975:
boundaries of the two postwar German states. Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like
Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies. Alexander Freund remarks that "or postwar Canadians the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate." There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe. Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis", and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American
814:
2027:
children by 1910 attended schools taught entirely in
English. From 1900 to 1930, German Catholics generally voted for the Liberal ticket (rather than the Provincial Rights and Conservative tickets), seeing Liberals as more willing to protect religious minorities. Occasionally they voted for Conservatives or independent candidates who offered greater support for public funding of parochial schools. Nazi Germany made a systematic effort to proselytize among Saskatchewan's Germans in the 1930s. Fewer than 1% endorsed their message, but some did migrate back to Germany before anti-Nazi sentiment became overwhelming in 1939.
50:
1869:
1761:
2289:
1797:
1998:
1545:
1725:
1002:
1581:
1689:
750:
585:
2088:) from August 6 to 9. This followed the format of a typical Turner event by also including theatrical and athletic events, as well as band concerts. Another festival was held the following year in the nearby community of Waterloo, which had an audience of 2000 people. It was followed in 1866 by an even larger event, organized by the German Club of Hamilton, which had 5000 attendees and featured choirs from both Ontario and the United States.
1617:
919:, indicate "A Lutheran minister was pulled out of his house... he was dragged through the streets. German clubs were ransacked through the course of the war. It was just a really nasty time period." A document in the Archives of Canada makes the following comment: "Although ludicrous to modern eyes, the whole issue of a name for Berlin highlights the effects that fear, hatred and nationalism can have upon a society in the face of war."
1109:
1062:
1473:
1905:
1509:
2275:
1653:
1833:
1941:
734:. For this reason, some historiographers such as George Elmore Reaman use the term "Pennsylvania German", in order to distinguish them from migrants originating in Holland. Another complicating factor in assigning definite ethnic identities or origins to many migrants is that a number spent sometimes as long as several generations living in intermediary places such as Pennsylvania,
875:, Ontario exhibited a strong German culture, and people of German origin made up a third of the population in 1911. Lutherans were the primary religious group. There were then nearly three times as many Lutherans as Mennonites. The latter, who had moved here from Pennsylvania in the first half of the 1800s, resided primarily in the rural areas and small communities.
2669:
2375:
984:
veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war, emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by
Canadian soldiers. Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'" As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the
2699:
2639:
2729:
560:
the 19th and 20th centuries were prone to using ambiguous terms such as "Pennsylvania Dutch". This term is sometimes described as a "misnomer" for
Germans, but in its usage by English colonial authorities, "Dutch" was often an umbrella term which included people whose Germanic ancestry was in regions as widely separated as
979:
which portrayed
Germans in an unsympathetic light. Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate. German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken
974:
Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada; approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s. Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of
Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the
559:
in general, and in
English, "Dutch" was sometimes used as a shorthand for any broadly Germanic people. Early Anglophone historians and contemporary travellers in Canada rarely mentioned the ethnic identity, primary language, or place of origin of early settlers at all, and even later historians in
2143:
produced a number of works on folklore in
Ontario during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including communities whose traditions and beliefs were based in the Pennsylvania German cultural milieu. With widespread social change in the 20th century, these traditional beliefs began to decline,
2017:
In
Saskatchewan the German settlers came directly from Russia, or, after 1914 from the Dakotas. They came not as large groups but as part of a chain of family members, where the first immigrants would find suitable locations and send for the others. They formed compact German-speaking communities
793:
The German
Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. After 1914 English became the preferred
887:
in the Waterloo County area and some cultural sanctions on the community, primarily in Berlin, Ontario (now Kitchener). Mennonites in the area were pacifist and so would not enlist. Immigrants from Germany found it morally difficult to fight against a country that was a significant part of their
2026:
established their villages in a 40-mile-wide tract east of Regina. The Germans operated parochial schools primarily to maintain their religious faith; often they offered only an hour of German language instruction a week, but they always had extensive coverage of religion. Most German Catholic
2013:
in western Canada. Over a quarter of people in Saskatchewan are German-Canadians. German bloc settlements include the areas around Strasbourg, Bulyea, Leader, Burstall, Fox Valley, Eatonia, St. Walburg, Paradise Hill, Loon Lake, Goodsoil, Pierceland, Meadow Lake, Edenwold, Windthorst, Lemberg,
983:
Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide, leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans. As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and
809:
in April 1835. The secular organization's purpose was to bring together the German community in the city and act as a unified voice, help sick and needy members of the community, and maintain customs and traditions. The Society is still active and celebrated its 180th anniversary in 2015.
2730:"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"
2192:
painted on barns in Pennsylvania were historically absent from German barns in Ontario, as barns were usually unpainted. There was, however, a strong belief in rituals and objects associated with both good and bad luck; good luck is associated with charms and symbols such as the
2376:"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
922:
Across Canada, internment camps opened in 1915 and 8,579 "enemy aliens" were held there until the end of the war. Many were German-speaking immigrants from Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Ukraine. Only 3,138 were classed as prisoners of war; the rest were civilians.
789:
By 1871, nearly 55% of the population of Waterloo County had German origins. Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.
673:. Following the defeat of British forces, about 2,200 of them settled in Canada once their terms of service had expired or they had been released from American captivity. For example, a group from the Brunswick Regiment settled southwest of
780:
The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, roughly 50,000 between the 1830 and 1860. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.
2097:(German-Canadian Choir Federation) in Hamilton in 1873 and the Canadian Choir Federation in Berlin in 1893. Major song and music festivals were held by German communities throughout Ontario in Toronto, Hamilton, Waterloo, Bowmanville,
2700:"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data"
852:. Their increase accelerated in the 1920s, when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration. Soon, Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee the
716:", who preferred British rule for religious reasons. These groups were formed on the basis of belief rather than ethnicity, but a number had their origin in Germany or in ethnic German communities in places such as
2111:
were organized by Berlin's Concordia Club; one 1879 festival which was organized by the club attracted 12,000 visitors. Anti-German sentiment, which arose during the First World War, led to an interruption in the
2640:"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)"
903:
Several streets in Toronto that had previously been named for Liszt, Humboldt, Schiller, Bismarck, etc. were changed to names with strong British associations, such as Balmoral. There were anti-German riots in
2118:, along with other German cultural institutions, and attempts to re-establish the tradition during the mid-20th century postwar period were largely unsuccessful due to social changes. The last significant
2670:"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data"
2144:
though some persisted in reduced form. These communities were deeply religious, but also commonly had spiritual beliefs described by George Elmore Reaman as "mystic". Their folkloric traditions included
665:, a state in what is now northwestern Germany. Thousands of soldiers fighting for the British were members of regiments hired from various small German states. These soldiers were collectively known as "
794:
language for sermons and publications. Absent a seminary, the churches trained their own ministers, but there was a doctrinal schism in the 1860s. While the anglophone Protestants promoted the
2843:
3007:
761:. Many of their families' ancestors had been from southern Germany or Switzerland. In the early 1800s, they began to move to what is now southwestern Ontario and settled around the
2014:
Qu'appelle, Neudorf, Grayson, Langenburg, Kerrobert, Unity, Luseland, Macklin, Humboldt, Watson, Cudworth, Lampman, Midale, Tribune, Consul, Rockglen, Shaunavon and Swift Current.
2528:"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin"
6536:
6076:
4451:
5890:
5873:
3806:
White, Clinton O. (September 1997). "The Politics of Elementary Schools in a German-American Roman Catholic Settlement in Canada's Province of Saskatchewan, 1903â1925".
