Hundred Years' War

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not in the national interest, yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens. In comparing this English cost-benefit analysis with French attitudes, given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers, Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland. Furthermore, French kings found alternative ways to finance the war – sales taxes, debasing the coinage – and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures. English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French.

8127: 6676: 5871: 7908: 7697: 5295: 8105: 7997: 7975: 7953: 7864: 5563: 7655: 7633: 7717: 7589: 7283: 6808: 6900: 8019: 7842: 7609: 8252: 8172: 6625:. Despite the problems and having a smaller force, his victory was near total; the French defeat was catastrophic, costing the lives of many of the Armagnac leaders. About 40% of the French nobility was killed. Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk (there were more French prisoners than there were soldiers in the entire English army) and he ordered their deaths before the French reserves fled the field and Henry rescinded the order. 58: 5598:) since 1354, and in 1363, the Navarrese used the captivity of John II in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power. Although there was no formal treaty, Edward III supported the Navarrese moves, particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence. With this in mind, Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations. In 1364, John II died in London, while still in honourable captivity. 8220: 6193: 399: 8196: 7759: 7677: 6709:. The Duke of Clarence, against the advice of his lieutenants, before his army had been fully assembled, attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men-at-arms. Then, during the course of the battle, he led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco-Scottish army, who quickly enveloped the English. In the ensuing mêlée, the Scot, John Carmichael of Douglasdale, broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. Once on the ground, the duke was slain by 7799: 7737: 8063: 13591: 7112: 5336:

crossing at Poissy. This had only been partially destroyed, so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it. He then continued to Flanders until he reached the river Somme. The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque, stranding Philip's army. Edward, assisted by this head start, continued on his way to Flanders once more until, finding himself unable to outmaneuver Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked.

692: 495: 438: 356: 13581: 7152: 7779: 5755: 5129: 4648: 2217: 5487:... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone. Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land. The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men. They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages. In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies; rather did they trample it underfoot, robbing and pillaging the peasants' goods ... 5798:

their refusal to pay the tax. Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his High Court in Paris. The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him. War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France. Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited, and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt.

5515: 8266: 5211: 4524:. As a result, the crown of England was held by a succession of nobles who already owned lands in France, which put them among the most influential subjects of the French king, as they could now draw upon the economic power of England to enforce their interests in the mainland. To the kings of France, this threatened their royal authority, and so they would constantly try to undermine English rule in France, while the 13601: 6772: 5777:, Edward of Woodstock, for help, but none was forthcoming, forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine. The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine, rather than England. He then led an Anglo-Gascon army into Castile. Peter was restored to power after Trastámara's army was defeated at the 6103: 4639:, but the French delayed the return of the lands, which helped Philip VI. On 6 June 1329, Edward III finally paid homage to the King of France. However, at the ceremony, Philip VI had it recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV (especially Agen). For Edward, the homage did not imply the renunciation of his claim to the extorted lands. 10424: 6944: 6752:(17 August 1424). At the Battle of Baugé, the Duke of Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers; by contrast, at Verneuil the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco-Scottish army. The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war. 7220:. Hobelars' tactics had been developed against the Scots, in the Anglo-Scottish wars of the 14th century. Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses, enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle. Rather than fight while seated on the horse, they would dismount to engage the enemy. The closing battle of the war, the 5147:, a call to arms, was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337. Then, in May 1337, Philip met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into the King's hands because Edward III was in breach of his obligations as a vassal and had sheltered the King's "mortal enemy" 4736:. The French rejected this argument, so in 1329, the 17-year-old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI. Tradition demanded that vassals approach their liege unarmed, with heads bare. Edward protested by attending the ceremony wearing his crown and sword. Even after this pledge of homage, the French continued to pressure the English administration. 2384:. Edward protested but ultimately submitted and did homage for Gascony. Further French disagreements with Edward induced Philip, during May 1337, to meet with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, which prompted Edward to renew his claim for the French throne, this time by force of arms. 7238: 5895:, the Black Prince's first son, had died sometime earlier). The treaty of Brétigny had left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France, but a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back; by the time Charles V died in 1380, the English held only Calais and a few other ports. 6123:. The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 but failed to reignite the war in France. Although the will was there, the funds to pay the troops was lacking, so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown, beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of the three-year 6613:. The city resisted for longer than expected, but finally surrendered on 22 September. Because of the unexpected delay, most of the campaign season was gone. Rather than march on Paris directly, Henry elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of 6912:

replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use. A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment. The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world.

2464:(1424), as well as an alliance with the Burgundians raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph and persuaded the English to continue the war over many decades. A variety of factors prevented this, however. Notable influences include the deaths of both Henry and Charles in 1422, the emergence of 7063:

Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War, England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years, but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home. Bordeaux fell to the French on October 19 and there were no

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The allegiance of Burgundy remained fickle, but the Burgundian focus on expanding their domains in the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in the rest of France. The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government,

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The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public due to the high taxes needed for the war effort. These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants' Revolt. Richard II's indifference to the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors

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in the case of a child monarch but no regent was appointed for Richard II, who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377. Between 1377 and 1380, actual power was in the hands of a series of councils. The political community preferred this to a regency led by the

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Civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically in France. But at the end of the war, the French had the upper hand due to their better supply, such as small hand-held cannons, weapons, etc. In England, political forces over time came

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persuaded the Dauphin to send her to the siege, stating she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She entered the city on April 29, after which the tide began to turn against the English within a matter of days. She raised the morale of the troops, and they attacked the

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campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war. The French responded in kind and French pirates, under Scottish protection, raided many English coastal towns. The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade. Henry IV died in 1413

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had fought on the Black Prince's side during the war. Albret, who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine, refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief. He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in

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in just one day, surprising the French. Philip mustered a large army to oppose Edward, who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went. He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed. He moved further south, worryingly close to Paris until he found the

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The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the war. Guyenne posed a significant problem to the kings of France and England: Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI of France because of his French possessions and was required to recognize the

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on a permanent basis or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused. France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men, which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own. The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional

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is that interstate war was responsible for initiating a strong move toward states implementing tax systems with higher state capabilities. For example, see France in the Hundred Years' War, when the English occupation threatened the independent French Kingdom. The king and his ruling elite demanded

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National feeling that emerged from the war unified both France and England further. Despite the devastation on its soil, the Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. In England the political and financial troubles which emerged

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off Normandy in 1336, threatening England. To deal with this crisis, Edward proposed that the English raise two armies, one to deal with the Scots "at a suitable time" and the other to proceed at once to Gascony. At the same time, ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the

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Historian Ben Lowe argued in 1997 that opposition to the war helped to shape England's early modern political culture. Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time, they had a long-term impact. England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed

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With his health deteriorating, the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371, where his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health. The prince's illness was debilitating, and he died on 8 June 1376. Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377 and was succeeded by the Black

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set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John. The hostages included two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France. While these hostages were held, John

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of the King of France over them. In practical terms, a judgment in Guyenne might be subject to an appeal to the French royal court. The King of France had the power to revoke all legal decisions made by the King of England in Aquitaine, which was unacceptable to the English. Therefore, sovereignty

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When Charles IV died, Edward claimed the succession of the French throne through the right of his mother, Isabella (Charles IV's sister), daughter of Philip IV. His claim was considered invalidated by Edward's homage to Philip VI in 1329. Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the

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After Charles VII's successful Normandy campaign in 1450, he concentrated his efforts on Gascony, the last province held by the English. Bordeaux, Gascony's capital, was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451. Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people, this was

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With France facing widespread destruction, plague, and economic recession, high taxation put a heavy burden on the French peasantry and urban communities. The war effort against England largely depended on royal taxation, but the population was increasingly unwilling to pay for it, as would be

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for his coronation (Reims was the traditional coronation city). However, the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city's defences before Edward and his army arrived. Edward besieged the city for five weeks, but the defences held and there was no coronation. Edward moved on to Paris, but

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fought for the throne of France, which was then the dominant kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European

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By the war's end, although the heavy cavalry was still considered the most powerful unit in an army, the heavily armoured horse had to deal with several tactics developed to deny or mitigate its effective use on a battlefield. The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops, known as

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led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest. The French advance was contained, at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen, cutting off the French retreat and successfully capturing King John and many of his nobles. With John held hostage, his son the

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After the death of Joan of Arc, the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English. Most of Henry's royal advisers were against making peace. Among the factions, the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy, the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais, whereas

6138:. Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters, deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV. In Scotland, the problems brought in by the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the 5554:(8 May 1360). The treaty was ratified at Calais in October. In return for increased lands in Aquitaine, Edward renounced Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine and consented to reduce King John's ransom by a million crowns. Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France. 4773:

in 1326, promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country. Similarly, France would have Scotland's support if its own kingdom were attacked. Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if the Scots could count on French support.

4395:, the sister of the dead Charles IV, but the question arose whether she could transmit a right to inherit that she did not possess. Moreover, the French nobility baulked at the prospect of being ruled by an Englishman, especially one whose mother, Isabella, and her lover, 5377:

on the English Channel, capturing it in 1347. This became an important strategic asset for the English, allowing them to keep troops safely in northern France. Calais would remain under English control, even after the end of the Hundred Years' War, until the successful

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alone. The great medieval English monasteries produced large wool surpluses sold to mainland Europe. Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it. France's sea power led to economic disruptions for England, shrinking the wool trade to

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Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne. The Dauphin's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field. However, Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of

6134:, returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397, when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, Richard II disinherited Gaunt's son, the exiled 6219:

continued the struggle against Louis but with the disadvantage of having no close relation to the king. Finding himself outmanoeuvred politically, John ordered the assassination of Louis in retaliation. His involvement in the murder was quickly revealed and the

6740:), and when he set out to the Upper Loire, he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes, near Paris, where he died on 31 August. The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later on 21 October. Henry left an only child, his nine-month-old son, 7135:

When the war ended, England was bereft of its Continental possessions, leaving it with only Calais on the continent (until 1558). The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French, although the

7140:, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest, left many vestiges in English vocabulary. English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385. 2309:

was a significant source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the Middle Ages. French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power, stripping away lands as the opportunity arose, mainly whenever England was at war with

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The Hundred Years' War was a time of rapid military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure and the social meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the war's costs, partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that

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On his deathbed, as Henry VI was only an infant, Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France. The war in France continued under Bedford's generalship and several battles were won. The English won an emphatic victory at the

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on 17 July 1453. Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux. During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp. The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII's ordinance officer

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and brother of Louis X, positioned himself to take the crown, advancing the stance that women should be ineligible to succeed to the French throne. He won over his adversaries through his political sagacity and succeeded to the French throne as

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more hostilities afterwards. Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a major cause of the

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Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince, they failed to do so. The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine. To pay off debts incurred during the Castile campaign, the prince instituted a

5248:. The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing. When the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. The French fleet was almost destroyed in what became known as the 5965:

succeeded his father as king of France at the age of 11, and he was thus put under a regency led by his uncles, who managed to maintain an effective grip on government affairs until about 1388, well after Charles had achieved royal majority.

2479:(1429) made English aspirations for conquest all but infeasible. Despite Joan's capture by the Burgundians and her subsequent execution (1431), a series of crushing French victories concluded the siege, favoring the Valois dynasty. Notably, 5945:. The support expected from the Duke of Brittany did not appear and in the face of severe losses in men and horses, Buckingham was forced to abandon the siege in January 1381. In February, reconciled to the regime of the new French king 2435:

of 1347–1351 (which killed nearly half of France and 20–33% of England) and the significant economic crisis that followed, led to a period of civil unrest in both countries. These crises were resolved in England earlier than in France.

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The first regular standing army in Western Europe since Roman times was organised in France in 1445, partly as a solution to marauding free companies. The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as

5837:. While initially successful as French forces were insufficiently concentrated to oppose them, the English met more resistance as they moved south. French forces began to concentrate around the English force but under orders from 4731:

For the first 10 years of Edward III's reign, Gascony had been a significant friction point. The English argued that, as Charles IV had not acted properly towards his tenant, Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of French

5178:. His supporters could claim that they were loyal to the "true" King of France and did not rebel against Philip. In February 1340, Edward returned to England to try to raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties. 5853:

plateau but the weather was turning severe. Men and horses died in great numbers and many soldiers, forced to march on foot, discarded their armour. At the beginning of December, the English army entered friendly territory in

6859:, Bishop of Beauvais and a collaborator with the English government who served as a member of the English Council at Rouen. Joan was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 (she was rehabilitated 25 years later by 4743:. Robert was an exile from the French court, having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim. He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France, and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court. 6241:

and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V. The mental illness of Charles VI of France allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France. In 1414 while Henry held court at

5751:, a Breton, who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France's war leaders. Charles V provided a force of 12,000, with du Guesclin at their head, to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile. 2582:(1455–1487). The economic consequences of the Hundred Years' War not only produced a decline in trade but also led to a high collection of taxes from both countries, which played a significant role in civil disorder. 6224:

family took political power in opposition to John. By 1410, both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war. In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who were unable to stop the massacre of

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to be financed. The French nobility, which had always opposed such an extension of state capacity, agreed in this exceptional situation. Hence, the inter-state war with England increased French state capability.

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Difficulties in raising taxes and revenue hampered the ability of the French to fight the English. At this point, the war's pace had largely slowed down, and both nations found themselves fighting mainly through

5841:, the French avoided a set battle. Instead, they fell on forces detached from the main body to raid or forage. The French shadowed the English and in October, the English found themselves trapped against the 9865: 2120:

on both sides. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the

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By the war's end, feudal armies had mainly been replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratization of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a

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and Maillotin revolts in 1382. Charles V had abolished many of these taxes on his deathbed, but subsequent attempts to reinstate them stirred up hostility between the French government and populace.

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France in 1388, just before signing a truce. English territories are shown in red, French royal territories are dark blue, papal territories are orange, and French vassals have the other colours.

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in 1381 and an Anglo-Scottish war in 1384–1385. His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular.

5862:, starving, ill-equipped, and having lost over half of the 30,000 horses with which they had left Calais. Although the march across France had been a remarkable feat, it was a military failure. 2278:. The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England over territory; the official pretext was the interruption of the direct male line of the 6822:, French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road, then swept through the retreating English army. The English lost 2,200 men, and the commander, 6245:, he received ambassadors from Burgundy. Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI's youngest daughter 13670: 7091:(1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to 6972:

and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire, from their positions in the camp, the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son.

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would struggle to protect and expand their lands. This clash of interests was the root cause of much of the conflict between the French and English monarchies throughout the medieval era.

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on 19 January 1419, turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. A formal alliance was made with Burgundy, which had taken Paris in 1418 before the assassination of Duke

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in Brittany changed hands several times, while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides. The English-backed Montfort finally took the duchy but not until 1364.

