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in order to meaningfully study it. "The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science. Without assuming this spatial and temporal invariance, we have no basis for extrapolating from the known to the unknown and, therefore, no way of reaching general conclusions from a finite number of observations. (Since the assumption is itself vindicated by induction, it can in no way "prove" the validity of induction â an endeavor virtually abandoned after Hume demonstrated its futility two centuries ago)." Gould also notes that natural processes such as Lyell's "uniformity of process" are an assumption: "As such, it is another
488:
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definition, they would not be supernatural." As the supernatural is necessarily a mystery to us, it can provide no grounds on which one can judge scientific models. "Experimentation requires observation and control of the variables.... But by definition we have no control over supernatural entities or forces." Science does not deal with meanings; the closed system of scientific reasoning cannot be used to define itself. Allowing science to appeal to untestable supernatural powers would make the scientist's task meaningless, undermine the discipline that allows science to make progress, and "would be as profoundly unsatisfying as the ancient Greek playwright's reliance upon the
182:"Naturalism is not so much a special system as a point of view or tendency common to a number of philosophical and religious systems; not so much a well-defined set of positive and negative doctrines as an attitude or spirit pervading and influencing many doctrines. As the name implies, this tendency consists essentially in looking upon nature as the one original and fundamental source of all that exists, and in attempting to explain everything in terms of nature. Either the limits of nature are also the limits of existing reality, or at least the first cause,
250:
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nature, containing nothing 'supernatural', and that the scientific method should be used to investigate all areas of reality, including the 'human spirit'." Philosophers widely regard naturalism as a "positive" term, and "few active philosophers nowadays are happy to announce themselves as 'non-naturalists'". "Philosophers concerned with religion tend to be less enthusiastic about 'naturalism'" and that despite an "inevitable" divergence due to its popularity, if more narrowly construed, (to the chagrin of
1020:"The basis for rationality is acceptance of an external objective reality." "Objective reality is clearly an essential thing if we are to develop a meaningful perspective of the world. Nevertheless its very existence is assumed." "Our belief that objective reality exist is an assumption that it arises from a real world outside of ourselves. As infants we made this assumption unconsciously. People are happy to make this assumption that adds meaning to our sensations and feelings, than live with
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1124:"individuals can retain religious beliefs and still accept evolution through methodological naturalism. Scientists should therefore avoid mentioning metaphysical naturalism and use methodological naturalism instead." "Even someone who may disagree with my logic ⊠often understands the strategic reasons for separating methodological from philosophical naturalismâif we want more Americans to understand evolution."
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during scientific study to explain the functioning of the cosmos, they do not appeal to the supernatural. They agree that allowing "science to appeal to untestable supernatural powers to explain how nature functions would make the scientist's task meaningless, undermine the discipline that allows science to make progress, and would be as profoundly unsatisfying as the ancient Greek playwright's reliance upon the
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physical. From the 1950s onwards, philosophers began to formulate arguments for ontological physicalism. Some of these arguments appealed explicitly to the causal closure of the physical realm (Feigl 1958, Oppenheim and Putnam 1958). In other cases, the reliance on causal closure lay below the surface. However, it is not hard to see that even in these latter cases the causal closure thesis played a crucial role.
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ontological supernaturalist to espouse and practice methodological naturalism. For example, scientists may believe in God while practicing methodological naturalism in their scientific work. This position does not preclude knowledge that is somehow connected to the supernatural. Generally however, anything that one can examine and explain scientifically would not be supernatural, simply by definition.
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knowledge to understand supernatural powers, then, by definition, they would not be supernatural." "Because the supernatural is necessarily a mystery to us, it can provide no grounds on which one can judge scientific models." "Experimentation requires observation and control of the variables.... But by definition we have no control over supernatural entities or forces."
2471:, pp. 24â48, "Uniformity is an unprovable postulate justified, or indeed required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible and we are justified in seekingâas scientists we must seekâsuch a rational interpretation."
1955:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 165: "During the 1850s German ... scientists conducted a controversy known ... as the materialistic controversy. It was specially associated with the names of Vogt, Moleschott and BĂŒchner" and p. 173: "Frenchmen were surprised to see BĂŒchner and Vogt. ... he French were surprised at German materialism".
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made this assumption unconsciously when we began to learn about the world as infants. The world outside ourselves appears to respond in ways which are consistent with it being real. The assumption of objectivism is essential if we are to attach the contemporary meanings to our sensations and feelings and make more sense of them.
2202:, p. 2: Personally, I place great emphasis on the phrase "in principle", since there are many things that science does not now explain. And perhaps we need some natural piety concerning the ontological limit question as to why there is anything at all. But the idea that naturalism is a polemical notion is important"
2827:
According to
Richard Dawkins, 'It is absolutely safe to say that, if you meet somebody who claims not to believe in evolution, that person is ignorant, stupid, or insane (or wicked, but I'd rather not consider that).' Daniel Dennett goes Dawkins one (or two) further: 'Anyone today who doubts that the
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A simple random sample (SRS) is the most basic probabilistic option used for creating a sample from a population. Each SRS is made of individuals drawn from a larger population, completely at random. As a result, said individuals have an equal chance of being selected throughout the sampling process.
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Both
Schafersman and Strahler assert that it is illogical to try to decouple the two senses of naturalism. "While science as a process only requires methodological naturalism, the practice or adoption of methodological naturalism entails a logical and moral belief in philosophical naturalism, so they
1220:
I reject the naturalistic view: It is uncritical. Its upholders fail to notice that whenever they believe to have discovered a fact, they have only proposed a convention. Hence the convention is liable to turn into a dogma. This criticism of the naturalistic view applies not only to its criterion of
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Scottâs approach has found success as illustrated in
Ecklundâs study where some religious scientists reported that their religious beliefs affect the way they think about the implications â often moral â of their work, but not the way they practice science within methodological naturalism. Papineau
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used the term to clarify that the scientific method confines itself to natural explanations without assuming the existence or non-existence of the supernatural. "We may therefore be agnostic about the ultimate truth of naturalism, but nevertheless adopt it and investigate nature as if nature is all
1039:
Stanley
Sobottka said: "The assumption of external reality is necessary for science to function and to flourish. For the most part, science is the discovering and explaining of the external world." "Science attempts to produce knowledge that is as universal and objective as possible within the realm
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stated that
Naturalism is presumed to not be a religion. However, in one very important respect it resembles religion by performing the cognitive function of a religion. There is a set of deep human questions to which a religion typically provides an answer. In like manner naturalism gives a set of
732:
thesis implies that any mental and biological causes must themselves be physically constituted, if they are to produce physical effects. It thus gives rise to a particularly strong form of ontological naturalism, namely the physicalist doctrine that any state that has physical effects must itself be
1322:
to be the belief that there aren't any supernatural entities â no such person as God, for example, but also no other supernatural entities, and nothing at all like God. My claim was that naturalism and contemporary evolutionary theory are at serious odds with one another â and this despite the fact
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The position that the study of the function of nature is also the study of the origin of nature is in contrast with opponents who take the position that functioning of the cosmos is unrelated to how it originated. While they are open to supernatural fiat in its invention and coming into existence,
1056:
assumption shared by all scientists and not a statement about the empirical world." According to R. Hooykaas: "The principle of uniformity is not a law, not a rule established after comparison of facts, but a principle, preceding the observation of facts ... It is the logical principle of parsimony
1051:
referred to these two closely related propositions as the constancy of nature's laws and the operation of known processes. Simpson agrees that the axiom of uniformity of law, an unprovable postulate, is necessary in order for scientists to extrapolate inductive inference into the unobservable past
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also claims that all science is based on assumptions about the character of the universe, rather than merely on empirical facts. These assumptions â a paradigm â comprise a collection of beliefs, values and techniques that are held by a given scientific community, which legitimize their systems and
1175:
describes naturalism as the position that there is no higher tribunal for truth than natural science itself. In his view, there is no better method than the scientific method for judging the claims of science, and there is neither any need nor any place for a "first philosophy", such as (abstract)
994:
According to Robert Priddy, all scientific study inescapably builds on at least some essential assumptions that cannot be tested by scientific processes; that is, that scientists must start with some assumptions as to the ultimate analysis of the facts with which it deals. These assumptions would
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Objective reality exists beyond or outside our self. Any belief that it arises from a real world outside us is actually an assumption. It seems more beneficial to assume that an objective reality exists than to live with solipsism, and so people are quite happy to make this assumption. In fact we
964:
states: "The naturalistic view is that the particular universe we observe came into existence and has operated through all time and in all its parts without the impetus or guidance of any supernatural agency." "The great majority of contemporary philosophers urge that that reality is exhausted by
1142:
Pennock further states that as supernatural agents and powers "are above and beyond the natural world and its agents and powers" and "are not constrained by natural laws", only logical impossibilities constrain what a supernatural agent cannot do. In addition he says: "If we could apply natural
957:
in the sense of being susceptible to explanation through methods which, although paradigmatically exemplified in the natural sciences, are continuous from domain to domain of objects and events. Hence, naturalism is polemically defined as repudiating the view that there exists or could exist any
777:
philosopher. De Vries distinguished between what he called "methodological naturalism", a disciplinary method that says nothing about God's existence, and "metaphysical naturalism", which "denies the existence of a transcendent God". The term "methodological naturalism" had been used in 1937 by
1123:
finds it imperative to do so for the expediency of deprogramming the religious. "Scientists can defuse some of the opposition to evolution by first recognizing that the vast majority of
Americans are believers, and that most Americans want to retain their faith." Scott apparently believes that
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agents and powers "are above and beyond the natural world and its agents and powers" and "are not constrained by natural laws", only logical impossibilities constrain what a supernatural agent cannot do. He says: "If we could apply natural knowledge to understand supernatural powers, then, by
1387:
Naturalism of this sort says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of the supernatural, which by this definition is beyond natural testing. As a practical consideration, the rejection of supernatural explanations would merely be pragmatic, thus it would nonetheless be possible for an
1032:"Science, at least today, assumes that the universe obeys knowable principles that don't depend on time or place, nor on subjective parameters such as what we think, know or how we behave." Hugh Gauch argues that science presupposes that "the physical world is orderly and comprehensible."
