717:. While others of his time chiefly focused on the praise of God, culture and the ruler of the land, Valluvar focused on the moral behaviors of the common individual. Valluvar limits his theistic teachings to the introductory chapter of the Kural text, the "Praise of God." Throughout the text thereafter, he focuses on the everyday moral behaviors of an individual, thus making the text a secular one. Even in the introductory chapter, he refrains from mentioning the name of any particular god but only addresses God in generic terms as "the Creator," "the truly Wise One," "the One of eight-fold excellence," and so forth. Translated into about 40 world languages, the Kural text remains one of the
747:"Secularism is a code of duty pertaining to this life, founded on considerations purely human, and intended mainly for those who find theology indefinite or inadequate, unreliable or unbelievable. Its essential principles are three: (1) The improvement of this life by material means. (2) That science is the available Providence of man. (3) That it is good to do good. Whether there be other good or not, the good of the present life is good, and it is good to seek that good."
810:
considering simply the will to power, whereas Kant postulated two sorts of wills (free and unfree wills). We shouldn't "accept numerous forms of causality until the experiment of making do with a single one has been pushed to its farthest extent," according to
Nietzsche, since the "conscience of method requires" it. The want to power appears to be practically beyond dispute, according to Nietzsche's formulation, and since causation is our ultimate certainty.
2548:
678:, posits an ethics of pleasure based on the study of nature, and teaches that we should carry out our choices and rejections based on hedonic calculus. Epicureanism also teaches a curriculum of control of desires based on the hierarchy of desires: natural and necessary desires are top priority, natural yet unnecessary desires are secondary, and those that are neither natural nor necessary are dismissed. The main texts of its ethics are the 40
25:
864:. This good to be maximized is usually happiness, pleasure, or preference satisfaction. Though some utilitarian theories might seek to maximize other consequences, these consequences generally have something to do with the welfare of people (or of people and nonhuman animals). For this reason, utilitarianism is often associated with the term welfarist consequentialism.
366:
has said that compassion and affection are human values independent of religion: "We need these human values. I call these secular ethics, secular beliefs. There’s no relationship with any particular religion. Even without religion, even as nonbelievers, we have the capacity to promote these things."
642:
has stated that "answers will not be read passively from nature" and "he factual state of the world does not teach us how we, with our powers for good and evil, should alter or preserve it in the most ethical manner". Thus, he concluded that ideas of morality should come from a form of higher mental
338:
and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human
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For instance, under
Kantian ethics, if a person were to give money to charity because failure to do so would result in some sort of punishment from a god or Supreme Being, then the charitable donation would not be a morally good act. A dutiful action must be performed solely out of a sense of duty;
633:
The practice of that which is ethically best — what we call goodness or virtue — involves a course of conduct which, in all respects, is opposed to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence. In place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint; in place of thrusting
370:
Those who are unhappy with the negative orientation of traditional religious ethics believe that prohibitions can only set the absolute limits of what a society is willing to tolerate from people at their worst, not guide them towards achieving their best. In other words, someone who follows all
832:
wrote works that both described the nature of universal principles and also sought to demonstrate the procedure of their application. Kant maintained that only a "good will" is morally praiseworthy, so that doing what appears to be ethical for the wrong reasons is not a morally good act. Kant's
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In utilitarianism, it is the "end result" which is fundamental (as opposed to
Kantian ethics discussed above). Thus using the same scenario as above, it would be irrelevant whether the person giving money to charity was doing so out of personal or religious conviction, the mere fact that the
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According to
Nietzsche, our understanding of cause and effect may be limited to a single will, an inclination that is identical to that of other living things. In this respect, Nietzsche's theory is more straightforward than Kant's since Nietzsche did manage clarify our sense of causality by
321:
completely as a basis for action. The humanist ethics goal is a search for viable individual, social and political principles of conduct, judging them on their ability to enhance human well-being and individual responsibility, thus ultimately eliminating human suffering.
634:
aside, or treading down, all competitors, it requires that the individual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fellows... It repudiates the gladiatorial theory of existence... Laws and moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the cosmic process.
729:, casteless human brotherhood, absence of desires, path of righteousness and truth, and so forth, besides covering a wide range of subjects such as moral codes of rulers, friendship, agriculture, knowledge and wisdom, sobriety, love, and domestic life.
