2403:
yesterday, He has not. He does not "foresee" you doing things tomorrow, He simply sees you doing them: because, though tomorrow is not yet there for you, it is for Him. You never supposed that your actions at this moment were any less free because God knows what you are doing. Well, He knows your tomorrow's actions in just the same way – because He is already in tomorrow and can simply watch you. In a sense, He does not know your action till you have done it: but then the moment at which you have done it is already "Now" for Him.
5013:
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6044:
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535:
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2402:
But suppose God is outside and above the Time-line. In that case, what we call "tomorrow" is visible to Him in just the same way as what we call "today". All the days are "Now" for Him. He does not remember you doing things yesterday, He simply sees you doing them: because, though you have lost
2375:
The sovereignty (autonomy) of God, existing within a free agent, provides strong inner compulsions toward a course of action (calling), and the power of choice (election). The actions of a human are thus determined by a human acting on relatively strong or weak urges (both from God and the
2314:… "Does God know or does He not know that a certain individual will be good or bad? If thou sayest 'He knows', then it necessarily follows that the man is compelled to act as God knew beforehand how he would act, otherwise, God's knowledge would be imperfect.…"
2430:
suggests that this can lead to a "Free will
Argument for the Nonexistence of God" on the grounds that God's omniscience is incompatible with God having free will and that if God does not have free will, God is not a
2322:… Scripture hold before us two great counter-truths – first, God's absolute sovereignty (cp Rome. 9, 20ff.), and secondly, man's responsibility. Our intellects cannot reconcile them.
2336:
If it is now necessary that C, then C cannot be otherwise (this is the definition of “necessary”). That is, there are no actual "possibilities" due to predestination.
2218:
2353:. In particular, he asserts that these arguments assume that if C is true, it becomes necessary for C to be true, which is incorrect as C is contingent (see
403:
2398:, Lewis argues that God is actually outside time and therefore does not "foresee" events, but rather simply observes them all at once. He explains:
2360:
Other means of reconciling God's omniscience with human free will have been proposed. Some have attempted to redefine or reconceptualize free will:
2310:
described the conflict between divine omnipotence and his creation's person's free will, in traditional terms of good and evil actions, as follows:
3929:
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1135:
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965:
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2803:. In Latin and German 1525, in modern English: J.I. Packer and O. R. Johnston, trans. Old Tappan, New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1957.
2710:
2392:, suggests that God's perception of time is different, and that this is relevant to our understanding of our own free will. In his book
2977:
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2835:
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2173:
577:
4987:
2194:
3125:
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3970:
2411:, or the belief that God can know counterfactually the actions of his creations, is true. This has been used as an argument by
1206:
198:
5451:
5426:
3570:
5746:
2868:
2829:
2818:
2614:, edited, annotated, and translated with an Introduction by Joseph I. Gorfinkle, pp. 99–100. (New York: AMS Press), 1966.
148:
5702:
5049:
3862:
3845:
3186:
982:
960:
5614:
4389:
3155:
2992:
2917:
2446:"knows everything that God chooses to know and that is logically possible to know"; or instead the slightly stronger:
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5942:
3411:
2719:
2252:
1201:
191:
5672:
5016:
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4587:
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112:
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127:
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1986:
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51:
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5990:
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243:
3175:
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3248:
3223:
3063:
2790:
Zagzebski, Linda. "The
Dilemma of Freedom an Foreknowledge". New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
2339:
If you cannot do otherwise when you act, you do not act freely (Principle of
Alternate Possibilities)
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God can know in advance what I will do, because free will is to be understood only as freedom from
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770:
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323:
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1811:
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8:
5962:
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5288:
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4657:
4529:
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3990:
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931:
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353:
238:
213:
186:
2753:
I, Q. XIV, esp. Art. 13: "Whether the
Knowledge of God is of Future Contingent Things?".
6071:
5947:
5910:
5877:
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5837:
5794:
5682:
5653:
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5536:
5071:
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4904:
4814:
4779:
4554:
4519:
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4363:
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4156:
4146:
3950:
3922:
3872:
3663:
3623:
3544:
3501:
3481:
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3421:
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3192:
3145:
3135:
3093:
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3048:
3043:
2952:
2912:
2854:
2641:
2416:
2260:
2148:
2106:
2026:
2001:
1966:
1753:
1718:
1615:
1446:
1441:
1171:
1156:
1130:
1116:
1111:
997:
820:
789:
730:
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514:
338:
328:
164:
154:
69:
4709:
4662:
2787:, trans. M.M. Adams and N. Kretzmann. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983.
2357:). Otherwise, one can argue that the future is set already regardless of his actions.
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2318:
A "standard
Anglican" theologian gave a similar description of Christian revelation:
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308:
97:
2283:
If God made the game, its rules, and the players, then how can any player be free?