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succeeded him as king of France. On 16 May, one month after the dauphin's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V, the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the

6036: 6729:. It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought. The siege began about 6 October 1421, and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422. 2574:

to oppose the costly venture. After the war, England was left insolvent, leaving the conquering French in complete control of all of France except Calais. The dissatisfaction of

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to Orléans in October 1428, which created a stalemate for months. Food shortages within the city led to the likelihood that the city would be forced to surrender. In April 1429

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in March 1369. The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England. In 1372, the Castilian fleet defeated the English fleet in the

5400:, which had just arrived in Paris in 1348, ravaged Europe. In 1355, after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially, King Edward's son and namesake, the 1198: 12976: 6550: 1700: 1242: 6887:

that returned Paris to the King of France. This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France. The Duke of Bedford died on 14 September 1435 and was later replaced by

5282:, in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois. Action for the next few years focused on a back-and-forth struggle in Brittany. The city of 2578:, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, as well as the general shock at losing a war in which investment had been so significant, helped lead to the 11236: 4407:

assemblies decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded from consideration. Therefore, excluding Edward, the nearest

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suddenly descended into madness, forcing France into a regency dominated by his uncles and his brother. A conflict for control over the Regency began between his uncle

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Henry V returned to France and went to Paris, then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris. From there, he decided to attack the Dauphin-held town of

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and the French king, who allowed his army to attack before it was ready. Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England. King

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since Flanders' principal cities relied heavily on textile production, and England supplied much of the raw material they needed. Edward III had commanded that his

6875:, in the summer of 1435, where the duke of Beaufort was mediator, the English were unrealistic in their demands. A few days after the congress ended in September, 4624:, father of Philip VI, invaded Aquitaine on behalf of Charles IV and conquered the duchy after a local insurrection, which the French believed had been incited by 4372:. He decreed that he would become king if the unborn child were male. If not, Charles left the choice of his successor to the nobles. Joan gave birth to a girl, 1855: 10106: 9857: 6001:, which was supported by the English, won against the supporters of the King of Castile's claim to the Portuguese throne, who in turn was backed by the French. 5550:

at Easter 1360. This devastated Edward's army and forced him to negotiate when approached by the French. A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the

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that damaged trade and the navy. There is some evidence that Henry IV used state-legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel. He used such

11034: 10966: 10754: 10335: 10234: 10042: 9981: 9901: 9100:, pp. 179–180 – Nobles captured in battle were held in "Honorable Captivity", which recognised their status as prisoners of war and permitted ransom. 13546: 12670: 12665: 4825: 874: 5652: 1330: 1191: 11119: 6146:, resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England, resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the 6022: 4720:

At the beginning of Edward III's reign on 1 February 1327, the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony. The term

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added "King of England" to his titles, becoming both the vassal to (as Duke of Normandy) and the equal of (as king of England) the king of France.

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Philip II of Burgundy, the uncle of the French king, brought together a Burgundian-French army and a fleet of 1,200 ships near the Zeeland town of

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and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period. France lost half its population during the Hundred Years' War, with

5587:, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped captivity. With his stand-in hostage gone, John felt honour-bound to return to captivity in England. 5222: 2650: 1741: 4574:

to the French king for these territories. From the 11th century, the Angevins had autonomy within their French domains, neutralizing the issue.

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Queen consort of England, wife of Edward II, mother of Edward III, regent of England, sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France

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On 22 March 1421 Henry V's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reversal. Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir

4628:. Charles IV grudgingly agreed to return this territory in 1325. Edward II had to compromise to recover his duchy: he sent his son, the future 8032:

Queen consort of England, daughter of Charles VI of France, mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII

13665: 4866: 1184: 915: 11757: 9008: 5032: 1081: 13136: 12621: 6651:, by which Henry finally married Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, 6196: 2200: 11844: 7341: 6112: 5924: 4589: 1914: 1848: 10093: 6935:

in 1450. Richemont's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army.

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Baten, Joerg; Keywood, Thomas; Wamser, Georg (2021). "Territorial State Capacity and Elite Violence from the 6th to the 19th century".

2643: 1734: 28: 11461: 7274: 12919: 7476: 6994: 6848:

was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre-Dame, in Paris, on 16 December 1431.

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Tensions between the French and English crowns had gone back centuries to the origins of the English royal family, which was French (

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appeared deliberately late, so that the autumn weather prevented the fleet from leaving and the invading army then dispersed again.

4995: 4446:

but reserved the right to reclaim territories arbitrarily confiscated. After that, he expected to be left undisturbed while he made

2187:

ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France. The French and English monarchies thereafter remained separate, despite the

1044: 12660: 10247: 9914: 7891: 6166: 1997: 11429: 10769: 5818: 5703: 5452:(known as John the Good), who had outflanked him near Poitiers but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance. 4373: 1381: 12849: 12833: 12718: 12568: 6714: 6143: 4818: 867: 6963:

reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452. However, the English were decisively defeated at the

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After the Battle of Poitiers, many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged, and chaos ruled. A contemporary report recounted:

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reduced by three-quarters and Paris by two-thirds. During the same period, England's population fell by 20 to 33 per cent.

6987: 6804:, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strongholds on the Loire River. 6761: 6296: 6270: 5994: 5904: 5664: 5620: 5314: 4912: 4837: 4799: 4547: 2176: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1909: 1822: 1807: 1797: 1772: 1446: 1420: 1342: 961: 886: 681: 4968: 1017: 13470: 13445: 13385: 12359: 11636: 11539: 11502: 8279: 8088: 7455: 7092: 6823: 5460: 4447: 3315: 2596: 2350: 2196: 2105: 1777: 728: 666: 174: 12477: 11221: 6784: 6439: 6212: 5961:

After the deaths of Charles V and du Guesclin in 1380, France lost its main leadership and overall momentum in the war.

5801:

With the Black Prince gone from Castile, Henry of Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter's death at the

5219: 4497: 1904: 1899: 1589: 13650: 13561: 12578: 12213: 11631: 8314: 7450: 6508: 5981:

in the summer and autumn of 1386 to attempt an invasion of England, but this venture failed. However, Philip's brother

5736: 4883: 4811: 1879: 1658: 932: 860: 2491:(1453) proved decisive in ending the war. England permanently lost most of its continental possessions, with only the 13604: 13566: 13096: 11716: 11584: 10125: 8132: 6010: 5638: 4396: 2453: 2256: 1934: 1817: 1316: 671: 456: 6593: 5132:

Animated map showing progress of the war (territorial changes and the most important battles between 1337 and 1453).

13675: 13660: 13655: 12676: 12344: 11939: 10991: 10444: 7365: 7346: 7335: 6920: 6540: 2047: 2002: 1919: 1690: 10891: 13635: 13630: 13064: 12369: 11972: 11837: 11202: 6697:

in charge while he returned to England. The Duke of Clarence engaged a Franco-Scottish force of 5000 men, led by

5370: 4961: 1010: 13625: 6655:, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the 5339: 4705:, in 1152, from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown. By the 13th century the terms 13430: 13370: 13342: 13101: 12156: 11989: 11927: 11495: 10533: 8294: 6335: 6226: 5790: 5259:. At this point, Edward's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the 3951: 3403: 2575: 2275: 2238: 2032: 1485: 45: 7282: 6169:. In 1405, the French allied with Glyndŵr and the Castilians in Spain; a Franco-Welsh army advanced as far as 13516: 13347: 12364: 12273: 10022: 7885: 7442: 7428: 2027: 9787: 8462:

The term 'Hundred Years War' was first employed by the French historian Chrysanthe-Ovide des Michels in his

5907:, although Gaunt remained highly influential. Richard faced many challenges during his reign, including the 5141:

At the end of April 1337, Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused. The

12943: 11726: 11549: 11456: 10726: 7389: 6928: 6924: 6702: 6698: 6340: 6262: 5363: 5302: 5279: 4492: 2508: 2017: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1782: 1490: 1412: 1208: 500: 24: 12647: 11322: 11138: 10433: 6732:

At the end of May, Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court, they went to rest at

5950: 5879: 554: 13526: 12911: 12793: 12497: 12440: 12323: 12318: 11934: 11356: 10622: 10595: 10437: 10006: 7264: 6466: 5459:(19 September 1356) where the Black Prince's army routed the French. During the battle, the Gascon noble 5268: 5182: 4893: 4459: 3616: 2297:, the Norman duke who became King of England in 1066. English monarchs had, therefore, historically held 1929: 1616: 1292: 942: 153: 20: 12558: 11782: 10688: 8082: 7742: 6367: 5630: 5151:. Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip's right to the French throne. 4803: 3930: 2431:

In the following decades, the weakening of royal authority, combined with the devastation caused by the

2112:. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across 1517: 1308: 1267: 852: 845: 432: 13640: 13521: 13511: 13475: 13317: 13219: 12971: 12761: 12693: 12470: 12379: 12374: 11830: 11069: 10409: 8998: 8289: 7722: 7199: 6617:, he found himself outmanoeuvred and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the 6471: 6419: 5260: 4785:. However, the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish navy, moved to the 4412: 2381: 1621: 1569: 1272: 9110: 5882:, managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. 13645: 13244: 13007: 12465: 12410: 12349: 12103: 12064: 11154: 10559: 10155: 9003: 8436:

Planning for Protraction: A Historically Informed Approach to Great-power War and Sino-US Competition

6855:

on 23 May 1430. The Burgundians then transferred her to the English, who organised a trial headed by

6528: 6414: 5928: 5226: 2052: 1678: 1564: 1237: 776: 476: 443: 5010: 4470: 2821: 1059: 13495: 12935: 12884: 12817: 12801: 11245: 11216: 10640: 10304: 10010: 9677:"Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France" ( 7535: 7415: 6694: 6656: 6565: 6162: 6139: 6060: 5828: 5405: 5193:

in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade. At the time there were about 110,000

4770: 4690: 4621: 4559: 4525: 4376:(later Duchess of Orleans). With Charles IV's death and Blanche's birth, the main male line of the 2810: 2507:

Local conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were contemporarily related to the war, including the

2393: 2290: 2188: 1715: 2613:, although he only lived for five days. However, Joan's paternity was in question, as her mother, 2543: 2183:

into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the

559: 13199: 13169: 12927: 12857: 12784: 12777: 12745: 12594: 12354: 12012: 11616: 10718: 10517: 9939: 8467: 8038: 7913: 7297: 6523: 6080: 5774: 5111: 5106: 4919: 4903: 4876: 4567: 4521: 3786: 2358: 2227: 1889: 1673: 1160: 1155: 968: 952: 925: 656: 644: 634: 611: 526: 376: 366: 343: 7124:

The French victory marked the end of a long period of instability that had been seeded with the

2630:. When he died in 1322, leaving only daughters behind, the crown passed to his younger brother, 786: 13556: 13312: 13086: 12876: 12809: 12629: 12492: 12178: 12007: 11792: 11569: 10537: 8360: 8334: 7930: 7423: 6884: 6872: 6710: 6476: 6399: 5379: 4951: 2496: 2007: 1894: 1802: 1626: 1549: 1252: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1000: 11440: 7566: 7544: 7519: 7095:

until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King

7031: 6444: 5892: 5870: 5362:

responded by invading northern England, but his army was defeated, and he was captured at the

4777:

Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a

4728:) kings of England in southwest France, although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine. 1594: 539: 13375: 13224: 12533: 12450: 12258: 11672: 11611: 11554: 10730: 10479: 10429: 10205: 10087: 9797: 9570: 8381: 8257: 7958: 7869: 7660: 7307: 7137: 7129: 7096: 6947: 6834: 6652: 6545: 6434: 6404: 6229:

and his followers by a Parisian crowd, with an estimated death toll between 1,000 and 5,000.

5888: 5806: 5718: 5713: 5693: 5688: 5328: 5324: 4946: 4629: 4577: 4555: 4408: 4388: 4148: 4117: 3594: 3549: 3334: 2516: 2342: 2319: 2294: 2109: 1792: 1695: 1584: 1554: 1396: 1391: 1371: 1366: 995: 676: 617: 607: 382: 158: 63: 11468: 8126: 6852: 6675: 6449: 6189:

was finally put down in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years.

6119:, managed to press charges of treason against five of Richard's advisors and friends in the 5579: 5567: 5551: 5294: 5116: 5086: 4871: 2425: 2338: 1599: 1165: 1135: 920: 13594: 13536: 13332: 13239: 13209: 13194: 13000: 12543: 12487: 12403: 12313: 12308: 12248: 12183: 12088: 11747: 11667: 10289: 10074: 7638: 7594: 7351: 7084: 7036: 6818:

The English retreated from the Loire Valley, pursued by a French army. Near the village of

6518: 6330: 6204: 6120: 6090: 6075: 5962: 5953:, Brittany paid 50,000 francs to Buckingham for him to abandon the siege and the campaign. 5946: 5759: 5748: 5747:. The English crown supported Peter; the French supported Henry. French forces were led by 5477: 5359: 5148: 4990: 4898: 4861: 4740: 4702: 4625: 4581: 4400: 3906: 3576: 3540: 3133: 3043: 2781: 2631: 2618: 2563: 2524: 2449: 2421: 2334: 2163:

to encompass dynastically related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in

1924: 1668: 1480: 1277: 1039: 947: 910: 820: 746: 595: 489: 409: 372: 251: 165: 7115:

Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War

6046: 5194: 1884: 1812: 8: 13480: 13460: 13440: 13405: 13337: 13249: 13116: 12841: 12769: 12482: 12278: 12208: 12151: 12068: 11894: 11807: 11767: 11731: 11662: 11652: 11559: 11177: 10405: 9892: 8373: 8304: 8110: 8024: 7980: 7572: 7525: 7370: 7221: 7088: 6964: 6845: 6741: 6618: 6598: 6588: 6560: 6377: 6320: 6246: 6135: 6124: 6070: 5998: 5982: 5908: 5838: 5744: 5708: 5626: 5599: 5547: 5519: 5473: 5091: 5074: 4980: 4929: 4766: 4758: 4698: 4601: 4585: 4543: 4479: 4475: 4416: 4404: 4337: 4175: 3977: 3867: 3753: 3291: 2872: 2832: 2528: 2512: 2488: 2457: 2417: 2377: 2311: 2042: 1949: 1787: 1710: 1527: 1470: 1386: 1287: 1140: 1123: 1029: 978: 809: 686: 650: 630: 549: 362: 339: 307: 273: 185: 67: 12455: 11452: 10935:

Sizer, Michael (2007). "The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418".

10696:. Campaign. Vol. 241. Illustrated by Graham Turner. Colchester: Osprey Publishing. 10498: 7907: 7696: 6394: 5778: 5562: 5319:

In July 1346, Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel, landing on Normandy's

5101: 2476: 1544: 1150: 79: 13584: 13420: 13395: 13297: 13174: 13126: 13121: 13111: 13049: 12903: 12602: 12384: 12288: 12072: 12024: 12019: 11922: 11912: 11869: 11861: 11802: 11787: 11762: 11626: 11433: 11373: 10913: 10522: 10509: 10360: 10225: 10015: 9776: 8377: 8002: 7847: 7080: 7041: 6932: 6904: 6860: 6749: 6606: 6513: 6461: 6382: 6372: 6170: 6085: 5678: 5603: 5591: 5456: 5391: 5320: 5199: 5052: 4936: 4924: 4694: 4617:

over Guyenne was a latent conflict between the two monarchies for several generations.

