1447:, or personality. In a weaker form, it is used as an argument for the incompetence of God. The existence of "poor design" (as well as the perceived prodigious "wastefulness" of the evolutionary process) would seem to imply a "poor" designer, or a "blind" designer, or no designer at all. In Gould's words, "If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids are not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged...."
700:
4364:
523:
5395:
4354:
535:
825:
1648:- "Fundamental to the position is Augustine's view that the universe God created is good; everything in the universe is good and has good purpose . How did evil arise? It came about, he maintains, through free will. some of God's free creatures turned their will from God, the supreme Good, to lesser goods. It happened first with the angels and then with humans. This is how moral evil entered the universe and this moral fall, or
547:
979:. The existence of a cavity between the ovary and the fallopian tube could indicate a flawed design in the female reproductive system. Prior to modern surgery, ectopic pregnancy invariably caused the deaths of both mother and baby. Even in modern times, in almost all cases the pregnancy must be aborted to save the life of the mother.
1401:
has been previously credited with very little function, research has shown that it serves an important role in the fetus and young adults. Endocrine cells appear in the appendix of the human fetus at around the 11th week of development, which produce various biogenic amines and peptide hormones,
922:
1082:
of the foot, that are missing in part of the human population and are routinely harvested as spare parts if needed during operations. Another example is the muscles that move the ears, which some people can learn to control to a degree, but serve no purpose in any
630:: if "creation" contains many defects, then design appears an implausible theory for the origin of earthly existence. Proponents most commonly use the argument in a weaker way, however: not with the aim of disproving the existence of God, but rather as a
1062:, an infection of this organ, is a certain death without medical intervention. "During the past few years, however, several studies have suggested its immunological importance for the development and preservation of the intestinal immune system."
1068:, a phantom auditory sensation, is a maladaptation resulting from hearing loss most often caused by exposure to loud noise. Tinnitus serves no practical purpose, reduces quality of life, may cause depression, and when severe can lead to suicide.
1098:
cannot ever properly heal if it is damaged, because neurons have become so specialized that they are no longer able to regrow once they reach their mature state. The spinal cord, if broken, will never repair itself and will result in permanent
1301:
by oxygen, has a very slow turnover and is not saturated at current levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The enzyme is inhibited as it is unable to distinguish between carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen, with oxygen acting as a
1202:, the reflective surface behind vertebrate retinas, has evolved to overcome the limitations of the inverted retina, as cephalopods have never evolved this structure. However, an 'inverted' retina actually improves image quality through
948:. The book ignited a firestorm of criticism from the creationist community but was well received by the scientific community and received unanimously favorable reviews in the dozens of non-creationist media outlets that covered it.
2525:
Hirotsune, S; Yoshida, N; Chen, A; Garrett, L; Sugiyama, F; Takahashi, S; Yagami, K; Wynshaw-Boris, A; Yoshiki, A.; et al. (2003). "An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene".
1474:
of the theory. Christian proponents of both intelligent design and creationism may claim that good design indicates the creative intelligence of their God, while poor design indicates corruption of the world as a result of
647:
Although the phrase "argument from poor design" has seen little use, this type of argument has been advanced many times using words and phrases such as "poor design", "suboptimal design", "unintelligent design" or
990:. The prenatal skull will deform to a surprising extent. However, if the baby's head is significantly larger than the pelvic opening, the baby cannot be born naturally. Prior to the development of modern surgery (
1313:
Sturdy but heavy bones, suited for non-flight, occurring in animals like bats. Or, on the converse: unstable, light, hollow bones, suited for flight, occurring in birds like penguins and ostriches, which cannot
1418:
that are nonfunctional "junk", with others noting that some sections of DNA can be randomized, cut, or added to with no apparent effect on the organism in question. The original study that suggested that the
1953:"Nervous System Guide by the National Science Teachers Association." Nervous System Guide by the National Science Teachers Association. National Science Teachers Association, n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
1047:
but indirectly by the presence of carbon dioxide. A result is that, at high altitudes, oxygen deprivation can occur in unadapted individuals who do not consciously increase their breathing rate.
767:. This predicts that features that were evolved for certain uses are then reused or co-opted for different uses, or abandoned altogether; and that suboptimal state is due to the inability of the
2248:
Franze, Kristian; Grosche, Jens; Skatchkov, Serguei N.; Schinkinger, Stefan; Foja, Christian; Schild, Detlev; Uckermann, Ortrud; Travis, Kort; Reichenbach, Andreas; Guck, Jochen (2007-05-15).
2030:
Ohta Y, Nishikimi M (October 1999). "Random nucleotide substitutions in primate nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the missing enzyme in L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis".
1423:
served some purpose has been disputed. However, the original study is still frequently cited in newer studies and articles on pseudogenes previously thought to be nonfunctional.
2316:
1342:
Many species have strong instincts to behave in response to a certain stimulus. Natural selection can leave animals behaving in detrimental ways when they encounter a
2766:
1955:
778:
terms, natural selection will always push "up the hill", but a species cannot normally get from a lower peak to a higher peak without first going through a valley.
1214:
lack cone cells and might be able to judge color by bringing specific wavelengths to a focus on the retina, an inverted retina might interfere with this mechanism.
403:
1575:
2492:
3280:
2928:
1462:, imposing that either a creator deity designed life on earth well or flaws in design indicate the life is not designed. This allows proponents of
5417:
5369:
2662:
1645:
2234:
664:), Haeckel devoted most of a chapter to the argument, ending with the proposition (perhaps with tongue slightly in cheek) of "a theory of the
656:
applied the term "dysteleology" to the implications of organs so rudimentary as to be useless to the life of an organism. In his 1868 book
2146:
2636:
2115:
1402:
compounds that assist with various biological control (homeostatic) mechanisms. In young adults, the appendix has some immune functions.
1310:, and plants overcome its poor activity by having massive amounts of it inside their cells, making it the most abundant protein on Earth.
889:
842:
861:
683:
Traditional
Christian theological responses generally posit that God constructed a perfect universe but that humanity's misuse of its
4327:
1916:
577:
5427:
4338:
2579:"The putatively functional Mkrn1-p1 pseudogene is neither expressed nor imprinted, nor does it regulate its source gene in trans"
868:
797:. They argue that such features can be explained as a consequence of the gradual, cumulative nature of the evolutionary process.
74:
1613:
3321:
1476:
644:
appear too well-designed to have originated by chance, and so an intelligent God or gods must have deliberately created them).
198:
2511:
2308:
1736:
2851:
2686:
1432:
2891:
4802:
4777:
2921:
875:
1959:
1627:
5097:
2169:
673:
148:
2361:
Spreitzer RJ, Salvucci ME (2002). "Rubisco: structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme".
