19467: 19464: 19460: 19457: 19456: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19429: 19428: 19425: 19421: 19418: 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19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19053: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19033: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19012: 19008: 19004: 19003:Western world 18997: 18992: 18990: 18985: 18983: 18978: 18977: 18974: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18952: 18944: 18943: 18940: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18863: 18862:South America 18859: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18780: 18776: 18770: 18769:United States 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18656: 18654: 18652: 18651:North America 18648: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18621: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18509:Liechtenstein 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18399: 18397: 18393: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 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17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17961:Guinea-Bissau 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17843: 17841: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17824: 17820: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17785:Organizations 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17729: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17648: 17645: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17615:Vegetarianism 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17560:Homosexuality 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17483: 17482: 17479: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17461: 17460: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17430: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17407: 17404: 17403: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17381:Neurotheology 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17348: 17346: 17344: 17338: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17283: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17190: 17187: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17169: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17075:Folk religion 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16982: 16978: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16913: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16898:Imperial cult 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16885: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16858: 16857: 16854: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16837: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16814: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16695: 16692: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16541: 16537: 16532: 16528: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16467:Discordianism 16465: 16463: 16462:Anthroposophy 16460: 16459: 16457: 16453: 16445: 16444: 16440: 16439: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16410:Mari religion 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16344: 16341: 16340: 16339: 16336: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16322: 16319: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16293: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16276: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16247:Neo-Theosophy 16245: 16244: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16185:New Acropolis 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16138: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15881: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15857: 15851: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15830:North African 15828: 15825: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15744: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15605: 15602: 15601: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15594:Kwakwakaʼwakw 15592: 15590: 15587: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15457: 15451: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15423: 15420: 15416: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15365: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15332:Austroasiatic 15329: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15311: 15308: 15304: 15303:Vattisen Yaly 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15222:Kirat Mundhum 15220: 15218: 15215: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15161: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15153: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15102: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14913: 14909: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14881: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14858: 14857: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14843: 14839: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14754: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14691: 14687: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14663: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14593: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14581:Milah Abraham 