4593: 4539: 4435: 4392: 4384: 4184: 4139: 3361: 3105: 3061: 2627: 2606: 2539: 2484: 2461: 2445: 2401: 2354: 2346: 2101: 2089: 2022: 1663: 1611: 1532: 1522: 1356: 1101: 985: 973: 781: 771: 723: 640: 590: 388: 311: 285: 241: 206: 189: 11772: 11752: 6706: 6687: 6352: 5351: 5298: 5158:

On 26 January 1340, Edward III formally received homage from Guy, half-brother of the

4956: 4590:

by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions

4218: 2772: 2397: 1502: 1005: 13580: 13322: 13292: 13282: 13272: 13189: 13179: 13164: 13031: 12701: 12460: 12263: 12238: 12218: 12198: 12188: 12078: 12060: 12029: 11962: 11879: 11853: 11777: 11657: 11403: 11377: 11344: 11307: 11282: 11249: 11181: 11158: 11128: 11092: 11073: 11018: 10999: 10952: 10948: 10921: 10899: 10877: 10858: 10835: 10827: 10813: 10790: 10734: 10697: 10670: 10648: 10626: 10603: 10569: 10541: 10483: 10460: 10391: 10372: 10318: 10308: 10268: 10182: 10163: 10141: 10115: 10026: 9962: 9943: 9932: 9780: 9768: 8487: 8451: 8414: 8201: 7550: 7326: 7312: 7145: 7100: 7065: 6868: 6644: 6486: 6409: 6362: 6325: 6315: 6216: 6065: 5802: 5723: 5575: 5469: 5449: 5275: 5244:

estuary the next day. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of

5159: 5037: 5000: 4856: 4605: 4588:

acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John, both legally and militarily, and

4535: 4509: 4483: 4465: 3824: 3567: 3518: 3074: 2854: 2622: 2602: 2601:

The question of female succession to the French throne was raised after the death of

2579: 2535: 2405: 2164: 2146: 2093: 1865: 1636: 1559: 1512: 1475: 1465: 1401: 1262: 1257: 1086: 1049: 905: 544: 461: 349: 303: 281: 265: 247: 231: 169: 116: 49: 12521: 9574: 8104: 7996: 7974: 7952: 7863: 7716: 6186: 5174:

proclaimed Edward King of France. Edward aimed to strengthen his alliances with the

4941: 4369: 990: 419: 277: 13541: 13490: 13485: 13425: 13390: 13302: 13259: 13229: 13151: 13069: 13039: 12553: 12515: 12253: 12168: 12113: 12083: 12034: 11994: 11977: 11967: 11902: 11874: 11369: 11365: 11039: 10971: 10944: 10759: 10555: 10340: 10239: 10047: 9986: 9906: 9764: 9760: 8821: 8443: 7614: 7212:

taught. The feudal system slowly disintegrated as well as the concept of chivalry.

7181: 7072: 6880: 6776: 6648: 6634: 6221: 5740: 5698: 5683: 5584: 5264: 5005: 4985: 4513: 4439: 4211: 3379: 2610: 2567: 2469: 2279: 2149:

took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as

2097: 2012: 1376: 1361: 1282: 1054: 1034: 824: 795: 791: 766: 732: 714: 701: 581: 563: 530: 517: 504: 480: 447: 423: 315: 298: 269: 260: 210: 11051: 10983: 10777: 10352: 10255: 10059: 9998: 9922: 9858:"Castillon, 17 juillet 1453 : le canon, arme fatale de la guerre de Cent Ans" 7654: 7632: 7588: 6154: 6014: 5845:

by four French forces. With some difficulty, the English crossed at the bridge at

4504:

Tensions between the French and English monarchies can be traced back to the 1066

2318:. English holdings in France had varied in size, at some points dwarfing even the 691: 494: 466: 437: 355: 13551: 13465: 13435: 13159: 13076: 12709: 12563: 12527: 12293: 12268: 12056: 12039: 11884: 11797: 11106: 11063: 10810:

Men in arms: a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society

10662: 10563: 10454: 10298: 9117: 8388:

fell to the French on 19 October 1453; there were no more hostilities afterwards.

8225: 8177: 7922: 7225: 7125: 7076: 7051: 7046: 7011: 6876: 6819: 6807: 6679: 6660: 6496: 6491: 6424: 6208: 6158: 6116: 5846: 5583:

returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom. In 1362, John's son

5495: 5401: 5355: 5306: 5255:

England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French

5249: 5215: 5186: 5096: 4888: 4786: 4571: 4551: 4505: 4431: 4166: 3775: 2763: 2520: 2480: 2184: 2081: 2057: 1646: 1641: 1574: 1297: 1145: 937: 761: 697: 577: 471: 289: 235: 144: 127: 71: 10998:. Vol. 1: Trial by Battle. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7237: 6899: 6837:

was defeated on 8 September 1429, and Charles VII withdrew to the Loire Valley.

5354:

of 1346 was a complete disaster for the French, largely credited to the English

2145:, which reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. Stronger 13455: 13400: 13354: 13307: 13287: 13131: 13054: 12965: 12753: 12548: 12243: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12203: 12193: 12108: 12051: 11944: 11907: 11395: 11043: 10975: 10805: 10344: 10243: 10068: 10051: 10040:

Bean, J.M.W. (2008). "Percy, Henry, first earl of Northumberland (1341–1408)".

9976: 9910: 7804: 7764: 7168: 7026: 6856: 6481: 6429: 6357: 6147: 5875: 5842: 5509: 5464: 5069: 4563: 4420: 4377: 2799: 2790: 2492: 2428:(signed in 1360), leaving the English with only a few cities on the continent. 2373: 2341:, disallowed female succession. Charles's closest male relative was his nephew 2298: 2192: 2157: 2113: 1631: 1579: 1507: 1176: 1118: 833: 751: 414: 404: 293: 214: 11487: 10764: 9990: 9607:

Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses", pp. 159–162, 165.

8942: 8940: 8938: 8018: 6979: 6833:

After the coronation, Charles VII's army fared less well. An attempted French

6826:, was taken prisoner. This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to 5240:

On 22 June 1340, Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the

5143: 4739:

Gascony was not the only sore point. One of Edward's influential advisers was

4562:

in 1154 as Henry II. The Angevin kings ruled over what was later known as the

4368:

Charles IV died in 1328, leaving behind his young daughter and pregnant wife,

1726: 13619: 13214: 12825: 12339: 12138: 11621: 11232: 11059: 10956: 10684: 10529: 10364: 10330: 10322: 10082: 9772: 8271: 7936: 7841: 7608: 7356: 7302: 7173: 6622: 6131: 5849:

but lost all their baggage and loot. The English carried on south across the

5824: 5441: 5417: 5175: 4762: 4752: 4597: 4532: 3815: 2559: 2551: 2366: 2315: 2160: 2037: 1939: 804: 661: 572: 398: 148: 112: 108: 11711: 8466:. It was then imported into English historiography by the English historian 8171: 6931:), caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the 6292: 4761:

as English kings had tried to subjugate the country for some time. In 1295,

2546:

nationalism. The broader introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the

1442: 57: 13380: 13277: 13081: 12298: 12128: 11999: 11917: 11279:

A Great and Glorious Adventure: A Military History of the Hundred Years War

8935: 8892:, transl. & ed. Rosemay Horrox, (Manchester University Press, 1994), 9. 8347: 8068: 6951: 6192: 6161:

on 16 September 1400. He was the leader of the most serious and widespread

5263:

in 1341 precipitating a succession dispute between the duke's half-brother

4487: 2424:, the French had reconquered most of the lands ceded to King Edward in the 2062: 837: 813: 741: 622: 323: 8447: 8219: 2392:

In the early years of the war, the English, led by their king and his son

13531: 13234: 13141: 13023: 12426: 12283: 12161: 12146: 12118: 11954: 11677: 11354:

Lambert, Craig L. (2011). "Edward III's siege of Calais: A reappraisal".

8411:

The History of Civilization in Europe; translated by William Hazlitt 1846

8195: 7784: 7758: 7682: 7676: 7156: 6969: 6811: 6796: 6178: 5660: 5514: 5421: 5397: 4833: 4725: 3345: 2465: 2432: 2167:. The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the 2133: 2122: 2117: 1338: 882: 393: 181: 75: 27:. For the war between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Ottoman Empire, see 11327:. Translated by Bourchier, John; Lord Berners. London: Macmillan and Son 10413: 10283: 7798: 7736: 5546:

on the encamped army, causing over 1,000 English deaths – the so-called

4677:

in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine (also known as

13106: 12992: 12046: 11389: 11296: 10102: 10097:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 501. 8062: 5786: 5343: 4733: 4613: 2241: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1944: 5535:

retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs. Next was the town of

4399:, were widely suspected of having murdered the previous English king, 13415: 13184: 12538: 12093: 11721: 11423: 10854: 10456:

The French in London: From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle

8439: 7151: 7111: 6737: 6249:. The French rejected his demands, leading Henry to prepare for war. 6242: 6237: 6173:, while the Spaniards used galleys to raid and burn all the way from 5990: 5912: 5543: 5413: 5256: 5064: 4782: 4430:

Eventually, Edward III reluctantly recognized Philip VI and paid him

4424: 2555: 2547: 2126: 1113: 11822: 11384:

Postan, M. M. "Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years' War",

9263: 7778: 6840: 5754: 5128: 4415:, and it was decided that he should take the throne. He was crowned 2216: 1833: 13450: 13327: 13204: 12303: 12098: 10918:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

10265:

The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558

8385: 7185: 6713:. The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by 6610: 6609:

sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to

6182: 6174: 5859: 5850: 5767: 5536: 5523: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5366:

on 17 October 1346. This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.

5190: 2357:, but the French nobility rejected this, maintaining that Isabella 2180: 2156:

The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a

2142: 6871:

was inclined to peace. Negotiations stalled. It seems that at the

6647:

in 1419. In 1420, Henry met with King Charles VI. They signed the

6614: 5522:

in 1360: hailstorms and lightning ravage the English army outside

4685:) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony (French: 4647: 13091: 12726: 12173: 11984: 9566: 7702: 7217: 7209: 7172:

consistent and permanent taxation, which would allow a permanent

6801: 6252: 5971: 5855: 5595: 5445: 5210: 4778: 4674: 4636: 4453: 4443: 2558:

became important. The war precipitated the creation of the first

2327: 2323: 2286: 2137: 10834:. Yale English Monarchs series. University of California Press. 10114:. Essential Histories. Vol. 19. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 9979:(2004). "Edward, prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376)". 9959:

Inscribing the Hundred Years' War in French and English Cultures

6771: 2305:

to the kings of France. The status of the English king's French

10086: 8849: 8847: 8734: 8732: 8549: 8547: 8515: 6955: 6733: 6577: 6233: 5942: 5932: 5899: 5794: 5609: 5374: 5283: 5171: 4517: 4486:, Edward was also a vassal to the French king (illumination by 2302: 104: 12395: 9708: 9696: 8564: 8562: 8505: 8503: 8117:

Reigned 1422–1461 (also 1422–1453 as King Henry II of France)

7224:, was the first major battle won through the extensive use of 13671:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

11462:

Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War.

10812:(5th ed.). Beverley, MA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. 8534: 8532: 8530: 7071:

The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke

6916: 6827: 6792: 6726: 6682:

crest with a broken lance commemorating the unseating of the

6640: 6232:

Throughout this period, England confronted repeated raids by

5978: 5927:

commanded an expedition to France to aid England's ally, the

5831:, Duke of Brittany led a force of 9,000 men from Calais on a 5763: 5531: 5245: 5205: 5167: 5163: 4542:

since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when

2362: 319: 95:(116 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) 10162:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Oxford University Press. 10073:. The Continental Legal History. Vol. 9. Translated by 9684: 8844: 8729: 8717: 8681: 8544: 6736:. While there, it became apparent that he was ill (possibly 4427:, males would not be able to inherit through their mothers. 10645:

The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King

9343: 9190: 8969: 8967: 8749: 8747: 8671: 8669: 8559: 8500: 6639:

Henry retook much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417, and

6102: 5332: 5289: 5241: 4765:

was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of

4566:, which included more French territory than that under the 2306: 2136:. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival 11113:. Translated by Birdsall, Jean. Columbia University Press. 11017:. Vol. 3: Divided Houses. London: Faber & Faber. 10333:(September 2010). "Thomas, duke of Clarence (1387–1421)". 9720: 8979: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8527: 6943: 5918: 4387:, the nearest male relative of Charles IV was his nephew, 2448:

seized the opportunity presented by the mental illness of

11321:

Froissart, Jean (1895). Macaulay, George Campbell (ed.).

10964:

Smith, Llinos (2008). "Glyn Dŵr, Owain (c.1359–c.1416)".

9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9067: 9023: 4604:(1324), the English king's holdings on the continent, as 2132:

The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the

11402:. Brief Histories (revised ed.). London: Robinson. 10619:

Imagining Peace: History of Early English Pacifist Ideas

9641: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 8964: 8744: 8666: 8654: 7087:

off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in the

2590: 2337:

died without any sons or brothers, and a new principle,

11400:

The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453

11291:

Cuttino, G. P., "The Causes of the Hundred Years War",

10474:

Jaques, Tony (2007). "Paris, 1429, Hundred Years War".

10288:. Vol. 1. Translated by F. G. Richmond. New York: 9658: 9656: 9629: 9427:

Ian Friel. The English and War at Sea. c.1200 – c.1500

9287: 9275: 9152: 9150: 9055: 8859: 8797: 8705: 8693: 6927:, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future 6670: 4724:

came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin (

2495:

remaining under its control on the continent until the

10851:

The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377

10459:. Translated by Read, Emily. Wilmington Square Books. 9818: 9610: 9535: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9397: 9135: 8586: 8574: 2502: 11446: 10937:

Proceedings of the Western Society for French History

10758:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9589: 9500: 9162: 9079: 8952: 8871: 8642: 7083:. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying 6775:

The first Western image of a battle with cannon: the

2531:, were used by the parties to advance their agendas. 2274:

The root causes of the conflict can be traced to the

11464:

University of Southampton and University of Reading.

11441:

The Hundred Years' War (1336–1565) by Lynn H. Nelson

10418:(revised ed.). Columbus, OH: Harold L. Hedrick. 10017:

England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225

9808: 9806: 9653: 9147: 9123: 8247: 6830:

for his coronation as Charles VII, on 16 July 1429.

