Existence of God - Knowledge

3828: 2780:, was a Jewish scholar who tried to logically prove the existence of God. Maimonides offered proofs for the existence of God, but he did not begin with defining God first, like many others do. Rather, he used the description of the earth and the universe to prove the existence of God. He talked about the Heavenly bodies and how they are committed to eternal motion. Maimonides argued that because every physical object is finite, it can only contain a finite amount of power. If everything in the universe, which includes all the planets and the stars, is finite, then there has to be an infinite power to push forth the motion of everything in the universe. Narrowing down to an infinite being, the only thing that can explain the motion is an infinite being (meaning God) which is neither a body nor a force in the body. Maimonides believed that this argument gives us a ground to believe that God is, not an idea of what God is. He believed that God cannot be understood or be compared. 4238:, pointed out that omnipotence is the power to do all things logically possible, and thus God could not be expected to do things that are logically impossible. God could not, for example, create square circles, act contrary to his nature, or, more relevantly, create beings with free will that would never choose evil. Taking this latter point further, Plantinga argued that the moral value of human free will is a credible offsetting justification that God could have as a morally justified reason for permitting the existence of evil. Plantinga did not claim to have shown that the conclusion of the logical problem is wrong, nor did he assert that God's reason for allowing evil is, in fact, to preserve free will. Instead, his argument sought only to show that the 5117:. On the other hand, anti-realists, particularly those of a naturalistic persuasion, see mathematical relationships as reflections of real-world interactions, without necessitating abstract entities. Yet, Craig challenges this view by questioning why the physical world inherently exhibits such complex mathematical patterns without an intentional design. In contrast, the theistic anti-realist has a straightforward explanation: the world reflects a complex mathematical structure because it was created by God following an abstract model. Thus, Craig concludes that theism offers a superior explanation for why mathematics applies so effectively to understanding and predicting the physical world. 7882: 10139:): "The argument from design to demonstrate God's existence, now called the 'Intelligent Design' argument (ID) is a two-tined argument. The first prong asserts that the universe, humans, as well as all sorts of organisms, in their wholes, in their parts, and in their relations to one another and to their environment, appear to have been designed for serving certain functions and for certain ways of life. The second prong of the argument is that only an omnipotent Creator could account for the perfection and purposeful design of the universe and everything in it." 5891:

all-knowing God can also be all-powerful. If God knows everything, then he must know what he will do in the future, and if he knows what he will do in the future, then he cannot change his mind and do something else. This would mean that God is not all-powerful because he is limited by his knowledge of the future. On the other hand, if God is all-powerful, then he should be able to change his mind and do something else, but if he does this, then he cannot be all-knowing because he did not know what he was going to do in the first place.

2769:, a 12th-century Islamic scholar, philosopher, and physician, states there are only two arguments worthy of adherence, both of which are found in what he calls the "Precious Book" (The Qur'an). Rushd cites "providence" and "invention" in using the Qur'an's parables to claim the existence of God. Rushd argues that the Earth's weather patterns are conditioned to support human life; thus, if the planet is so finely-tuned to maintain life, then it suggests a fine tuner—God. The Sun and the Moon are not just random objects floating in the 7926:. Boyer suggests that, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the side of attributing agency where there is not any. In Boyer's view, belief in supernatural entities spreads and becomes culturally fixed because of their memorability. The concept of "minimally counterintuitive" beings that differ from the ordinary in a small number of ways (such as being invisible, able to fly, or having access to strategic and otherwise secret information) leave a lasting impression that spreads through word-of-mouth. 7386: 4129: 6298:. This is because proponents only consider the universe as it exists today, without taking into account all the other possible ways it could have existed. For example, if the physical laws were different, life as we know it may not have been possible, but that does not mean that some other form of life could not have existed under those conditions. Therefore, opponents argue that just because our universe allows for life does not necessarily mean that it was designed to do so. 7414: 6340:," Hume argued that it is always more reasonable to believe that someone is mistaken or lying than to accept that a miracle has occurred. He claimed that there is no amount of testimony or evidence that can prove a miracle beyond doubt because it always contradicts natural law. Hume's argument was based on his empiricist philosophy, which held that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and that claims about supernatural events are not supported by such experience. 7870: 2754:, the existence of God is discussed in similar terms. In these traditions, God is also identified as the author (either directly or by inspiration) of certain texts, or that certain texts describe specific historical events caused by the God in question or communications from God (whether in direct speech or via dreams or omens). Some traditions also believe that God is the entity which is currently answering prayers for intervention or information or opinions. 2877:

proven by appeal to raw, uninterpreted, or "brute" facts, which have the same (theoretical) meaning to people with fundamentally different worldviews, because they deny that such a condition is even possible. They claim that the only possible proof for the existence of God is that the very same belief is the necessary condition to the intelligibility of all other human experience and action. They attempt to prove the existence of God by means of appeal to the

6095:" that human existence is meaningless because there is no inherent purpose or meaning to life. Nietzsche contends that humans must create their own values and meanings, and that the concept of God is a human invention that serves as a crutch for those who cannot accept the absurdity of existence. Nietzsche asserts that the death of God is a necessary step in human evolution, as it allows humanity to embrace its freedom and create its own values and meanings. 18327: 16232: 6324:, which suggests that our universe is just one of many possible universes, each with its own set of physical laws. In this scenario, it is not surprising that we find ourselves in a universe that allows for life because we could not exist in any other type of universe. Other scientists suggest that the physical constants of the universe are not actually fixed but can vary over time, which could explain why our universe appears to be finely tuned for life. 6153:. In his book "The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God," Mackie argues that the concept of an uncaused cause, which is often used to explain God's existence, is flawed. He argues that if everything must have a cause or explanation for its existence, then God must also have a cause or explanation for his existence. However, since God is often described as an uncaused cause, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God. 18354: 636: 16222: 14762: 14382: 4870:

argument. First, the people who have these experiences not only do not exhibit traditional signs of mental illness but, often, are in better mental and physical health than the general population due to the experience. Second, the experiences work. In other words, they provide a framework for navigating life that is useful and effective. All of the evidence of the positive effects of the experience upon people's lives he, adapting a term from

6084:," Sartre argues that human existence is absurd because there is no inherent purpose or meaning to life. He contends that humans are free to create their own meaning and purpose but are ultimately responsible for their choices and actions. Sartre asserts that if God existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist. 4110:

argument, he has not established that the world exists. Instead, he starts with the fact that he has an idea of God and concludes "that the mere fact that I exist and have within me an idea of a most perfect being, that is, God, provides a very clear proof that God indeed exists." He says, "it is no surprise that God, in creating me, should have placed this idea in me to be, as it were, the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work."

3265:, and are deemed to be without meaning, because such statements do not have any clear verification criteria. As the Christian biologist Scott C. Todd put it "Even if all the data pointed to an intelligent designer, such a hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic." This argument limits the domain of science to the empirically observable and limits the domain of God to the empirically unprovable. 4663:, believed it was already intended by Plato. This approach is not creationist in a simple sense, because while it agrees that a cosmic intelligence is responsible for the natural order, it rejects the proposal that this requires a "creator" to physically make and maintain this order. The Neoplatonists did not find the teleological argument convincing, and in this they were followed by medieval philosophers such as 6245:" in 1859. According to the theory, all living organisms have evolved over time from a common ancestor through a process of natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time depending on their usefulness for survival and reproduction. Over millions of years, this process has led to the vast diversity of life we see on Earth today. 6105:." Camus argues that human existence is absurd because there is no inherent purpose or meaning to life. He contends that humans must create their own meaning in the face of this absurdity, and that the concept of God is a distraction from this task. Camus asserts that the only way to confront the absurdity of existence is through rebellion, which involves embracing life despite its lack of inherent meaning. 11096:"Based on our real life experiences we clearly know that it was God, the Supreme Soul, Shiva, Himself, had entered into his body. It was God who had revealed the truth about the coming destruction, and of the establishment of the heavenly world which would then follow. And it was God Himself who had given the sign that he, Dada, was to be His medium and the engine for creating such a divine world." 4268: 6115:." Heidegger contends that human existence is characterized by anxiety and dread because humans are aware of their mortality and the ultimate futility of their actions. He argues that if God existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence, thus alleviating this anxiety. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist. 5656:, and understanding. Just as sense has immediate perception of the material so has reason immediate perception of the immaterial, while the understanding brings these perceptions to a person's consciousness and unites them to one another. God's existence, then, cannot be proven (Jacobi, like Immanuel Kant, rejected the absolute value of the principle of causality), it must be felt by the mind. 18366: 18314: 7823:

assumed to be egoistic, then God must be thought to have desire, as agency or authority cannot be established in the absence of desire. However, assuming that God has desire would contradict God's eternal freedom which necessitates no compulsion in actions. Moreover, desire, according to Samkhya, is an attribute of prakṛti and cannot be thought to grow in God.

7807:, commenting on Karika 57, argues that a perfect God can have no need to create a world, and if God's motive is kindness, Samkhya questions whether it is reasonable to call into existence beings who while non-existent had no suffering. Samkhya postulates that a benevolent deity ought to create only happy creatures, not an imperfect world like the real world. 6160:," Russell argues that the concept of God as an uncaused cause is illogical. He argues that if everything must have a cause or explanation for its existence, then God must also have a cause or explanation for his existence. However, since God is often described as an uncaused cause, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God. 7515:. One such worldview holds that one's own religion is not the sole and exclusive source of truth, and thus acknowledges that at least some truths and true values exist in other religions. Another concept is that two or more religions with mutually exclusive truth claims are equally valid; this may be considered a form of either 7849:, decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God is insufficient. They argue that there is no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there is no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a god to validate the rituals. Mimamsa argues that the gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the 3083:

he go farther, and, after an investigation into the nature and reach of human knowledge, ending in the conclusion that the existence of God is incapable of proof, cease to believe in it on the ground that he cannot know it to be true, he is an agnostic and also an atheist, an agnostic-atheist—an atheist because an agnostic."

6317:. They claim that just because something is unlikely does not mean it is impossible, and therefore, low probabilities cannot be used as evidence for design. Additionally, opponents argue that probability calculations can only be made if all possible outcomes are known, which is impossible in the case of the universe. 7803:

it argues that an unchanging God cannot be the source of an ever-changing world. It says God is a necessary metaphysical assumption demanded by circumstances. The Sutras of Samkhya endeavor to prove that the idea of God is inconceivable and self-contradictory, and some commentaries speak plainly on this subject. The

4890:. For example, one class of philosophers asserts that the proofs for the existence of God present a fairly large probability though not absolute certainty. A number of obscure points, they say, always remain; an act of faith is required to dismiss these difficulties. This view is maintained, among others, by the 4375:, who disagreed with its characterization of God, and modern critics who state that its piecemeal derivation of God's attributes allows people to accept parts of the argument but still reject God's existence. There is no consensus among modern scholars on the classification of the argument; some say that it is 5019:. Briefly and roughly, the argument states that humans' natural desire for eternal happiness must be capable of satisfaction, because all natural desires are capable of satisfaction. Versions of the argument have been offered since the Middle Ages, and the argument continues to have defenders today, such as 6142:'s "Human Action". He referred to it as the "praxeological argument" and claimed that a perfect being would have long ago satisfied all its wants and desires and would no longer be able to take action in the present without proving that it had been unable to achieve its wants faster—showing it imperfect. 6332:

The problem of miracles is rooted in the concept of natural law, which assumes that the universe operates according to predictable and consistent laws. According to this view, any event that violates natural law, such as a miracle, cannot occur. Therefore, if a miracle is claimed to have occurred, it

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Critics of the divine command theory argue that it leads to a problematic conclusion: if something is morally good simply because God commands it, then anything could be considered morally good if God commanded it. For example, if God commanded us to kill innocent people, then killing innocent people

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Proponents of the argument from naturalism argue that naturalistic explanations are more parsimonious than supernatural explanations. This means that naturalistic explanations are simpler and require fewer assumptions than supernatural explanations. For example, if a person observes a tree falling, a

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In addition to these arguments, proponents of the "no reason" argument also point to the problem of evil as evidence against God's existence. They argue that if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good, then he would not allow evil to exist in the world for any reason. He would have no specific

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One argument against the existence of God based on the problem of hell is that it seems incompatible with God's perfect goodness. If God is perfectly good, then why would he create a place like hell where people suffer for eternity? This argument has been made by many philosophers throughout history.

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The problem of hell is one of the most difficult challenges to the existence of God. The basic argument is that if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good, then why would he create a place of eternal punishment like hell? This question has been debated by philosophers and theologians for

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However, there are also a number of arguments against divine immutability. One of these is based on the idea that if God cannot change, then it would be impossible for God to interact with the world in any meaningful way. According to this view, if God's nature is fixed and unchanging, then there can

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raises the question of whether the gods love what is good because it is good, or whether it is good because the gods love it. This question raises the issue of whether morality is independent of God or dependent on him. If morality is independent of God, then God may not be necessary for moral values

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argued that "conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver." Lewis argued that accepting the validity of human reason as a given must include accepting the validity of practical reason, which could not be valid without

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Finally, he discusses how both religious experience and belief in God is, and has always been, normative among humans: people do not need to prove the existence of God. If there is no need to prove, Hinman argues, and the Trace of God (for instance, the impact of mystical experiences on them), belief

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Hinman uses a wide range of studies, including ones by Robert Wuthnow, Andrew Greeley, Mathes and Kathleen Nobel to establish that mystical experiences are life-transformative in a way that is significant, positive and lasting. He draws on additional work to add several additional major points to his

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position that the question of the existence of God (per that definition) is meaningless. In this case, the concept of God is not considered meaningless; the term "God" is considered meaningless. The second view is synonymous with theological noncognitivism, and skips the step of first asking "What is

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argues that believers should not attempt to prove the existence of God. Since he believes all such proofs are fundamentally unsound, believers should not place their confidence in them, much less resort to them in discussions with non-believers; rather, they should accept the content of revelation by

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is assumed, the proposition of God as a moral governor of the universe is unnecessary. For, if God enforces the consequences of actions then he can do so without karma. If however, he is assumed to be within the law of karma, then karma itself would be the giver of consequences and there would be no

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school states that there is no philosophical place for a creator God in this system. It is also argued in this text that the existence of Ishvara (God) cannot be proved and hence cannot be admitted to exist. Classical Samkhya argues against the existence of God on metaphysical grounds. For instance,

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Premise 1 is based on the fact that religious experiences are personal and subjective. They are often described in terms of feelings, emotions, and sensations that are difficult to describe or measure objectively. For example, a person may claim to have had a mystical experience in which they felt a

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is a philosophical and theological concept that argues that the universe and its physical laws are finely tuned to allow for the existence of life and, therefore, must have been designed by an intelligent creator. Proponents of this argument claim that the odds of the universe existing as it does by

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The first horn of the dilemma suggests that something is morally good because God commands it. This view is known as divine command theory, which states that moral truths are grounded in God's will or commands. According to this view, God's commands determine what is right and wrong, and morality is

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The "no reason" argument tries to show that an omnipotent and omniscient being would not have any reason to act in any way, specifically by creating the universe, because it would have no needs, wants, or desires since these very concepts are subjectively human. Since the universe exists, there is a

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The argument from free will contends that omniscience and the free will of humanity are incompatible and that any conception of God that incorporates both properties is therefore inherently contradictory: if God is omniscient, then God already knows humanity's future, contradicting the claim of free

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One of the main arguments for divine immutability is based on the idea that God is perfect and complete in all respects. According to this view, if God were to change in any way, it would imply that there was something lacking or imperfect in God's nature. This would be inconsistent with the idea of

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The problem of divine immutability is a philosophical and theological issue that has been debated for centuries. At the heart of the problem is the question of whether or not God can change. This question has far-reaching implications for how we understand the nature of God, the relationship between

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A more recent version of the omniscience paradox is the "paradox of the stone tablet." This argument goes as follows: suppose that God writes down everything that will happen in the future on a stone tablet. If God is truly omniscient, then he already knows what is written on the tablet. But if what

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and abiogenesis are akin to a hurricane assembling a Boeing 747 — that the universe (or life) is too complex, cannot be made by non-living matter alone and would have to be designed by someone, who theists call God. Dawkin's counter-argument is that such a God would himself be complex—the "Ultimate"

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must be assumed to exist in order for this to be possible, and that God must be assumed to exist to provide this. Rather than aiming to prove the existence of God, however, Kant was simply attempting to demonstrate that all moral thought requires the assumption that God exists, and therefore that we

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is the best or only explanation for this, concluding that God must exist. Arguments from moral order are based on the asserted need for moral order to exist in the universe. They claim that, for this moral order to exist, God must exist to support it. The argument from morality is noteworthy in that

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and elsewhere, posed that all natural desires have a natural object. One thirsts, and there exists water to quench this thirst; One hungers, and there exists food to satisfy this hunger. He then argued that the human desire for perfect justice, perfect peace, perfect happiness, and other intangibles

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sense, to list certain data (or alleged data), about the world, and to suggest that the likelihoods of these data are significantly higher under one hypothesis than the other. Most of the arguments for, or against, the existence of God can be seen as pointing to particular aspects of the universe in

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If a man have failed to find any good reason for believing that there is a God, it is perfectly natural and rational that he should not believe that there is a God; and if so, he is an atheist, although he assume no superhuman knowledge, but merely the ordinary human power of judging of evidence. If

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In his highly influential book Mere Christianity, C. S. Lewis revived the moral argument for the existence of God. By moving from the fact of human quarrels and the moral law that these presuppose, to the reality of God as the moral Lawgiver whose law people break, Lewis set forth a foundation not

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Even if karma is denied, God still cannot be the enforcer of consequences. Because the motives of an enforcer God would be either egoistic or altruistic. Now, God's motives cannot be assumed to be altruistic because an altruistic God would not create a world so full of suffering. If his motives are

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One of the key premises of the argument from naturalism is that the natural world is all there is. According to this view, there are no supernatural entities or forces that exist beyond the physical realm. This premise is based on the assumption that everything in the universe operates according to

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Secondly, proponents of TANG argue that our cognitive faculties must be reliable in order for us to reason rationally. They contend that if our cognitive faculties were not reliable, then we could not trust our own reasoning processes and would have no basis for knowledge or belief. Therefore, they

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Firstly, proponents of TANG argue that the laws of logic are valid and necessary for rationality. They contend that if the laws of logic were not valid, then we could not reason or make sense of anything. Therefore, they argue that it is necessary for rationality that the laws of logic be valid and

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The Transcendental Argument for the Non-Existence of God (TANG) is a philosophical argument that attempts to demonstrate the non-existence of God by showing that the concept of God is logically incompatible with certain necessary conditions for rationality. The argument is based on the idea that if

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The problem of hell can be traced to ancient times. The concept of an afterlife was common in many cultures, but the idea of eternal punishment was not. The ancient Greeks believed in a realm called Hades where the dead went, but it was not a place of punishment. The ancient Egyptians believed in a

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Another argument for divine immutability is based on the idea that God exists outside of time. According to this view, God's nature is eternal and unchanging, and therefore cannot be affected by anything that happens within time. This means that God cannot change in response to events in the world,

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This argument challenges the traditional concept of God as an omnipotent and omnibenevolent being who created the world and governs it with love and care. If such a God exists, why does he allow evil to happen? The existence of natural disasters, diseases, wars, crimes, and other forms of suffering

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The omniscience paradox challenges the idea that God can know everything that will happen in the future. If God knows everything that will happen in advance, then it seems that human beings do not have free will. After all, if God already knows what we will do in every situation, then it seems that

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One of the most famous versions of this paradox is the question: "Can God create a being more powerful than himself?" This question implies a contradiction because if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to create anything, including a being more powerful than himself. However, if such a

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Another early discussion of the Omnipotence Paradox can be found in the writings of the medieval philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas argued that God's omnipotence was limited by his own nature and by logical laws. He believed that God could not perform actions that were logically contradictory,

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of 1710, he argued that a "naked thought" cannot exist, and that a perception is a thought; therefore only minds can be proven to exist, since all else is merely an idea conveyed by a perception. From this Berkeley argued that the universe is based upon observation and is non-objective. However, he

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approach is that the presuppositionalist denies any common ground between the believer and the non-believer, except that which the non-believer denies, namely, the assumption of the truth of the theistic worldview. In other words, presuppositionalists do not believe that the existence of God can be

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made this argument when he said that pagans were without excuse because "since the creation of the world God's invisible nature, namely, his eternal power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made". In this, Paul alludes to the proofs for a creator, later enunciated by

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In Christian faith, theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas made a distinction between: (a) preambles of faith and (b) articles of faith. The preambles include alleged truths contained in revelation which are nevertheless demonstrable by reason, e.g., the immortality of the soul, the existence of

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Premise 2 follows logically from premise 1. If religious experiences cannot be verified or falsified, then they cannot be used as evidence to support any particular belief about God's existence or nature. This is because there is no way to distinguish between genuine religious experiences and mere

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commands it, or whether God commands it because it is morally good. This dilemma has been used as an argument against the existence of God, as it seems to suggest that either God is not necessary for morality or that God's commands are arbitrary and not based on any objective standard of morality.

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Another argument against God's existence based on evolution is known as the argument from bad design. This argument suggests that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then why would he create organisms with such poor design features? For example, why would he create animals with

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Another version of the omnipotence paradox involves God's ability to change the past. If God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to change events that have already occurred. But if he can change the past, then he would be altering his own actions and decisions, which would mean that he was

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called the argument one of the most influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest contribution to the history of philosophy. It was enthusiastically received and repeated (sometimes with modification) by later philosophers, including generations of Muslim philosophers,

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Thomas Aquinas criticized the argument for proposing a definition of God which, if God is transcendent, should be impossible for humans. Immanuel Kant criticized the proof from a logical standpoint: he stated that the term "God" really signifies two different terms: both idea of God, and God. Kant

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The second horn of the dilemma suggests that God commands something because it is morally good. This view implies that there is an objective standard of morality that exists independently of God's will. In other words, God recognizes what is morally good and commands us to follow it. This view is

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One of the key arguments against God's existence based on evolution is known as the argument from imperfection. This argument suggests that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then why would he create imperfect organisms? For example, why would he create animals with vestigial

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Another important premise of the argument from naturalism is that supernatural explanations are unnecessary. According to this view, any phenomenon in the universe can be explained through natural causes and processes, without invoking supernatural entities or forces. This premise is based on the

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The argument from naturalism is a philosophical argument that asserts that the natural world is all there is and that supernatural explanations are unnecessary. This argument is based on the premise that the universe operates according to natural laws and that these laws can be discovered through

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Finally, proponents of TANG argue that there must be an objective moral standard in order for us to reason rationally. They contend that if there were no objective moral standard, then we could not make moral judgments or reason about ethical issues. Therefore, they argue that it is necessary for

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Various observers have also argued that the experience of beauty is evidence of the existence of a universal God. Depending on the observer, this might include artificially beautiful things like music or art, natural beauty like landscapes or astronomical bodies, or the elegance of abstract ideas

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is positive, too (axiom 1). Gödel then argues that each positive property is "possibly exemplified", i.e. applies at least to some object in some world (theorem 1). Defining an object to be Godlike if it has all positive properties (definition 1), and requiring that property to be positive itself

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and Epicurus argued that the universe was composed of atoms and void, with no need for supernatural explanations. However, it was not until the Enlightenment period in the 18th century that naturalism became a dominant philosophical position. During this time, philosophers such as David Hume and

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The argument is based on the idea that if something exists, there must be a reason or explanation for its existence. Therefore, if God exists, there must be a reason or explanation for his existence. However, proponents of the "no reason" argument argue that there is no reason or explanation for

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argument posits that human existence is characterized by absurdity, meaninglessness, and despair. According to this argument, humans are finite beings living in an infinite universe, and their existence is devoid of any inherent purpose or meaning. Proponents of this argument contend that if God

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Proponents of TANG argue that the existence of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality. They contend that if God exists, then the laws of logic are contingent on his will and could be different from what they are. They also argue that if God exists, then our

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Another argument against divine immutability is based on the problem of evil. If God cannot change, then it would seem that God must have always known about and allowed for the existence of evil in the world. This raises questions about how we can reconcile a perfectly good and loving God with a

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The sincere seeker's argument, espoused by Muslim Sufis of the Tasawwuf tradition, posits that every individual who follows a formulaic path towards guidance, arrives at the same destination of conviction in the existence of God and specifically in the monotheistic tenets and laws of Islam. This

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and atheism) assumes too much about the concept of God and many other theological concepts. It can be defined as encompassing two related views about the existence of God. The view that a coherent definition of God must be presented before the question of the existence of God can be meaningfully

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The ignostic (or igtheist) usually concludes that the question of God's existence or nonexistence is usually not worth discussing because concepts like "God" are usually not sufficiently or clearly defined. Ignosticism or igtheism is the theological position that every other theological position

2792:, God and the universe are considered to be the same thing. In this view, the natural sciences are essentially studying the nature of God. This definition of God creates the philosophical problem that a universe with God and one without God are the same, other than the words used to describe it. 7672:

subsequently developed the argument from nonbelief, based on the mere existence of nonbelief in God. Drange considers the distinction between reasonable (by which Schellenberg means inculpable) and unreasonable (culpable) nonbelief to be irrelevant and confusing. Nevertheless, the overwhelming

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Premise 3 is the conclusion that follows logically from premises 1 and 2. If religious experiences are unreliable as evidence for the existence of God, then they cannot be used to support any argument for the existence of God. This means that any argument that relies on religious experiences as

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On the other hand, critics of moral realism argue that it raises questions about the nature of morality itself. If there is an objective standard of morality that exists independently of God's will, then what is the source of this standard? Is it a natural law, or is it something else entirely?