6097:
219:
215:
3037:
2164:. They had a complex set of beliefs around thunder and lightning and their cause and avoidance, as well as particular beliefs around fires caused by lightning. The
507:, "Germany" and "Germans" were ambiguous terms which could at times encompass peoples and territories not only in the modern state of Germany, but also modern-day
4394:
Waters, Tony (Summer 1995). "Towards a Theory of Ethnic Identity and Migration: The Formation of Ethnic Enclaves by Migrant Germans in Russia and North America".
2140:
3980:
Fair, Ross (2012). "Chapter 4: Model Farmers, Dubious Citizens: Reconsidering the Pennsylvania Germans of Upper Canada, 1786â1834". In Freund, Alexander (ed.).
3965:
Entz, Werner. "The Suppression of the German Language Press in September 1918 (with special reference to the secular German language press in western Canada)."
2046:(Turner clubs) were active in both Canada and the United States, and were associated with communities of German continental immigrants in urban centres such as
6313:
2018:
built around their Catholic or Lutheran churches, and continuing old-world customs. They were farmers who grew wheat and sugar beets. Arrivals from Russia,
6369:
3088:
2160:, blessings, and particular times of the year, such as specific holidays. The moon and its phases were also important to them, as well as the signs of the
2070:) movement, which began in Germany at the start of the 19th century, spread to the United States by the 1840s, and to Canada by 1862, when the first major
6393:
6357:
5955:
4456:
6330:
2500:"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups"
2462:"1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups"
3182:
6415:
6347:
6335:
932:
6553:
3062:
4436:
Worsfold, Elliot. "Cast Down, But Not Forsaken: The Second World War Experience and Memory of German-Canadian Lutherans in Southwestern Ontario."
6589:
2851:
3102:
3793:
White, Clinton O. (1994). "Pre-World War I Saskatchewan German Catholic thought concerning the perpetuation of their language and religion".
3129:
2342:
611:, the continental Protestants were encouraged to migrate to Nova Scotia between 1750 and 1752 to counterbalance the large number of Catholic
4104:
Lorenzkowski, Barbara (2012). "Germania in Canada â Nation and Ethnicity at the German Peace Jubilees of 1871". In Freund, Alexander (ed.).
3015:
6149:
6610:
4518:
2229:
2152:, health and health problems, wild and domestic animals, crops, certain herbs and other plants believed to have special properties,
681:. In this, they formed part of a larger population movement composed of several waves of migration northward from the newly-founded
3949:
649:
In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the
963:
if they were deemed to be "enemy aliens". For Germans, that applied especially to single males who had some association with the
4210:
4551:
6267:
4317:
4080:
4049:
4006:
Foster, Lois, and Anne Seitz. "Official attitudes to Germans during World War II: some Australian and Canadian comparisons."
3751:
893:
841:
6615:
6505:
6061:
4867:
4290:
2772:
2040:
The choral tradition is historically very prominent within German music in Canada. In the latter part of the 19th century,
6625:
6510:
6111:
6070:
4386:
Maxwell, Alexander, and Sacha E. Davis. "Germanness beyond Germany: collective identity in German diaspora communities."
4206:
2234:
1408:
1400:
3640:"Troubling Memories in Nation-building: World War II Memories and Germans' Inter-ethnic Encounters in Canada after 1945"
967:. No compensation was paid to them after the war. In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at
6620:
4527:
3972:
Fair, Ross. "'Theirs was a deeper purpose': The Pennsylvania Germans of Ontario and the Craft of the Homemaking Myth."
2180:("thunder wedge"); it was associated with the splitting of trees by lightning. People who were regarded as witches and
985:
4370:
6480:
6232:
5780:
5638:
5340:
4298:
4125:
3997:
3932:
3770:
3703:
Heick, Wilfrid H. (December 1964). "Becoming an Indigenous Church: The Lutheran Church in Waterloo County, Ontario".
3685:
3599:
2241:
1140:
Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.
1093:
Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.
1040:
632:
477:
Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.
697:, obscuring particular ethnic and religious identities, as well as their exact motivations for migrating to Canada.
599:
when France colonized the area, but large-scale migration from Germany began only under British rule, when Governor
4160:
4089:
Keyserlingk, Robert H. "The Canadian Government's Attitude Towards Germans and German Canadians in World War Two."
3902:
Bausenhart, Werner A. (1972). "The Ontario German Language Press and Its Suppression by Order-in-Council in 1918".
3155:
2317:
2188:. Accounts of witch doctors often associate them with charms, or healing of both people and livestock. The famous
631:
in Halifax, is on land which was set aside for the German-speaking community in 1756. The church was designated a
4096:
Keyserlingk, Robert H. 'Agents within the Gates': The Search for Nazi Subversives in Canada during World War II"
4015:
Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933-1941
889:
4379:
Bassler, Gerhard P. "Silent or silenced co-founders of Canada? Reflections on the history of German Canadians."
2105:, Port Elgin, Bridgeport, Elmira, and, most often out of all of these, in Berlin. Three of the most spectacular
6475:
5600:
4396:
1136:
Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.
1089:
Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.
473:
Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.
210:, there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today
6300:
6180:
6081:
5720:
5217:
4511:
2767:
964:
701:
693:. In traditional Canadian historiography, these migrants are often grouped together under the broad label of
628:
588:
4461:
4541:
4025:
Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale
3833:
3815:
3639:
3190:
742:, who originated in the Palatinate (today a part of Germany) but had been settled for a time in Ireland by
4018:
4109:
4072:
3063:"ARCHIVED - Did You Know That⊠- ARCHIVED - Canada and the First World War - Library and Archives Canada"
4473:
3609:
Clark, Jessica; Isern, Thomas D. (Spring 2010). "Germans from Russia in Saskatchewan: An Oral History".
6257:
5938:
3873:
905:
806:
650:
6129:
5737:
5094:
3842:
3722:
3568:
1764:
844:
in Russia. The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia (now
662:
620:
3717:
3563:
1121:
1074:
4725:
4504:
4231:"The Unbounded German Nation: Dr. Otto Hahn and German Emigration to Canada in the 1870s and 1880s"
2330:
2214:
916:
897:
774:
654:
194:
2818:
2001:
People who have self-identified as having German ancestors are the plurality in many parts of the
6381:
5943:
5573:
5079:
4746:
4546:
694:
556:
503:
is used in reference to the German language and people. Before the modern era and especially the
164:
4342:
2611:
2583:
2555:
2527:
2499:
2461:
6001:
5836:
5823:
5524:
5050:
4862:
813:
644:
624:
504:
19:
This article is about Canadians of German ancestry. For the newspaper whose name translates as
4028:
6531:
6011:
6006:
5986:
5631:
5605:
5561:
5428:
5207:
5175:
5127:
5040:
5032:
4585:
2322:
1872:
884:
762:
753:
The Waterloo Pioneer Tower honours the Mennonite Germans who helped populate Waterloo County.
24:
4199:
Ethnic Elites, Propaganda, Recruiting and Intelligence in German-Canadian Ontario, 1914â1918
2260:
6124:
5818:
5595:
5469:
5423:
5382:
5314:
5147:
5137:
5112:
5084:
4982:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4751:
4624:
2980:
2906:
1800:
948:
713:
604:
223:
207:
1018:
828:
started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants, mostly from
8:
6500:
6215:
6026:
5991:
5408:
5360:
5355:
5324:
5278:
5165:
5122:
5102:
5067:
5017:
5012:
4995:
4918:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4842:
4832:
4654:
4488:
Nonprofit organization in Nova Scotia that promotes German Canadian heritage and cultures
2302:
861:
608:
565:
6374:
6340:
3946:
3663:
Giesinger, Adam (Summer 1984). "The Germans from Russia Who Pioneered in Saskatchewan".
