1064:
317:
53:
1910:
419:
1922:
1886:
1950:
1898:
880:
1967:
894:
1243:
The regalia of the
Carolingian empire had been divided by Louis the Pious on his deathbed between his two faithful sons, Charles the Bald and Lothair. Louis the German, then in rebellion, received nothing of the crown jewels or liturgical books associated with Carolingian kingship. Thus the symbols
1150:
describe the extent of Louis's lands: "at the assigning of portions, Louis obtained all the land beyond the Rhine river, but on this side of the Rhine also the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz with their counties". The kingdom of West
Francia went to Louis's younger half-brother Charles the Bald,
1024:'s court. Since eastern Francia could be identified with old Austrasia, the Frankish heartland, Louis's choice of terminology hints at his ambitions. Under his grandson, Arnulf of Carinthia, the terminology was largely dropped and the kingdom, when it was referred to by name, was simply
1218:
cost Conrad I his life. On his deathbed, Conrad I chose Henry of Saxony as the most capable successor. This kingship changed from Franks to Saxons, who had suffered greatly during the conquests of
Charlemagne. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only Saxons and Franconians at
1158:
While
Eastern Francia contained about a third of the traditional Frankish heartland of Austrasia, the rest consisted mostly of lands annexed to the Frankish empire between the fifth and the eighth century. These included the duchies of Alamannia, Bavaria, Saxony and
1335:
The three basic services monasteries could owe to the sovereign in the
Frankish realms were military service, an annual donation of money or work, and prayers for the royal family and the kingdom. Collectively, these were known by the technical term
1346:, a list of monasteries and the services they owed drawn up around 817, the burden of military and monetary service was more severe in west Francia than in east Francia. Only four monasteries listed as "beyond the Rhine" (
1201:
In 911 Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and
Swabian nobles no longer followed the tradition of electing someone from the Carolingian dynasty as a king to rule over them and on 10 November, 911 elected one of their own
1484:
Kingdom of
Germany was mostly Germanic-speaking East Francia, which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, especially after the kingship passed from Frankish kings to the Saxon Ottonian dynasty in 919.
1314:
in 895, the prelates declared that Arnulf was chosen by God and not by men and Arnulf in turn swore to defend the church and its privileges from all its enemies. When Arnulf died in 899, his minor son,
1255:) whether he was willing to defend the church and the people and then to turn and ask the people whether they were willing to be subject to the prince and obey his laws. The latter then shouted, "
1247:
From an early date, the East
Frankish kingdom had a more formalised notion of royal election than West Francia. Around 900, a liturgy for the coronation of a king, called the early German
1780:
Eric J. Goldberg. "'More
Devoted to the Equipment of Battle Than the Splendor of Banquets': Frontier Kingship, Military Ritual, and Early Knighthood at the Court of Louis the German".
1499:
Bradbury 2007, 21: "... division which gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms, notably East and West
Francia, or what we can begin to call Germany and France."
1306:, the presence of the West Franks was on account of the "barren ecclesiastical thought" of the East, and the council proceeded to adopt West Frankish ideas of royal sacrality and
1508:
Goldberg 2006, 6: "Louis kingship laid the foundations for an east Frankish kingdom that, in the eleventh century, was transformed into the medieval Kingdom of Germany".
1475:", land of the Franks, was commonly used to refer to the empire. The ruling dynasty was Frankish, although its inhabitants were mostly other non-Frankish Germanic tribes.
2047:
331:
292:
278:
2042:
1186:. The short lived Middle Francia turned out to be the theatre of Franco-German wars up until the 20th century. All the Frankish lands were briefly reunited by
1198:, Saxony and Lotharingia turned from appointed nobles into hereditary rulers of their territories. Kings increasingly had to deal with regional rebellions.
925:
2012:
804:
2007:
1583:
ubi distributis portionibus, Hludowicus ultra Rhenum omnia, citra Rhenum vero Nemetum, Vangium et Moguntiam civitates pagosque sortitus est
1310:. It was "the first phase in the process of assimilation of the two halves of the Carolingian inheritance". In another church council at
1067:
The partition of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. From Histoire Et Géographie - Atlas Général Vidal-Lablache, 1898.
1171:) of East Francia, mostly Germanic- and Slavic-speaking, could be "distinguished from each other by race, customs, language and laws" (
2037:
1231:, and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I. After Otto I was crowned as the Emperor in Rome in 962, the era of the
918:
477:
1703:
Bernard Bachrach and David Bachrach. "Early Saxon Frontier Warfare: Henry I, Otto I, and Carolingian Military Institutions".
