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Fate of the unlearned

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be saved, who are intelligent enough to be morally responsible, and have heard the glad tidings of salvation. At the same time Methodism has insisted that all children who are not willing transgressors, and all irresponsible persons, are saved by the grace of God manifest in the atoning work of Christ; and, further, that all in every nation, who fear God and work righteousness, are accepted of him, through the Christ that died for them, though they have not heard of him. This view of the atonement has been held and defended by Methodist theologians from the very first. And it may be said with ever-increasing emphasis that it commends itself to all sensible and unprejudiced thinkers, for this, that it is rational and Scriptural, and at the same time honorable to God and gracious and merciful to man.
819:. We emphasise that these are reasons for prayerful hope, rather than grounds for sure knowledge. There is much that simply has not been revealed to us (cf. Jn 16:12) What has been revealed to us is that the ordinary way of salvation is by the sacrament of Baptism. None of the above considerations should be taken as qualifying the necessity of Baptism or justifying delay in administering the sacrament. Rather, as we want to reaffirm in conclusion, they provide strong grounds for hope that God will save infants when we have not been able to do for them what we would have wished to do, namely, to baptize them into the faith and life of the Church. 1037:. Latter-day Saints believe that God has provided a way so that all of humankind will have an opportunity to hear the message of the gospel, and can thereby choose whether to accept it or not. Latter-day Saints assert that modern day revelation has clarified and confirmed the Biblical accounts that during the three days between his death and resurrection, Christ "went and preached unto the spirits in prison" (1 Peter 3:19, see also 1 Peter 4:6), at which time he also commissioned other spirits to "go forth and carry the light of the gospel to them that were in darkness, even to all the spirits of men" ( 523: 3619: 535: 1275: 1118:, including those who never had the opportunity to hear their message, as well as Biblical figures who died before Jesus' sacrifice. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that prior sins committed by those resurrected will be forgiven, and that they will be judged based on their actions during the millennium. Those judged unfavorably will then be permanently destroyed and the remainder will be allowed to live forever in an earthly paradise. 547: 930:(CRC), in its funeral rites, has "prayers for those who lived openly sinful lives", i.e. "we place in your merciful hands N. His/her life was filled with sin and struggle, but only you perceive what mustard seed of faith was hidden in his/her heart". It also prays for those "who were not known to be Christian", i.e. "we commend N. to your merciful care, knowing that you will do right". 680:
things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.
910:, together with sincere repentance for one's sins and the attainment of "divine and Catholic faith", insures salvation. In the case of the righteous unlearned, "t may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity" and, by extension, God may permit them to attain salvation. 1000:". The Methodist funeral liturgy for non-Christians beseeches God to "look favorably upon those who scarcely knew your grace. Grant mercy also to those who have departed this life in ignorance or defiance of you. We plead for them in the spirit of him who prayed, 'Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do 1239:
Some would extend this mercy to the incompetently evangelized, that is, to people "who have been reached by the name of Muhammad but who have been given a false account", and for whom it is then said that they "have not rejected true Islam but only a distorted version of it and they will therefore be
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One view is that "A person who has never heard of Islam or the Prophet and who has never heard the message in its correct and true form, will not be punished by Allah if he dies in a state of disbelief. If it were asked what his fate will be, the answer will be that Allah will test him on the Day of
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Starting on the assumption that salvation was possible for every redeemed soul, and that all souls are redeemed, it has held fast to the fundamental doctrine that repentance towards God and faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ are the divinely-ordained conditions upon which all complying therewith may
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As a formal Christian denomination, Christian universalism originated in the late 18th century with the Universalist Church of America. There is no single denomination uniting Christian universalists, but a few denominations teach some of the principles of Christian universalism or are open to them.