2447:, p. 154, "Expressed as a single grand statement, science presupposes that the physical world is orderly and comprehensible. The most obvious components of this comprehensive presupposition are that the physical world exists and that our sense perceptions are generally reliable."
186:, has nothing to do with the working of natural agencies. All events, therefore, find their adequate explanation within nature itself. But, as the terms nature and natural are themselves used in more than one sense, the term naturalism is also far from having one fixed meaning".
1192:
are empirical. Naturalism is not a dogmatic belief that the modern view of science is entirely correct. Instead, it simply holds that science is the best way to explore the processes of the universe and that those processes are what modern science is striving to understand.
1057:
of causes and of economy of scientific notions. By explaining past changes by analogy with present phenomena, a limit is set to conjecture, for there is only one way in which two things are equal, but there are an infinity of ways in which they could be supposed different."
1187:
Therefore, philosophy should feel free to make use of the findings of scientists in its own pursuit, while also feeling free to offer criticism when those claims are ungrounded, confused, or inconsistent. In Quine's view, philosophy is "continuous with" science, and
2720:
Quine has argued that "Epistemology, or something like it, simply falls into place as a chapter of psychology." The
Quinean view that we should abandon epistemology for psychology, however, is not widely accepted by contemporary naturalists in epistemology. See
1430:
as being particularly problematic. Turbayne argues that over time humanity has become victimized by mistaking such metaphorical constructs for literal truths, which now form the basis for considerable obfuscation and confusion within the realms of metaphysics and
1335:
and the idea that human beings have evolved in the way contemporary evolutionary science suggests.) More particularly, I argued that the conjunction of naturalism with the belief that we human beings have evolved in conformity with current evolutionary doctrine
1435:. He concludes by observing that humanity can readily adopt more useful models of the natural world only after first acknowledging the manner in which such purely metaphorical constructs have taken on the guise of literal truth within much of the modern world.
1410:" and "substratum" which in his view convey little if any meaning at best. He asserts that along with several "physicalist" constructs, these concepts have been mistakenly incorporated through the use of deductive reasoning into the hypotheses underlying
1075:
A simple random sample (SRS) is the most basic probabilistic option used for creating a sample from a population. The benefit of SRS is that the investigator is guaranteed to choose a sample that represents the population that ensures statistically valid
1405:
puts forth an objection to naturalism which is based upon linguistic grounds. His objections refer to several of the concepts which form the a priori foundation for naturalism in general. In particular, Turbayne calls attention to the concepts of
174:, and other philosophers argued that the success of naturalism in science meant that scientific methods should also be used in philosophy. According to this view, science and philosophy are not always distinct from one another, but instead form a
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variety of life on this planet was produced by a process of evolution is simply ignorantâinexcusably ignorant.' You wake up in the middle of the night; you think, can that whole
Darwinian story really be true? Wham! You are inexcusably ignorant.
2459:, p. 120, "You cannot go to a rocky outcrop and observe either the constancy of nature's laws or the working of known processes. It works the other way around." You first assume these propositions and "then you go to the outcrop of rock."
144:. On the other hand, the more moderate view that naturalism should be assumed in one's working methods as the current paradigm, without any further consideration of whether naturalism is true in the robust metaphysical sense, is called
2311:, quote, "The great majority of contemporary philosophers would happily... reject 'supernatural' entities, and allow that science is a possible route (if not necessarily the only one) to important truths about the 'human spirit'."
391:
But, although he rejects the divine
Artificer, Aristotle does not resort to a pure mechanism of random forces. Instead he seeks to find a middle way between the two positions, one which relies heavily on the notion of Nature, or
365:
The choice seems simple: either show how a structured, regular world could arise out of undirected processes, or inject intelligence into the system. This was how
Aristotle⊠when still a young acolyte of Plato, saw matters.
640:
communities. While the vast majority of the population of the world remains firmly committed to non-naturalistic worldviews, contemporary defenders of naturalism and/or naturalistic theses and doctrines today include
995:
then be justified partly by their adherence to the types of occurrence of which we are directly conscious, and partly by their success in representing the observed facts with a certain generality, devoid of
378:
were brought on a sudden into the upper world, they would immediately suppose it to have been intelligently arranged. But Aristotle grew to abandon this view; although he believes in a divine being, the
1128:
notes that "Philosophers concerned with religion tend to be less enthusiastic about metaphysical naturalism and that those not so disqualified remain content "to set the bar for 'naturalism' higher."
238:. The Carvaka, Nyaya, Vaisheshika schools originated in the 7th, 6th, and 2nd century BCE, respectively. Similarly, though unnamed and never articulated into a coherent system, one tradition within
3568:
311:, meaning "nature") because they investigated natural causes, often excluding any role for gods in the creation or operation of the world. This eventually led to fully developed systems such as
1024:." "Without this assumption, there would be only the thoughts and images in our own mind (which would be the only existing mind) and there would be no need of science, or anything else."
2909:
2824:...I do indeed think that evolution functions as a contemporary shibboleth by which to distinguish the ignorant fundamentalist goats from the informed and scientifically literate sheep.
2831:
I do think that evolution has become a modern idol of the tribe. But of course it doesn't even begin to follow that I think the scientific theory of evolution is false. And I don't.
2535:
The benefit of SRS is that as a result, the investigator is guaranteed to choose a sample which is representative of the population, which ensures statistically valid conclusions.
1253:, because no number of experiments can ever prove a theory, but a single experiment can contradict one. Popper holds that scientific theories are characterized by falsifiability.
246:
in the 1st century, if not earlier, but it arose independently and had little influence on the development of modern naturalist philosophy or on Eastern or Western culture.
4478:
583:
The current usage of the term naturalism "derives from debates in America in the first half of the 20th century. The self-proclaimed 'naturalists' from that period included
1096:, the second sense of the term "naturalism", (see above) is "the adoption or assumption of philosophical naturalism ⊠with or without fully accepting or believing it.â
1355:
1011:
Some claim that naturalism is the implicit philosophy of working scientists, and that the following basic assumptions are needed to justify the scientific method:
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2636:[[wikisource:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/4:Whether ID Is Science#4. Whether ID is Science |Kitzmiller v. Dover: Whether ID is Science]]
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in nature rather than literal descriptions of an independent objective truth. Specifically, he identifies the "mechanistic" metaphors utilized by
1008:, i.e. anything above, beyond, or outside of nature. The scientific method is to be used to investigate all reality, including the human spirit.
4651:
1679:, Methodological naturalism is the adoption or assumption of naturalism in scientific belief and practice without really believing in naturalism.
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set the limitations to their investigation. For naturalists, nature is the only reality, the "correct" paradigm, and there is no such thing as
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By the middle of the twentieth century, the acceptance of the causal closure of the physical realm led to even stronger naturalist views. The
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That experimental procedures will be done satisfactorily without any deliberate or unintentional mistakes that will influence the results
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458:) started to emerge again in the 17th and 18th centuries. In this period, some metaphysical naturalists adhered to a distinct doctrine,
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states that naturalism, in recent usage, is a species of philosophical monism according to which whatever exists or happens is
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surveyed the thought of his predecessors and conceived of nature in a way that charted a middle course between their excesses.
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The University of Rochester Department of Philosophy- Berkley Essay Prize Competition - History of the Prize Colin Turbayne's
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Aristotle, one of the philosophers behind the modern day scientific method used as a central term in methodological naturalism
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Currently, metaphysical naturalism is more widely embraced than in previous centuries, especially but not exclusively in the
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Ancient Roman mosaic showing Anaximander holding a sundial. One of the contributors to naturalism in ancient Greek philosophy
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that the latter is ordinarily thought to be one of the main pillars supporting the edifice of the former. (Of course I am
1280:, is low or inscrutable, unless the evolution of humans was guided (for example, by God). According to David Kahan of the
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720:, contemporary naturalism is a consequence of the build-up of scientific evidence during the twentieth century for the "
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as a contrast to "naturalism" in general, but there the idea was not really developed to its more recent distinctions.