1223:, had to subdue other dukes and concentrated on creating a state apparatus which was fully utilized by his son and successor
858:
789:
722:
988:
language split, "gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms", with East Francia becoming (or being) the
2032:
2027:
52:
2017:
1938:
911:
685:
453:
1020:
living east of the Rhine. The use of the term in a broader sense, to refer to the eastern kingdom, was an innovation of
1295:
824:
618:
473:
1342:
1323:. Louis's coronation was the first in German history. When Louis died in late September 911, Duke Conrad I, then the
1063:
468:
519:
630:
495:
2002:
1757:
499:
458:
119:
1194:
was elected king. The increasing weakness of royal power in East Francia meant that dukes of Bavaria, Swabia,
1320:
1268:
1263:!" (Let it be done!), an act that later became known as "Recognition". This is the earliest known coronation
1730:
David Bachrach. "The Written Word in Carolingian-Style Fiscal Administration under King Henry I, 919–936".
1144:
describes the kingdom being "divided in three" and Louis "acceding to the eastern part". The West Frankish
491:
1997:
1713:
David Bachrach. "Exercise of Royal Power in Early Medieval Europe: The Case of Otto the Great, 936–973".
511:
463:
448:
443:
398:
1973:
1876:
1434:
1291:
690:
660:
433:
507:
503:
438:
1327:, was elected to replace him on 10 November and he became the first German king to receive unction.
1163:, as well as the northern and eastern marches with the Danes and Slavs. The contemporary chronicler
2022:
1751:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
1299:
515:
1452:
1215:
1047:, in using the Carolingian terminology, had to explain that the "eastern kingdom of the Franks" (
782:
483:
1251:, was written for a private audience. It required the coronator to ask the "designated prince" (
1447:
648:
542:
1992:
1227:. By his death in July 936, Henry had prevented collapse of royal power, as was happening in
845:
487:
840:
668:
655:
547:
8:
1422:
1410:
1384:
1207:
1203:
1191:
970:
1926:
1914:
1863:
Karl Ferdinand Werner. "Les nations et le sentiment national dans l'Europe médiévale".
1279:
1210:
was one of the dukes, he found it very hard to establish his authority over them. Duke
1160:
1146:
1132:
1079:
was signed by his three sons and heirs. The division of lands was largely based on the
1036:
989:
981:
966:
635:
595:
567:
407:
324:
297:
221:
149:
1753:
1725:
1698:
1390:
1324:
1283:
1232:
1183:
1140:
997:
600:
523:
310:
1956:
1164:
1804:
Eckhard Müller-Mertens. "The Ottonians as Kings and Emperors". Timothy Reuter, ed.
1788:
1761:
1738:
1721:
1694:
1679:
1428:
1375:
1211:
1128:
1112:
1104:
1076:
1044:
1021:
974:
562:
557:
552:
208:
168:
101:
1267:
with a Recognition in it, and it was subsequently incorporated in the influential
1830:
1590:
1416:
1404:
1396:
1363:
1355:
1316:
1287:
1187:
1152:
1116:
1072:
732:
114:
85:
1902:
1890:
1853:
1836:
1811:
1749:
Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075
1683:
1303:
1100:
1043:, "king of the East Franks", in the treaty. By the 12th century, the historian
1032:
898:
884:
625:
362:
181:
97:
81:
36:
1792:
1986:
1765:
1359:
1319:, was crowned, but not anointed, and placed under the tutelage of Archbishop
1071:
In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of emperor
712:
1742:
1909:
1770:
1351:
1228:
1108:
993:
821:
817:
752:
742:
703:
1799:
Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876
418:
1179:
980:
The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, enforced by the
962:
605:
367:
195:
89:
1278:. In attendance were the three archbishops of the East Frankish kingdom—
675:
1567:
in tres partes diviso ... Hludowicus quidem orientalem partem accepti
1307:
1195:
1124:
1120:
1096:
93:
67:
1151:
and between their realms a kingdom of Middle Francia, incorporating
1115:
received the eastern portion of mostly Germanic-speaking lands: the
1220:
377:
142:
71:
1472:
1244:
and rituals of East Frankish kingship were created from scratch.
1214:
was in rebellion against Conrad I until 915 and struggle against
1084:
770:
572:
382:
357:
352:
283:
249:
129:
1848:
The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414
1586:
1311:
1224:
1017:
1686:. "The Saxon Military Revolution, 912–973: Myth and Reality".