2421:
6526:
6495:
6485:
6279:
6242:
6200:
6016:
5960:
5895:
5846:
5813:
5801:
5796:
5768:
5732:
5587:
5529:
5443:
5433:
5413:
5398:
5372:
5263:
5248:
5202:
5197:
5170:
5107:
5062:
5002:
4908:
4857:
4847:
4811:
4772:
4767:
4730:
4707:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4649:
4602:
4570:
4425:
4417:
4252:
4184:
3854:
3626:
2312:
2085:
2055:
1011:
840:
of Dutch-Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by the
837:
770:
721:
666:
156:
6161:
4563:
49:
6274:
6210:
6190:
6185:
6134:
6119:
6066:
6038:
6021:
5965:
5905:
5900:
5806:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5438:
5403:
5377:
5365:
5350:
5319:
5293:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5212:
5117:
5072:
5022:
4990:
4893:
4852:
4816:
4597:
4592:
4496:
4429:
4313:
4294:
4273:
4256:
4197:
4156:
4121:
4076:
4055:
4045:
3993:
3928:
3911:
3819:
3766:
3747:
3691:
3681:
3651:
3630:
3595:
3589:
3082:
2194:
2184:
both existed in these communities. Accounts of witches sometimes associate them with
2051:
2010:
2002:
849:
600:
465:
4264:
Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (1995). "Early German-Canadian Ethnic Minority Writing".
1868:
1760:
6490:
6470:
6448:
6352:
6262:
6247:
6237:
6220:
6175:
6167:
6043:
5996:
5981:
5915:
5883:
5856:
5851:
5761:
5624:
5556:
5546:
5479:
5345:
5288:
5283:
5190:
5185:
5007:
4957:
4952:
4782:
4702:
4685:
4675:
4659:
4575:
4466:
4409:
4242:
4176:
4113:
3985:
3846:
3727:
3618:
3573:
2336:
2307:
2198:
2047:
1548:
956:
943:
938:
888:
heritage. Low enlistment rates fueled anti-Germany sentiment that precipitated the
735:
112:
1117:
1070:
6308:
6205:
6195:
6156:
5828:
5742:
5725:
5698:
5541:
5534:
5418:
5298:
5268:
5180:
5160:
5055:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4937:
4837:
4634:
4619:
4607:
4405:
4041:
4023:
Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939."
3953:
2422:"Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - ARCHIVED"
2098:
2077:
1022:
960:
872:
766:
739:
738:, Holland, or England, despite an ultimate origin in Germany. One example is the
499:
491:
227:
176:
160:
152:
120:
116:
96:
92:
1997:
5948:
5933:
5910:
5866:
5832:
5773:
5670:
5568:
5155:
5132:
5045:
4777:
4614:
4413:
3896:
The German Canadian Mosaic Today and Yesterday. Identities, Roots, and Heritage
2280:
1796:
829:
825:
512:
84:
3622:
6604:
6403:
6286:
5878:
5861:
5840:
5686:
4277:
4059:
3915:
3823:
3780:
Wagner, Jonathan F. (May 1978). "The Deutscher Bund Canada in Saskatchewan".
3655:
2294:
1728:
968:
795:
682:
132:
3960:
The Swastika and the Maple Leaf. Fascist Movements in Canada in the Thirties
3887:
Bassler, Gerhard P. "The Enemy Alien Experience in Newfoundland 1914-1918."
3695:
2060:
206:
ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the
6252:
5754:
2181:
1584:
1544:
952:
833:
731:
717:
690:
686:
4117:
3989:
1132:
Canadians of German descent percentage of the total population (1871â2016)
6582:
6030:
2165:
2133:
2081:
2042:
1692:
853:
818:
678:
561:
540:
528:
516:
231:
136:
4038:
The Irish Palatines In Ontario: Religion, Ethnicity, and Rural Migration
1724:
6386:
4485:
4421:
4247:
4230:
4153:
Les Allemands du Québec: Parcours et discours d'une communauté méconnue
2157:
2137:
1580:
1427:
758:
658:
596:
550:
6323:
5747:
4188:
4069:
The History of the Pioneer German Language Press of Ontario, 1835â1918
3941:
Becker, Anthony. "The Germans in Western Canada, A Vanishing People."
3858:
3591:
Waterloo County to 1972: an annotated bibliography of regional history
2925:
1688:
1116:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1069:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
856:
from moving to Canada. Many of the Mennonites settled in the areas of
749:
584:
6144:
5677:
4167:
Milnes, Humphrey (JanuaryâMarch 1954). "German Folklore in Ontario".
4106:
Beyond the Nation?: Immigrants' Local Lives in Transnational Cultures
3982:
Beyond the Nation?: Immigrants' Local Lives in Transnational Cultures
3744:
The German Canadians 1750â1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture
3130:"First World War internment camps a dark chapter in Canadian history"
2202:
865:
743:
709:
569:
199:
6408:
6398:
5551:
4580:
4464:
including German books and periodicals and digitized issues of the
4180:
3850:
2961:
2189:
2019:
1620:
1616:
976:
857:
802:
674:
616:
612:
55:
German Canadians as percent of population by census division (2021)
1904:
1508:
1472:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6420:
5647:
4356:
The Trans-Canada Alliance of German Canadians, A Study in Culture
3665:
Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
2145:
2091:
The continued success of these events led to the founding of the
2023:
1940:
1908:
1652:
1512:
1476:
909:
845:
720:. These people are sometimes referred to by the Anglicized term "
573:
536:
520:
495:
211:
203:
148:
88:
6430:
5616:
3831:
Wintemberg, W. J. (1899). "Items of German-Canadian Folk-Lore".
1832:
657:
and its overseas empire were ruled by the German-descended King
6546:
6541:
6318:
6225:
2161:
2102:
1656:
705:
532:
524:
508:
100:
2768:
Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church National Historic Site of Canada
6362:
4558:
4335:
The Deutsche Zeitung fĂŒr Canada: A Nazi Newspaper in Winnipeg
3678:
Geschichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft zu Montreal (1835â1985)
2185:
2168:
had some prominence as a cultural object, and was called the
2153:
1836:
971:, which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.
848:) and so were some of the most successful in adapting to the
670:
591:- oldest German church in Canada (1756), Halifax, Nova Scotia
544:
941:
saw a renewal of anti-German sentiment in Canada. Under the
6558:
6425:
3588:
Bloomfield, Elizabeth; Foster, Linda; Forgay, Jane (1993).
3511:
3509:
3496:
3494:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
2149:
4479:
4452:
German Clubs, Communities and Businesses in Canada and USA
3330:
3253:
3069:. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016
2786:
2784:
2782:
4480:
German Canadian Club "Hansa Haus" in Mississauga, Ontario
4371:
Refractions of Germany in Canadian literature and culture
3925:
German Immigration and Assimilation in Ontario, 1783â1918
3008:"First World War ripped away Canada's 'age of innocence'"
805:, immigrants and Canadians of German-descent founded the
725:
4328:
A History of Migration from Germany to Canada, 1850-1939
3943:
Bulletin of the Canadian Catholic Historical Association
3538:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3506:
3491:
3467:
3426:
3272:
3270:
3268:
2009:
There are several German ethnic-bloc settlements in the
1085:
Canadians of German descent total population (1871â2016)
4347:
Wagner, Jonathan. âThe Deutscher Bund Canada, 1934-9.â
4287:
A History of Migration from Germany to Canada 1850â1939
3680:(in German). Montreal, QC: German Society of Montreal.