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155:â who believe that nature is identical with divinity while not recognizing a distinct personal anthropomorphic god â
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3478:. G â Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. State University of New York Press. p. 2.
1965:
462:, which became the dominant category of metaphysical naturalism widely defended until the end of the 19th century.
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The current usage of the term naturalism "derives from debates in America in the first half of the last century.
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challenge the idea that nature contains all of reality. According to some theists, natural laws may be viewed as
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attacking the theory of evolution, or anything in that neighborhood; I am instead attacking the conjunction of
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are not logically decoupled." This â naturalistic view is espoused by science as its fundamental assumption."
977:, for example), those not so disqualified remain nonetheless content "to set the bar for 'naturalism' higher."
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in the modern world. In addition, he argues further that they are more properly characterized as being purely
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410:, metaphysical naturalism was generally abandoned by intellectuals. Thus, there is little evidence for it in
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with the view that human beings have evolved in that way. I see no similar problems with the conjunction of
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2875:. Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp.
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That Nature has uniformity of laws and most if not all things in nature must have at least a natural cause.
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2763:. G â Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Cornell University Press. p. ix.
1139:. described "methodological naturalism" stating that it is not based on dogmatic metaphysical naturalism.
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315:, which sought to explain everything that exists as the product of atoms falling and swerving in a void.
226:. Naturalism was the foundation of two out of six orthodox schools and one heterodox school of Hinduism.
20:
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A naturalistic methodology (sometimes called an "inductive theory of science") has its value, no doubt.
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This debate was to persist throughout the ancient world. Atomistic mechanism got a shot in the arm from
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as an attempt to comprehend nature in its totality and to outline its general theoretical structure.
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1284:, in order to understand how beliefs are warranted, a justification must be found in the context of
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Hegel who together with Joseph von Schelling developed the form of natural philosophy recognised as
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See Georgi Plekhanov, "For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel's Death" (1891). See also Plekhanov,
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of the physical", the doctrine that all physical effects can be accounted for by physical causes.
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91:, the philosophical study of what exists. Philosophers often treat naturalism as equivalent to
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In contrast to Schafersman, Strahler, and Scott, Robert T. Pennock, an expert witness at the
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within a naturalistic framework. An example of a more progressive naturalistic philosophy is
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234:) as the primary cause of the universe, without assuming the existence of a personal God or
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meaning, but also to its idea of science, and consequently to its idea of empirical method.
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was a proponent of naturalism in ethics who acknowledged normative truths and properties.
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Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Religion: The History of Western Philosophy of Religion
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That reality can be discovered by means of systematic observation and experimentation.
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Naturalism Defeated?: Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism
2760:
Naturalism Defeated?: Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism
1427:
1347:
Naturalism Defeated?: Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism
1298:
Plantinga argues that together, naturalism and evolution provide an insurmountable "
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3224:"Toward the vindication of punctuational change in catastrophes and earth history"
1208:
theory of science. He rejected it based on his general critique of induction (see
607:
A politicized version of naturalism that has arisen in contemporary philosophy is
476:) materialist positions in metaphysics, but he was not hostile to naturalism. His
39:. According to naturalism, the causes of all phenomena are to be found within the
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Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time
3132:
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1789:
1550:
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633:
384:
326:
266:
6374:
2571:(1996). ""Creationism, Ideology, and Science"". In Gross; Levitt; Lewis (eds.).
2304:
1986:
1340:
is in a certain interesting way self-defeating or self-referentially incoherent.
138:" in nature. This stronger formulation of naturalism is commonly referred to as
7143:
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David Macarthur, "Quinean Naturalism in Question," Philo. vol 11, no. 1 (2008).
1999:
1622:
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1311:
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970:
770:
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The term "methodological naturalism" is much more recent, though. According to
729:
721:
717:
670:
666:
654:
646:
56:
32:
6584:
6359:
1617:
According to philosopher Steven Lockwood, naturalism can be separated into an
1108:, the term "methodological naturalism" was coined in 1983 by Paul de Vries, a
958:
entities which lie, in principle, beyond the scope of scientific explanation.
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7198:
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4284:
4234:
4199:
4179:
4159:
3724:
3054:
Shook, John. 2005 p. 2451 Biography of Colin Murray Turbayne on Google Books
2586:
2568:
2015:
1359:
1120:
966:
905:
702:
469:
465:
447:
387:
of action in the Universe, and plays no part in constructing or arranging it
380:
298:
223:
219:
3425:
Simpson, G. G. (1963). "Historical science". In Albritton, C. C. Jr. (ed.).
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1085:
919:
and in principle, can be explained and understood by science and philosophy;
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6852:
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5358:
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5092:
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5017:
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4304:
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2164:
1914:
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1432:
1419:
1415:
1374:
1285:
1181:
931:
923:
758:
674:
662:
588:
564:
Another notable school of late modern philosophy advocating naturalism was
473:
403:
312:
60:
3209:
3184:
3120:
1867:
827:
A 21st century image of the universe and a 1888 illustration of the cosmos
799:
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7015:
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6857:
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2083:
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1245:
Popper instead proposed that science should adopt a methodology based on
1201:
1177:
1000:
901:
893:
877:
686:
612:
592:
459:
375:
274:
92:
4629:
3032:
1973:, 1952, p. 227: "the Continental materialism of Moleschott and Buchner".
1184:, that could stand behind and justify science or the scientific method.
7070:
6898:
6847:
6837:
6708:
6612:
6557:
6364:
6344:
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3852:
3739:
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3289:
2156:
1637:
1470:
1307:
1269:
1067:
That experimenters won't be significantly biased by their presumptions.
939:
761:
return to David Hume which can strengthen classical materialist ideas.
658:
616:
584:
439:
290:
243:
99:
48:
28:
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3810:
3749:
3679:
3569:
Working from Within: The Nature and Development of Quine's Naturalism
2256:
1918:
1540:
1272:, has become a well-known critic of naturalism. He suggests, in his
1021:
897:
846:
842:
577:
532:
318:
286:
239:
152:
135:
6310:
3102:
Sense and Goodness without God: A defense of Metaphysical Naturalism
2998:
Murphy, Jeffrie G. "Berkeley and the Metaphor of Mental Substance."
2936:
1212:), yet acknowledged its utility as means for inventing conjectures.
6915:
6822:
6787:
6745:
6733:
6521:
6315:
6215:
6158:
5962:
5916:
5800:
5122:
4840:
4528:
4089:
3944:
3719:
3684:
2937:"Plantinga's Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism"
1302:
for the belief that our cognitive faculties are reliable", i.e., a
1016:
That there is an objective reality shared by all rational observers
853:
608:
348:
330:
282:
231:
88:
64:
40:
3493:
3475:
Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative
2894:
2820:"Evolution, Shibboleths, and Philosophers â Letters to the Editor"
2778:
19:
This article is about the philosophical view. For other uses, see
6542:
6516:
6511:
6453:
6448:
6280:
6168:
6163:
6122:
5944:
5790:
5672:
4820:
4378:
4084:
4014:
3984:
3949:
3884:
3842:
3827:
3694:
3145:
3088:
Audi, Robert (1996). "Naturalism". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).
1953:
The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century
1445:
927:
916:
860:) consists only of natural elements, that is, of spatio-temporal
340:
235:
227:
95:, but there are important distinctions between the philosophies.
3520:
3354:
World Without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Naturalism
2793:"Gifford Lecture Series â Warrant and Proper Function 1987â1988"
1072:
That random sampling is representative of the entire population.
16:
Belief that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe
6807:
6728:
6458:
6117:
6107:
5805:
5707:
4887:
3974:
3924:
3837:
3709:
3583:
2745:
Quinean Replacement Naturalism finds relatively few supporters.
1495:
1455:
1276:, that the probability that evolution has produced humans with
885:
869:
857:
394:
367:
355:
307:
305:, meaning "natural philosopher" borrowing on the word ÏÏÏÎčÏ or
270:
156:
111:
103:
3594:
230:, one of the oldest schools of Indian philosophy puts nature (
6623:
6285:
5571:
5504:
4479:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
4074:
4024:
3453:
Understanding Science: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues
3282:
The principle of uniformity in geology, biology, and theology
2871:
Beilby, J.K., ed. (2002). "Introduction by Alvin Plantinga".
1460:
989:
889:
813:
407:
131:
127:
2647:"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 3, AM: Robert Pennock (continued)"
2551:"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 3, AM: Robert Pennock (continued)"
1903:
German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism 1781â1801
1642:"Darwin Re-Crucified: Why Are So Many Afraid of Naturalism?"
4766:
4019:
3999:
3994:
3919:
3877:
3862:
1695:
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition)
881:
865:
222:
phenomenon, but an equivalent idea has long existed in the
107:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
6468:
2994:
2992:
2428:
2426:
102:
argues that nature is best accounted for by reference to
3553:
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co Ltd, 1925,
2474:
2267:
2210:
2208:
343:
was, by the fourth century at least, the most prominent
126:. Further, this sense of naturalism holds that spirits,
4419:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2314:
2225:
2223:
2130:
1028:
That this objective reality is governed by natural laws
242:
philosophy embraced a form of Naturalism dating to the
3019:
Hesse, Mary (1966). "Review of The Myth of Metaphor".