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has also stated that, "to what extent will Jesus consider community responsibility and family merit We cannot say, and it is pointless to speculate". They also believe that young children of Jehovah's Witnesses may be saved even if they have not yet been baptized. For all other cases, they consider
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For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law; (For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified. For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the
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Nations operate according to the principle of community responsibility. Rulers may start wars, but the people fight them. It is upon the people generally, young and old, male and female, that the enemy nation rains destruction, and not upon the wicked rulers. The nations in their wars sow death on
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allows for the salvation of one with genuine ignorance of the Catholic Church, who "seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it". With respect to the unlearned, Catholic theologians have traditionally taught that there are four points required for salvation,
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Jehovah's Witnesses believe that humans inherited sin and death as a result of Adam's rebellion, and that God sent Jesus to redeem mankind from that condition. They consider faith in that provision to be the only way to attain its benefits, and therefore view their preaching work as essential and
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They need to react favorably to the preaching work that is being done today, to continue putting on a Christlike personality, to get baptized in symbol of their dedication to Jehovah, and to support Christ's brothers loyally. ... Only those who pursue such a course now—and who enter the great
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The Catholic Church believes that Jesus Christ attained salvation "for all people by his death on the cross, but that some may choose to reject it". It teaches that salvation comes from "God alone", but that the church is the "mother" and "teacher" of the faithful. Thus, "all salvation comes
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Resurrection: if he obeys, he will enter Paradise and if he disobeys he will enter Hell". But, even those who have not heard the message will be held to some standard of conduct: "Because everyone is a born Muslim, those who have never heard of Islam are only responsible for not doing
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until they have achieved Nirvana. However, Buddhist scholars have said that "any suggestion that enlightenment is immediately available to anyone who really wants it, even if he has never heard of Buddhism, is likely to be received with incredulity or even resentment".
946:, has a prayer for the departed unlearned: "God of infinite mercy and justice, who has made man in thine own image, and hatest nothing thou hast made, we rejoice in thy love for all creation and commend all mankind to thee, that in them thy will be done". 1236:. Those who knowingly violate God's laws will be punished for their wrongdoing". Under this view, those who have not heard the message are "excused", and Allah "rewards such people for the good they have done, and they enjoy the blessings of Paradise". 1105:
They believe that those who have no opportunity to hear their message, for example, due to government restrictions or other causes beyond the Witnesses' control, may be destroyed under a "principle of community responsibility". However,
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urgent. They believe that once sufficient time has been given for preaching, Jesus will assume authority and destroy the current "system of things". Only baptized members of the denomination who are alive at the time of the
832:. Specifically, it teaches that Christian baptism is necessary for salvation, and that the Roman Catholic Church is also necessary as "the universal sacrament of salvation", but that some may be joined to the church by 1049:, today members of the LDS Church participate in a massive genealogical effort to compile names of their kindred dead, and then act as proxies in ordinances performed on behalf of their deceased ancestors within 753:
noted that "Although God's decision on this issue is final, the church has never agreed on the nature of that decision". John Sanders and Clark Pinnock propose a position known as "
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At the most simple level Christian universalism is the belief that God will (or, in the case of "hopeful universalism", might) redeem all people through the saving work of Christ.
1149:. "Christian universalism" and "the belief or hope in the universal reconciliation through Christ" can be understood as synonyms. Opponents of this school, who hold that eternal 1218:
Indeed, the believers, Jews, Sabians and Christians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good, there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.
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It is sometimes addressed in combination with the similar question of the fate of the unbeliever. Differing faith traditions have different responses to the question; in
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Latter-day Saints do not believe that children come into the world with any guilt, because Jesus Christ atoned for "original guilt"; therefore no one is condemned by
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and people are responsible only for their own sins once they have reached the age of accountability. Those incapable of understanding right from wrong, such as the
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children and those "who did not profess the Christian faith: we 'commit those who are dear to us to your never-failing love, for this life and the life to come
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may not possess the Law but may nevertheless have the law engraved in their hearts, and that Jesus judges people according to what is in their hearts (
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Instead, their membership has been consolidated with the American Unitarian Association into the Unitarian Universalist Association in 1961.
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or doctrine and thus have no opportunity to embrace it. The question is whether those who never hear of requirements issued through divine
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Jehovah's Witnesses believe that most people who die prior to the Great Tribulation will be resurrected on earth during Christ's
74: 198: 1053:. The beneficiaries of this temple work are then free to accept or reject the vicarious ordinances performed on their behalf. 1360: 857:
which are necessary by necessity of means, with the latter two being required if the Gospel has been preached in that land:
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held that those "brought up in the forest or among wolves" would be sent "the gospel message through miraculous means".