2949:
2779:
2415:
730:. This term has led to their confusion with modern-day
214:, while larger numbers came from German settlements in
4526:
4491:
3882:
Germany and the America: Culture, Politics and History
3587:
3366:
2931:
2886:
2884:
2871:
2869:
2796:
2746:
2728:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23).
2698:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-01).
2668:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23).
2638:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-04).
2610:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
2582:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
2554:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
2526:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
2498:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2460:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03).
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2420:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (1999-07-29).
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2374:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-17).
2225:
There are two German international schools in Canada:
485:
4457:
University of Alberta's History of Germans in Alberta
3765:(revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
3746:. Translated by Bassler, Gerhard P. Jesperson Press.
3716:
Kallmann, Helmut; Kemp, Walter P. (7 February 2006).
3521:
3479:
3455:
3378:
3354:
3342:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3265:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
980:
over by right-wing elements of the German community.
784:
623:
of Nova Scotia retain their German heritage, such as
2813:
2811:
2763:
2761:
2727:
2697:
2667:
2637:
2609:
2581:
2553:
2525:
2497:
2459:
2419:
2373:
2270:
757:
The largest group fleeing the United States was the
4381:
Canadian Ethnic Studies= Etudes Ethniques au Canada
4091:
Canadian ethnic studies= Ătudes ethniques au Canada
3889:
Canadian Ethnic Studies= Etudes Ethniques au Canada
3594:. Waterloo: Waterloo Regional Heritage Foundation.
2881:
2866:
2584:"1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada"
2478:
2438:
2392:
4263:
3742:Lehmann, Heinz (1986). Bassler, Gerhard P. (ed.).
3414:
3402:
3390:
3038:"Kitchener mayor notes 100th year of name change"
2937:
2808:
2758:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2577:
2575:
988:, which some German-Canadians found encouraging.
933:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe
6602:
3984:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 79â106.
3087:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2633:
2631:
2605:
2603:
2549:
2547:
2521:
2519:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
773:) and in the northern part of what later became
951:opened and interned those who had been born in
4310:Les Mercenaires allemands au QuĂ©bec, 1776â1783
2716:
2686:
2656:
2572:
1393:
883:Before and during World War I, there was some
6284:
5632:
4512:
2628:
2600:
2556:"Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups"
2544:
2516:
2360:
2343:List of German language newspapers of Ontario
926:
6580:
5752:
5684:
5668:
5661:
4103:
3715:
3449:
2175:
2169:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2092:
2071:
2065:
1388:
798:and prohibition, the Lutherans stood apart.
184:
6590:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
4476:A history of Germans in Brantford, Ontario.
4066:
3005:
2901:
2899:
548:
5639:
5625:
4519:
4505:
4486:German Canadian Association of Nova Scotia
4482:German-Canadian Cultural Centre in the GTA
3922:
3901:
3830:
3608:
3544:
3515:
3500:
3473:
3372:
2850:. Region of Waterloo. 2013. Archived from
2148:, rituals, and beliefs about the weather,
48:
4358:( Windsor: Tolle Lege Enterprises (1985).
4246:
4175:(263). American Folklore Society: 35â43.
3898:(Ottawa: German-Canadian Congress, 1991).
3874:Kitchener, Ontario § Further reading
3662:
3384:
3180:
1041:Learn how and when to remove this message
871:By the early 1900s, the northern part of
627:. The first German church in Canada, the
4339:Manitoba Historical Society Transactions
4307:
4195:
4138:(Canadian Historical Association, 1985).
3675:
3127:
2955:
2896:
2612:"1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin"
1996:
812:
748:
700:Another broad grouping of migrants were
583:
6170:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
6164:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3741:
3561:
2967:
2907:"Religion in Waterloo North (Pre 1911)"
2890:
2875:
2819:"HistoricPlaces.ca - HistoricPlaces.ca"
2802:
6603:
4393:
4284:
4166:
3779:
3760:
3637:
3532:
3485:
3461:
3420:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3012:Kitchener Post, Waterloo Region Record
2790:
2752:
2230:Alexander von Humboldt Schule Montréal
619:churches, and village names along the
258:
5620:
4500:
4228:
4216:from the original on 30 November 2020
4035:
3805:
3792:
3702:
3408:
3396:
2943:
2242:bilingual German-English K-12 schools
638:
193:
4291:University of British Columbia Press
3979:
3562:Bassler, Gerhard P. (30 July 2013).
3181:MacKinnon, Dianne (16 August 2011).
2932:Bloomfield, Foster & Forgay 1993
2773:Canadian Register of Historic Places
2261:Westgate Mennonite Collegiate (6-12)
1102:
1055:
995:
892:in 1916. The city was renamed after
79:Regions with significant populations
4207:Memorial University of Newfoundland
3611:American Review of Canadian Studies
2235:German International School Toronto
2213:For a more comprehensive list, see
912:during the first years of the war.
486:Historiography of Germans in Canada
13:
4528:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
4474:History of Ours: the German People
4067:Kalbfleisch, Herbert Karl (1968).
3962:(Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1975).
3867:
3156:"INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2"
2124:in Canada were held in the 1980s.
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1153:German Canadian Population History
878:
785:Late 19th and early 20th centuries
724:", which derives from the endonym
253:
14:
6637:
6611:Canadian people of German descent
5646:
4445:
4362:
3644:Histoire Sociale / Social History
3128:Tahirali, Jesse (3 August 2014).
2208:
817:A family of German immigrants to
4143:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
3006:D'Amato, Louisa (28 June 2014).
2318:German inventors and discoverers
2287:
2273:
1939:
1903:
1867:
1831:
1795:
1759:
1723:
1687:
1651:
1615:
1579:
1543:
1507:
1471:
1107:
1060:
1012:too many charts, tables, or data
1000:
669:", since many of them came from
633:National Historic Site of Canada
579:
222:; others came from parts of the
74:of the total Canadian population
4341:, Series 3, Number 33, 1976-77
3554:
3174:
3148:
3121:
3095:
3055:
3030:
2999:
2973:
2848:Waterloo Region Museum Research
2836:
2248:Donwood Elementary School (Kâ5)
890:Berlin to Kitchener name change
4397:International Migration Review
4308:Wilhelmy, Jean-Pierre (2009).
3761:Reaman, George Elmore (1957).
2987:. University of Waterloo. 2015
2254:Chief Peguis Junior High (6â8)
2251:Princess Margaret School (Kâ5)
2094:Deutsch-kanadischer SĂ€ngerbund
1:
4330:(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006).
3763:The Trail of the Black Walnut
2348:
1147:
991:
864:, and the area just north of
629:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
589:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
4462:Multicultural Canada website
4196:Robinson, Curtis B. (2019).
4169:Journal of American Folklore
4155:. Montréal: Méridien, 2003.
3834:Journal of American Folklore
3816:University of Nebraska Press
3109:. Government of Canada. 2015
2970:, pp. 186â194, 198â204.
2353:
2257:River East Collegiate (9â12)
2220:
896:, famously pictured on the "
7:
6616:European diaspora in Canada
6071:Alsatians and Lotharingians
4229:Sauer, Angelika E. (2007).
4110:University of Toronto Press
4073:University of Toronto Press
3923:Bausenhart, Werner (1989).
3676:GĂŒrttler, Karin R. (1985).
3183:"Canadian Internment Camps"
3014:. Kitchener. Archived from
2776:. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
2266:
2127:
2064:("singer festival", plural
1992:
1394:Provinces & territories
1381:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1273:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1174:
10:
6642:
6626:German diaspora by country
4868:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
4414:10.1177/019791839502900208
4374:(Walter de Gruyter, 2003).