246:
This may lead to a behavior preferable to that propagated or condoned based on religious texts. Alternatively, this may lead to the advocacy of a system of moral principles that a broad group of people, both religious and non-religious, can agree
371:
these prohibitions has just barely avoided being a criminal, not acted as a positive influence on the world. They conclude that rational ethics can lead to a fully expressed ethical life, while religious prohibitions are insufficient.
212:
by both religious and secular frameworks. Secular ethics systems can vary within the societal and cultural norms of a specific time period, and may also be used by a person of any religious persuasion, including atheists.
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tenet that the goodness of an action is to be judged solely by its results. Utilitarianism is a hypothetical imperative, if one wants _____, they must do ______. Contrast this with the
Kantian ethic of the
317:, and that knowledge of right and wrong is based on our best understanding of our individual and joint interests, rather than stemming from a transcendental or arbitrarily local source, therefore rejecting
537:
Business activities must be characterized by respect for human dignity. We understand this to mean that business activities should show a special concern for the less powerful and the disadvantaged.
261:, the use of the scientific method to answer moral questions. Various thinkers have framed morality as questions of empirical truth to be explored in a scientific context. The science is related to
1350:
621:
Whether or not the relationships between animals found in nature and between people in early human evolution can provide a basis for human morality is a persistently unresolved question.
758:, and the disagreement split the secularist movement between those who argued that anti-religious movements and activism was not necessary or desirable and those who argued that it was.
503:
They embrace fairness in all actions. They ensure that work submitted as their own is their own, and that assistance received from any source is authorized and properly documented.
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Business activities must be characterized by respect for the environment. We understand this to mean that business activities should promote sustainable development and prevent
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Business activities must be characterized by fairness. We understand fairness to include equitable treatment and equality of opportunity for all participants in the marketplace.
860:
Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics that prescribes the quantitative maximization of good consequences for a population. It is a form of
2341:
584:
As the United States
Constitution prohibits the establishment of a government religion, US military codes of conduct typically contain no religious overtones.
556:
is the "linchpin of Rotary
International's ethical practice." It acts as a test of thoughts as well as actions. It asks, "Of the things we think, say, or do":
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adaptation and will to live. Nietzsche expressed his moral philosophy throughout his collection of works; the most important of these to secular ethics being
1351:
https://archive.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/ethical-decision-making/yet-another-test-page/the-difference-between-ethics-and-religion/
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Holyoake held that secularism should take no interest at all in religious questions (as they were irrelevant), and was thus to be distinguished from strong
527:
The
Minnesota Principles were proposed "by the Minnesota Center for Corporate Responsibility in 1992 as a guide to international business activities":
718:
654:. Related to ethical naturalism is also the idea that ethics are best explored, not just using the lens of philosophy, but science as well (a
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will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do." The non-toleration clause is key in differentiating it from numerous other codes.
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Business activities must be characterized by honesty. We understand honesty to include candor, truthfulness and promise-keeping.
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842:, where the moral act is done for its own sake, and is framed: One must do ______ or alternatively, one must not do ______.
686:. As per Principal Doctrine 5, the ethical code of the School promotes living pleasantly, justly, prudently, and correctly.
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in 1893 that people make a grave error in trying to create moral ideas from the behavior of animals in nature. He remarked:
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Human beings have the moral responsibility to ensure that societies and individuals act based on these ethical principles.
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Despite the width and diversity of their philosophical views, secular ethicists generally share one or more principles:
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They respect the property of others and ensure that others are able to benefit from the use of their own property.
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Societies should, if at all possible, advance from a less ethical and just form to a more ethical and just form.
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That does not mean secular ethics and religion are mutually exclusive. In fact, many principles, such as the
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3. Can be expressed in a number of forms (e.g. positive or negative, single words or a list of sentences)
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Secular ethics frameworks are not always mutually exclusive from theological values. For example, the
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152:. Secular ethics refers to any ethical system that does not draw on the supernatural, and includes
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2009:
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329:(IHEU) is the world-wide umbrella organization for those adhering to the Humanist life stance.
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Evolutionary ethics is not the only way to involve nature with ethics. For example, there are
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Human beings, through their ability to empathize, are capable of determining ethical grounds.
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in the world. Praised as "the
Universal Veda," it emphasizes on the ethical edifices of
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There are those who state that religion is not necessary for moral behavior at all. The
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work on secular ethics and morality, is believed to have lived between the 1st century
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capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.
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Secular ethical systems comprise a wide variety of ideas to include the normativity of
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1094:(in Tamil). Vol. 1 (5 ed.). Chennai: Saratha Pathippagam. pp. iv–vi.