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The Argument from Evolution against God's existence is a philosophical argument that attempts to prove the non-existence of God by using the theory of evolution. The argument is based on the idea that the theory of evolution provides a natural explanation for the diversity of life on Earth, and

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The contradiction of omniscience and omnipotence has been a topic of philosophical debate for centuries. The concept of omniscience refers to the idea that God knows everything, while omnipotence refers to the idea that God is all-powerful. The contradiction arises when one considers whether an

5633:". The path includes following the golden rule of no harm to others and treating others with compassion, silence or minimal speech, seclusion, daily fasting or minimalist diet of water and basic nourishment, honest wages, and daily supplication towards "the Creator of the Universe" for guidance. 4230:

contradiction ruled out, an atheologian must add premises to the argument for it to succeed. Nonetheless, if Plantinga had offered no further argument, then an atheologian's intuitive impressions that a contradiction must exist would have remained unanswered. Plantinga sought to resolve this by

6261:

The Euthyphro dilemma is a philosophical problem that raises questions about the relationship between morality and God's existence. The dilemma was first presented by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogue "Euthyphro." The dilemma asks whether something is morally good because God

6000:

is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Bible. According to Christian theology, hell is a place of eternal punishment for those who have rejected God and lived sinful lives. It is often described as a place of fire and torment where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth. The idea of

5929:

Another formulation of the problem of evil is the evidential problem of evil, which argues that while the existence of evil may not logically disprove the existence of God, it provides strong evidence against his existence. This argument acknowledges that it is possible for an all-powerful and

5841:

The basic form of the Omnipotence Paradox can be presented as follows: Can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? If God can create such a stone, then he is not omnipotent because he cannot lift it. If God cannot create such a stone, then he is also not omnipotent because there is

5386:

states "We do not generally believe that because some reports of ordinary natural objects sometimes involve illusion, hallucination, and the like, then all reports do so". He continues, "If we insist that they apply only to religious experience, then we face the embarrassing fact that we apply

4658:

Also starting already in classical Greece, two approaches to the teleological argument developed, distinguished by their understanding of whether the natural order was literally created or not. The non-creationist approach starts most clearly with Aristotle, although many thinkers, such as the

4109:

which attempts to deduce the existence of God from the nature of God; in Meditation III he presents an argument for the existence of God from one of the effects of God's activity. Descartes cannot start with the existence of the world or with some feature of the world for, at this stage of his

6301:

Another criticism of the anthropic argument is that it assumes that life is inherently valuable and important. Opponents argue that this is a subjective value judgment and cannot be used as evidence for the existence of God. Additionally, opponents point out that there are many aspects of the

5837:

The Omnipotence Paradox is a philosophical problem that challenges the idea of an all-powerful God. The paradox argues that if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to do anything, including things that are logically impossible. However, if God cannot do something that is logically

3585:

that the greatest possible being exists. A common rebuttal to Kant's critique is that, although "existence" does add something to both the concept and the reality of God, the concept would be vastly different if its referent is an unreal Being. Another response to Kant is attributed to Alvin

2802:

assert that there is a God distinct from, or which extends beyond (either in time or in space or in some other way) the universe. These positions deny that God intervenes in the operation of the universe, including communicating with humans personally. The notion that God never intervenes or

6224:

However, proponents of the argument from naturalism counter that there is no empirical evidence to support supernatural explanations for these phenomena. They argue that many supposed supernatural phenomena can be explained through naturalistic causes and processes. For example, near-death

5108:

Craig posits that this effectiveness presents a significant philosophical question about the applicability of mathematics, regardless of one's stance on the existence of mathematical entities. He argues that theism provides a more compelling framework for understanding this phenomenon than

5899:

The problem of evil against God is one of the most challenging philosophical and theological issues. It seeks to reconcile the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and benevolent God with the presence of evil and suffering in the world. This problem has been debated for centuries by

7742:

expect to see if such a god existed. He finally argues that, unlike theism, our observations about the nature of the universe are strongly expected on the hypothesis of atheism, since the universe would have to be vast, very old, and almost completely devoid of life if life were to have

5903:

The problem of evil can be formulated in different ways. One common formulation is the logical problem of evil, which argues that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God. This argument goes as follows:

4245:

Plantinga's defense has received strong support among academic philosophers, with many agreeing that it defeated the logical problem of evil. Contemporary atheologians have presented arguments claiming to have found the additional premises needed to create an explicitly contradictory

3575:

Whatever is contained in a clear and distinct idea of a thing must be predicated of that thing; but a clear and distinct idea of an absolutely perfect Being contains the idea of actual existence; therefore since we have the idea of an absolutely perfect Being such a Being must really

3581:

concluded that the proof is equivocation, based on the ambiguity of the word God. Kant also challenged the argument's assumption that existence is a predicate (of perfection) because it does not add anything to the essence of a being. If existence is not a predicate, then it is not

5877:

Another version of the omniscience paradox involves God's knowledge of his own future actions. If God knows what he will do in advance, then it seems that he does not have the freedom to choose otherwise. But if he does not know what he will do, then he is not truly omniscient.

5192:

supports the claim that objective moral truths exist because it drives people to act morally even when it is not in their own interest. Newman argued that, because the conscience suggests the existence of objective moral truths, God must exist to give authority to these truths.

5113:. Under realism, non-theistic perspectives might view the alignment of mathematical abstractions with physical reality as a mere coincidence. However, a theistic realist might argue that this alignment is intentional, as a Supreme Being created the world based on these abstract 5038:

strongly implies the existence of such things, though they seem unobtainable on earth. He further posed that the unquenchable desires of this life strongly imply that we are intended for a different life, necessarily governed by a God who can provide the desired intangibles.

2758: 12183:

The samkhya philosophy; containing samkhya-pravachana sutram, with the vritti of Aniruddha, and the bhasya of Vijnana Bhiksu and extracts from the vritti-sara of Mahadeva Vedantin; tatva samasa; samkhya karika; panchasikha sutram. Translated [and edited] by Nandlal

3001:

of certain claims—especially claims about the existence of any deity, but also other religious and metaphysical claims—is unknown or unknowable. Agnosticism does not define one's belief or disbelief in gods; agnostics may still identify themselves as theists or atheists.

3299:

this way. In almost all cases it is not seriously suggested by proponents of the arguments that they are irrefutable, merely that they make one worldview seem significantly more likely than the other. However, since an assessment of the weight of evidence depends on the

10880:

only for the existence of God, but for the message that "the Christians are talking about.... The tell you how the demands of this law, which you and I cannot meet, have been met on our behalf, how God himself becomes a man to save a man from the disapproval of God."

5097:. Realists argue that mathematical objects exist independently of human thought as abstract, non-causal entities. In contrast, anti-realists deny the independent existence of these mathematical objects. A pivotal issue in this debate is the phenomenon that physicist 8640:

In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the

6163:

Furthermore, proponents of the "no reason" argument argue that the burden of proof lies with those who claim that God exists. They argue that since there is no evidence or reason to believe in God's existence, it is more reasonable to assume that he does not exist.

8599:"But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of, because you know those from whom you learned it, and how from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus." 4410:(also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of a realm of immaterial ideas or, most commonly, for the existence of God, that roughly states that the evident beauty in nature, art and music and even in more abstract areas like the elegance of the 4614:

From its beginning, there have been numerous criticisms of the different versions of the teleological argument, and responses to its challenge to the claims against non-teleological natural science. Especially important were the general logical arguments made by

6060:

Therefore, proponents of TANG conclude that if these necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible. They argue that the concept of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions and therefore cannot exist.

2773:, rather they serve us day and night, and the way nature works and how life is formed, humankind benefits from it. Rushd essentially comes to a conclusion that there has to be a higher being who has made everything perfectly to serve the needs of human beings. 7712:

has argued that the universe itself seems to be very ill-designed for life, because the vast majority of the space in the universe is utterly hostile to it. This is arguably unexpected on the hypothesis that the universe was designed by a god, especially a

6209:

naturalistic explanation would be that the tree fell due to gravity, whereas a supernatural explanation would be that a deity caused the tree to fall. The naturalistic explanation is simpler and requires fewer assumptions than the supernatural explanation.

5377:

is that they are actual perceptions of God's presence. Philosopher Robert Sloan Lee notes that this argument possesses an "unexpected resilience" despite seemingly being able to be easily defeated by simple objections, such as pointing out the existence of

4808:

recounts his mystical experiences while he was under the influence of mescaline, arguing that the human brain normally filters reality, and that such drugs remove this filter, exposing humans to a broader spectrum of conscious awareness which he calls the

6205:

assumption that naturalistic explanations are sufficient to account for all observed phenomena. As philosopher William Rowe states, "Naturalism holds that there is no need to postulate any supernatural entities or forces in order to explain the world"

5640:

argues that belief in God is "properly basic"; that it is similar to statements like "I see a chair" or "I feel pain". Such beliefs are non-falsifiable and, thus, neither provable nor disprovable; they concern perceptual beliefs or indisputable mental

3470:. Aquinas did not intend to fully prove the existence of God as he is orthodoxly conceived (with all of his traditional attributes), but proposed his Five Ways as a first stage, which he built upon later in his work. Aquinas' Five Ways argued from the 4678:

While the concept of an intelligence behind the natural order is ancient, a rational argument that concludes that we can know that the natural world has a designer, or a creating intelligence which has human-like purposes, appears to have begun with

7895:

observe that the majority of humans often ask existential questions such as "why we are here" and whether life has purpose. Some psychologists have posited that religious beliefs may recruit cognitive mechanisms in order to satisfy these questions.

3344:

epistemology. Traditional sense perception based approaches were put into question as possibly misleading due to preconceived or superimposed ideas. But though all object-cognition can be doubted, the existence of the doubter remains a fact even in

12281:

The Samkhya Philosophy; Containing Samkhya-Pravachana Sutram, with the Vritti of Aniruddha, and the Bhasya of Vijnana Bhiksu and Extracts from the Vritti-Sara of Mahadeva Vedantin; Tatva Samasa; Samkhya Karika; Panchasikha Sutram. Translated and

5625:

apparent natural law for guidance and belief could only be consistent if the formula and supplication were being answered by the same Divine entity being addressed, as claimed in Islamic revelations. This was formally organized by Imam Abu Hamid

2919:, which holds that all worldviews are based on certain unprovable first premises (or, axioms), and therefore are ultimately unprovable. The Christian theist therefore must simply choose to start with Christianity rather than anything else, by a " 2901:

argued that objective knowledge, such as 1+1=2, is unimportant to existence. If God could rationally be proven, his existence would be unimportant to humans. It is because God cannot rationally be proven that his existence is important to us. In

4425:

Plato argued there is a transcendent plane of abstract ideas, or universals, which are more perfect than real-world examples of those ideas. Later philosophers connected this plane to the idea of goodness, beauty, and then the Christian God.

6014:

certain necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible. The proponents of TANG argue that it is a powerful argument against theism, and it has been the subject of much debate in philosophical circles.

5993:

judgment after death that determined whether a person would go to a good or bad afterlife, but again, it was not eternal punishment. It was not until the rise of Christianity that the concept of eternal punishment in hell became widespread.

2881:

necessity of the belief—indirectly (by appeal to the unavowed presuppositions of the non-believer's worldview) rather than directly (by appeal to some form of common factuality). In practice this school uses what have come to be known as

3332:

noted that the universe includes "ideas" not perceptible to humankind, and that there must, therefore, exist an omniscient superobserver, which perceives such things. Berkeley considered this proof of the existence of the Christian god.

3231:. The majority of prominent conceptions of God explicitly or effectively posit a being whose existence is not testable either by proof or disproof. Therefore, the question of God's existence may lie outside the purview of modern science 7826:

Despite arguments to the contrary, if God is still assumed to contain unfulfilled desires, this would cause him to suffer pain and other similar human experiences. Such a worldly God would be no better than Samkhya's notion of higher

3534:, asserts that since everything that begins to exist has a cause, and the universe began to exist, the universe must have had a cause which was itself not caused. This ultimate first cause is identified with God. Christian apologist 3197:, God is viewed as part of the explanatory structure needed to support scientific conclusions and any powers God possesses are—strictly speaking—of the natural order that is derived from God's place as originator of nature (see also 2982:

Negative atheism (also called "weak atheism" and "soft atheism") is a proposed form of atheism other than positive, wherein a person does not believe in the existence of any deities, but does not explicitly assert there to be none.

3630:, in its most succinct form, is as follows: "God, by definition, is that for which no greater can be conceived. God exists in the understanding. If God exists in the understanding, we could imagine Him to be greater by existing in 2886:. These arguments claim to demonstrate that all human experience and action (even the condition of unbelief, itself) is a proof for the existence of God, because God's existence is the necessary condition of their intelligibility. 4470:) cannot be explained by the physical mechanisms of the human body and brain, therefore asserting that there must be non-physical aspects to human consciousness. This is held as indirect evidence of God, given that notions about 9907:, p. 134: "Most philosophers have agreed that the free will defense has defeated the logical problem of evil. ... Because of , it is now widely accepted that the logical problem of evil has been sufficiently rebutted." 3503:

The degree argument: there are degrees of goodness and perfection among things, and something of a maximum degree must be the cause of things of a lower degree, so there must be a supremely good and perfect cause for all good

7667:. This argument says that if God existed (and was perfectly good and loving) every reasonable person would have been brought to believe in God; however, there are reasonable nonbelievers; therefore, this God does not exist. 2533:

survey, 69.50% of philosophers of religion stated that they accept or lean towards theism, while 19.86% stated they accept or lean towards atheism. Prominent contemporary philosophers of religion who defended theism include

4338:

must have a cause that is not contingent because otherwise it would be included in the set. Furthermore, through a series of arguments, he derived that the necessary existent must have attributes that he identified with

6368:

hallucinations or delusions. Without objective criteria for verifying or falsifying religious experiences, they remain purely subjective and cannot be used as evidence in any rational debate about the existence of God.

7539:) is the understanding that the exclusive claims of different religions turn out, upon closer examination, to be variations of universal truths that have been taught since time immemorial. While some perennialists are 5930:

all-good God to have reasons for allowing evil to occur that are beyond our understanding. However, it contends that the sheer amount and intensity of evil in the world make it highly unlikely that such reasons exist.

6291:

chance are so astronomically low that it is more reasonable to believe in a creator than not. However, opponents of the anthropic argument argue that it is flawed and does not necessarily prove the existence of God.

6212:

Opponents of the argument from naturalism argue that there are phenomena in the universe that cannot be explained through naturalistic causes and processes. These phenomena are often referred to as "supernatural" or

6278:

Furthermore, if there is an objective standard of morality, then why do different cultures and societies have different moral codes? This seems to suggest that morality is not as objective as moral realists claim.

8090:

As a profane example, if the property of being green is positive, that of not being red is, too (by axiom 1), hence that of being red is negative (by axiom 2). More generally, at most one color can be considered

7772:

The conflicted religions argument notes that many religions give differing accounts as to what God is and what God wants; since all the contradictory accounts cannot be correct, many if not all religions must be

3507:

The final cause argument: things in the world act for an end or purpose, but only an intelligent being can direct itself towards a purpose, so there must be an intelligent being that directs things towards their

5320: 5173:

are entitled to make such an assumption only as a regulative principle rather than a constitutive principle (meaning that such a principle can guide our actions, but it does not provide knowledge). In his book

10322: 4221:

logical contradiction between God and the existence of moral evil. In other words Plantinga shows that (1–4) are not on their own contradictory, and that any contradiction must originate from an atheologian's

5663:, who assumed an inner religious sense by means of which people feel religious truths. According to Schleiermacher, religion consists solely in this inner perception, and dogmatic doctrines are inessential. 9940:

Therefore, I'm very pleased to be able to report that it is widely agreed among contemporary philosophers that the logical problem of evil has been dissolved. The co-existence of God and evil is logically

5853:," Epicurus argues that if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to prevent evil from existing in the world. However, since evil does exist, either God is not omnipotent or he is not benevolent. 10304:, for example: "Between them, so the story goes, Hume, Darwin and Barth pulled the rug out from underneath the pretensions of natural theology to any philosophical, scientific, or theological legitimacy." 8215: 6274:

would be considered morally good according to divine command theory. This seems to suggest that morality is arbitrary and dependent on God's whims rather than being grounded in any objective standard.

7912:

stressed fear and pain, the need for a powerful parental figure, the obsessional nature of ritual, and the hypnotic state a community can induce as contributing factors to the psychology of religion.

12854: 4603: 6364:

deep sense of unity with all things. However, this experience cannot be objectively measured or verified by others. It is purely subjective and exists only in the mind of the individual who had it.

4986:; hence, while the argument presupposes realism about universals and abstract objects, it would be more accurate to say Aquinas is thinking of Aristotelian realism and not Platonic realism per se. 6057:

cognitive faculties are contingent on his will and could be unreliable. Finally, they argue that if God exists, then morality is contingent on his will and there is no objective moral standard.

3261:

viewed any talk of gods as literal nonsense. For the logical positivists and adherents of similar schools of thought, statements about religious or other transcendent experiences can not have a

7765:

arguments for the existence of God, subjective arguments against God's existence mainly rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the propositions of a revealed religion in general.

7940:, Todd Tremlin follows Boyer in arguing that universal human cognitive process naturally produces the concept of the supernatural. Tremlin contends that an agency detection device (ADD) and a 3142:

Some philosophers have seen ignosticism as a variation of agnosticism or atheism, while others have considered it to be distinct. An ignostic maintains that he cannot even say whether he is a

6185:

scientific inquiry. The argument from naturalism has been a topic of debate among philosophers for centuries, with proponents and opponents presenting various arguments and counterarguments.

5101:

termed "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics." This refers to the ability of mathematics to describe and predict phenomena in the natural world, exemplified by theoretical physicist

5688:

by themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (

7622:

I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours.

8245:)", i.e. "There exists an object which has all positive, but no negative properties". Nothing more than axioms 1-3, definition 1, and theorems 1-2 needs to be considered for this result. 3318:

contends that the real is whatever will not go away. If we cannot reduce talk about God to anything else, or replace it, or prove it false, then perhaps God is as real as anything else.

9895:, p. 1: "It used to be widely held by philosophers that God and evil are incompatible. Not any longer. Alvin Plantinga's Free Will Defense is largely responsible for this shift." 10418: 7614:) and their gods ultimately come to be regarded as untrue or incorrect, all theistic religions, including contemporary ones, are therefore most likely untrue/incorrect by induction. 2953:

proposed defining atheism as the psychological state of lacking any belief in God. However, Flew's definition is usually rejected, due to the need for a name for the direct opposite

2833:

God. The articles of faith, on the other hand, contain truths that cannot be proven or reached by reason alone and presuppose the truths of the preambles, e.g., in Christianity, the

11880:

Rowe, William L. "The Argument from Naturalism." In The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, edited by William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. pp. 331–350.

10367: 3500:

The necessary being argument: things in the world are contingent, and contingent beings cannot exist without a cause, so everything in the world must be caused by a necessary being.

2974:(also called "strong atheism" and "hard atheism") is a proposed form of atheism that asserts that no deities exist. The strong atheist explicitly asserts the non-existence of gods. 8156: 3494:

The unmoved mover argument: things in the world are in motion, something can only be caused to move by a mover, therefore everything in the world must be moved by an unmoved mover.

10366:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005) ("the writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity")., 3098:

An apatheist is someone who is not interested in accepting or denying any claims that gods exist or do not exist. An apatheist lives as if there are no gods and explains natural

11320: 10370:. A selection of writings and quotes of intelligent design supporters demonstrating this identification of the Christian god with the intelligent designer are found in the pdf 6074:

existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist.

10909:

But what about The Transcendental Argument for the Existence of God (TAG)--the argument that logic, science, and objective ethical standards presuppose the existence of God?

7598:

and belief in gods, the actual existence of such supernatural agents is superfluous and may be dismissed unless otherwise proven to be required to explain the phenomenon.

2653:

atheist. Very low probability, but short of zero. "I don't know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there."

2897:, which holds that faith is simply the will to believe, and argues that if God's existence were rationally demonstrable, faith in its existence would become superfluous. 5709:, which argues that naturalistic evolution is incapable of providing humans with the cognitive apparatus necessary for their knowledge to have positive epistemic status. 5684:

argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like

3212:, belief in a supernatural God is outside the natural domain of scientific investigation because all scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable in the natural world. The 8100:

Continuing the color example, a godlike object must have the unique color that is considered positive, or no color at all; both alternatives may seem counter-intuitive.

5779:. Both authors claim that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Christian scholars, like 3497:

The first cause argument: things in the world have a cause, and nothing is the cause of itself, so everything in the world must have a first cause or an uncaused cause.

11988:

Craig, William Lane. "The Euthyphro Dilemma." Reasonable Faith, 2010, www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/divine-command-theory/the-euthyphro-dilemma/.

8130: 11588:

Kane, Robert. "Free Will." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2021 ed., plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/freewill/.

5089:, the ontological status of mathematical entities, such as numbers, sets, and functions is debated. Within this philosophical context, two primary positions emerge: 11123:

Babb, Lawrence A. (1987). Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society). Oxford University Press.

5838:

impossible, then he is not truly omnipotent. This paradox has been debated by philosophers for centuries and continues to be a topic of discussion in modern times.

4528:

argument for the existence of God or, more generally, that complex functionality in the natural world, which looks designed, is evidence of an intelligent creator.

3651:

13. There is a scientific (exact) philosophy and theology, which deals with concepts of the highest abstractness; and this is also most highly fruitful for science.

7656:

in affirming an inconsistency between the world that exists and the world that would exist if God had certain desires combined with the power to see them through.

6348:

This argument suggests that religious experiences are subjective and cannot be verified or falsified, making them unreliable as evidence for the existence of God.

5942:

and duties to exist. If morality is dependent on God, then it raises the problem of whether God's commands are arbitrary or whether there is a reason behind them.

2310: 5805:

is the argument that religious language – specifically, words such as "God" – are not cognitively meaningful and that irreducible definitions of God are circular.

7730:, in which most of the volume of the universe is inhabitable by humans and other lifeforms—precisely the kind of universe that most humans believed in until the 5470: 3827: 3327: 7830:

Furthermore, there is no proof of the existence of God. He is not the object of perception, there exists no general proposition that can prove him by inference.

7194: 4831:

argues that if beliefs formed by sensory experience can be considered properly basic, requiring no external justification, then beliefs in theism formed by a

3777:

argument" that seeks to prove the existence of God. This is through an assertion that there is "a distinction between different categories of existence." The

3045:

view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism. An agnostic theist believes in the existence of a god or God, but regards the basis of this proposition as

9691: 5554:

in front of all the tribes of Israel, positing an argument from empirical evidence stemming from sheer number of witnesses, thus demonstrating his existence.

12865: 6320:

Opponents of the anthropic argument also point out that there are alternative explanations for the fine-tuning of the universe. Some scientists propose the

9743:

This has come to be known as the trademark argument as it claims that each person's idea of God is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator

6193:

Immanuel Kant argued that knowledge could only be derived from empirical observation and rational analysis, without recourse to supernatural explanations.

12107:

Rowe, William L. "Religious Experience and the Principle of Credulity." International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, vol. 16, no. 2, 1984, pp. 73–93.

8872: 3193:. In addition, according to concepts of God, God is not part of the natural order, but the ultimate creator of nature and of the scientific laws. Thus in 12132: 6559: 2634:. Very high probability but short of 100%. "I don't know for certain, but I strongly believe in God and live my life on the assumption that he is there." 10507: 4827:(Latin for "sense of divinity") posits that humans are born with an innate sense, or cognitive mechanism, that grants them awareness of God's presence. 3102:

without reference to any deities. The existence of gods is not rejected, but may be designated unnecessary or useless; gods neither provide purpose to

3063:

Agnostic atheism is a philosophical position that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a

7659:

There are two key varieties of the argument. The argument from reasonable nonbelief (or the argument from divine hiddenness) was first elaborated in

12054:

Hume, David. "Of Miracles." In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp, 114–123. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

5504: 7944:

module (ToMM) lead humans to suspect an agent behind every event. Natural events for which there is no obvious agent may be attributed to God (c.f.

7769:

The witness argument gives credibility to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God.

15148: 14796: 13250: 10842:

Lewis argued that conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver.

7497: 6574: 5288: 5280: 5184:

reference to a higher cosmic moral order which could not exist without a God to create and/or establish it. A related argument is from conscience;

2883: 1227: 4916:. Many orthodox Protestants express themselves in the same manner, as, for instance, Dr. E. Dennert, President of the Kepler Society, in his work 18386: 14356: 12198: 7776:

The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no visible help from God, there is no reason to believe that there is a God.

7080: 6617: 6613: 5438: 4180:

Specifically, the argument from evil asserts that the following set of propositions are, by themselves, logically inconsistent or contradictory:

12493: 10067: 9550: 11027: 7490: 3690:

if it is true in all possible worlds. By contrast, if a statement happens to be true in our world, but is false in another world, then it is a

4859:

is notable for his work in the history of ideas that features the (rational) warrant: a statement that connects the premises to a conclusion.

2699:, God is characterized as the metaphysically ultimate being (the first, timeless, absolutely simple and sovereign being, who is devoid of any 10946: 8272:"God is not 'dead' in academia; it returned to life in the late 1960s". They cite "the shift from hostility towards theism in Paul Edwards's 7706:

contends that an all-powerful, benevolent creator god would not have created lifeforms, including humans, which seem to exhibit poor design.

7060: 4097:. The name derives from the fact that the idea of God existing in each person "is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator". 13075: 10563: 9477: 5399:. Swinburne argues that it is a principle of rationality that one should accept testimony unless there are strong reasons for not doing so. 1057: 10376: 7164: 3743:

possible world a Godlike object exists (theorem 2), called "God" in the following. Gödel proceeds to prove that a Godlike object exists in

2303: 10838:

C.S. Lewis offered a popularized version of such an argument in a series of talks for the BBC during World War II, later published in his

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evidence for God's existence is inherently flawed and cannot be taken seriously by those who demand objective evidence for their beliefs.

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According to Sinha, the following arguments were given by Samkhya philosophers against the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator God:

7618:

wrote a short piece about the topic entitled "Memorial Service" in 1922. It is implied as part of Stephen F. Roberts' popular quotation:

7372: 2872:(though Van Til felt "transcendental" would be a more accurate title). The main distinction between this approach and the more classical 17111: 13218: 11508:

Plato. "Euthyphro." The Collected Dialogues of Plato, edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, Princeton University Press, 1961.

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that asserts an inconsistency between God's existence and a world in which people fail to recognize him. It is similar to the classic

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who, under their influence, "developed the battery of creationist arguments broadly known under the label 'The Argument from Design'".

1193: 13191: 11979:

Adams, Robert Merrihew. "Divine Command Metaethics Modified Again." The Journal of Religious Ethics, vol. 33, no. 1, 2005, pp. 29–50.

11317: 10149: 9617: 9372: 8500: 5395:

Arguments from testimony rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, possibly embodying the propositions of a specific revealed

4866:. Instead of attempting to prove the existence of God, Hinman argues you can "demonstrate the rationally-warranted nature of belief". 3487: 1151: 17389: 16195: 10437: 8234:

By removing all modal operators from axioms, definitions, proofs, and theorems, a modified version of theorem 2 is obtained saying "∃

8026: 7129: 7094: 7006: 6997: 5105:' use of mathematical equations to predict the existence of a fundamental particle, which was verified experimentally decades later. 4790:

provide perceptions of a transcendent reality, including encounters with God. Since prehistory, cultures around the world have used

3232: 2265: 11055:

God and the Gods: A Compelling Investigation and Personal Quest for the Truth About God of the Bible and the Gods of Ancient History

9516:

Kurt Gödel (Mar 1995). Solomon Feferman and John W. Dawson jr. and Warren Goldfarb and Charles Parsons and Robert M. Solovay (ed.).