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14237:Protestantism 14235: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14147: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14072: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14022: 14017: 14015: 14010: 14008: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13987: 13979: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13897: 13887: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13829:Anthony Kenny 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13801: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13754:Mircea Eliade 13752: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13638: 13637:William James 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13617:Ernst Haeckel 13615: 13614: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13541: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13529:Immanuel Kant 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13484:Blaise Pascal 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13374: 13370: 13367: 13362: 13355: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13285:Language game 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12955:Occam's razor 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12800:Consciousness 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12696: 12695:Unmoved mover 12693: 12691: 12690:Supreme Being 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12630: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12550: 12545: 12543: 12538: 12536: 12531: 12530: 12527: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12508: 12507:Transcendence 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12337: 12330: 12325: 12323: 12318: 12316: 12311: 12310: 12307: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12137:Kathenotheism 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12070:Binitarianism 12068: 12064: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11999:Gender of God 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11950: 11945: 11943: 11938: 11936: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11839:Organizations 11836: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11794: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11767: 11766: 11762: 11760: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11594:Secular state 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11527: 11525: 11520: 11518: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11503: 11499: 11498:McGinn, Colin 11496: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11484: 11481: 11477: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11356: 11350: 11347:. NYU Press. 11346: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11327: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11287: 11286: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11222: 11217: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11132: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11096: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11063: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11017: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10974: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10955:McGinn, Colin 10953: 10949: 10943: 10939: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10920: 10915: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10793: 10792: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10766:Jacoby, Susan 10763: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10677: 10672: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10573: 10569: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10551:. Oxford UP. 10550: 10549: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10444: 10440: 10439: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10306: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10231: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10181: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10002: 9998: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9964: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9883:alternate URL 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9791:9780393327656 9787: 9782: 9781: 9775: 9771: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9710:Flint, Robert 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9674:Edwards, Paul 9671: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9600: 9599: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9538:September 22, 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9243: 9235: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9103: 9099: 9092: 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8055: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8023: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7922: 7921:Eric Kaufmann 7918: 7914: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7898:Eric Kaufmann 7895: 7891: 7888: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7713:New Statesman 7709: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7511: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7349: 7348:Richard Pipes 7344: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7314: 7313:Zdybicka 2005 7309: 7303:, p. 112 7302: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7242: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7068: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7000: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6854: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6775:Zdybicka 2005 6771: 6769: 6761: 6756: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6713: 6712:Stroumsa 1999 6709: 6703: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6670:0-7661-7290-2 6667: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6622:(27): 23–27. 