5053:
4400:
3213:
3196:
2113:"Wisdom Teeth." American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). AAOMS, n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
994:), such a complication would lead to the death of the mother, the baby, or both. Other birthing complications such as
857:
5422:
4965:
3740:
2832:
2775:
2756:
2736:
2467:
908:
1983:"Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone oxidase, a key enzyme for ascorbic acid biosynthesis"
5293:
191:
5432:
5023:
4367:
4025:
3938:
2914:
1017:
can later form. Prior to modern surgical techniques, complications from hernias, such as intestinal blockage and
112:
4617:
3137:
1190:. Having the optic nerve connected to the side of the retina that does not receive the light, as is the case in
5361:
1414:
has a purpose does not establish that all non-coding DNA has a purpose, and that the human genome does include
846:
127:
2900:
5158:
5153:
4892:
4317:
4150:
3943:
3802:
3653:
2794:
2484:
1394:
questions the first premise of the argument, claiming that "intelligent design" does not need to be optimal.
570:
550:
396:
159:
51:
41:
2699:
1321:
body parts, like the femur and pelvis in whales (evolution indicates the ancestors of whales lived on land).
5092:
4292:
1410:
In response to the claim that uses have been found for "junk" DNA, proponents note that the fact that some
1206:
by reducing distortion. The effects of the blind spots resulting from the inverted retina are cancelled by
2806:
1857:
5276:
3704:
3661:
3191:
3181:
729:
Therefore, God either did not create these organisms or is not omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.
5341:
4612:
3666:
3331:
3296:
3092:
882:
243:
5243:
3885:
2167:"Squid Brains, Eyes, and Color." Squid Brains, Eyes, and Color. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
1279:
2654:
5374:
5323:
5168:
4807:
4003:
3933:
3754:
3519:
3448:
3443:
3142:
2861:
2235:"The Night Begins to Shine: The Tapetum Lucidum and Our Backward Retinas | Skeptical Inquirer"
1467:
1033:
563:
2347:
1940:
1552:
1163:
although humans share the same tooth set. This results in a number of problems, most notably with
5308:
5253:
5112:
5009:
4528:
4200:
3915:
3855:
3847:
3544:
3539:
3326:
3311:
3176:
1431:
The argument from poor design is sometimes interpreted, by the argumenter or the listener, as an
1134:
1111:
835:
801:
generally reject the argument from design, but do still maintain belief in the existence of God.
203:
176:
107:
46:
2142:
1367:
breathe air, but live in the water, meaning they must swim to the surface frequently to breathe.
703:
Natural selection is expected to push fitness to a peak, but that peak often is not the highest.
5058:
4393:
3797:
3616:
3233:
3228:
2937:
1336:
1303:
1250:
cells start in the abdomen but connect to the wing. This leads to unnecessary use of materials.
798:
2119:
1257:, apparently constructed from components commonly having different functions in other flowers.
951:
Several defects in human anatomy can result in death, especially without modern medical care:
5198:
5102:
4872:
4835:
4787:
4675:
4332:
4287:
4225:
4215:
3554:
3418:
3263:
3253:
3238:
3186:
2873:"Why Weren't Plants Created 100% Efficient at Photosynthesis? (OR: Why Aren't Plants Black?)"
2374:
2196:
1666:
738:
637:
169:
102:
208:
5218:
4867:
4322:
3767:
3699:
3642:
3626:
3611:
3591:
3549:
3423:
3268:
3258:
3243:
3208:
3203:
3171:
2747:
2590:
2535:
2413:
1652:, also brought with it tragic cosmic consequences, for it ushered in natural evil as well."
1343:
1265:
734:
632:
496:
487:
438:
323:
3965:
1904:
8:
5313:
4944:
4882:
4792:
4729:
4639:
4627:
4307:
4008:
3880:
3759:
3428:
3351:
3341:
3218:
3102:
3097:
2488:
1750:
Kooij, I. A.; Sahami, S.; Meijer, S. L.; Buskens, C. J.; Te Velde, A. A. (October 2016).
1325:
1226:
1187:
353:
238:
213:
186:
2594:
2539:
2417:
2341:
1934:
1680:
1546:
5298:
5261:
5228:
5223:
5188:
5145:
5033:
5004:
4924:
4887:
4422:
4297:
4255:
4165:
4130:
3905:
3870:
3772:
3714:
3676:
3671:
3507:
3497:
3301:
3273:
3223:
3014:
2974:
2613:
2578:
2559:
2437:
2386:
2284:
2249:
2216:
2197:"The glow of the night: The tapetum lucidum as a co‐adaptation for the inverted retina"
2096:
2012:
1885:
1833:
1808:
1784:
1751:
1708:
1595:
1519:
1463:
1458:
as a mechanism of his creation. Arguers from poor design regard counter-arguments as a
1451:
1398:
1387:
1222:
1130:
1051:
933:
677:
514:
338:
328:
164:
154:
69:
4060:
4013:
2043:
5394:
5351:
4984:
4929:
4919:
4911:
4877:
4762:
4711:
4533:
4386:
4357:
4353:
4235:
4220:
3890:
3837:
3817:
3719:
3709:
3636:
3465:
3455:
3248:
3036:
2956:
2847:
2828:
2771:
2761:
2752:
2732:
2682:
2618:
2551:
2463:
2441:
2429:
2378:
2289:
2271:
2220:
2088:
2047:
2004:
1889:
1877:
1838:
1789:
1771:
1587:
1455:
1186:
species. This arrangement forces a number of complex adaptations and gives mammals a
991:
976:
929:
786:
775:
764:
756:
538:
534:
373:
264:
3860:
2100:
2067:"The Argument from Design: A Guided Tour of William Paley's Natural Theology (1802)"
2016:
1357:
absorbs green light poorly, even though black plants would absorb more light energy.
