2831:
1008:
3190:
2982:
125:
2991:
2822:
3820:
3363:
3340:
100:
2450:
292:
2770:
280:
860:
5270:
107:
6927:
3355:
2459:
2631:
6917:
5258:
4005:
1542:
966:
946:
923:
2739:, (1683–1746). Essentially, Spain was to become a perpetual ally and even obedient satellite of France, ruled by a king who would carry out orders from Versailles. Realizing how this would upset the balance of power, the other European rulers were outraged. However, most of the alternatives were equally undesirable. For example, putting another Habsburg on the throne would end up recreating the grand multi-national
6937:
5246:
268:
4019:
1557:
2604:, a French term rendered in English as "Old Rule", or simply "Former Regime", refers primarily to the aristocratic, social and political system of early modern France under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien RĂ©gime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts (like the
232:
234:
233:
3394:
that the bulk of the territory of
Western Francia came under the rule of the Frankish kings, and Philip was consequently the first king to call himself "king of France" (1190). The division of France between the Angevin (Plantagenet) kings of England and the Capetian kings of France would lead to the
2727:, a group that denied free will and had already been condemned by the popes. In this, he garnered the friendship of the papacy, which had previously been hostile to France because of its policy of putting all church property in the country under the jurisdiction of the state rather than that of Rome.
2254:
The
Renaissance era was noted for the emergence of powerful centralized institutions, as well as a flourishing culture (much of it imported from Italy). The kings built a strong fiscal system, which heightened the power of the king to raise armies that overawed the local nobility. In Paris especially
235:
2937:
On
September 3, 1791, the absolute monarchy which had governed France for 948 years was forced to limit its power and become a provisional constitutional monarchy. However, this too would not last very long and on September 21, 1792, the French monarchy was effectively abolished by the proclamation
267:
266:
2712:. McCabe says critics used fiction to portray the degraded Turkish court, using "the harem, the Sultan court, oriental despotism, luxury, gems and spices, carpets, and silk cushions" as an unfavorable analogy to the corruption of the French royal court.
1737:
and not yet a part of France. West
Frankish kings were initially elected by the secular and ecclesiastical magnates, but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father's lifetime established the principle of male
1702:
over two time periods, 1284–1328 and 1572–1620, after which the institutions of
Navarre were abolished and it was fully annexed by France (though the King of France continued to use the title "King of Navarre" through the end of the monarchy).
1822:. Throughout the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, France was Europe's richest, largest, most populous, powerful and influential country. In parallel, France developed its first colonial empire in Asia, Africa, and in the Americas.
4828:
Wolfe, M. (2005). Jotham
Parsons. The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 2004. pp. ix, 322. The American Historical Review, 110(4),
3399:, and France would regain control over these territories only by the mid 15th century. What is now eastern France (Lorraine, Arelat) was not part of Western Francia to begin with and was only incorporated into the kingdom during the
1825:
In the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire stretched from a total area at its peak in 1680 to over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi), the second-largest empire in the world at the time behind the
1798:, complicated by historic and regional irregularities in taxation, legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions, and local prerogatives. Religiously, France became divided between the Catholic majority and a Protestant minority, the
2499:
France's pacification under Henry IV laid much of the ground for the beginnings of France's rise to
European hegemony. France was expansive during all but the end of the seventeenth century: the French began trading in India and
2880:
that was beginning in
Britain, the rising middle class of the cities felt increasingly frustrated with a system and rulers that seemed silly, frivolous, aloof, and antiquated, even if true feudalism no longer existed in France.
2723:" beginning a hundred and fifty years earlier until the end of the 18th century) costing the country a great many intellectuals, artisans, and other valuable people. Persecution extended to unorthodox Roman Catholics like the
2426:) and his subsequent abandonment of Protestantism (Expedient of 1592) effective in 1593, his acceptance by most of the Catholic establishment (1594) and by the Pope (1595), and his issue of the toleration decree known as the
2277:, it dealt with a number of government, judicial and ecclesiastical matters. Articles 110 and 111, the most famous, called for the use of the French language in all legal acts, notarised contracts and official legislation.