4349:Canadian Historical Review
4312:(in French). Septentrion.
4205:(PhD thesis). St. John's:
4098:Canadian Historical Review
4036:Heald, Carolyn A. (2009).
3974:Canadian Historical Review
3871:
3638:Freund, Alexander (2006).
3160:ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY
2981:"Waterloo Region Pre-1914"
2327:German Canadian Club Hansa
2212:
2030:
930:
927:Second World War and later
807:German Society of Montreal
651:American Revolutionary War
642:
237:
195:[ËdÉÊtÊkaËnaËdiÌŻÉ]
18:
6621:German diaspora in Canada
6573:
6519:
6441:
6299:
6110:
6090:
6054:
5974:
5926:
5789:
5713:
5706:
5697:
5654:
5586:
5490:
5452:
5391:
5333:
5307:
5256:
5247:
5146:
5093:
5031:
4981:
4945:
4936:
4877:Central and South America
4876:
4825:
4804:
4797:
4760:
4739:
4718:
4668:
4642:
4633:
4534:
4285:Wagner, Jonathan (2005).
4145:(1999) extensive coverage
4044:: Global Heritage Press.
4008:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3843:American Folklore Society
3723:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3623:10.1080/02722010903536946
3569:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1765:Newfoundland and Labrador
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1389:Geographical distribution
1021:or elaborating them with
663:Prince-Elector of Hanover
462:
271:â
147:
142:
131:
126:
111:
106:
83:
78:
66:
61:
47:
40:
4492:German Canadian Congress
3450:Kallmann & Kemp 2006
3067:Collectionscamnada.gc.ca
2331:Waterloo County, Ontario
2244:in Winnipeg, Manitoba:
2215:List of German Canadians
2035:
2005:(areas coloured in grey)
917:Waterloo County, Ontario
898:Lord Kitchener Wants You
775:Waterloo County, Ontario
702:religious nonconformists
41:
6091:Multinational dimension
5341:Nordic and Scandinavian
4266:Canadian Ethnic Studies
4235:Canadian Ethnic Studies
3967:Canadian Ethnic Studies
3958:Betcherman, Lita-Rose.
3904:Canadian Ethnic Studies
3795:Canadian Ethnic Studies
3103:"Anti-German Sentiment"
2201:, and the finding of a
2174:("lightning stone") or
727:Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch
726:
695:United Empire Loyalists
557:West Germanic languages
165:Luxembourgish Canadians
6581:
6285:
6012:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5753:
5685:
5669:
5662:
3373:Clark & Isern 2010
3187:Renfrew County Museums
2176:
2170:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2093:
2072:
2066:
2006:
1401:province and territory
1166:% of total population
1009:This section contains
959:, and particularly in
900:" recruiting posters.
822:
754:
645:United Empire Loyalist
607:in 1749. Known as the
595:A few Germans came to
592:
549:
539:. For example, in the
505:unification of Germany
498:
185:
180:
4388:German Studies Review
4136:The Germans in Canada
4118:10.3138/9781442694866
4010:14.4 (1991): 474â492.
3990:10.3138/9781442694866
3872:Further information:
3808:Great Plains Research
2323:German Mills, Ontario
2141:William J. Wintemberg
2136:, archaeologist, and
2000:
1873:Northwest Territories
949:prisoner-of-war camps
885:anti-German sentiment
816:
752:
587:
555:was used to refer to
143:Related ethnic groups
25:Der Deutsche Canadier
16:Canadian ethnic group
6511:United Arab Emirates
5819:Transylvanian Saxons
4440:106.1 (2014): 57-76.
4112:. pp. 107â136.
4027:11 (2010): 219-237.
3976:87#4 (December 2006)
3894:Bassler, Gerhard P.
3782:Saskatchewan History
3339:, pp. 150, 154.
3262:, pp. 131, 149.
1801:Prince Edward Island
1399:German Canadians by
965:Nazi Party of Canada
605:Halifax, Nova Scotia
224:German Confederation
6098:Central and Eastern
6002:Italy (South Tyrol)
4141:Magocsi, Paul, ed.
4017:(McFarland, 2021).
3927:. New York: Legas.
3107:Canadian War Museum
2985:Waterloo Region WWI
2854:on 27 February 2017
2844:"Waterloo Township"
2734:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2704:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2674:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2644:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2616:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2588:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2560:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2532:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2504:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2466:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2426:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2380:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2303:Foreign Protestants
1404:
1156:
661:, who was also the
615:. Family surnames,
609:Foreign Protestants
246:
37:
21:The German Canadian
6243:Pennsylvania Dutch
4571:Canadian ethnicity
4390:39.1 (2016): 1-15.
4333:Wagner, Jonathan.
4326:Wagner, Jonathan.
4248:10.1353/ces.0.0005
4134:McLaughlin, K. M.
3969:8.2 (1976): 56-70.
3952:2017-11-20 at the
3880:Adam, Thomas, ed.
3564:"German Canadians"
3162:. 23 February 2016
2313:Hessian (soldiers)
2086:Kitchener, Ontario
2056:Erie, Pennsylvania
2007:
1409:Province/Territory
1398:
1152:
986:bombing of Dresden
915:News reports from
838:Russian Mennonites
823:
755:
722:Pennsylvania Dutch
639:Loyalist migration
593:
245:Population History
242:
157:Austrian Canadians
33:
6598:
6597:
6569:
6568:
6106:
6105:
5906:Russian Mennonite
5614:
5613:
5582:
5581:
5243:
5242:
4932:
4931:
4793:
4792:
4383:22.1 (1990): 38+.
4351:58#2 (June 1977).
4319:978-2-89664-554-1
4093:16.1 (1984): 16+.
4082:978-1-4875-8906-6
4051:978-1-897446-37-9
3891:20.3 (1988): 42+.
3753:978-1-55081-308-1
2823:Historicplaces.ca
2195:sign of the cross
2052:Buffalo, New York
2011:Canadian Prairies
2003:Prairie provinces
1990:
1989:
1386:
1385:
1129:
1128:
1082:
1081:
1051:
1050:
1043:
850:Canadian Prairies
744:the British Crown
601:Edward Cornwallis
483:
482:
466:Statistics Canada
170:
169:
36:Germano-Canadiens
6633:
6586:
6537:Papua New Guinea
6375:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
6341:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
6290:
6168:Los Lagos Region
6150:British Columbia
5758:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5690:
5674:
5665:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5392:Southeast Europe
5254:
5253:
4943:
4942:
4802:
4801:
4640:
4639:
4576:French Canadians
4521:
4514:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4467:Berliner Journal
4433:
4323:
4304:
4281:
4260:
4250:
4241:(1â2): 129â144.
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4204:
4192:
4150:
4131:
4086:
4063:
4040:(2nd ed.).
4013:Grams, Grant W.
4003:
3938:
3919:
3862:
3827:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3757:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3728:Historica Canada
3712:
3699:
3672:
3659:
3634:
3605:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3574:Historica Canada
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:on 22 March 2017
3189:. Archived from
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3018:on 15 March 2017
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2793:, p. xviii.