6621: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6486: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6391:September 15, 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6310: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6213: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6115:0-929524-89-6 6112: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6067:Against Apion 6063: 6058: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034:, 18 105-125. 6033: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5880:0-691-01958-4 5877: 5873: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5719: 5711: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5653:(171): 1–19. 5652: 5648: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502:New Religions 5494: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5323: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5113:Hitchens 2007 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4843:9781479896875 4839: 4835: 4828: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4484:9780199644650 4480: 4476: 4469: 4467: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4367:, p. 19. 4366: 4365:Zdybicka 2005 4361: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305:"Physicalism" 4299: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4214: 4212:9780877229438 4208: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3956:, p. 51. 3955: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3926:, p. 50. 3925: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846:. Continuum. 3845: 3841: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3769:reprinted in 3766: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3752:Nagel, Ernest 3747: 3740: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3635:, p. 14. 3634: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2823:death anxiety 2820: 2815: 2806: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2747:United States 2744: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2502:Supreme Court 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2476:Leaders like 2474: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442:Joseph Stalin 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:rationalistic 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:anti-clerical 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303:Immanuel Kant 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2231:Denis Diderot 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Thomas Hobbes 2206: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2190:Etienne Dolet 2187: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Islamic world 2059: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 200 CE 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993:philosophers 1992: 1988: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934:' comic play 1933: 1921: 1913: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1856:Tim Whitmarsh 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1820:materialistic 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Purva Mimamsa 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:creator deity 1633: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1553:José Saramago 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1517:José Saramago 1513: 1508: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488:Philosophers 1486: 1484: 1483:false analogy 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446:Blaise Pascal 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:nationalistic 1403: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:Sigmund Freud 1348: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:transcendence 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197:David Wiggins 1194: 1193:James Griffin 1190: 1189:John McDowell 1184: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1142:According to 1140: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1087: 1085: 1084:globalization 1081: 1080:Abrahamic god 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 999: 992: 986: 979: 971: 965: 959: 952: 947: 946:ancient Greek 936: 934: 930: 924: 922: 918: 917: 912: 911: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 878: 874: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 849: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 765: 760: 753: 749: 744: 737: 733: 728: 721: 717: 712: 707: 697: 695: 691: 681: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 623: 621: 617: 611: 609: 605: 601: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 570: 568: 567: 561: 552: 549: 545: 540: 537: 528: 525: 521: 520: 519: 518: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 498: 495: 494: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 474: 473: 470: 467: 466: 