1035:(921) with the West Franks, the "eastern" qualifier appeared.
1932:
1825:
Timothy Reuter. "The Ottonian and Carolingian Tradition". In
1594:
1275:
1092:
1088:
1080:
985:
942:
372:
1274:
In June 888, King Arnulf of Carinthia convened a council at
977:(843) which divided the former empire into three kingdoms.
1806:
The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume II: c.900–c.1024
1155:, was given to their elder brother, the Emperor Lothair I.
1818:? The Empire and its Rulers in the Highe Middle Ages". In
1190:, but in 888 he was deposed by nobles and in East Francia
1644:
1642:
1833:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 268–83.
1874:
1340:("king's service"). According to the evidence of the
1858:
The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship
1841:
Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300
1801:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006.
1639:
1605:
1603:
1182:
was divided between West and East Francia under the
177:• 936–962 (title held until his death in 973)
2048:States and territories disestablished in the 960s
1600:
1984:
1294:) and Rouen (John I) along with the bishops of
1051:) was "now called the kingdom of the Germans" (
2043:States and territories established in the 840s
1850:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
1808:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
57:East Francia in 843 after the Treaty of Verdun
1822:, ed. Anne J. Duggan (London: 1993), 179–211.
1290:—and the West Frankish archbishops of Reims (
919:
787:
673:
1099:kept the imperial title and the kingdom of
956:
946:
28:
926:
912:
51:
1393:in Saxony (876–882) and Bavaria (879–882)
134:East Frankish • East Frank
2013:10th-century disestablishments in Europe
1827:Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
1775:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328
1062:
1985:
973:until 911. It was created through the
1012:originally referred to Franconia and
2008:9th-century establishments in Europe
1939:
1820:Kings nd Kingship in Medieval Europe
1777:. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007.
1705:Journal of Medieval Military History
1167:wrote that the "different people" (
16:Country in Western Europe (843–962)
13:
14:
2059:
1343:Notitia de servitio monasteriorum
1031:When it was necessary, as in the
1965:
1948:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1726:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00283.x
1699:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2007.00203.x
1369:
892:
878:
417:
329:
315:
290:
276:
2038:Medieval history of Switzerland
1666:Bernhardt 1993, 112 and n. 116.
1660:
1651:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1572:
1556:
1138:The contemporary East Frankish
1016:to its inhabitants, the ethnic
686:German revolutions of 1848–1849
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1478:
1465:
1003:
1:
1673:
1269:Pontificale Romano-Germanicum
1173:genere moribus lingua legibus
1095:rivers. While the eldest son
958:Regnum Francorum orientalium
30:Regnum Francorum orientalium
7:
2033:Medieval history of Germany
2028:Medieval history of Austria
1441:
1238:
1206:) as the new king. Because
1169:diversae nationes populorum
961:) was a successor state of
10:
2064:
2018:Former countries in Europe
1843:. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
1058:
1049:orientale Francorum regnum
953:Kingdom of the East Franks
691:North German Confederation
661:Confederation of the Rhine
25:Kingdom of the East Franks
1793:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300829
1544:Müller-Mertens 1999, 241.
1535:Müller-Mertens 1999, 237.
1330:
1041:rex Francorum orientalium
345:
255:
245:
241:
231:
218:
205:
201:
191:
187:
175:
162:
158:
148:
138:
128:
107:
77:
62:
50:
45:
23:
1860:. London: Methuen, 1969.
1766:10.1017/CBO9780511562372
1458:
1814:. "The Medieval German
1453:List of German monarchs
1350:) owed these services:
1216:Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria
1448:List of Frankish kings
1399:in Alemannia (876–882)
1068:
957:
947:
788:
674:
543:Linear Pottery culture
233:• Disestablished
29:
2003:962 disestablishments
1743:10.1093/gerhis/ghq108
1715:Early Medieval Europe
1688:Early Medieval Europe
1648:Ullmann 1969, 124–27.
1636:Ullmann 1969, 108–09.
1066:
1039:refers to himself as
469:Territorial evolution
78:Common languages
72:Ratisbon (Regensburg)
1737::4 (2010), 399–423.
1387:in Bavaria (876–879)
1075:on 20 June 840, the
805:Expulsion of Germans
771:Contemporary Germany
669:German Confederation
1871::2 (1970), 285–304.
1747:John W. Bernhardt.
1657:Bernhardt 1993, 77.
1618:Reynolds 1997, 257.