5203:
5063:
5015:
4934:
4752:
4260:
4123:
4093:
4083:
4078:
3975:
3960:
3606:
3502:
3336:
3156:
3127:
3066:
3004:
2608:
2598:
2563:
2543:
2507:
2421:
2390:
2370:
2279:
2261:
2208:
2078:
2039:
1994:
1869:
1828:
1820:
1779:
1763:
1728:
1599:
1579:
1471:
1298:
1207:
1079:
925:
599:
526:
478:
431:
424:
417:
363:
308:
97:
1694:
1583:
1450:
The apparently suboptimal design of organisms has also been used by proponents of
5398:
5303:
5233:
4989:
4939:
4757:
4644:
4267:
4250:
4205:
4195:
4140:
4113:
4050:
4045:
4030:
3955:
3691:
3681:
3316:
3306:
3107:
2984:
2742:
2675:
2455:
1484:
1391:
1307:
1199:
1195:
1156:
1055:
941:
794:
790:
720:
614:
410:
333:
293:
278:
233:
228:
218:
181:
5163:
4830:
4654:
4649:
4622:
4491:
4240:
4230:
4170:
4118:
4055:
3950:
3875:
3832:
3812:
3601:
3477:
3438:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3041:
2839:
2254:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1661:
1411:
1211:
960:
782:
313:
298:
273:
117:
2173:
2140:
Nave, R. "The Retina." of the Human Eye. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
2083:
2066:
1999:
1982:
1873:
1203:
1167:, which can damage neighboring teeth or cause serious infections of the mouth.
944:
published his book on poor design in the human body and genome in 2018 titled
5411:
5073:
4974:
4566:
4471:
4210:
4135:
4018:
3998:
3910:
3865:
3076:
2337:
2275:
2092:
1930:
1824:
1775:
1542:
1514:
1459:
1436:
1331:
653:
603:
358:
303:
132:
2781:
Gurney, Peter W.G. (1999). "Is our 'inverted' retina really 'bad design'?".
2603:
2266:
771:
mechanism to eliminate the particular vestiges of the evolutionary process.
699:
5288:
5193:
5183:
5083:
5048:
5028:
4969:
4897:
4782:
4685:
4632:
4155:
4145:
4108:
4098:
4088:
3980:
3895:
3827:
3724:
3388:
3112:
3061:
2872:
2622:
2555:
2433:
2382:
2293:
2212:
2051:
1881:
1842:
1793:
1732:
1591:
1509:
1282:
is such that it travels from the brain to the larynx by looping around the
1183:
1164:
1059:
1009:. Later during gestation, they migrate through the abdominal wall into the
995:
987:
932:. Critics cite such common biological occurrences as contradictory to the '
649:
626:
368:
348:
288:
2008:
1286:. This same configuration holds true for many animals; in the case of the
1210:, as the blind spots in both eyes are oppositely angled. Additionally, as
5266:
5178:
5107:
5043:
4999:
4817:
4772:
4725:
4659:
4503:
4466:
4175:
4160:
4040:
4035:
3581:
3514:
3433:
3398:
3378:
3046:
2906:
2821:
1480:
1444:
1440:
1415:
1354:
1283:
1191:
1148:, which can produce urinary difficulties if the prostate becomes swollen.
1095:
716:
712:
688:
668:
in organisms, as a counter-hypothesis to the old popular doctrine of the
610:
473:
468:
283:
79:
2967:
2547:
2404:
Ellis RJ (January 2010). "Biochemistry: Tackling unintelligent design".
1615:
The
Corruption and Redemption of Creation: Nature in Romans 8, Volume 34
5331:
5238:
5213:
5173:
4767:
4538:
4523:
4518:
4486:
4461:
4103:
3900:
3822:
3807:
3596:
3566:
3529:
3487:
3482:
3413:
3051:
1809:"Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus-triggers, mechanisms and treatment"
1275:
The existence of unnecessary wings in flightless birds, e.g. ostriches.
1159:
drainage, as human faces are significantly flatter than those of other
1123:
781:
The argument from poor design is one of the arguments that was used by
459:
318:
122:
1767:
1752:"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature"
4994:
4825:
4716:
4513:
4498:
4481:
4476:
4456:
4245:
3970:
3792:
3621:
3586:
3571:
3534:
2951:
1370:
1318:
1218:
1171:
1107:
1100:
1087:
1029:
760:
684:
343:
2425:
1858:"Tinnitus and risk of attempted suicide: A one year follow-up study"
1566:
Wise, Donald (2005-07-22). ""Intelligent" Design versus
Evolution".
824:
5346:
4979:
4561:
4508:
4409:
4312:
4302:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3729:
3576:
3492:
3460:
3373:
3365:
3056:
3031:
2999:
2994:
1956:"Nervous System Guide by the National Science Teachers Association"
1297:
has been described as a "notoriously inefficient" enzyme, as it is
1160:
1145:
1110:, but humans cannot because the gene for this enzyme is defective (
1091:
1065:
1018:
768:
618:
1043:
The breathing reflex is stimulated not directly by the absence of
5336:
5038:
4949:
4797:
4744:
4680:
4574:
3561:
3472:
3393:
3383:
3026:
2979:
2844:
Unintelligent Design: Why God Isn't as Smart as She Thinks She Is
2250:"Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina"
2247:
1504:
1364:
1294:
1287:
1141:
1119:
1037:
1025:
1010:
1006:
748:
Therefore, life must have been created by an intelligent creator.
745:
Living things are too well-designed to have originated by chance.
641:
27:
5284:
4847:
4434:
3631:
3524:
3403:
1488:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1175:
1118:
and eventually death. The gene is also non-functional in other
1115:
1086:
The common malformation of the human spinal column, leading to
1044:
1014:
1002:
983:
972:
964:
956:
1221:'s non-nutritious ingredients, and even wholly non-nutritious
4840:
4690:
4581:
4556:
4451:
3408:
2961:
2877:
Woodmorappe, J. (2003). "Pseudogene function: more evidence"
2460:
Intelligent design: the bridge between science & theology
1360:
1269:
1261:
1247:
1152:
968:
723:
creator God would create organisms that have optimal design.
680:"), to describe aspects of nature seen as flawed in design.
621:
with the perceived suboptimal designs that occur in nature.
5068:
4851:
4721:
4378:
2989:
2524:
1642:
The
Cambridge Companion to Christian Philosophical Theology
1347:
2729:
Inside the Human Genome: A Case for Non-Intelligent Design
1182:
of the retina instead of behind it as is the case in many
1013:. This causes two weak points in the abdominal wall where
921:
5208:
4695:
4595:
3071:
2360:
2195:
Vee, Samantha; Barclay, Gerald; Lents, Nathan H. (2022).
1492:
1178:
is 'inside out'. The nerves and blood vessels lie on the
606:
2576:
1749:
1470:
which aspects of life constitute design, leading to the
755:"Poor design" is consistent with the predictions of the
2309:"Weird pupils let octopuses see their colorful gardens"
2767:
2577:
Gray, TA; Wilson, A; Fortin, PJ; Nicholls, RD (2006).
1435:, or against characteristics commonly attributed to a
1036:, with the consequent drastic increase in the risk of
691:
has resulted in the corruption of divine good design.
676:
popularised the term "incompetent design" (a play on "
1681:"Creation: Review of Human Errors by Nathan H Lents"
2029:
1980:
1290:, this results in about twenty feet of extra nerve.