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886:
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403:, the first published in 1933, that outline the philosophical views and stances of
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Kosower, M. (2018) Some
Reflections on Torah, Science, Rationality, and Morality
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Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings
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emphasis on one's intent or reasons for acting is usually contrasted with the
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How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living
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How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living
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charitable donation is being made is sufficient for it to be classified as
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any other motivation profanes the act and strips it of its moral quality.
488:"Midshipmen are persons of integrity: They stand for that which is right.
378:, are present in both systems, and some religious people, as well as some
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1041:"Information Paper on "Honor" – A Bedrock of Military Leadership"
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1200:. Vol. V. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 4333–4334.
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The well-being of others is central to ethical decision-making.
129:
1222:"Thirukkural translations in different languages of the world"
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2070:
966:: Apart from Buddhism, what are your sources of inspiration?
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They tell the truth and ensure that the full truth is known.
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232:
164:. A classical example of literature on secular ethics is the
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identifies four general characteristics of an ethical code:
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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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1114:(First ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
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reason, with nature viewed as an independent phenomenon.
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The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India
414:
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979:
774:, or something stronger that overcomes the weaker and
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182:, some form of attribution of intrinsic moral value,
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1166:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp.
909:
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382:, prefer to adopt a rational approach to ethics.
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566:Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
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1371:
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344:Humanism is known to adopt principles of the
2318:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1291:"Nietzschean Ethics: One's Duty to Overcome"
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1189:
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1279:Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
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132:is based solely on human faculties such as
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1139:. Gurgaon: Penguin. pp. 19, 157–158.
719:most widely translated non-religious works
407:. Integral to the manifestos is a lack of
1184:
484:United States Naval Academy honor concept
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1134:
1108:The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar
662:Key philosophers and philosophical texts
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327:International Humanist and Ethical Union
257:Many of these tenets are applied in the
2350:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
1288:
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754:and atheism. In this he disagreed with
569:Will it be beneficial to all concerned?
548:
522:
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1336:https://mkosower.academia.edu/research
390:
1359:
1297:: 1342 – via CMS Senior Thesis.
358:Morality § Morality and religion
1313:Kidder, Rushworth M. Kidder (2003).
1104:
1054:
944:Is Atheism Consistent With Morality?
674:(341–270 BCE), in his philosophy of
613:Social effect of evolutionary theory
606:
421:Alternatives to the Ten Commandments
415:Alternatives to the Ten Commandments
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2366:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1346:https://www.secularethic.org/home-1
1193:
13:
1197:Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
766:Nietzsche's many works spoke of a
472:make the world a better place, and
451:responsible for what I say and do,
430:The Girl Scout law is as follows:
301:
14:
2584:
946:, paper (2001) by Mark I. Vuletic
849:
573:
425:
386:Examples of secular ethical codes
2547:
2546:
982:"The Girl Scout Promise and Law"
475:be a sister to every Girl Scout.
289:2. It is usually not explanatory
23:
1305:
1282:
1269:
1160:Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001).
1153:
1098:
1083:
980:Girl Scouts of the USA (2010).
419:There are numerous versions of
34:needs additional citations for
2334:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
1704:Value monism – Value pluralism
1033:
1021:
1000:
973:
949:
937:
919:
697:(before c. 5th century CE), a
1:
956:Interview with the Dalai Lama
897:
699:South Indian poet-philosopher
682:(Kyriai Doxai) and Epicurus'
2398:On the Genealogy of Morality
2358:Critique of Practical Reason
1275:Holyoake, George J. (1896).
1092:Pathinen Keelkanakku Noolgal
926:Humanism's Unfinished Agenda
761:
638:Famous biologist and writer
563:Is it fair to all concerned?
313:based on the commonality of
7:
1105:Pope, George Uglow (1886).
875:
732:
689:
666:
352:Secular ethics and religion
10:
2589:
2326:A Treatise of Human Nature
1385:
1312:
1289:Hurtado, Emmanuel (2016).
1027:
962:(January 2006), scroll to
913:
853:
817:
803:On The Genealogy of Morals
610:
577:
463:respect myself and others,
448:courageous and strong, and
355:
295:4. Centers on moral values
239:, are capable of deriving
168:, authored by the ancient
16:Branch of moral philosophy
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1785:
1714:
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1393:
744:defines secularism thus:
542:environmental degradation
1677:Universal prescriptivism
1248:. BRILL. pp. 156–.