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the basis of community responsibility. Will it not be just for them to reap it on the same basis at Armageddon?
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himself, God saves the unbaptized through a means known only to himself. Regarding children who die without
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Timeline of Significant Events in the Merger of the Unitarian and Universalist Churches During the 1900s
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both Jews and Gentiles who accepted the gospel and that postmortem evangelism continues even today".
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Our conclusion is that the many factors that we have considered above give serious theological and
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International Theological Commission, Hope of salvation for infants who die without being baptized
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will survive and form the basis of a new world ruled by Christ and a relatively small group of
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judged in the same category as those people who never heard of Islam in the first place".
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question about the ultimate destiny of people who have not been exposed to a particular
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will have the opportunity to receive a knowledge of the gospel of Jesus Christ in the
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is the ultimate fate of some or most people, are sometimes called "infernalists."
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138:30). Since Latter-day Saints believe that all people must receive the proper
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tribulation as pure worshippers—will be in a position to be marked for survival.
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Buddhist Society (London, England)The Middle way, 1943, Volumes 45–47, p. 18.
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grounds for hope that unbaptised infants who die will be saved and enjoy the
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Practicing Prayer for the Dead: Its Theological Meaning and Spiritual Value
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Pearson Edexcel Religious Studies A level/AS Student Guide: Christianity
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Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic
1425:"Canonized from the Cross: How St Dismas Shows it's Never Too Late..." 1064:, are also saved under the atonement of Jesus Christ without baptism. 3218: 3049: 2940: 2737: 2722: 2705: 2700: 2680: 2491: 1203: 1199: 1150: 959: 841: 742:, however, believed that the unevangelized are condemned to hell and 629:, and is generally accepted to be an extension or sub-section of the 343: 3570: 3203: 2785: 2732: 2633: 1320: 1309: 1255: 1184: 828:", and the Catholic Church mediates Christ's salvation through the 804: 668: 603: 2536:
Norman Solomon, Richard Harries, T. J. Winter, Tim Winter (2005).
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Abraham's Children: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conversation
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Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed., para. 1257 et seq.
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the fate of the unlearned is related to the question of
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Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed., para. 1260.
757:", under which many of the unevangelized will receive 2037: 2035: 1541:
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed., para. 1259
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Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed., para. 169.
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Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed., para. 1741
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The Fullness of the Blessing of the Gospel of Christ
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because they have faith in God as they know him (as
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punished for failure to abide by those requirements