4642: 4635:

The King of France agreed to restore Guyenne, minus

2088:; 1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of 10160:

Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo

9488: 9449: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 8907: 8895: 8598: 6851:Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the 6044: 5412:from Gascony into France, during which he pillaged 10521: 10390:. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military. 10014: 9931: 9750: 9299: 9214: 9202: 5935:on 25 August; Buckingham's forces continued their 5578:, was held captive in England for four years. The 5503: 5155:title "King of France and the French Royal Arms". 4793: 4769:, known as the Auld Alliance. Charles IV formally 2456:to revive the conflict. Overwhelming victories at 2454:French civil war between Armagnacs and Burgundians 11238:Conquest: The English Kingdom of France 1417–1450 10803: 10138:A New Historical Geography of England before 1600 9812: 9803: 9385: 6841:Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy 6766: 5812: 2411: 13617: 11424:The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre 11032:Tuck, Richard (2004). "Richard II (1367–1400)". 10499:"Re-thinking the origins of the 'Irish' Hobelar" 10453:Janvrin, Isabelle; Rawlinson, Catherine (2016). 10452: 9714: 9702: 9226: 8464:Tableau Chronologique de L'histoire du Moyen Âge 8413:. Indiana, US: Liberty Fund. pp. 204, 205. 8120:Henry V's son, grandson of Charles VI of France 5931:. The French refused battle before the walls of 5739:(part of modern Spain). The forces of the ruler 5735:In 1366, there was a civil war of succession in 5369:In France, Edward proceeded north unopposed and 4608:, were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony. 1206: 11517: 10359: 9431: 8384:, who responded by claiming the French throne. 8300:List of battles involving the Kingdom of France 7968:Son of the Black Prince, Edward III's grandson 7009: 5743:were pitched against those of his half-brother 4580:inherited the Angevin domains from his brother 2468:(which boosted French morale), and the loss of 1756: 161:confirmed as the law of French royal succession 12977:Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality 11469:"Causes of the Wars of the Roses: An Overview" 6253:Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415–1429 6142:. A dispute over the spoils between Henry and 5181:Relations with Flanders were also tied to the 4454:Dispute over Guyenne: a problem of sovereignty 2472:as an ally (concluding the French civil war). 2439: 2369:should receive the crown, rather than Edward. 2359:could not transmit a right she did not possess 13008: 12411: 11838: 11503: 11174:The Plantagenets: The Kings That Made Britain 11065:Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall 10890: 10369:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 8521: 8509: 7477: 6995: 6938: 6582: 6278: 6030: 5646: 5346:counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy 4819: 2651: 2605:in 1316. Louis left behind a young daughter, 1849: 1742: 1428: 1324: 1192: 868: 12622:Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance 11038:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10970:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10404: 10339:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10238:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10046:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9985:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9905:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9726: 9673: 9671: 9421: 9253:Francoise Autrand. Charles V King of France 6755: 6578:Burgundian alliance and the seizure of Paris 5936: 5832: 5610:French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369–1389 4668: England and Guyenne/Gascony as of 1330 2100:. It emerged from feudal disputes over the 93:24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453 (intermittent) 11447:The Hundred Years' War information and game 10898:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 10554: 10303:. Studies in History Series. Vol. 71. 9442: 9440: 9103: 9045: 9029: 8985: 8925: 7990:John of Gaunt's son, Edward III's grandson 7204:approach to warfare than its predecessors. 7167:A 2021 theory about the early formation of 6111:angered an alliance of lords that included 5874:The Franco-Castilian Navy, led by Admirals 5274:In 1341, this inheritance dispute over the 2617:, was accused of being an adulterer in the 23:. For the later Anglo-French conflict, see 19:For the earlier Anglo-French conflict, see 13015: 13001: 12418: 12404: 11845: 11831: 11510: 11496: 10448:. Cambridge University Press. p. 388. 10281: 9557: 9555: 9446:Nolan. The Age of Wars of Religion. p. 424 9247: 9091: 9041: 8946: 7484: 7470: 7144:from the defeat were a major cause of the 7119: 7002: 6988: 6628: 6597:Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the 6285: 6271: 6037: 6023: 6004: 5773:Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine's 5653: 5639: 5206:Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany 4826: 4812: 2658: 2644: 1856: 1842: 1749: 1735: 1435: 1421: 1331: 1317: 1199: 1185: 875: 861: 16:Medieval Anglo-French conflicts, 1337–1453 12920:Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna 11475:(Online Resource ed.). 26 April 2007 11341:The Hundred Years War: A People's History 11089:Encyclopedia of the Middle ages. Volume 1 10871: 10848: 10826: 10763: 10661: 10510:Cardiff School of History and Archaeology 10224: 9830: 9690: 9668: 9525: 9513: 9333: 9321: 8999:"Apr 13, 1360: Hail kills English troops" 8973: 8853: 8738: 8723: 8687: 8675: 8660: 8636: 8632: 8620: 8553: 6215:. After Philip's death, his son and heir 6197:Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans 5557: 2257:Learn how and when to remove this message 13022: 11012: 10990: 10920:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 10639: 10262: 10081: 10066: 10005: 9635: 9437: 9361: 9349: 9293: 9281: 9269: 9196: 9061: 9049: 8877: 8791: 8787: 8759: 8711: 8699: 8592: 8580: 8568: 7191: 7150: 7110: 6942: 6898: 6806: 6770: 6674: 6592: 6191: 6130:In 1389, Richard's uncle and supporter, 6101: 5869: 5753: 5614: 5561: 5513: 5338: 5293: 5290:Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais 5209: 5127: 4646: 4469: 2351:claimed the throne of France for her son 12850:Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc 12834:The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc 12719:The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 12569:Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick 11758:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356 11148: 11105: 11086: 11058: 11035:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10967:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10787:Military Obligation in Medieval England 10784: 10755:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10683: 10669:(revised ed.). London: Routledge. 10516: 10336:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10329: 10235:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10195: 10181:(revised ed.). Sparkford: Sutton. 10043:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9982:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9929: 9902:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9891: 9824: 9793: 9678: 9647: 9552: 9494: 9478: 9466: 9257: 9097: 8958: 8604: 8538: 6883:, deserted to Charles VII, signing the 6715:Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury 6144:Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland 5919:1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham 5858:. By the end of December, they were in 5590:The French crown had been at odds with 4746: 4411:was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, 4403:. The French barons, prelates, and the 2396:, saw resounding successes, notably at 13618: 12982:Alternative historical interpretations 11453:"On The Hundred Years War (1337–1453)" 11171: 11117: 10912: 10896:The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 10747: 10717: 10565:Feudal Empires: Norman and Plantagenet 10478:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10473: 10385: 10371:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 10296: 10267:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 9975: 9957:Baker, Denise Nowakowski, ed. (2000). 9840: 9662: 9595: 9529: 9482: 9220: 9208: 9184: 9180: 9168: 9156: 9129: 9085: 9073: 8929: 8901: 8865: 8808: 8648: 8616: 8481: 8433: 8408: 8285:Military history of the United Kingdom 7099:, who was living in England after the 12996: 12399: 11852: 11826: 11491: 11121:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 10963: 10934: 10496: 10476:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z 10179:The Sutton Companion to Local History 10176: 10154: 10135: 10101: 9956: 9844: 9753:European Journal of Political Economy 9546: 9415: 9403: 9391: 9378:Agincourt: Myth and Reality 1915–2015 9337: 9317: 9305: 9141: 9011:from the original on 5 September 2012 8775: 8753: 6983: 6889:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 6717:, who conducted the English retreat. 6266: 6018: 5634: 5385: 4807: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4200: 4198: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4164: 4146: 4137: 4135: 4115: 4059: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3995: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3904: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3835: 3822: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3751: 3693: 3649: 3633: 3614: 3612: 3592: 3590: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3516: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3454: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3416: 3401: 3399: 3377: 3375: 3359: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3289: 3239: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3185: 3169: 3131: 3129: 3103: 3101: 3072: 3070: 3059: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3021: 2977: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2911: 2870: 2852: 2850: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2808: 2797: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2770: 2768: 2761: 2717: 2677: 2591:Dynastic turmoil in France: 1316–1328 2585: 2096:and a civil war in France during the 1863: 1837: 1730: 1416: 1312: 1180: 856: 13666:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 11031: 10616: 10582:from the original on 16 January 2023 10428: 10285:A Short History of the French People 10039: 9738: 9365: 9241: 8913: 8765: 8434:Rehman, Iskander (8 November 2023). 7254: 6894: 6671:Death of the Duke of Clarence (1421) 6211:, Duke of Burgundy and his brother, 5476:) assumed the powers of the king as 5448:. He offered terms of peace to King 4701:married the former Queen of France, 4662: French acquisitions until 1330 2239:adding citations to reliable sources 2210: 154:Strengthening of the French monarchy 13600: 13045:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 12360:History of the Mediterranean region 11637:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 11540:Second War of Scottish Independence 11430:"Timeline of the Hundred Years War" 10713:from the original on 8 August 2013. 10594: 10025:. London: Oxford University Press. 9623: 6824:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 2597:English claims to the French throne 2503:Related conflicts and after-effects 1778:Second War of Scottish Independence 175:English claims to the French throne 29:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 13: 13137:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 11632:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 11196: 11109:(1953). Newall, Richard A. (ed.). 10690:The Fall of English France 1449–53 10077:Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 9868:from the original on 20 March 2021 8832:from the original on 15 April 2018 8310:Timeline of the Hundred Years' War 7250:List of Hundred Years' War battles 6720: 5865: 5819:John of Gaunt's chevauchée of 1373 2387: 14: 13687: 13567:Historiography in the Middle Ages 11417: 11127:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 10748:—— (3 January 2008). 10198:"The Hundred Years War: Overview" 8486:(in French). Place des éditeurs. 8482:Minois, Georges (28 March 2024). 6975: 5956: 5202:and the wine trade from Gascony. 4643:Gascony under the King of England 2349:, was Charles's sister. Isabella 2179:(1415–1453). Each side drew many 13599: 13590: 13589: 13579: 12478:Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 12345:Bibliography of European history 11940:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 11111:The Chronicle of Jean de Venette 10445:Dictionary of National Biography 10422: 10415:A History of the French Language 10108:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453 8264: 8250: 8218: 8194: 8170: 8125: 8103: 8081: 8061: 8037: 8017: 7995: 7973: 7951: 7929: 7906: 7884: 7862: 7840: 7797: 7777: 7757: 7735: 7715: 7695: 7675: 7653: 7631: 7607: 7587: 7565: 7543: 7518: 7281: 7236: 6915:By 1449, the French had retaken 6785:Bibliothèque nationale de France 6213:Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans 5997:. The independence party in the 5995:1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum 5136: 5048:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356) 5023:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355) 4620:During the War of Saint-Sardos, 4498:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 4442:in 1329. He made concessions in 2215: 1097:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356) 1072:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355) 690: 493: 436: 397: 354: 56: 13065:Christianity in the Middle Ages 13060:Decline of Hellenistic religion 12425: 12370:History of Western civilization 11973:Christianity in the Middle Ages 11443:, University of Kansas Emeritus 10568:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 9864:(in French). 4 September 2019. 9850: 9813:Preston, Wise & Werner 1991 9744: 9732: 9601: 9519: 9472: 9409: 9370: 9355: 9327: 9311: 9174: 9035: 8991: 8919: 8883: 8814: 8781: 8626: 8610: 8346:Fought with England during the 8315:Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris 8280:France–United Kingdom relations 7106: 7075:, counting on English support, 5570:, English holdings in light red 5504:Reims campaign and Black Monday 4794:Beginning of the war: 1337–1360 4352: 4345: 4192: 4156: 4129: 3985: 3959: 3920: 3765: 3606: 3584: 3557: 3530: 3393: 3369: 3351: 3305: 3155: 3123: 3095: 3082: 3051: 2897: 2884: 2862: 2844: 2665:Royal families involved in the 2621:. Given the situation, Philip, 2420:the Wise and the leadership of 2372:The throne passed to Charles's 2226:needs additional citations for 13343:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 12214:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 12157:Christianity in the modern era 11928:Christianity in late antiquity 11370:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.05.002 11343:. New Haven and London: Yale. 11295:31#3 (1956), pp. 463–477 10534:University of California Press 10524:The French Peasantry 1450–1660 10140:. Cambridge University Press. 9765:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102037 9563:"Sir John Fastolf (MC 2833/1)" 8475: 8427: 8402: 8366: 8353: 8340: 8333:Fought against England during 8327: 8295:Influence of French on English 6767:Joan of Arc and French revival 6686:, leading to his death at the 6509:Normandy campaign of 1449–1450 6259:Hundred Years' War (1415–1453) 5941:and in November laid siege to 5813:1373 campaign of John of Gaunt 5028:Edward III's chevauchée (1355) 4592:. Following John's reign, the 2412:Caroline phase and Black Death 2299:titles and lands within France 1659:Normandy campaign of 1449–1450 1077:Edward III's chevauchée (1355) 62:Clockwise, from top left: the 46:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 1: 13517:Disability in the Middle Ages 13190:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 13122:Rise of the Venetian Republic 12365:History of the European Union 11388:12#1/2, 1942, pp. 1–12. 10874:Plantagenet England 1225–1360 10600:This Sceptred Isle 55 BC–1901 10388:The Black Prince's Expedition 10023:New Oxford History of England 9934:The Worlds of Medieval Europe 9930:Backman, Clifford R. (2003). 