1135:Sundaram, P. S. (1990).
788:phrase was first used),
434:I will do my best to be
217:Tenets of secular ethics
150:ethics in many religions
1466:Artificial intelligence
1242:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
813:
705:, a non-denominational
544:and waste of resources.
445:considerate and caring,
243:principles of behavior.
1090:Vettriazhagan (2015).
840:categorical imperative
791:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
701:and the author of the
636:
231:Human beings, through
2390:The Methods of Ethics
1628:Divine command theory
1623:Ideal observer theory
1008:"Officer Development"
784:(in which the famous
768:Master-Slave Morality
738:George Jacob Holyoake
631:
588:West Point Honor Code
469:use resources wisely,
442:friendly and helpful,
2507:Political philosophy
1317:. New York: Harper.
797:Beyond Good and Evil
740:'s 1896 publication
713:and the 5th century
627:Evolution and Ethics
549:Rotary Four-Way Test
523:Minnesota Principles
43:improve this article
2477:Evolutionary ethics
2438:Reasons and Persons
2414:A Theory of Justice
1568:Uncertain sentience
1277:English Secularism.
1194:Lal, Mohan (1992).
727:moral vegetarianism
684:Letter to Menoeceus
680:Principal Doctrines
656:science of morality
623:Thomas Henry Huxley
617:evolutionary ethics
397:Humanist Manifestos
391:Humanist Manifestos
259:science of morality
204:or a commitment to
195:science of morality
2472:Ethics in religion
2467:Descriptive ethics
2302:Nicomachean Ethics
1137:Tiruvalluvar Kural
988:on 6 February 2009
931:2008-11-20 at the
742:English Secularism
652:ethical naturalism
466:respect authority,
311:universal morality
263:ethical naturalism
170:Indian philosopher
2560:
2559:
2527:Social philosophy
2512:Population ethics
2502:Philosophy of law
2482:History of ethics
1965:Political freedom
1642:Euthyphro dilemma
1433:Suffering-focused
1295:CMC Senior Theses
1255:978-90-04-03591-1
1146:978-0-14-400009-8
1069:"Nonmoral Nature"
1065:Stephen Jay Gould
882:Outline of ethics
772:The Will to Power
756:Charles Bradlaugh
648:ethically realist
640:Stephen Jay Gould
607:Nature and ethics
554:The Four-Way Test
512:They do not steal
505:They do not cheat
119:
118:
111:
93:
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2497:Moral psychology
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2422:Practical Ethics
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2406:Principia Ethica
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2310:Ethics (Spinoza)
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1945:Moral imperative
1403:Consequentialism
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984:. Archived from
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892:Secular morality
887:Secular humanism
862:consequentialism
560:Is it the truth?
439:honest and fair,
278:Rushworth Kidder
191:moral relativism
180:social contracts
126:moral philosophy
114:
107:
103:
100:
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58:"Secular ethics"
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27:
19:
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1980:Self-discipline
1940:Moral hierarchy
1888:Problem of evil
1833:Double standard
1823:Culture of life
1781:
1710:
1657:Non-cognitivism
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970:: Human values.
960:The Progressive
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856:Utilitarianism
854:Main article:
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850:Utilitarianism
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820:Kantian ethics
818:Main article:
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286:1. It is brief
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1672:Quasi-realism
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1418:Particularism
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695:Thiruvalluvar
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2531:
2521:
2487:Human rights
2430:After Virtue
2156:Schopenhauer
1930:Moral agency
1803:Common sense
1699:Universalism
1667:Expressivism
1647:Intuitionism
1618:Subjectivism
1563:Terraforming
1538:Professional
1314:
1306:Bibliography
1294:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1244:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1216:
1196:
1162:
1155:
1136:
1130:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1044:. Retrieved
1035:
1023:
1013:15 September
1011:. Retrieved
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
975:
967:
963:
959:
951:
939:
921:
870:morally good
869:
866:
859:
844:
823:
808:
801:
795:
789:
779:
765:
749:
746:
741:
736:
723:non-violence
693:
676:Epicureanism
670:
645:
637:
632:
626:
620:
591:
583:
580:Ranger Creed
552:
526:
511:
504:
497:
487:
429:
418:
409:supernatural
394:
373:
369:
361:
343:
333:
324:
315:human nature
305:
273:
271:
265:, a type of
256:
220:
206:non-violence
199:
177:
162:freethinking
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2305:(c. 322 BC)
2171:Kierkegaard
1990:Stewardship
1767:Rousseauian
1684:Rationalism
1596:Cognitivism
1543:Programming
1518:Meat eating
1491:Engineering
1261:11 December
1028:Kidder 2003
914:Kidder 2003
835:utilitarian
786:God is dead
776:Darwinistic
752:freethought
376:Golden Rule
346:Golden Rule
208:, could be
202:Golden Rule
189:, cultural
99:August 2007
2201:Bonhoeffer
1910:Immorality
1853:Eudaimonia
1813:Conscience
1808:Compassion
1694:Skepticism
1689:Relativism
1606:Naturalism
1586:Absolutism
1558:Technology
1408:Deontology
1121:8120600223
1075:January 5,
898:References
611:See also:
597:honor code
594:West Point
578:See also:
411:guidance.