1106:Almost all animals and plants synthesize their own
849:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1726:
1094:and congenital misalignment of the vertebrae. The
998:are worsened by this position of the birth canal.
5409:
1405:
2838:
2681:(New York: Simon & Schuster), 2006. p 191.
2194:
1454:to argue in favour of a creator deity who uses
1426:
1268:in a manner similar to how other creatures use
598:, is an argument against the assumption of the
1629:God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict
1495:"I will increase your trouble in pregnancy").
16:Argument against assuming the existence of God
4394:
2922:
2485:"What is the function of the human appendix?"
1695:"Evolution News: articles about Human Errors"
1306:. However, RuBisCO remains the key enzyme in
571:
2804:
2698:Mitchell, Dr. Elizabeth (15 November 2006).
1078:Barely used nerves and muscles, such as the
726:Organisms have features that are suboptimal.
2346:. Appleton, New York: D. Appleton. p.
1939:. Appleton, New York: D. Appleton. p.
1729:"Evidence for Jury-Rigged Design in Nature"
1551:. Appleton, New York: D. Appleton. p.
1174:(as well as those of all vertebrates). The
4860:
4401:
4387:
2936:
2929:
2915:
1126:, but is functional in most other animals.
578:
564:
4328:Relationship between religion and science
2892:A short interview with prof. Don Wise at
2612:
2602:
2283:
2265:
2082:
1998:
1832:
1783:
1537:
1535:
909:Learn how and when to remove this message
5144:
2697:
2403:
2375:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135233
1709:"Human Errors: The Human Evolution Blog"
920:
698:
2879:Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal/TJ
2783:Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal/TJ
2454:
2336:
2306:
2064:
1929:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1541:
75:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
5418:Arguments against the existence of God
5410:
4421:
3254:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
2780:
2482:
1640:ed. Charles Taliaferro, Chad Meister,
1532:
1198:and colleagues have proposed that the
624:The argument is structured as a basic
5133:
4420:
4382:
2910:
2505:
2495:from the original on October 9, 2012.
2483:Martin, Loren G. (October 21, 1999).
1981:Nishikimi M, Yagi K (December 1991).
1902:
1896:
1855:
1849:
1806:
1800:
1433:argument against the existence of God
1756:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1727:Colby, Chris; Loren Petrich (1993).
1715:
1565:
1382:
847:adding citations to reliable sources
818:
2462:. InterVarsity Press. p. 261.
1377:
1353:Plants are green and not black, as
674:University of Massachusetts Amherst
652:. The nineteenth-century biologist
546:
13:
2807:"Neither intelligent nor designed"
2721:
2476:
2065:Gregory, T. Ryan (December 2009).
1253:Intricate reproductive devices in
785:; modern proponents have included
617:deity or deities would not create
609:, based on the reasoning that any
14:
5444:
4966:Attributes of God in Christianity
2885:
2071:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1373:cannot take off or land properly.
5393:
4363:
4362:
4352:
2665:from the original on 2006-09-28.
2514:from the original on 2006-09-11.
1919:from the original on 2011-08-17.
1739:from the original on 2011-08-11.
1114:). Lack of vitamin C results in
823:
672:". In 2005, Donald Wise of the
545:
533:
522:
521:
5428:Criticism of intelligent design
5024:Great Architect of the Universe
2805:Martin, B.; Martin, F. (2003).
2691:
2669:
2647:
2629:
2570:
2518:
2499:
2448:
2397:
2354:
2330:
2319:from the original on 2016-07-06
2300:
2241:
2227:
2188:
2170:"Squid Brains, Eyes, and Color"
2161:
2149:from the original on 2015-05-04
2134:
2116:"Wisdom Teeth | AAOMS.org"
2107:
2058:
2023:
1974:
1947:
1923:
1743:
834:needs additional citations for
658:Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte
113:Discrimination against atheists
2700:"The Evolution of Childbirth?"
2307:Sanders, Robert (2016-07-05).
1862:Journal of Affective Disorders
1701:
1687:
1673:
1655:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1559:
1194:, would avoid these problems.
1133:and genetic disorders such as
1072:
814:
650:"dysteleology/dysteleological"
128:Separation of church and state
1:
4803:Trinity of the Church Fathers
2143:"The Retina of the Human Eye"
2044:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00123-3
1584:10.1126/science.309.5734.556c
1525:
1406:Responses to counterarguments
1233:
1058:thought to serve no purpose.
1005:develop initially within the
397:Atheism: The Case Against God
52:Negative and positive atheism
42:Implicit and explicit atheism
5134:
4408:
4293:Desacralization of knowledge
2901:Unintelligent Design Network
2731:, Oxford University Press.
2655:"The Panda's Peculiar Thumb"
1903:Selim, Jocelyn (June 2004).
1427:As an argument regarding God
1304:competitive enzyme inhibitor
1229:to prefer them to nutrients.
1144:passes directly through the
1021:, usually resulted in death.
809:
7:
5054:Phenomenological definition
3705:Best of all possible worlds
3662:Eschatological verification
3219:Fine-tuning of the universe
1498:
858:"Argument from poor design"
804:
694:
10:
5449:
1339:, but most animals do not.
1028:, a passage used for both
733:It is sometimes used as a
244:Theological noncognitivism
5391:
5360:
5322:
5275:
5252:
5140:
5129:
5082:
4958:
4910:
4816:
4743:
4704:
4668:
4605:
4594:
4547:
4442:
4433:
4429:
4416:
4348:
4280:
4184:
4069:
3989:
3924:
3846:
3753:
3738:
3690:
3652:
3364:
3289:
3164:
3155:
3085:
3022:
3013:
2944:
2084:10.1007/s12052-009-0184-6
1874:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.009
1813:Nature Reviews. Neurology
1329:and species of the genus
1280:recurrent laryngeal nerve
1227:physiological adaptations
982:In the human female, the
741:, which runs as follows:
592:argument from poor design
5423:Criticism of creationism
4808:Trinitarian universalism
3934:Friedrich Schleiermacher
3520:Theories about religions
3322:Inconsistent revelations
2871:Woodmorappe, J. (1999).
2862:"The Gods Must Be Tidy!"
1993:(6 Suppl): 1203S–1208S.