230:
231:
2242:), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhône valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 18–20 million in modern-day France at the time of the 1328
3150:
to the King, upholding the rights of the
Chamber and in effect supporting a transition to a full parliamentary system. Charles X received this address as a veiled threat, and in 25 July of the same year, he issued the
2734:
died, ending the
Habsburg line in that country. Louis had long planned for this moment, but these plans were thrown into disarray by the will of King Charles, which left the entire Spanish Empire to Louis's grandson
3992:, that is, that the king was chosen by God to carry out his will, this implied that the king's subjects should obey and respect him. The king is accountable only to God, but this meant an implicit demand of virtue,
2743:; of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Spanish territories in Italy, which would also grossly upset the power balance. However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the long
1007:
2150:
his vassal, and in effect ruled the western half of France as a greater power than the French throne. However, disputes among Henry's descendants over the division of his French territories, coupled with
4842:, paragraphs "France" and "Huguenots"; The Huguenot Population of France, 1600–1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority by Philip Benedict; American Philosophical Society, 1991, 164
203:
2830:
2860:
On the whole, the 18th century saw growing discontent with the monarchy and the established order. Louis XV was a highly unpopular king for his sexual excesses, overall weakness, and for losing
4054:
2109:
The old order left the new dynasty in immediate control of little beyond the middle Seine and adjacent territories, while powerful territorial lords such as the 10th- and 11th-century
201:
2414:, and the king was murdered in return. After the assassination of both Henry of Guise (1588) and Henry III (1589), the conflict was ended by the accession of the Protestant king of
3374:
Before the 13th century, only a small part of what is now France was under control of the Frankish king; in the north there were Viking incursions leading to the formation of the
2648:(1643–1715), ("The Sun King"), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Cardinal Richelieu's successor as the King's chief minister, (1642–61)
1818:
made France the most powerful nation on the continent once more. The kingdom became Europe's dominant cultural, political and military power in the 17th century under
892:
2692:, which advocates the divine origin of temporal power and any lack of earthly restraint of monarchical rule, Louis XIV continued his predecessors' work of creating a
202:
6030:
2915:, before being restored in 1788. A harsh winter that year led to widespread food shortages, and by then France was a powder keg ready to explode. On the eve of the
3085:
2684:, previously left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival royal powers, and a legacy of an increasingly enormous
7053:
5810:
3988:
for example, and there were limits on the king's power. These arose chiefly from religious constraints: because the monarchy was considered to be established by
2793:, prime minister in all but name. The exhaustion of Europe after two major wars resulted in a long period of peace, only interrupted by minor conflicts like the
3208:
as "King of the French": for the first time since French Revolution, the King was designated as the ruler of the French people and not the country. The Bourbon
2719:
in 1685. It is estimated that anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 Protestants fled France during the wave of persecution that followed the repeal, (following "
7038:
7033:
7028:
6380:
2387:, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces. Opposed to absolute monarchy, the Huguenot
6746:
3967:
which dealt with determining the question of royal succession, and placed limits on the otherwise absolute power of the king from the Middle Ages until the
5039:
3107:
However, the work of Louis XVIII was frustrated when, after his death on 16 September 1824, his brother the Count of Artois became king under the name of
7048:
7043:
6882:
3311:
refused to repress the rebellion, resulting in Louis Philippe abdicating and fleeing to England. On 24 February 1848, the monarchy was abolished and the
1585:
2958:" form of republican government, and the eventual beginnings of twenty-five years of reform, upheaval, dictatorship, wars and renewal, with the various
3033:
restored by arms the monarchy to the House of Bourbon in 1814. However the deposed Emperor Napoleon I returned triumphantly to Paris from his exile in
5032:
2900:
3902:, decimated the Huguenot community; Protestants declined to seven to eight percent of the kingdom's population by the end of the 16th century. The
3052:
in 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was once again restored. The Count of Provence - brother of Louis XVI, who was guillotined in 1793 - was crowned as
2345:
between France and the Papacy (1516), granting the crown unrivalled power in senior ecclesiastical appointments, France was deeply affected by the
3056:, nicknamed "The Desired". Louis XVIII tried to conciliate the legacies of the Revolution and the Ancien RĂ©gime, by permitting the formation of a
6395:
2341:
Barely were the Italian Wars over, when France was plunged into a domestic crisis with far-reaching consequences. Despite the conclusion of a
6988:
6136:
5702:
2323:(1494–1559), which marked the beginning of early modern France. French efforts to gain dominance resulted only in the increased power of the
1408:
754:
2708:" rebellion during Louis' minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchy in France that endured 150 years until the
124:
6472:
7003:
4042:
3874:
During the Protestant Reformation of the mid 16th century, France developed a large and influential Protestant population, primarily of
2113:
accumulated large domains of their own through marriage and through private arrangements with lesser nobles for protection and support.