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1801:
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233:
228:
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4126:
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3013:
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2300:
2268:
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2116:
2071:
2006:
1954:
1881:
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1660:
1421:
1399:
1310:
1305:
1278:
720:
681:
313:
298:
273:
117:
2259:
that incorporates both properties is therefore inconceivable. See the various
6060:
5722:
5623:
5215:
5120:
4859:
4784:
4667:
4647:
4559:
4514:
3725:
3303:
3170:
3018:
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2350:
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2051:
1971:
1856:
1836:
1758:
1713:
987:
894:
889:
864:
671:
358:
303:
132:
5937:
5842:
5832:
5732:
5697:
5677:
5618:
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5281:
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4794:
4757:
4747:
4737:
4629:
4544:
4476:
4373:
4037:
3761:
3710:
3100:
3073:
3068:
2432:
1991:
1981:
1944:
1929:
1914:
1826:
1743:
1675:
1354:
1273:
884:
874:
794:
368:
348:
288:
5915:
5827:
5756:
5692:
5648:
5466:
5421:
5374:
5308:
5152:
5115:
4824:
4809:
4689:
4684:
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4163:
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4027:
3695:
3555:
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2439:
2389:
2354:
2296:
2244:
2081:
2021:
2011:
1996:
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1520:
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473:
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283:
79:
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5172:
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5135:
5110:
4752:
4549:
4471:
4456:
4245:
4215:
4178:
4136:
4131:
4062:
3700:
2427:
2263:
over claims of God's omniscience, in particular the critical notion of
2016:
1934:
1748:
1670:
1655:
1640:
1535:
1468:
1431:
1426:
1064:
859:
459:
318:
122:
2765:
God, Time, and
Foreknowledge". Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
2650:
5643:
5474:
5365:
5162:
5147:
5130:
5125:
5105:
4894:
4619:
4441:
4270:
4235:
4220:
4183:
3600:
2438:
Theists generally agree that God is a personal being and that God is
2292:
2248:
2086:
1816:
1635:
1560:
1525:
1510:
1473:
659:
619:
343:
2846:
2773:, trans. Alfred J. Freddoso. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.
5995:
5628:
5210:
5157:
5058:
4961:
4951:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4378:
4225:
4141:
4109:
4022:
4014:
3705:
3680:
3648:
3643:
2813:
2486:
2442:, but there is some disagreement about whether "omniscient" means:
2408:
2381:
2365:
2183:
2153:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1515:
1436:
1339:
869:
839:
765:
693:
611:
2824:
2587:
5985:
5687:
5598:
5446:
5393:
5329:
5223:
4210:
4121:
4042:
4032:
3675:
3628:
2878:
2512:
2422:
1500:
1359:
1349:
834:
654:
27:
2376:
environment around them) and their own relative power to choose.
2368:, and anything further is an illusion. This is the move made by
2299:. These arguments are deeply concerned with the implications of
2267:. These arguments are deeply concerned with the implications of
5933:
5496:
5083:
4280:
4173:
4052:
2330:
God knows choice "C" that a human would claim to "make freely".
1570:
1463:
1369:
649:
5489:
5339:
5230:
5205:
5100:
4057:
3610:
2674:, Stanley Rosen, ed., Random House Reference, New York, 2000.
2612:
The Eight
Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics (Semonah Perakhim)
2279:
1374:
676:
2326:
A logical formulation of this argument might go as follows:
5717:
5500:
5370:
5027:
3638:
2942:
2785:
688:
2291:
focus on the supposed incoherence of humankind possessing
16:
Contention that omniscience is incompatible with free will
5857:
5344:
5244:
3720:
2342:
Therefore, when you do an act, you will not do it freely.
2256:
811:
2349:, however, contends that the above arguments commit the
2449:"knows everything that is logically possible to know"
2842:
Thomas
Aquinas. Summa Theologica I, Q. XIV, Art. 13.
2713:The Free will Argument for the Nonexistence of God
6058:
2473: – Book used by God in Abrahamic religions
2423:Free will argument for the nonexistence of God
5043:
3571:
2862:
2626:"Free Will and Predestination in Early Islam"
2212:
571:
2617:
2274:
5509:
5050:
5036:
3585:
3578:
3564:
3530:
2869:
2855:
2563:
2561:
2219:
2205:
578:
564:
4977:Relationship between religion and science
2776:Plantinga, Alvin. "On Ockham's Way Out".
2649:
2605:
5793:
2278:
2558:
75:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
6067:Arguments against the existence of God
6059:
5070:
3903:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
2708:
5782:
5069:
5031:
3559:
2876:
2850:
2581:
2579:
2825:Omniscience and Divine Foreknowledge
2623:
2532:The Catechism of the Catholic Church
2407:A common objection is to argue that
2195:Philosophy of religion article index
1092:Proper basis / Reformed epistemology
2830:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2819:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2592:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2568:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
546:
13:
3187:What the Tortoise Said to Achilles
2737:
2642:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1946.tb02093.x
2585:
2576:
14:
6088:
5615:Attributes of God in Christianity
2807:
2699:Touchstone: New York, 1980 p. 149
6042:
5012:
5011:
5001:
3540:
3539:
3529:
2720:Freedom From Religion Foundation
545:
533:
522:
521:
5673:Great Architect of the Universe
2624:Watt, William M. (April 1946).