1825:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.12
1217:Humans are attracted to
707:The argument runs that:
596:dysteleological argument
5010:Godhead in Christianity
2727:Avise, John C. (2010),
2604:10.1073/pnas.0602216103
2343:The History of Creation
2267:10.1073/pnas.0611180104
2000:10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1203s
1936:The History of Creation
1548:The History of Creation
955:In the human female, a
662:The History of Creation
199:Inconsistent revelation
193:Incompatible properties
108:Demographics of atheism
5433:Evolution and religion
3798:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
2938:Philosophy of religion
2583:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2213:10.1002/bies.202200003
2032:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1337:biological immortality
937:
799:Theistic evolutionists
704:
666:unsuitability of parts
4836:Fate of the unlearned
4788:Shield of the Trinity
4333:Faith and rationality
4288:Criticism of religion
4226:Robert Merrihew Adams
4216:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3419:Divine command theory
2846:. Allen & Unwin.
2793:Leonard, P. (1993). "
1807:Shore, Susan (2016).
1667:The Origin of Species
1266:radial sesamoid bones
1225:, and can experience
1024:The existence of the
959:can implant into the
928:representation of an
924:
702:
640:(which suggests that
171:Fate of the unlearned
149:Arguments for atheism
103:Criticism of religion
4323:Religious philosophy
3803:Pico della Mirandola
3768:Anselm of Canterbury
3700:Augustinian theodicy
3612:Religious skepticism
2945:Concepts in religion
2825:Unintelligent Design
2748:The Blind Watchmaker
2506:Isaak, Mark (2004).
1905:"Useless Body Parts"
1350:flying into a flame.
1344:supernormal stimulus
1135:Huntington's disease
843:improve this article
751:This creator is God.
739:argument from design
735:reductio ad absurdum
670:suitability of parts
638:argument from design
633:reductio ad absurdum
594:, also known as the
497:Criticism of atheism
488:Atheism and religion
439:The System of Nature
324:Christopher Hitchens
5370:Slavic Native Faith
4793:Trinitarian formula
4730:Father of Greatness
4613:Abrahamic religions
4308:History of religion
4009:Friedrich Nietzsche
3886:Gottfried W Leibniz
3881:Nicolas Malebranche
3813:King James VI and I
3093:Abrahamic religions
2868:, July/August 2004.
2842:(1 February 2007).
2679:The Language of God
2676:Collins, Francis S.
2595:2006PNAS..10312039G
2589:(32): 12039–12044.
2548:10.1038/nature01535
2540:2003Natur.423...91H
2489:Scientific American
2418:2010Natur.463..164E
2363:Annu Rev Plant Biol
2237:. 29 December 2022.
1326:Turritopsis dohrnii
1131:congenital diseases
1001:In the human male,
986:passes through the
940:American scientist
354:Friedrich Nietzsche
214:Omnipotence paradox
22:Part of a series on
5332:Abrahamic prophecy
5262:Ayyavazhi theology
5034:Apophatic theology
4423:Conceptions of God
4318:Religious language
4298:Ethics in religion
4256:William Lane Craig
4131:Charles Hartshorne
3871:Desiderius Erasmus
3773:Augustine of Hippo
3715:Inconsistent triad
3677:Apophatic theology
3672:Logical positivism
3654:Religious language
3274:Watchmaker analogy
3239:Necessary existent
3015:Conceptions of God
2975:Intelligent design
2811:Skeptical Inquirer
2762:Gould, Stephen Jay
2704:Answers in Genesis
2641:scholar.google.com
1856:Cheng, YF (2023).
1711:. 16 October 2017.
1670:, 6th ed., Ch. 14.
1520:Human vestigiality
1464:intelligent design
1452:theistic evolution
1388:Intelligent design
1264:of their enlarged
1223:psychoactive drugs
1129:The prevalence of
938:
934:watchmaker analogy
737:of the well-known
705:
678:intelligent design
636:of the well-known
404:Breaking the Spell
339:Michael Lou Martin
165:Evil God challenge
70:History of atheism
5405:
5404:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5016:Latter Day Saints
4985:Divine simplicity
4906:
4905:
4763:Consubstantiality
4739:
4738:
4590:
4589:
4534:Theistic finitism
4376:
4375:
4276:
4275:
4236:Peter van Inwagen
4221:Richard Swinburne
4166:George I Mavrodes
4026:Vladimir Solovyov
3966:Søren Kierkegaard
3891:William Wollaston
3838:William of Ockham
3818:Marcion of Sinope
3720:Irenaean theodicy
3710:Euthyphro dilemma
3637:Transcendentalism
3466:Womanist theology
3456:Feminist theology
3360:
3359:
3151:
3150:
3037:Divine simplicity
2957:Euthyphro dilemma
2853:978-1-74114-923-4
2687:978-1-4165-4274-2
2661:. November 1978.
2260:(20): 8287–8292.
1987:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
1768:10.1111/cei.12821
1626:Gregory A. Boyd,
1483:(for example, in
1456:natural selection
1383:Specific examples
1278:The route of the
1170:The structure of
992:caesarean section
977:ectopic pregnancy
930:ectopic pregnancy
919:
918:
911:
893:
787:Stephen Jay Gould
776:fitness landscape
765:natural selection
757:scientific theory
689:rebel against God
588:
587:
553:
541:
539:Philosophy portal
529:
517:
504:
503:
381:
380:
374:Victor J. Stenger
265:Lists of atheists
5440:
5397:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5130:
5018:
4858:
4857:
4753:Athanasian Creed
4603:
4602:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4261:Ali Akbar Rashad
4124:Reinhold Niebuhr
4084:Bertrand Russell
4079:George Santayana
3976:Albrecht Ritschl
3961:Ludwig Feuerbach
3751:
3750:
3747:(by date active)
3607:Process theology
3352:Russell's teapot
3162:
3161:
3157:Existence of God
3067:Process theology
3020:
3019:
3005:Theological veto
2968:religious belief
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2860:Witt, Jonathan.
2857:
2835:– December 2003)
2818:
2790:
2743:Dawkins, Richard
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2689:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2637:"Google Scholar"
2633:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2510:. Talk.Origins.