2989:
2498:
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2344:
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2340:
2338:
2336:
3429:. Stanford, California: Freeman, Cooper, and Company.
3262:
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
3121:"Atheism and the Assumptions of Science and Religion"
2575:. The New York Academy of Sciences. pp. 519â520.
2205:
1156:
944:
The Cosmos is all that is or ever was or ever will be
3247:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp.
3231:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3063:
3061:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2220:
2181:
3046:
3044:
3042:
2908:Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, N. N. (11 September 2014).
2486:
2333:
1825:
1384:to extract his hero from a difficult predicament."
1153:to extract his hero from a difficult predicament."
523:A version of naturalism that arose after Hegel was
293:), were labeled by their peers and successors "the
3450:
3406:"Naturalism is Today An Essential Part of Science"
3331:
3302:
3240:
3227:. In Bergren, W. A.; Van Couvering, J. A. (eds.).
3222:
3156:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2614:Science vs. Religion: What Scientists Really Think
2257:"Chapter Five, Scientific Objectivity in Question"
2193:
837:, naturalism is a philosophy that maintains that;
213:
3119:Chen, Christina S. (2009). Larson, Thomas (ed.).
3058:
2358:
1762:. University of California Press. pp. 11â13.
934:philosophy opposed primarily by supernaturalism".
333:, contrasts sharply with the various mechanistic
7602:
3539:Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2004.
3039:
2591:"Science and Religion, Methodology and Humanism"
2112:"ASA March 2006 â Re: Methodological Naturalism"
1872:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1866:Rohlf, Michael (28 July 2020). "Immanuel Kant".
329:, imperfectly represented in matter by a divine
1630:
3135:(1967). "Naturalism". In Edwards, Paul (ed.).
1989:, in "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
1791:Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought
1712:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 227â246.
257:Western metaphysical naturalism originated in
5520:
4645:
3610:
3092:. USA: Macmillan Reference. pp. 372â374.
2934:
2866:
2864:
2847:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chap. 11.
2288:"Chapter 6, The Privileged Status of Science"
1981:
1979:
1940:The Development of the Monist View of History
3294:Philosophical Essays in Pragmatic Naturalism
3139:. New York: The Macmillan. pp. 448â450.
3014:
3012:
3010:
2907:
2750:
2693:
1080:
773:, it was coined in 1983 by Paul de Vries, a
67:. In its primary sense, it is also known as
3400:
2697:Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective
2248:
2143:
2088:On the Origins of Methodological Naturalism
1757:
1691:"Naturalism in Classical Indian Philosophy"
1676:
1636:
5527:
5513:
4652:
4638:
3617:
3603:
3572:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
3546:New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
3052:Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2935:Fitelson, Branden; Sober, Elliott (1998).
2861:
2050:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2006:. In Gillett, Carl; Loewer, Barry (eds.).
1976:
1925:, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 18.
1838:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
1688:
1337:
1217:
990:Providing assumptions required for science
713:, among many other academic philosophers.
602:
388:
362:
351:
344:
5308:
5271:Relationship between religion and science
4659:
3500:
3208:
3090:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement
3007:
2842:
2817:
2579:
2273:
2242:
1894:
1892:
1787:
43:and not transcendental factors beyond it.
3542:Mario De Caro and David Macarthur (eds)
3535:Mario De Caro and David Macarthur (eds)
3445:
3433:
3279:
3255:
2504:
2432:
2327:
2229:
2214:
1998:
1831:
1794:. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
1710:Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought
1603:
1396:
1288:theism, as in Plantinga's epistemology.
1274:evolutionary argument against naturalism
1133:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
1084:
738:
486:
325:Plato's world of eternal and unchanging
248:
198:
27:
3424:
3340:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3096:
2959:
2733:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2722:
2663:
2611:
2545:
2543:
2468:
2309:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2285:
2079:
2077:
1820:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1597:
7603:
3338:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
3143:
2870:
2756:
2700:. Oxford University Press. p. 5.
2687:
2254:
1889:
1732:
1354:The argument is controversial and has
1264:, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at
514:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling
191:
7266:
6008:
5546:
5508:
4633:
4449:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
3598:
3471:
3374:
3300:
3288:
3235:
3217:
3182:
3169:
3163:"The nature of reality and knowledge"
3160:
3131:
3018:
2822:. The Chronicle of Higher Education.
2585:
2567:
2492:
2480:
2456:
2444:
2369:
2199:
2187:
2155:
1865:
1707:
1358:as seriously flawed, for example, by
926:does not exist, i.e., only nature is
106:principles. These principles include
4549:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
4469:The World as Will and Representation
3329:
3311:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3161:Durak, Antoine Berke (6 June 2008).
3118:
3087:
2630:
2540:
2352:
2074:
1936:Essays on the History of Materialism
1822:(21 May 2014), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
1365:
1135:trial and cited by the Judge in his
417:
406:in the West and the later spread of
3348:
3284:(2nd ed.). London: E.J. Brill.
3265:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2664:Pennock, Robert T. (10 June 2015).
2403:
2381:
1905:, Harvard university Press, p. 506.
1869:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1613:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
543:, Engels's "materialist dialectic"
184:if its existence is found necessary
134:are not real and that there is no "
13:
3529:
3309:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
2965:
2818:Plantinga, Alvin (11 April 2010).
2573:The Flight From Science and Reason
1835:Hobbes and the Two Faces of Ethics
1735:Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy
1256:
1157:Views on methodological naturalism
615:. Objectivism is an expression of
14:
7637:
5291:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5286:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5239:History and philosophy of science
3576:
3185:"Is uniformitarianism necessary?"
2968:"Supernaturalist Explanations..."
2666:"Supernaturalist Explanations..."
1229:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1161:
872:. Non-physical or quasi-physical
7584:
7583:
7570:
5488:
5476:
4612:
4602:
4601:
3582:
3150:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1966:The Nineteenth Century and After
1591:Oxford English Dictionary Online
1232:, (Routledge, 2002), pp. 52â53,
812:
798:
4399:Meditations on First Philosophy
3624:
3505:. Lowell Lectures. Free Press.
3144:Dubray, Charles Albert (1911).
3080:
2941:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
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2901:
2836:
2811:
2785:
2714:
2657:
2639:
2612:Ecklund, Elaine Howard (2010).
2605:
2561:
2510:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2397:
2375:
2297:
2279:
2235:
2149:
2104:
2058:
2008:Physicalism and its Discontents
1992:
1958:
1945:
1928:
1908:
1886:. Clarendon Press, 2006, p. 16.
1884:Kant, Science, and Human Nature
1876:
1859:
1808:
1781:
915:Nature operates by the laws of
402:With the rise and dominance of
214:Ancient and medieval philosophy
209:History of metaphysical realism
5534:
4680:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
3229:Catastrophes and Earth History
3137:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1923:Social Action and Human Nature
1766:
1751:
1726:
1701:
1682:
1670:
1579:
1306:along the lines of Descartes'
1196:
789:
480:is considered to be a form of
424:early modern era of philosophy
1:
7267:
3457:. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
3172:Scientific Method in Practice
1693:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1567:
984:answers to these questions".
841:"Nature encompasses all that
518:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
434:(who put forward a theory of
218:Naturalism is most notably a
7056:Ordinary language philosophy
5547:
4584:Philosophy of space and time
3503:Science and the Modern World
3104:. AuthorHouse. p. 444.
1611:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
1572:
1391:
930:. Naturalism is therefore a
908:upon the physical or can be
764:
370:⊠preserves Aristotle's own
87:. "Ontological" refers to
7:
7106:Contemporary utilitarianism
7021:Internalism and externalism
5013:Hypothetico-deductive model
4988:Deductive-nomological model
4973:Constructivist epistemology
4459:The Phenomenology of Spirit
3551:The History of Materialism,
3544:Naturalism and Normativity.
3307:. In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
3189:American Journal of Science
2966:T., Robert (10 June 2015).
2845:Warrant and Proper Function
2616:. Oxford University Press.
1938:(1893) and Plekhanov,
1501:Naturalist computationalism
1438:
1401:The Australian philosopher
529:anthropological materialism
21:Naturalism (disambiguation)
10:
7642:
6370:Svatantrika and Prasangika
6009:
3434:Sobottka, Stanley (2005).
3176:Cambridge University Press
2725:"Naturalized Epistemology"
1737:. Routledge. p. 269.
1165:
436:psychophysical parallelism
202:
59:and forces (as opposed to
18:
7564:
7516:
7416:
7378:
7325:
7292:
7283:
7279:
7262:
7212:
7124:
6962:
6953:
6886:
6669:
6660:
6638:
6593:
6535:
6487:
6441:
6432:
6395:
6266:
6131:
6078:
6069:
6019:
6015:
6004:
5943:
5915:
5872:
5824:
5781:
5734:
5706:
5658:
5630:
5592:Philosophy of mathematics
5582:Philosophy of information
5557:
5553:
5542:
5467:
5299:
5201:
5131:
5074:Semantic view of theories
4993:Epistemological anarchism
4945:
4930:dependent and independent
4667:
4597:
4521:
4320:
4060:
3788:
3632:
3501:Whitehead, A.N. (1997) .