2788:
2777:
2765:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2725:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2337:Berliner Journal
2308:German Americans
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2199:four-leaf clover
2179:
2173:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2096:
2075:
2069:
2048:Cincinnati, Ohio
1943:
1907:
1871:
1835:
1799:
1763:
1727:
1691:
1655:
1619:
1583:
1549:British Columbia
1547:
1511:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1405:
1397:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1019:cleaning them up
1004:
1003:
996:
944:War Measures Act
939:Second World War
765:, especially in
729:
554:
479:
260:
255:
247:
241:
197:
192:
188:
181:Deutsch-Kanadier
173:German Canadians
153:German Americans
62:Total population
52:
42:Deutsch-Kanadier
38:
34:German Canadians
32:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6565:
6515:
6437:
6295:
6162:Los RĂos Region
6102:
6086:
6050:
5975:Southern Europe
5970:
5944:North Schleswig
5927:Northern Europe
5922:
5785:
5726:Sudeten Germans
5693:
5650:
5645:
5615:
5610:
5578:
5486:
5453:Southern Europe
5448:
5387:
5334:Northern Europe
5329:
5303:
5239:
5142:
5089:
5027:
4977:
4928:
4872:
4821:
4789:
4756:
4740:Southern Africa
4735:
4714:
4664:
4629:
4620:Irish Canadians
4530:
4525:
4448:
4443:
4438:Ontario History
4406:SAGE Publishing
4365:
4354:Wieden, Fritz.
4320:
4301:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4202:
4151:Meune, Manuel.
4148:
4128:
4083:
4052:
4042:Milton, Ontario
4000:
3954:Wayback Machine
3935:
3876:
3870:
3868:Further reading
3865:
3773:
3754:
3732:
3730:
3705:Ontario History
3688:
3650:(77): 129â155.
3602:
3578:
3576:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3545:Wintemberg 1899
3543:
3539:
3531:
3522:
3516:Wintemberg 1899
3514:
3507:
3501:Wintemberg 1899
3499:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3474:Wintemberg 1899
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:, p. xiii.
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2911:Waterloo Region
2905:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2766:
2759:
2755:, p. xvii.
2751:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2418:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2240:There are also
2223:
2218:
2211:
2130:
2038:
2033:
2022:, and Romanian
1995:
1396:
1391:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1005:
1001:
994:
935:
929:
881:
879:First World War
873:Waterloo County
787:
767:Berlin, Ontario
740:Irish Palatines
653:. At the time,
647:
641:
582:
488:
475:
471:
470:
469:
244:
243:German Canadian
240:
228:Austria-Hungary
220:Imperial Russia
190:
186:Deutschkanadier
161:Swiss Canadians
97:Atlantic Canada
93:Waterloo Region
70:
57:
56:
43:
35:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6639:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6554:German Samoans
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6082:United Kingdom
6079:
6074:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6055:Western Europe
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5949:Potato Germans
5946:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5884:North Caucasus
5881:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5826:
5821:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5790:Eastern Europe
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5750:
5745:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5721:Czech Republic
5717:
5715:
5714:Central Europe
5708:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5671:Reichsdeutsche
5666:
5663:Bundesdeutsche
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5494:
5492:
5491:Western Europe
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5308:Eastern Europe
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5257:Central Europe
5251:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5095:Southeast Asia
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4726:South Sudanese
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4643:Horn of Africa
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4625:Black Loyalist
4622:
4617:
4615:Newfoundlander
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4459:
4454:
4447:
4446:External links
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4364:
4363:Historiography
4361:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4305:
4299:
4282:
4261:
4226:
4193:
4181:10.2307/536806
4164:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4064:
4050:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4011:
4004:
3998:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3939:
3933:
3920:
3910:(1â2): 35â48.
3899:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3851:10.2307/533769
3828:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3771:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3713:
3700:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3635:
3606:
3600:
3585:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3535:, p. 192.
3520:
3505:
3490:
3488:, p. 195.
3478:
3466:
3464:, p. 191.
3454:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3385:Giesinger 1984
3377:
3365:
3363:, p. 147.
3353:
3351:, p. 153.
3341:
3329:
3327:, p. 154.
3317:
3315:, p. 145.
3305:
3303:, p. 142.
3293:
3291:, p. 141.
3281:
3279:, p. 139.
3264:
3252:
3250:, p. 130.
3240:
3238:, p. 136.
3228:
3226:, p. 135.
3216:
3214:, p. 134.
3204:
3173:
3147:
3120:
3094:
3054:
3029:
2998:
2972:
2960:
2958:, p. 108.
2948:
2936:
2924:
2895:
2880:
2865:
2835:
2807:
2805:, p. 371.
2795:
2778:
2757:
2745:
2715:
2685:
2655:
2627:
2599:
2571:
2543:
2515:
2477:
2437:
2391:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2284:
2281:Germany portal
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2210:
2209:Notable people
2207:
2171:gewitter-stein
2129:
2126:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1896:
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1701:
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1659:
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1500:
1497:
1494:
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1049:
1048:
1008:
1006:
999:
993:
990:
928:
925:
894:Lord Kitchener
880:
877:
842:Tsarist regime
830:Eastern Europe
826:Western Canada
786:
783:
640:
637:
581:
578:
513:Czech Republic
487:
484:
481:
480:
460:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
266:
262:
261:
256:
251:
239:
236:
216:Eastern Europe
168:
167:
145:
144:
140:
139:
129:
128:
124:
123:
109:
108:
104:
103:
85:Western Canada
81:
80:
76:
75:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6638:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6548:
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6543:
6540:
6539:
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6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6404:Dar es Salaam
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6287:Colonia Tovar
6283:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6238:United States
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
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6151:
6148:
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6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
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6057:
6053:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:Baltic states
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5688:
5687:Volksdeutsche
5683:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5648:German people
5642:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5607:
5606:New Zealander
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:North America
4803:
4800:
4796:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:South African
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4547:First Nations
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4368:Antor, Heinz
4367:
4366:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4300:9780774812153
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:(1): 99â122.
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4127:9781442694866
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3999:9781442694866
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3934:0-921252-10-2
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3772:0-7710-7351-8
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3718:"SĂ€ngerfeste"
3714:
3711:(4): 249â260.
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3687:2-9800421-0-2
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3601:9780969693604
3597:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3547:, p. 45.
3546:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3518:, p. 50.
3517:
3512:
3510:
3503:, p. 46.
3502:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3476:, p. 48.
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3345:
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3333:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3225:
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3213:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3161:
3157:
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3135:
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3124:
3108:
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3098:
3090:
3084:
3068:
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3058:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2956:GĂŒrttler 1985
2952:
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2940:
2933:
2928:
2912:
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2900:
2892:
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2296:
2295:Canada portal
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2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:witch doctors
2178:
2177:donder-keidel
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
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2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
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1758:
1757:
1753:
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1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:New Brunswick
1726:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1690:
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1123:
1122:MediaWiki.org
1119:
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1094:
1090:
1076:
1075:MediaWiki.org
1072:
1067:
1058:
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1045:
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1034:
1031:February 2023
1024:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
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981:
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969:Camp Petawawa
966:
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843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
815:
811:
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804:
799:
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796:Social Gospel
791:
782:
778:
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768:
764:
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747:
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741:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:United States
680:
677:and south of
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
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655:Great Britain
652:
646:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
586:
580:Early history
577:
575:
571:
568:(and broader
567:
563:
558:
553:
552:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
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497:
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492:modern German
478:
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196:
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162:
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146:
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138:
134:
133:Protestantism
130:
125:
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118:
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105:
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98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
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60:
51:
46:
39:
26:
22:
6382:South Africa
6139:
5755:Walddeutsche
5574:Luxembourger
5525:Scotch-Irish
5273:
5051:Anglo-Indian
4946:Central Asia
4863:Puerto Rican
4669:North Africa
4465:
4437:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4369:
4355:
4348:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4309:
4286:
4269:
4265:
4238:
4234:
4218:. Retrieved
4198:
4172:
4168:
4161:2-89415293-0
4152:
4142:
4135:
4105:
4097:
4090:
4068:
4037:
4024:
4014:
4007:
3981:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3942:
3924:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3884:(3 vol 2006)
3881:
3838:
3832:
3811:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3781:
3762:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3721:
3708:
3704:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3647:
3643:
3617:(1): 71â85.