9120:. Retrieved 21 September 2012 8395: 7443:Wars of Scottish Independence 7429:Conquest of Wales by Edward I 7366:Anglo-French War of 1294–1303 7347:Anglo-French War of 1213–1214 6762:Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453 6298:Lancastrian phase (1415–1453) 6165:authority in Wales since the 6011:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 5891:who was still a child of 10 ( 5621:Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389 5315:Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347 5230: 4969:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346) 4800:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360 2276:crisis of 14th-century Europe 1448:Lancastrian phase (1415–1453) 1018:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346) 11727:War of the Breton Succession 11585:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 11550:War of the Breton Succession 11457:Internet Medieval Sourcebook 11222:Resources in other libraries 11087:Vauchéz, Andre, ed. (2000). 11052:UK public library membership 10984:UK public library membership 10808:; Werner, Herman O. (1991). 10778:UK public library membership 10727:Yale English Monarchs series 10353:UK public library membership 10282:Guignebert, Charles (1930). 10256:UK public library membership 10070:History of French Public Law 10060:UK public library membership 9999:UK public library membership 9923:UK public library membership 9715:Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 9703:Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 9272:, pp. 385–390, 396–399. 8372:24 May 1337 is the day when 7854:Regent of England 1327–1330 7390:War of the Breton Succession 7336:Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry 6929:Arthur III, Duke of Brittany 6744:, later to become Henry VI. 6703:John Stewart, Earl of Buchan 6699:Gilbert Motier de La Fayette 6541:Gascon campaign of 1450–1453 5303:Grandes Chroniques de France 5280:War of the Breton Succession 4493:Grandes Chroniques de France 2562:in Western Europe since the 2509:War of the Breton Succession 2106:a claim to the French throne 1818:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 1783:War of the Breton Succession 1691:Gascon campaign of 1450–1453 1210:War of the Breton Succession 7: 12441:Maid of Lorraine prophecies 12324:Russian invasion of Ukraine 11935:Crisis of the Third Century 11357:Journal of Medieval History 11324:The Chronicles of Froissart 10876:. Oxford University Press. 10789:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10623:Penn State University Press 9432:Hattendorf & Unger 2003 8359:Fought with England during 8243: 8148: 7342:French invasion of Normandy 7231: 5542:Disaster struck in a freak 5162:. The civic authorities of 4717:were virtually synonymous. 2440:Lancastrian phase and after 2206: 10: 13692: 13318:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 12972:National symbols of France 12762:The Passion of Joan of Arc 12380:Military history of Europe 12375:Maritime history of Europe 11091:. Cambridge: James Clark. 11070:Princeton University Press 9884: 8290:Military history of France 7818: 7723:Jean Poton de Xaintrailles 7247: 7243: 7138:French language in England 6939:French conquest of Gascony 6903:The French victory at the 6781:Les Vigiles de Charles VII 6759: 6632: 6586: 6583:Battle of Agincourt (1415) 6256: 6181:, before taking refuge in 6008: 5898:It was usual to appoint a 5816: 5704:John of Gaunt's chevauchée 5666:Caroline phase (1369–1389) 5624: 5618: 5507: 5389: 5312: 5033:Normandy chevauchée (1356) 4797: 4757:France was an ally of the 4750: 4570:. The Angevins still owed 4558:, became the first of the 4463: 4457: 4409:heir through the male line 2594: 2269: 1382:John of Gaunt's chevauchée 1344:Caroline phase (1369–1389) 1082:Normandy chevauchée (1356) 18: 13651:Wars involving Luxembourg 13575: 13504: 13363: 13258: 13245:Mongol invasion of Europe 13150: 13030: 12958: 12895: 12868: 12737: 12686: 12640: 12613: 12586: 12577: 12506: 12433: 12350:Genetic history of Europe 12332: 12137: 11953: 11893: 11860: 11740: 11717:Armagnacs and Burgundians 11699: 11690: 11645: 11604: 11597: 11532: 11525: 11277:Corrigan, Gordon (2014), 11217:Resources in your library 10949:2027/spo.0642292.0035.002 10785:Powicke, Michael (1962). 10647:. London: Jonathan Cape. 10602:. London: Penguin Books. 10506:Cardiff Historical Papers 10434:"Edward the Black Prince" 9044:, Volume 1. pp. 304–307; 8409:Guizot, Francois (1997). 8237:Son of John the Fearless 8189:Son of John II of France 7496: 7022: 6756:French victory: 1429–1453 6306: 6163:rebellion against England 6056: 5674: 5364:Battle of Neville's Cross 4847: 4508:of England, in which the 4289: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4227: 4225: 4180: 4162: 4144: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3943: 3941: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3572: 3545: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3418: 3357: 3330: 3328: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3057: 3039: 3037: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2915: 2913: 2868: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2322:; by 1337, however, only 1875: 1768: 1456: 1352: 1218: 896: 555:Fernando Sánchez de Tovar 329: 225: 85: 55: 43: 38: 25:Second Hundred Years' War 12936:The Survival of St. Joan 12818:The Trial of Joan of Arc 12802:Joan of Arc at the Stake 12559:Jean II, Duke of Alençon 11783:Battle of La Brossinière 11246:Harvard University Press 10853:(2nd ed.). London: 10750:"Edward III (1312–1377)" 10436:. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). 10410:Schutz, Alexander Herman 10305:Royal Historical Society 10263:Grummitt, David (2008). 9727:Holmes & Schutz 1948 8949:, Volume 1. pp. 304–307. 8320: 6948:Charles "the Victorious" 6695:Thomas, Duke of Clarence 4691:Angevin kings of England 4656: France before 1214 4600:(1242), and finally the 4560:Angevin kings of England 4554:, and great-grandson of 4460:First Hundred Years' War 4391:. Edward was the son of 2566:and helped change their 2394:Edward, the Black Prince 2361:. An assembly of French 2195:) styling themselves as 846:Juan Vélaz de Medrano IV 182:nationalistic identities 21:First Hundred Years' War 13676:Wars of the Middle Ages 13661:Wars involving Scotland 13656:Wars involving Portugal 13200:Investiture Controversy 13170:Second Bulgarian Empire 12944:Das Mädchen aus Domrémy 12928:The Triumph of St. Joan 12595:The Tale of Joan of Arc 12355:History of Christianity 11617:Edward the Black Prince 11473:Luminarium Encyclopedia 11386:Economic History Review 11149:Webster, Bruce (1998). 11013:—— (2012). 10872:—— (2007). 10849:—— (2003). 10621:. University Park, PA: 10196:Gormley, Larry (2007). 10177:Friar, Stephen (2004). 10094:Encyclopædia Britannica 10067:Brissaud, Jean (1915). 9940:Oxford University Press 9836:Colm McNamee. Hobelars 9116:1 November 2012 at the 8826:Encyclopædia Britannica 8213:Son of Philip the Bold 7914:Edward the Black Prince 7200:compagnies d'ordonnance 7120:Historical significance 6629:Treaty of Troyes (1420) 6440:Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 6140:Battle of Homildon Hill 6115:. This group, known as 6005:Second peace: 1389–1415 5428:. The next year during 5271:, nephew of Philip VI. 2125:, and several years of 1590:Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 211:continental possessions 13636:15th century in France 13631:14th century in France 13557:Post-classical history 13313:Fall of Constantinople 13220:Capet–Plantagenet feud 13087:First Bulgarian Empire 12179:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 11793:Battle of the Herrings 11208:Hundred Years' War 11172:Wilson, Derek (2011). 11044:10.1093/ref:odnb/23499 10976:10.1093/ref:odnb/10816 10497:Jones, Robert (2008). 10345:10.1093/ref:odnb/27198 10297:Harris, Robin (1994). 10244:10.1093/ref:odnb/12953 10230:"Henry VI (1421–1471)" 10052:10.1093/ref:odnb/21932 9911:10.1093/ref:odnb/12952 8438:(1 ed.). London: 7424:Welsh uprising of 1211 7160: 7116: 7068:that started in 1455. 6959: 6908: 6815: 6788: 6690: 6664: 6602: 6200: 6107: 6048:Owain Glyndŵr's Revolt 5937: 5883: 5833: 5770: 5571: 5558:First peace: 1360–1369 5526: 5501: 5347: 5310: 5237: 5227:Froissart's Chronicles 5133: 4670: 4501: 4423:confirmed that, under 4419:in 1328. In 1340, the 4380:was rendered extinct. 3340:"the Noble" "the Wise" 2116:, fuelled by emerging 2085: 330:Commanders and leaders 263:(1337–1419; 1435–1453) 12534:Charles VII of France 12259:Industrial Revolution 11555:War of the Two Peters 11339:Green, David (2014), 11304:La Guerre de Cent Ans 11302:Favier, Jean (1980). 11151:The Wars of the Roses 11015:The Hundred Years War 10996:The Hundred Years War 10828:Prestwich, Michael C. 10765:10.1093/ref:odnb/8519 10731:Yale University Press 10667:The Hundred Years War 10386:Hewitt, H.J. (2004). 10206:Ohio State University 10136:Darby, H.C. (1976) . 10131:on 27 September 2018. 9991:10.1093/ref:odnb/8523 9897:"Henry V (1386–1422)" 9895:(23 September 2010). 9571:Norfolk Record Office 8484:La guerre de Cent Ans 8448:10.4324/9781003464419 8382:Edward III of England 8258:United Kingdom portal 7921:Edward III's son and 7879:Philip IV's grandson 7248:Further information: 7192:Military significance 7159:(with modern borders) 7154: 7130:William the Conqueror 7114: 6946: 6902: 6810: 6774: 6678: 6596: 6195: 6167:conquest of 1282–1283 6105: 5993:, such as during the 5873: 5807:Battle of La Rochelle 5757: 5615:Aquitaine and Castile 5565: 5518:A later engraving of 5517: 5485: 5404:, later known as the 5342: 5297: 5213: 5131: 5043:Loire campaign (1356) 4673:In the 11th century, 4650: 4556:William the Conqueror 4473: 4464:Further information: 4389:Edward III of England 2517:War of the Two Peters 2343:Edward III of England 2295:William the Conqueror 2175:(1369–1389), and the 2110:Edward III of England 2104:and was triggered by 1793:War of the Two Peters 1092:Loire campaign (1356) 560:Pedro Álvares Pereira 159:Agnatic primogeniture 64:Battle of La Rochelle 13537:Medieval reenactment 13333:Renaissance Humanism 13240:Medieval Warm Period 13210:Republic of Florence 13024:European Middle Ages 12794:Daughters of Destiny 12314:European debt crisis 12309:European integration 12249:Age of Enlightenment 12089:Republic of Florence 11748:Battle of Saint-Omer 10406:Holmes, Urban T. Jr. 9893:Allmand, Christopher 9843:, pp. 267–268; 9577:on 23 September 2015 9364:, pp. 263–264; 9336:, pp. 182–184; 8790:, pp. 188–189; 7690:Religious visionary 7595:Bertrand du Guesclin 7085:Edward IV of England 6185:for the winter. The 6136:Henry of Bolingbroke 6121:Merciless Parliament 5970:demonstrated at the 5887:Prince's second son 5760:Bertrand du Guesclin 5749:Bertrand du Guesclin 5380:French siege in 1558 5360:David II of Scotland 4747:Franco-Scot alliance 4741:Robert III of Artois 4703:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4626:Edward II of England 4578:King John of England 3541:Philippa of Hainault 3067:"She-Wolf of France" 2619:Tour de Nesle affair 2615:Margaret of Burgundy 2564:Western Roman Empire 2450:Charles VI of France 2422:Bertrand du Guesclin 2416:By 1378, under King 2408:was taken prisoner. 2335:Charles IV of France 2293:) in origin through 2235:improve this article 2197:sovereigns of France 821:Philip van Artevelde 787:Nuno Álvares Pereira 596:Antipope Clement VII 410:Bertrand du Guesclin 252:House of Plantagenet 166:House of Plantagenet 13250:Kingdom of Portugal 13117:Old Church Slavonic 13102:Anglo-Saxon England 12912:The Maid of Orleans 12842:The Silence of Joan 12770:Saint Joan the Maid 12695:The Maid of Orleans 12579:Cultural depictions 12434:Life and background 12279:Revolutions of 1848 12209:Early modern France 11990:Anglo-Saxon England 11895:Classical antiquity 11808:Battle of Castillon 11768:Battle of Agincourt 11732:Castilian Civil War 11570:Despenser's Crusade 11560:Castilian Civil War 11118:Wagner, J. (2006). 10914:Rogers, Clifford J. 10226:Griffiths, Ralph A. 10212:on 14 December 2012 9693:, pp. 290–291. 9626:, pp. 145–147. 9532:, pp. 307–308. 9352:, pp. 253–254. 9324:, pp. 182–184. 9199:, pp. 187–196. 9076:, pp. 102–103. 8856:, pp. 318–319. 8794:, pp. 233–234. 8756:, pp. 480–481. 8741:, pp. 307–312. 8726:, pp. 149–150. 8690:, pp. 304–305. 8639:, pp. 292–293. 8571:, pp. 329–330. 8556:, pp. 110–111. 8541:, pp. 179–180. 8524:, pp. 873–876. 8374:Philip VI of France 8361:Despenser's Crusade 8335:Despenser's Crusade 8305:Medieval demography 8133:Richard Plantagenet 8092:Earl of Shrewsbury 8025:Catherine of Valois 7371:War of Saint-Sardos 7298:Revolt of 1173–1174 7275:Plantagenet England 7222:Battle of Castillon 7089:Treaty of Picquigny 7073:Charles of Burgundy 6965:Battle of Castillon 6925:Arthur de Richemont 6619:Battle of Agincourt 6599:Battle of Agincourt 6589:Battle of Agincourt 6247:Catherine of Valois 6125:Truce of Leulinghem 5999:Kingdom of Portugal 5893:Edward of Angoulême 5791:Arnaud-Amanieu VIII 5745:Henry of Trastámara 5627:Castilian Civil War 5444:but failed to take 5327:. The English army 5081:Treaties and truces 4996:Saint-Jean-d'Angély 4894:Tournaisis campaign 4759:Kingdom of Scotland 4687:Guyenne-et-Gascogne 4602:War of Saint-Sardos 4586:Philip II of France 4482:(seated), 1286. As 4480:Philip IV of France 4476:Edward I of England 4405:University of Paris 4203:Thomas of Lancaster 4176:Catherine of Valois 3787:Edward of Woodstock 2554:had dominated, and 2538:, the war inspired 2513:Castilian Civil War 2404:(1356), where King 2320:French royal domain 2189:monarchs of England 2147:national identities 1803:Despenser's Crusade 1788:Castilian Civil War 1130:Treaties and truces 1045:Saint-Jean-d'Angély 943:Tournaisis campaign 810:Jacob van Artevelde 777:John IV of Brittany 687:Jean III de Grailly 550:Ambrosio Boccanegra 540:Henry of Trastámara 444:Rudolph of Lorraine 308:Kingdom of Portugal 274:Kingdom of Scotland 68:Battle of Agincourt 13626:Hundred Years' War 13431:In popular culture 13396:Crusading movement 13268:Hundred Years' War 13127:Civitas Schinesghe 13112:Carolingian Empire 13097:Kingdom of Croatia 13050:Barbarian kingdoms 12446:Hundred Years' War 12385:Crusading movement 12289:Russian Revolution 12124:Hundred Years' War 12020:Maritime republics 11923:Early Christianity 11913:Hellenistic period 11870:Paleolithic Europe 11803:Battle of Formigny 11788:Battle of Verneuil 11763:Battle of Poitiers 11519:Hundred Years' War 11281:, Atlantic Books, 10992:Sumption, Jonathan 10804:Preston, Richard; 10617:Lowe, Ben (1997). 10250:on 10 August 2018. 9917:on 10 August 2018. 9862:Sciences et Avenir 9741:, pp. 147–195 9681:, pp. 39–40). 9260:, pp. 283–284 9111:Treaty of Brétigny 9048:, pp. 20–21; 8928:, pp. 20–21; 8768:England circa 1334 8522:Previté-Orton 1978 8510:Previté-Orton 1978 8159:Historical Figure 8009:Reigned 1413–1422 7987:Reigned 1399–1413 7965:Reigned 1377–1399 7940:Duke of Lancaster 7895:Duke of Lancaster 7876:Reigned 1327–1377 7848:Isabella of France 7829:Historical Figure 7667:Reigned 1422–1461 7645:Reigned 1380–1422 7579:Reigned 1364–1380 7557:Reigned 1350–1364 7532:Reigned 1328–1350 7507:Historical Figure 7379:Hundred Years' War 7308:Second Barons' War 7161: 7155:The spread of the 7117: 6960: 6933:Battle of Formigny 6909: 6905:Battle of Formigny 6861:Pope Callixtus III 6853:siege of Compiègne 6816: 6789: 6750:Battle of Verneuil 6711:Alexander Buchanan 6691: 6665:Les États-Généraux 6603: 6294:Hundred Years' War 6201: 6108: 5951:Treaty of Guérande 5925:Earl of Buckingham 5923:In July 1380, the 5884: 5771: 5662:Hundred Years' War 5604:Battle of Cocherel 5580:Treaty of Brétigny 5572: 5568:Treaty of Brétigny 5552:Treaty of Brétigny 5527: 5457:Battle of Poitiers 5430:another Chevauchée 5392:Battle of Poitiers 5386:Battle of Poitiers 5348: 5321:Cotentin Peninsula 5311: 5238: 5183:English wool trade 5134: 4962:Calais (1346–1347) 4872:Thiérache campaign 4835:Hundred Years' War 4771:renewed the treaty 4695:dukes of Aquitaine 4671: 4594:Battle of Bouvines 4512:was seized by the 4502: 4385:proximity of blood 4140:Isabella of Valois 3956:Holy Roman Emperor 3792:"The Black Prince" 3617:Philip of Burgundy 2667:Hundred Years' War 2607:Joan II of Navarre 2586:Causes and prelude 2446:Henry V of England 2444:The newly crowned 2426:Treaty of Brétigny 2355:proximity of blood 2301:, which made them 2102:Duchy of Aquitaine 2086:Guerre de Cent Ans 2078:Hundred Years' War 1760:Hundred Years' War 1444:Hundred Years' War 1340:Hundred Years' War 1011:Calais (1346–1347) 921:Thiérache campaign 884:Hundred Years' War 772:Joanna of Flanders 757:Jean of Luxembourg 724:Henry le Despenser 682:Henry of Lancaster 591:Peter IV of Aragon 312:Kingdom of Navarre 286:Kingdom of Bohemia 242:Kingdom of England 39:Hundred Years' War 13641:Anglo-French wars 13613: 13612: 13522:Basic topics list 13323:Swiss mercenaries 13273:Wars of the Roses 13180:Kingdom of Poland 13165:Holy Roman Empire 13032:Early Middle Ages 12990: 12989: 12954: 12953: 12888:(1999 miniseries) 12393: 12392: 12319:COVID-19 pandemic 12264:French Revolution 12239:Habsburg monarchy 12219:Cossack Hetmanate 12199:Portuguese Empire 12189:Absolute monarchy 12184:Thirty Years' War 12079:Holy Roman Empire 12004:Bulgarian Empire 11963:Early Middle Ages 11880:Bronze Age Europe 11854:History of Europe 11820: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11778:Battle of Cravant 11686: 11685: 11593: 11592: 11580:Lancastrian phase 11436:on 26 March 2017. 