3336:. In Audi, Robert (ed.).
2843:Plantinga, Alvin (1993).
2723:Feldman, Richard (2012).
2004:"The Rise of Physicalism"
1788:Hankinson, R. J. (1997).
1556:Transcendental naturalism
1094:Methodological naturalism
1081:Methodological naturalism
478:transcendental philosophy
263:pre-Socratic philosophers
146:methodological naturalism
98:For example, philosopher
4816:Intertheoretic reduction
4805:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4782:Functional contextualism
4574:Philosophy of psychology
4509:Simulacra and Simulation
3549:Friedrich Albert Lange,
2518:"Simple Random Sampling"
2016:10.1017/CBO9780511570797
1320:philosophical naturalism
1204:equated naturalism with
1168:Naturalized epistemology
1040:of human understanding."
784:The Philosophical Review
636:and the Anglo-American,
442:, and the proponents of
259:ancient Greek philosophy
81:philosophical naturalism
7611:Naturalism (philosophy)
7061:Postanalytic philosophy
7002:Experimental philosophy
5301:Philosophers of science
5079:Scientific essentialism
5028:Model-dependent realism
4963:Constructive empiricism
4856:Evidence-based practice
4439:Critique of Pure Reason
3589:Naturalism (philosophy)
3537:Naturalism in Question.
3358:Oxford University Press
3301:Lacey, Alan R. (1995).
3170:Gauch, Hugh G. (2002).
3021:Foundations of Language
2953:10.1111/1468-0114.00053
2255:Priddy, Robert (1998).
1814:William Edward Morris,
1733:Leaman, Oliver (1999).
1546:Sociological naturalism
806:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
755:speculative materialism
603:Contemporary philosophy
559:dialectical materialism
168:Willard Van Orman Quine
141:metaphysical naturalism
73:metaphysical naturalism
7194:Social constructionism
6206:Hellenistic philosophy
5622:Theoretical philosophy
5597:Philosophy of religion
5587:Philosophy of language
5384:Alfred North Whitehead
5374:Charles Sanders Peirce
4030:Typeâtoken distinction
3858:Hypostatic abstraction
3640:Abstract object theory
3402:Schafersman, Steven D.
3330:Post, John F. (1995).
2735:(Summer 2012 ed.)
1689:Chatterjee, A (2012).
1511:Naturalistic pantheism
1426:which was embraced by
1352:
1243:
1090:
962:Arthur Newell Strahler
912:to a physical account;
747:continental philosophy
743:
638:analytic philosophical
553:), and their follower
541:historical materialism
500:late modern philosophy
495:
430:that naturalists like
400:
254:
205:History of materialism
196:
151:With the exception of
69:ontological naturalism
55:is the idea that only
44:
37:Yosemite National Park
7626:Metatheory of science
7621:Metaphysical theories
7577:Philosophy portal
7096:Scientific skepticism
7076:Reformed epistemology
5602:Philosophy of science
5483:Philosophy portal
5234:Hard and soft science
5229:Faith and rationality
5098:Scientific skepticism
4878:Scientific Revolution
4661:Philosophy of science
4619:Philosophy portal
4499:Being and Nothingness
3915:Mental representation
3280:Hooykaas, R. (1963).
3210:10.2475/ajs.263.3.223
3183:Gould, S. J. (1965).
3153:Catholic Encyclopedia
3004:7 (1965):171, note 3.
2757:Beilby, J.K. (2002).
2694:Lynne Rudder (2013).
2286:Boldman, Lee (2007).
1832:Abizadeh, A. (2018).
1758:O'Keefe, Tim (2010).
1526:Platonized naturalism
1403:Colin Murray Turbayne
1397:Colin Murray Turbayne
1316:
1282:University of Glasgow
1278:reliable true beliefs
1214:
1088:
726:
651:David Malet Armstrong
490:
422:It was not until the
323:
252:
199:History of naturalism
180:
166:In the 20th century,
63:ones) operate in the
31:
6997:Critical rationalism
6704:Edo neo-Confucianism
6548:Acintya bheda abheda
6527:Renaissance humanism
6238:School of the Sextii
5612:Practical philosophy
5607:Political philosophy
5209:Criticism of science
5084:Scientific formalism
4968:Constructive realism
4873:Scientific pluralism
4846:Problem of induction
4544:Feminist metaphysics
3591:at Wikimedia Commons
3472:Stone, J.A. (2008).
3070:The Myth of Metaphor
2071:, Bloomsbury, p. 90.
1708:Riepe, Dale (1996).
1607:(22 February 2007).
1536:Religious naturalism
1516:Philosophy of nature
1506:Naturalistic fallacy
1210:problem of induction
942:succinctly put it: "
820:Flammarion engraving
550:Dialectics of Nature
545:philosophy of nature
428:Age of Enlightenment
124:scientific community
6568:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6479:Korean Confucianism
6226:Academic Skepticism
5276:Rhetoric of science
5214:Descriptive science
4958:Confirmation holism
4851:Scientific evidence
4811:Inductive reasoning
4740:Demarcation problem
4389:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
3900:Linguistic modality
3447:Strahler, Arthur N.
3296:. Prometheus Books.
3201:1965AmJS..263..223G
2651:www.talkorigins.org
2555:www.talkorigins.org
2483:, pp. 223â228.
2065:Quentin Meillassoux
1899:Frederick C. Beiser
1654:(2). Archived from
1292:supernormal stimuli
751:Quentin Meillassoux
683:Patricia Churchland
568:: members included
531:, which influenced
512:, was developed by
412:medieval philosophy
120:chemical properties
85:antisupernaturalism
7189:Post-structuralism
7091:Scientific realism
7046:Quinean naturalism
7026:Logical positivism
6982:Analytical Marxism
6201:Peripatetic school
6113:Chinese naturalism
5640:Aesthetic response
5567:Applied philosophy
5495:Science portal
5424:Carl Gustav Hempel
5379:Wilhelm Windelband
5266:Questionable cause
5089:Scientific realism
4910:Underdetermination
4745:Empirical evidence
4735:Creative synthesis
4579:Philosophy of self
4569:Philosophy of mind
3833:Embodied cognition
3745:Scientific realism
3147:"Naturalism"
2093:2006-09-03 at the
1658:on 18 October 2012
1486:Liberal naturalism
1451:Clockwork universe
1304:skeptical argument
1137:Memorandum Opinion
1091:
902:emergent phenomena
835:Steven Schafersman
780:Edgar S. Brightman
566:German materialism
510:natural philosophy
496:
482:liberal naturalism
444:French materialism
255:
45:
7598:
7597:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7249:
6977:Analytic feminism
6949:
6948:
6911:Kierkegaardianism
6873:Transcendentalism
6833:Neo-scholasticism
6679:Classical Realism
6656:
6655:
6428:
6427:
6243:Neopythagoreanism
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5617:Social philosophy
5502:
5501:
5344:
5343:
5256:Normative science
5113:Uniformitarianism
4868:Scientific method
4762:Explanatory power
4627:
4626:
3806:Category of being
3775:Truthmaker theory
3587:Media related to
3512:978-0-684-83639-3
3485:978-0-7914-7537-9
3427:Fabric of geology
3393:978-0-375-50832-5
3322:978-0-19-866132-0
3257:Heilbron, John L.
3237:Gould, Stephen J.
3219:Gould, Stephen J.
2921:978-1-317-54638-2
2886:978-0-8014-8763-7
2799:on 4 January 2012
2587:Scott, Eugenie C.
2569:Scott, Eugenie C.
2524:on 2 January 2018
1845:978-1-108-41729-7
1801:978-0-19-924656-4
1778:, books I and II.
1531:Poetic naturalism
1424:mind-body dualism
1371:Robert T. Pennock
1366:Robert T. Pennock
1345:Alvin Plantinga,
1098:Robert T. Pennock
1049:Stephen Jay Gould
782:in an article in
691:Jonathan Schaffer
452:Julien La Mettrie
418:Modern philosophy
265:, especially the
7633:
7587:
7586:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7290:
7289:
7281:
7280:
7264:
7263:
7154:Frankfurt School
7101:Transactionalism
7051:Normative ethics
7031:Legal positivism
7007:Falsificationism
6992:Consequentialism
6987:Communitarianism
6960:
6959:
6828:New Confucianism
6667:
6666:
6474:Neo-Confucianism
6439:
6438:
6248:Second Sophistic
6233:Middle Platonism
6076:
6075:
6017:
6016:
6006:
6005:
5849:Epiphenomenalism
5716:Consequentialism
5650:Institutionalism
5555:
5554:
5544:
5543:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5493:
5492:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5454:Bas van Fraassen
5409:Hans Reichenbach
5389:Bertrand Russell
5306:
5305:
5132:Philosophy of...