2840:

The argument that the existence of God can be known to all, even prior to exposure to any divine revelation, predates Christianity.

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Draper, Paul. "The Problem of the Hiddenness of God and the Problem of Evil." Religious Studies, vol. 35, no. 3, 1999, pp. 331–352.

10361: 6927: 6858: 6729: 6661: 6510: 5706: 2286: 11566:

Moltmann, Jürgen. God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, 1985.

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One of the earliest recorded discussions of the Omnipotence Paradox can be found in the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher

5062:

for the existence of God that suggests the depth, complexity, and universality of love point to a transcendent source or purpose.

3641:

Gödel left a fourteen-point outline of his philosophical beliefs in his papers. Points relevant to the ontological proof include:

13009: 11224: 7881: 6225:

experiences can be explained through changes in brain chemistry and oxygen deprivation, rather than as evidence of an afterlife.

3571:. The argument proposes that God's existence is self-evident. The logic, depending on the formulation, reads roughly as follows: 2296: 13119: 11771:

Solomon, Robert C., and Kathleen M. Higgins, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death. Oxford University Press, 2013.

11385: 8161: 7558:, i.e., the promotion of some level of unity, co-operation, and improved understanding between different religions or different 15189: 13321: 12279: 12063:

Alston, William P. "Religious Experience and Religious Belief." The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 67, no. 14, 1970, pp. 471–476.

11098: 6952: 6917: 6794: 6724: 6670: 4138: 4121: 3466:

developed his five arguments for God's existence. These arguments are grounded in an Aristotelian ontology and make use of the

3189:

powers. Supernatural beings may be able to conceal and reveal themselves for their own purposes, as for example in the tale of

1298: 18026: 8673: 5415:(also referred to as "the priest stories") which relies on testimony of supernatural events to establish the existence of God. 12832: 12812: 12763: 12717: 12688: 12583: 12431: 12406: 12290: 12164: 11353: 11063: 11006: 10986: 10668: 10643: 10618: 10593: 10538: 9675: 9650: 9601: 9207: 9155: 9019: 8965: 8932: 8667: 8377: 8325: 7218: 5759:

worldviews, whether or not God exists is unknown; or even, God does not exist (depending on the strength of such worldviews).

5466: 4621: 3971: 669: 12364: 12323: 12219: 8701: 8620: 7922:(2002), based in part on his anthropological field work, treats belief in God as the result of the brain's tendency towards 6357:

2. If religious experiences cannot be verified or falsified, then they are unreliable as evidence for the existence of God.

2817: 14789: 13789: 13764: 12257: 11624:

Walls, Jerry L. "Hell: The Logic Of Damnation." International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 75, no. 2 (2014): 109–122.

10227:

Sedley (2007:86) agrees, and cites other recent commentators who agree, and argues in detail that the argument reported by

10175: 8278: 6168:

reason for doing so. However, since evil does exist and is allowed to, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God.

5829:

Some arguments focus on the existence of specific conceptions of God as being omniscient, omnipotent, and morally perfect.

2893:

is by faith", and that faith is reliance upon the faithfulness of God. The most extreme example of this position is called

11836:

Rowe, William L. "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism." American Philosophical Quarterly 16 (1979): 335–341.

2687:, affirms that God's existence "can be known with certainty from the created world by the natural light of human reason". 14084: 12783: 9696: 7864: 7834:

Therefore, Samkhya maintained that the various cosmological, ontological and teleological arguments could not prove God.

7070: 6839: 6764: 6594: 6539: 4067: 3966: 3303:

that is assigned to each worldview, arguments that a theist finds convincing may seem thin to an atheist and vice versa.

263: 9342: 3027:

Weak agnosticism is the belief that the existence or nonexistence of deities is unknown but not necessarily unknowable.

16595: 15081: 15064: 14040: 13387: 13092: 13070: 12936: 12917: 9517: 6809: 6784: 6679: 6569: 5480:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), similarly asserts that the finding and translation of the

5474: 5368: 1074: 1052: 627: 17652: 6336:

One of the most prominent advocates of the problem of miracles was the Scottish philosopher David Hume. In his essay "

4978:

justification for this proof. According to Edward Feser, the metaphysics involved in the argument has more to do with

4655:, and to claim that supernatural explanations should be given equal validity in the public school science curriculum. 2637:

Leaning towards theism. Higher than 50% but not very high. "I am very uncertain, but I am inclined to believe in God."

17677: 15608: 13952: 12895: 12358: 12317: 12251: 11813: 11128: 10956: 10865: 10824: 10797: 10716: 10483: 10402: 9780: 9736: 9530: 9430: 9317: 9288: 9263: 9055: 9043: 8731: 8421: 7967: 7587: 7228: 7134: 6947: 6887: 6844: 6824: 6749: 6694: 6689: 6584: 6554: 6452: 5147:

one cannot evaluate the soundness of the argument without attending to almost every important philosophical issue in

3185:

One problem posed by the question of the existence of God is that traditional beliefs usually ascribe to God various

1680: 4217:(Plantinga's defense primarily references moral evil), then asserting that Mackie's argument failed to establish an 2807:), makes it difficult, if not by definition impossible, to distinguish between a universe with God and one without. 18396: 18209: 14416: 14280: 13316: 11176: 11148: 8398: 8031: 7738:

have created the kind of universe we observe, Carrier contends that this is not the kind of universe we would most

7206: 7103: 6814: 6804: 6739: 5933:

The problem of evil has been a central concern in the philosophy of religion since ancient times. In his dialogue "

4703:

also developed versions of the teleological argument. Later, variants on the argument from design were produced in

2723:

explains by analogy that it seems impossible for a two-dimensional object to conceive of three-dimensional humans.

2610: 1293: 11606:

Craig, William Lane. "The Problem Of Hell: A Philosophical Overview." Philosophia Christi 16, no. 1 (2014): 39–54.

8441: 18411: 18239: 16261: 16235: 15893: 15806: 14782: 14010: 7365: 7169: 6982: 6977: 6902: 6829: 6789: 6769: 6759: 6709: 6656: 6636: 6604: 6549: 6534: 4100: 3991: 2820:

gave two demonstrations of the existence of God. The God of Spinoza is uncaused by any external force and has no

2765:

Many Islamic scholars have used philosophical and rational arguments to prove the existence of God. For example,

2485: 1953: 1878: 686: 218: 17847: 15005: 13604: 13181: 12535:

Howard-Snyder, Daniel; O'Leary-Hawthorne, John (1998). "Transworld Sanctity and Plantinga's Free Will Defense".

7989: 7889:

Several authors have offered psychological or sociological explanations for belief in the existence of deities.

4160:

beginning in 1955. Mackie's formulation of the logical problem of evil argued that three attributes ascribed to

3611: 3604: 1355: 1146: 322: 18265: 17425: 14348: 12489: 8868: 7936:(2002) makes a similar argument and adds examination of the socially coordinating aspects of shared belief. In 7606:

The argument from "historical induction" concludes that since most theistic religions throughout history (e.g.

7493: 7319: 7050: 7015: 6992: 6962: 6937: 6932: 6907: 6897: 6892: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6849: 6774: 6684: 6641: 6589: 6544: 6519: 6501: 6437: 6201:

states, "the naturalistic outlook holds that nature is a self-contained system of physical causes and effects"

6026:

3. Therefore, if these necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible.

5508: 5296: 4639:

movement which used phrases such as "design by an intelligent designer", and after 1987 this was rebranded as "

34: 12594: 12129: 11544:

Hasker, William. "Divine Immutability." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta.

9117: 7174: 5747:

The following arguments deduce, mostly through self-contradiction, the non-existence of God as "the Creator".

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taught that human reason is able to perceive the suprasensible. Jacobi distinguished three faculties: sense,

5462: 4836: 4651:. Both movements have used the teleological argument to argue against the modern scientific understanding of 3393:, are understood originating from three essential attributes of Krishna's form, i.e., "eternal existence" or 3290:

One approach, suggested by writers such as Stephen D. Unwin, is to treat (particular versions of) theism and

2966: 2078: 1883: 1742: 1253: 827: 6351:

The argument from the problem of religious experience against God's existence can be formulated as follows:

5816:

for the existence of God lies with the theist rather than the atheist; it can be considered an extension of

4862:

Joseph Hinman applied Toulmin's approach in his argument for the existence of God, particularly in his book

4839:

suggests that the human brain has a natural and evolutionary predisposition towards theistic beliefs, which

3638:(1646–1716); this is the version that Gödel studied and attempted to clarify with his ontological argument. 2715:. Classical theists do not believe that God can be completely defined. They believe it would contradict the 18244: 18149: 17797: 16514: 16160: 14079: 10892: 8135: 7962: 7119: 7085: 7075: 7065: 7020: 6942: 6779: 6744: 6734: 6714: 6599: 6579: 6529: 6081: 5637: 5422:

argues that the theism of people throughout most of recorded history and in many different places provides

5419: 5342: 3315: 2924: 2869: 6041:

According to TANG, if these three necessary conditions are true, then the existence of God is impossible.

18048: 17762: 16391: 15572: 15529: 15059: 15049: 14263: 13065: 13055: 13002: 11615:

Davis, Stephen T., and Daniel Kendall. "The Problem Of Hell." Theological Studies 75, no. 1 (2014): 3–22.

10759: 7978: 7336: 7139: 7055: 7030: 7025: 6754: 6564: 6266:

dependent on God's existence. If God did not exist, then there would be no objective basis for morality.

5813: 5485: 4644: 4582: 4455: 4447: 4349: 3919: 3904: 3531: 3243:

maintain that belief in God's existence may not be amenable to demonstration or refutation, but rests on

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This argument is articulated by Vern Poythress in chapter 1 of Redeeming Science, pp. 13–31. Available:

10945:

Lee, Robert Sloan (July 1, 2021). "Non-Standard Arguments for God's existence". In Branson, Beau (ed.).

10896: 9962: 4105:

Descartes provides two arguments for the existence of God. In Meditation V he presents a version of the

18344: 17915: 17584: 16890: 16666: 16254: 15534: 15199: 15164: 14960: 14530: 14328: 13599: 13334: 13266: 12646: 12398: 11408:

Rowe, William L. "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism." American Philosophical Quarterly.

7855:

that speak their names. In that regard, the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of gods.

7611: 7358: 6457: 5802: 5791: 4765: 4597:, which gave his "demonstration of the being and attributes of God from his works of creation". Later, 4317:(also known as Ibn Sina, 980–1037). Avicenna argued that there must be a "necessary existent" (Arabic: 4019: 3220:

also holds that the existence (or otherwise) of God is irrelevant to and beyond the domain of science.

3213: 3135: 2878: 2647:. Lower than 50% but not very low. "I do not know whether God exists but I'm inclined to be skeptical." 1350: 1313: 1243: 298: 110: 16300: 8997:

Scott C. Todd, "A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate," Nature, Vol. 401, Sep. 30, 1999, p. 423.

6270:

known as moral realism, which holds that moral truths exist independently of human opinion or belief.

6176:

The following empirical arguments rely on observations or experimentation to yield their conclusions.

4835:

can be considered properly basic as well, and thus require no external justification. Research in the

4635:, published in 1859. Since the 1960s, Paley's arguments have been influential in the development of a 4547:

developed complex approaches to the proposal that the cosmos has an intelligent cause, but it was the

3811: 3049:. Agnostic theists may also insist on ignorance regarding the properties of the gods they believe in. 18121: 16333: 16323: 15753: 15214: 14230: 13349: 11642:

Trakakis, Nick. "The Problem Of Hell: A Challenge To Theistic Belief." Sophia 52, no. 1 (2013): 5–20.

10275: 10077: 10072: 9557: 9309: 9195: 8470: 7703: 7607: 7520: 7240: 7184: 5649: 5454: 5435:, and its unique literary attributes, vindicate its divine authorship, and thus the existence of God. 5094: 5086: 5072: 4086: 4034: 3889: 3773: 3075: 2559: 2188: 2123: 1825: 1597: 1325: 731: 662: 30: 11031: 7762: 5907:

1. Suppose God is defined by the properties of being all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good.

1171: 18224: 17787: 17037: 16877: 16874: 16600: 16434: 16419: 15871: 15801: 15622: 15387: 15316: 15311: 15010: 14361: 14310: 14155: 13794: 11633:

Taliaferro, Charles. "The Problem Of Hell Reconsidered." Religious Studies 47, no. 1 (2011): 73–87.

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http://www.frame-poythress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/PoythressVernRedeemingScience.pdf#page=14

7331: 7189: 7179: 6412: 6242: 6188:

The argument from naturalism can be traced to ancient Greek philosophy, where philosophers such as

6157: 6070: 6023:

2. The existence of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality.

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Most contemporary formulations of a transcendental argument for God have been developed within the

5196: 4708: 4335: 4226:

unstated assumptions, assumptions representing premises not stated in the argument itself. With an

3996: 3672: 2716: 1933: 1873: 1689: 1501: 1496: 1407: 480: 12575:

Ibn Sina's Remarks and Admonitions: Physics and Metaphysics: An Analysis and Annotated Translation

11858:

Drange, Theodore M. "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief." Religious Studies 28 (1992): 347–365.

11517:

Adams, Marilyn McCord. "Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God." Cornell University Press, 1999.

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have used the teleological argument in many ways, and it has a long association with them. In the

3283:

Alvin Plantinga compares the question of the existence of God to the question of the existence of

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contradiction, and therefore, an omnipotent god cannot exist. This argument is expounded upon by

5971: 5771: 5557: 5300: 5234: 5230: 5110: 5012: 4800: 4422:

who has arranged these things to be beautiful (aesthetically pleasing, or "good") and not ugly.

4267: 4239: 4153: 4060: 3981: 3622:(1906–1978) for the existence of God. The argument is in a line of development that goes back to 3291: 2133: 1987: 1864: 1855: 1795: 1786: 1580: 1570: 1424: 1308: 1273: 1018: 10371: 9771:

Plantinga, Alvin (6 December 2012). Tomberlin, H.; Tomberlin, James E.; van Inwagen, P. (eds.).

8893: 8593: 8539: 5630: 5142:

or moral order. Arguments from moral normativity observe some aspect of morality and argue that

4907: 3707:(modal) logic because the definition of God employs an explicit quantification over properties. 3359:. The five eternal principles to be discussed under ontology, beginning with God or Isvara, the 17935: 17867: 16947: 16785: 16363: 16338: 16328: 15665: 15484: 15101: 15096: 14805: 14685: 14045: 13380: 13196: 13139: 13134: 12995: 10218:, an argument for the existence of the gods from observations of design in the physical world." 9718: 9147: 8341: 8037: 7645: 7570: 7559: 7540: 7433: 7307: 7270: 7255: 6313:

Furthermore, opponents argue that the anthropic argument is based on a flawed understanding of

6092: 5728: 5727:

The arguments below aim to show that God does not exist—by showing a creator is unnecessary or

5572: 5412: 5135: 5127: 5114: 4296: 3857: 3284: 2640:

Completely impartial. Exactly 50%. "God's existence and nonexistence are exactly equiprobable."

2526: 2328: 1737: 1647: 1166: 1104: 1099: 694: 615: 11053: 10855: 10814: 10317: 9199: 8753: 8315: 8115: 4675:

and Thomas Aquinas considered the argument acceptable, but not necessarily the best argument.

4306:, also translated Demonstration of the Truthful or Proof of the Veracious, among others) is a 2656:

Strong atheist. "I know there is no God, with the same conviction as Jung knows there is one."

18406: 18172: 18111: 18091: 17925: 17837: 17817: 17807: 17440: 17289: 16922: 16854: 16762: 16729: 16557: 16537: 16343: 16200: 16155: 16093: 16083: 15422: 15286: 15131: 15121: 15106: 15054: 14185: 14089: 13859: 13822: 13774: 13662: 13291: 13223: 13213: 13154: 13060: 13048: 12975: 11435:

Aquinas, Thomas. "Summa Theologica." Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province.

11345: 10235:

is "at any rate the antecedent" of the argument from design (p. 213). He shows that the

10091: 9728: 9722: 9185: 8988:

Catechism of the Catholic Church, Paragraph 47; cf. Canons of the First Vatican Council, 2:2.

8783:"Introduction to Agnosticism: What is Agnostic Theism? Believing in God, but not Knowing God" 7548: 7245: 7156: 6218: 5784: 5752: 5629:

in such notable works as "Deliverance from Error" and "The Alchemy of Happiness", in Arabic "

5568: 5497: 4971: 4912: 4503: 4495: 4380: 4346: 4283: 4260: 3976: 3894: 3518: 3209: 2812: 2684: 2582:

Positions on the existence of God can be divided along numerous axes, producing a variety of

2477: 2415: 2250: 2235: 2158: 2148: 1637: 1575: 1471: 1268: 1198: 1183: 1119: 1040: 1028: 13339: 11426:

Adams, Marilyn McCord. "The Problem of Evil." The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion.

10301: 10289: 9946: 9139: 8782: 6294:

One of the main criticisms of the anthropic argument is that it suffers from the fallacy of

3139:

meant by 'God'?" before proclaiming the original question "Does God exist?" as meaningless.

1136: 18189: 18144: 18106: 18053: 17982: 17738: 17534: 17445: 17268: 17238: 16979: 16507: 16353: 16348: 16190: 15635: 15567: 15510: 15494: 15479: 15459: 15417: 15291: 15136: 15126: 15111: 15076: 15071: 15039: 14692: 14409: 14205: 13854: 13233: 13208: 13171: 13149: 13087: 13082: 13033: 12818: 10456: 10203: 10153: 9368: 8814: 8625:

The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality

8492: 7544: 7535: 7280: 7249: 6417: 6221:. According to opponents of naturalism, these phenomena require supernatural explanations. 6102: 6080:

was one of the most prominent proponents of the atheist-existential argument. In his book "

5997: 5913:

3. If God is all-knowing, then he knows where evil exists and knows how to eliminate evil.

5524: 5374: 5329: 5226: 5218: 5090: 5004: 4997: 4941: 4934: 4737: 4731: 4680: 4648: 4574: 4570: 4407: 4399: 4376: 4106: 4001: 3786: 3768: 3627: 3623: 3586:

Plantinga, who says that even if one were to grant that existence is not a real predicate,

3558: 3483: 3381:, is equated to the personal absolute God of the Western traditions. Aspects of Krishna as 3295: 2704: 2423: 2419: 2270: 1702: 1657: 1622: 1585: 1476: 1188: 1141: 1114: 1069: 1064: 1013: 862: 655: 125: 15833: 13144: 10157: 8296: 8066:

properties from among all properties. Gödel comments that "Positive means positive in the

6020:

1. If rationality exists, then certain necessary conditions for rationality must be true.

5672:

The school of Vedanta argues that one of the proofs of the existence of God is the law of

4343:, including unity, simplicity, immateriality, intellect, power, generosity, and goodness. 2898: 1903: 1109: 8: 18330: 18285: 18275: 18234: 18182: 18167: 18096: 18076: 18058: 17890: 17857: 17718: 17705: 17512: 17309: 17220: 17175: 17081: 16967: 16780: 16628: 16175: 15876: 15748: 15627: 15296: 15219: 15209: 15086: 14970: 14965: 14675: 14300: 13931: 13869: 13779: 13716: 13626: 13614: 13354: 13344: 13311: 13186: 13129: 13102: 10921:

Martin, Michael (1997). "Does Induction Presuppose the Existence of the Christian God?".

8925:

New proofs for the existence of God: contributions of contemporary physics and philosophy

7785: 7458: 7454: 7439: 7292: 6427: 6392: 6382: 6360:

3. Therefore, religious experiences are unreliable as evidence for the existence of God.

6287: 6088: 5882:

is written on the tablet is true, then it seems that human beings do not have free will.

5809: 5775:

that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God,

5587: 5458: 5076: 4887: 4795: 4783: 4415: 4142: 4024: 3914: 3764: 3757: 3451: 3239:

maintains that knowledge of the existence of God is the "natural light of human reason".

3228: 3190: 3013:

is the belief that it is impossible for humans to know whether or not any deities exist.

2453: 2439: 2431: 2255: 1938: 1820: 1693: 1481: 1387: 1360: 1330: 1318: 1288: 1161: 1094: 1084: 1023: 721: 512: 360: 312: 17042: 12952: 12494:"Might-Counterfactuals, Transworld Untrustworthiness, and Plantinga's Free Will Defense" 12181: 10914: 10347: 8565: 8073:

sense (independently of the accidental structure of the world)... It may also mean pure

6029:

The proponents of TANG argue that there are three necessary conditions for rationality:

5162:. Kant argued that the goal of humanity is to achieve perfect happiness and virtue (the 18280: 18249: 18229: 18177: 18159: 18134: 18129: 18081: 18068: 18035: 17930: 17832: 17767: 17723: 17667: 17507: 17336: 17230: 17138: 16942: 16821: 16812: 16775: 16770: 16676: 16671: 16648: 16567: 16381: 16308: 16165: 16123: 16033: 15998: 15773: 15738: 15640: 15582: 15544: 15539: 15375: 15365: 15169: 15141: 15091: 14882: 14842: 14626: 14458: 14285: 14248: 14215: 14210: 14175: 14132: 14020: 13991: 13911: 13874: 13409: 13286: 13271: 13245: 13238: 13124: 13107: 13043: 12707: 12625: 12560: 12477: 12469: 12192: 11997:

Korsgaard, Christine M. "The Sources of Normativity." Cambridge University Press, 1996.

11819: 11252: 10126: 10116: 9920: 8369: 7984: 7972: 7756: 7731: 7660: 7314: 7233: 6482: 5618: 5445:, similarly asserts that the miraculous appearance of God, Jesus Christ, and angels to 5383: 5204: 5082: 5055: 5048: 4823: 4713:

Contemporary defenders of the teleological argument are mainly Christians, for example

4704: 4640: 4608: 4554: 4311: 4081: 4053: 4039: 3884: 3800: 3704: 3696: 3648:

5. The world in which we live is not the only one in which we shall live or have lived.

3535: 3250: 3158: 3010: 2751: 2727: 2571: 2551: 2448: 2391: 2344: 2240: 2198: 2118: 2093: 2058: 1845: 1810: 1707: 1538: 1533: 1263: 1248: 1222: 1208: 1203: 1089: 912: 881: 822: 736: 716: 223: 213: 15928: 15881: 11260: 7565:

As a term for the condition of harmonious co-existence between adherents of different

5241:

being that is the source of human reason). The best-known defender of the argument is

3067:

in the existence of any deity and agnostic because they claim that the existence of a

1978: 1943: 18370: 18318: 18219: 18214: 18199: 18139: 18101: 18086: 18043: 17614: 17574: 17492: 17420: 17403: 17381: 17009: 16984: 16795: 16615: 16358: 16225: 16221: 16103: 16088: 15758: 15705: 15685: 15587: 15577: 15504: 15333: 15323: 15116: 14904: 14824: 14761: 14729: 14655: 14505: 14381: 14338: 13971: 13916: 13906: 13898: 13864: 13749: 13698: 13520: 13373: 13203: 13159: 13112: 12932: 12913: 12905: 12891: 12828: 12808: 12759: 12732: 12713: 12684: 12629: 12617: 12579: 12564: 12552: 12516: 12461: 12427: 12402: 12354: 12313: 12286: 12247: 12160: 11968:

The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design

11823: 11809: 11349: 11244: 11124: 11079: 11059: 10982: 10972: 10952: 10861: 10820: 10793: 10712: 10664: 10639: 10614: 10589: 10534: 10479: 10419:"Experiences of 'Ultimate Reality' or 'God' Confer Lasting Benefits to Mental Health" 10398: 10335: 9776: 9732: 9671: 9646: 9597: 9526: 9426: 9313: 9284: 9259: 9203: 9151: 9140: 9051: 9039: 9015: 9007: 8971: 8961: 8938: 8928: 8663: 8417: 8373: 8321: 8006: 7901: 7486: 7394: 6422: 6049:

argue that it is necessary for rationality that our cognitive faculties be reliable.

5601: 5346: 5335: 5185: 5175: 5138:

is an argument for the existence of God. Arguments from morality tend to be based on

5033: 4840: 4771: 4714: 4631: 4433: 3986: 3929: 3899: 3635: 3300: 3277: 3276:

suggests that the nearest analogy to the existence of God in physics is the ideas of

3273: 3224: 3217: 2911: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2547: 2168: 2153: 1830: 1777: 1757: 1667: 1508: 1178: 1124: 936: 867: 817: 575: 243: 15728: 12481: 11471:

Oppy, Graham. "Ontological Arguments and Belief in God." Cambridge University Press.

11102: 9764: 5712:

An argument from belief in God being properly basic as presented by Alvin Plantinga.

4745: 4094: 3819: 3694:

truth. A statement that is true in some world (not necessarily our own) is called a

3568: 3287:, claiming both are notoriously impossible to "prove" against a determined skeptic. 2435: 1800: 430: 18401: 18270: 18204: 18194: 17895: 17842: 17792: 17772: 17733: 17728: 17569: 17497: 17215: 17126: 17017: 16989: 16974: 16937: 16643: 16623: 16590: 16495: 16457: 16128: 15991: 15961: 15951: 15946: 15843: 15828: 15474: 15370: 15204: 14995: 14934: 14872: 14714: 14554: 14544: 14500: 14451: 14190: 14050: 14002: 13921: 13739: 13228: 13166: 12883: 12823: 12803: 12753: 12676: 12659: 12609: 12544: 12508: 12453: 11936: 11801: 11341: 11236: 10977: 10343: 10327: 10215: 9100: 8657: 8363: 7995: 7923: 7815: 7718: 7591: 7524: 7201: 6442: 6139: 6111:

also presents an existentialist argument for the non-existence of God in his book "

6108: 6077: 5817: 5766: 5551: 5512: 5404: 5159: 5139: 4966: 4636: 4521: 3940: 3909: 3873: 3679: 3467: 3458: 3360: 3162: 3058: 3022: 2971: 2841: 2700: 2696: 2672: 2516: 2512: 2260: 2203: 2051: 2016: 2001: 1996: 1913: 1898: 1632: 1543: 1375: 1213: 1131: 971: 941: 790: 507: 389: 346: 337: 327: 208: 90: 12964: 12774: 11002: 9525:. Collected Works. Vol. III (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8808: 5751:

No scientific evidence of God's existence has been found. Therefore, according to

4607:

published a prominent presentation of the design argument with his version of the

3280:

which are seemingly paradoxical but make sense of a great deal of disparate data.