458: 457: 450: 449: 445: 443: 442: 438: 436: 435: 431: 429: 428: 424: 422: 421: 417: 415: 414: 410: 408: 407: 403: 402: 396: 395: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 368:Michel Onfray 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 313:Denis Diderot 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 278: 275: 272: 271: 263: 262: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Occam's razor 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 159: 151: 150: 143: 142:State atheism 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 98: 97: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 70: 69: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52: 49: 48: 42: 41: 38: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 20342: 20325: 20308: 20291: 20274: 20257: 20245:from Commons 20240: 20223: 20202: 20180:Western Bloc 19980:AUSCANNZUKUS 19936:Contemporary 19885:Human rights 19844: 19731:Latin Church 19705:Christianity 19655: 19614:Conservatism 19459:contemporary 19296:Architecture 19232:World War II 19192:Emancipation 19187:Abolitionism 19075:Romanization 19070:Roman legacy 19051:Roman Empire 18366:Turkmenistan 18326:Saudi Arabia 18071:South Africa 18061:Sierra Leone 17866:Burkina Faso 17775:Names of God 17722:Unaffiliated 17681: 17677:Antireligion 17538:Universalism 17486:Assimilation 17351:Anthropology 17226:Supernatural 17221:Spirituality 17189:Sacred space 17177:Purification 17050:Denomination 17004: / 16812:Paleo-Balkan 16778:Mesopotamian 16618:Cook Islands 16589:Old Prussian 16502:UFO religion 16441: 16437:Zalmoxianism 16365:Neoshamanism 16222:Spiritualism 16105:Other ethnic 15994: 15820:Traditional 15780:Bongthingism 15678:Acoma Pueblo 15621:Mesoamerican 15350:Austronesian 15171: 15167:Neo-Buddhism 15099: 15095:Neo-Hinduism 15016:Swaminarayan 14854: 14803:Salvationist 14788:Confucianism 14639:Samaritanism 14609:Ali-Illahism 14590: 14457: 14451:Unitarianism 14392:Old Catholic 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Smart 881: 851: 835: 828:Ernest Nagel 823: 819: 818: 800:supernatural 791: 779: 775: 771: 769: 763: 758: 751: 747: 742: 735: 731: 726: 689: 687: 674:parsimonious 671: 663:be falsified 636: 624: 599: 598: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 378:Peter Singer 358:Jean Meslier 298:Albert Camus 36: 25: 20225:Definitions 20120:Open Balkan 19938:integration 19868:Rule of law 19863:Natural law 19840:Agnosticism 19818:Hellenistic 19796:Anglo-Saxon 19726:Catholicism 19665:Atlanticism 19570:Rationalism 19376:Immigration 19359:Esotericism 19217:World War I 19182:Romanticism 19162:Reformation 19142:Renaissance 19120:Middle Ages 19085:Christendom 19014:Foundations 18817:New Zealand 18754:Saint Lucia 18704:El Salvador 18609:Switzerland 18544:Netherlands 18316:Philippines 18244:South Korea 18239:North Korea 18129:Afghanistan 18076:South Sudan 17966:Ivory Coast 17750:Deification 17697:Objectivism 17672:Agnosticism 17630:Persecution 17620:Video games 17585:Populations 17496:Proselytism 17464:Monasticism 17455:Clericalism 17445:Agriculture 17436:and society 17401:Soteriology 17361:Comparative 17331:Transtheism 17316:Panentheism 17100:Monasticism 16893:Gallo-Roman 16795:Micronesian 16761:Manichaeism 16709:Hermeticism 16677:Continental 16672:Anglo-Saxon 16552:Paleolithic 16547:Prehistoric 16497:Scientology 16360:Italo-Roman 16215:Radha Soami 16195:New Thought 16035:Espiritismo 15976:Waaqeffanna 15916:Fon and Ewe 15854:Sub-Saharan 15737:Satsana Phi 15533:Ghost Dance 15491:Californian 15469:Anishinaabe 15400:Karo Pemena 15379:Indonesian 15053:Lingayatism 15001:Mahanubhava 14971:Vaishnavism 14902:Jeungsanism 14825:Folk Taoism 14808:Xiantiandao 14662:Zoroastrian 14321:Charismatic 14316:Pentecostal 14279:Anglicanism 14230:Waldensians 14165:Catholicism 13794:Antony Flew 13779:Peter Geach 13712:René Guénon 13659:Lev Shestov 13654:Rudolf Otto 13361:of religion 13200:Panentheism 13133:Inclusivism 13052:Exclusivism 13047:Esotericism 13017:Creationism 12997:Agnosticism 12965:Poor design 12960:Omnipotence 12887:Natural law 12862:Ontological 12815:Contingency 12665:Holy Spirit 12467:Panentheism 12447:New Thought 12392:Esotericism 12357:Agnosticism 12265:Transtheism 12228:Physitheism 12196:Panentheism 12191:Open theism 12179:Post-theism 12056:New Atheism 11690:Agnosticism 11569:Freethought 11459:‹ The 11142:(1): 32–37. 11056:February 1, 10491:October 30, 9957:Hume, David 9932:Hume, David 9922:October 30, 9844:Harris, Sam 9834:October 30, 9800:Harris, Sam 9774:Harris, Sam 9664:October 30, 9592:Barker, Dan 8880:LiveScience 8860:(2): 31–33. 8773:January 23, 8709:(8): 0151. 8659:February 8, 8523:December 6, 8493:December 6, 8264:November 7, 7301:Martin 2006 7255:Martin 2006 6989:November 4, 6959:. 