2032: 906:can be saved, in the Roman Catholic view, because 706:are Christians, though they might not know about 3633: 2520: 1610: 1608: 2463: 1027:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 702:, taught that those who lived according to the 1550: 1403: 908:the desire to receive the sacrament of baptism 2618: 2480:Will Christians enter Paradise or go to Hell? 2466:Questions & Answers About Islam, Volume 1 1643:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 52–53. 1605: 1344: 864:God rewards the good and punishes the wicked. 571: 2550:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1634: 1632: 1551:Stackhouse Jr., John G. (8 September 1993). 1404:Stackhouse Jr., John G. (3 September 2001). 1102:persons whom he invites to be his corulers. 1198:According to Quran, the basic criteria for 1008:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 3672:Latter Day Saint concepts of the afterlife 3084: 2625: 2611: 2577: 2261:"What Future for the Sheep and the Goats?" 2240:"Fixing Destinies in This Judgment Period" 1591:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 121. 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1350: 954:With regard to the fate of the unlearned, 578: 564: 2402: 1629: 1614: 1121: 3368: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1351:Darlington, Stephen (31 December 2018). 1305:Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology) 1234:what common sense tells him or her to do 2369:"Declared Righteous as a Friend of God" 1991: 1941: 1716:"Plan of Salvation, Plan of Redemption" 1502: 1384: 75:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment 3677:Arguments against the existence of God 3634: 2645: 2508:Islam: Questions and Answers, Volume 1 2459: 2457: 2103: 2041: 1832: 1406:"What Has Jerusalem to Do with Mecca?" 1195:might automatically merit punishment. 1082: 3357: 2644: 2606: 2514: 2492:Renaissance – Monthly Islamic journal 2420: 1785: 1663: 1638: 1586: 1575: 1448:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1260 1422: 1111:baptism a requirement for salvation. 1022:Original sin § Latter-day Saints 967:Some Things That Methodism Stands For 2578:Culbertson, Howard (26 April 2007). 2206:. Watch Tower Society. p. 179. 1882: 1838:"Baptism for the dead: LDS practice" 1710: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 926:receive salvation or damnation. The 714:held that Christ has descended into 2529: 2499: 2454: 2204:Pure Worship—Restored at Last 1615:Mallalieu, Willard Francis (1903). 1587:Gould, James B. (4 November 2016). 1521:. Thomson/Gale. 2003. p. 602. 1393:. Christianity Today International. 546: 13: 2571: 2472: 1544: 1519:New Catholic Encyclopedia: Ead-Fre 1243: 1067:In Latter-day Saint belief, only " 14: 3693: 3190:Attributes of God in Christianity 1885:"Children: Salvation of Children" 1639:Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). 1369: 1089:Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation 779:Vincible and invincible ignorance 772: 3617: 2523:Islam Vs. West: Fact Or Fiction? 1273: 545: 533: 522: 521: 3248:Great Architect of the Universe 2558: 2442: 2414: 2396: 2380: 2362: 2344: 2326: 2308: 2290: 2272: 2254: 2232: 2214: 2196: 2178: 2162: 2151:"God Recommends His Love to Us" 2144: 2097: 2085: 1985: 1935: 1923: 1876: 1826: 1779: 1754: 1704: 1657: 1535: 1133:focused around the doctrine of 636: 113:Discrimination against atheists 3647:Catholic theology and doctrine 2421:Kilby, Karen (16 March 2020). 2279:"Why Are Christians Baptized?" 1481: 1472: 1463: 1452: 1441: 1416: 1397: 933: 128:Separation of church and state 1: 3027:Trinity of the Church Fathers 2391:Reasoning from the Scriptures 2351:"What Hope for My Ancestors?" 2315:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 1385:Sanders, John (14 May 1990). 1337: 397:Atheism: The Case Against God 52:Negative and positive atheism 42:Implicit and explicit atheism 3358: 2632: 2584:Southern Nazarene University 2506:Muhamm Abdul-Rahman (2003). 2246:. 1 June 1952. p. 345. 1786:Rozsa, Allen Claire (1992), 1762:"Doctrine and Covenants 138" 1621:. Jennings and Pye. p.  1423:Clark, John (3 April 2015). 949: 596:destiny of the unevangelized 7: 3278:Phenomenological definition 2403:MacDonald, Gregory (2011). 1947:"Atonement of Jesus Christ" 1766:www.churchofjesuschrist.org 1266: 1045:in order to enter into the 913: 886:God the Son, Jesus Christ, 10: 3698: 2423:"Against the Infernalists" 1992:Merrill, Byron R. (1992), 1247: 1179:A similar issue exists in 1164: 1086: 1011: 776: 640: 244:Theological noncognitivism 3615: 3584: 3546: 3499: 3476: 3364: 3353: 3306: 3182: 3134: 3040: 2967: 2928: 2892: 2829: 2818: 2771: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2640: 2521:Abubakr Asadulla (2005). 2485:27 September 2007 at the 2448:Harvard Divinity School: 2297:"One Flock, One Shepherd" 2173:Insight on the Scriptures 2115:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 2056:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 2003:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 1956:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 1894:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 1847:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 1797:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 1725:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 1675:Encyclopedia of Mormonism 979:Willard Francis Mallalieu 956:Willard Francis Mallalieu 928:Christian Reformed Church 3032:Trinitarian universalism 2464:Fethullah Gülen (2006). 