2503:
2497:
2496:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2456:Dembski, William
2452:
2446:
2445:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2269:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2172:. Archived from
2165:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2118:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1539:
1479:that caused the
1472:unfalsifiability
1378:Counterarguments
1208:binocular vision
1112:Pseudogene ΨGULO
1080:plantaris muscle
971:rather than the
914:
907:
903:
900:
894:
892:
851:
827:
819:
580:
573:
566:
549:
548:
544:
537:
532:
525:
524:
520:
513:
479:Secular humanism
456:
455:
432:God Is Not Great
425:The God Delusion
418:The End of Faith
364:Bertrand Russell
309:Ludwig Feuerbach
261:
260:
239:Russell's teapot
194:
187:Hitchens's razor
172:
98:Atheist feminism
19:
18:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5399:Religion portal
5379:
5356:
5318:
5299:Holy Scriptures
5271:
5248:
5136:
5117:
5078:
5014:
4990:Divine presence
4954:
4902:
4856:
4812:
4758:Comma Johanneum
4735:
4700:
4664:
4598:
4586:
4543:
4425:
4412:
4407:
4377:
4372:
4344:
4272:
4268:Alexander Pruss
4251:Jean-Luc Marion
4206:Alvin Plantinga
4201:Dewi Z Phillips
4188:
4186:
4180:
4151:Walter Kaufmann
4141:Frithjof Schuon
4114:Rudolf Bultmann
4071:
4065:
4061:Joseph Maréchal
4051:Pavel Florensky
4046:Sergei Bulgakov
4031:Ernst Troeltsch
4014:Harald Høffding
3991:
3985:
3956:William Whewell
3944:Georg W F Hegel
3939:Karl C F Krause
3926:
3920:
3916:Johann G Herder
3906:Baron d'Holbach
3856:Augustin Calmet
3842:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3734:
3692:Problem of evil
3686:
3682:Verificationism
3648:
3356:
3302:Atheist's Wager
3285:
3147:
3081:
3009:
2985:Problem of evil
2940:
2935:
2894:Really Magazine
2888:
2854:
2840:Williams, Robyn
2724:
2722:Further reading
2719:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2696:
2692:
2674:
2670:
2659:NATURAL HISTORY
2653:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2575:
2571:
2523:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2453:
2449:
2426:10.1038/463164a
2412:(7278): 164–5.
2402:
2398:
2359:
2355:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2301:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2038:(1–2): 408–11.
2028:
2024:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1928:
1924:
1901:
1897:
1854:
1850:
1805:
1801:
1748:
1744:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1662:Darwin, Charles
1660:
1656:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1564:
1560:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1501:
1429:
1408:
1392:William Dembski
1385:
1380:
1308:carbon fixation
1236:
1212:cephalopod eyes
1200:tapetum lucidum
1075:
1056:vestigial organ
942:Nathan H. Lents
915:
904:
898:
895:
852:
850:
840:
828:
817:
812:
807:
795:Nathan H. Lents
791:Richard Dawkins
697:
584:
506:
505:
453:
452:Related stances
445:
444:
411:De rerum natura
391:
383:
382:
334:Lawrence Krauss
329:Baron d'Holbach
294:Richard Dawkins
279:Mikhail Bakunin
258:
250:
249:
248:
234:Problem of Hell
229:Problem of evil
219:Parody religion
192:
182:God of the gaps
170:
155:Atheist's wager
146:
138:
137:
93:
85:
84:
65:
57:
56:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:Predestination
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:Biblical canon
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4959:Other concepts
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4855:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4831:Apocalypticism
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4745:Trinitarianism
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4660:Zoroastrianism
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4492:Urmonotheismus
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4437:
4427:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4281:Related topics
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:Daniel Dennett
4238:
4233:
4231:Ravi Zacharias
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:William L Rowe
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:William Alston
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4119:Gabriel Marcel
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4056:Ernst Cassirer
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3951:Thomas Carlyle
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Baruch Spinoza
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:René Descartes
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3833:Thomas Aquinas
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3748:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Possibilianism
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Fundamentalism
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3439:Existentialism
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Noncognitivism
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3281:Transcendental
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Pascal's wager
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3177:Christological
3174:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2903:satirical site
2898:
2887:
2886:External links
2884:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2819:
2802:
2795:Too much light
2791:
2778:
2759:
2740:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2690:
2668:
2646:
2628:
2569:
2534:(6935): 91–6.
2517:
2498:
2475:
2468:
2447:
2396:
2353:
2338:Haeckel, Ernst
2329:
2299:
2240:
2226:
2187:
2160:
2133:
2106:
2077:(4): 602–611.
2057:
2022:
1973:
1946:
1931:Haeckel, Ernst
1922:
1895:
1848:
1819:(3): 150–160.
1799:
1742:
1714:
1700:
1686:
1672:
1654:
1633:
1619:
1605:
1558:
1543:Haeckel, Ernst
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1428:
1425:
1412:non-coding DNA
1407:
1404:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1351:
1340:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1291:
1276:
1273:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1168:
1149:
1138:
1127:
1104:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1048:
1041:
1022:
999:
980:
961:fallopian tube
957:fertilized egg
917:
916:
831:
829:
822:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
783:Charles Darwin
753:
752:
749:
746:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:omnibenevolent
696:
693:
615:omnibenevolent
586:
585:
583:
582:
575:
568:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
542:
530:
518:
508:
507:
502:
501:
500:
499:
491:
490:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
463:
462:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:A. C. Grayling
311:
306:
301:
299:Daniel Dennett
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Julian Baggini
268:
267:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
189:
184:
179:
174:
167:
162:
160:Creator of God
157:
151:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
118:Secular ethics
115:
110:
105:
100:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5445:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Denominations
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5314:Last Judgment
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5128:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5074:Unmoved mover
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Binitarianism
4973:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4696:Supreme Being
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:Gender of God
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Kathenotheism
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Anthony Kenny
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Mircea Eliade
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:William James
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Ernst Haeckel
3997:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Immanuel Kant
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Blaise Pascal
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Language game
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Occam's razor
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Consciousness
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:Unmoved mover
3075:
3073:
3072:Supreme Being
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:1-59102-084-0
2830:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2799:New Scientist
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2776:0-393-30023-4
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:0-393-30448-5
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:0-19-539343-0
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2508:"Claim CB130"
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2469:0-8308-2314-X
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2314:
2313:Berkeley News
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2176:on 2013-11-11
2175:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2122:on 2013-11-10
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1962:on 2013-10-01
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1646:pages 160-161
1643:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1612:Harry Hahne,
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Maladaptation
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:false dilemma
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:creator deity
1434:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
943:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
910:
902:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860: –
859:
855:
854:Find sources:
848:
844:
838:
837:
832:This article
830:
826:
821:
820:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
736:
728:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
708:
701:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Ernst Haeckel
651:
645:
643:
642:living things
639:
635:
634:
629:
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
519:
516:
512:
511:
510:
509:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
461:
458:
457:
449:
448:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
393:
387:
386:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Michel Onfray
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Denis Diderot
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
263:
262:
254:
253:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Occam's razor
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
142:
141:
134:
133:State atheism
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
89:
88:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
61:
60:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
5209:Hamartiology
5194:Ecclesiology
5184:Pneumatology
5093:Christianity
5084:Names of God
5059:Philo's view
5049:Personal god
5029:Great Spirit
4968: /
4925:Christianity
4783:Perichoresis
4686:Emanationism
4628:Christianity
4618:Baháʼí Faith
4596:Singular god
4569:
4529:Spiritualism
4337:
4156:Martin Lings
4109:Emil Brunner
4099:Paul Tillich
4089:Martin Buber
4004:W K Clifford
3981:Afrikan Spir
3896:Thomas Chubb
3848:Early modern
3828:Adi Shankara
3741:Philosophers
3725:Natural evil
3641:
3617:Spiritualism
3592:Perennialism
3545:Metaphysical
3389:Antireligion
3346:
3264:Teleological
3187:Cosmological
3138:Baháʼí Faith
3103:Christianity
3062:Personal god
2893:
2881:17(2):15?18.