2845:

Thomas Aquinas and others, that had also been explored by the Greek philosophers.

18358: 17976: 17945: 17910: 17875: 17753: 17604: 17502: 17460: 17371: 17359: 17344: 17319: 17294: 17064: 16932: 16927: 16844: 16829: 16502: 16386: 16135: 16118: 16073: 16063: 16008: 15981: 15918: 15913: 15898: 15823: 15559: 15549: 15184: 15174: 14975: 14852: 14765: 14631: 14569: 14559: 14475: 14402: 14385: 14290: 14220: 13976: 13926: 13744: 13631: 13306: 13301: 13281: 12959: 12850: 12798: 12778: 12749: 12727: 12573: 12417: 12390: 12348: 12307: 12241: 12213: 12152: 12148: 12136: 11324: 10380: 8958:

God : the failed hypothesis : how science shows that God does not exist

8697: 8628: 8359: 8011: 7709: 7687: 7683: 7669: 7653: 7594:) contends that since natural (non-supernatural) theories adequately explain the 7417: 7390: 7348: 7265: 6197:

natural laws, which can be discovered through scientific inquiry. As philosopher

6130: 5981: 5762: 5481: 5258: 5247: 5200: 5024: 4874:, terms "the trace of God": the footprints left behind that point to the impact. 4856: 4828: 4411: 4287: 4173: 4145: 4132: 3924: 3862: 3852: 3782: 3479: 3389: 3383: 3322: 3236: 3194: 3036: 2606: 2586:

classifications. Theism and atheism are positions of belief or lack of it, while

2535: 2402:, who made arguments for the existence of a being responsible for fashioning the 2213: 2193: 2183: 2138: 2128: 2068: 2041: 2031: 2011: 1958: 1923: 1893: 1642: 1392: 1283: 1278: 1258: 921: 848: 832: 640: 600: 455: 355: 17116: 10171: 9748: 8081:(or containing privation)." (Gödel 1995), see also manuscript in (Gawlick 2012). 7385: 6156:

Another proponent of the "no reason" argument is Bertrand Russell. In his book "

6001:

eternal punishment in hell has been controversial throughout Christian history.

5916:

4. If God is perfectly good, then he would want to prevent evil from occurring.

5321:

The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God

3710:

First, Gödel axiomatizes the notion of a "positive property": for each property

2507:. Philosophers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include 17885: 17880: 17748: 17713: 17645: 17619: 17455: 17304: 17243: 17156: 16999: 16895: 16638: 16318: 16108: 16098: 16038: 15986: 15923: 15818: 15743: 15700: 15680: 15469: 15345: 15306: 15000: 14990: 14985: 14909: 14739: 14611: 14576: 14515: 14150: 13817: 13641: 13636: 13609: 13478: 12861: 12703: 12699: 12512: 12441: 10745: 10731:

The term "argument from desire" was coined by John Beversluis in his 1985 book

10267: 10257: 8562: 8217:, then Axioms 1-3 can be summarized by saying that positive properties form an 7941: 7477:

institution) on issues of religion as opposed to opposition of religion in the

7470: 7429: 7402: 7213: 6472: 6295: 6238: 6112: 5780: 5605: 5503:

Various sects that have broken from the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) (such as

5450: 5266: 5262: 4953: 4949: 4895: 4753: 4626: 4590: 4536: 4481: 4354: 4199: 4093:

for the existence of God developed by the French philosopher and mathematician

4029: 3867: 3463: 3131: 2853: 2712: 2680: 2539: 2427: 2208: 2163: 2098: 2046: 1973: 1888: 1815: 1772: 1752: 1513: 1491: 1402: 1397: 1370: 812: 773: 620: 370: 365: 307: 228: 203: 17326: 17101: 12548: 12444:(1991). "The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition". 12180:

Sinha, Nandalal; Aniruddha; Vijñanabhiksu, fl 1550; Mahadeva Vedantin (1915).

4948:

argument, is an argument for the existence of God first proposed by mediaeval

18380: 17940: 17852: 17782: 17524: 17314: 17248: 17205: 17074: 16699: 16485: 16467: 16078: 16003: 15886: 15866: 15778: 15733: 14944: 14606: 14539: 14468: 14060: 13961: 13553: 13458: 13097: 12981: 12970: 12621: 12556: 12520: 12465: 12344: 11248: 10313: 9334: 9191: 9187:

The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant

8942: 8578: 8269: 8110: 7909: 7897: 7874: 7673:

majority of academic discussion is concerned with Schellenberg's formulation.

7615: 7446: 7124: 6487: 6477: 6447: 6354:

1. Religious experiences are subjective and cannot be verified or falsified.

5900:

philosophers, theologians, and scholars from different religious traditions.

5677: 5561: 5546:

assert that God intervened in key specific moments in history, especially at

5379: 5315: 5155: 5098: 4957: 4810: 4805: 4598: 4581:" of proving the existence of God. In early modern England clergymen such as 4463: 4419: 3665: 3645:

4. There are other worlds and rational beings of a different and higher kind.

3582: 3471: 3314:

and oppose philosophical arguments related to God's existence. For instance,

3254: 3107: 3103: 3042: 2920: 2873: 2803:

communicates with the universe, or may have evolved into the universe (as in

2720: 2583: 2563: 2504: 2460:, who made arguments influenced by Aristotle's concept of the unmoved mover; 2411: 2143: 2063: 1948: 1928: 1850: 1805: 1079: 986: 981: 956: 763: 440: 408: 188: 135: 12179: 10331: 10242: 8975: 3619: 17971: 17961: 17920: 17900: 17672: 17635: 17594: 17480: 17430: 17091: 17069: 17047: 16994: 16962: 16834: 16694: 16605: 16401: 16023: 16013: 15976: 15966: 15956: 15848: 15763: 15695: 15592: 15256: 14980: 14929: 14749: 14275: 14180: 14170: 14070: 14035: 14015: 13956: 13884: 13769: 13672: 13619: 11930: 11795: 10339: 9546: 8838: 7915: 7892: 7714: 7478: 7474: 7398: 7302: 7297: 7285: 7260: 6150: 6138:

as its fundamental theological model. A similar argument is put forward in

6098: 5850: 5539: 5520: 5516: 5493: 5489: 5446: 5373:

The argument from religious experience holds that the best explanation for

5350: 5339: 5238: 5164: 5020: 4975: 4749: 4741: 4700: 4692: 4660: 4625:, published in 1779, and the explanation of biological complexity given in 4578: 4478:

in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam would be consistent with such a claim.

4340: 4157: 3934: 3842: 3615: 3524: 3356: 3311: 3307: 3186: 3150: 2946: 2916: 2739: 2735: 2567: 2384: 2364: 2352: 2083: 2073: 2036: 2021: 2006: 1918: 1835: 1767: 1446: 1365: 976: 966: 886: 465: 445: 317: 278: 273: 233: 12709:

Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion

12680: 12663: 11940: 11805: 11526:

Plantinga, Alvin. "God, Freedom, and Evil." Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977.

11197: 7551:

reject it, and uphold the importance of the historical, "orthodox" faiths.

7413: 4604:

Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity

3530:

One type of cosmological, or "first cause" argument, typically called the

3395: 17966: 17905: 17777: 17757: 17662: 17599: 17559: 17539: 17465: 17435: 17096: 17032: 16724: 16709: 16585: 16575: 16524: 16490: 16429: 16043: 16028: 15908: 15903: 15449: 15382: 15301: 15266: 15246: 14914: 14774: 14734: 14697: 14665: 14660: 14648: 14525: 14253: 14165: 14094: 14030: 13986: 13804: 13759: 13712: 13646: 13490: 13453: 12419:

Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

11535:

Swinburne, Richard. "The Problem of Evil." Oxford University Press, 2006.

8616: 8218: 8021: 8001: 7957: 7929: 7744: 7512: 7482: 6337: 6314: 6125: 5681: 5594:

The claims of Jesus, as a morally upstanding person, to be the son of God

5424: 5325: 5242: 5180: 5148: 5102: 5016: 4718: 4558: 4525: 4358: 4235: 4169: 4165: 3947: 3847: 3661: 3475: 3262: 3205: 3126: 3119: 2998: 2992: 2954: 2950: 2799: 2708: 2618: 2595: 2591: 2555: 2496: 2443: 2348: 2173: 2113: 2103: 2088: 1968: 1963: 1612: 1550: 1486: 1456: 1436: 1380: 946: 726: 580: 537: 532: 470: 460: 380: 332: 165: 150: 75: 14835: 11170: 11142: 10130: 9820: 9808: 9724:

The God Confusion – Why Nobody Knows the Answer to the Ultimate Question

9068: 5581: 2363:

terms, the question of the existence of God involves the disciplines of

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on this ordering. Definition 1 and Axiom 4 are needed to establish the

8070: 7945: 7869: 7846: 7516: 7505: 7501: 7462: 6432: 6321: 6303: 6214: 6198: 6189: 5626: 5547: 5304: 5189: 4616: 4562: 4539:, although it has been argued that he was taking up an older argument. 4372: 4362: 4275: 4192: 4185: 3879: 3564: 3563:

The ontological argument has been formulated by philosophers including

3409: 3371: 3258: 3198: 3165: 2777: 2731: 2587: 2530: 2508: 2461: 2360: 2108: 2026: 1840: 1762: 1747: 1732: 1627: 1560: 1523: 1518: 1156: 951: 552: 449: 160: 115: 100: 8723: 7449:

co-existing in society. It can indicate one or more of the following:

5777:

then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God

2602:

concerns belief about the practical importance of whether God exists.

17827: 17822: 17682: 17609: 17544: 17415: 17349: 17161: 17151: 17146: 17121: 16917: 16477: 16439: 16113: 15838: 15660: 15489: 15454: 15439: 15402: 14819: 14744: 14670: 14643: 14638: 14616: 14586: 14581: 14490: 13981: 13812: 13703: 13500: 13485: 13468: 13463: 13443: 12888:

God in Proof: The Story of a Search from the Ancients to the Internet

12737: 11782:

The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God

11489:(Spring 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 9874: 9862: 9850: 8757: 8590: 8522: 7722: 7695: 7555: 6462: 6307: 5934: 5795: 5756: 5442: 5432: 5308: 5169: 4979: 4791: 4779: 4664: 4652: 4544: 4524:

argument, argument from design, or intelligent design argument, is a

4475: 4209:

Plantinga's free-will defense begins by noting a distinction between

3099: 3093: 2907: 2890: 2848:

Another apologetical school of thought, including Dutch and American

2821: 2789: 2770: 2622: 2599: 2543: 2481: 2399: 2380: 2368: 2178: 1908: 1727: 1652: 1617: 1602: 1565: 751: 711: 542: 155: 130: 80: 17052: 12457: 11240: 10395:

Science without God? rethinking the history of scientific naturalism

9036:

Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God,

8317:

Advances in Religion, Cognitive Science, and Experimental Philosophy

5910:

2. If God is all-powerful, then he can prevent evil from occurring.

5387:

standards in the religious sphere which we do not apply elsewhere".

4531:

The earliest recorded versions of this argument are associated with

3634:. Therefore, God must exist." A more elaborate version was given by 3146:

or an atheist until a sufficient definition of theism is put forth.

2491:

In philosophy, and more specifically in the philosophy of religion,

248: 18353: 17657: 17564: 17529: 17487: 17475: 17263: 17057: 16957: 16900: 16704: 16658: 16542: 16180: 16170: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15597: 15444: 15360: 15328: 15241: 15233: 14924: 14899: 14867: 14862: 14564: 14441: 14333: 13966: 13548: 13495: 13396: 11597:

Swinburne, Richard. The Coherence of Theism. Clarendon Press, 1993.

10847: 10790:

Contemporary arguments in natural theology: God and rational belief

10397:(First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 10236: 10228: 10211: 10207: 9113: 8067: 7699: 7566: 7443: 6135: 5846: 5411:, contemporary and throughout the ages. A variation of this is the 5396: 5292: 5081:

The argument from mathematics is presented by American philosopher

5059: 5008: 4945: 4891: 4752:) holds that the existence of God is evident by the observation of 4688: 4672: 4668: 4586: 4548: 4532: 4459: 4368: 4314: 4307: 4271: 4090: 3719: 3423: 3418: 2804: 2766: 2473: 2465: 2457: 2407: 2403: 2372: 2332: 2275: 2245: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1607: 1528: 1431: 961: 931: 857: 785: 703: 635: 610: 604: 595: 590: 585: 193: 145: 13017: 12534: 12083:

An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent

11462:

Plantinga, Alvin. "God and Other Minds." Cornell University Press.

9976: 9892: 9556:(Unpublished Paper). University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 9394: 9227: 5959:

since these events are themselves temporal and subject to change.

5015:. The best-known defender of the argument is the Christian writer 4886:

Some have put forward arguments for the existence of God based on

4432:

The best-known contemporary defender of the aesthetic argument is

4128: 2676: 2430:, who presented his own version of the cosmological argument (the 17284: 17258: 17253: 17195: 17190: 17022: 16910: 16905: 16864: 16686: 16532: 16414: 15429: 15340: 15261: 15251: 14894: 14847: 14601: 14495: 14480: 14446: 14323: 14025: 13936: 13784: 13731: 13667: 13561: 12697: 12350:

The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought

12117:

Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought

11891:

Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism

11417:

Epicurus. "Letter to Menoeceus." Translated by Robert Drew Hicks.

10806: 10707:

Blackburn, Simon (1996-05-23). "Degrees of perfection argument".

9956: 9447: 8861: 7838: 7799: 7677: 7406: 6407: 5736: 5732: 5689: 5645: 5543: 5408: 4974:. Contemporary Thomist scholars are often in disagreement on the 4871: 4684: 3778: 3726:

must be positive, but not both (axiom 2). If a positive property

3631: 3403: 3378: 3347: 3341: 3240: 2942: 2936: 2894: 2834: 2747: 2644: 2500: 2492: 2418:. Other arguments for the existence of God have been proposed by 2356: 1592: 1451: 1441: 926: 746: 557: 522: 403: 253: 183: 105: 85: 11935:. New York, New York and Boston, Massachusetts: H. M. Caldwell. 10792:. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic. 9839: 9146:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 6310:, which could be seen as evidence against a benevolent creator. 5926:

seems to contradict the idea of a loving and compassionate God.

5824: 5295:

that attempts to prove the existence of God by appealing to the

5245:. Lewis first defended the argument at length in his 1947 book, 3071:

is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.

17549: 17470: 17200: 16859: 16849: 16547: 16449: 15499: 15392: 15271: 14724: 14271: 13834: 13421: 8927:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Pub. p. 73. 7905: 7851: 7842: 7717:. Carrier contends that such a god could have easily created a 7421: 5685: 5653: 5255:(1960), Lewis substantially revised and expanded the argument. 4903: 4467: 4247: 3590:, which is the correct formulation of an understanding of God, 3374: 3143: 3064: 2666: 2631: 2522: 2335:. A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of 1662: 1555: 1461: 741: 547: 527: 475: 268: 258: 140: 120: 61: 12758:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 12096:

The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature

7690:

by arguing that such a god should not permit the existence of

5564:

are historically accurate, and prove God's existence, namely:

4565:

used the argument, although it was rejected as unnecessary by

4480:

The best-known defender of the argument from consciousness is

4462:

for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human

3654:

14. Religions are, for the most part, bad—but religion is not.

2525:, the proposition that God exists, is the dominant view among 17365: 17027: 16313: 16246: 15276: 14829: 14549: 14436: 13827: 13677: 13568: 13543: 13438: 12153:"Neither Life Nor The Universe Appear Intelligently Designed" 10232: 10194: 10192: 6333:

must be either a misunderstanding or a deliberate deception.

5938: 5693: 5673: 4983: 4696: 4566: 4540: 4515: 3683: 3364: 3244: 3154: 3068: 2889:

Protestant Christians note that the Christian faith teaches "

2795: 2743: 2395: 2376: 2340: 1466: 768: 517: 95: 11453:

Kane, Robert. "Free Will." The Oxford Handbook of Free Will.

10897:"Does Induction Presume the Existence of the Christian God?" 8850:. Vol. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. p. 20 5739:

facts, or that there is insufficient proof that God exists.

4902:(1895). The opinions set forth in this work were adopted in 2864:), emerged in the late 1920s. This school was instituted by 2837:, is not demonstrable and presupposes the existence of God. 2757: 14857: 14055: 13838: 13708: 13365: 12187:. Robarts – University of Toronto. Allahabad Panini Office. 12006:

Nielsen, Kai. "Ethics Without God." Prometheus Books, 1990.

10307: 10136:

Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design

9573:

The presentation below follows that in Koons (2005), p.3-7.

8627:. New York: Barnes and Noble. pp. 14ff. Archived from 7691: 7686:

contests the existence of a god who is both omnipotent and

7457:

the religious diversity of a society or country, promoting

7409:) coexist at the north end of St Giles' in Oxford, England. 6217:" and include things like miracles, psychic abilities, and 6009:

Transcendental Argument for the Non-existence of God (TANG)

5257:

Contemporary defenders of the argument from reason include

4513: 4471: 2927:, but should not be confused with the Van Tillian variety. 2915:

faith. Reymond's position is similar to that of his mentor

2827: 780: 398: 198: 11708:

Logic and Theism: Arguments For and Against Beliefs in God

11555:

Our Idea of God: An Introduction to Philosophical Theology

11444:

Craig, William Lane. "The Coherence of Theism." Routledge.

10857:

Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine

10189: 9172:

The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa

8462: 8210:{\displaystyle \square \forall y(\varphi (y)\to \psi (y))} 6149:

One of the main proponents of the "no reason" argument is

6017:

The basic structure of TANG can be summarized as follows:

4944:, also known as the degrees of perfection argument or the 3268: 2690: 2456:

who developed arguments for the existence of God comprise

17210: 14939: 14425: 14195: 13682: 13582: 10819:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 154. 10026: 10024: 9999: 9997: 7885:

North Americans polled about religious identity 2010–2012

7649: 6375: 5722: 5597:

Jesus, said to be a wise person, believed that God exists

5449:

and others and subsequent finding and translation of the

5195:

Contemporary defenders of the argument from morality are

5143: 4961: 4787: 4775: 4161: 2452:, which gives each human a knowledge of God's existence. 2336: 903: 375: 238: 12982:

The Classical Islamic Arguments for the Existence of God

10438:"Religious leaders given psilocybin say they "felt God"" 9335:"The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe" 8807:

Flint, Robert (1903). "Erroneous Views of Agnosticism".

8577:

For the proofs of God's existence by Thomas Aquinas see

7934:

In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion

6234:

therefore, there is no need to invoke a divine creator.

5718:

Argument from the "divine attributes of scientific law".

5431:

Islam asserts that the revelation of its holy book, the

4770:

Human subjects in scientific studies have reported that

4611:

and the first use of the phrase "argument from design".

4176:) are logically incompatible with the existence of evil. 3538:

gives a version of this argument in the following form:

2703:

qualities), in distinction to other conceptions such as

12644:

Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'".

8402:, 2nd edition (New York: Doubleday, 1995) n. 36, p. 20. 6053:

rationality that there be an objective moral standard.

5471:

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)

4589:

were well-known proponents. In the early 18th century,

3328:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

2957:

to theism, the metaphysical claim that God does exist.

14394: 11955:

Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History

10048: 10036: 10021: 9994: 9634: 8845: 7873:

Europeans polled who "believe in a god", according to

7788:

cite various arguments for rejecting a creator God or

5865:

being exists, then God would no longer be omnipotent.

5390: 5289:

Transcendental Argument for the existence of God (TAG)

3678:. In the most common semantics for modal logic, many " 2387:(since some definitions of God include "perfection"). 18342: 10239:

frequently paraphrased the account given by Xenophon.

9596:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 49. 8276:(1967) to sympathy towards theism in the more recent 8164: 8138: 8118: 7938:

Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion

7601: 6344:

The argument from the problem of religious experience

5967:

world that contains so much suffering and injustice.

5582:

Arguments from the authority of historical personages

5362: 3435: 2438:, who said that the existence of a benevolent God is 11917:

Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon

11557:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000. 9514:

Gödel's proof is reprinted on p.403-404,429-437 of:

8700:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007. 7442:

is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of

4325: 4301: 4274:, the proponent of the argument, depicted on a 1999 4148:

and published in its final version in his 1977 book

11386:"Concept of 'hypercosmic God' wins Templeton Prize" 10760:"Francis S. Collins on C. S. Lewis' Moral Argument" 9982: 8960:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 43. 6253:eyes that are poorly designed or prone to disease? 5533: 5525:

The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel

4843:argues is empirical evidence for the presence of a 4816: 4573:. Later, the teleological argument was accepted by 4507: 4310:for proving the existence of God introduced by the 12953:A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God 12731: 11869:The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge 11480: 10948:Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy of Religion 9645:. Frankfurt: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 28, 150. 8209: 8150: 8124: 6146:God's existence, and therefore he does not exist. 5963:be no real relationship between God and creation. 5861:such as creating a square circle or making 2+2=5. 3180: 3149:The term "ignosticism" was coined in the 1960s by 2783: 2750:traditions. In monotheistic religions outside the 2598:concerns belief about God's conceptual coherence. 12912:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12824:God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything 11377: 10009: 9670:. Piscataway, NJ: Walter de Gruyter. p. 27. 9177: 9131: 8314:Cruz De, Helen; Nichols, Ryan (28 January 2016). 8225:property as principal element of the ultrafilter. 6302:universe that are not conducive to life, such as 6249:organs that serve no purpose or cause suffering? 4972:ontological and theological notions of perfection 2499:that God does not exist. Some religions, such as 2442:for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful. 18378: 12927:Walls, Jerry L.; Dougherty, Trent, eds. (2018). 12602:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 12537:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 11003:"Islamic Awareness: The Challenge of the Qur'an" 10733:C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion 10463:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8414:Catholicism: A Journey to the Heart of the Faith 8303:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7900:emphasized the inner religious struggle between 5886:The contradiction of omniscience and omnipotence 5787:, disagree with that kind of skeptical argument. 5281:Transcendental argument for the existence of God 4334:exist. The argument says that the entire set of 4152:. Plantinga's argument is a defense against the 4141:is a logical argument developed by the American 4114: 2671:The Catholic Church, following the teachings of 10661:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10636:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10611:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10586:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10531:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10392: 10323:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9545: 9306:The Cosmological Argument From Plato to Leibniz 9221: 9219: 8894:"isms of the week: Agnosticism and Ignosticism" 5439:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4864:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 3785:'s works. Some scholars also associate it with 3527:argument for a cause or reason for the cosmos. 12926: 10891: 10663:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 104–105. 10638:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 100–103. 9183: 9069:"Debate the Existence of God – Beale v Howson" 8745: 8313: 7678:Arguments from the poor design of the universe 6237:The theory of evolution was first proposed by 6101:also presents a similar argument in his book " 5794:analogizes the above. Some theists argue that 4440: 3227:, within which theories must be verifiable by 3130:discussed. Furthermore, if that definition is 2824:, it is not personal and not anthropomorphic. 2594:are positions of knowledge or the lack of it. 16262: 14790: 14410: 13381: 13003: 12744:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 11162: 11134: 10119:2006. "The Blasphemy of Intelligent Design". 9886: 9278: 9253: 8062:It assumes that it is possible to single out 7366: 5874:we cannot choose to do anything differently. 5825:Arguments from incompatible divine properties 4759: 4725: 4061: 3335: 2719:nature of God for mere humans to define him. 2392:Western tradition of philosophical discussion 2304: 663: 12211: 10787: 10613:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 90–92. 10588:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 85–92. 10092:"Teleological Arguments for God's Existence" 9503:A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy. 9216: 9137: 9006: 8830: 8416:. The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group. 5799:Boeing 747—and therefore require a designer. 5659:The same theory was advocated in Germany by 5608:religion when God was said to enter his body 5560:assert that certain events of the Christian 5453:establishes the existence of God. The whole 5237:and for the existence of God (or at least a 5066: 3597: 3456:In article 3, question 2, first part of his 12965:Proofs of God's Existence: Islam—Ahmadiyyat 12197:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12017:The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology 11481:Hoffman, Joshua; Rosenkrantz, Gary (2022), 11225:"Karma, causation, and divine intervention" 11222: 10122:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 9478:"Plantinga 'The Ontological Argument' Text" 9103:, and the critical comment in that article. 8692: 8690: 8611: 8609: 5951:God and creation, and the problem of evil. 5484:, also known as the Brass Plates, into the 5332:is also a kind of transcendental argument. 5158:devised an argument from morality based on 2554:, while those who defended atheism include 15: 16269: 16255: 14804: 14797: 14783: 14417: 14403: 13847: 13388: 13374: 13010: 12996: 12592: 11045: 10198:Ahbel-Rappe, Sara, and R. Kamtekar. 2009. 9977:Howard-Snyder & O'Leary-Hawthorne 1998 9972: 9893:Howard-Snyder & O'Leary-Hawthorne 1998 9665: 9640: 9539: 9515: 9184:Ekstrand, Maria; Bryant, Edwin H. (2004). 8651: 8649: 7626: 7581: 7373: 7359: 5857:not truly free to act in the first place. 5505:Church of Christ "With the Elijah Message" 5273: 4520:, 'end, aim, goal') also known as 4068: 4054: 3340:Existence in absolute truth is central to 3294:as though they were two hypotheses in the 2923:". This position is also sometimes called 2311: 2297: 670: 656: 16: 16196:Relationship between religion and science 12904: 12882: 12748: 12726: 11762:. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008. 10971: 10706: 10393:Harrison, Peter; Roberts, Jon H. (2019). 9880: 9868: 9856: 9826: 9814: 9775:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 33, 38. 9770: 9758: 9754: 8601:The Holy Bible, New International Version 8027:Relationship between religion and science 7750: 7519:(a concept that arose as a result of the 7130:Female genital mutilation laws by country 6038:3. There is an objective moral standard. 6035:2. Our cognitive faculties are reliable. 5120: 4922: 4569:literalists, and as unconvincing by many 4430:like the laws of mathematics or physics. 3367:alone, and often require superior proof. 2761:Ibn Rushd, a 12th-century Islamic scholar 14131: 12488: 11579:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. 11078: 10362:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 9968: 9717: 9362: 9360: 8836: 8687: 8606: 8290: 8288: 7880: 7868: 7858: 7412: 7384: 6171: 5707:evolutionary argument against naturalism 4266: 4253: 4127: 3781:of the ontological argument is based on 3512: 3161:. The term "igtheism" was coined by the 2949:claim that God does not exist. In 1972, 2828:Debate about how theism should be argued 2756: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 12670: 12415: 12388: 12305: 12159:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 12147: 11793: 11695:Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology 11487:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11335: 11168: 11140: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10853: 10473: 10461:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10318:Biological design in science classrooms 10294:The Oxford Handbook of Natural Theology 10042: 10030: 10003: 9904: 9392: 9283:. Oxford University Press. p. 26. 9254:Aquinas, Thomas; Kreeft, Peter (1990). 9225: 8955: 8922: 8721: 8646: 8358: 8301:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5357: 5211: 4990: 4927: 4488: 4392: 4353:Western Christian philosophers such as 4250:set by adding to the propositions 1–4. 3552: 3269:Nature of relevant proofs and arguments 3175: 2691:Traditional religious definition of God 14: 18387:Arguments against the existence of God 18379: 15122:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 13408: 13214:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 12855:"Two Dozen (or so) Theistic Arguments" 12440: 12395:Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays 12343: 12130:"Where is the Graveyard of Dead Gods?" 11928: 11663: 11661: 11653:Atheism: A Philosophical Justification 11504: 11502: 11346:10.1093/actrade/9780192804242.001.0001 10920: 10816:A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion 10746:"Argument from Desire by Peter Kreeft" 10658: 10633: 10608: 10583: 10553: 10528: 10383:(PDF) by Brian Poindexter, dated 2003. 9952: 9446:Himma, Kenneth Einar (27 April 2005). 9420: 8904:from the original on December 16, 2011 8655: 8537: 8411: 8294: 6376:Argument from inconsistent revelations 5742: 5723:Arguments against the existence of God 5612: 4960:to philosophically argue in favour of 4881: 4387: 3750: 3377:, or his intimate ontological form of 3363:cannot be established by the means of 2414:, that today would be categorized as 18008: 16750: 16288: 16250: 14778: 14398: 14120: 13407: 13369: 12991: 12849: 12772: 12712:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12643: 12571: 12277: 12243:Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3) 12239: 11051: 10812: 10788:Ruloff, Colin; Horban, Peter (2021). 10054: 10015: 9988: 9915: 9913: 9445: 9357: 9303: 8806: 8775: 8540:"Philosophy & Preambles of Faith" 8285: 8151:{\displaystyle \varphi \preceq \psi } 6328:Argument from the problem of miracles 5467:Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) 5041: 4622:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 3793: 3542:Whatever begins to exist has a cause. 3445: 3005: 12595:"Plantinga on the Free Will Defense" 12391:"From the necessary existent to God" 12215:The six systems of Indian philosophy 11223:Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). 10933: 10454: 10214:what is probably the earliest known 9591: 9505:A Bradford Book, 1997. Print. p.316. 9458:from the original on 27 October 2012 9345:from the original on 23 January 2013 9304:Craig, William Lane (October 2001). 8847:Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8615: 8603:. International Bible Society. 1984. 8320:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 135. 8279:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7780: 5511:) claim that the message brought by 4756:and existing order in the Universe. 3548:Therefore, the Universe had a cause. 3440: 3407:aspect; "knowledge" or chit, to the 2609:described seven "milestones" on his 2287:Philosophy of religion article index 1184:Proper basis / Reformed epistemology 12931:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12929:Two Dozen (or so) Arguments for God 12784:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12119:, Pascal Boyer, Basic Books (2001). 12045:. Cambridge University Press, 2007. 11710:. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 11684:. Cambridge University Press, 1991. 11671:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 11658: 11499: 11383: 11368:Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow, 10944: 10096:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9844:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9697:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 9452:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8869:"The Argument From Non-Cognitivism" 8698:"Definitions of the term "Atheism"" 8520: 8490: 7865:Evolutionary psychology of religion 5500:, establishes the existence of God. 5391:Arguments from witnesses' testimony 4850: 4371:, who objected to its methodology, 4318: 4291: 4139:Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense 4122:Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense 3967:Rules for the Direction of the Mind 3052: 3016: 2977: 2960: 2394:of the existence of God began with 48: 18392:Arguments for the existence of God 12890:. University of California Press. 12792: 12673:Introducing Philosophy of Religion 12043:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism 11682:On the Nature and Existence of God 11577:Providence and the Problem of Evil 11202:Geschichte der neueren Philosophie 9910: 9551:Sobel on Gödel's Ontological Proof 9258:. Ignatius Press. pp. 65–69. 9012:Belief in God in an Age of Science 8844:. In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). 8659:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism 8168: 7698:. The theist responses are called 7665:Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason 7602:Argument from historical induction 7511:Any of several forms of religious 5946:The problem of divine immutability 5922:6. Therefore, God does not exist. 5699: 5667: 5475:Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) 5369:Argument from religious experience 5363:Argument from religious experience 4577:and included as the fifth of his " 4361:, and Jewish philosophers such as 3436:Arguments for the existence of God 3030: 2868:, and came to be popularly called 2776:Moses ben Maimon, widely known as 628:Portrayals of God in popular media 49: 18423: 13953:Attributes of God in Christianity 12946: 12844:The Problems of Philosophy Series 11028:"The Inimitability of the Qur'an" 10772: 10510:from the original on 14 July 2014 9919: 9369:"Descartes' Ontological Argument" 9366: 9332: 9232:. Part 1, Question 2, Article 3. 8785:. Atheism.about.com. 2012-04-13. 8751: 7968:Christian existential apologetics 7135:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 6453:Catholic priests in public office 6282:The problem of anthropic argument 5527:establishes the existence of God. 5457:makes the same claim for example 5428:demonstration of God's existence. 4804:, English philosopher and writer 4156:as formulated by the philosopher 3310:, take a view that is considered 2997:Agnosticism is the view that the 2726:In modern Western societies, the 2621:that God exists. In the words of 18364: 18352: 18326: 18325: 18312: 16231: 16230: 16220: 14760: 14380: 12337: 12299: 12271: 12233: 12205: 12173: 12141: 12122: 12110: 12101: 12088: 12075: 12066: 12057: 12048: 12035: 12022: 12009: 12000: 11991: 11982: 11973: 11960: 11947: 11922: 11909: 11896: 11893:. Oxford University Press, 2011. 11883: 11874: 11861: 11852: 11839: 11830: 11794:Russell, Bertrand (2020-04-22). 11787: 11774: 11765: 11752: 11739: 11726: 11713: 11700: 11687: 11674: 11655:. Temple University Press, 1992. 11645: 11636: 11627: 11618: 11609: 11600: 11591: 11582: 11569: 11560: 11547: 11538: 11529: 11520: 11511: 11474: 11465: 11456: 11447: 11438: 11429: 11420: 11411: 11402: 11362: 11329: 11310: 11298: 11286: 11274: 11216: 11207: 11190: 11117: 11090: 11072: 11020: 10995: 10965: 10885: 10781: 10766: 10752: 10738: 10725: 10700: 10686: 10677: 10652: 10627: 10602: 10577: 10547: 10522: 10492: 10476:Science and Religion in Dialogue 10467: 10448: 10435: 9050:Oxford University Press (2000), 8399:Catechism of the Catholic Church 8032:Spectrum of theistic probability 7632:This section is an excerpt from 7494:separation of religion and state 6381:This section is an excerpt from 6032:1. The laws of logic are valid. 5715:Argument from Personal Identity. 5534:Arguments from historical events 5279:This section is an excerpt from 5217:This section is an excerpt from 5126:This section is an excerpt from 5047:This section is an excerpt from 4996:This section is an excerpt from 4933:This section is an excerpt from 4878:in God is rationally warranted. 4817:Argument from sensus divinitatis 4494:This section is an excerpt from 4446:This section is an excerpt from 4398:This section is an excerpt from 4367:Critics of the argument include 4259:This section is an excerpt from 4120:This section is an excerpt from 3826: 3799:This section is an excerpt from 3756:This section is an excerpt from 3603:This section is an excerpt from 3523:The cosmological argument is an 3047:unknown or inherently unknowable 2611:spectrum of theistic probability 2605:For the purposes of discussion, 634: 14011:Great Architect of the Universe 12367:from the original on 2016-01-01 12326:from the original on 2016-01-01 12260:from the original on 2014-01-03 12222:from the original on 2016-01-01 11906:Oxford University Press, 2010. 11179:from the original on 2016-09-11 11151:from the original on 2016-08-25 11009:from the original on 2016-09-12 10709:Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 10566:from the original on 2014-07-14 10554:Hinman, Joseph (11 July 2010). 10478:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 10429: 10411: 10386: 10353: 10282: 10251: 10221: 10178:from the original on 2013-05-15 10164: 10142: 10110: 10084: 10060: 9898: 9832: 9789: 9711: 9684: 9659: 9610: 9585: 9576: 9567: 9519:Unpublished Essays and Lectures 9508: 9495: 9480:. Mind.ucsd.edu. Archived from 9470: 9439: 9414: 9403:from the original on 2012-06-15 9386: 9375:from the original on 2012-05-13 9326: 9297: 9272: 9247: 9236:from the original on 2012-06-15 9164: 9138:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). 9120:from the original on 2013-05-12 9106: 9085: 9061: 9028: 9000: 8991: 8982: 8949: 8916: 8886: 8875:from the original on 2014-04-29 8800: 8789:from the original on 2011-06-05 8764:from the original on 2012-04-26 8734:from the original on 2009-09-25 8715: 8704:from the original on 2010-12-06 8676:from the original on 2015-05-02 8584: 8571: 8556: 8531: 8514: 8503:from the original on 2018-05-26 8484: 8473:from the original on 2018-05-09 8444:from the original on 2018-05-09 8228: 8103: 8094: 8084: 8056: 6134:, which puts forward a form of 5696:school make similar arguments. 3992:Meditations on First Philosophy 3739:(axiom 3), Gödel shows that in 3181:The problem of the supernatural 2941:In the philosophy of religion, 2784:Non-personal definitions of God 16276: 13018:Arguments for and against the 12846:. New York: Macmillan Company. 12840:The Existence of God: Readings 12085:. Yale University Press, 1989. 11970:. W. W. Norton & Company. 11749:. Vintage International, 1991. 11723:. Yale University Press, 2007. 11336:Baggini, Julian (2003-08-28). 9773:Alvin Plantinga "Self Profile" 8722:Carroll, Robert (2009-02-22). 8662:. Cambridge University Press. 8455: 8430: 8405: 8386: 8352: 8334: 8307: 8259: 8204: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8180: 8174: 7904:and happiness, and pointed to 7320:Christian countercult movement 7229:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 6438:Separation of church and state 5955:a perfect and complete being. 5509:Church of Christ (Assured Way) 5407:gives credibility to personal 4561:, Islamic theologians such as 3664:, which distinguishes between 3113: 2986: 2904:The Justification of Knowledge 2503:, reject the possibility of a 2327:is a subject of debate in the 13: 1: 18009: 14521:Negative and positive atheism 14511:Implicit and explicit atheism 13790:Trinity of the Church Fathers 12578:. Columbia University Press. 12389:Adamson, Peter (2013-07-04). 12246:. Echo Library. p. 243. 12240:Eliot, Charles (2007-09-01). 11957:. W. W. Norton & Company. 11485:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 11213:(Stöckl, loc. cit., 199 sqq.) 10854:Allison, Gregg (2011-03-29). 10813:Marty, Elsa J. (2010-08-19). 10735:(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans). 10659:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10634:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10609:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10584:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10529:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10474:Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). 9666:Szatkowski, Miroslaw (2013). 9641:Szatkowski, Miroslaw (2012). 9281:The Thought of Thomas Aquinas 8252: 8017:Problem of the creator of God 7224:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 7165:Traditional African religions 5463:Church of Christ (Temple Lot) 5248:Miracles: A Preliminary Study 4837:cognitive science of religion 4231:offering two further points. 4115:Plantinga's free-will defense 3734:in each possible world, then 2967:Negative and positive atheism 2945:is standardly defined as the 2625:: "I do not believe, I know." 17798:Ordinary language philosophy 16289: 16161:Desacralization of knowledge 14121: 13395: 12155:. In Loftus, John W. (ed.). 11721:Existentialism is a Humanism 11282:Warrant and Proper Function. 11084:Science and Christian Belief 11058:. iUniverse. pp. 134–. 11052:Greco, John (26 June 2013). 10533:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. 10288:Manning, Russell Re. 2013. " 9829:, p. 23-25, ch. 4. 9817:, p. 12-17, ch. 4. 8813:. C. Scribner sons. p. 8621:"The Presumption of Atheism" 7837:Proponents of the school of 7120:Apostasy in Islam by country 6082:Existentialism is a Humanism 6065:Atheist-Existential Argument 5638:Argument from a proper basis 5515:, One Mighty and Strong, to 5343:presuppositional apologetics 5314:A version was formulated by 4794:for the purpose of enabling 4514: 3703:Furthermore, the proof uses 3545:The Universe began to exist. 3468:infinite regression argument 3430: 3387:in original Absolute Truth, 3087: 2925:presuppositional apologetics 2870:presuppositional apologetics 2577: 7: 17848:Contemporary utilitarianism 17763:Internalism and externalism 15573:Best of all possible worlds 15530:Eschatological verification 15087:Fine-tuning of the universe 14041:Phenomenological definition 12393:. In Adamson, Peter (ed.). 12353:. SUNY Press. p. 114. 11340:. Oxford University Press. 11294:Warranted Christian Belief. 11169:Ghazali, Abu Hamid (1105). 11141:Ghazali, Abu Hamid (1100). 10981:. Oxford University Press. 10711:. Oxford University Press. 9116:. iep.utm.edu. 2004-08-30. 9048:Warranted Christian Belief, 8956:Stenger, Victor J. (2007). 8923:Spitzer, Robert J. (2010). 8837:Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). 8538:Sommer, Josh (2022-03-31). 7979:The Existence of God (book) 7951: 7554:Sometimes as a synonym for 7504:espoused by other forms of 7140:Religious male circumcision 6229:The Argument from Evolution 5486:Book of the Law of the Lord 5251:. In the second edition of 4645:intelligent design movement 4456:argument from consciousness 4448:Argument from consciousness 4441:Argument from consciousness 4416:elegant laws of mathematics 4326: 4302: 3532:Kalam cosmological argument 3396: 2470:Kalam cosmological argument 2422:, who formulated the first 876:Best of all possible worlds 10: 18428: 17112:Svatantrika and Prasangika 16751: 14532:Theological noncognitivism 12647:Journal of Islamic Studies 12513:10.5840/faithphil199916332 12446:Philosophical Perspectives 12399:Cambridge University Press 12382: 12312:. SUNY Press. p. 51. 10860:. Zondervan. p. 207. 10775:Mere Christianity, Bk. III 10500:"Stephen Edelston Toulmin" 10248:Sedley 2007, p. xvii. 10150:"The Argument from Design" 9618:"The Ontological Argument" 8274:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7908:as a cognitive mechanism. 7862: 7754: 7631: 6380: 5803:Theological noncognitivism 5792:Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit 5616: 5366: 5278: 5216: 5125: 5070: 5046: 4995: 4932: 4766:Philosophy of psychedelics 4763: 4760:Argument from psychedelics 4738:argument from natural laws 4729: 4726:Argument from natural laws 4508: 4493: 4445: 4397: 4258: 4205:There is evil in the world 4119: 4020:Christina, Queen of Sweden 3798: 3755: 3626:(1033–1109). St. Anselm's 3602: 3556: 3516: 3449: 3336:Outside of Western thought 3214:non-overlapping magisteria 3136:theological noncognitivist 3117: 3110:, according to this view. 3091: 3056: 3034: 3020: 2990: 2964: 2934: 2930: 2664: 775:Scripture (religious text) 18306: 18258: 18158: 18120: 18067: 18034: 18025: 18021: 18004: 17954: 17866: 17704: 17695: 17628: 17411: 17402: 17380: 17335: 17277: 17229: 17183: 17174: 17137: 17008: 16873: 16820: 16811: 16761: 16757: 16746: 16685: 16657: 16614: 16566: 16523: 16476: 16448: 16400: 16372: 16334:Philosophy of mathematics 16324:Philosophy of information 16299: 16295: 16284: 16216: 16148: 16052: 15937: 15857: 15792: 15714: 15621: 15606: 15558: 15520: 15232: 15157: 15032: 15023: 14953: 14890: 14881: 14812: 14758: 14432: 14378: 14347: 14309: 14262: 14239: 14127: 14116: 14069: 13945: 13897: 13803: 13730: 13691: 13655: 13592: 13581: 13534: 13429: 13420: 13416: 13403: 13259: 13026: 12593:LaFollette, Hugh (1980). 12098:. Penguin Classics, 2002. 11871:. Prometheus Books, 1992. 11736:. Penguin Classics, 2003. 10276:Oxford English Dictionary 10073:Oxford English Dictionary 9883:, p. 34, ch. 4. 9871:, p. 27, ch. 4. 9859:, p. 17, ch. 4. 9840:"Logical Problem of Evil" 9310:Wipf and Stock Publishers 9196:Columbia University Press 9014:. Yale University Press. 8297:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 8266:The Rationality of Theism 7990:Gödel's ontological proof 7786:Atheistic Hindu doctrines 7704:argument from poor design 7648:for the non-existence of 7608:ancient Egyptian religion 7562:within a single religion. 7533:(based on the concept of 7521:European wars of religion 7125:Blasphemy laws by country 5998:Christian concept of hell 5650:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi 5455:Latter Day Saint movement 5095:mathematical anti-realism 5087:philosophy of mathematics 5073:Philosophy of mathematics 5067:Argument from mathematics 5011:for the existence of the 4900:The Foundations of Belief 4330:), an entity that cannot 4035:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3890:Causal adequacy principle 3612:Gödel's ontological proof 3605:Gödel's ontological proof 3598:Gödel's ontological proof 3488:argument from final cause 3157:and a founding figure of 3134:, the ignostic takes the 2734:, supreme, ultimate, and 2660: 2367:(the nature and scope of 15802:Friedrich Schleiermacher 15388:Theories about religions 15190:Inconsistent revelations 13795:Trinitarian universalism 13322:Inconsistent revelations 12838:Hick, John, ed. (1964). 12572:Inati, Shams C. (2014). 12306:Neville, Robert (2001). 12278:Sinha, Nandalal (2012). 12019:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 11929:Darwin, Charles (1900). 11797:Why I am not a Christian 11697:. Clarendon Press, 1993. 11306:The Coherence of Theism. 11229:Philosophy East and West 11172:The Alchemy of Happiness 9796:"Evil and Omnipotence". 9668:Ontological Proofs Today 9643:Ontological Proofs Today 9393:Aquinas, Thomas (1274). 9226:Aquinas, Thomas (1274). 8728:The Skeptic's Dictionary 8656:Martin, Michael (2006). 8521:Spinoza, Benedictus de. 8368:. Bantam Books. p. 8342:"PhilPapers Survey 2020" 8125:{\displaystyle \preceq } 8049: 7963:Copleston–Russell debate 6560:Central African Republic 6413:Religious discrimination 6243:On the Origin of Species 6180:Argument from naturalism 6158:Why I Am Not a Christian 6119:The "no reason" argument 6045:universally applicable. 5842:something he cannot do. 5661:Friedrich Schleiermacher 5558:Christological arguments 4709:Christian fundamentalism 4683:. Religious thinkers in 4234:First, Plantinga, using 3997:Principles of Philosophy 3789:'s ontological argument. 2884:transcendental arguments 2527:philosophers of religion 2375:(study of the nature of 1874:Friedrich Schleiermacher 1681:Philosophers of religion 31:latest accepted revision 18397:Religious controversies 17803:Postanalytic philosophy 17744:Experimental philosophy 14424: 13997:Godhead in Christianity 13317:Incompatible properties 12733:"The Free Will Defence" 12656:Oxford University Press 12549:10.1023/A:1003210017171 12424:Oxford University Press 12416:Adamson, Peter (2016). 12157:The End of Christianity 11099:"Divine Descent of God" 10504:Encyclopædia Britannica 10423:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 10332:10.1073/pnas.0701505104 10326:104(suppl. 1):8669–76. 10298:Oxford University Press 10279:, substantive number 4. 10200:A Companion to Socrates 10068:"teleological argument" 8412:Barron, Robert (2011). 8044:Transcendental theology 7805:Sankhya- tattva-kaumudi 7734:. While a personal god 7642:argument from nonbelief 7634:Argument from nonbelief 7627:Argument from nonbelief 7596:development of religion 7582:Argument from parsimony 7571:religious denominations 7426:Serbian Orthodox Church 7315:New religious movements 7061:Palestinian territories 5972:Argument from free will 5869:The omniscience paradox 5833:The Omnipotence Paradox 5586:These arguments are an 5274:Transcendental argument 5235:metaphysical naturalism 5231:transcendental argument 5168:) and believed that an 5115:mathematical structures 5111:metaphysical naturalism 5013:immortality of the soul 4801:The Doors of Perception 4379:while others say it is 4347:Historian of philosophy 4240:logical problem of evil 4154:logical problem of evil 3982:Discourse on the Method 3195:Aristotelian philosophy 3041:Agnostic theism is the 1294:Incompatible properties 291:In particular religions 18412:Philosophical problems 17936:Social constructionism 16948:Hellenistic philosophy 16364:Theoretical philosophy 16339:Philosophy of religion 16329:Philosophy of language 15666:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 14806:Philosophy of religion 14686:Naturalistic pantheism 12827:. Twelve Books, 2007 ( 12773:Rizvi, Sajjad (2009). 12755:God, Freedom, and Evil 12702:; Reichenbach, Bruce; 12671:Meister, Chad (2009). 11919:. Penguin Books, 2007. 11734:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 11732:Nietzsche, Friedrich. 11706:Sobel, Jordan Howard. 11144:Deliverance from Error 10694:"Henological argument" 10457:"Religious Experience" 10379:June 27, 2008, at the 10174:. Intelligent Design. 9448:"Ontological Argument" 9421:Kreeft, Peter (2009). 9399:. Part 1, Question 2. 9279:Davies, Brian (1992). 9170:Sudesh Narang (1984), 9093:The Probability of God 8754:"What is Agnosticism?" 