2377:, pp. 15–16 pars. 11–12. 2333:"Questions From Readers" 2221:"Questions From Readers" 1883:Rudd, Calvin P. (1992), 1160: 1141:and restored to a right 1135:universal reconciliation 787:teaches that, since the 647:Salvation (Christianity) 3234:Godhead in Christianity 2104:Turner, Rodney (1992), 1666:"Salvation of the Dead" 1664:Fugal, Elma W. (1992), 1295:Christian views on Hell 986:United Methodist Church 942:, mother Church of the 807:commission has stated: 199:Inconsistent revelation 193:Incompatible properties 108:Demographics of atheism 16:Eschatological question 2122:, pp. 1391–1392, 2010:, pp. 1052–1053, 1929:Pearl of Great Price, 1732:, pp. 1088–1091, 1682:, pp. 1257–1259, 1387:"The Perennial Debate" 1229: 1127:Christian universalism 1122:Christian universalism 1039:Doctrine and Covenants 982: 861:There is only one God. 821: 734:declaring that "Jesus 688: 3652:Christian eschatology 3060:Fate of the unlearned 3012:Shield of the Trinity 2371:. (1 December 1985). 2263:. (15 October 1995). 1326:Universal opportunity 1250:Religious exclusivism 1248:Further information: 1216: 971: 920:Reformed Christianity 809: 785:Roman Catholic Church 724:Clement of Alexandria 677: 592:fate of the unlearned 171:Fate of the unlearned 149:Arguments for atheism 103:Criticism of religion 3657:Evangelical theology 2120:Macmillan Publishing 2061:Macmillan Publishing 2008:Macmillan Publishing 1961:Macmillan Publishing 1901:, pp. 268–269, 1899:Macmillan Publishing 1852:Macmillan Publishing 1802:Macmillan Publishing 1730:Macmillan Publishing 1680:Macmillan Publishing 1355:. Hodder Education. 1062:mentally handicapped 1018:Baptism for the dead 1014:Baptism in Mormonism 990:prayers for the dead 619:Western Christianity 594:, also known as the 497:Criticism of atheism 488:Atheism and religion 439:The System of Nature 324:Christopher Hitchens 3682:Protestant theology 3662:Islamic eschatology 3594:Slavic Native Faith 3017:Trinitarian formula 2954:Father of Greatness 2837:Abrahamic religions 2323:, p. 12 pars. 8, 9. 2317:. (15 March 2009). 2299:. (15 March 2015). 2187:. (15 March 2010). 2169:"Declare Righteous" 2106:"Sons of Perdition" 1943:Holland, Jeffrey R. 1788:"Temple Ordinances" 1281:Christianity portal 1083:Jehovah's Witnesses 892:was crucified, died 736:delivered from hell 651:Anonymous Christian 354:Friedrich Nietzsche 214:Omnipotence paradox 22:Part of a series on 3667:Jewish eschatology 3556:Abrahamic prophecy 3486:Ayyavazhi theology 3258:Apophatic theology 2647:Conceptions of God 2335:. (15 June 2006). 2281:. (1 April 2012). 2159:, p. 12. par. 5, 6 1963:, pp. 82–86, 1854:, pp. 95–97, 1804:, pp. 1444–, 1410:Christianity Today 1391:Christianity Today 1331:Vincible ignorance 1131:Christian theology 944:Anglican Communion 826:through the Church 740:Augustine of Hippo 404:Breaking the Spell 339:Michael Lou Martin 165:Evil God challenge 70:History of atheism 3629: 3628: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3240:Latter Day Saints 3209:Divine simplicity 3130: 3129: 2987:Consubstantiality 2963: 2962: 2814: 2813: 2758:Theistic finitism 2405:All Shall Be Well 2353:. (1 June 2014). 1557:Christian Century 1362:978-1-5104-3258-1 1300:Harrowing of Hell 1206:is the belief in 1096:Great Tribulation 1069:sons of perdition 1047:Kingdom of Heaven 940:Church of England 888:became man for us 854:Catholic teaching 834:baptism of desire 588: 587: 553: 541: 539:Philosophy portal 529: 517: 504: 503: 381: 380: 374:Victor J. Stenger 265:Lists of atheists 3689: 3621: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3354: 3242: 3082: 3081: 2977:Athanasian Creed 2827: 2826: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2642: 2641: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2590:on 10 April 2008 2586:. Archived from 2565: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2497: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2384: 2378: 2366: 2360: 2348: 2342: 2330: 2324: 2312: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2276: 2270: 2269:, p. 28 par. 23. 2258: 2252: 2251: 2236: 2230: 2223:. (1 May 2002). 2218: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2182: 2176: 2166: 2160: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2110:Ludlow, Daniel H 2101: 2095: 2091:Book of Mormon, 2089: 2083: 2081: 2051:Ludlow, Daniel H 2047:"Accountability" 2043:Warner, C. Terry 2039: 2030: 2028: 1998:Ludlow, Daniel H 1989: 1983: 1981: 1951:Ludlow, Daniel H 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1889:Ludlow, Daniel H 1880: 1874: 1872: 1842:Ludlow, Daniel H 1834:Burton, H. David 1830: 1824: 1822: 1792:Ludlow, Daniel H 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1720:Ludlow, Daniel H 1708: 1702: 1700: 1670:Ludlow, Daniel H 1661: 1655: 1654: 1636: 1627: 1626: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1584: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1559:. Archived