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J. 3954:Harris 2006 3763:philosophic 3733:October 24, 3699:October 24, 3664:October 24, 3646:Paul Draper 3557:Martin 2006 3460:Barker 2008 3437:Martin 2006 3407:Agnosticism 3390:, pp. 3388:Martin 1990 3367:October 24, 3333:October 24, 3298:October 24, 3280:Paul Draper 3196:AGNOSTICISM 2731:Australasia 2721:North Korea 2675:(10%), and 2661:Netherlands 2653:South Korea 2643:(31%), the 2581:creationist 2553:Julia Galef 2536:New Atheism 2365:Stephen Law 2182:Reformation 2142:Renaissance 2131:Waldensians 2111:Middle Ages 2056:During the 1991:Hellenistic 1904:Bellerophon 1895:Bellerophon 1865:Bellerophon 1755:materialism 1632:irreligious 1479:divine laws 1458:, or that " 1442:meaningless 1415:antisemitic 1247:omnipotence 1239:omniscience 1181:Graham Oppy 1164:physicalism 1160:materialism 1115:ontological 962:, from the 854:Antony Flew 832:Graham Oppy 716:weak/strong 694:agnosticism 560:WikiProject 483:Freethought 478:Agnosticism 293:Mario Bunge 233:Poor design 89:New Atheism 20276:Quotations 20140:Rio Treaty 19651:Relativism 19609:Liberalism 19575:Empiricism 19527:Philosophy 19515:Secularism 19466:Philosophy 19403:Literature 19197:Capitalism 18807:Micronesia 18684:Costa Rica 18579:San Marino 18539:Montenegro 18519:Luxembourg 18376:Uzbekistan 18351:Tajikistan 18256:Kyrgyzstan 18229:Kazakhstan 18179:East Timor 18149:Bangladesh 18139:Azerbaijan 18056:Seychelles 18021:Mozambique 18006:Mauritania 17991:Madagascar 17881:Cape Verde 17663:irreligion 17658:Secularism 17565:Minorities 17533:Toleration 17528:Syncretism 17513:Fanaticism 17503:Disability 17491:Missionary 17481:Conversion 17469:Ordination 17391:Psychology 17386:Philosophy 17326:Polytheism 17306:Monotheism 17301:Henotheism 17142:Orthopraxy 17132:Ordination 17095:Meditation 17090:Indigenous 17055:Entheogens 17040:Conversion 16866:Pueblo III 16783:Babylonian 16773:Melanesian 16699:Gnosticism 16584:Lithuanian 16477:Fourth Way 16331:Circassian 16309:Dievturība 16232:Tensegrity 16165:Falun Gong 15810:Sanamahism 15790:Donyi-Polo 15422:Polynesian 15368:Kaharingan 15293:Burkhanism 15232:Ravidassia 15210:Śvetāmbara 14996:Pushtimarg 14976:Krishnaism 14912:Vietnamese 14897:Cheondoism 14830:Yao Taoism 14766:East Asian 14532:Isma'ilism 14488:Maturidism 14267:Mennonites 14262:Hutterites 14247:Anabaptism 14140:Humanistic 13764:J L Mackie 13722:Karl Barth 13519:David Hume 13441:Maimonides 13426:Heraclitus 13215:Polytheism 13185:Nondualism 13173:Humanistic 13158:Naturalism 13148:Monotheism 13106:Henotheism 13101:Gnosticism 13032:Demonology 12915:747 gambit 12832:Experience 12670:Misotheism 12492:Shramanism 12472:Polytheism 12452:Nondualism 12427:Monotheism 12407:Henotheism 12402:Gnosticism 12347:Abrahamism 12240:Polytheism 12233:Euhemerism 12211:Hylotheism 12152:Monotheism 12127:Henotheism 12122:Misotheism 12016:Antitheism 11681:Antitheism 11604:Secularity 11599:Secularism 11546:Irreligion 11538:Irreligion 11403:PhilPapers 11125:August 13, 10863:August 13, 9943:. London. 9764:August 13, 9730:Flynn, Tom 9413:: 102939. 9098:MPRA Paper 8407:January 7, 8228:August 14, 7948:August 28, 7413:August 13, 6797:B004VX3Z6S 6509:October 9, 6411:Lactantius 6336:"Epicurus" 6163:32, 16-32. 5854:Quartz.com 5647:Philosophy 5424:August 13, 5385:Sam Harris 5217:Also see: 4996:Dostoevsky 4977:Smith 1979 4884:Smith 1979 4626:Abhidharma 4624:Sheath of 4445:PhilPapers 3633:Smith 1979 3607:Good Sense 3462:, p. 3416:, p. 3414:Flynn 2007 3188:Flynn 2007 3165:October 2, 3124:October 2, 3091:October 2, 2967:References 2798:See also: 2784:Arab world 2778:Arab world 2561:Sam Harris 2450:Mao Zedong 2419:John Dewey 2411:naturalism 2369:secularism 2299:empiricism 2295:David Hume 2176:Historian 2123:nominalist 2093:apologists 2089:al-Maʿarri 2085: 865 2066:Golden Age 2033:Roman gods 2003:Pyrrhonist 1937:The Clouds 1920:Protagoras 1870:A fragment 1826:Anaxagoras 1816:Democritus 1774:in India. 1533:Sam Harris 1505:See also: 1411:prejudiced 1382:See also: 1317:Vasubandhu 1303:David Hume 1277:omnipotent 1273:omniscient 1269:Theodicean 1176:Naturalism 1144:naturalism 1124:A. J. Ayer 1104:David Hume 1100:Skepticism 1029:Hellenists 929:astrologer 921:Sam Harris 684:Definition 665:, and the 647:secularism 469:Irreligion 328:Sam Harris 132:Secularism 56:Naturalism 20327:Resources 20310:Textbooks 20085:Five Eyes 20080:EU–UK TCA 19922:Democracy 19811:Old Norse 19700:Abrahamic 19657:Peritrope 19639:Tolerance 19619:Socialism 19449:Mythology 19437:Classical 19386:Languages 19364:Astrology 19212:Modernism 19026:Old World 18925:Venezuela 18870:Argentina 18787:Australia 18739:Nicaragua 18714:Guatemala 18514:Lithuania 18336:Sri Lanka 18331:Singapore 18311:Palestine 18199:Indonesia 18189:Hong Kong 18011:Mauritius 17732:Overviews 17687:Criticism 17635:Terrorism 17610:Theocracy 17555:Happiness 17523:Pluralism 17508:Education 17434:Religion 17406:Salvation 17396:Sociology 17341:Religious 17321:Pantheism 17311:Nontheism 17204:Mountains 17182:Sacrifice 17137:Orthodoxy 17127:Mythology 17122:Mysticism 17011:Behaviour 16920:Canaanite 16903:Mithraism 16871:Pueblo IV 16861:Pueblo II 16766:Mazdakism 16741:Hungarian 16714:Mysteries 16623:Dravidian 16405:Hungarian 16321:Caucasian 16292:Godianism 16252:Agni Yoga 16242:Theosophy 16205:Rastafari 16180:Modekngei 16160:Brahmoism 16153:Syncretic 16145:movements 16143:religious 16055:Quimbanda 16003:Candomblé 15996:Diasporic 15775:Bathouism 15765:Benzhuism 15690:Tsimshian 15641:Purépecha 15562:Longhouse 15537:Sun Dance 15486:Blackfoot 15405:Malaysian 15395:Kapitayan 15205:Digambara 15190:Ayyavazhi 15155:Vajrayana 15120:Theravada 15033:Ganapatya 15006:Ramanandi 14935:Hoahaoism 14813:Yiguandao 14708:Yarsanism 14703:Shabakism 14690:Yazdânism 14680:Zurvanism 14675:Mazdaznan 14634:Rastafari 14629:Mandaeism 14503:Wahhabism 14483:Ash'arism 14446:Tolstoyan 14436:Spiritual 14426:Mormonism 14397:Judaizers 14370:Quakerism 14348:Methodist 14338:Irvingism 14289:Calvinism 14242:Adventism 14225:Moravians 14062:Abrahamic 13864:Loyal Rue 13589:Karl Marx 13411:Gaudapada 13240:Shamanism 13205:Pantheism 13190:Nontheism 13168:Religious 13153:Mysticism 13126:Christian 13116:Religious 13067:Atheistic 13062:Christian 12945:Nonbelief 12930:Free will 12746:Mormonism 12570:Afterlife 12487:Shamanism 12462:Pantheism 12432:Mysticism 12422:Monolatry 12412:Immanence 12275:Tritheism 12201:Pantheism 12174:Nontheism 12169:Mysticism 12147:Monolatry 12117:Egotheism 12112:Dystheism 12100:Polydeism 12021:Apatheism 11994:Existence 11739:Humanists 11734:Agnostics 11713:Apatheism 11656:Criticism 11436:"Atheism" 10908:April 15, 10832:145640287 10430:"Atheism" 10289:1874-6691 10164:"Atheism" 10090:"Atheism" 10066:22379448M 9968:. London. 