2878:
2865:
2843:
2824:
2822:Perakh, Mark
2814:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2765:
2746:
2728:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:
2693:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2501:
2478:
2459:
2450:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2342:
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2109:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2035:
2031:
2025:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1949:
1935:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1733:Talk.Origins
1703:
1689:
1675:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1547:
1510:Vestigiality
1449:
1430:
1420:
1409:
1396:
1386:
1330:
1324:
1204:müller cells
1184:invertebrate
1179:
1165:wisdom teeth
1060:Appendicitis
996:breech birth
950:
946:Human Errors
945:
939:
905:
896:
886:
879:
872:
865:
853:
841:Please help
836:verification
833:
780:
773:
763:by means of
754:
732:
706:
682:
669:
665:
661:
657:
646:
631:
627:modus ponens
625:
623:
600:existence of
595:
591:
589:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
369:Peter Singer
349:Jean Meslier
289:Albert Camus
223:
5267:Krishnology
5244:Soteriology
5199:Eschatology
5179:Christology
5044:Open theism
5000:Exotheology
4898:Zoroastrian
4861:By religion
4818:Eschatology
4773:Homoiousian
4726:Ahura Mazda
4504:Panentheism
4467:Hermeticism
4176:Antony Flew
4161:Peter Geach
4094:René Guénon
4041:Lev Shestov
4036:Rudolf Otto
3743:of religion
3582:Panentheism
3515:Inclusivism
3434:Exclusivism
3429:Esotericism
3399:Creationism
3379:Agnosticism
3347:Poor design
3342:Omnipotence
3269:Natural law
3244:Ontological
3197:Contingency
3047:Holy Spirit
2789:(1): 37–44.
2709:11 December
1868:: 141–145.
1578:: 556–557.
1481:fall of man
1468:cherry pick
1445:omniscience
1441:omnipotence
1421:Makorin1-p1
1416:pseudogenes
1371:Albatrosses
1355:chlorophyll
1293:The enzyme
1284:aortic arch
1260:The use by
1192:cephalopods
1124:guinea pigs
1096:spinal cord
1073:Other flaws
1034:respiration
984:birth canal
975:causing an
815:Fatal flaws
551:WikiProject
474:Freethought
469:Agnosticism
284:Mario Bunge
224:Poor design
80:New Atheism
5412:Categories
5352:Philosophy
5239:Sophiology
5219:Philosophy
5214:Messianism
5174:Paterology
4778:Hypostasis
4768:Homoousian
4599:theologies
4539:Theopanism
4524:Polytheism
4487:Monotheism
4462:Henotheism
4146:J L Mackie
4104:Karl Barth
3901:David Hume
3823:Maimonides
3808:Heraclitus
3597:Polytheism
3567:Nondualism
3555:Humanistic
3540:Naturalism
3530:Monotheism
3488:Henotheism
3483:Gnosticism
3414:Demonology
3297:747 gambit
3214:Experience
3052:Misotheism
2866:Touchstone
2369:: 449–75.
2323:2021-01-12
2180:2013-11-07
2153:2015-06-03
2126:2013-11-07
1966:2013-11-07
1762:(1): 1–9.
1526:References
1439:, such as
1397:While the
1390:proponent
1234:Other life
1188:blind spot
1172:human eyes
1050:The human
869:newspapers
769:hereditary
717:omniscient
713:omnipotent
611:omnipotent
460:Irreligion
319:Sam Harris
123:Secularism
47:Naturalism
5229:Practical
5224:Political
5189:Cosmology
5146:Christian
5005:Holocaust
4995:Egotheism
4950:Goddesses
4945:Mormonism
4873:Christian
4826:Afterlife
4712:Sustainer
4519:Polydeism
4514:Pantheism
4499:Mysticism
4482:Monolatry
4477:Nontheism
4457:Dystheism
4246:Loyal Rue
3971:Karl Marx
3793:Gaudapada
3622:Shamanism
3587:Pantheism
3572:Nontheism
3550:Religious
3535:Mysticism
3508:Christian
3498:Religious
3449:Atheistic
3444:Christian
3327:Nonbelief
3312:Free will
3128:Mormonism
2952:Afterlife
2442:205052478
2276:0027-8424
2221:251864970
2201:BioEssays
2093:1936-6434
1890:253472609
1776:1365-2249
1477:free will
1346:- like a
1319:vestigial
1299:inhibited
1219:junk food
1155:and poor
1140:The male
1108:vitamin C
1101:paralysis
1088:scoliosis
1030:ingestion
810:In humans
761:evolution
685:free will
619:organisms
344:Karl Marx
204:Nonbelief
177:Free will
145:Arguments
5347:Kabbalah
5294:Prophets
5169:Glossary
5135:By faith
5098:Hinduism
4980:Demiurge
4970:in Islam
4930:Hinduism
4920:Buddhism
4912:Feminist
4868:Buddhist
4676:Absolute
4669:Concepts
4645:Hinduism
4640:Buddhism
4606:By faith
4570:and gods
4562:Divinity
4548:Concepts
4509:Pandeism
4410:Theology
4368:Category
4313:Religion
4303:Exegesis
3788:Boethius
3783:Averroes
3778:Avicenna
3760:medieval
3730:Theodicy
3577:Pandeism
3493:Humanism
3461:Thealogy
3404:Dharmism
3374:Acosmism
3366:Theology
3234:Morality
3229:Miracles
3108:Hinduism
3098:Buddhism
3057:Pandeism
3032:Demiurge
3000:Theodicy
2764:(1980).
2745:(1986).
2663:Archived
2623:16882727
2556:12721631
2512:Archived
2493:Archived
2458:(1999).
2434:20075906
2383:12221984
2340:(1892).
2317:Archived
2294:17485670
2147:Archived
2101:35806252
2052:10572964
2017:27631027
1933:(1892).
1917:Archived
1909:Discover
1882:36372122
1843:26868680
1794:27271818
1737:Archived
1592:16040688
1574:(5734).