from 1548: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1515: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1367: 1366: 1348: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1227: 1116:millennial reign 1003: 999: 980: 838:baptism of blood 686: 665:Paul the Apostle 627:existence of God 580: 573: 566: 549: 548: 544: 537: 532: 525: 524: 520: 513: 479:Secular humanism 456: 455: 432:God Is Not Great 425:The God Delusion 418:The End of Faith 364:Bertrand Russell 309:Ludwig Feuerbach 261: 260: 239:Russell's teapot 194: 187:Hitchens's razor 172: 98:Atheist feminism 19: 18: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3623:Religion portal 3603: 3580: 3542: 3523:Holy Scriptures 3495: 3472: 3360: 3341: 3302: 3238: 3214:Divine presence 3178: 3126: 3080: 3036: 2982:Comma Johanneum 2959: 2924: 2888: 2822: 2810: 2767: 2649: 2636: 2631: 2593: 2591: 2574: 2572:Further reading 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2519: 2515: 2504: 2500: 2487:Wayback Machine 2477: 2473: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2401: 2397: 2385: 2381: 2367: 2363: 2349: 2345: 2331: 2327: 2313: 2309: 2305:, p. 25 par. 7. 2295: 2291: 2277: 2273: 2259: 2255: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2219: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2183: 2179: 2167: 2163: 2153:. (June 2011). 2149: 2145: 2130: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2071: 2040: 2033: 2018: 1990: 1986: 1971: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1909: 1881: 1877: 1862: 1831: 1827: 1812: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1740: 1712:Lund, Gerald N. 1709: 1705: 1690: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1637: 1630: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1585: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1517: 1516: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1402: 1398: 1383: 1370: 1363: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1312:(Hell in Islam) 1279: 1272: 1269: 1252: 1246: 1244:Other positions 1228: 1222: 1177: 1167:Itmam al-hujjah 1163: 1129:is a school of 1124: 1091: 1085: 1024: 1010: 1001: 997: 981: 978: 952: 936: 916: 817:Beatific Vision 781: 775: 751:John E. Sanders 718:to deliver the 687: 684: 657: 639: 631:problem of evil 584: 506: 505: 453: 452:Related stances 445: 444: 411:De rerum natura 391: 383: 382: 334:Lawrence Krauss 329:Baron d'Holbach 294:Richard Dawkins 279:Mikhail Bakunin 258: 250: 249: 248: 234:Problem of Hell 229:Problem of evil 219:Parody religion 192: 182:God of the gaps 170: 155:Atheist's wager 146: 138: 137: 93: 85: 84: 65: 57: 56: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3695: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3533:Predestination 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3388:Biblical canon 3385: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3183:Other concepts 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3055:Apocalypticism 3052: 3046: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2969:Trinitarianism 2965: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2884:Zoroastrianism 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2833: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2716:Urmonotheismus 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2661: 2651: 2650: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2557: 2528: 2513: 2498: 2471: 2453: 2441: 2413: 2395: 2379: 2374:The Watchtower 2361: 2356:The Watchtower 2343: 2338:The Watchtower 2325: 2320:The Watchtower 2307: 2302:The Watchtower 2289: 2284:The Watchtower 2271: 2266:The Watchtower 2253: 2244:The Watchtower 2231: 2226:The Watchtower 2213: 2195: 2190:The Watchtower 2177: 2161: 2156:The Watchtower 2143: 2128: 2096: 2093:Moroni 8:22–24 2084: 2069: 2063:, p. 13, 2031: 2016: 1994:"Original sin" 1984: 1969: 1934: 1922: 1907: 1875: 1860: 1825: 1810: 1778: 1753: 1738: 1703: 1688: 1656: 1649: 1628: 1604: 1597: 1574: 1543: 1534: 1527: 1501: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1451: 1440: 1428:Seton Magazine 1415: 1396: 1368: 1361: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1268: 1265: 1245: 1242: 1220: 1162: 1159: 1123: 1120: 1108:The Watchtower 1084: 1081: 1077:outer darkness 1009: 1006: 976: 951: 948: 935: 932: 915: 912: 900: 899: 884: 879:, and God the 873:God the Father 865: 862: 850:state of grace 789:Penitent Thief 774: 773:Roman Catholic 771: 744:Thomas Aquinas 685:Romans 2:12–16 682: 673:Romans 2:12–16 667:teaches that " 655:Virtuous pagan 638: 635: 600:eschatological 586: 585: 583: 582: 575: 568: 560: 557: 556: 555: 554: 542: 530: 518: 508: 507: 502: 501: 500: 499: 491: 490: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 471: 463: 462: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 378: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314:A. C. Grayling 311: 