9866:0272-0701 9824:25353925M 9808:. Knopf. 9618:24313839M 9435:208768799 9376:242996508 9352:: 83–93. 9315:233804304 9214:247911367 9100:(68451). 8921:: 11–15. 8890:March 24, 8822:145425706 8814:1948-5506 8614:March 10, 8114:22379448M 7980:April 29, 7803:April 27, 7691:March 16, 7098:April 23, 7057:August 1, 6963:March 28, 6407:Patristic 6175:Phronesis 5775:"Atheism" 5667:170899306 4729:cite book 4590:Hume 1779 4522:1354-814X 4455:April 13, 4424:April 14, 4393:April 13, 4350:April 14, 4319:April 14, 4228:(1998). " 4189:Hume 1748 4068:Atheistes 4052:April 23, 4006:"atheist" 3795:Flew 1976 3783:Oppy 2018 3685:"Atheism" 3489:"Atheism" 3422:knowledge 3319:"Atheism" 3052:April 18, 3042:25285702M 2972:Citations 2907:Apatheism 2673:Australia 2463:In 1966, 2444:, and in 2353:Karl Marx 2288:Although 1976:Euhemerus 1899:Euripides 1882:Euripides 1787:Lucretius 1736:heterodox 1644:atheistic 1575:dogmatism 1560:Karl Marx 1355:Karl Marx 1289:suffering 1090:Arguments 1034:The term 944:In early 940:Etymology 933:alchemist 908:theistic 884:religious 836:innocents 796:spiritual 353:Karl Marx 213:Nonbelief 186:Free will 154:Arguments 20357:Category 20145:Schengen 20075:Eurozone 19915:Property 19910:Religion 19801:Frankish 19791:Germanic 19771:Paganism 19692:Religion 19680:European 19592:Humanism 19495:Religion 19454:Painting 19420:Internet 19371:Folklore 19342:Clothing 19313:Calendar 19289:Cyrillic 19274:Alphabet 19237:Cold War 18951:Category 18915:Suriname 18905:Paraguay 18890:Colombia 18797:Kiribati 18724:Honduras 18694:Dominica 18669:Barbados 18634:Scotland 18594:Slovenia 18589:Slovakia 18564:Portugal 18434:Bulgaria 18356:Thailand 18306:Pakistan 18286:Mongolia 18281:Maldives 18276:Malaysia 18164:Cambodia 18111:Zimbabwe 18086:Tanzania 17936:Ethiopia 17931:Eswatini 17911:Djibouti 17876:Cameroon 17861:Botswana 17805:Timeline 17800:Scholars 17760:Founders 17625:Violence 17580:Politics 17450:Business 17413:Theology 17157:Prophecy 17147:Paganism 17035:Covenant 17002:Apostasy 16937:Scythian 16878:Rapa Nui 16832:Thracian 16827:Illyrian 16817:Albanian 16788:Sumerian 16731:Harappan 16667:Germanic 16662:Georgian 16655:Selk'nam 16640:Etruscan 16628:Egyptian 16606:Druidism 16569:Armenian 16492:Satanism 16472:Eckankar 16395:Estonian 16380:Romanian 16370:Ossetian 16350:Germanic 16299:Armenian 16288:African 16281:paganism 16210:Sant Mat 16200:Rajneesh 16175:Meivazhi 16170:Japanese 16127:Siberian 16060:Santería 16030:Convince 15896:Bushongo 15800:Kiratism 15727:Hmongism 15604:Wocekiye 15589:Jivaroan 15557:Iroquois 15552:Ho-Chunk 15513:Cherokee 15456:American 15427:Hawaiian 15340:Sarnaism 15310:Tungusic 15298:Tengrism 15288:Mongolic 15217:Sarnaism 15148:Nichiren 15125:Mahayana 15112:Buddhism 15090:Sant Mat 15080:Sauraism 15075:Smartism 15070:Shaktism 15063:Balinese 15048:Kaumaram 15043:Kapalika 15038:Kashmiri 15023:Shaivism 14963:Hinduism 14930:Caodaism 14874:Ryukyuan 14869:Tenrikyo 14864:Shugendō 14842:Japanese 14713:Yazidism 14698:Ishikism 14576:Quranism 14549:Khawarij 14498:Salafism 14493:Atharism 14382:Esoteric 14353:Holiness 14343:Lutheran 14304:Reformed 14284:Baptists 14257:Brethren 14221:Hussites 14209:Assyrian 14125:Haymanot 14079:Orthodox 14028:Religion 13986:Category 13931:Religion 13921:Exegesis 13406:Boethius 13401:Averroes 13396:Avicenna 13378:medieval 13348:Theodicy 13195:Pandeism 13111:Humanism 13079:Thealogy 13022:Dharmism 12992:Acosmism 12984:Theology 12852:Morality 12847:Miracles 12726:Hinduism 12716:Buddhism 12675:Pandeism 12650:Demiurge 12618:Theodicy 12457:Pandeism 12382:Dharmism 12352:Acosmism 12095:Pandeism 11972:Divinity 11729:Atheists 11636:Religion 11461:template 11272:Archived 11241:(1999). 11204:Archived 11171:April 9, 11119:Archived 11101:(2006). 11089:April 9, 11083:Archived 11050:Archived 11036:(1989). 10993:(1985). 10962:Archived 10957:(2010). 10875:(1982). 10857:Archived 10768:(2004). 10730:April 9, 10665:April 9, 10588:(2005). 10515:Archived 10485:Archived 10449:April 9, 10443:Archived 10409:(1999). 10397:July 23, 10351:(2007). 10341:4401616M 10333:79002726 10311:(1979). 10293:Archived 10197:(1957). 10185:April 9, 10162:(1998). 10144:Archived 10118:(2018). 10100:Archived 10088:(2013). 10070:Archived 10032:April 9, 10027:8110936M 10003:(1990). 9991:April 8, 9985:Archived 9959:(1748). 9949:7145748M 9934:(1779). 9916:Archived 9898:(2007). 9886:Archived 9870:Archived 9828:Archived 9776:(2005). 9758:Archived 9754:8851140M 9722:7193167M 9712:(1903). 9700:(1976). 9658:Archived 9640:(2006). 9594:(2008). 9572:(2003). 9550:(1999). 9532:Archived 9518:(2021). 