3614:
3610:
3590:
3577:. Retrieved
3567:
3555:Bibliography
3540:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3186:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3136:. Bell Media
3133:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3071:. Retrieved
3066:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3011:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2984:
2975:
2968:Lehmann 1986
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2910:
2891:Lehmann 1986
2876:Bassler 2013
2856:. Retrieved
2852:the original
2847:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:
2803:Lehmann 1986
2798:
2771:
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:
2335:
2239:
2224:
2131:
2090:
2076:was held in
2059:
2041:
2039:
2016:
2008:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1585:Saskatchewan
1403:(2001â2016)
1139:
1135:
1092:
1088:
1037:
1028:
1017:Please help
1010:
982:
973:
942:
936:
921:
914:
902:
882:
870:
834:Plautdietsch
824:
800:
792:
788:
779:
756:
732:Dutch people
718:Pennsylvania
699:
691:Lower Canada
648:
603:established
594:
489:
476:
472:
463:
202:citizens of
172:
171:
71:
67:
30:Ethnic group
20:
6583:Ostsiedlung
6532:New Zealand
6506:Philippines
6348:Ivory Coast
6233:Puerto Rico
6186:El Salvador
6077:Netherlands
6031:Gottscheers
5831:(including
5781:Switzerland
5429:Montenegrin
5208:Azerbaijani
5176:Palestinian
5128:Singaporean
5041:Bangladeshi
4761:West Africa
4719:East Africa
4470:, 1880â1916
4408:: 515â544.
4149:(in French)
4100:66#2 (1985)
4071:. Toronto:
3818:: 251â272.
3801:(2): 15â30.
3788:(2): 41â50.
3533:Reaman 1957
3486:Reaman 1957
3462:Reaman 1957
3421:Wagner 1978
3361:Freund 2006
3349:Freund 2006
3337:Freund 2006
3325:Freund 2006
3313:Freund 2006
3301:Freund 2006
3289:Freund 2006
3277:Freund 2006
3260:Freund 2006
3248:Freund 2006
3236:Freund 2006
3224:Freund 2006
3212:Freund 2006
2791:Reaman 1957
2753:Reaman 1957
2134:antiquarian
2121:SĂ€ngerfeste
2115:SĂ€ngerfeste
2108:SĂ€ngerfeste
2082:Canada West
2067:SĂ€ngerfeste
2043:Turnvereine
1693:Nova Scotia
1163:Population
1118:Phabricator
1071:Phabricator
854:Third Reich
819:Quebec City
763:Grand River
679:Quebec City
621:South Shore
562:Switzerland
541:Middle Ages
531:, and even
529:Netherlands
517:Switzerland
232:Switzerland
208:2016 census
137:Catholicism
6605:Categories
6496:Kyrgyzstan
6486:Kazakhstan
6387:Afrikaners
6181:Costa Rica
6145:Hutterites
6007:Yugoslavia
5987:Azerbaijan
5896:Bessarabia
5655:Historical
5596:Australian
5470:Portuguese
5424:Macedonian
5383:Lithuanian
5315:Belarusian
5138:Vietnamese
5113:Indonesian
5085:Sri Lankan
5033:South Asia
4924:Venezuelan
4914:Salvadoran
4904:Guatemalan
4752:Zimbabwean
4542:Indigenous
3671:(2): 1â14.
3409:White 1997
3397:White 1994
2944:Heick 1964
2739:2022-09-23
2709:2022-09-23
2679:2022-09-23
2649:2022-09-23
2621:2022-09-23
2593:2022-09-23
2565:2022-09-23
2537:2022-09-23
2509:2022-09-23
2471:2022-09-23
2431:2022-09-23
2385:2022-09-23
2349:References
2158:witchcraft
2138:folklorist
2073:SĂ€ngerfest
2061:SĂ€ngerfest
1493:1,144,560
1487:1,154,550
1481:1,189,670
1379:3,322,405
1367:3,203,330
1355:3,179,425
1343:2,742,765
1331:2,757,140
1319:2,793,780
1307:2,467,055
1295:1,142,365
1283:1,317,200
1271:1,049,599
1155:1871â2016
1148:Population
1023:prose text
992:Demography
947:, some 26
931:See also:
836:-speaking
759:Mennonites
710:Mennonites
704:, such as
659:George III
643:See also:
597:New France
566:Palatinate
551:Theodiscus
191:pronounced
6527:Australia
6280:Venezuela
6263:Palatines
6211:Nicaragua
6191:Guatemala
6120:Argentina
5901:Black Sea
5847:Satu Mare
5807:Black Sea
5678:Palatines
5562:Québécois
5409:Bulgarian
5361:Norwegian
5356:Icelandic
5325:Ukrainian
5294:Slovenian
5279:Hungarian
5166:Jordanian
5148:West Asia
5123:Malaysian
5103:Cambodian
5068:Pakistani
5018:Taiwanese
5013:Mongolian
4996:Hong Kong
4983:East Asia
4919:Uruguayan
4899:Colombian
4889:Brazilian
4884:Argentine
4843:Dominican
4833:Barbadian
4826:Caribbean
4655:Ethiopian
4586:Québécois
4430:147415727
4278:0008-3496
4257:145534168
4060:430037634
3916:0008-3496
3845:: 45â50.
3824:1052-5165
3656:0018-2257
3631:143085107
3073:19 August
3047:19 August
2828:19 August
2354:Citations
2221:Education
2203:horseshoe
2190:hex signs
1980:2,742,765
1970:3,179,425
1960:3,203,330
1950:3,322,405
977:war films
866:Saskatoon
862:Steinbach
771:Kitchener
635:in 1997.
625:Lunenburg
570:Rhineland
455:3,322,405
444:3,203,330
433:3,179,425
422:2,742,765
411:2,757,140
400:2,793,780
389:2,467,055
378:1,142,365
367:1,317,200
356:1,049,599
107:Languages
68:3,322,405
6574:See also
6501:Pakistan
6409:Zanzibar
6399:Bagamoyo
6394:Tanzania
6314:Cameroon
6248:Nebraska
6216:Paraguay
6176:Colombia
6112:Americas
6044:Bosporus
6027:Slovenia
5992:Bulgaria
5852:Bukovina
5837:Highland
5824:Landlers
5769:Slovakia
5699:Diaspora
5601:Hawaiian
5552:Acadians
5530:Scottish
5444:Yugoslav
5434:Romanian
5414:Croatian
5399:Albanian
5373:Estonian
5264:Austrian
5203:Assyrian
5198:Armenian
5171:Lebanese
5108:Filipino
5003:Japanese
4909:Peruvian
4858:Jamaican
4848:Guyanese
4812:American
4798:Americas
4773:Nigerian
4768:Ghanaian
4731:Sudanese
4708:Egyptian
4696:Tunisian
4691:Moroccan
4681:Algerian
4650:Eritrean
4603:Scottish
4581:Acadians
4220:21 April
4211:Archived
3950:Archived
3945:(1975).