2536:
2517:
2380:A proposition first offered by
113:Discrimination against atheists
2702:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2499:
128:Separation of church and state
1:
5452:Trinity of the Church Fathers
2758:The Consolation of Philosophy
2588:"Foreknowledge and Free Will"
2552:
2453:These two terms are known as
397:Atheism: The Case Against God
52:Negative and positive atheism
42:Implicit and explicit atheism
5783:
5057:
4942:Desacralization of knowledge
7:
5703:Phenomenological definition
4354:Best of all possible worlds
4311:Eschatological verification
3868:Fine-tuning of the universe
2814:Foreknowledge and Free Will
2709:Barker, Dan (August 1997).
2572:Foreknowledge and Free Will
2464:
2461:omniscience, respectively.
2333:It is now necessary that C.
2287:Some arguments against the
2255:and that any conception of
784:Best of all possible worlds
10:
6093:
2800:On the Bondage of the Will
2672:The Philosopher's Handbook
683:Scripture (religious text)
244:Theological noncognitivism
6040:
6009:
5971:
5924:
5901:
5789:
5778:
5731:
5607:
5559:
5465:
5392:
5353:
5317:
5254:
5243:
5196:
5091:
5082:
5078:
5065:
4997:
4929:
4833:
4718:
4638:
4573:
4495:
4402:
4387:
4339:
4301:
4013:
3938:
3813:
3804:
3734:
3671:
3662:
3593:
3525:
3377:
3206:
3006:
2885:
2306:Noted Jewish philosopher
2275:Omniscience and free will
5457:Trinitarian universalism
4583:Friedrich Schleiermacher
4169:Theories about religions
3971:Inconsistent revelations
2836:The Paradox of Free will
2492:
1782:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1589:Philosophers of religion
6077:Philosophical paradoxes
5659:Godhead in Christianity
3106:Paradoxes of set theory
2838:– An online discussion
2771:On Divine Foreknowledge
2684:Consolatio Philosophiae
2233:argument from free will
1202:Incompatible properties
199:Inconsistent revelation
193:Incompatible properties
108:Demographics of atheism
4447:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
3587:Philosophy of religion
2511:versus the concept of
2405:
2324:
2316:
2284:
1646:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
603:Philosophy of religion
5485:Fate of the unlearned
5437:Shield of the Trinity
4982:Faith and rationality
4937:Criticism of religion
4875:Robert Merrihew Adams
4865:Nicholas Wolterstorff
4068:Divine command theory
2745:Summa Contra Gentiles
2400:
2320:
2312:
2282:
2159:Faith and rationality
2144:Criticism of religion
2067:Robert Merrihew Adams
2057:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1546:Secular Shrine Theory
1380:Divine command theory
1177:Fate of the unlearned
171:Fate of the unlearned
149:Arguments for atheism
103:Criticism of religion
4972:Religious philosophy
4452:Pico della Mirandola
4417:Anselm of Canterbury
4349:Augustinian theodicy
4261:Religious skepticism
3594:Concepts in religion
3472:Kavka's toxin puzzle
3244:Income and fertility
2778:Faith and Philosophy
2686:, Boethius, book 5:4
2241:theological fatalism
2237:paradox of free will
2179:Religious philosophy
2174:Religion and science
2164:History of religions
1651:Pico della Mirandola
1611:Anselm of Canterbury
1333:Theories of religion
497:Criticism of atheism
488:Atheism and religion
439:The System of Nature
324:Christopher Hitchens
6019:Slavic Native Faith
5442:Trinitarian formula
5379:Father of Greatness
5262:Abrahamic religions
4957:History of religion
4658:Friedrich Nietzsche
4535:Gottfried W Leibniz
4530:Nicolas Malebranche
4462:King James VI and I
3742:Abrahamic religions
3131:Temperature paradox
3054:Free choice paradox
2918:Fitch's knowability
1847:Friedrich Nietzsche
1734:Gottfried W Leibniz
1729:Nicolas Malebranche
1661:King James VI and I
1228:Omnipotence paradox
993:Fine-tuned universe
880:Process-theological
354:Friedrich Nietzsche
214:Omnipotence paradox
22:Part of a series on
5981:Abrahamic prophecy
5911:Ayyavazhi theology
5683:Apophatic theology
5072:Conceptions of God
4967:Religious language
4947:Ethics in religion
4905:William Lane Craig
4780:Charles Hartshorne
4520:Desiderius Erasmus
4422:Augustine of Hippo
4364:Inconsistent triad
4326:Apophatic theology
4321:Logical positivism
4303:Religious language
3923:Watchmaker analogy
3888:Necessary existent
3664:Conceptions of God
3624:Intelligent design
3507:Prisoner's dilemma
3193:Heat death paradox
3181:Unexpected hanging
3146:Chicken or the egg
2419:, amongst others.