11409:978-1-84119-678-7 11349:978-0-300-13451-3 11313:978-2-213-00898-1 11306:. Paris: Fayard. 11287:978-1-84887-927-0 11255:978-0-674-06560-4 11203:Library resources 11187:978-0-8573-8004-3 11164:978-1-8572-8493-5 11134:978-0-3133-2736-0 11098:978-1-5795-8282-1 11079:978-0-6911-1669-3 11050:(Subscription or 11024:978-0-5712-4012-8 11005:978-0-5711-3895-1 10982:(Subscription or 10927:978-0-1953-3403-6 10905:978-0-5212-0963-2 10892:Previté-Orton, C. 10883:978-0-1992-2687-0 10864:978-0-4153-0309-5 10841:978-0-5200-6266-5 10819:978-0-0303-3428-3 10796:978-0-1982-0695-8 10776:(Subscription or 10740:978-0-3001-1910-7 10703:978-1-8490-8616-5 10676:978-0-4152-6131-9 10654:978-1-8441-3529-5 10632:978-0-2710-1689-4 10609:978-0-1402-6133-2 10575:978-0-9076-2822-4 10547:978-0-5200-5523-0 10489:978-0-3133-3539-6 10466:978-1-9085-2465-2 10439:Index and Epitome 10397:978-1-8441-5217-9 10378:978-0-8511-5903-4 10351:(Subscription or 10314:978-0-8619-3226-9 10290:Macmillan Company 10274:978-1-8438-3398-7 10254:(Subscription or 10188:978-0-7509-2723-9 10169:978-0-1952-1930-2 10147:978-0-5212-9144-6 10121:978-1-8417-6269-2 10058:(Subscription or 10032:978-0-1982-2741-0 9997:(Subscription or 9968:978-0-7914-4701-7 9949:978-0-1953-3527-9 9921:(Subscription or 9650:, pp. 26–35. 9549:, pp. 76–80. 9485:, pp. 44–45. 9434:, pp. 76–77. 9406:, pp. 77–82. 9340:, pp. 77–82. 9144:, pp. 69–70. 8868:, pp. 55–45. 8811:, pp. 88–89. 8493:978-2-262-10723-9 8457:978-1-003-46441-9 8420:978-0-86597-837-9 8241: 8240: 8229:Duke of Burgundy 8205:Duke of Burgundy 8202:John the Fearless 8181:Duke of Burgundy 8146: 8145: 8053:Regent 1422–1435 8045:John of Lancaster 7946:Edward III's son 7892:Henry of Grosmont 7816: 7815: 7670:Charles VI's son 7623:Regent 1380–1382 7536:Charles of Valois 7494: 7493: 7352:First Barons' War 7327:Anglo-French Wars 7313:Wars of the Roses 7255:Prominent figures 7101:French Revolution 7066:Wars of the Roses 7060: 7059: 6921:Count of Clermont 6895:French resurgence 6873:congress of Arras 6869:Cardinal Beaufort 6791:The English laid 6645:John the Fearless 6574: 6573: 6227:Count of Armagnac 6217:John the Fearless 6113:one of his uncles 6099: 6098: 5827:, accompanied by 5803:Battle of Montiel 5732: 5731: 5574:The French king, 5472:(later to become 5450:John II of France 5371:besieged the city 5301:, 1346, from the 5276:Duchy of Brittany 5160:Count of Flanders 5125: 5124: 4884:Scheldt campaigns 4632:, to pay homage. 4622:Charles of Valois 4606:Duke of Aquitaine 4548:Geoffrey of Anjou 4484:Duke of Aquitaine 4466:Peerage of France 4434:for the duchy of 4374:Blanche of France 4366: 4365: 4362: 4361: 3825:Edmund of Langley 3621:Count of Auvergne 3568:Joan of the Tower 2623:Count of Poitiers 2580:Wars of the Roses 2536:dynastic conflict 2515:(1366–1369), the 2511:(1341–1364), the 2406:John II of France 2267: 2266: 2259: 2171:(1337–1360), the 2158:historiographical 2073: 2072: 1867:Anglo-French Wars 1831: 1830: 1823:Lancastrian phase 1813:Glyndŵr rebellion 1724: 1723: 1410: 1409: 1306: 1305: 1268:Saint-Pol-de-Léon 1174: 1173: 933:Scheldt campaigns 851: 850: 677:John of Lancaster 667:Edmund of Langley 514:Archibald Douglas 462:John the Fearless 433:Charles d'Orléans 304:Duchy of Brittany 282:Republic of Genoa 266:Duchy of Brittany 248:Kingdom of France 232:Kingdom of France 221: 220: 170:Wars of the Roses 168:, leading to the 117:Iberian Peninsula 50:Anglo-French Wars 13683: 13646:Global conflicts 13603: 13602: 13593: 13592: 13583: 13542:Medieval studies 13386:Church and State 13260:Late Middle Ages 13152:High Middle Ages 13070:Christianization 13040:Migration Period 13017: 13010: 13003: 12994: 12993: 12671:Washington, D.C. 12666:Portland, Oregon 12584: 12583: 12554:Guy XIV de Laval 12456:Siege of Orléans 12420: 12413: 12406: 12397: 12396: 12254:Great Divergence 12169:Age of Discovery 12114:Late Middle Ages 12084:High Middle Ages 11995:Byzantine Empire 11978:Christianization 11968:Migration Period 11903:Classical Greece 11875:Neolithic Europe 11847: 11840: 11833: 11824: 11823: 11697: 11696: 11602: 11601: 11575:1383–1385 Crisis 11530: 11529: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11489: 11488: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11451:Jean Froissart, 11437: 11432:. Archived from 11413: 11381: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11317: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11258:. Archived from 11243: 11191: 11168: 11145: 11144:on 16 July 2018. 11143: 11137:. Archived from 11126: 11114: 11102: 11083: 11055: 11047: 11028: 11009: 10987: 10979: 10960: 10931: 10909: 10887: 10868: 10845: 10823: 10800: 10781: 10773: 10772:on 16 July 2018. 10768:. Archived from 10767: 10744: 10714: 10712: 10695: 10680: 10663:Neillands, Robin 10658: 10636: 10613: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10551: 10528:. Translated by 10527: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10470: 10449: 10426: 10425: 10419: 10401: 10382: 10356: 10348: 10326: 10293: 10278: 10259: 10251: 10246:. Archived from 10221: 10219: 10217: 10208:. Archived from 10192: 10173: 10151: 10132: 10130: 10124:. Archived from 10113: 10098: 10090: 10088:"Brétigny" 10078: 10075:Garner, James W. 10063: 10055: 10036: 10020: 10007:Bartlett, Robert 10002: 9994: 9972: 9953: 9937: 9926: 9918: 9913:. Archived from 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9854: 9848: 9847:, pp. 1–17. 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9815:, pp. 84–91 9810: 9801: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9666: 9660: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9608: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9573:. Archived from 9559: 9550: 9544: 9533: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9447: 9444: 9435: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9381: 9374: 9368: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9331: 9325: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9046:Le Patourel 1984 9039: 9033: 9030:Le Patourel 1984 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 8995: 8989: 8986:Le Patourel 1984 8983: 8977: 8971: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8933: 8926:Le Patourel 1984 8923: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8795: 8785: 8779: 8771: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8742: 8736: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8630: 8624: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8557: 8551: 8542: 8536: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8406: 8389: 8370: 8364: 8357: 8351: 8344: 8338: 8331: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8222: 8198: 8174: 8153: 8152: 8129: 8107: 8085: 8069:Sir John Fastolf 8065: 8048:Duke of Bedford 8041: 8021: 7999: 7977: 7955: 7933: 7910: 7888: 7866: 7844: 7823: 7822: 7801: 7781: 7761: 7746:Duke of Alençon 7739: 7719: 7699: 7679: 7661:King Charles VII 7657: 7648:Charles V's son 7635: 7611: 7591: 7569: 7560:Philip VI's son 7547: 7522: 7501: 7500: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7416:Anglo-Welsh wars 7285: 7259: 7258: 7240: 7146:War of the Roses 7017: 7014: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6981: 6980: 6881:duke of Burgundy 6814:pictured in 1429 6777:Siege of Orléans 6684:Duke of Clarence 6649:Treaty of Troyes 6635:Treaty of Troyes 6605:In August 1415, 6301: 6299: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6199:in Paris in 1407 6051: 6049: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6016: 6015: 5940: 5929:Duke of Brittany 5909:Peasants' Revolt 5836: 5829:John de Montfort 5823:In August 1373, 5779:Battle of Nájera 5741:Peter of Castile 5669: 5667: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5499: 5455:This led to the 5269:Charles of Blois 5265:John of Montfort 5261:Duke of Brittany 5235: 5232: 4842: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4651:France in 1330. 4526:English monarchs 4514:Duke of Normandy 4356: 4355: 1470–1471 4354: 4349: 4348: 1422–1461 4347: 4221: 4216: 4207:Duke of Clarence 4196: 4195: 1413–1422 4194: 4160: 4159: 1377–1399 4158: 4133: 4132: 1422–1461 4131: 4123:"the Victorious" 3989: 3988: 1399–1413 3987: 3963: 3962: 1355–1378 3961: 3924: 3923: 1380–1422 3922: 3780:Duke of Burgundy 3769: 3768: 1364–1380 3767: 3610: 3609: 1349–1387 3608: 3588: 3587: 1329–1371 3586: 3581:King of Scotland 3561: 3560: 1327–1377 3559: 3534: 3533: 1350–1364 3532: 3404:Joan of Burgundy 3397: 3395: 3385:"the Posthumous" 3373: 3372: 1328–1349 3371: 3366:Queen of Navarre 3355: 3354: 1328–1343 3353: 3343:King of Navarre 3309: 3308: 1328–1350 3307: 3159: 3158: 1322–1328 3157: 3127: 3126: 1316–1322 3125: 3099: 3098: 1305–1316 3097: 3086: 3085: 1314–1316 3084: 3055: 3054: 1307–1327 3053: 2901: 2900: 1284–1305 2899: 2888: 2887: 1285–1314 2886: 2866: 2865: 1274–1305 2864: 2859:Queen of Navarre 2848: 2847: 1272–1307 2846: 2675: 2674: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2611:John I of France 2525:1383–1385 crisis 2477:Siege of Orléans 2376:cousin instead, 2367:native Frenchman 2345:, whose mother, 2280:Capetian dynasty 2262: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2219: 2211: 2165:European history 2098:Late Middle Ages 1870: 1868: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1808:1383–1385 Crisis 1763: 1761: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1451: 1449: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1414: 1413: 1347: 1345: 1333: 1326: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1273:La Roche-Derrien 1213: 1211: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1178: 1177: 891: 877: 870: 863: 854: 853: 829: 800: 792:Peter of Castile 767:John of Montfort 737: 719: 711:Thomas Montacute 706: 694: 657:The Black Prince 586: 568: 535: 522: 509: 497: 485: 477:Charles of Blois 452: 440: 428: 401: 358: 316:Duchy of Gascony 299:Burgundian State 270:Crown of Castile 261:Burgundian State 87: 86: 80:Siege of Orléans 60: 36: 35: 13691: 13690: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13571: 13552:Neo-medievalism 13500: 13436:Itinerant court 13359: 13254: 13175:Georgian Empire 13160:Norman Conquest 13146: 13092:Frankish Empire 13026: 13021: 12991: 12986: 12950: 12904:Giovanna d'Arco 12891: 12864: 12733: 12682: 12677:Jeanne au Sacre 12636: 12609: 12573: 12564:Jean V de Bueil 12544:André de Lohéac 12508: 12502: 12466:Meung-sur-Loire 12429: 12424: 12394: 12389: 12328: 12294:Interwar period 12269:Napoleonic Wars 12133: 12104:Mongol invasion 12057:Crown of Aragon 11949: 11889: 11885:Iron Age Europe 11856: 11851: 11821: 11812: 11798:Battle of Patay 11773:Battle of Baugé 11753:Battle of Crécy 11736: 11692: 11682: 11641: 11589: 11545:Edwardian phase 11521: 11516: 11478: 11476: 11467: 11428: 11420: 11410: 11394: 11353: 11330: 11328: 11320: 11314: 11301: 11268: 11266: 11265:on 12 June 2018 11262: 11256: 11241: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11197:Further reading 11194: 11188: 11165: 11141: 11135: 11124: 11099: 11080: 11049: 11025: 11006: 10981: 10928: 10906: 10884: 10865: 10842: 10820: 10806:Wise, Sydney F. 10797: 10775: 10741: 10719:Ormrod, W. Mark 10710: 10704: 10693: 10677: 10655: 10633: 10610: 10585: 10583: 10576: 10556:Le Patourel, J. 10548: 10501: 10490: 10467: 10423: 10398: 10379: 10367:, eds. (2003). 10350: 10315: 10275: 10253: 10228:(28 May 2015). 10215: 10213: 10189: 10170: 10148: 10128: 10122: 10111: 10057: 10033: 9996: 9977:Barber, Richard 9969: 9950: 9920: 9887: 9882: 9881: 9871: 9869: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9835: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9811: 9804: 9792: 9788: 9749: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9561: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9536: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9477: 9473: 9465: 9450: 9445: 9438: 9426: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9360: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9332: 9328: 9316: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9280: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9252: 9248: 9240: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9187:, pp. 3–4. 9183:, p. 122; 9179: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9118:Wayback Machine 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9042:Guignebert 1930 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9014: 9012: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8972: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8947:Guignebert 1930 8945: 8936: 8924: 8920: 8912: 8908: 8900: 8896: 8890:The Black Death 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8852: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8822:"Auray, France" 8820: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8798: 8786: 8782: 8766:Glassock, R.E. 8764: 8760: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635:, p. 298; 8631: 8627: 8615: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8560: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8480: 8476: 8458: 8442:. p. 146. 8432: 8428: 8421: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8371: 8367: 8358: 8354: 8345: 8341: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8270: 8265: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8234:Duke 1419–1467 8233: 8228: 8226:Philip the Good 8210:Duke 1404–1419 8209: 8204: 8186:Duke 1363–1404 8185: 8180: 8178:Philip the Bold 8151: 8135: 8116: 8091: 8056:Henry IV's son 8052: 8047: 8012:Henry IV's son 8008: 7986: 7964: 7959:King Richard II 7939: 7923:Prince of Wales 7894: 7875: 7870:King Edward III 7853: 7821: 7745: 7666: 7644: 7639:King Charles VI 7622: 7617: 7578: 7556: 7531: 7499: 7490: 7461: 7460: 7446: 7434: 7433: 7419: 7407: 7406: 7400:Lancastrian War 7330: 7318: 7317: 7293: 7268: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7234: 7226:field artillery 7194: 7126:Norman Conquest 7122: 7109: 7093:claim the title 7061: 7056: 7018: 7013:Burgundian Wars 7012: 7010: 7008: 6978: 6941: 6897: 6885:Treaty of Arras 6877:Philip the Good 6843: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6723: 6721:English success 6707:Battle of Baugé 6688:Battle of Baugé 6680:Clan Carmichael 6673: 6657:Estates-General 6637: 6631: 6621:, north of the 6601:in October 1415 6591: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6415:Meung-sur-Loire 6341:2nd La Rochelle 6302: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6261: 6255: 6209:Philip the Bold 6159:Prince of Wales 6117:Lords Appellant 6100: 6095: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6013: 6007: 5959: 5921: 5868: 5866:English turmoil 5821: 5815: 5733: 5728: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5612: 5594:(near southern 5560: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5496:Jean de Venette 5491: 5461:Jean de Grailly 5402:Prince of Wales 5394: 5388: 5352:Battle of Crécy 5317: 5307:British Library 5299:Battle of Crécy 5292: 5250:Battle of Sluys 5233: 5216:Battle of Sluys 5208: 5195:sheep in Sussex 5149:Robert d'Artois 5139: 5126: 5121: 4867:English Channel 4843: 4839: 4838:Edwardian phase 4836: 4834: 4832: 4802: 4796: 4787:English Channel 4767:Philip the Fair 4755: 4749: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4568:kings of France 4552:Empress Matilda 4538:that had ruled 4506:Norman Conquest 4468: 4462: 4456: 4448:war on Scotland 4413:Count of Valois 4351: 4344: 4343: 4342:King of England 4341: 4219:Battle of Baugé 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4190: 4189:King of England 4188: 4167:Anne of Bohemia 4155: 4154: 4153:King of England 4152: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4121: 3984: 3983: 3982:King of England 3981: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3935:Duke of Orléans 