4915:Unity of science
4708:Commensurability
4654:
4647:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4374:
4364:
4354:
4344:
4334:
4010:Substantial form
3822:Cogito, ergo sum
3765:Substance theory
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3586:
3566:Sander Verhaeg,
3524:
3497:
3468:
3456:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3408:. Archived from
3397:
3371:
3345:
3335:
3326:
3306:
3297:
3285:
3276:
3252:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3214:
3212:
3179:
3166:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3133:Danto, Arthur C.
3128:
3115:
3098:Carrier, Richard
3093:
3074:
3072:on rochester.edu
3065:
3056:
3048:
3037:
3036:
3016:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2973:. Archived from
2963:
2957:
2956:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:. Archived from
2789:
2783:
2782:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2729:Zalta, Edward N.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2671:. Archived from
2661:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2520:. Archived from
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2312:
2303:Papineau, David
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2153:
2147:
2144:Schafersman 1996
2141:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2118:on 1 August 2012
2114:. Archived from
2108:
2102:
2101:(March 20, 2006)
2099:The Pandas Thumb
2081:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2028:. Archived from
1996:
1990:
1985:Papineau, David
1983:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1829:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1677:Schafersman 1996
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1481:Legal naturalism
1350:
1349:, "Introduction"
1339:
1241:
1226:Karl R. Popper,
1219:
1101:that there is."
975:Jennifer Hornsby
816:
802:
745:In contemporary
741:
695:Hilary Kornblith
634:natural sciences
624:secular humanism
620:ethical idealism
597:Roy Wood Sellars
574:Jacob Moleschott
555:Georgi Plekhanov
537:Friedrich Engels
525:Ludwig Feuerbach
505:Naturphilosophie
493:Naturphilosophie
432:Benedict Spinoza
390:
364:
360:divine teleology
353:
346:
336:Weltanschauungen
194:
172:George Santayana
161:secondary causes
122:accepted by the
7641:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7571:
7569:
7548:
7512:
7412:
7374:
7321:
7275:
7274:
7246:
7235:Russian cosmism
7208:
7204:Western Marxism
7169:New Historicism
7134:Critical theory
7120:
7116:Wittgensteinian
7012:Foundationalism
6945:
6882:
6863:Social contract
6719:Foundationalism
6652:
6634:
6618:Illuminationism
6603:Aristotelianism
6589:
6578:Vishishtadvaita
6531:
6483:
6424:
6391:
6262:
6191:Megarian school
6186:Eretrian school
6127:
6088:Agriculturalism
6065:
6011:
5992:
5939:
5911:
5868:
5820:
5777:
5761:Incompatibilism
5730:
5702:
5654:
5626:
5549:
5538:
5533:
5503:
5498:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5463:
5444:Paul Feyerabend
5404:Michael Polanyi
5340:
5326:Galileo Galilei
5295:
5281:Science studies
5197:
5127:
5118:Verificationism
5023:Instrumentalism
5008:Foundationalism
4983:Conventionalism
4941:
4777:Feminist method
4663:
4658:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4593:
4517:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4462:
4452:
4442:
4432:
4422:
4412:
4402:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4362:
4359:De rerum natura
4352:
4342:
4332:
4316:
4056:
3960:Physical object
3796:Abstract object
3784:
3770:Theory of forms
3705:Meaning of life
3628:
3623:
3579:
3532:
3530:Further reading
3527:
3513:
3486:
3465:
3438:
3436:"Consciousness"
3415:
3413:
3394:
3368:
3323:
3273:
3112:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3059:
3049:
3040:
3017:
3008:
2997:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2977:on 10 June 2015
2964:
2960:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2906:
2902:
2887:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2675:on 10 June 2015
2662:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2580:
2566:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2410:
2408:
2404:Vaccaro, Joan.
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2382:Vaccaro, Joan.
2380:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2355:, pp. 1â2.
2351:
2334:
2326:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2261:Science Limited
2253:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:Wayback Machine
2082:
2075:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2000:Papineau, David
1997:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1963:
1959:
1951:Owen Chadwick,
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1890:
1882:Hanna, Robert,
1881:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1772:See especially
1771:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1706:
1702:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1640:(Spring 1998).
1635:
1631:
1605:Papineau, David
1602:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1551:Supernaturalism
1441:
1399:
1394:
1381:deus ex machina
1373:states that as
1368:
1356:been criticized
1351:
1344:
1262:Alvin Plantinga
1259:
1257:Alvin Plantinga
1242:
1225:
1199:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1150:deus ex machina
1110:Wheaton College
1083:
1074:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1019:
999:suppositions."
992:
981:Alvin Plantinga
951:Arthur C. Danto
831:
830:
829:
828:
824:
823:
822:
817:
809:
808:
803:
792:
775:Wheaton College
767:
742:
737:
605:
456:Baron d'Holbach
420:
385:efficient cause
261:. The earliest
216:
211:
201:
195:
190:
77:pure naturalism
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7580:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7384:
7382:
7380:Middle Eastern
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:Existentialism
7141:
7139:Deconstruction
7136:
7130:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6972:Applied ethics
6968:
6966:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6936:Nietzscheanism
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6878:Utilitarianism
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6776:Transcendental
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6714:Existentialism
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6502:Augustinianism
6499:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6415:Zoroastrianism
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6272:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6258:Church Fathers
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6140:
6138:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6013:
6012:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5773:Libertarianism
5770:
5769:
5768:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5577:Metaphilosophy
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:W. V. O. Quine
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5364:Rudolf Steiner
5361:
5356:
5354:Henri Poincaré
5351:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5224:Exact sciences
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5202:Related topics
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5161:Social science
5158:
5157:
5156:
5154:Space and time
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5067:
5058:
5053:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:Scientific law
4860:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4772:Falsifiability
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4701:Mill's Methods
4693:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4522:Related topics
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4489:Being and Time
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4062:Metaphysicians
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3816:Causal closure
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Libertarianism
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Existentialism
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3578:
3577:External links
3575:
3574:
3573:
3564:
3561:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3511:
3498:
3484:
3469:
3463:
3443:
3431:
3422:
3412:on 5 July 2019
3398:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3346:
3327:
3321:
3298:
3286:
3277:
3272:978-0195112290
3271:
3259:, ed. (2003).
3253:
3233:
3215:
3195:(3): 223â228.
3180:
3167:
3158:
3141:
3129:
3116:
3110:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3057:
3038:
3027:(3): 282â284.
3006:
2988:
2958:
2947:(2): 115â129.
2927:
2920:
2900:
2885:
2860:
2853:
2835:
2810:
2784:
2769:
2749:
2713:
2707:978-0199914746
2706:
2686:
2656:
2638:
2629:
2623:978-0195392982
2622:
2604:
2578:
2560:
2539:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2422:
2406:"Objectiveism"
2396:
2374:
2357:
2332:
2330:, p. vii.
2313:
2296:
2278:
2276:, p. 135.
2274:Whitehead 1997
2266:
2247:
2243:Plantinga 2010
2234:
2219:
2204:
2192:
2190:, p. 448.
2180:
2173:
2148:
2129:
2103:
2073:
2069:After Finitude
2057:
2032:on 1 June 2016
2024:
1991:
1975:
1957:
1944:
1927:
1907:
1888:
1875:
1858:
1844:
1824:
1807:
1800:
1780:
1765:
1750:
1744:978-0415173629
1743:
1725:
1719:978-8120812932
1718:
1700:
1681:
1669:
1629:
1623:methodological
1596:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1428:René Descartes
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1367:
1364:
1342:
1312:brain in a vat
1258:
1255:
1247:falsifiability
1223:
1198:
1195:
1173:W. V. O. Quine
1166:Main article:
1163:
1162:W. V. O. Quine
1160:
1158:
1155:
1106:Ronald Numbers
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1041:
1033:
1025:
991:
988:
971:David Chalmers
936:
935:
920:
913:
850:
847:space and time
826:
825:
818:
811:
810:
804:
797:
796:
795:
794:
793:
791:
788:
771:Ronald Numbers
766:
763:
735:
730:causal closure
722:causal closure
718:David Papineau
711:Michael Martin
671:Michael Devitt
667:Daniel Dennett
655:David Papineau
647:J. J. C. Smart
604:
601:
570:Ludwig BĂŒchner
419:
416:
215:
212:
200:
197:
188:
33:Double rainbow
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7638:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7591:
7590:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:Miscellaneous
7515:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:Miscellaneous
7211:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7199:Structuralism
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7184:Postmodernism
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7174:Phenomenology
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7111:Vienna Circle
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Moral realism
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6843:Phenomenology
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:Individualism
6781:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6648:Judeo-Islamic
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6624:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Shuddhadvaita
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6507:Scholasticism
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6007:
6003:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:Conceptualism
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Particularism
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:Functionalism
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:Eliminativism
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:Compatibilism
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:Particularism
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:Rudolf Carnap
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Auguste Comte
5347:
5346:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Francis Bacon
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5249:Pseudoscience
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Structuralism
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:Received view
5068:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Contextualism
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Phenomenology
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:Notable works
4319:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Phenomenalism
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Action theory
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:0-415-22525-6
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3464:9780879757243
3460:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3367:0-19-924760-9
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3111:1-4208-0293-3
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2914:. Routledge.