9496:April 6, 9490:Archived 9486:55892851 9445:April 6, 9439:Archived 9427:31805479 9386:April 6, 9380:Archived 9325:April 6, 9319:Archived 9274:April 6, 9265:Archived 9224:April 6, 9218:Archived 9175:27054566 9135:PLOS ONE 9111:July 20, 9102:Archived 9076:29312057 8989:Archived 8966:cite web 8950:Archived 8884:Archived 8832:March 4, 8826:Archived 8767:Archived 8737:Archived 8733:45851307 8680:Archived 8653:Archived 8624:cite web 8608:Archived 8577:Archived 8547:Archived 8517:Archived 8487:Archived 8463:July 19, 8454:Archived 8452:. NORC. 8425:Archived 8401:Archived 8344:Archived 8318:Archived 8314:Stats NZ 8294:April 9, 8288:Archived 8258:Archived 8182:April 9, 8124:April 9, 8118:Archived 8068:Archived 7974:Archived 7913:Archived 7890:Archived 7866:Archived 7835:cite web 7825:April 9, 7797:Archived 7718:Archived 7685:Archived 7658:Archived 7633:June 30, 7627:Archived 7600:July 23, 7594:Archived 7555:Archived 7519:Archived 7467:July 13, 7461:Archived 7407:Archived 7385:(2014). 7333:Archived 7293:April 9, 7287:Archived 7247:April 9, 7241:Archived 7201:(1896). 7183:June 28, 7177:Archived 7155:(2011). 7137:April 9, 7131:Archived 7092:Archived 7021:April 7, 7015:Archived 7007:(1770). 6940:Archived 6911:Archived 6876:Archived 6834:March 3, 6828:Archived 6740:Archived 6657:Archived 6547:Archived 6474:Lucullus 6472:Cicero, 6449:Archived 6439:Plutarch 6419:Diodorus 6385:Archived 6344:Archived 6072:Plutarch 6044:Irenaeus 6006:(1985). 5858:Archived 5801:Archived 5749:April 9, 5743:Archived 5704:April 9, 5698:Archived 5630:April 9, 5616:(1967). 5598:April 9, 5592:Archived 5549:April 9, 5543:Archived 5418:Archived 5379:Archived 5349:April 9, 5343:Archived 5292:(2010). 5267:April 9, 5257:Truthdig 5251:(2005). 5177:16924349 5033:, A811). 4962:April 9, 4956:Archived 4929:Archived 4902:(1669). 4863:Archived 4811:Archived 4689:April 9, 4683:Archived 4677:(1916). 4613:dukkha." 4569:Archived 4526:Archived 4449:Archived 4418:Archived 4387:Archived 4344:Archived 4313:Archived 4259:(1946). 4233:Archived 4164:(1581). 4132:archived 4109:55193813 4099:(1577). 4075:(1571). 4046:Archived 4034:(1566). 4010:Archived 3987:atheotēs 3939:(1678). 3909:April 9, 3903:Archived 3818:Archived 3727:Archived 3693:Archived 3658:Archived 3618:April 7, 3612:Archived 3604:(1772). 3586:April 9, 3580:Archived 3510:systems. 3497:Archived 3361:Archived 3327:Archived 3292:Archived 3159:Archived 3145:(1996). 3115:Archived 3085:Archived 3046:Archived 2880:See also 2555:in 2015. 2490:Brahmins 2486:Hinduism 2425:such as 2413:such as 2407:feminism 2403:humanism 2330:Jacobins 2290:Voltaire 2044:in 381, 1987:Plutarch 1969:ataraxia 1953:Epicurus 1892:— 1874:Sisyphus 1830:Irenaeus 1814:such as 1812:Atomists 1772:Buddhism 1724:Lokāyata 1720:Chārvāka 1705:orthodox 1695:and the 1664:Buddhism 1656:Hinduism 1640:Neopagan 1590:Crusades 1549:Voltaire 1423:dogmatic 1367:Voltaire 1299:Epicurus 1168:idealism 1065:athéisme 1005:atheotēs 910:innatism 651:evidence 536:Category 45:Concepts 20363:Atheism 20203:Atheism 19990:Benelux 19895:Thought 19845:Atheism 19786:Finnish 19762:Culture 19757:Judaism 19719:Eastern 19715:Western 19710:Culture 19644:Paradox 19510:Decline 19471:Science 19347:History 19335:Studies 19318:Cuisine 19306:Periods 19266:Culture 19095:History 19061:Eastern 19056:Western 19007:culture 18920:Uruguay 18895:Ecuador 18875:Bolivia 18852:Vanuatu 18779:Oceania 18729:Jamaica 18709:Grenada 18664:Bahamas 18624:England 18614:Ukraine 18569:Romania 18529:Moldova 18489:Ireland 18484:Iceland 18479:Hungary 18469:Germany 18459:Finland 18454:Estonia 18449:Denmark 18444:Czechia 18439:Croatia 18424:Belgium 18419:Belarus 18414:Austria 18409:Andorra 18404:Albania 18381:Vietnam 18291:Myanmar 18266:Lebanon 18184:Georgia 18144:Bahrain 18134:Armenia 18096:Tunisia 18066:Somalia 18051:Senegal 18036:Nigeria 18026:Namibia 18016:Morocco 17981:Liberia 17976:Lesotho 17926:Eritrea 17896:Comoros 17871:Burundi 17846:Algeria 17790:Outline 17755:Deities 17682:Atheism 17600:Science 17518:Freedom 17376:History 17343:studies 17296:Dualism 17286:Animism 17251:Worship 17231:Symbols 17172:Liturgy 17085:Goddess 17045:Deities 17026:Laicism 17016:Beliefs 16995:Aspects 16967:Zapotec 16962:Vainakh 16930:Yahwism 16915:Semitic 16844:Iranian 16746:Hurrian 16736:Hittite 16726:Guanche 16719:Orphism 16650:Fuegian 16645:Finnish 16633:Atenism 16579:Latvian 16564:Arabian 16507:Raëlism 16487:Jediism 16482:Goddess 16455:De novo 16343:Druidry 16237:Thelema 16190:New Age 16075:Umbanda 15966:Tumbuka 15951:Odinala 15936:Lugbara 15856:African 15822:African 15770:Bimoism 15760:Burmese 15616:Mapuche 15582:Wyandot 15542:Guarani 15523:Choctaw 15518:Chilote 15464:Abenaki 15415:Tagalog 15388:Kejawèn 15237:Sikhism 15200:Jainism 15160:Tibetan 15143:Amidism 15011:Warkari 14925:Đạo Mẫu 14775:Chinese 14757:Eastern 14734:Roshani 14653:Iranian 14561:Alevism 14554:Ibadism 14527:Zaydism 14204:Ancient 14175:Eastern 14135:Renewal 14120:Karaite 14101:Zionist 14089:Hasidic 14071:Judaism 14053:Western 13957:more... 13690:postwar 13373:Ancient 13261:more... 13180:New Age 13121:Secular 13091:Fideism 13042:Dualism 13012:Atheism 13002:Animism 12908:Against 12751:Sikhism 12741:Judaism 12736:Jainism 12645:Brahman 12598:Miracle 12442:New Age 12387:Dualism 12372:Atheism 12362:Animism 12132:Ietsism 12026:Atheism 12011:Animism 11977:Goddess 11641:History 11624:Atheism 11476:Atheism 11463:below ( 11420:(ed.). 11410:at the 11408:Atheism 11399:Atheism 11375:Atheism 10299:May 29, 10150:June 9, 9526:(ed.). 