3733:21 April
3696:29291580
3579:16 April
3197:21 March
3166:21 March
3140:21 March
3134:CTV News
3113:21 March
3083:cite web
3022:14 March
2991:20 March
2917:21 March
2858:13 March
2267:See also
2146:proverbs
2128:Folklore
2020:Bukovina
1993:Prairies
1709:101,865
1673:131,795
1667:132,945
1661:142,230
1643:200,370
1637:216,755
1631:218,490
1625:220,735
1621:Manitoba
1607:275,060
1601:286,045
1595:288,790
1589:296,385
1571:500,675
1565:561,570
1559:567,670
1553:603,265
1535:576,350
1529:679,700
1523:683,830
1517:712,955
1499:965,510
1358:10.177%
1259:619,995
1247:464,682
1235:473,544
1223:294,635
1211:403,417
1199:310,501
1187:254,319
1175:202,991
906:Victoria
858:Winnipeg
821:in 1911.
803:Montreal
736:New York
675:Montreal
667:Hessians
617:Lutheran
613:Acadians
464:Source:
200:Canadian
127:Religion
6520:Oceania
6464:Tianjin
6459:Qingdao
6454:Beijing
6421:Baguida
6370:Senegal
6358:Nigeria
6353:Namibia
6324:Yaoundé
6275:Uruguay
6268:by city
6201:Jamaica
6130:Bolivia
6062:Belgium
6017:Croatia
5997:Georgia
5982:Armenia
5961:Finland
5939:Denmark
5916:Galicia
5891:Ukraine
5857:Dobruja
5814:Romania
5802:Moldova
5797:Belarus
5762:Galicia
5748:OlÄders
5743:Vistula
5733:Hungary
5588:Oceania
5520:English
5515:Cornish
5510:British
5503:Flemish
5498:Belgian
5475:Spanish
5465:Maltese
5460:Italian
5439:Serbian
5404:Bosnian
5378:Latvian
5366:Swedish
5351:Finnish
5320:Russian
5235:Turkish
5230:Kurdish
5223:Israeli
5213:Iranian
5118:Laotian
5073:Punjabi
5023:Tibetan
4991:Chinese
4894:Chilean
4853:Haitian
4817:Mexican
4598:English
4593:British
4552:by band
4422:2546792
2154:witches
2084:(later
2031:Culture
2024:Dobruja
1909:Nunavut
1862:14.32%
1856:16.01%
1850:15.64%
1844:15.88%
1751:27,490
1745:33,830
1739:34,870
1733:34,205
1715:89,460
1712:11.28%
1706:10.77%
1703:97,605
1700:10.74%
1697:97,550
1679:88,700
1646:18.15%
1640:19.12%
1634:18.61%
1628:17.79%
1610:28.56%
1604:29.99%
1598:28.63%
1592:27.69%
1574:12.94%
1568:13.78%
1562:13.13%
1556:13.23%
1532:20.87%
1526:19.17%
1520:17.92%
1513:Alberta
1477:Ontario
1382:9.641%
1370:9.751%
1346:9.254%
1334:9.665%
1322:10.35%
1298:4.743%
1286:6.107%
1274:5.755%
1262:4.426%
1250:4.038%
1238:4.563%
1226:3.353%
1214:5.598%
1202:5.781%
1178:5.823%
1120:and on
1073:and on
953:Germany
910:Calgary
908:and in
846:Ukraine
714:Dunkers
712:, and "
706:Quakers
574:Holland
572:), and
537:Ukraine
521:Austria
500:Deutsch
496:endonym
392:+116.0%
345:619,995
334:464,682
323:473,544
312:294,635
301:403,417
290:310,501
279:254,319
268:202,991
238:History
212:Germany
149:Germans
113:English
89:Ontario
6547:Rabaul
6542:Kokopo
6476:Israel
6336:Guinea
6319:Douala
6309:Angola
6301:Africa
6226:Pozuzo
6206:Mexico
6140:Canada
6135:Brazil
6125:Belize
6067:France
6039:Turkey
6022:Serbia
5966:Sweden
5956:Norway
5911:Crimea
5874:Russia
5867:Zipser
5841:Walser
5839:, and
5829:Danube
5774:Zipser
5738:Poland
5707:Europe
5557:Breton
5547:French
5480:Basque
5346:Danish
5289:Slovak
5284:Polish
5274:German
5249:Europe
5218:Jewish
5191:Yemeni
5186:Syrian
5080:Romani
5063:Nepali
5046:Indian
5008:Korean
4958:Kazakh
4953:Afghan
4783:Yoruba
4703:Coptic
4686:Libyan
4676:Berber
4660:Somali
4635:Africa
4535:Canada
4428:
4420:
4343:online
4316:
4297:
4276:
4255:
4189:536806
4187:
4159:
4124:
4079:
4058:
4048:
4029:online
4019:online
3996:
3947:online
3931:
3914:
3859:533769
3857:
3841:(44).
3822:
3769:
3750:
3694:
3684:
3654:
3629:
3598:
3042:Cbc.ca
2913:. 2015
2197:, the
2186:curses
2162:Zodiac
2103:Sarnia
2099:Guelph
2078:Berlin
2058:. The
2054:; and
1975:10.18%
1945:Canada
1934:1.48%
1928:1.88%
1922:2.02%
1916:2.09%
1895:3,005
1892:8.51%
1889:3,495
1886:8.27%
1883:3,375
1880:8.29%
1877:3,410
1859:4,085
1853:4,835
1847:5,210
1841:5,575
1826:4.05%
1823:5,400
1820:5.25%
1817:7,050
1814:5.21%
1811:7,160
1808:5.05%
1805:7,060
1790:1.24%
1787:6,275
1784:1.48%
1781:7,390
1778:1.61%
1775:8,190
1772:1.68%
1769:8,620
1754:3.82%
1742:4.74%
1736:4.68%
1718:9.97%
1682:1.24%
1676:1.77%
1670:1.72%
1664:1.79%
1657:Quebec
1538:19.6%
1502:8.56%
1496:9.52%
1490:9.13%
1484:8.98%
1310:9.86%
1190:5.88%
564:, the
543:, the
533:Russia
527:, the
525:France
511:, the
509:Poland
494:, the
436:+15.9%
403:+13.2%
381:â13.3%
370:+25.5%
359:+69.3%
348:+33.4%
326:+60.7%
315:â27.0%
304:+29.9%
293:+22.1%
282:+25.3%
204:German
198:) are
177:German
121:German
117:French
101:Quebec
23:, see
6491:Korea
6481:Japan
6471:India
6449:China
6363:Lagos
6331:Ghana
6258:Omaha
6253:Texas
6196:Haiti
6157:Chile
5879:Volga
5862:Regat
5833:Banat
5569:Irish
5542:Dutch
5535:Welsh
5419:Greek
5299:Swiss
5269:Czech
5181:Saudi
5161:Iraqi
5056:Tamil
4973:Uzbek
4968:Tatar
4963:Tajik
4838:Cuban
4608:Welsh
4564:MĂ©tis
4559:Inuit
4426:S2CID
4418:JSTOR
4404:(2).
4253:S2CID
4214:(PDF)
4203:(PDF)
4185:JSTOR
3855:JSTOR
3814:(2).
3627:S2CID
2036:Music
1985:9.25%
1965:9.75%
1955:9.64%
1898:8.1%
1837:Yukon
1748:4.7%
1422:2001
1419:2006
1416:2011
1413:2016
1160:Year
961:Japan
957:Italy
769:(now
687:Upper
671:Hesse
547:term
545:Latin
458:+3.7%
447:+0.8%
425:â0.5%
414:â1.3%
337:â1.9%
6559:Apia
6442:Asia
6431:Lomé
6426:Sebe
6416:Togo
6221:Peru
5156:Arab
5133:Thai
4938:Asia
4778:Igbo
4314:ISBN
4295:ISBN
4274:ISSN
4222:2021
4157:ISBN
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