1545:(1892).
1499:See also
1491:says to
1399:appendix
1365:dolphins
1317:Various
1161:primates
1151:Crowded
1146:prostate
1120:primates
1092:sciatica
1066:Tinnitus
1052:appendix
1019:gangrene
926:Artist's
899:May 2017
805:Examples
695:Overview
527:Category
36:Concepts
5337:Aggadah
5285:Oneness
5277:Islamic
5159:Outline
5154:History
5113:Judaism
5108:Jainism
5064:Process
5039:Olelbis
4940:Judaism
4883:Islamic
4798:Trinity
4681:Brahman
4655:Sikhism
4650:Jainism
4623:Judaism
4575:Goddess
4339:more...
4072:postwar
3755:Ancient
3643:more...
3562:New Age
3503:Secular
3473:Fideism
3424:Dualism
3394:Atheism
3384:Animism
3290:Against
3133:Sikhism
3123:Judaism
3118:Jainism
3027:Brahman
2980:Miracle
2614:1567693
2591:Bibcode
2564:4360619
2536:Bibcode
2414:Bibcode
2391:9387705
2285:1895942
2009:1962571
1834:4895692
1785:5011360
1600:5241402
1568:Science
1505:Atavism
1485:Genesis
1295:RuBisCO
1288:giraffe
1255:orchids
1241:African
1239:In the
1180:surface
1142:urethra
1122:and in
1038:choking
1026:pharynx
1015:hernias
1011:scrotum
1007:abdomen
883:scholar
604:creator
515:Outline
92:Society
64:History
28:Atheism
5375:Wiccan
5324:Jewish
5304:Angels
5234:Public
5204:Ethics
4893:Taoist
4888:Jewish
4848:Heaven
4705:God as
4435:Theism
4358:Portal
3632:Theism
3525:Monism
3259:Reason
3209:Desire
3204:Degree
3172:Beauty
3086:God in
3042:Egoism
2995:Spirit
2896:(2006)
2850:
2831:
2801:, 139.
2774:
2755:
2735:
2685:
2621:
2611:
2562:
2554:
2528:Nature
2466:
2440:
2432:
2406:Nature
2389:
2381:
2292:
2282:
2274:
2219:
2207:(10).
2099:
2091:
2050:
2015:
2007:
1888:
1880:
1841:
1831:
1792:
1782:
1774:
1598:
1590:
1489:Yahweh
1361:Whales
1270:thumbs
1262:pandas
1244:locust
1176:retina
1116:scurvy
1045:oxygen
1003:testes
988:pelvis
973:uterus
965:cervix
885:
878:
871:
864:
856:
793:, and
257:People
5362:Pagan
5254:Hindu
5103:Islam
4935:Islam
4878:Hindu
4841:Fitra
4691:Logos
4633:Islam
4582:Numen
4557:Deity
4452:Deism
4443:Forms
3627:Taoic
3409:Deism
3192:Kalam
3143:Wicca
3113:Islam
2962:Faith
2560:S2CID
2438:S2CID
2387:S2CID
2217:S2CID
2185:>.
2158:>.
2131:>.
2097:S2CID
2013:S2CID
1915:(6).
1886:S2CID
1596:S2CID
1487:3:16
1335:have
1332:Hydra
1248:nerve
1196:Lents
1157:sinus
1153:teeth
1083:case.
1054:is a
969:ovary
890:JSTOR
876:books
613:and
390:Books
5069:Tian
4852:Hell
4722:Good
4717:Time
4189:2010
4187:1990
4185:1970
4070:1920
3992:1900
3990:1880
3927:1850
3925:1800
3317:Hell
3307:Evil
3224:Love
2990:Soul
2848:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2817:: 6.
2772:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2711:2020
2683:ISBN
2619:PMID
2552:PMID
2464:ISBN
2430:PMID
2379:PMID
2290:PMID
2272:ISSN
2089:ISSN
2048:PMID
2036:1472
2005:PMID
1971:>
1878:PMID
1839:PMID
1790:PMID
1772:ISSN
1588:PMID
1576:AAAS
1363:and
1348:moth
1314:fly.
1032:and
862:news
590:The
5289:God
5287:of
3757:and
3165:For
2966:or
2797:,"
2609:PMC
2599:doi
2587:103
2544:doi
2532:423
2422:doi
2410:463
2371:doi
2348:326
2280:PMC
2262:doi
2258:104
2209:doi
2079:doi
2040:doi
1995:doi
1941:328
1870:doi
1866:322
1829:PMC
1821:doi
1780:PMC
1764:doi
1760:186
1650:sin
1580:doi
1572:309
1553:331
1493:Eve
1466:to
967:or
845:by
774:In
759:of
711:An
687:to
607:God
5414::
5086:in
4850:/
4728:,
2864:,
2815:27
2813:.
2809:.
2787:13
2785:.
2770:.
2751:.
2702:.
2657:.
2639:.
2617:.
2607:.
2597:.
2585:.
2581:.
2558:.
2550:.
2542:.
2530:.
2491:.
2487:.
2436:.
2428:.
2420:.
2408:.
2385:.
2377:.
2367:53
2365:.
2315:.
2311:.
2288:.
2278:.
2270:.
2256:.
2252:.
2215:.
2205:44
2203:.
2199:.
2145:.
2095:.
2087:.
2073:.
2069:.
2046:.
2034:.
2011:.
2003:.
1991:54
1989:.
1985:.
1913:25
1911:.
1907:.
1884:.
1876:.
1864:.
1860:.
1837:.
1827:.
1817:12
1815:.
1811:.
1788:.
1778:.
1770:.
1758:.
1754:.
1735:.
1731:.
1717:^
1664:.
1644:,
1594:.
1586:.
1570:.
1534:^
1443:,
1246:,
1090:,
963:,
936:'.
789:,
719:,
715:,
602:a
4732:)
4724:(
4402:e
4395:t
4388:v
2930:e
2923:t
2916:v
2856:.
2827:(
2739:.
2713:.
2643:.
2625:.
2601::
2593::
2566:.
2546::
2538::
2472:.
2444:.
2424::
2416::
2393:.
2373::
2350:.
2326:.
2296:.
2264::
2223:.
2211::
2183:.
2156:.
2129:.
2103:.
2081::
2075:2
2054:.
2042::
2019:.
1997::
1969:.
1943:.
1892:.
1872::
1845:.
1823::
1796:.
1766::
1697:.
1683:.
1602:.
1582::
1555:.
1272:.
1137:.
1103:.
1040:.
912:)
906:(
901:)
897:(
887:·
880:·
873:·
866:·
839:.
660:(
579:e
572:t
565:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.