1423:Conrad I of Germany
1411:Arnulf of Carinthia
1253:princeps designatus
1192:Arnulf of Carinthia
1053:regnum Teutonicorum
971:Carolingian dynasty
619:Early Modern period
606:Eastward settlement
66:Various, including
1998:843 establishments
1797:Eric J. Goldberg.
1627:Goldberg 1999, 43.
1609:Goldberg 1999, 41.
1526:Goldberg 2006, 73.
1280:Wilbert of Cologne
1147:Annales Bertiniani
1133:March of Carinthia
1069:
1010:orientalis Francia
990:Kingdom of Germany
948:Francia orientalis
899:History portal
885:Germany portal
636:Kingdom of Prussia
596:Kingdom of Germany
568:Barbarian kingdoms
325:Kingdom of Germany
298:Carolingian Empire
222:Treaty of Meerssen
150:King of the Franks
1760:
1720:(2009), 389–419.
1693:(2007), 186–222.
1585:. The cities are
1553:Scales 2012, 158.
1517:Reuter 2006, 270.
1391:Louis the Younger
1325:Duke of Franconia
1284:Liutbert of Mainz
1233:Holy Roman Empire
1184:Treaty of Meersen
1141:Annales Fuldenses
1014:orientales Franci
998:Kingdom of France
936:
935:
867:
866:
761:
760:
601:Holy Roman Empire
478:Holy Roman Empire
391:
390:
341:
340:
337:
336:
311:Holy Roman Empire
303:
302:
120:Germanic religion
2055:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1865:Revue Historique
1752:
1680:Bernard Bachrach
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1598:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1429:Henry the Fowler
1376:Louis the German
1321:Hatto I of Mainz
1129:Duchy of Bavaria
1113:Louis the German
1105:Charles the Bald
1077:Treaty of Verdun
1045:Otto of Freising
1022:Louis the German
975:Treaty of Verdun
960:
950:
928:
921:
914:
901:
897:
896:
895:
887:
883:
882:
881:
793:
776:
775:
709:
708:
679:
563:Migration Period
558:Germanic peoples
553:Urnfield culture
421:
411:
393:
392:
333:
332:
319:
318:
307:
306:
294:
293:
280:
279:
273:
272:
257:
256:
209:Treaty of Verdun
169:Louis the German
102:Slavic languages
55:
40:
32:
21:
20:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2023:Former kingdoms
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:from Wiktionary
1954:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:sister projects
1937:at Knowledge's
1931:
1921:
1919:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1831:Janet L. Nelson
1787:(1999), 41–78.
1676:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1444:
1417:Louis the Child
1405:Charles the Fat
1397:Charles the Fat
1372:
1338:servitium regis
1333:
1302:. According to
1288:Ratbod of Trier
1241:
1212:Henry of Saxony
1188:Charles the Fat
1117:Duchy of Saxony
1073:Louis the Pious
1061:
1006:
932:
893:
891:
890:
879:
877:
876:
869:
868:
850:
829:
796:
773:
763:
762:
733:Weimar Republic
706:
696:
695:
682:
651:
641:
640:
621:
611:
610:
586:
578:
577:
573:Frankish Empire
548:Únětice culture
538:
530:
529:
474:Historic states
429:
409:
402:
387:
330:
316:
291:
277:
234:
224:
211:
178:
165:
164:• 843–876
124:
115:Catholic Church
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:Old High German
84:
58:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1962:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1854:Walter Ullmann
1851:
1844:
1837:Susan Reynolds
1834:
1823:
1812:Timothy Reuter
1809:
1802:
1795:
1778:
1768:
1745:
1732:German History
1728:
1711:
1710:(2012), 17–60.
1701:
1684:David Bachrach
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1599:
1571:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:Otto the Great
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1332:
1329:
1304:Walter Ullmann
1240:
1237:
1165:Regino of Prüm
1101:Middle Francia
1060:
1057:
1033:Treaty of Bonn
1005:
1002:
934:
933:
931:
930:
923:
916:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
888:
871:
870:
865:
864:
861:
859:Modern history
855:
854:
851:
849:
848:
843:
837:
834:
833:
830:
828:
827:
814:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
799:1945–1949/1952
797:
795:
794:
785:
779:
774:
769:
768:
765:
764:
759:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
707:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
681:
680:
671:
665:
663:
658:
652:
647:
646:
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642:
639:
638:
633:
628:
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
481:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
439:Historiography
436:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
414:
413:
404:
403:
396:
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
363:Czech Republic
360:
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349:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:
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334:
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2019:
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2011:
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1370:List of kings
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841:Reunification
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537:Early history
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346:Today part of
344:
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38:
31:
22:
19:
1993:East Francia
1977:from Commons
1972:
1955:
1935:East Francia
1934:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1847:
1846:Len Scales.