401:manifestos
399:are three
364:Dalai Lama
356:See also:
336:democratic
187:deontology
166:Kural text
158:secularism
69:newspapers
2462:Casuistry
2374:Either/Or
2281:Korsgaard
2276:Azurmendi
2241:MacIntyre
2181:Nietzsche
2111:Augustine
2106:Confucius
2086:Aristotle
2062:Ethicists
2020:Intrinsic
1985:Suffering
1895:Happiness
1868:Free will
1848:Etiquette
1793:Authority
1737:Epicurean
1732:Confucian
1727:Christian
1662:Emotivism
1486:Discourse
1423:Pragmatic
1395:Normative
1227:13 August
762:Nietzsche
625:wrote in
405:humanists
307:Humanists
241:normative
210:supported
128:in which
2567:Category
2552:Category
2492:Ideology
2457:Axiology
2286:Nussbaum
2236:Frankena
2231:Anscombe
2221:Williams
2176:Sidgwick
2096:Valluvar
2091:Diogenes
2076:Socrates
2000:Theodicy
1995:Sympathy
1960:Pacifism
1950:Morality
1863:Fidelity
1843:Equality
1798:Autonomy
1786:Concepts
1747:Feminist
1722:Buddhist
1652:Nihilism
1591:Axiology
1548:Research
1481:Computer
1476:Business
1046:16 March
992:16 March
964:Question
929:Archived
876:See also
733:Holyoake
690:Valluvar
672:Epicurus
667:Epicurus
309:endorse
173:Valluvar
154:humanism
2450:Related
2196:Tillich
2161:Bentham
2136:Spinoza
2131:Aquinas
2116:Mencius
2030:Western
2005:Torture
1970:Precept
1925:Loyalty
1920:Liberty
1915:Justice
1828:Dignity
1818:Consent
1762:Kantian
1752:Islamic
1715:Schools
1601:Realism
1533:Nursing
1528:Medical
1513:Machine
1453:Applied
1030:. 83–84
458:and to
138:empathy
83:scholar
2441:(1984)
2433:(1981)
2425:(1979)
2417:(1971)
2409:(1903)
2401:(1887)
2393:(1874)
2385:(1861)
2377:(1843)
2369:(1820)
2361:(1788)
2353:(1785)
2345:(1780)
2337:(1759)
2329:(1740)
2321:(1726)
2313:(1677)
2271:Taylor
2256:Parfit
2251:Singer
2226:Mackie
2101:Cicero
2042:Virtue
1975:Rights
1900:Honour
1757:Jewish
1553:Sexual
1461:Animal
1443:Virtue
1387:Ethics
1321:
1252:
1204:
1174:
1143:
1118:
826:ethics
380:Deists
237:reason
142:reason
130:ethics
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2533:Index
2295:Works
2266:Adams
2261:Nagel
2216:Dewey
2211:Rawls
2191:Barth
2186:Moore
2151:Hegel
2126:Xunzi
2081:Plato
2071:Laozi
2052:Wrong
2025:Japan
2015:Value
2010:Trust
1905:Ideal
1772:Stoic
1523:Media
1508:Legal
1168:27–28
1112:(PDF)
703:Kural
601:cadet
319:faith
247:upon.
233:logic
134:logic
90:JSTOR
76:books
2246:Hare
2206:Foot
2166:Mill
2146:Kant
2141:Hume
2121:Mozi
2037:Vice
1955:Norm
1883:Evil
1878:Good
1838:Duty
1578:Meta
1501:Land
1428:Role
1413:Care
1319:ISBN
1263:2010
1250:ISBN
1229:2016
1202:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1116:ISBN
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