2417:William Lane Craig
2285:
2235:, also called the
2149:Ethics in religion
2107:William Lane Craig
2027:J. L. Schellenberg
1967:Charles Hartshorne
1719:Desiderius Erasmus
1616:Augustine of Hippo
1112:Intelligent design
1028:Necessary existent
988:Existential choice
790:Inconsistent triad
736:Religious language
731:Logical positivism
645:Intelligent design
404:Breaking the Spell
339:Michael Lou Martin
165:Evil God challenge
70:History of atheism
6054:
6053:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5665:Latter Day Saints
5634:Divine simplicity
5555:
5554:
5412:Consubstantiality
5388:
5387:
5239:
5238:
5183:Theistic finitism
5025:
5024:
4925:
4924:
4885:Peter van Inwagen
4870:Richard Swinburne
4815:George I Mavrodes
4675:Vladimir Solovyov
4615:Søren Kierkegaard
4540:William Wollaston
4487:William of Ockham
4467:Marcion of Sinope
4369:Irenaean theodicy
4359:Euthyphro dilemma
4286:Transcendentalism
4115:Womanist theology
4105:Feminist theology
4009:
4008:
3800:
3799:
3686:Divine simplicity
3606:Euthyphro dilemma
3553:
3552:
3224:Arrow information
2795:De servo arbitrio
2783:Ockham, William.
2769:Molina, Luis de.
2763:Hasker, William.
2697:Mere Christianity
2544:John Polkinghorne
2525:Richard Swinburne
2508:Divine Providence
2482:List of paradoxes
2395:Mere Christianity
2229:
2228:
2129:
2128:
2077:Peter van Inwagen
2062:Richard Swinburne
2002:George I Mavrodes
1862:Vladimir Solovyov
1812:Søren Kierkegaard
1739:William Wollaston
1686:William of Ockham
1666:Marcion of Sinope
1576:Transcendentalism
1323:
1322:
1246:
1245:
1213:No limits fallacy
1144:Arguments against
1102:Responses to evil
1018:Mystical idealism
802:
801:
726:Euthyphro dilemma
588:
587:
553:
541:
539:Philosophy portal
529:
517:
504:
503:
381:
380:
374:Victor J. Stenger
265:Lists of atheists
6084:
6046:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5779:
5667:
5507:
5506:
5402:Athanasian Creed
5252:
5251:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5067:
5066:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5005:
4910:Ali Akbar Rashad
4773:Reinhold Niebuhr
4733:Bertrand Russell
4728:George Santayana
4625:Albrecht Ritschl
4610:Ludwig Feuerbach
4400:
4399:
4396:(by date active)
4256:Process theology
4001:Russell's teapot
3811:
3810:
3806:Existence of God
3716:Process theology
3669:
3668:
3654:Theological veto
3617:religious belief
3580:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3543:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3344:Service recovery
3198:Olbers's paradox
2898:Buridan's bridge
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2793:Luther, Martin:
2760:. Many editions.
2751:Summa Theologica
2749:Thomas Aquinas.
2743:Thomas Aquinas.
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2630:The Muslim World
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2586:Swartz, Norman.
2583:
2574:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2515:
2503:
2308:Moses Maimonides
2289:existence of God
2243:, contends that
2221:
2214:
2207:
2169:Natural theology
2112:Ali Akbar Rashad
1960:Reinhold Niebuhr
1910:Bertrand Russell
1905:George Santayana
1822:Albrecht Ritschl
1807:Ludwig Feuerbach
1594:
1593:
1239:Russell's teapot
1229:
1209:
1197:Hitchens's razor
1040:Nyayakusumanjali
911:
910:
850:Form of the Good
817:
816:
785:
715:
714:
699:Theological veto
684:
667:
666:Religious belief
590:
589:
580:
573:
566:
549:
548:
544:
537:
532:
525:
524:
520:
513:
479:Secular humanism
456:
455:
432:God Is Not Great
425:The God Delusion
418:The End of Faith
364:Bertrand Russell
309:Ludwig Feuerbach
261:
260:
239:Russell's teapot
194:
187:Hitchens's razor
172:
98:Atheist feminism
19:
18:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6048:Religion portal
6028:
6005:
5967:
5948:Holy Scriptures
5920:
5897:
5785:
5766:
5727:
5663:
5639:Divine presence
5603:
5551:
5505:
5461:
5407:Comma Johanneum
5384:
5349:
5313:
5247:
5235:
5192:
5074:
5061:
5056:
5026:
5021:
4993:
4921:
4917:Alexander Pruss
4900:Jean-Luc Marion
4855:Alvin Plantinga
4850:Dewi Z Phillips
4837:
4835:
4829:
4800:Walter Kaufmann
4790:Frithjof Schuon
4763:Rudolf Bultmann
4720:
4714:
4710:Joseph Maréchal
4700:Pavel Florensky
4695:Sergei Bulgakov
4680:Ernst Troeltsch
4663:Harald Høffding
4640:
4634:
4605:William Whewell
4593:Georg W F Hegel
4588:Karl C F Krause
4575:
4569:
4565:Johann G Herder
4555:Baron d'Holbach
4505:Augustin Calmet
4491:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4383:
4341:Problem of evil
4335:
4331:Verificationism
4297:
4005:
3951:Atheist's Wager
3934:
3796:
3730:
3658:
3634:Problem of evil
3589:
3584:
3554:
3549:
3521:
3432:Decision-making
3378:Decision theory
3373:
3202:
3126:Hilbert's Hotel
3059:Grelling–Nelson
3002:
2881:
2875:
2827:article in the
2816:article in the
2810:
2780:3 (3): 235–269.