2913:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2854:0-19-507863-2
2850:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2821:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2770:9780801487637
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2507:, p. 38.
2506:
2505:Hooykaas 1963
2501:
2495:, p. 11.
2494:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2435:, p. 11.
2434:
2433:Sobottka 2005
2429:
2427:
2419:
2407:
2400:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:Heilbron 2003
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2230:Papineau 2007
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:Strahler 1992
2211:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2174:9780375508325
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2025:9780521801751
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:. Cambridge.
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1360:Elliott Sober
1357:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1238:0-415-27844-9
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:Eugenie Scott
1117:
1113:
1112:philosopher.
1111:
1107:
1104:According to
1102:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
987:
985:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
967:John McDowell
963:
959:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
839:
838:
836:
833:According to
821:
815:
807:
801:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
739:Papineau 2007
734:
731:
725:
723:
719:
716:According to
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:Quentin Smith
700:
699:Leonard Olson
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
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494:
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479:
475:
471:
470:Immanuel Kant
467:
466:Thomas Hobbes
463:
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457:
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449:
448:Denis Diderot
445:
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7582:
7568:
7239:
7230:Postcritique
7220:Kyoto School
7179:Posthumanism
7159:Hermeneutics
7014: /
6955:Contemporary
6931:Newtonianism
6894:Cartesianism
6853:Reductionism
6812:
6689:Conservatism
6684:Collectivism
6622:
6350:SarvÄstivadÄ
6328:Anekantavada
6253:Neoplatonism
6221:Epicureanism
6154:Pythagoreans
6093:Confucianism
6059:Contemporary
6049:Early modern
5972:
5953:Anti-realism
5907:Universalism
5864:Subjectivism
5660:Epistemology
5459:Larry Laudan
5439:Imre Lakatos
5394:Otto Neurath
5369:Karl Pearson
5359:Pierre Duhem
5331:Isaac Newton
5261:Protoscience
5219:Epistemology
5093:Anti-realism
5091: /
5072: /
5063: /
5049: /
5047:Reductionism
5045: /
5032:
5018:Inductionism
4998:Evolutionism
4803:
4690:a posteriori
4689:
4685:
4539:Epistemology
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
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4397:
4387:
4377:
4367:
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4349:NyÄya SĆ«tras
4347:
4337:
4327:
4309:
4225:Wittgenstein
4170:Schopenhauer
4049:
4040:Unobservable
3890:Intelligence
3820:
3760:Subjectivism
3755:Spiritualism
3714:
3670:Essentialism
3650:Anti-realism
3567:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3502:
3474:
3452:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3384:Random House
3379:
3353:
3350:Rea, Michael
3337:
3333:"Naturalism"
3308:
3304:"Naturalism"
3293:
3281:
3260:
3242:
3228:
3192:
3188:
3171:
3151:
3136:
3124:
3101:
3089:
3069:
3051:
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3020:
2999:
2979:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2970:
2961:
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2940:
2930:
2910:
2903:
2872:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2787:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2737:. Retrieved
2732:
2716:
2696:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:the original
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2613:
2607:
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2581:
2572:
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2533:
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2522:the original
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2469:Simpson 1963
2464:
2452:
2440:
2416:
2409:. Retrieved
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2377:
2308:
2305:"Naturalism"
2299:
2281:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2237:
2217:, p. 3.
2195:
2183:
2165:Random House
2160:
2151:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2106:
2098:
2068:
2060:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2007:
1994:
1987:"Naturalism"
1964:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1915:Axel Honneth
1910:
1902:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1834:
1827:
1816:"David Hume"
1810:
1790:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1760:Epicureanism
1759:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1684:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1651:
1647:Free Inquiry
1645:
1632:
1621:sense and a
1616:
1612:
1609:"Naturalism"
1599:
1590:
1587:"naturalism"
1581:
1476:Hylomorphism
1466:Dysteleology
1433:epistemology
1420:Isaac Newton
1416:metaphorical
1400:
1386:
1379:
1375:supernatural
1369:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1286:supernatural
1260:
1244:
1227:
1215:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1182:epistemology
1171:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1076:conclusions.
1071:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1015:
1010:
1006:supernatural
1005:
996:
993:
986:
979:
960:
954:
949:In addition
948:
943:
937:
932:metaphysical
924:supernatural
900:, and other
864:substance â
852:Nature (the
832:
783:
768:
759:post-Kantian
744:
727:
715:
675:Fred Dretske
663:Brian Leiter
631:
628:
606:
589:Ernest Nagel
582:
563:
548:
522:
508:, a form of
503:
497:
492:
474:reductionist
464:
421:
404:Christianity
401:
393:
334:
324:
317:
313:Epicureanism
306:
302:
297:" (from the
294:
256:
217:
181:
165:
150:
145:
139:
114:, and other
97:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:supernatural
57:natural laws
52:
46:
25:
7225:Objectivism
7164:Neo-Marxism
7126:Continental
7036:Meta-ethics
7016:Coherentism
6921:Hegelianism
6858:Rationalism
6818:Natural law
6798:Materialism
6724:Historicism
6694:Determinism
6585:Navya-NyÄya
6360:SautrÄntika
6355:Pudgalavada
6291:Vaisheshika
6144:Presocratic
6044:Renaissance
5983:Physicalism
5968:Materialism
5874:Normativity
5859:Objectivism
5844:Emergentism
5834:Behaviorism
5783:Metaphysics
5749:Determinism
5688:Rationalism
5449:Ian Hacking
5434:Thomas Kuhn
5419:Karl Popper
5399:C. D. Broad
5316:Roger Bacon
5244:Non-science
5186:Linguistics
5166:Archaeology
5061:Rationalism
5051:Determinism
5038:Physicalism
5003:Fallibilism
4953:Coherentism
4883:Testability
4836:Observation
4831:Objectivity
4792:alternative
4723:Correlation
4713:Consilience
4369:Metaphysics
4353:(c. 200 BC)
4343:(c. 350 BC)
4333:(c. 350 BC)
4220:Collingwood
4125:Malebranche
3873:Information
3801:Anima mundi
3780:Type theory
3735:Physicalism
3700:Materialism
3655:Determinism
3626:Metaphysics
3376:Sagan, Carl
3290:Kurtz, Paul
2411:22 December
2389:22 December
2157:Sagan, Carl
2084:Nick Matzke
1638:Kurtz, Paul
1619:ontological
1561:Vaisheshika
1521:Physicalism
1491:Materialism
1412:materialism
1251:demarcation
1202:Karl Popper
1197:Karl Popper
1178:metaphysics
894:mathematics
878:information
845:throughout
790:Description
707:Paul Draper
687:Mario Bunge
643:Kai Nielsen
613:Objectivism
593:Sidney Hook
460:materialism
383:is not the
381:Prime Mover
376:troglodytes
339:, of which
301:ÏÏ
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275:Anaximander
192:Dubray 1911
163:of God(s).
93:materialism
7605:Categories
7524:Amerindian
7431:Australian
7370:Vietnamese
7350:Indonesian
6899:Kantianism
6848:Positivism
6838:Pragmatism
6813:Naturalism
6793:Liberalism
6771:Subjective
6709:Empiricism
6613:Avicennism
6558:Bhedabheda
6442:East Asian
6365:Madhyamaka
6345:Abhidharma
6211:Pyrrhonism
5978:Nominalism
5973:Naturalism
5902:Skepticism
5892:Relativism
5882:Absolutism
5811:Naturalism
5721:Deontology
5693:Skepticism
5678:Naturalism
5668:Empiricism
5632:Aesthetics
5536:Philosophy
5336:David Hume
5309:Precursors
5191:Psychology
5171:Economicsâ
5065:Empiricism
5056:Pragmatism
5043:Positivism
5033:Naturalism
4903:scientific
4787:Hypothesis
4750:Experiment
4429:Monadology
4363:(c. 80 BC)
4070:Parmenides
3955:Perception
3853:Experience
3740:Relativism
3715:Naturalism
3665:Enactivism
3494:2007048682
3416:3 November
3127:(2): 1â10.