306: 301: 299:Daniel Dennett 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 274:Julian Baggini 268: 267: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 189: 184: 179: 174: 167: 162: 160:Creator of God 157: 151: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 118:Secular ethics 115: 110: 105: 100: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 66: 63: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 49: 44: 38: 35: 34: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3694: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566:Denominations 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3538:Last Judgment 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3298:Unmoved mover 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199:Binitarianism 3197: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2920:Supreme Being 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791:Gender of God 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:Kathenotheism 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2410: 2407:. p. 1. 2406: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2185:"Be Vigilant" 2181: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2129:0-02-879602-0 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2070:0-02-879602-0 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017:0-02-879602-0 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970:0-02-879602-0 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1931:Moses 6:53–54 1926: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1908:0-02-879602-0 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1861:0-02-879602-0 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1811:0-02-879602-0 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739:0-02-879602-0 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689:0-02-879602-0 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1652: 1650:9781620329887 1646: 1642: 1635: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1598:9781498284578 1594: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1563:on 7 May 2009 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1538: 1530: 1528:9780787640095 1524: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1429: 1426: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212:Last Judgment 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1175:Ahl al-Fatrah 1172: 1168: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1005: 995: 991: 987: 975: 970: 968: 964: 961: 957: 947: 945: 941: 931: 929: 925: 921: 911: 909: 905: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863: 860: 859: 858: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 820: 818: 814: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 780: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:Church Father 697: 696:Justin Martyr 693: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 652: 648: 644: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 561: 559: 558: 552: 543: 540: 536: 531: 528: 519: 516: 512: 511: 510: 509: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 489: 486: 485: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 464: 461: 458: 457: 449: 448: 441: 440: 436: 434: 433: 429: 427: 426: 422: 420: 419: 415: 413: 412: 408: 406: 405: 401: 399: 398: 394: 393: 387: 386: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Michel Onfray 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 304:Denis Diderot 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 263: 262: 254: 253: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209:Occam's razor 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 150: 142: 141: 134: 133:State atheism 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 89: 88: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 61: 60: 53: 50: 48: 45: 43: 40: 39: 33: 32: 29: 26: 25: 21: 20: 3433:Hamartiology 3418:Ecclesiology 3408:Pneumatology 3317:Christianity 3308:Names of God 3283:Philo's view 3273:Personal god 3253:Great Spirit 3192: / 3149:Christianity 3059: 3007:Perichoresis 2910:Emanationism 2852:Christianity 2842:Baháʼí Faith 2820:Singular god 2793: 2753:Spiritualism 2592:. 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Index

Atheism
Implicit and explicit atheism
Naturalism
Negative and positive atheism
History of atheism
Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
New Atheism
Atheist feminism
Criticism of religion
Demographics of atheism
Discrimination against atheists
Secular ethics
Secularism
Separation of church and state
State atheism
Arguments for atheism
Atheist's wager
Creator of God
Evil God challenge
Fate of the unlearned
Free will
God of the gaps
Hitchens's razor
Incompatible properties
Inconsistent revelation
Nonbelief
Occam's razor
Omnipotence paradox
Parody religion
Poor design

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