8438:"Ibn Rushd (Averroes)" 8211: 8152: 8126: 8038:The Atheist Experience 7886: 7878: 7745:arisen by sheer chance 7732:rise of modern science 7646:philosophical argument 7624: 7612:ancient Greek religion 7436: 7434:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7410: 7308:Religious antisemitism 6219:near-death experiences 6093:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 5680:(III, 2, 38, and 41), 5573:argument from miracles 5550:and the giving of the 5413:argument from miracles 5136:argument from morality 5128:Argument from morality 5121:Argument from morality 4923:Metaphysical arguments 4279: 4150:God, Freedom, and Evil 4136: 3578: 3306:Philosophers, such as 3223:Scientists follow the 3085: 2762: 2416:cosmological arguments 2339:can be categorized as 2329:philosophy of religion 1738:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 695:Philosophy of religion 18319:Philosophy portal 17838:Scientific skepticism 17818:Reformed epistemology 16344:Philosophy of science 16201:Faith and rationality 16156:Criticism of religion 16094:Robert Merrihew Adams 16084:Nicholas Wolterstorff 15287:Divine command theory 13823:Fate of the unlearned 13775:Shield of the Trinity 13292:Fate of the unlearned 12976:Catholic Encyclopedia 12742:Philosophy in America 12681:10.4324/9780203880029 12675:. London: Routledge. 12212:Rajadhyaksha (1959). 12015:Craig, William Lane. 11953:Gould, S. J. (1991). 11941:10.5962/bhl.title.959 11845:Oppy, Graham Robert. 11806:10.4324/9781315099552 10556:"On Rational Warrant" 10204:John Wiley & Sons 10080:on December 20, 2016. 9925:"The Problem of Evil" 9729:Bloomsbury Publishing 9592:Oppy, Graham (2006). 9582:Fitting, 2002, p. 139 9333:Craig, William Lane. 8544:The Baptist Broadcast 8295:Draper, Paul (2022). 8212: 8153: 8127: 8109:If one considers the 7884: 7872: 7859:Psychological aspects 7620: 7549:Traditionalist School 7416: 7393:of the war memorial ( 7388: 7157:Religious persecution 6257:The Euthyphro dilemma 5731:, at odds with known 5676:. In a commentary to 5569:Resurrection of Jesus 5498:One Mighty and Strong 5375:religious experiences 5071:Further information: 4942:argument from degrees 4913:Revue des deux Mondes 4764:Further information: 4504:teleological argument 4496:Teleological argument 4284:Proof of the Truthful 4270: 4261:Proof of the Truthful 4254:Proof of the Truthful 4131: 3618:by the mathematician 3573: 3519:Cosmological argument 3513:Cosmological argument 3210:philosophy of science 3080: 2760: 2685:First Vatican Council 2486:Neoplatonic arguments 2478:Proof of the Truthful 2406:, referred to as the 2251:Faith and rationality 2236:Criticism of religion 2159:Robert Merrihew Adams 2149:Nicholas Wolterstorff 1638:Secular Shrine Theory 1472:Divine command theory 1269:Fate of the unlearned 17739:Critical rationalism 17446:Edo neo-Confucianism 17290:Acintya bheda abheda 17269:Renaissance humanism 16980:School of the Sextii 16354:Practical philosophy 16349:Political philosophy 16191:Religious philosophy 15671:Pico della Mirandola 15636:Anselm of Canterbury 15568:Augustinian theodicy 15480:Religious skepticism 14813:Concepts in religion 14693:Philosophical theism 12971:The Existence of God 12910:The Existence of God 12819:Christopher Hitchens 12807:, Black Swan, 2007 ( 12501:Faith and Philosophy 11966:Dawkins, R. (1986). 11902:Swinburne, Richard. 11747:The Myth of Sisyphus 11575:Swinburne, Richard. 10172:"Intelligent Design" 10154:Princeton University 9957:Peterson et al. 1991 9692:"trademark argument" 9142:A survey of Hinduism 8162: 8136: 8116: 7841:, which is based on 7814:If the existence of 7751:Subjective arguments 7545:religious syncretism 7536:philosophia perennis 6418:Religious censorship 6103:The Myth of Sisyphus 6091:argues in his book " 5769:state in their book 5358:Subjective arguments 5330:argument from reason 5297:necessary conditions 5227:argument from reason 5219:Argument from reason 5212:Argument from reason 5091:mathematical realism 5005:argument from desire 4998:Argument from desire 4991:Argument from desire 4964:'s existence in his 4935:Argument from degree 4928:Argument from degree 4910:, the editor of the 4908:Ferdinand Brunetière 4796:mystical experiences 4784:psilocybin mushrooms 4732:Natural-law argument 4681:classical philosophy 4649:intelligent designer 4575:Saint Thomas Aquinas 4571:Islamic philosophers 4489:Argument from design 4408:argument from beauty 4400:Argument from beauty 4393:Argument from beauty 4143:analytic philosopher 4107:ontological argument 4002:Passions of the Soul 3972:The Search for Truth 3769:ontological argument 3682:" are considered. A 3628:ontological argument 3624:Anselm of Canterbury 3559:Ontological argument 3553:Ontological argument 3484:argument from degree 3176:Philosophical issues 2752:Abrahamic traditions 2705:theistic personalism 2617:Strong theist. 100% 2476:, who presented the 2468:, who presented the 2454:Islamic philosophers 2424:ontological argument 2271:Religious philosophy 2266:Religion and science 2256:History of religions 1743:Pico della Mirandola 1703:Anselm of Canterbury 1425:Theories of religion 178:Specific conceptions 17310:Nimbarka Sampradaya 17221:Korean Confucianism 16968:Academic Skepticism 16176:History of religion 15877:Friedrich Nietzsche 15754:Gottfried W Leibniz 15749:Nicolas Malebranche 15681:King James VI and I 14961:Abrahamic religions 14676:Classical pantheism 14357:Slavic Native Faith 13780:Trinitarian formula 13717:Father of Greatness 13600:Abrahamic religions 13103:Fine-tuned universe 12698:Peterson, Michael; 12664:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 11915:Dennett, Daniel C. 11758:Heidegger, Martin. 11719:Sartre, Jean-Paul. 11304:Richard Swinburne, 11086:. pp. 108–122. 10951:. Rebus Community. 10773:Lewis, C. S. "10". 10455:Webb, Mark (2022). 10117:Ayala, Francisco J. 9921:Craig, William Lane 9423:Socrates Meets Kant 8527:. Part 1, Prop. 11. 8392:Vatican Council I, 7719:geocentric universe 7459:freedom of religion 7440:Religious pluralism 6428:Religious pluralism 6393:Freedom of religion 6383:Religious pluralism 6172:Empirical arguments 6089:Friedrich Nietzsche 6071:atheist-existential 5983:The problem of hell 5895:The problem of evil 5851:Letter to Menoeceus 5613:Anecdotal arguments 5588:appeal to authority 5459:Community of Christ 5154:German philosopher 5077:Mathematics and God 4888:inductive reasoning 4882:Inductive arguments 4647:which refers to an 4643:", promoted by the 4555:Abrahamic religions 4522:physico-theological 4388:Empirical arguments 4312:Islamic philosopher 4025:Nicolas Malebranche 3895:Mind–body dichotomy 3863:Doubt and certainty 3765:Meinongian argument 3758:Meinongian argument 3751:Meinongian argument 3730:implies a property 3588:necessary existence 3452:Five Ways (Aquinas) 3251:Logical positivists 3229:physical experiment 3191:Baucis and Philemon 2730:typically entail a 2440:logically necessary 1939:Friedrich Nietzsche 1826:Gottfried W Leibniz 1821:Nicolas Malebranche 1753:King James VI and I 1320:Omnipotence paradox 1085:Fine-tuned universe 972:Process-theological 641:Religion portal 56:Part of a series on 21:Page version status 17931:Post-structuralism 17833:Scientific realism 17788:Quinean naturalism 17768:Logical positivism 17724:Analytical Marxism 16943:Peripatetic school 16855:Chinese naturalism 16382:Aesthetic response 16309:Applied philosophy 16186:Religious language 16166:Ethics in religion 16124:William Lane Craig 15999:Charles Hartshorne 15739:Desiderius Erasmus 15641:Augustine of Hippo 15583:Inconsistent triad 15545:Apophatic theology 15540:Logical positivism 15522:Religious language 15142:Watchmaker analogy 15107:Necessary existent 14883:Conceptions of God 14843:Intelligent design 14627:Ethical monotheism 14459:Conceptions of God 14319:Abrahamic prophecy 14249:Ayyavazhi theology 14021:Apophatic theology 13410:Conceptions of God 13155:Necessary existent 13108:Intelligent Design 13098:Existential choice 13066:Kalam cosmological 12958:2017-06-26 at the 12906:Swinburne, Richard 12614:10.1007/BF00136761 12442:Alston, William P. 12135:2018-09-17 at the 12032:. Routledge, 1989. 11889:Plantinga, Alvin. 11847:Arguing About Gods 11669:Arguing about Gods 11553:Morris, Thomas V. 11323:2012-11-14 at the 11080:Polkinghorne, John 10973:Swinburne, Richard 10683:(Stuttgart, 1908). 9594:Arguing about Gods 9425:. Ignatius Press. 9308:. Eugene, Oregon: 9256:Summa of the Summa 9073:www.starcourse.org 9034:Plantinga, Alvin. 9008:Polkinghorne, John 8491:Seeskin, Kenneth. 8207: 8148: 8122: 7985:Existence of Jesus 7973:Efficacy of prayer 7920:Religion Explained 7887: 7879: 7757:Anecdotal evidence 7661:J. L. Schellenberg 7654:argument from evil 7586:The argument from 7498:hostile separation 7437: 7411: 6483:Confessional state 6288:anthropic argument 5785:Bernard d'Espagnat 5753:scientific skeptic 5619:Anecdotal evidence 5604:, who founded the 5384:William J. Abraham 5205:William Lane Craig 5083:William Lane Craig 5056:argument from love 5049:Argument from love 5042:Argument from love 4845:sensus divinitatis 4833:sensus divinitatis 4824:sensus divinitatis 4821:The argument from 4705:Western philosophy 4641:intelligent design 4609:watchmaker analogy 4303:burhān al-ṣiddīqīn 4280: 4137: 4082:trademark argument 4040:Francine Descartes 3885:Trademark argument 3801:Trademark argument 3794:Trademark argument 3594:a real predicate. 3536:William Lane Craig 3446:Aquinas' Five Ways 3355:schools following 3170:The New Skepticism 3159:Humanistic Judaism 3011:Strong agnosticism 3006:Strong agnosticism 2852:thinkers (such as 2763: 2738:, as found in the 2572:J. L. Schellenberg 2552:William Lane Craig 2449:sensus divinitatis 2241:Ethics in religion 2199:William Lane Craig 2119:J. L. Schellenberg 2059:Charles Hartshorne 1811:Desiderius Erasmus 1708:Augustine of Hippo 1204:Intelligent design 1120:Necessary existent 1080:Existential choice 882:Inconsistent triad 828:Religious language 823:Logical positivism 737:Intelligent design 27: 18340: 18339: 18302: 18301: 18298: 18297: 18294: 18293: 18000: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17719:Analytic feminism 17691: 17690: 17653:Kierkegaardianism 17615:Transcendentalism 17575:Neo-scholasticism 17421:Classical Realism 17398: 17397: 17170: 17169: 16985:Neopythagoreanism 16742: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16359:Social philosophy 16244: 16243: 16144: 16143: 16104:Peter van Inwagen 16089:Richard Swinburne 16034:George I Mavrodes 15894:Vladimir Solovyov 15834:Søren Kierkegaard 15759:William Wollaston 15706:William of Ockham 15686:Marcion of Sinope 15588:Irenaean theodicy 15578:Euthyphro dilemma 15505:Transcendentalism 15334:Womanist theology 15324:Feminist theology 15228: 15227: 15019: 15018: 14905:Divine simplicity 14825:Euthyphro dilemma 14772: 14771: 14730:Theistic finitism 14656:Nontrinitarianism 14506:Christian atheism 14392: 14391: 14374: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14112: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14003:Latter Day Saints 13972:Divine simplicity 13893: 13892: 13750:Consubstantiality 13726: 13725: 13577: 13576: 13521:Theistic finitism 13363: 13362: 13326:No limits fallacy 13219:Responses to evil 13145:Mystical idealism 13113:Ontogenetic depth 12884:Schneider, Nathan 12833:978-0-446-57980-3 12813:978-0-552-77429-1 12765:978-0-8028-1731-0 12719:978-0-19-506155-0 12690:978-0-415-40327-6 12585:978-0-231-53742-1 12490:Bergmann, Michael 12433:978-0-19-957749-1 12408:978-0-521-19073-2 12292:978-1-4076-9891-5 12166:978-1-61614-414-2 12041:Martin, Michael. 11932:Origin of species 11680:Gale, Richard M. 11651:Martin, Michael. 11384:Geftner, Amanda. 11355:978-0-19-280424-2 11292:Alvin Plantinga, 11280:Alvin Plantinga, 11065:978-1-4759-9597-8 10988:978-0-19-823545-3 10840:Mere Christianity 10670:978-0-9824087-1-1 10645:978-0-9824087-1-1 10620:978-0-9824087-1-1 10595:978-0-9824087-1-1 10540:978-0-9824087-1-1 10314:Scott, Eugenie C. 10057:, pp. 18–19. 9677:978-3-11-032588-1 9652:978-3-86838-181-8 9603:978-1-139-45889-4 9367:Nolan, Lawrence. 9209:978-0-231-12256-6 9157:978-0-7914-7081-7 9099:its criticism in 9021:978-0-300-07294-5 8967:978-1-59102-481-1 8934:978-0-8028-6383-6 8825:agnostic atheism. 8669:978-0-521-84270-9 8463:"Quranic Parable" 8379:978-0-618-68000-9 8327:978-1-4742-2382-9 7702:. Similarly, the 7487:public expression 7395:Church of England 7383: 7382: 7219:Jehovah's Witness 7195:post–Cold War era 7147: 7146: 6502:Status by country 6423:Religious liberty 6322:multiverse theory 5743:Logical arguments 5631:Kimiya-yi sa'ādat 5602:Lekhraj Kripalani 5420:majority argument 5347:Cornelius Van Til 5345:and the likes of 5318:in his 1763 work 5186:John Henry Newman 5176:Mere Christianity 5140:moral normativity 5034:Mere Christianity 4970:. It is based on 4841:Kelly James Clark 4772:psychedelic drugs 4715:Richard Swinburne 4632:Origin of Species 4434:Richard Swinburne 4418:is evidence of a 4336:contingent things 4324: 4300: 4202:(morally perfect) 4158:J. L. Mackie 4078: 4077: 3930:Balloonist theory 3905:Coordinate system 3900:Analytic geometry 3636:Gottfried Leibniz 3441:Logical arguments 3413:; and "bliss" or 3401:, related to the 3301:prior probability 3278:quantum mechanics 3274:John Polkinghorne 3225:scientific method 3218:Stephen Jay Gould 3216:view proposed by 3168:in his 1992 book 2912:Robert L. Reymond 2899:Søren Kierkegaard 2866:Cornelius Van Til 2862:Herman Dooyeweerd 2858:Benjamin Warfield 2548:Richard Swinburne 2321: 2320: 2221: 2220: 2169:Peter van Inwagen 2154:Richard Swinburne 2094:George I Mavrodes 1954:Vladimir Solovyov 1904:Søren Kierkegaard 1831:William Wollaston 1778:William of Ockham 1758:Marcion of Sinope 1668:Transcendentalism 1415: 1414: 1338: 1337: 1305:No limits fallacy 1236:Arguments against 1194:Responses to evil 1110:Mystical idealism 894: 893: 818:Euthyphro dilemma 680: 679: 576:Euthyphro dilemma 416: 415: 39:16 September 2024 18: 18419: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18357: 18356: 18348: 18329: 18328: 18317: 18316: 18315: 18032: 18031: 18023: 18022: 18006: 18005: 17896:Frankfurt School 17843:Transactionalism 17793:Normative ethics 17773:Legal positivism 17749:Falsificationism 17734:Consequentialism 17729:Communitarianism 17702: 17701: 17570:New Confucianism 17409: 17408: 17216:Neo-Confucianism 17181: 17180: 16990:Second Sophistic 16975:Middle Platonism 16818: 16817: 16759: 16758: 16748: 16747: 16591:Epiphenomenalism 16458:Consequentialism 16392:Institutionalism 16297: 16296: 16286: 16285: 16271: 16264: 16257: 16248: 16247: 16234: 16233: 16224: 16129:Ali Akbar Rashad 15992:Reinhold Niebuhr 15952:Bertrand Russell 15947:George Santayana 15844:Albrecht Ritschl 15829:Ludwig Feuerbach 15619: 15618: 15615:(by date active) 15475:Process theology 15220:Russell's teapot 15030: 15029: 15025:Existence of God 14935:Process theology 14888: 14887: 14873:Theological veto 14836:religious belief 14799: 14792: 14785: 14776: 14775: 14764: 14715:Skeptical theism 14555:Ceremonial deism 14545:Classical theism 14533: 14501:Agnostic atheism 14419: 14412: 14405: 14396: 14395: 14384: 14129: 14128: 14118: 14117: 14005: 13845: 13844: 13740:Athanasian Creed 13590: 13589: 13427: 13426: 13418: 13417: 13405: 13404: 13390: 13383: 13376: 13367: 13366: 13355:Russell's teapot 13312:Hitchens's razor 13167:Nyayakusumanjali 13020:existence of God 13012: 13005: 12998: 12989: 12988: 12942: 12923: 12901: 12879: 12877: 12876: 12870: 12864:. Archived from 12859: 12851:Plantinga, Alvin 12804:The God Delusion 12788: 12779:Zalta, Edward N. 12769: 12750:Plantinga, Alvin 12745: 12735: 12728:Plantinga, Alvin 12723: 12694: 12667: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12599: 12589: 12568: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12498: 12485: 12437: 12412: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12209: 12203: 12202: 12196: 12188: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12149:Carrier, Richard 12145: 12139: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12105: 12099: 12094:James, William. 12092: 12086: 12079: 12073: 12070: 12064: 12061: 12055: 12052: 12046: 12039: 12033: 12026: 12020: 12013: 12007: 12004: 11998: 11995: 11989: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11971: 11964: 11958: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11926: 11920: 11913: 11907: 11900: 11894: 11887: 11881: 11878: 11872: 11865: 11859: 11856: 11850: 11843: 11837: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11791: 11785: 11778: 11772: 11769: 11763: 11756: 11750: 11743: 11737: 11730: 11724: 11717: 11711: 11704: 11698: 11693:Smith, Quentin. 11691: 11685: 11678: 11672: 11665: 11656: 11649: 11643: 11640: 11634: 11631: 11625: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11607: 11604: 11598: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11580: 11573: 11567: 11564: 11558: 11551: 11545: 11542: 11536: 11533: 11527: 11524: 11518: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11497: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11478: 11472: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11454: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11418: 11415: 11409: 11406: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11381: 11375: 11371:The Grand Design 11366: 11360: 11359: 11333: 11327: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11259:. Archived from 11220: 11214: 11211: 11205: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11138: 11132: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11105:on July 25, 2011 11101:. Archived from 11094: 11088: 11087: 11076: 11070: 11069: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11030:. 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Archived from 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9966: 9960: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9929:Reasonable Faith 9917: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9768: 9762: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9622:www.qcc.cuny.edu 9614: 9608: 9607: 9589: 9583: 9580: 9574: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9555: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9524: 9512: 9506: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9396:Summa Theologica 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9364: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9229:Summa Theologica 9223: 9214: 9213: 9181: 9175: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9145: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9110: 9104: 9101:The God Delusion 9097:Stephen D. Unwin 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9065: 9059: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9004: 8998: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8880: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8843: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8653: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8613: 8604: 8598: 8588: 8582: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8409: 8403: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8365:The God Delusion 8360:Dawkins, Richard 8356: 8350: 8349: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8292: 8283: 8263: 8246: 8232: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8107: 8101: 8098: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8060: 7924:agency detection 7525:moral relativism 7489:, and promoting 7485:that is open to 7453:Recognizing and 7375: 7368: 7361: 6507: 6506: 6443:Anti-clericalism 6389: 6388: 6140:Ludwig von Mises 6109:Martin Heidegger 6078:Jean-Paul Sartre 5919:5. Evil exists. 5812:argues that the 5810:Russell's teapot 5772:The Grand Design 5767:Leonard Mlodinow 5648:, the School of 5552:Ten Commandments 5513:John the Baptist 5441:, also known as 5405:witness argument 5188:argued that the 5160:practical reason 5031:C. S. Lewis, in 4967:Summa Theologica 4851:Rational warrant 4637:creation science 4595:Physico-Theology 4519: 4511: 4510: 4329: 4323:romanized: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4070: 4063: 4056: 3910:Cartesian circle 3874:Cogito, ergo sum 3830: 3807: 3806: 3747:possible world. 3583:necessarily true 3459:Summa Theologica 3399: 3361:Ultimate Reality 3163:secular humanist 3106:, nor influence 3059:Agnostic atheism 3053:Agnostic atheism 3023:Weak agnosticism 3017:Weak agnosticism 2978:Negative atheism 2972:Positive atheism 2961:Positive atheism 2842:Paul the Apostle 2697:classical theism 2673:Paul the Apostle 2643:Leaning towards 2517:Bertrand Russell 2513:Ludwig Feuerbach 2325:existence of God 2313: 2306: 2299: 2261:Natural theology 2204:Ali Akbar Rashad 2052:Reinhold Niebuhr 2002:Bertrand Russell 1997:George Santayana 1914:Albrecht Ritschl 1899:Ludwig Feuerbach 1686: 1685: 1331:Russell's teapot 1321: 1301: 1289:Hitchens's razor 1132:Nyayakusumanjali 1003: 1002: 942:Form of the Good 909: 908: 877: 807: 806: 791:Theological veto 776: 759: 758:Religious belief 682: 681: 672: 665: 658: 639: 638: 295: 294: 209:Form of the Good 91:Classical theism 53: 52: 18427: 18426: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18417: 18416: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18365: 18363: 18351: 18343: 18341: 18336: 18313: 18311: 18290: 18254: 18154: 18116: 18063: 18017: 18016: 17988: 17977:Russian cosmism 17950: 17946:Western Marxism 17911:New Historicism 17876:Critical theory 17862: 17858:Wittgensteinian 17754:Foundationalism 17687: 17624: 17605:Social contract 17461:Foundationalism 17394: 17376: 17360:Illuminationism 17345:Aristotelianism 17331: 17320:Vishishtadvaita 17273: 17225: 17166: 17133: 17004: 16933:Megarian school 16928:Eretrian school 16869: 16830:Agriculturalism 16807: 16753: 16734: 16681: 16653: 16610: 16562: 16519: 16503:Incompatibilism 16472: 16444: 16396: 16368: 16291: 16280: 16275: 16245: 16240: 16212: 16140: 16136:Alexander Pruss 16119:Jean-Luc Marion 16074:Alvin Plantinga 16069:Dewi Z Phillips 16056: 16054: 16048: 16019:Walter Kaufmann 16009:Frithjof Schuon 15982:Rudolf Bultmann 15939: 15933: 15929:Joseph Maréchal 15919:Pavel Florensky 15914:Sergei Bulgakov 15899:Ernst Troeltsch 15882:Harald Høffding 15859: 15853: 15824:William Whewell 15812:Georg W F Hegel 15807:Karl C F Krause 15794: 15788: 15784:Johann G Herder 15774:Baron d'Holbach 15724:Augustin Calmet 15710: 15626: 15614: 15613: 15610: 15602: 15560:Problem of evil 15554: 15550:Verificationism 15516: 15224: 15170:Atheist's Wager 15153: 15015: 14949: 14877: 14853:Problem of evil 14808: 14803: 14773: 14768: 14766:Religion portal 14754: 14632:Post-monotheism 14560:Christian deism 14531: 14476:Agnostic theism 14428: 14423: 14393: 14388: 14386:Religion portal 14366: 14343: 14305: 14286:Holy Scriptures 14258: 14235: 14123: 14104: 14065: 14001: 13977:Divine presence 13941: 13889: 13843: 13799: 13745:Comma Johanneum 13722: 13687: 13651: 13585: 13573: 13530: 13412: 13399: 13394: 13364: 13359: 13302:God of the gaps 13272:Atheist's Wager 13255: 13022: 13016: 12984:by Majid Fakhry 12960:Wayback Machine 12949: 12939: 12920: 12898: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12857: 12799:Richard Dawkins 12795: 12793:Further reading 12766: 12720: 12704:Basinger, David 12700:Hasker, William 12691: 12634: 12632: 12597: 12586: 12525: 12523: 12496: 12458:10.2307/2214090 12434: 12409: 12385: 12380: 12379: 12370: 12368: 12361: 12342: 12338: 12329: 12327: 12320: 12309:Religious truth 12304: 12300: 12293: 12276: 12272: 12263: 12261: 12254: 12238: 12234: 12225: 12223: 12210: 12206: 12190: 12189: 12178: 12174: 12167: 12146: 12142: 12137:Wayback Machine 12128:H. 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June 10, 2005 10090: 10089: 10085: 10066: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10002: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9973:LaFollette 1980 9967: 9963: 9951: 9947: 9933: 9931: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9813: 9809: 9804:(210): 455–465. 9795: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9769: 9765: 9753: 9749: 9739: 9716: 9712: 9702: 9700: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9639: 9635: 9626: 9624: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9590: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9553: 9547:Robert C. Koons 9544: 9540: 9533: 9522: 9513: 9509: 9501:In: Wang, Hao. 9500: 9496: 9487: 9485: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9419: 9415: 9406: 9404: 9391: 9387: 9378: 9376: 9365: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9341:. Leaderu.com. 9331: 9327: 9320: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9252: 9248: 9239: 9237: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9182: 9178: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9136: 9132: 9123: 9121: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9090: 9086: 9077: 9075: 9067: 9066: 9062: 9038:Cornell (1990) 9033: 9029: 9022: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8968: 8954: 8950: 8935: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8878: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8853: 8851: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8819: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8792: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8767: 8765: 8752:Cline, Austin. 8750: 8746: 8737: 8735: 8730:. skepdic.com. 8720: 8716: 8707: 8705: 8696: 8695: 8688: 8679: 8677: 8670: 8654: 8647: 8634: 8632: 8614: 8607: 8596: 8589: 8585: 8576: 8572: 8561: 8557: 8548: 8546: 8536: 8532: 8519: 8515: 8506: 8504: 8489: 8485: 8476: 8474: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8447: 8445: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8410: 8406: 8391: 8387: 8380: 8357: 8353: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8293: 8286: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8061: 8057: 8052: 8012:Problem of evil 7996:Is There a God? 7954: 7867: 7861: 7783: 7781:Hindu arguments 7761:Similar to the 7759: 7753: 7728:the recent past 7710:Richard Carrier 7684:problem of evil 7680: 7675: 7674: 7670:Theodore Drange 7637: 7629: 7604: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7547:, those of the 7461:, and defining 7418:Catholic church 7379: 7349:Religion portal 7343: 7342: 7341: 7207:Catholic Church 7159: 7149: 7148: 6953:North Macedonia 6918:Northern Cyprus 6725:Northern Cyprus 6504: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6468: 6467: 6458:Confessionalism 6402: 6386: 6378: 6174: 5849:. In his work " 5827: 5814:burden of proof 5808:The analogy of 5763:Stephen Hawking 5745: 5725: 5702: 5700:Other arguments 5670: 5668:Hindu arguments 5621: 5615: 5584: 5536: 5482:Plates of Laban 5393: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5259:Alvin Plantinga 5222: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5201:Alister McGrath 5131: 5123: 5079: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5052: 5044: 5029: 5028: 5025:Francis Collins 5001: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4884: 4857:Stephen Toulmin 4853: 4829:Alvin Plantinga 4819: 4768: 4762: 4734: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4412:laws of physics 4403: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4308:formal argument 4264: 4256: 4178: 4177: 4174:omnibenevolence 4146:Alvin Plantinga 4133:Alvin Plantinga 4125: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4074: 4045: 4044: 4015: 4007: 4006: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3925:Cartesian diver 3853:Foundationalism 3838: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3783:Alexius Meinong 3761: 3753: 3680:possible worlds 3660:The proof uses 3658: 3657: 3616:formal argument 3608: 3600: 3561: 3555: 3521: 3515: 3480:necessary being 3454: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3390:sat chit ananda 3384:svayam bhagavan 3338: 3323:George Berkeley 3271: 3237:Catholic Church 3183: 3178: 3122: 3116: 3096: 3090: 3074:The theologian 3061: 3055: 3039: 3037:Agnostic theism 3033: 3031:Agnostic theism 3025: 3019: 3008: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2939: 2933: 2830: 2786: 2728:concepts of God 2701:anthropomorphic 2693: 2669: 2663: 2607:Richard Dawkins 2580: 2536:Alvin Plantinga 2385:theory of value 2317: 2281: 2280: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2214:Alexander Pruss 2194:Jean-Luc Marion 2184:Herman Philipse 2139:Alvin Plantinga 2134:Dewi Z Phillips 2079:Walter Kaufmann 2069:Frithjof Schuon 2042:Rudolf Bultmann 2032:Pavel Florensky 2012:Sergei Bulgakov 1979:Joseph Maréchal 1959:Ernst Troeltsch 1944:Harald Høffding 1924:Usman dan Fodio 1894:William Whewell 1884:Georg W F Hegel 1879:Karl C F Krause 1856:Johann G Herder 1846:Baron d'Holbach 1796:Augustin Calmet 1683: 1673: 1672: 1643:Shendao shejiao 1427: 1417: 1416: 1319: 1299: 1279:God of the gaps 1249:Atheist's wager 937:Divinely simple 922:Anthropopathism 906: 896: 895: 875: 849:Problem of evil 833:Verificationism 804: 796: 795: 774: 769:Religious faith 757: 707: 676: 647: 646: 633: 601:Problem of evil 571: 563: 562: 503: 502: 486: 485: 456:Omnibenevolence 426: 418: 417: 292: 284: 283: 219:Great Architect 179: 171: 170: 71: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 18425: 18415: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18374: 18373: 18361: 18338: 18337: 18335: 18334: 18322: 18307: 18304: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18292: 18291: 18289: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18186: 18185: 18175: 18170: 18164: 18162: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18126: 18124: 18122:Middle Eastern 18118: 18117: 18115: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18073: 18071: 18065: 18064: 18062: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18040: 18038: 18029: 18019: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18010: 18002: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17987: 17986: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17958: 17956: 17952: 17951: 17949: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17886:Existentialism 17883: 17881:Deconstruction 17878: 17872: 17870: 17864: 17863: 17861: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17714:Applied ethics 17710: 17708: 17699: 17693: 17692: 17689: 17688: 17686: 17685: 17680: 17678:Nietzscheanism 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17649: 17648: 17638: 17632: 17630: 17626: 17625: 17623: 17622: 17620:Utilitarianism 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17521: 17520: 17518:Transcendental 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17485: 17484: 17483: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17456:Existentialism 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17412: 17406: 17400: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17393: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17341: 17339: 17333: 17332: 17330: 17329: 17324: 