2740:
2738:Further reading
2735:
2725:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
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2606:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2577:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2528:Does God Exist?
2522:
2518:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2467:
2425:
2413:Alvin Plantinga
2370:compatibilistic
2277:
2225:
2189:
2188:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2122:Alexander Pruss
2102:Jean-Luc Marion
2092:Herman Philipse
2047:Alvin Plantinga
2042:Dewi Z Phillips
1987:Walter Kaufmann
1977:Frithjof Schuon
1950:Rudolf Bultmann
1940:Pavel Florensky
1920:Sergei Bulgakov
1887:Joseph Maréchal
1867:Ernst Troeltsch
1852:Harald Høffding
1832:Usman dan Fodio
1802:William Whewell
1792:Georg W F Hegel
1787:Karl C F Krause
1764:Johann G Herder
1754:Baron d'Holbach
1704:Augustin Calmet
1591:
1581:
1580:
1551:Shendao shejiao
1335:
1325:
1324:
1227:
1207:
1187:God of the gaps
1157:Atheist's wager
845:Divinely simple
830:Anthropopathism
814:
804:
803:
783:
757:Problem of evil
741:Verificationism
712:
704:
703:
682:
677:Religious faith
665:
615:
584:
506:
505:
453:
452:Related stances
445:
444:
411:De rerum natura
391:
383:
382:
334:Lawrence Krauss
329:Baron d'Holbach
294:Richard Dawkins
279:Mikhail Bakunin
258:
250:
249:
248:
234:Problem of Hell
229:Problem of evil
219:Parody religion
192:
182:God of the gaps
170:
155:Atheist's wager
146:
138:
137:
93:
85:
84:
65:
57:
56:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5958:Predestination
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
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5855:
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5820:
5815:
5813:Biblical canon
5810:
5805:
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5797:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
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5669:
5668:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
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5626:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5608:Other concepts
5605:
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5602:
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5576:
5571:
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5563:
5557:
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5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5480:Apocalypticism
5477:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5394:Trinitarianism
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5309:Zoroastrianism
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5258:
5256:
5249:
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5213:
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5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5141:Urmonotheismus
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5063:
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5054:
5047:
5040:
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5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5009:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4930:Related topics
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Daniel Dennett
4887:
4882:
4880:Ravi Zacharias
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:William L Rowe
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4820:William Alston
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4768:Gabriel Marcel
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4705:Ernst Cassirer
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Thomas Carlyle
4596:
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4585:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Baruch Spinoza
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:René Descartes
4507:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4482:Thomas Aquinas
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4397:
4388:
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4371:
4366:
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4345:
4343:
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4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Possibilianism
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Fundamentalism
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4088:Existentialism
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Noncognitivism
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3930:Transcendental
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3898:Pascal's wager
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3826:Christological
3823:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
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3641:
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3621:
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3619:
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3603:
3597:
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3408:
3407:
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3397:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
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3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:St. Petersburg
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
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3016:
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3000:
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2985:
2980:
2978:Rule-following
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Dream argument
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2822:
2809:
2808:External links
2806:
2805:
2804:
2797:, in English:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2701:
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2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2433:personal being
2424:
2421:
2386:Thomas Aquinas
2378:
2377:
2373:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2301:predestination
2276:
2273:
2269:predestination
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2197:
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2190:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:Related topics
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:Yujin Nagasawa
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Ravi Zacharias
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:William L Rowe
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:William Alston
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:Gabriel Marcel
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:Ernst Cassirer
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:Thomas Carlyle
1794:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:Baruch Spinoza
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:René Descartes
1706:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:Thomas Aquinas
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Fundamentalism
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:Existentialism
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1222:Noncognitivism
1219:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Creator of God
1159:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:Transcendental
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Pascal's wager
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
946:
941:
940:
939:
934:
927:Christological
924:
916:
915:
907:
906:
900:
899:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
824:
823:
815:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
780:
779:
778:
773:
760:
759:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
748:
746:eschatological
738:
733:
728:
723:
721:Ethical egoism
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
679:
674:
669:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
610:
609:
606:
605:
599:
598:
586:
585:
583:
582:
575:
568:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
542:
530:
518:
508:
507:
502:
501:
500:
499:
491:
490:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
463:
462:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:A. C. Grayling
311:
306:
301:
299:Daniel Dennett
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Julian Baggini
268:
267:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
189:
184:
179:
174:
167:
162:
160:Creator of God
157:
151:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
118:Secular ethics
115:
110:
105:
100:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6089:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:Denominations
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5963:Last Judgment
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5777:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5723:Unmoved mover
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Binitarianism
5622:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5345:Supreme Being
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:Gender of God
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Kathenotheism
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5018:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Anthony Kenny
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Mircea Eliade
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:William James
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Ernst Haeckel
4646:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Immanuel Kant
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Blaise Pascal
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Language game
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Occam's razor
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Consciousness
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3726:Unmoved mover
3724:
3722:
3721:Supreme Being
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Morton's fork
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Buridan's ass
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:Apportionment
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Downs–Thomson
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Plato's beard
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Kleene–Rosser
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Theseus' ship
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Mere addition
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:Philosophical
2884:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
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2746:
2742:
2741:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2498:
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2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2384:and later by
2383:
2374:
2372:philosophies.