3934: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3828: 3790: 3779: 3776:Philip the Bold 3764: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3620: 3605: 3604: 3603:King of Navarre 3602: 3598: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3556: 3555: 3554:King of England 3553: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3392: 3391: 3390:King of Navarre 3389: 3387: 3383: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3338: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297:"the Fortunate" 3295: 3154: 3153: 3152:King of Navarre 3151: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3122: 3121: 3120:King of Navarre 3119: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3094: 3093: 3092:King of Navarre 3091: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3050: 3049: 3048:King of England 3047: 2896: 2895: 2894:King of Navarre 2893: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2843: 2842: 2841:King of England 2840: 2836: 2826:Count of Évreux 2825: 2815:Count of Valois 2814: 2664: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2568:role in warfare 2560:standing armies 2519:(1356–1369) in 2505: 2497:Siege of Calais 2442: 2414: 2390: 2388:Edwardian phase 2382:Count of Valois 2365:decided that a 2353:by the rule of 2272: 2263: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2232: 2220: 2209: 2185:House of Valois 2177:Lancastrian War 2074: 2069: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1832: 1827: 1773:Edwardian phase 1764: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1725: 1720: 1565:Meung-sur-Loire 1491:2nd La Rochelle 1452: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1411: 1406: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1307: 1302: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1175: 1170: 916:English Channel 892: 888: 887:Edwardian phase 885: 883: 881: 844: 825: 796: 762:Philip the Good 747:Robert d'Artois 733: 715: 702: 698:Thomas Dagworth 672:Richard of York 600: 582: 564: 531: 527:John of Darnley 518: 505: 481: 472:Philip the Good 457:Philip the Bold 448: 424: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 292: 290:Crown of Aragon 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 236:House of Valois 213:except for the 202: 196: 164:Decline of the 145:House of Valois 139: 138: 131: 128:House of Valois 119: 94: 72:Battle of Patay 61: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13689: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13597: 13587: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13547:Misconceptions 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13355:Little Ice Age 13352: 13351: 13350: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13308:Western Schism 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13264: 13262: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13156: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13062: 13057: 13055:Late antiquity 13052: 13047: 13042: 13036: 13034: 13028: 13027: 13020: 13019: 13012: 13005: 12997: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12966:March to Reims 12962: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12948: 12940: 12932: 12924: 12923:(written 1943) 12916: 12908: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12889: 12881: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12854: 12846: 12838: 12830: 12822: 12814: 12806: 12798: 12790: 12782: 12774: 12766: 12758: 12754:Joan the Woman 12750: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12723: 12715: 12707: 12699: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12634: 12626: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12599: 12590: 12588: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12549:Gilles de Rais 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12525: 12522:Isabelle Romée 12519: 12512: 12510: 12509:contemporaries 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12451:Loire Campaign 12448: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12423: 12422: 12415: 12408: 12400: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12244:Russian Empire 12241: 12236: 12234:British Empire 12231: 12229:Dutch Republic 12226: 12224:Swedish Empire 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12204:Spanish Empire 12201: 12196: 12194:Ottoman Empire 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12109:Serbian Empire 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11970: 11965: 11959: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11945:Late antiquity 11942: 11937: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11908:Roman Republic 11905: 11899: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11866: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11850: 11849: 11842: 11835: 11827: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11701: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11608: 11606: 11599: 11595: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11565:Caroline phase 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11515: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11465: 11459: 11449: 11444: 11438: 11426: 11419: 11418:External links 11416: 11415: 11414: 11408: 11392: 11382: 11364:(3): 245–256. 11351: 11337: 11318: 11312: 11299: 11289: 11275: 11254: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11186: 11169: 11163: 11146: 11133: 11115: 11103: 11097: 11084: 11078: 11056: 11029: 11023: 11010: 11004: 10988: 10961: 10932: 10926: 10916:, ed. (2010). 10910: 10904: 10888: 10882: 10869: 10863: 10846: 10840: 10824: 10818: 10801: 10795: 10782: 10745: 10739: 10715: 10702: 10681: 10675: 10659: 10653: 10637: 10631: 10614: 10608: 10592: 10574: 10560:Jones, Michael 10552: 10546: 10530:Sheridan, Alan 10514: 10494: 10488: 10471: 10465: 10450: 10420: 10402: 10396: 10383: 10377: 10361:Hattendorf, J. 10357: 10327: 10313: 10300:Valois Guyenne 10294: 10279: 10273: 10260: 10222: 10193: 10187: 10174: 10168: 10152: 10146: 10133: 10120: 10099: 10085:, ed. (1911). 10083:Chisholm, Hugh 10079: 10064: 10037: 10031: 10003: 9973: 9967: 9961:. SUNY Press. 9954: 9948: 9927: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9849: 9829: 9827:, p. 189. 9817: 9802: 9786: 9743: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9695: 9691:Neillands 2001 9683: 9667: 9652: 9640: 9638:, p. 562. 9628: 9609: 9600: 9598:, p. 777. 9588: 9551: 9534: 9526:Griffiths 2015 9518: 9514:Griffiths 2015 9499: 9487: 9471: 9448: 9436: 9420: 9408: 9396: 9384: 9369: 9354: 9342: 9334:Neillands 2001 9326: 9322:Neillands 2001 9310: 9298: 9296:, p. 411. 9286: 9284:, p. 409. 9274: 9262: 9246: 9225: 9213: 9201: 9189: 9173: 9171:, p. 122. 9161: 9146: 9134: 9122: 9102: 9090: 9088:, p. 384. 9078: 9066: 9064:, p. 501. 9054: 9034: 9022: 8990: 8988:, p. 189. 8978: 8976:, p. 326. 8974:Prestwich 2007 8963: 8951: 8934: 8932:, p. 218. 8918: 8916:, p. 388. 8906: 8894: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8854:Prestwich 2007 8843: 8813: 8796: 8780: 8770:. p. 160. 8758: 8743: 8739:Prestwich 2007 8728: 8724:Prestwich 2003 8716: 8714:, p. 184. 8704: 8702:, p. 180. 8692: 8688:Prestwich 2007 8680: 8678:, p. 306. 8676:Prestwich 2007 8665: 8663:, p. 394. 8661:Prestwich 2007 8653: 8651:, p. 194. 8641: 8637:Prestwich 2007 8633:Prestwich 1988 8625: 8623:, p. 298. 8621:Prestwich 1988 8609: 8597: 8585: 8573: 8558: 8554:Neillands 2001 8543: 8526: 8514: 8512:, p. 872. 8499: 8492: 8474: 8468:Edward Freeman 8456: 8426: 8419: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8365: 8352: 8339: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8261: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8206: 8199: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8086: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8066: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8049: 8042: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7911: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7805:Gilles de Rais 7802: 7794: 7793: 7792:Master gunner 7790: 7787: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7765:Jean de Dunois 7762: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7680: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7626:John II's son 7624: 7619: 7618:Duke of Anjou 7612: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7592: 7584: 7583: 7582:John II's son 7580: 7575: 7573:King Charles V 7570: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7540: 7539: 7533: 7528: 7526:King Philip VI 7523: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7331: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7278: 7277: 7270: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7245: 7242: 7233: 7230: 7193: 7190: 7169:state capacity 7121: 7118: 7108: 7105: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7007: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6977: 6976:End of the war 6974: 6940: 6937: 6919:. In 1450 the 6896: 6893: 6857:Pierre Cauchon 6842: 6839: 6835:siege of Paris 6779:in 1429. From 6768: 6765: 6760:Main article: 6757: 6754: 6722: 6719: 6672: 6669: 6633:Main article: 6630: 6627: 6587:Main article: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:La Brossinière 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6267: 6257:Main article: 6254: 6251: 6187:Glyndŵr Rising 6148:House of Percy 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:Mynydd Hyddgen 6057: 6054: 6053: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6006: 6003: 5958: 5957:French turmoil 5955: 5920: 5917: 5903:king's uncle, 5867: 5864: 5817:Main article: 5814: 5811: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5619:Main article: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5585:Louis of Anjou 5566:France at the 5559: 5556: 5510:Reims campaign 5508:Main article: 5505: 5502: 5494:Chronicles of 5489: 5465:captal de Buch 5390:Main article: 5387: 5384: 5291: 5288: 5207: 5204: 5138: 5135: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5070:Reims campaign 5067: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4942:Crécy campaign 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4798:Main article: 4795: 4792: 4748: 4745: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4564:Angevin Empire 4522:King of France 4510:English throne 4478:(kneeling) to 4458:Main article: 4455: 4452: 4421:Avignon papacy 4397:Roger Mortimer 4378:House of Capet 4370:Joan of Évreux 4364: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4199: 4197: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4126:King of France 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3917:King of France 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3762:King of France 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3591: 3589: 3573: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3535: 3527:King of France 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3388:King of France 3376: 3374: 3358: 3356: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3316:Joan of Valois 3312: 3310: 3302:King of France 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3142:King of France 3130: 3128: 3114:King of France 3102: 3100: 3079:King of France 3071: 3069: 3058: 3056: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2881:King of France 2869: 2867: 2851: 2849: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2773:Évreux (Capet) 2769: 2767: 2764:Valois (Capet) 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2576:English nobles 2504: 2501: 2493:Pale of Calais 2441: 2438: 2413: 2410: 2400:(1346) and at 2389: 2386: 2330:were English. 2316:ally of France 2271: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2223: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2114:Western Europe 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1838: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798:Caroline phase 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1518:La Brossinière 1515: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1189: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1119:Reims campaign 1116: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 991:Crécy campaign 988: 983: 982: 981: 976: 965: 964: 958: 957: 956: 955: 950: 940: 935: 930: 929: 928: 918: 913: 908: 902: 901: 897: 894: 893: 880: 879: 872: 865: 857: 849: 848: 843: 842: 834:Frans Ackerman 831: 818: 807: 802: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 752:Edward Balliol 749: 744: 739: 726: 721: 708: 695: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 647: 637: 627: 614: 603: 601: 599: 598: 593: 588: 578:John the Blind 575: 570: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 524: 511: 498: 487: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 441: 430: 420:Hugues Quiéret 417: 415:Jean de Vienne 412: 407: 405:Gilles de Rais 402: 391: 389:Louis, Dauphin 386: 379: 369: 359: 346: 335: 332: 331: 327: 326: 296: 294:Avignon Papacy 257: 256: 255: 254: 238: 228: 227: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215:Pale of Calais 204: 198: 197: 195: 194: 193: 192: 178: 172: 162: 156: 151: 134: 133: 132: 125: 121: 120: 103: 101: 97: 96: 91: 83: 82: 53: 52: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13688: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13606: 13598: 13596: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13577: 13574: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13503: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13362: 13356: 13353: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13257: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13215:Scholasticism 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13149: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13077:Rise of Islam 13075: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13011: 13006: 13004: 12999: 12998: 12995: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12860: 12859: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12826:Joan the Maid 12823: 12820: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12691: 12689: 12685: 12679: 12678: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12656:New York City 12654: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12639: 12632: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12516:Jacques d'Arc 12514: 12513: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12421: 12416: 12414: 12409: 12407: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12340:Art of Europe 12338: 12337: 12335: 12331: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12139:Modern period 12136: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11836: 11834: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11695: 11689: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11622:John of Gaunt 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11508: 11506: 11501: 11499: 11494: 11493: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11411: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11352: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11326: 11325: 11319: 11315: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11189: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11147: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11123: 11122: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10641:Mortimer, Ian 10638: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10430:Hunt, William 10421: 10417: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10331:Harriss, G.L. 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10134: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10018: 10012: 10011:Roberts, J.M. 10008: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9928: 9924: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9821: 9814: 9809: 9807: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9729:, p. 61. 9728: 9723: 9717:, p. 16. 9716: 9711: 9705:, p. 15. 9704: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9680: 9674: 9672: 9665:, p. 79. 9664: 9659: 9657: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9636:Sumption 1999 9632: 9625: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9558: 9556: 9548: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9496: 9491: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9468: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9443: 9441: 9433: 9430: 9424: 9417: 9412: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9388: 9380:. p. 70. 