17323: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17244:Augustinianism 17241: 17235: 17233: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17187: 17185: 17178: 17172: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17165: 17164: 17159: 17157:Zoroastrianism 17154: 17149: 17143: 17141: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17131: 17130: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17079: 17078: 17077: 17072: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17014: 17012: 17006: 17005: 17003: 17002: 17000:Church Fathers 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16882: 16880: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16826: 16824: 16815: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16773: 16767: 16765: 16755: 16754: 16744: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16691: 16689: 16683: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16663: 16661: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16620: 16618: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16572: 16570: 16564: 16563: 16561: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16529: 16527: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16517: 16515:Libertarianism 16512: 16511: 16510: 16500: 16499: 16498: 16488: 16482: 16480: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16454: 16452: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16406: 16404: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16378: 16376: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16319:Metaphilosophy 16316: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16293: 16292: 16282: 16281: 16274: 16273: 16266: 16259: 16251: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16238: 16228: 16217: 16214: 16213: 16211: 16210: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16152: 16150: 16149:Related topics 16146: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16138: 16132: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16109:Daniel Dennett 16106: 16101: 16099:Ravi Zacharias 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16064:William L Rowe 16060: 16058: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16039:William Alston 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15987:Gabriel Marcel 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15943: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15924:Ernst Cassirer 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15890: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15863: 15861: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15819:Thomas Carlyle 15815: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15798: 15796: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15744:Baruch Spinoza 15741: 15736: 15731: 15729:René Descartes 15726: 15720: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15708: 15703: 15701:Thomas Aquinas 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15632: 15630: 15616: 15607: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15564: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15526: 15524: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15514: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15470:Possibilianism 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15346:Fundamentalism 15343: 15338: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15321: 15320: 15319: 15314: 15307:Existentialism 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15238: 15236: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15200:Noncognitivism 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15149:Transcendental 15146: 15145: 15144: 15139: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15117:Pascal's wager 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15052: 15047: 15045:Christological 15042: 15036: 15034: 15027: 15021: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14891: 14885: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14827: 14822: 14816: 14814: 14810: 14809: 14802: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14779: 14770: 14769: 14759: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14740:Trinitarianism 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14695: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14641: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14619: 14614: 14612:Liberal theism 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14577:Dipolar theism 14574: 14573: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14536: 14535: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14516:Jewish atheism 14513: 14508: 14503: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14472: 14471: 14466: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14422: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14399: 14390: 14389: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14353: 14351: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14315: 14313: 14307: 14306: 14304: 14303: 14298: 14296:Predestination 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14268: 14266: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14251: 14245: 14243: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14151:Biblical canon 14148: 14143: 14137: 14135: 14125: 14124: 14114: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14076: 14074: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14007: 14006: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13949: 13947: 13946:Other concepts 13943: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13903: 13901: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13851: 13849: 13842: 13841: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13820: 13818:Apocalypticism 13815: 13809: 13807: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13736: 13734: 13732:Trinitarianism 13728: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13720: 13706: 13701: 13695: 13693: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13649: 13647:Zoroastrianism 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13596: 13594: 13587: 13579: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13479:Urmonotheismus 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13424: 13414: 13413: 13401: 13400: 13393: 13392: 13385: 13378: 13370: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13335:Noncognitivism 13332: 13327: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13277:Creator of God 13274: 13269: 13263: 13261: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13251:Transcendental 13248: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13204:Pascal's wager 13201: 13200: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13169: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13058: 13053: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13039:Christological 13036: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13015: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12979: 12968: 12962: 12948: 12947:External links 12945: 12944: 12943: 12938:978-0190842222 12937: 12924: 12919:978-0199271672 12918: 12902: 12896: 12880: 12862:Calvin College 12847: 12836: 12816: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12770: 12764: 12746: 12724: 12718: 12695: 12689: 12668: 12641: 12608:(2): 123–132. 12590: 12584: 12569: 12532: 12507:(3): 336–351. 12486: 12438: 12432: 12413: 12407: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12359: 12347:(2008-02-07). 12345:Coward, Harold 12336: 12318: 12298: 12291: 12270: 12252: 12232: 12218:. p. 95. 12204: 12172: 12165: 12140: 12121: 12109: 12100: 12087: 12074: 12065: 12056: 12047: 12034: 12028:Leslie, John. 12021: 12008: 11999: 11990: 11981: 11972: 11959: 11946: 11921: 11908: 11895: 11882: 11873: 11860: 11851: 11838: 11829: 11814: 11786: 11780:Mackie, J. L. 11773: 11764: 11760:Being and Time 11751: 11738: 11725: 11712: 11699: 11686: 11673: 11667:Oppy, Graham. 11657: 11644: 11635: 11626: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11590: 11581: 11568: 11559: 11546: 11537: 11528: 11519: 11510: 11498: 11473: 11464: 11455: 11446: 11437: 11428: 11419: 11410: 11401: 11376: 11361: 11354: 11328: 11309: 11297: 11285: 11273: 11215: 11206: 11204:, II, 82 sqq.) 11189: 11161: 11133: 11116: 11089: 11071: 11064: 11044: 11019: 10994: 10987: 10964: 10957: 10932: 10913: 10893:Michael Martin 10884: 10866: 10846: 10825: 10805: 10798: 10780: 10765: 10751: 10737: 10724: 10717: 10699: 10685: 10676: 10669: 10651: 10644: 10626: 10619: 10601: 10594: 10576: 10546: 10539: 10521: 10491: 10484: 10466: 10447: 10428: 10410: 10403: 10385: 10352: 10306: 10292:". Pp. 1–9 in 10281: 10266: 10250: 10241: 10220: 10210:attributes to 10188: 10163: 10160:on 2019-07-16. 10141: 10125:28(3):409–21. 10109: 10083: 10059: 10047: 10045:, p. 171. 10035: 10033:, p. 170. 10020: 10008: 10006:, p. 126. 9993: 9981: 9961: 9959:, p. 133. 9955:, p. 49; 9945: 9909: 9897: 9885: 9881:Plantinga 1977 9873: 9869:Plantinga 1977 9861: 9857:Plantinga 1977 9849: 9831: 9827:Plantinga 1977 9819: 9815:Plantinga 1977 9807: 9788: 9781: 9763: 9759:Plantinga 1977 9755:Plantinga 1965 9747: 9737: 9731:. p. 61. 9710: 9683: 9676: 9658: 9651: 9633: 9609: 9602: 9584: 9575: 9566: 9563:on 2020-08-02. 9538: 9531: 9507: 9494: 9469: 9438: 9431: 9413: 9385: 9356: 9325: 9318: 9312:. pp. x. 9296: 9289: 9271: 9264: 9246: 9215: 9208: 9176: 9163: 9156: 9130: 9105: 9084: 9060: 9027: 9020: 8999: 8990: 8981: 8966: 8948: 8933: 8915: 8900:. 2010-07-28. 8885: 8860: 8829: 8799: 8774: 8744: 8714: 8686: 8668: 8645: 8605: 8583: 8570: 8555: 8530: 8513: 8497:plato.stanford 8483: 8454: 8429: 8422: 8404: 8385: 8378: 8351: 8333: 8326: 8306: 8284: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8227: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8121: 8102: 8093: 8083: 8077:as opposed to 8054: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8007:Pascal's Wager 8004: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7950: 7942:theory of mind 7860: 7857: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7819:need of a God. 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7752: 7749: 7688:omnibenevolent 7679: 7676: 7638: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7603: 7600: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7563: 7552: 7528: 7509: 7496:as opposed to 7447:belief systems 7430:Bosanska Krupa 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7337:Zoroastrianism 7334: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6998:United Kingdom 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6514: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:State religion 6469: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6296:selection bias 6239:Charles Darwin 6173: 6170: 6113:Being and Time 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5806: 5800: 5788: 5781:Leonhard Euler 5765:and co-author 5760: 5744: 5741: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5701: 5698: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5642: 5634: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606:Brahma Kumaris 5600:The belief of 5598: 5595: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5555: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5501: 5451:Book of Mormon 5436: 5429: 5416: 5392: 5389: 5382:. Philosopher 5380:hallucinations 5367:Main article: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5267:William Hasker 5263:Victor Reppert 5223: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5132: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5068: 5065: 5053: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5002: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4956:as one of the 4954:Thomas Aquinas 4950:Roman Catholic 4939: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4896:Arthur Balfour 4883: 4880: 4852: 4849: 4818: 4815: 4761: 4758: 4754:governing laws 4746:René Descartes 4730:Main article: 4727: 4724: 4627:Charles Darwin 4601:, in his 1802 4593:published his 4591:William Derham 4583:William Turner 4537:ancient Greece 4500: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4482:J. P. Moreland 4452: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4404: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4355:Thomas Aquinas 4327:wājib al-wujūd 4292:برهان الصديقين 4265: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4200:omnibenevolent 4196: 4195:(all-powerful) 4189: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4095:René Descartes 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4030:Baruch Spinoza 4027: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3868:Dream argument 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3820:René Descartes 3816: 3815: 3805: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3762: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3569:René Descartes 3557:Main article: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3517:Main article: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3464:Thomas Aquinas 3450:Main article: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3351:traditions of 3337: 3334: 3316:Charles Taylor 3270: 3267: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3118:Main article: 3115: 3112: 3092:Main article: 3089: 3086: 3057:Main article: 3054: 3051: 3035:Main article: 3032: 3029: 3021:Main article: 3018: 3015: 3007: 3004: 2991:Main article: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2965:Main article: 2962: 2959: 2935:Main article: 2932: 2929: 2879:transcendental 2854:Abraham Kuyper 2829: 2826: 2818:Baruch Spinoza 2785: 2782: 2736:personal being 2713:process theism 2692: 2689: 2681:Thomas Aquinas 2665:Main article: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2626: 2579: 2576: 2540:Yujin Nagasawa 2495:refers to the 2436:René Descartes 2428:Thomas Aquinas 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2230:Related topics 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2209:Yujin Nagasawa 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2164:Ravi Zacharias 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2129:William L Rowe 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099:William Alston 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2047:Gabriel Marcel 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1974:Ernst Cassirer 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1889:Thomas Carlyle 1886: 1881: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816:Baruch Spinoza 1813: 1808: 1803: 1801:René Descartes 1798: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1773:Thomas Aquinas 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514:Fundamentalism 1511: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1492:Existentialism 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1314:Noncognitivism 1311: 1306: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254:Creator of God 1251: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228:Transcendental 1225: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1206: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1179:Pascal's wager 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1019:Christological 1016: 1008: 1007: 999: 998: 992: 991: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 916: 915: 907: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 891: 890: 889: 884: 879: 872: 871: 870: 865: 852: 851: 845: 844: 843: 842: 841: 840: 838:eschatological 830: 825: 820: 815: 813:Ethical egoism 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 771: 766: 761: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 708: 702: 701: 698: 697: 691: 690: 678: 677: 675: 674: 667: 660: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 630: 625: 624: 623: 618: 608: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 572: 570:Related topics 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 493: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 443: 438: 433: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 393: 392: 386: 385: 384: 383: 381:Zoroastrianism 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 350: 349: 343: 342: 341: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 302: 301: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 70:Types of faith 69: 68: 65: 64: 58: 57: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18424: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18384: 18382: 18372: 18362: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18349: 18346: 18333: 18332: 18323: 18321: 18320: 18309: 18308: 18305: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18259:Miscellaneous 18257: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18184: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18161: 18157: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18074: 18072: 18070: 18066: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18024: 18020: 18012: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17985: 17984: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17955:Miscellaneous 17953: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17941:Structuralism 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17926:Postmodernism 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17916:Phenomenology 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17869: 17865: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17853:Vienna Circle 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17783:Moral realism 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17709: 17707: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17694: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17643: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17627: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17585:Phenomenology 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17525:Individualism 17523: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17490: 17489: 17486: 17482: 17479: 17478: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17401: 17391: 17390:Judeo-Islamic 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17367: 17366:ʿIlm al-Kalām 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17338: 17334: 17328: 17325: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17315:Shuddhadvaita 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17283: 17282: 17280: 17276: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17249:Scholasticism 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17232: 17228: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17173: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17140: 17136: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17080: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17066: 17063: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17020: 17019: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17011: 17007: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16888: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16872: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16827: 16825: 16823: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16749: 16745: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16700:Conceptualism 16698: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16688: 16684: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16629:Particularism 16627: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16617: 16613: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16596:Functionalism 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16581:Eliminativism 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16569: 16565: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16516: 16513: 16509: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16497: 16494: 16493: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16486:Compatibilism 16484: 16483: 16481: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16447: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16425:Particularism 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16375: 16371: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16302: 16298: 16294: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16272: 16267: 16265: 16260: 16258: 16253: 16252: 16249: 16237: 16229: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16218: 16215: 16209: 16208: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16137: 16134: 16133: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16079:Anthony Kenny 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16051: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16004:Mircea Eliade 16002: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15888: 15887:William James 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15867:Ernst Haeckel 15865: 15864: 15862: 15856: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15791: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15779:Immanuel Kant 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15734:Blaise Pascal 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15713: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15629: 15624: 15620: 15617: 15612: 15605: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15561: 15557: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15535:Language game 15533: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15523: 15519: 15513: 15512: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15326: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15309: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15235: 15231: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15205:Occam's razor 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15147: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15050:Consciousness 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15022: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14946: 14945:Unmoved mover 14943: 14941: 14940:Supreme Being 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14880: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14800: 14795: 14793: 14788: 14786: 14781: 14780: 14777: 14767: 14763: 14757: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14673: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14607:Kathenotheism 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14540:Binitarianism 14538: 14534: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14470: 14469:Gender of God 14467: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14431: 14427: 14420: 14415: 14413: 14408: 14406: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14352: 14350: 14346: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14329:Denominations 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14302: 14301:Last Judgment 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14261: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14119: 14115: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14068: 14062: 14061:Unmoved mover 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14004: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13962:Binitarianism 13960: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13896: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13833: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13729: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13690: 13684: 13683:Supreme Being 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13554:Gender of God 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13459:Kathenotheism 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13391: 13386: 13384: 13379: 13377: 13372: 13371: 13368: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13340:Occam's Razor 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13056:Consciousness 13054: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13013: 13008: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12972: 12969: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12940: 12934: 12930: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12897:9780520269071 12893: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12871:on 2008-07-24 12867: 12863: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12817: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12776: 12775:"Mulla Sadra" 12771: 12767: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12715: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12701: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12642: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12533: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12387: 12386: 12366: 12362: 12360:9780791473368 12356: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12340: 12325: 12321: 12319:9780791447789 12315: 12311: 12310: 12302: 12294: 12288: 12285:. HardPress. 12284: 12283: 12274: 12259: 12255: 12253:9781406862966 12249: 12245: 12244: 12236: 12221: 12217: 12216: 12208: 12200: 12194: 12186: 12185: 12176: 12168: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12144: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12125: 12118: 12113: 12104: 12097: 12091: 12084: 12078: 12069: 12060: 12051: 12044: 12038: 12031: 12025: 12018: 12012: 12003: 11994: 11985: 11976: 11969: 11963: 11956: 11950: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11933: 11925: 11918: 11912: 11905: 11899: 11892: 11886: 11877: 11870: 11867:Kurtz, Paul. 11864: 11855: 11848: 11842: 11833: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11815:9781351583459 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11798: 11790: 11783: 11777: 11768: 11761: 11755: 11748: 11742: 11735: 11729: 11722: 11716: 11709: 11703: 11696: 11690: 11683: 11677: 11670: 11664: 11662: 11654: 11648: 11639: 11630: 11621: 11612: 11603: 11594: 11585: 11578: 11572: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11541: 11532: 11523: 11514: 11505: 11503: 11488: 11484: 11483:"Omnipotence" 11477: 11468: 11459: 11450: 11441: 11432: 11423: 11414: 11405: 11391: 11390:New Scientist 11387: 11380: 11373: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11332: 11326: 11322: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11283: 11277: 11263:on 2009-10-27 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11219: 11210: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11178: 11174: 11173: 11165: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11137: 11130: 11129:0-7069-2563-7 11126: 11120: 11104: 11100: 11093: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11067: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11048: 11034:on 2016-09-22 11033: 11029: 11023: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10990: 10984: 10980: 10979: 10974: 10968: 10960: 10958:9781989014233 10954: 10950: 10949: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10928: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10881: 10869: 10867:9780310230137 10863: 10859: 10858: 10850: 10843: 10841: 10828: 10826:9781441111975 10822: 10818: 10817: 10809: 10801: 10799:9781350093850 10795: 10791: 10784: 10776: 10769: 10761: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10734: 10728: 10720: 10718:0-19-283134-8 10714: 10710: 10703: 10695: 10689: 10680: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10655: 10647: 10641: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10597: 10591: 10587: 10580: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10487: 10485:9781405189217 10481: 10477: 10470: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10443: 10442:New Scientist 10439: 10436:Wade, Grace. 10432: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10406: 10404:9780198834588 10400: 10396: 10389: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10373:Horse's Mouth 10369: 10364: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10319: 10315: 10310: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10245: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10193: 10177: 10173: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10145: 10138: 10137: 10133:. (review of 10132: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10063: 10056: 10051: 10044: 10039: 10032: 10027: 10025: 10017: 10012: 10005: 10000: 9998: 9991:, p. 28. 9990: 9985: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9969:Bergmann 1999 9965: 9958: 9954: 9949: 9942: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9914: 9906: 9901: 9894: 9889: 9882: 9877: 9870: 9865: 9858: 9853: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9816: 9811: 9803: 9799: 9792: 9784: 9782:9789400952232 9778: 9774: 9767: 9761:, ch. 4. 