9508:Sources 9166:4824409 9143:Bibcode 9067:5742220 8956:May 14, 8553:May 12, 8350:May 23, 8209:, 383, 7683:. CNN. 6195:4182561 5927:1397540 5213:1385749 4905:Pensées 4785:June 8, 4157:Athisme 3441:entails 3392:467–468 3192:ATHEISM 2956:adevism 2947:atheism 2942:atheism 2723:(71%), 2677:Ireland 2671:(10%), 2669:Iceland 2667:(10%), 2665:Austria 2663:(14%), 2659:(15%), 2657:Germany 2655:(15%), 2651:(29%), 2647:(30%), 2639:(47%), 2614:atheism 2391:Marxism 2127:essence 1878:Critias 1828:, whom 1768:Jainism 1713:Mimamsa 1709:Samkhya 1670:History 1660:Jainism 1515:Author 1451:Pensées 1305:in his 1259:justice 1172:dualism 1073:Atheism 1056:atheism 1052:Atheist 1048:atheism 1036:atheist 998:ἀθεότης 923:wrote: 863:entails 772:atheism 762:on the 746:on the 730:on the 690:atheism 639:science 608:deities 600:Atheism 524:Outline 101:Society 73:History 37:Atheism 20010:CANZUK 19900:Speech 19828:Slavic 19806:Gothic 19781:Celtic 19776:Baltic 19675:Values 19476:Values 19036:Greece 18961:Portal 18900:Guyana 18880:Brazil 18847:Tuvalu 18744:Panama 18734:Mexico 18679:Canada 18674:Belize 18604:Sweden 18584:Serbia 18574:Russia 18559:Poland 18554:Norway 18534:Monaco 18504:Latvia 18499:Kosovo 18474:Greece 18464:France 18396:Europe 18361:Turkey 18346:Taiwan 18251:Kuwait 18224:Jordan 18214:Israel 18174:Cyprus 18159:Brunei 18154:Bhutan 18106:Zambia 18101:Uganda 18041:Rwanda 17996:Malawi 17956:Guinea 17946:Gambia 17851:Angola 17838:Africa 17647:Wealth 17595:Schism 17550:Growth 17474:Priest 17459:Clergy 17278:Theism 17261:Nature 17256:Astral 17199:Groves 17167:Ritual 17152:Prayer 17110:Novice 17060:Ethnic 16985:Topics 16957:Urartu 16952:Tongan 16947:Somali 16942:Slavic 16822:Dacian 16601:Celtic 16596:Basque 16574:Baltic 16425:Udmurt 16390:Uralic 16385:Slavic 16338:Celtic 16326:Abkhaz 16314:Romuva 16304:Baltic 16279:Modern 16122:Papuan 16085:Voodoo 16040:Kumina 15981:Yoruba 15971:Urhobo 15941:Maasai 15926:Lotuko 15874:Baluba 15864:Akamba 15837:Berber 15795:Heraka 15785:Dongba 15673:Pueblo 15668:Pawnee 15658:Navajo 15648:Muisca 15611:Lenape 15599:Lakota 15577:Seneca 15567:Mohawk 15501:Ohlone 15481:Apache 15474:Ojibwe 15454:Native 15320:Manchu 15315:Evenki 15276:Altaic 15267:Ethnic 15242:Khalsa 15195:Kalash 15085:Śrauta 14954:Indian 14884:Korean 14850:Shinto 14820:Taoism 14793:Luoism 14619:Baháʼí 14614:Bábism 14566:Ahmadi 14544:Sufism 14537:Alawis 14187:Church 14115:Reform 14096:Modern 14084:Haredi 13976:Portal 13250:Theism 13143:Monism 12877:Reason 12827:Desire 12822:Degree 12790:Beauty 12704:God in 12660:Egoism 12613:Spirit 12502:Theism 12417:Monism 12255:Theism 11722:People 11698:Strong 11480:Curlie 11466:Curlie 11372:about 11351: 11332: 11311: 11293: 11253: 11227: 11187: 11157: 11111: 11075: 11022: 11003: 10979: 10944: 10925: 10883: 10849: 10830: 10799: 10776: 10746: 10703: 10682: 10634: 10615: 10596: 10574: 10555: 10534: 10477: 10417: 10383: 10359: 10339: 10331: 10321: 10287: 10277: 10257:Leiden 10236: 10217: 10176: 10136: 10064: 10054: 10025: 10015: 9965: 9947: 9940: 9908: 9864: 9822: 9812: 9788: 9752: 9742: 9720: 9686: 9650: 9616: 9606: 9580: 9558: 9484: 9433: 9425: 9374: 9313: 9212: 9173: 9163: 9074: 9064: 8820: 8812: 8731: 8112: 8102: 8035:Gallup 7586: 7498: 7399: 7279: 7233: 7169: 7123: 6868: 6820: 6795: 6690: 6668: 6636:649759 6634: 6598: 6500: 6377: 6297: 6245: 6193: 6113: 6014: 5973: 5925: 5878: 5832: 5793: 5735: 5690: 5665: 5514: 5477: 5447: 5410: 5306: 5211: 5175: 4840: 4575:May 1, 4532:May 1, 4520: 4481: 4286: 4209: 4107: 3991:átheos 3976: 3850: 3232: 3208:gnosis 3040: 3030: 3003: 2683:Europe 2649:France 2608:, 2010 2571:, and 2448:under 2301:, and 2164:, and 2060:, the 2046:heresy 1889:words! 1847:Cicero 1839:Athens 1662:, and 1600:, and 1535:, and 1419:racist 1339:, and 1293:hidden 1279:, and 1261:, and 1219:, and 1195:, and 1156:monism 1148:nature 1060:French 1019:átheos 1010:Cicero 991:átheos 985:asebēs 978:ἀσεβής 951:átheos 792:theism 727:purple 657:, the 653:, the 616:theism 604:belief 266:People 20293:Texts 20242:Media 20165:USMCA 20020:CEFTA 19975:AUKUS 19965:ANZUS 19960:ANZUK 19905:Press 19823:Roman 19488:Sport 19432:Chant 19427:Music 19415:Media 19408:Canon 19354:Dance 19284:Latin 19279:Greek 19125:early 18885:Chile 18842:Tonga 18832:Samoa 18822:Palau 18812:Nauru 18719:Haiti 18639:Wales 18599:Spain 18524:Malta 18494:Italy 18386:Yemen 18341:Syria 18321:Qatar 18296:Nepal 18271:Macau 18234:Korea 18219:Japan 18194:India 18169:China 18081:Sudan 18031:Niger 17986:Libya 17971:Kenya 17951:Ghana 17941:Gabon 17916:Egypt 17856:Benin 17765:Index 17736:lists 17605:State 17423:Women 17291:Deism 17266:Place 17246:Water 17241:Truth 17209:Trees 17065:Faith 17030:Laity 16925:Punic 16883:Roman 16849:Vedic 16807:Olmec 16694:Greek 16687:Norse 16611:Irish 16432:Wicca 16227:Subud 16117:Inuit 16090:Winti 16080:Vodou 16045:Obeah 16025:Comfa 16008:Bantu 15961:Serer 15946:Mbuti 15906:Dogon 15901:Dinka 15884:Kongo 15879:Bantu 15805:Qiang 15636:Olmec 15626:Aztec 15547:Haida 15496:Miwok 15432:Māori 15363:Dayak 15284:Turko 15247:Sects 15183:Other 15138:Thiền 14722:Other 14624:Druze 14602:Other 14478:Sunni 14470:Islam 14252:Amish 14170:Latin 13245:Taoic 13027:Deism 12810:Kalam 12761:Wicca 12731:Islam 12580:Faith 12497:Taoic 12377:Deism 12080:Deism 11967:Deity 11749:Books 11646:State 10828:S2CID 10433:(PDF) 9860:(3). 9522:. 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