9379: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9362:Mortimer 2008 9358: 9351: 9350:Mortimer 2008 9346: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9323: 9320:, p. 6; 9319: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9295: 9294:Sumption 2012 9290: 9283: 9282:Sumption 2012 9278: 9271: 9270:Sumption 2012 9266: 9259: 9256: 9250: 9243: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9197:Sumption 2012 9193: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9165: 9159:, p. 78. 9158: 9153: 9151: 9143: 9138: 9132:, p. 86. 9131: 9126: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9062:Chisholm 1911 9058: 9052:, p. 501 9051: 9050:Chisholm 1911 9047: 9043: 9038: 9032:, p. 32. 9031: 9026: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8968: 8961:, p. 66. 8960: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8898: 8891: 8886: 8879: 8878:Grummitt 2008 8874: 8867: 8862: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8793: 8792:Sumption 1999 8789: 8788:Sumption 1999 8784: 8777: 8774: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8750: 8748: 8740: 8735: 8733: 8725: 8720: 8713: 8712:Sumption 1999 8708: 8701: 8700:Sumption 1999 8696: 8689: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8670: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8619:, p. 8; 8618: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8595:, p. 17. 8594: 8593:Bartlett 2000 8589: 8583:, p. 22. 8582: 8581:Bartlett 2000 8577: 8570: 8569:Brissaud 1915 8565: 8563: 8555: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8401: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8272:France portal 8262: 8259: 8248: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8141: 8138: 8136:Duke of York 8134: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8111:King Henry VI 8109: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7981:King Henry IV 7979: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7937:John of Gaunt 7935: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7475: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Edwardian War 7383: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7357:Saintonge War 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303:Third Crusade 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7260: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7174:standing army 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7148:(1455–1487). 7147: 7141: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7128:(1066), when 7127: 7113: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7015: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6973: 6971: 6966: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6288: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6157:was declared 6156: 6155:Owain Glyndŵr 6151: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132:John of Gaunt 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:Stalling Down 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5983:John of Berry 5980: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5905:John of Gaunt 5901: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5825:John of Gaunt 5820: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5564: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5498: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418:Castelnaudary 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5176:Low Countries 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5137:End of homage 5130: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5112:Second London 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4986:Calais (1350) 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4841: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4791: 4790:French king. 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4753:Auld Alliance 4744: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4649: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4598:Saintonge War 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546:, the son of 4545: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4359: 4340: 4339: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4204: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4168: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4035: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4015: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3980: 3979: 3954: 3953: 3933: 3932: 3915: 3912:"the Beloved" 3909: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3892: 3891: 3870: 3869: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3816:John of Gaunt 3793: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3777: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3739: 3737: 3713: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3653: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3498: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3470: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3364: 3363: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3318: 3317: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3090: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3046: 3045: 3020: 3017: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2997: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2857: 2856: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609:, and a son, 2608: 2604: 2598: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:heavy cavalry 2550:armies where 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289:, and later, 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2261: 2258: 2250: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2224:This section 2222: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Edwardian War 2166: 2162: 2161:periodisation 2159: 2154: 2152: 2151:global powers 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1161:Second London 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035:Calais (1350) 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 992: 989: 987: 984: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 970: 967: 966: 963: 960: 959: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 899: 898: 895: 890: 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 858: 855: 847: 841: 840: 835: 832: 830: 828: 822: 819: 817: 816: 811: 808: 806: 805:Pope Urban VI 803: 801: 799: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 736: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 718: 712: 709: 707: 705: 699: 696: 693: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 662:John of Gaunt 660: 658: 655: 653: 652: 648: 646: 643: 642: 638: 636: 633: 632: 628: 626: 625: 620: 619: 615: 613: 610: 609: 605: 604: 602: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 585: 579: 576: 574: 573:Antonio Doria 571: 569: 567: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 534: 528: 525: 523: 521: 515: 512: 510: 508: 502: 499: 496: 491: 488: 486: 484: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Owain Glyndŵr 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 451: 445: 442: 439: 434: 431: 429: 427: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 400: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 384: 380: 378: 375: 374: 370: 368: 365: 364: 360: 357: 352: 351: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250:loyal to the 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 239: 237: 234:loyal to the 233: 230: 229: 224: 216: 212: 208: 205: 200: 199: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 163: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 149:French throne 146: 143: 142: 141: 140: 137: 129: 126: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113:Great Britain 110: 109:Low Countries 106: 102: 99: 98: 92: 89: 88: 84: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 59: 54: 51: 47: 44:Part of the 42: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 13376:Architecture 13348:Great Famine 13338:Universities 13278:Hussite Wars 13267: 13195:Great Schism 13082:Papal States 12942: 12934: 12926: 12918: 12910: 12902: 12883: 12875: 12856: 12848: 12840: 12832: 12824: 12816: 12808: 12800: 12792: 12785: 12776: 12768: 12760: 12752: 12744: 12725: 12717: 12710: 12702: 12694: 12675: 12649:Jeanne d'Arc 12648: 12628: 12620: 12601: 12593: 12528:Pierre d'Arc 12498:Canonization 12445: 12299:World War II 12152:Early modern 12129:Kalmar Union 12123: 12000:Papal States 11918:Roman Empire 11518: 11479:14 September 11477:. 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Retrieved 8825: 8816: 8783: 8772: 8767: 8761: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8656: 8644: 8628: 8612: 8605:Gormley 2007 8600: 8588: 8576: 8539:Turchin 2003 8517: 8483: 8477: 8463: 8461: 8435: 8429: 8410: 8404: 8376:confiscated 8368: 8355: 8348:Caroline War 8342: 8329: 8003:King Henry V 7551:King John II 7441: 7414: 7395:Caroline War 7378: 7377: 7334: 7325: 7235: 7214: 7206: 7198: 7195: 7179: 7166: 7162: 7142: 7134: 7123: 7107:Significance 7077:took up arms 7070: 7062: 6961: 6952:Jean Fouquet 6914: 6910: 6865: 6850: 6844: 6832: 6817: 6790: 6780: 6746: 6731: 6724: 6692: 6638: 6604: 6566:2nd Bordeaux 6551:1st Bordeaux 6238:privateering 6231: 6202: 6152: 6129: 6109: 5987: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5922: 5897: 5885: 5843:River Allier 5822: 5800: 5783: 5775:Black Prince 5772: 5734: 5589: 5573: 5548:Black Monday 5541: 5528: 5520:Black Monday 5493: 5486: 5482: 5454: 5406:Black Prince 5395: 5368: 5349: 5331:the city of 5318: 5278:set off the 5273: 5254: 5239: 5180: 5157: 5153: 5142: 5140: 5107:First London 4952:Blanchetaque 4776: 4756: 4738: 4730: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4634: 4619: 4610: 4596:(1214), the 4576: 4533:Anglo-Norman 4530: 4503: 4491: 4488:Jean Fouquet 4429: 4382: 4367: 4336: 4213: 4201: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4147: 4138: 4122: 4116: 3976: 3950: 3929: 3911: 3905: 3866: 3829:Duke of York 3823: 3814: 3791: 3785: 3774: 3758: 3752: 3615: 3599: 3593: 3575: 3566: 3548: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3402: 3384: 3378: 3360: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3314: 3296: 3290: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3088: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3042: 2890: 2877: 2871: 2853: 2838:"Longshanks" 2837: 2831: 2820: 2809: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2669:(1337–1453) 2666: 2600: 2572: 2533: 2506: 2487:(1450), and 2474: 2443: 2430: 2415: 2391: 2371: 2332: 2284: 2273: 2253: 2247:January 2022 2244: 2233:Please help 2228:verification 2225: 2173:Caroline War 2155: 2131: 2077: 2075: 1954: 1758: 1716:2nd Bordeaux 1701:1st Bordeaux 1223:Champtoceaux 1156:First London 1001:Blanchetaque 838: 826: 814: 797: 742:John Fastolf 734: 716: 703: 649: 639: 629: 623: 616: 606: 583: 565: 532: 519: 506: 501:John Stewart 482: 449: 425: 381: 371: 361: 348: 338: 324:Papal States 320:Ghent rebels 278:Welsh rebels 240: 226:Belligerents 147:retains the 136:Full results 135: 33: 13605:WikiProject 13532:Medievalism 13371:Agriculture 13235:Manorialism 13230:Communalism 13225:Monasticism 13142:Reconquista 13132:Kievan Rus' 12968:(initiated) 12885:Joan of Arc 12858:Joan of Arc 12786:Joan of Arc 12778:Joan of Arc 12746:Joan of Arc 12630:Joan of Arc 12603:Joan of Arc 12427:Joan of Arc 12284:World War I 12274:Nationalism 12162:Reformation 12147:Renaissance 12119:Black Death 12052:Kievan Rus' 11955:Middle Ages 11712:Chevauchées 11678:Joan of Arc 11673:Charles VII 11269:3 September 11107:Venette, J. 11060:Turchin, P. 10685:Nicolle, D. 10518:Ladurie, E. 10103:Curry, Anne 9841:Rogers 2010 9663:Wagner 2006 9596:Jaques 2007 9581:20 December 9530:Wagner 2006 9483:Wagner 2006 9221:Ormrod 2008 9209:Barber 2004 9185:Wagner 2006 9181:Wagner 2006 9169:Wagner 2006 9157:Wagner 2006 9130:Wagner 2006 9086:Ormrod 2001 9074:Wagner 2006 9004:History.com 8930:Wilson 2011 8902:Hewitt 2004 8866:Rogers 2010 8809:Rogers 2010 8649:Wilson 2011 8617:Harris 1994 8089:John Talbot 7785:Jean Bureau 7683:Joan of Arc 7157:Black Death 7097:Louis XVIII 7016:(1474–1477) 6970:Jean Bureau 6812:Joan of Arc 6797:Joan of Arc 6653:Charles VII 6546:Blanquefort 6179:Southampton 5694:La Rochelle 5689:Pontvallain 5432:he ravaged 5422:Carcassonne 5398:Black Death 5234: 1470 5189:sit on the 5144:arrière-ban 4840:(1337–1360) 4726:Plantagenet 4584:. However, 4118:Charles VII 3396: 1316 3346:jure uxoris 3299:"of Valois" 2782:Plantagenet 2466:Joan of Arc 2460:(1415) and 2433:Black Death 2374:patrilineal 2134:Middle Ages 2123:Black Death 2118:nationalism 1696:Blanquefort 1372:La Rochelle 1367:Pontvallain 889:(1337–1360) 729:John Talbot 394:Joan of Arc 383:Charles VII 301:(1419–1435) 201:Territorial 76:Joan of Arc 13620:Categories 13527:Land terms 13481:Technology 13461:Philosophy 13441:Literature 13406:Demography 13107:Viking Age 12877:Saint Joan 12869:Television 12810:Saint Joan 12703:Saint Joan 12507:Family and 12047:Viking Age 11862:Prehistory 11668:Charles VI 11612:Edward III 11396:Seward, D. 11233:Barker, J. 11176:. London: 11153:. London: 11054:required.) 10986:required.) 10780:required.) 10729:. London: 10723:Edward III 10586:25 October 10536:. p. 10355:required.) 10258:required.) 10062:required.) 10001:required.) 9925:required.) 9845:Jones 2008 9796:, p. 9759:: 102037. 9547:Davis 2003 9416:Sizer 2007 9404:Curry 2002 9392:Smith 2008 9338:Curry 2002 9318:Baker 2000 9306:Baker 2000 9142:Curry 2002 9015:22 January 8776:Darby 1976 8754:Friar 2004 8396:References 8142:Commander 8139:1411–1460 8098:Commander 8095:1387–1453 8076:Commander 8073:1380–1459 8029:1401–1437 7943:1340–1399 7918:1330–1376 7901:Commander 7898:1310–1361 7812:Commander 7809:1405–1440 7789:1390–1463 7772:Commander 7769:1402–1468 7752:Commander 7749:1409–1476 7730:Commander 7727:1390–1461 7710:Commander 7707:1390–1443 7687:1412–1431 7602:Commander 7599:1320–1380 7456:Second War 7292:Other wars 6445:La Charité 6205:Charles VI 6153:In Wales, 6091:Pwll Melyn 6076:Shrewsbury 6009:See also: 5991:proxy wars 5963:Charles VI 5947:Charles VI 5938:chevauchée 5889:Richard II 5834:chevauchée 5793:, Lord of 5787:hearth tax 5758:Statue of 5625:See also: 5410:Chevauchée 5356:longbowmen 5344:Edward III 5313:See also: 5229:, Bruges, 5223:manuscript 5187:chancellor 5092:Malestroit 4991:Winchelsea 4899:Saint-Omer 4862:Arnemuiden 4751:See also: 4734:suzerainty 4630:Edward III 4614:suzerainty 4474:Homage of 4149:Richard II 3952:Charles IV 3907:Charles VI 3868:Luxembourg 3759:"the Wise" 3595:Charles II 3550:Edward III 3524:"the Good" 3335:Philip III 3149:"the Bald" 3139:"the Fair" 3134:Charles IV 3111:"the Tall" 2878:"the Fair" 2632:Charles IV 2523:, and the 1595:La Charité 1278:The Thirty 1141:Malestroit 1040:Winchelsea 948:Saint-Omer 911:Arnemuiden 618:Richard II 608:Edward III 373:Charles VI 209:loses all 13512:Dark Ages 13421:Household 13416:Hastilude 13185:Feudalism 12651:(Frémiet) 12614:Paintings 12539:Pierronne 12530:(brother) 12471:Beaugency 12094:Feudalism 12065:Catalonia 11722:Jacquerie 11663:Charles V 11653:Philip VI 11455:from the 11378:159935247 10957:2573-5012 10855:Routledge 10365:Unger, R. 10323:0269-2244 10156:Davis, P. 9781:234810004 9773:0176-2680 9739:Lowe 1997 9366:Bean 2008 9242:Tuck 2004 8914:Hunt 1903 8440:Routledge 8378:Aquitaine 8232:1396–1467 8208:1371–1419 8184:1342–1404 8115:1421–1471 8051:1389–1435 8007:1387–1422 7985:1367–1413 7963:1367–1400 7874:1312–1377 7852:1295–1358 7665:1403–1461 7643:1368–1422 7621:1339–1384 7577:1338–1380 7555:1319–1364 7530:1293–1350 7451:First War 7032:Héricourt 6738:dysentery 6561:Castillon 6556:Martignas 6535:1450–1453 6529:Cherbourg 6503:1449–1450 6467:St. Denis 6456:1435–1444 6450:Compiègne 6420:Beaugency 6389:1428–1430 6383:Montargis 6378:St. James 6347:1421–1428 6321:Agincourt 6310:1415–1420 6243:Leicester 6203:In 1392, 6171:Worcester 6150:by 1408. 6071:Bryn Glas 5913:Wat Tyler 5876:de Vienne 5839:Charles V 5709:Roosebeke 5600:Charles V 5544:hailstorm 5492:From the 5474:Charles V 5414:Avignonet 5257:invasions 5087:Espléchin 5065:Jacquerie 5059:1358–1360 5017:1355–1356 4981:Lunalonge 4975:1349–1352 4937:Aiguillon 4930:Auberoche 4913:1345–1347 4851:1337–1340 4783:Holy Land 4707:Aquitaine 4582:Richard I 4500:, Paris). 4490:from the 4436:Aquitaine 4425:Salic law 4417:Philip VI 4401:Edward II 3914:"the Mad" 3754:Charles V 3600:"the Bad" 3292:Philip VI 3145:Charles I 3117:Philip II 3044:Edward II 2873:Philip IV 2556:artillery 2489:Castillon 2458:Agincourt 2418:Charles V 2339:Salic law 2333:In 1328, 2141:warfare; 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