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:modal fallacy
2348:
2347:Norman Swartz
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:foreknowledge
2262:
2261:controversies
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Anthony Kenny
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Mircea Eliade
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:William James
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Ernst Haeckel
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Immanuel Kant
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Blaise Pascal
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
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1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
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1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:Inconsistency
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Occam's Razor
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
944:Consciousness
942:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:
914:Arguments for
913:
912:
909:
908:
905:
902:
901:
896:
895:Unmoved mover
893:
891:
890:Supreme Being
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Occasionalism
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
822:
819:
818:
813:
808:
807:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
758:
755:
754:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:
708:
707:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:Reincarnation
670:
668:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:Enlightenment
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
608:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
592:
591:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
519:
516:
512:
511:
510:
509:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
461:
458:
457:
449:
448:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
393:
387:
386:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Michel Onfray
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Denis Diderot
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
263:
262:
254:
253:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Occam's razor
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
142:
141:
134:
133:State atheism
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
89:
88:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
61:
60:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
5858:Hamartiology
5843:Ecclesiology
5833:Pneumatology
5742:Christianity
5733:Names of God
5708:Philo's view
5698:Personal god
5678:Great Spirit
5617: /
5574:Christianity
5432:Perichoresis
5335:Emanationism
5277:Christianity
5267:Baháʼí Faith
5245:Singular god
5218:
5178:Spiritualism
4986:
4805:Martin Lings
4758:Emil Brunner
4748:Paul Tillich
4738:Martin Buber
4653:W K Clifford
4630:Afrikan Spir
4545:Thomas Chubb
4497:Early modern
4477:Adi Shankara
4390:Philosophers
4374:Natural evil
4290:
4266:Spiritualism
4241:Perennialism
4194:Metaphysical
4038:Antireligion
3960:
3913:Teleological
3836:Cosmological
3787:Baháʼí Faith
3752:Christianity
3711:Personal god
3497:Preparedness
3329:Productivity
3309:Mandeville's
3101:Opposite Day
3029:Burali-Forti
3024:Bhartrhari's
2922:
2828:
2817:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2724:. Retrieved
2718:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2695:C. S. Lewis
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2633:
2629:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:
2567:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2506:
2501:
2471:Book of Life
2458:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2426:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2379:
2359:
2345:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2286:
2253:incompatible
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
1992:Martin Lings
1982:J. L. Mackie
1945:Emil Brunner
1930:Paul Tillich
1915:Martin Buber
1896:Contemporary
1842:W K Clifford
1827:Afrikan Spir
1773:19th-century
1744:Thomas Chubb
1695:Early modern
1676:Adi Shankara
1556:Spiritualism
1531:Perennialism
1489:metaphysical
1355:Antireligion
1269:Christianity
1181:
1107:Teleological
966:metaphysical
953:
949:Cosmological
937:Resurrection
885:Summum bonum
795:Natural evil
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
369:Peter Singer
349:Jean Meslier
289:Albert Camus
176:
5916:Krishnology
5893:Soteriology
5848:Eschatology
5828:Christology
5693:Open theism
5649:Exotheology
5547:Zoroastrian
5510:By religion
5467:Eschatology
5422:Homoiousian
5375:Ahura Mazda
5153:Panentheism
5116:Hermeticism
4825:Antony Flew
4810:Peter Geach
4743:René Guénon
4690:Lev Shestov
4685:Rudolf Otto
4392:of religion
4231:Panentheism
4164:Inclusivism
4083:Exclusivism
4078:Esotericism
4048:Creationism
4028:Agnosticism
3996:Poor design
3991:Omnipotence
3918:Natural law
3893:Ontological
3846:Contingency
3696:Holy Spirit
3427:Condorcet's
3279:Giffen good
3239:Competition
2993:White horse
2968:Omnipotence
2477:Determinism
2390:C. S. Lewis
2355:modal logic
2297:omniscience
2245:omniscience
2097:Kai Nielsen
2082:Cornel West
2032:Paul Draper
2022:Graham Oppy
2012:Antony Flew
1997:Peter Geach
1925:René Guénon
1877:Lev Shestov
1872:Rudolf Otto
1521:Panentheism
1459:Inclusivism
1395:Exclusivism
1390:Esotericism
1365:Creationism
1345:Agnosticism
1251:By religion
1234:Poor design
1075:Mulla Sadra
1050:Ontological
1023:Natural law
1003:Mathematics
961:contingency
855:Holy Spirit
821:Conceptions
771:Augustinian
635:Eschatology
630:Cataphatism
551:WikiProject
474:Freethought
469:Agnosticism
284:Mario Bunge
224:Poor design
80:New Atheism
6061:Categories
6001:Philosophy
5888:Sophiology
5868:Philosophy
5863:Messianism
5823:Paterology
5427:Hypostasis
5417:Homoousian
5248:theologies
5188:Theopanism
5173:Polytheism
5136:Monotheism
5111:Henotheism
4795:J L Mackie
4753:Karl Barth
4550:David Hume
4472:Maimonides
4457:Heraclitus
4246:Polytheism
4216:Nondualism
4204:Humanistic
4189:Naturalism
4179:Monotheism
4137:Henotheism
4132:Gnosticism
4063:Demonology
3946:747 gambit
3863:Experience
3701:Misotheism
3502:Prevention
3492:Parrondo's
3482:Navigation
3467:Inventor's
3462:Hedgehog's
3422:Chainstore
3405:Population
3400:New states
3334:Prosperity
3314:Mayfield's
3156:Entailment
3136:Barbershop
3049:Epimenides
2756:Boethius.
2651:1842/34371
2636:(2): 124.
2553:References
2440:omniscient
2428:Dan Barker
2295:and God's
2017:Kurt Godel
1935:Karl Barth
1749:David Hume
1671:Maimonides
1656:Heraclitus
1641:Al-Ghazali
1536:Polytheism
1506:Nondualism
1484:humanistic
1479:Naturalism
1469:Monotheism
1432:Henotheism
1427:Gnosticism
1152:747 gambit
1117:Watchmaker
1070:Meinongian
983:Experience
711:Challenges
650:Liberation
625:Apophatism
460:Irreligion
319:Sam Harris
123:Secularism
47:Naturalism
6072:Free will
5878:Practical
5873:Political
5838:Cosmology
5795:Christian
5654:Holocaust
5644:Egotheism
5599:Goddesses
5594:Mormonism
5522:Christian
5475:Afterlife
5361:Sustainer
5168:Polydeism
5163:Pantheism
5148:Mysticism
5131:Monolatry
5126:Nontheism
5106:Dystheism
4895:Loyal Rue
4620:Karl Marx
4442:Gaudapada
4271:Shamanism
4236:Pantheism
4221:Nontheism
4199:Religious
4184:Mysticism
4157:Christian
4147:Religious
4098:Atheistic
4093:Christian
3976:Nonbelief
3961:Free will
3777:Mormonism
3601:Afterlife
3517:Willpower
3512:Tolerance
3487:Newcomb's
3452:Fredkin's
3339:Scitovsky
3259:Edgeworth
3254:Easterlin
3219:Antitrust
3116:Russell's
3111:Richard's
3084:Pinocchio
3039:Crocodile
2958:Newcomb's
2928:Goodman's
2923:Free will
2908:Epicurean
2879:paradoxes
2597:26 August
2542:see e.g.
2523:see e.g.