1840:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1771:Jim Bradbury
1748:
1734:
1731:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1690:
1687:
1662:
1653:
1632:
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1562:
1558:
1549:
1540:
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1522:
1513:
1504:
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1480:
1467:
1348:ultra Rhenum
1347:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1229:West Francia
1200:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1109:West Francia
1070:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1007:
994:West Francia
979:
952:
939:East Francia
938:
937:
753:World War II
743:Nazi Germany
704:German Reich
631:18th century
626:Sectionalism
591:East Francia
590:
266:Succeeded by
265:
260:
18:
1957:Definitions
1927:Switzerland
1915:Middle Ages
1180:Lotharingia
1004:Terminology
963:Charlemagne
723:World War I
649:Unification
585:Middle Ages
520:Württemberg
500:Family tree
408:History of
368:Switzerland
261:Preceded by
196:Middle Ages
90:Old Frisian
1987:Categories
1758:0521394899
1674:References
1471:The term "
1131:, and the
863:since 1990
846:New states
790:Ostgebiete
783:Occupation
676:Zollverein
524:Mediatised
434:Chronology
139:Government
130:Demonym(s)
1816:Sonderweg
1437:(936–973)
1431:(919–936)
1425:(911–918)
1419:(900–911)
1413:(887–899)
1407:(882–887)
1378:(843–876)
1364:Tegernsee
1356:Schuttern
1308:anointing
1196:Franconia
1161:Thuringia
1125:Alamannia
1121:Austrasia
1107:received
1097:Lothair I
1008:The term
951:) or the
832:1949–1990
809:1944–1950
757:1939–1945
747:1933–1945
737:1918–1933
727:1914–1918
717:1871–1918
492:Empresses
108:Religion
94:Old Dutch
68:Frankfurt
1581:a. 843:
1565:a. 843:
1442:See also
1385:Carloman
1381:Divided
1317:Louis IV
1296:Beauvais
1239:Kingship
1221:Fritzlar
1208:Conrad I
1204:Conrad I
1178:In 869,
982:Germanic
825:division
484:Monarchs
444:Military
399:a series
397:Part of
378:Slovenia
246:Currency
143:Monarchy
1903:Germany
1891:Austria
1877:Portals
1473:Francia
1360:Mondsee
1235:began.
1085:Scheldt
1059:History
1037:Henry I
1026:Francia
512:Prussia
508:Bavaria
504:Austria
459:Judaism
449:Economy
410:Germany
383:Croatia
358:Germany
353:Austria
284:Francia
250:Pfennig
220:•
207:•
171:(first)
63:Capital
46:843–962
1829:, ed.
1782:Viator
1756:
1587:Speyer
1352:Lorsch
1331:Church
1312:Tribur
1225:Otto I
1127:, the
1018:Franks
967:empire
516:Saxony
488:Queens
428:Topics
401:on the
154:
33:
1974:Media
1595:Mainz
1591:Worms
1459:Notes
1300:Noyon
1276:Mainz
1153:Italy
1093:Rhone
1089:Saone
1081:Meuse
986:Latin
943:Latin
464:Women
373:Italy
37:Latin
1754:ISBN
1682:and
1593:and
1362:and
1298:and
1292:Fulk
1286:and
1265:ordo
1261:fiat
1257:Fiat
1249:ordo
1111:and
1091:and
992:and
853:1990
822:East
818:West
496:1918
454:LGBT
70:and
1869:244
1789:doi
1762:doi
1739:doi
1722:doi
1695:doi
1175:).
1055:).
965:'s
237:962
227:870
214:843
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1867:,
1856:.
1839:.
1785:30
1773:.
1735:28
1718:17
1708:10
1691:15
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1602:^
1589:,
1579:AB
1563:AF
1366:.
1358:,
1354:,
1282:,
1271:.
1259:,
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1123:,
1119:,
1103:,
1087:,
1083:,
1028:.
1000:.
945::
522:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
490:,
1943::
1879::
1791::
1764::
1741::
1724::
1697::
1597:.
1569:.
1202:(
984:-
955:(
941:(
927:e
920:t
913:v
820:–
526:)
486:(
480:)
476:(
39:)
35:(
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