3081:References
2895:2001006111
2803:14 January
2779:2001006111
2493:Gould 1984
2481:Gould 1965
2457:Gould 1987
2445:Gauch 2002
2370:Durak 2008
2200:Stone 2008
2188:Danto 1967
1568:References
1471:Empiricism
1329:naturalism
1308:evil demon
1290:(See also
1266:Notre Dame
1047:Biologist
940:Carl Sagan
876:, such as
659:Paul Kurtz
617:capitalist
585:John Dewey
472:rejected (
440:David Hume
372:cave-image
358:adopted a
354:while the
291:Democritus
281:) and the
279:Anaximenes
244:Wang Chong
203:See also:
153:pantheists
100:Paul Kurtz
53:naturalism
49:philosophy
7403:Pakistani
7365:Taiwanese
7312:Ethiopian
7285:By region
7271:By region
7086:Scientism
7081:Systemics
6941:Spinozism
6868:Socialism
6803:Modernism
6766:Objective
6674:Anarchism
6608:Averroism
6497:Christian
6449:Neotaoism
6420:Zurvanism
6410:Mithraism
6405:Mazdakism
6176:Cyrenaics
6103:Logicians
5736:Free will
5698:Solipsism
5645:Formalism
5176:Geography
5144:Chemistry
5103:Scientism
4898:ladenness
4718:Construct
4696:Causality
4589:Teleology
4554:Mereology
4534:Cosmology
4393:(c. 1000)
4290:Plantinga
4280:Armstrong
4230:Heidegger
4205:Whitehead
4190:Nietzsche
4110:Descartes
4080:Aristotle
4035:Universal
3965:Principle
3935:Necessity
3895:Intention
3848:Existence
3811:Causality
3750:Solipsism
3680:Free will
2528:6 January
2384:"Reality"
2353:Chen 2009
2046:cite book
2036:9 January
1919:Hans Joas
1573:Citations
1541:Scientism
1408:substance
1392:Criticism
1270:Christian
1206:inductive
1022:solipsism
906:supervene
904:, either
898:intellect
874:substance
765:Etymology
753:proposed
578:Carl Vogt
533:Karl Marx
446:(notably
319:Aristotle
287:Leucippus
267:Milesians
240:Confucian
176:continuum
7589:Category
7544:Yugoslav
7534:Romanian
7441:Scottish
7426:American
7355:Japanese
7335:Buddhist
7317:Africana
7307:Egyptian
7149:Feminist
7071:Rawlsian
7066:Quietism
6964:Analytic
6916:Krausism
6823:Nihilism
6788:Kokugaku
6751:Absolute
6746:Idealism
6734:Humanism
6522:Occamism
6489:European
6434:Medieval
6380:Yogacara
6340:Buddhist
6333:SyÄdvÄda
6216:Stoicism
6181:Cynicism
6169:Sophists
6164:Atomists
6159:Eleatics
6098:Legalism
6039:Medieval
5963:Idealism
5917:Ontology
5897:Nihilism
5801:Idealism
5559:Branches
5548:Branches
5471:Category
5123:Vitalism
4946:Theories
4920:Variable
4841:Paradigm
4728:function
4686:A priori
4675:Analysis
4668:Concepts
4607:Category
4529:Axiology
4383:(c.â270)
4311:more ...
4265:Anscombe
4260:Strawson
4255:Davidson
4150:Berkeley
4090:Plotinus
4051:more ...
3990:Relation
3970:Property
3945:Ontology
3868:Identity
3789:Concepts
3720:Nihilism
3685:Idealism
3633:Theories
3521:67002244
3449:(1992).
3404:(1996).
3378:(2002).
3352:(2002).
3292:(1990).
3239:(1987).
3221:(1984).
3100:(2005).
3033:25000234
2597:20 March
2589:(2008).
2159:(2002).
2091:Archived
2067:(2008),
2002:(2011).
1971:Vol. 151
1901:(2002),
1439:See also
1422:and the
1343:â
1300:defeater
1268:, and a
1224:â
1054:a priori
862:physical
854:universe
736:â
609:Ayn Rand
426:and the
349:Epicurus
303:physikos
295:physikoi
283:atomists
232:Prakriti
189:â
116:physical
104:material
89:ontology
65:universe
41:universe
7539:Russian
7508:Spanish
7503:Slovene
7493:Maltese
7488:Italian
7468:Finland
7436:British
7418:Western
7408:Turkish
7393:Islamic
7388:Iranian
7340:Chinese
7327:Eastern
7294:African
7241:more...
6926:Marxism
6756:British
6699:Dualism
6595:Islamic
6553:Advaita
6543:Vedanta
6517:Scotism
6512:Thomism
6454:Tiantai
6397:Persian
6385:Tibetan
6375:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
6316:CÄrvÄka
6306:ÄjÄ«vika
6301:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
6281:Samkhya
6196:Academy
6149:Ionians
6123:Yangism
6080:Chinese
6071:Ancient
6034:Western
6029:Ancient
5988:Realism
5945:Reality
5935:Process
5816:Realism
5796:Dualism
5791:Atomism
5673:Fideism
5181:History
5149:Physics
5139:Biology
4937:more...
4925:control
4821:Inquiry
4379:Enneads
4373:(c. 50)
4339:Timaeus
4329:Sophist
4275:Dummett
4270:Deleuze
4210:Russell
4200:Bergson
4195:Meinong
4175:Bolzano
4135:Leibniz
4115:Spinoza
4100:Aquinas
4085:Proclus
4015:Thought
4005:Subject
3985:Reality
3980:Quality
3950:Pattern
3910:Meaning
3885:Insight
3843:Essence
3828:Concept
3730:Realism
3695:Liberty
3660:Dualism
3342:517â518
3313:604â606
3197:Bibcode
2981:16 June
2971:msu.edu
2877:1â2, 10
2731:(ed.).
2679:16 June
2669:msu.edu
2122:18 June
1942:(1895).
1851:14 June
1775:Physics
1662:6 April
1446:Atheism
955:natural
938:Or, as
917:physics
910:reduced
341:atomism
331:Artisan
236:Ishvara
228:Samkhya
220:Western
157:theists
136:purpose
128:deities
7616:Nature
7498:Polish
7478:German
7473:French
7458:Danish
7448:Canada
7398:Jewish
7360:Korean
7345:Indian
6887:People
6808:Monism
6761:German
6729:Holism
6662:Modern
6640:Jewish
6563:Dvaita
6536:Indian
6459:Huayan
6311:Ajñana
6268:Indian
6133:Greco-
6118:Taoism
6108:Mohism
6054:Modern
6021:By era
6010:By era
5925:Action
5806:Monism
5726:Virtue
5708:Ethics
4893:choice
4888:Theory
4826:Nature
4755:design
4513:(1981)
4503:(1943)
4493:(1927)
4483:(1846)
4473:(1818)
4463:(1807)
4453:(1783)
4443:(1781)
4433:(1714)
4423:(1710)
4413:(1677)
4409:Ethics
4403:(1641)
4305:Parfit
4295:Kripke
4285:Putnam
4245:Sartre
4235:Carnap
4185:Peirce
4130:Newton
4105:SuĂĄrez
4095:Scotus
3975:Qualia
3940:Object
3930:Nature
3925:Motion
3905:Matter
3838:Entity
3710:Monism
3557:
3519:
3509:
3492:
3482:
3461:
3390:
3380:Cosmos
3364:
3319:
3269:
3125:Lyceum
3108:
3031:
2918:
2893:
2883:
2851:
2777:
2767:
2739:4 June
2704:
2620:
2593:. NCSE
2171:
2161:Cosmos
2022:
1842:
1798:
1741:
1716:
1625:sense.
1496:Monism
1456:Daoism
1333:theism
1236:
997:ad hoc
886:values
870:energy
858:cosmos
843:exists
595:, and
576:, and
454:, and
395:phusis
368:Cicero
356:Stoics
308:physis
277:, and
271:Thales
132:ghosts
130:, and
112:energy
7529:Aztec
7483:Greek
7463:Dutch
7453:Czech
7302:Bantu
6739:Anti-
6286:Nyaya
6276:Hindu
6136:Roman
5930:Event
5572:Logic
4559:Meta-
4300:Lewis
4250:Quine
4215:Moore
4180:Lotze
4165:Hegel
4140:Wolff
4120:Locke
4075:Plato
4045:Value
4025:Truth
3439:(PDF)
3029:JSTOR
3001:Ratio
2727:. In
2307:, in
2291:(PDF)
1461:Deism
1318:Take
890:logic
882:ideas
408:Islam
374:: if
327:Forms
299:Greek
6630:Sufi
6464:Chan
6323:Jain
6296:Yoga
5826:Mind
5766:Hard
5754:Hard
4797:null
4767:Fact
4688:and
4240:Ryle
4160:Kant
4155:Hume
4145:Reid
4020:Time
4000:Soul
3995:Self
3920:Mind
3878:Data
3863:Idea
3555:ISBN
3517:LCCN
3507:ISBN
3490:LCCN
3480:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3418:2010
3388:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3317:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3106:ISBN
2983:2021
2916:ISBN
2891:LCCN
2881:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2805:2012
2775:LCCN
2765:ISBN
2741:2014
2702:ISBN
2681:2021
2618:ISBN
2599:2012
2530:2018
2413:2017
2391:2017
2169:ISBN
2124:2006
2052:link
2038:2018
2020:ISBN
1853:2023
1840:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1664:2011
1249:for
1234:ISBN
1190:both
1119:But
1001:Kuhn
973:and
928:real
922:The
866:mass
757:, a
709:and
681:and
679:Paul
535:and
516:and
289:and
224:East
207:and
118:and
108:mass
83:and
6904:Neo
6469:Zen
3249:119
3205:doi
3193:263
2949:doi
2012:doi
1338:...
1325:not
1310:or
1218:...
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