2505:See also
2293:free will
2249:free will
2087:Loyal Rue
1817:Karl Marx
1636:Gaudapada
1561:Shamanism
1526:Pantheism
1511:Nontheism
1494:religious
1474:Mysticism
1447:religious
1442:Christian
1410:Christian
1289:Mandaeism
1284:Mormonism
1259:Abrahamic
1217:Nonbelief
1182:Free will
1131:Trademark
904:Existence
860:Maltheist
660:Mysticism
620:Afterlife
612:Religious
344:Karl Marx
204:Nonbelief
177:Free will
145:Arguments
5996:Kabbalah
5943:Prophets
5818:Glossary
5784:By faith
5747:Hinduism
5629:Demiurge
5619:in Islam
5579:Hinduism
5569:Buddhism
5561:Feminist
5517:Buddhist
5325:Absolute
5318:Concepts
5294:Hinduism
5289:Buddhism
5255:By faith
5219:and gods
5211:Divinity
5197:Concepts
5158:Pandeism
5059:Theology
5017:Category
4962:Religion
4952:Exegesis
4437:Boethius
4432:Averroes
4427:Avicenna
4409:medieval
4379:Theodicy
4226:Pandeism
4142:Humanism
4110:Thealogy
4053:Dharmism
4023:Acosmism
4015:Theology
3883:Morality
3878:Miracles
3757:Hinduism
3747:Buddhism
3706:Pandeism
3681:Demiurge
3649:Theodicy
3545:Category
3442:Ellsberg
3294:Leontief
3274:Gibson's
3269:European
3264:Ellsberg
3234:Braess's
3229:Bertrand
3207:Economic
3141:Catch-22
3121:Socratic
2963:Nihilism
2933:Hedonism
2893:Analysis
2877:Notable
2726:June 10,
2487:Molinism
2465:See also
2455:inherent
2409:Molinism
2382:Boethius
2366:coercion
2184:Theology
2154:Exegesis
1631:Boethius
1626:Averroes
1621:Avicenna
1602:medieval
1516:Pandeism
1437:Humanism
1417:Feminist
1370:Dharmism
1340:Acosmism
1301:Hinduism
1296:Buddhism
1172:Evil God
1122:Junkyard
1033:Seddiqin
1013:Morality
1008:Miracles
932:Trilemma
875:Personal
870:Pandeist
840:Demiurge
776:Irenaean
766:Theodicy
614:concepts
595:a series
593:Part of
527:Category
36:Concepts
5986:Aggadah
5934:Oneness
5926:Islamic
5808:Outline
5803:History
5762:Judaism
5757:Jainism
5713:Process
5688:Olelbis
5589:Judaism
5532:Islamic
5447:Trinity
5330:Brahman
5304:Sikhism
5299:Jainism
5272:Judaism
5224:Goddess
4988:more...
4721:postwar
4404:Ancient
4292:more...
4211:New Age
4152:Secular
4122:Fideism
4073:Dualism
4043:Atheism
4033:Animism
3939:Against
3782:Sikhism
3772:Judaism
3767:Jainism
3676:Brahman
3629:Miracle
3447:Fenno's
3412:Arrow's
3395:Alabama
3385:Abilene
3364:Tullock
3319:Metzler
3161:Lottery
3151:Drinker
3094:Yablo's
3089:Quine's
3044:Curry's
3007:Logical
2983:Sorites
2973:Preface
2953:Moore's
2938:Liberal
2913:Fiction
2657:19 June
1598:Ancient
1541:Process
1501:New Age
1452:secular
1405:atheist
1385:Dualism
1360:Atheism
1350:Animism
1311:Sikhism
1306:Jainism
1279:Judaism
1080:Spinoza
835:Brahman
655:Miracle
515:Outline
92:Society
64:History
28:Atheism
6024:Wiccan
5973:Jewish
5953:Angels
5883:Public
5853:Ethics
5542:Taoist
5537:Jewish
5497:Heaven
5354:God as
5084:Theism
5007:Portal
4281:Theism
4174:Monism
3908:Reason
3858:Desire
3853:Degree
3821:Beauty
3735:God in
3691:Egoism
3644:Spirit
3354:Thrift
3324:Plenty
3299:Lerner
3289:Jevons
3284:Icarus
3214:Allais
3176:Ross's
3014:Barber
2998:Zeno's
2943:Meno's
1571:Theism
1464:Monism
1264:Baháʼí
1097:Reason
1065:Anselm
978:Desire
973:Degree
922:Beauty
694:Spirit
597:on the
257:People
6011:Pagan
5903:Hindu
5752:Islam
5584:Islam
5527:Hindu
5490:Fitra
5340:Logos
5282:Islam
5231:Numen
5206:Deity
5101:Deism
5092:Forms
4276:Taoic
4058:Deism
3841:Kalam
3792:Wicca
3762:Islam
3611:Faith
3457:Green
3437:Downs
3369:Value
3304:Lucas
3171:Raven
3079:No-no
3034:Court
3019:Berry
2493:Notes
2459:total
1566:Taoic
1375:Deism
1316:Wicca
1274:Islam
1060:Modal
1055:Gödel
955:kalām
390:Books
5718:Tian
5501:Hell
5371:Good
5366:Time
4838:2010
4836:1990
4834:1970
4719:1920
4641:1900
4639:1880
4576:1850
4574:1800
3966:Hell
3956:Evil
3873:Love
3639:Soul
3535:List
3359:Toil
3074:Card
3069:Liar
2728:2022
2659:2022
2599:2017
2513:Fate
2457:and
2415:and
2388:and
2251:are
2247:and
2231:The
1600:and
1192:Hell
1167:Evil
998:Love
689:Soul
5938:God
5936:of
4406:and
3814:For
3615:or
2646:hdl
2638:doi
2530:of
2257:God
2239:or
812:God
6063::
5735:in
5499:/
5377:,
2717:.
2644:.
2634:36
2632:.
2628:.
2590:.
2578:^
2570:,
2560:^
2435:.
2303:.
2271:.
5381:)
5373:(
5051:e
5044:t
5037:v
3579:e
3572:t
3565:v
3189:"
3185:"
2870:e
2863:t
2856:v
2730:.
2715:"
2711:"
2661:.
2648::
2640::
2601:.
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
579:e
572:t
565:v
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