9760: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9738:9781623569808 9734: 9730: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9687: 9679: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9579: 9570: 9559: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9534: 9532:0-19-507255-3 9528: 9521: 9520: 9511: 9504: 9498: 9484:on 2013-03-14 9483: 9479: 9473: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9434: 9432:9781586173487 9428: 9424: 9417: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9389: 9374: 9370: 9363: 9361: 9344: 9340: 9339:Truth Journal 9336: 9329: 9321: 9319:1-57910-787-7 9315: 9311: 9307: 9300: 9292: 9290:9780191520440 9286: 9282: 9275: 9267: 9265:9780898703009 9261: 9257: 9250: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9222: 9220: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9180: 9173: 9167: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9134: 9119: 9115: 9114:"iep.utm.edu" 9109: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9057: 9056:0-19-513193-2 9053: 9049: 9045: 9044:0-8014-9735-3 9041: 9037: 9031: 9023: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8994: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8903: 8899: 8898:The Economist 8895: 8889: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8849: 8848: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8803: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8724:"agnosticism" 8718: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8652: 8650: 8642: 8631:on 2005-10-12 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8602: 8595: 8592: 8587: 8580: 8579:Quinquae viae 8574: 8567: 8564: 8559: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8525: 8517: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8487: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8425: 8423:9780307720511 8419: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8400: 8396:2; quoted in 8395: 8389: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8270:Quentin Smith 8267: 8262: 8258: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8224: 8220: 8198: 8192: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8119: 8112: 8111:partial order 8106: 8097: 8087: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7910:Sigmund Freud 7907: 7903: 7899: 7898:William James 7894: 7893:Psychologists 7890: 7883: 7876: 7875:Eurobarometer 7871: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7787: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663:'s 1993 book 7662: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7616:H. L. Mencken 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7592:Occam's razor 7589: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7560:denominations 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7541:universalists 7538: 7537: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7483:public square 7480: 7476: 7475:non-sectarian 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7376: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7234:Protestantism 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7190:Christophobia 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6662:United States 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618:South America 6615: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6489: 6488:Atheist state 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Secular state 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:School prayer 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6292: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6241:in his book " 6240: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5935:The Euthyphro 5931: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5819: 5818:Occam's Razor 5815: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729:contradictory 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5678:Brahma Sutras 5675: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562:New Testament 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316:Immanuel Kant 5312: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5156:Immanuel Kant 5152: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099:Eugene Wigner 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4920: 4919: 4918:Ist Gott tot? 4915: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4814: 4812: 4811:Mind at Large 4807: 4806:Aldous Huxley 4803: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4740:(promoted by 4739: 4733: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661:Neoplatonists 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4599:William Paley 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4505: 4497: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464:consciousness 4461: 4457: 4449: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4421: 4420:creator deity 4417: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4350:Peter Adamson 4348: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4242:was invalid. 4241: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4215:physical evil 4212: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4188:(all-knowing) 4187: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920:Rule of signs 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3767:is a type of 3766: 3759: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472:unmoved mover 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255:Rudolf Carnap 3252: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233:by definition 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3132:unfalsifiable 3128: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3108:everyday life 3105: 3101: 3095: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3043:philosophical 3038: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2921:leap of faith 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2874:evidentialist 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2721:Robert Barron 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564:Quentin Smith 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:creator deity 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2446:argued for a 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:unmoved mover 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:philosophical 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2144:Anthony Kenny 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2064:Mircea Eliade 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949:William James 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1929:Ernst Haeckel 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851:Immanuel Kant 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1806:Blaise Pascal 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1300:Inconsistency 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1137:Occam's Razor 1135: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1036:Consciousness 1034: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006:Arguments for 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 988: 987:Unmoved mover 985: 983: 982:Supreme Being 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 957:Occasionalism 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 914: 911: 910: 905: 900: 899: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 873: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 855: 854: 853: 850: 847: 846: 839: 836: 835: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808: 800: 799: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:Reincarnation 762: 760: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 732:Enlightenment 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 705: 700: 699: 696: 693: 692: 688: 684: 683: 673: 668: 666: 661: 659: 654: 653: 651: 650: 643: 642: 637: 631: 629: 626: 622: 619: 617: 614: 613: 612: 609: 606: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 567: 566: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 498: 495: 494: 490: 489: 482: 481:Transcendence 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 451: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 422: 421: 410: 409:Hongjun Laozu 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 391: 388: 387: 382: 379: 377: 376:Yungdrung Bon 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 352: 351: 348: 345: 344: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 304: 303: 300: 297: 296: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239:Supreme Being 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 175: 174: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 136:Kathenotheism 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 67: 66: 63: 60: 59: 55: 54: 51: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 18407:Singular God 18324: 18310: 17981: 17972:Postcritique 17962:Kyoto School 17921:Posthumanism 17901:Hermeneutics 17756: / 17697:Contemporary 17673:Newtonianism 17636:Cartesianism 17595:Reductionism 17431:Conservatism 17426:Collectivism 17364: 17092:Sarvāstivadā 17070:Anekantavada 16995:Neoplatonism 16963:Epicureanism 16896:Pythagoreans 16835:Confucianism 16801:Contemporary 16791:Early modern 16695:Anti-realism 16649:Universalism 16606:Subjectivism 16402:Epistemology 16205: 16024:Martin Lings 15977:Emil Brunner 15967:Paul Tillich 15957:Martin Buber 15872:W K Clifford 15849:Afrikan Spir 15764:Thomas Chubb 15716:Early modern 15696:Adi Shankara 15609:Philosophers 15593:Natural evil 15509: 15485:Spiritualism 15460:Perennialism 15413:Metaphysical 15257:Antireligion 15132:Teleological 15055:Cosmological 15024: 15006:Baháʼí Faith 14971:Christianity 14930:Personal god 14750:Unitarianism 14720:Spiritualism 14463: 14196:Hamartiology 14181:Ecclesiology 14171:Pneumatology 14080:Christianity 14071:Names of God 14046:Philo's view 14036:Personal god 14016:Great Spirit 13955: / 13912:Christianity 13770:Perichoresis 13673:Emanationism 13615:Christianity 13605:Baháʼí Faith 13583:Singular god 13556: 13516:Spiritualism 13224:Teleological 13076:Metaphysical 13061:Cosmological 13049:Resurrection 13019: 12974: 12928: 12909: 12887: 12873:. 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Retrieved 12214: 12207: 12182: 12175: 12156: 12143: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12103: 12095: 12090: 12082: 12081:Hick, John. 12077: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12042: 12037: 12029: 12024: 12016: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11984: 11975: 11967: 11962: 11954: 11949: 11931: 11924: 11916: 11911: 11903: 11898: 11890: 11885: 11876: 11868: 11863: 11854: 11846: 11841: 11832: 11796: 11789: 11781: 11776: 11767: 11759: 11754: 11746: 11741: 11733: 11728: 11720: 11715: 11707: 11702: 11694: 11689: 11681: 11676: 11668: 11652: 11647: 11638: 11629: 11620: 11611: 11602: 11593: 11584: 11576: 11571: 11562: 11554: 11549: 11540: 11531: 11522: 11513: 11491:, retrieved 11486: 11476: 11467: 11458: 11449: 11440: 11431: 11422: 11413: 11404: 11393:. Retrieved 11389: 11379: 11369: 11364: 11337: 11331: 11312: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11288: 11281: 11276: 11265:. Retrieved 11261:the original 11232: 11228: 11218: 11209: 11201: 11192: 11181:. Retrieved 11171: 11164: 11153:. Retrieved 11143: 11136: 11119: 11107:. 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Retrieved 8629:the original 8624: 8617:Flew, Antony 8600: 8586: 8573: 8558: 8547:. Retrieved 8543: 8533: 8523: 8516: 8505:. Retrieved 8496: 8493:"Maimonides" 8486: 8475:. Retrieved 8466: 8457: 8446:. Retrieved 8432: 8413: 8407: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8364: 8354: 8345: 8336: 8316: 8309: 8300: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8230: 8222: 8105: 8096: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8063: 8058: 8036: 7994: 7977: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7919: 7916:Pascal Boyer 7914: 7891: 7888: 7850: 7836: 7833: 7809: 7804: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7760: 7739: 7735: 7721: 7715:personal god 7708: 7681: 7664: 7658: 7639: 7621: 7605: 7585: 7534: 7531:Perennialism 7530: 7479:public forum 7438: 7399:Christianity 7303:Anti-Judaism 7298:Antisemitism 7286:Islamophobia 7185:Christianity 7175:Baháʼí Faith 7071:Saudi Arabia 6840:Turkmenistan 6595:South Africa 6540:Burkina Faso 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6151:J. L. Mackie 6148: 6144: 6131:God's Debris 6129: 6128:in the book 6122: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6099:Albert Camus 6097: 6086: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5770: 5746: 5726: 5671: 5585: 5540:Christianity 5521:W. A. Draves 5517:Otto Fetting 5494:James Strang 5490:Voree plates 5447:Joseph Smith 5423: 5394: 5372: 5351:Greg Bahnsen 5319: 5313: 5286: 5252: 5246: 5239:supernatural 5224: 5174: 5165:summum bonum 5163: 5153: 5133: 5107: 5080: 5032: 5030: 5021:Peter Kreeft 4976:metaphysical 4965: 4917: 4911: 4899: 4898:in his book 4885: 4876: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4855:Philosopher 4854: 4844: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4799: 4769: 4750:Robert Boyle 4742:Isaac Newton 4735: 4701:Christianity 4693:Confucianism 4677: 4657: 4630: 4620: 4613: 4602: 4594: 4553: 4530: 4501: 4453: 4428: 4424: 4405: 4381:cosmological 4345: 4341:God in Islam 4331: 4281: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4179: 4149: 4101: 4085: 4079: 3987:La Géométrie 3946: 3941:Res cogitans 3939: 3935:Wax argument 3872: 3843:Cartesianism 3772: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3705:higher-order 3702: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3640: 3610: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3562: 3529: 3525:a posteriori 3522: 3457: 3455: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3369: 3357:Adi Shankara 3352: 3346: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3312:anti-realist 3308:Wittgenstein 3305: 3289: 3282: 3272: 3249: 3222: 3203: 3187:supernatural 3184: 3169: 3151:Sherwin Wine 3148: 3141: 3123: 3097: 3081: 3076:Robert Flint 3073: 3062: 3046: 3040: 3026: 3009: 2996: 2981: 2970: 2947:metaphysical 2940: 2917:Gordon Clark 2903: 2888: 2847: 2839: 2835:Holy Trinity 2831: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2787: 2775: 2764: 2732:monotheistic 2725: 2717:transcendent 2694: 2670: 2650: 2628: 2623:Carl G. Jung 2604: 2581: 2568:J. L. Mackie 2529:. In a 2020 2521: 2490: 2447: 2389: 2365:epistemology 2349:metaphysical 2324: 2322: 2084:Martin Lings 2074:J. L. Mackie 2037:Emil Brunner 2022:Paul Tillich 2007:Martin Buber 1988:Contemporary 1934:W K Clifford 1919:Afrikan Spir 1865:19th-century 1836:Thomas Chubb 1787:Early modern 1768:Adi Shankara 1648:Spiritualism 1623:Perennialism 1581:metaphysical 1447:Antireligion 1361:Christianity 1199:Teleological 1058:metaphysical 1045: 1041:Cosmological 1029:Resurrection 995: 977:Summum bonum 887:Natural evil 632: 466:Omnipresence 435: 347:Indo-Iranian 338:Samaritanism 323:Baháʼí Faith 313:Christianity 279:Unitarianism 234:Summum bonum 50: 38: 29:This is the 23: 17967:Objectivism 17906:Neo-Marxism 17868:Continental 17778:Meta-ethics 17758:Coherentism 17663:Hegelianism 17600:Rationalism 17560:Natural law 17540:Materialism 17466:Historicism 17436:Determinism 17327:Navya-Nyāya 17102:Sautrāntika 17097:Pudgalavada 17033:Vaisheshika 16886:Presocratic 16786:Renaissance 16725:Physicalism 16710:Materialism 16616:Normativity 16601:Objectivism 16586:Emergentism 16576:Behaviorism 16525:Metaphysics 16491:Determinism 16430:Rationalism 16044:Antony Flew 16029:Peter Geach 15962:René Guénon 15909:Lev Shestov 15904:Rudolf Otto 15611:of religion 15450:Panentheism 15383:Inclusivism 15302:Exclusivism 15297:Esotericism 15267:Creationism 15247:Agnosticism 15215:Poor design 15210:Omnipotence 15137:Natural law 15112:Ontological 15065:Contingency 14915:Holy Spirit 14735:Transtheism 14698:Physitheism 14666:Panentheism 14661:Open theism 14649:Post-theism 14526:New Atheism 14254:Krishnology 14231:Soteriology 14186:Eschatology 14166:Christology 14031:Open theism 13987:Exotheology 13885:Zoroastrian 13848:By religion 13805:Eschatology 13760:Homoiousian 13713:Ahura Mazda 13491:Panentheism 13454:Hermeticism 13350:Poor design 13345:Omnipotence 13234:Natural law 13197:Mulla Sudra 13172:Ontological 13150:Natural-law 13130:Mathematics 13071:Contingency 12543:(1): 1–21. 10929:(2): 71–75. 9953:Alston 1991 9462:October 12, 8810:Agnosticism 8219:ultrafilter 8132:defined by 8075:attribution 8022:Rationalism 8002:Metaphysics 7958:Apologetics 7930:Scott Atran 7543:who accept 7513:inclusivism 7327:Neopaganism 7250:Hinduphobia 7202:Catholicism 7007:Middle East 6810:South Korea 6795:Philippines 6785:North Korea 6680:Afghanistan 6338:Of Miracles 6315:probability 6304:black holes 6126:Scott Adams 6087:Similarly, 5989:centuries. 5682:Adi Sankara 5425:prima facie 5326:C. S. Lewis 5301:possibility 5243:C. S. Lewis 5197:Graham Ward 5181:C. S. Lewis 5149:meta-ethics 5103:Peter Higgs 5017:C. S. Lewis 4952:theologian 4946:henological 4719:John Lennox 4559:Middle Ages 4377:ontological 4359:Duns Scotus 4319:واجب الوجود 4276:Tajikistani 4236:modal logic 4170:omnipotence 4166:omniscience 4102:Meditations 3948:Res extensa 3848:Rationalism 3662:modal logic 3476:first cause 3285:other minds 3263:truth value 3206:Karl Popper 3127:agnosticism 3125:(including 3120:Ignosticism 3114:Ignosticism 2999:truth value 2993:Agnosticism 2987:Agnosticism 2955:proposition 2951:Antony Flew 2910:theologian 2800:panentheism 2709:open theism 2677:Romans 1:20 2619:probability 2596:Ignosticism 2592:agnosticism 2560:Paul Draper 2556:Graham Oppy 2497:proposition 2484:, who made 2444:John Calvin 2189:Kai Nielsen 2174:Cornel West 2124:Paul Draper 2114:Graham Oppy 2104:Antony Flew 2089:Peter Geach 2017:René Guénon 1969:Lev Shestov 1964:Rudolf Otto 1613:Panentheism 1551:Inclusivism 1487:Exclusivism 1482:Esotericism 1457:Creationism 1437:Agnosticism 1343:By religion 1326:Poor design 1167:Mulla Sadra 1142:Ontological 1115:Natural law 1095:Mathematics 1053:contingency 947:Holy Spirit 913:Conceptions 863:Augustinian 727:Eschatology 722:Cataphatism 581:God complex 538:Metaphysics 533:Hermeticism 513:Esotericism 496:Experiences 471:Omniscience 461:Omnipotence 431:Eternalness 166:Transtheism 151:Panentheism 111:Ignosticism 76:Agnosticism 18381:Categories 18371:Philosophy 18266:Amerindian 18173:Australian 18112:Vietnamese 18092:Indonesian 17641:Kantianism 17590:Positivism 17580:Pragmatism 17555:Naturalism 17535:Liberalism 17513:Subjective 17451:Empiricism 17355:Avicennism 17300:Bhedabheda 17184:East Asian 17107:Madhyamaka 17087:Abhidharma 16953:Pyrrhonism 16720:Nominalism 16715:Naturalism 16644:Skepticism 16634:Relativism 16624:Absolutism 16553:Naturalism 16463:Deontology 16435:Skepticism 16420:Naturalism 16410:Empiricism 16374:Aesthetics 16278:Philosophy 16014:J L Mackie 15972:Karl Barth 15769:David Hume 15691:Maimonides 15676:Heraclitus 15465:Polytheism 15435:Nondualism 15423:Humanistic 15408:Naturalism 15398:Monotheism 15356:Henotheism 15351:Gnosticism 15282:Demonology 15165:747 gambit 15082:Experience 14920:Misotheism 14710:Polytheism 14703:Euhemerism 14681:Hylotheism 14622:Monotheism 14597:Henotheism 14592:Misotheism 14486:Antitheism 14339:Philosophy 14226:Sophiology 14206:Philosophy 14201:Messianism 14161:Paterology 13765:Hypostasis 13755:Homoousian 13586:theologies 13526:Theopanism 13511:Polytheism 13474:Monotheism 13449:Henotheism 13267:747 gambit 13239:Watchmaker 13187:Meinongian 13093:Experience 12875:2007-11-25 12738:Black, Max 12371:2016-01-27 12330:2016-01-27 12264:2016-01-27 12226:2016-01-27 11493:2023-11-16 11395:2023-11-16 11267:2009-12-29 11183:2016-08-28 11155:2016-08-28 11038:2016-08-28 11013:2016-08-28 10899:. Infidels 10873:2 December 10832:2 December 10570:2014-06-13 10296:. Oxford: 10273:"Design". 10206:. p. 45. " 10182:2013-05-14 10102:August 10, 10055:Mayer 2001 10016:Rizvi 2009 9989:Inati 2014 9627:2022-03-09 9488:2013-05-14 9407:2012-06-20 9379:2012-06-20 9240:2012-06-20 9198:. p. 9124:2013-05-14 9078:2023-11-16 8879:2008-02-11 8854:2010-05-04 8820:2009-11-15 8793:2013-05-14 8768:2009-01-08 8738:2009-10-17 8708:2010-06-01 8680:2016-01-27 8635:2011-12-10 8549:2023-10-24 8507:2018-05-14 8477:2018-05-09 8448:2018-05-09 8394:Dei Filius 8346:PhilPapers 8253:References 7946:Act of God 7902:melancholy 7863:See also: 7847:orthopraxy 7773:incorrect. 7763:subjective 7755:See also: 7700:theodicies 7517:toleration 7506:secularism 7502:antitheism 7467:neutrality 7463:secularism 7455:tolerating 7241:Falun Gong 6948:Montenegro 6888:Azerbaijan 6845:Uzbekistan 6825:Tajikistan 6750:Kazakhstan 6695:Bangladesh 6690:Azerbaijan 6585:Mauritania 6555:Cape Verde 6433:Secularism 6308:supernovae 6215:paranormal 6199:Paul Kurtz 6190:Democritus 5737:historical 5733:scientific 5627:Al-Ghazali 5617:See also: 5548:the Exodus 5305:experience 5190:conscience 4894:statesman 4792:entheogens 4617:David Hume 4563:Al-Ghazali 4373:Al-Ghazali 4363:Maimonides 4211:moral evil 4193:omnipotent 4186:omniscient 3880:Evil demon 3837:Philosophy 3787:St. Anselm 3692:contingent 3674:contingent 3620:Kurt Gödel 3565:St. Anselm 3486:, and the 3410:paramatman 3372:Vaisnavism 3292:naturalism 3259:A. J. Ayer 3199:Monadology 3166:Paul Kurtz 3078:explains: 2778:Maimonides 2683:, and the 2588:gnosticism 2584:orthogonal 2531:PhilPapers 2509:David Hume 2462:Al-Ghazali 2420:St. Anselm 2383:) and the 2357:scientific 2353:subjective 2109:Kurt Godel 2027:Karl Barth 1841:David Hume 1763:Maimonides 1748:Heraclitus 1733:Al-Ghazali 1628:Polytheism 1598:Nondualism 1576:humanistic 1571:Naturalism 1561:Monotheism 1524:Henotheism 1519:Gnosticism 1244:747 gambit 1209:Watchmaker 1162:Meinongian 1075:Experience 803:Challenges 742:Liberation 717:Apophatism 616:philosophy 553:Revelation 425:Attributes 161:Polytheism 116:Monotheism 101:Henotheism 18145:Pakistani 18107:Taiwanese 18054:Ethiopian 18027:By region 18013:By region 17828:Scientism 17823:Systemics 17683:Spinozism 17610:Socialism 17545:Modernism 17508:Objective 17416:Anarchism 17350:Averroism 17239:Christian 17191:Neotaoism 17162:Zurvanism 17152:Mithraism 17147:Mazdakism 16918:Cyrenaics 16845:Logicians 16478:Free will 16440:Solipsism 16387:Formalism 16114:Loyal Rue 15839:Karl Marx 15661:Gaudapada 15490:Shamanism 15455:Pantheism 15440:Nontheism 15418:Religious 15403:Mysticism 15376:Christian 15366:Religious 15317:Atheistic 15312:Christian 15195:Nonbelief 15180:Free will 14996:Mormonism 14820:Afterlife 14745:Tritheism 14671:Pantheism 14644:Nontheism 14639:Mysticism 14617:Monolatry 14587:Egotheism 14582:Dystheism 14570:Polydeism 14491:Apatheism 14464:Existence 14216:Practical 14211:Political 14176:Cosmology 14133:Christian 13992:Holocaust 13982:Egotheism 13937:Goddesses 13932:Mormonism 13860:Christian 13813:Afterlife 13699:Sustainer 13506:Polydeism 13501:Pantheism 13486:Mysticism 13469:Monolatry 13464:Nontheism 13444:Dystheism 13330:Nonbelief 13297:Free will 13246:Trademark 13120:Knowledge 12658:: 18–39. 12630:170584546 12622:1572-8684 12565:171072893 12557:1572-8684 12521:2153-3393 12466:1758-2245 12452:: 29–67. 12193:cite book 12030:Universes 11824:153862737 11374:, p. 172. 11249:0031-8221 11198:A. Stöckl 10560:Metacrock 10302:p. 3 9941:possible. 9091:See e.g. 8943:466359148 8839:"Atheism" 8758:About.com 8591:2 Timothy 8467:Quran.com 8193:ψ 8190:→ 8178:φ 8169:∀ 8166:◻ 8146:ψ 8143:⪯ 8140:φ 8120:⪯ 8091:positive. 8079:privation 8071:aesthetic 7723:ex nihilo 7696:suffering 7588:parsimony 7567:religions 7556:ecumenism 7444:religious 7332:Rastafari 7271:Ahmadiyya 7214:Mormonism 7104:Australia 6978:Slovakia 6815:Sri Lanka 6805:Singapore 6740:Indonesia 6463:Theocracy 5796:evolution 5790:Dawkins' 5757:scientist 5443:Mormonism 5409:witnesses 5340:Christian 5336:framework 5309:knowledge 5170:afterlife 5085:. In the 4980:Aristotle 4958:five ways 4780:mescaline 4671:. Later, 4665:Al-Farabi 4653:evolution 4579:Five Ways 4545:Aristotle 4476:afterlife 4466:(such as 4297:romanized 3977:The World 3858:Mechanism 3714:, either 3688:necessary 3667:necessary 3431:Arguments 3100:phenomena 3094:Apatheism 3088:Apatheism 2908:Calvinist 2891:salvation 2822:free will 2790:pantheism 2771:Milky Way 2767:Ibn Rushd 2740:Christian 2600:Apatheism 2578:Positions 2544:John Hick 2482:Al-Farabi 2432:first way 2400:Aristotle 2381:existence 2369:knowledge 2345:empirical 2179:Loyal Rue 1909:Karl Marx 1728:Gaudapada 1653:Shamanism 1618:Pantheism 1603:Nontheism 1586:religious 1566:Mysticism 1539:religious 1534:Christian 1502:Christian 1381:Mandaeism 1376:Mormonism 1351:Abrahamic 1309:Nonbelief 1274:Free will 1223:Trademark 996:Existence 952:Maltheist 752:Mysticism 712:Afterlife 704:Religious 543:Mysticism 499:Practices 436:Existence 333:Mandaeism 328:Mormonism 299:Abrahamic 244:Sustainer 156:Pantheism 131:Monolatry 81:Apatheism 18359:Religion 18331:Category 18286:Yugoslav 18276:Romanian 18183:Scottish 18168:American 18097:Japanese 18077:Buddhist 18059:Africana 18049:Egyptian 17891:Feminist 17813:Rawlsian 17808:Quietism 17706:Analytic 17658:Krausism 17565:Nihilism 17530:Kokugaku 17493:Absolute 17488:Idealism 17476:Humanism 17264:Occamism 17231:European 17176:Medieval 17122:Yogacara 17082:Buddhist 17075:Syādvāda 16958:Stoicism 16923:Cynicism 16911:Sophists 16906:Atomists 16901:Eleatics 16840:Legalism 16781:Medieval 16705:Idealism 16659:Ontology 16639:Nihilism 16543:Idealism 16301:Branches 16290:Branches 16236:Category 16181:Religion 16171:Exegesis 15656:Boethius 15651:Averroes 15646:Avicenna 15628:medieval 15598:Theodicy 15445:Pandeism 15361:Humanism 15329:Thealogy 15272:Dharmism 15242:Acosmism 15234:Theology 15102:Morality 15097:Miracles 14976:Hinduism 14966:Buddhism 14925:Pandeism 14900:Demiurge 14868:Theodicy 14565:Pandeism 14442:Divinity 14334:Kabbalah 14281:Prophets 14156:Glossary 14122:By faith 14085:Hinduism 13967:Demiurge 13957:in Islam 13917:Hinduism 13907:Buddhism 13899:Feminist 13855:Buddhist 13663:Absolute 13656:Concepts 13632:Hinduism 13627:Buddhism 13593:By faith 13557:and gods 13549:Divinity 13535:Concepts 13496:Pandeism 13397:Theology 13287:Evil God 13229:Junkyard 13160:Seddiqin 13140:Morality 13135:Miracles 13044:Trilemma 12956:Archived 12908:(2004). 12886:(2013). 12752:(1977). 12730:(1965). 12706:(1991). 12526:27 April 12492:(1999). 12482:16744068 12365:Archived 12324:Archived 12258:Archived 12220:Archived 12151:(2011). 12133:Archived 11321:Archived 11177:Archived 11149:Archived 11109:March 6, 11007:Archived 10975:(1996). 10903:21 April 10895:(1997). 10564:Archived 10508:Archived 10377:Archived 10340:17494747 10260:. 1713. 10229:Xenophon 10212:Socrates 10208:Xenophon 10176:Archived 10131:23334140 9934:27 April 9721:(2013). 9719:Gary Cox 9456:Archived 9401:Archived 9373:Archived 9343:Archived 9234:Archived 9192:New York 9174:, p. 30. 9118:Archived 9010:(1998). 8976:72988016 8902:Archived 8873:Archived 8787:Archived 8762:Archived 8732:Archived 8702:Archived 8674:Archived 8619:(1976). 8501:Archived 8471:Archived 8442:Archived 8362:(2006). 8268:quoting 8064:positive 7952:See also 7491:friendly 7469:(of the 7401:) and a 7246:Hinduism 7180:Buddhism 6983:Slovenia 6903:Bulgaria 6830:Thailand 6790:Pakistan 6770:Mongolia 6765:Maldives 6760:Malaysia 6710:Cambodia 6657:Paraguay 6637:Colombia 6605:Tanzania 6575:DR Congo 6550:Cameroon 6535:Botswana 6401:Concepts 6136:Pandeism 5847:Epicurus 5397:religion 5299:for the 5293:argument 5253:Miracles 5233:against 5060:argument 5009:argument 4892:Scottish 4774:such as 4689:Hinduism 4673:Averroes 4669:Avicenna 4587:John Ray 4533:Socrates 4526:rational 4474:and the 4460:argument 4369:Averroes 4315:Avicenna 4278:banknote 4272:Avicenna 4248:theistic 4228:explicit 4224:implicit 4219:explicit 4091:argument 4087:a priori 3812:a series 3810:Part of 3774:a priori 3720:negation 3697:possible 3508:purpose. 3424:bhagavan 3419:Sanskrit 3353:mayavada 3296:Bayesian 3253:such as 3241:Fideists 2850:Reformed 2805:pandeism 2651:De facto 2629:De facto 2474:Avicenna 2466:Al-Kindi 2458:Averroes 2408:demiurge 2404:universe 2373:ontology 2333:theology 2276:Theology 2246:Exegesis 1723:Boethius 1718:Averroes 1713:Avicenna 1694:medieval 1608:Pandeism 1529:Humanism 1509:Feminist 1462:Dharmism 1432:Acosmism 1393:Hinduism 1388:Buddhism 1264:Evil God 1214:Junkyard 1125:Seddiqin 1105:Morality 1100:Miracles 1024:Trilemma 967:Personal 962:Pandeist 932:Demiurge 868:Irenaean 858:Theodicy 706:concepts 687:a series 685:Part of 611:Religion 605:theodicy 596:Ontology 591:Theology 586:God gene 361:Buddhism 356:Hinduism 274:Personal 264:Ditheism 249:The Lord 194:Demiurge 146:Pandeism 35:reviewed 18402:Deities 18345:Portals 18281:Russian 18250:Spanish 18245:Slovene 18235:Maltese 18230:Italian 18210:Finland 18178:British 18160:Western 18150:Turkish 18135:Islamic 18130:Iranian 18082:Chinese 18069:Eastern 18036:African 17983:more... 17668:Marxism 17498:British 17441:Dualism 17337:Islamic 17295:Advaita 17285:Vedanta 17259:Scotism 17254:Thomism 17196:Tiantai 17139:Persian 17127:Tibetan 17117:Śūnyatā 17058:Cārvāka 17048:Ājīvika 17043:Mīmāṃsā 17023:Samkhya 16938:Academy 16891:Ionians 16865:Yangism 16822:Chinese 16813:Ancient 16776:Western 16771:Ancient 16730:Realism 16687:Reality 16677:Process 16558:Realism 16538:Dualism 16533:Atomism 16415:Fideism 16207:more... 15940:postwar 15623:Ancient 15511:more... 15430:New Age 15371:Secular 15341:Fideism 15292:Dualism 15262:Atheism 15252:Animism 15158:Against 15001:Sikhism 14991:Judaism 14986:Jainism 14895:Brahman 14848:Miracle 14602:Ietsism 14496:Atheism 14481:Animism 14447:Goddess 14324:Aggadah 14272:Oneness 14264:Islamic 14146:Outline 14141:History 14100:Judaism 14095:Jainism 14051:Process 14026:Olelbis 13927:Judaism 13870:Islamic 13785:Trinity 13668:Brahman 13642:Sikhism 13637:Jainism 13610:Judaism 13562:Goddess 13260:Against 12781:(ed.). 12740:(ed.). 12474:2214090 12383:Sources 11338:Atheism 11257:1399374 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The 5690:Ishvara 5646:Germany 5641:states. 5544:Judaism 5477:, etc. 4872:Derrida 4707:and by 4685:Judaism 4619:in his 4567:Quranic 4414:or the 4299:: 4198:God is 4191:God is 4184:God is 4135:in 2004 4099:In the 3779:premise 3771:or an " 3718:or its 3700:truth. 3632:reality 3504:things. 3404:brahman 3379:Krishna 3348:nastika 3342:Vedanta 3247:alone. 2943:atheism 2937:Atheism 2931:Atheism 2895:fideism 2744:Islamic 2675:(e.g., 2645:atheism 2501:Jainism 2493:atheism 2410:or the 2341:logical 1690:Ancient 1633:Process 1593:New Age 1544:secular 1497:atheist 1477:Dualism 1452:Atheism 1442:Animism 1403:Sikhism 1398:Jainism 1371:Judaism 1172:Spinoza 927:Brahman 747:Miracle 603: ( 558:Worship 523:Fideism 448: ( 404:Shangdi 390:Chinese 371:Sikhism 366:Jainism 308:Judaism 254:Trinity 189:Creator 184:Brahman 126:Dualism 106:Ietsism 86:Atheism 18240:Polish 18220:German 18215:French 18200:Danish 18190:Canada 18140:Jewish 18102:Korean 18087:Indian 17629:People 17550:Monism 17503:German 17471:Holism 17404:Modern 17382:Jewish 17305:Dvaita 17278:Indian 17201:Huayan 17053:Ajñana 17010:Indian 16875:Greco- 16860:Taoism 16850:Mohism 16796:Modern 16763:By era 16752:By era 16667:Action 16548:Monism 16468:Virtue 16450:Ethics 16226:Portal 15500:Theism 15393:Monism 15127:Reason 15077:Desire 15072:Degree 15040:Beauty 14954:God in 14910:Egoism 14863:Spirit 14725:Theism 14362:Wiccan 14311:Jewish 14291:Angels 14221:Public 14191:Ethics 13880:Taoist 13875:Jewish 13835:Heaven 13692:God as 13422:Theism 13209:Reason 13177:Anselm 13088:Desire 13083:Degree 13034:Beauty 12935: 12916: 12894: 12831: 12811: 12762: 12716: 12687: 12628: 12620: 12582: 12563: 12555: 12519: 12480: 12472: 12464: 12430: 12405: 12357: 12316: 12289: 12250: 12163: 11822: 11812: 11352: 11255: 11247: 11127: 11062: 10985: 10955: 10864: 10823: 10796: 10715: 10667: 10642: 10617: 10592: 10537: 10482: 10401: 10346: 10338: 10237:Stoics 10129: 9779: 9735: 9703:May 2, 9674: 9649: 9600: 9529: 9429: 9316: 9287: 9262: 9206: 9154: 9054: 9042: 9018: 8974: 8964: 8941: 8931: 8666: 8563:Romans 8524:Ethics 8420: 8376: 8324: 7906:trance 7792:. The 7740:likely 7422:Mosque 7046:Kuwait 7041:Jordan 7036:Israel 6988:Turkey 6973:Serbia 6968:Russia 6958:Norway 6923:France 6913:Cyprus 6859:Europe 6835:Turkey 6820:Taiwan 6800:Russia 6720:Cyprus 6705:Brunei 6700:Bhutan 6652:Panama 6647:Guyana 6632:Canada 6627:Brazil 6525:Angola 6511:Africa 5978:will. 5686:adrsta 5654:reason 5433:Qur'an 5291:is an 5058:is an 5007:is an 4904:France 4786:, and 4748:, and 4549:Stoics 4506:(from 4468:qualia 4458:is an 4288:Arabic 4172:, and 4084:is an 4014:People 3915:Folium 3676:truths 3669:truths 3576:exist. 3415:ananda 3375:Vishnu 3235:. 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