4893:
2912:
2896:
2090:
were to share the fate of their predecessors: after an intermittent power struggle between the two dynasties, the accession in 987 of
6968:
5475:
4049:
3960:
3953:
3081:
1788:
was increasingly centralised; the French language began to displace other languages from official use, and the monarch expanded his
3303:("Banquets' Campaign") was repressed in February 1848, riots and seditions erupted in Paris and later all France, resulting in the
1839:
3189:
3155:, in an attempt to reduce Parliament's powers and re-establish absolute rule. The opposition reacted with riots in Parliament and
2704:, built on the outskirts of Paris, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the earlier "
1770:
laid claim to the French throne. Emerging victorious from said conflicts, France subsequently sought to extend its influence into
6998:
5301:
3258:
was replaced by urban bourgeoisie, and the working class was excluded from voting. Louis Philippe appointed notable bourgeois as
1578:
5262:
1977:. After Charlemagne's death in 814 his heirs were incapable of maintaining political unity and the empire began to crumble. The
5850:
5835:
5752:
3867:
from the Pope in 1464. However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "
6350:
5603:
1886:
1228:
572:
7018:
6234:
3093:
2888:
became king. Initially popular, he too came to be widely detested by the 1780s. He was married to an Austrian archduchess,
2124:
of 1066, making himself and his heirs the king's equal outside France (where he was still nominally subject to the Crown).
5011:
3932:. The Kingdom of France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, producing influential Jewish scholars such as
7023:
6806:
6781:
6721:
5957:
5720:
5376:
5366:
3944:
began in the 11th century and increased intermittently throughout the Middle Ages, with multiple expulsions and returns.
2403:
2222:
1346:
5147:
3164:
6897:
5805:
5250:
3278:). The July Monarchy was beset by corruption scandals and financial crisis. The opposition of the King was composed of
2571:
1571:
6978:
6973:
6940:
6902:
6432:
5777:
5762:
5187:
5183:
4876:
4784:
4572:
4547:
4506:
4449:
4360:
4307:
4260:
4235:
4164:
4095:
3907:
3899:
3124:
2439:
2380:
2218:
1507:
508:
2605:
2263:
6045:
5886:
5840:
4924:
3836:
2583:
2300:
1460:
5191:
3080:, aristocrats and clergymen who totally refused the Revolution's heritage. Peace was maintained by statesmen like
6400:
4815:
4269:
Airlie, Stuart (1993). "Review article: After Empire-recent work on the emergence of post-Carolingian kingdoms".
3334:
2932:
1921:
1529:
1247:
291:
2786:
6766:
6706:
6678:
6437:
6065:
5640:
4037:
2903:, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by
2798:
279:
4956:
3172:
99:
6852:
6683:
5988:
5608:
5549:
5544:
4059:
3925:
2971:
2744:
2349:'s attempt to break the hegemony of Catholic Europe. A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed
1929:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1490:
1475:
1277:
767:
579:
527:
5630:
1762:, resulted in many armed struggles. The most notorious of them all are the series of conflicts known as the
6316:
6055:
5534:
5371:
3682:
3143:
3101:
3045:
2908:
2794:
2558:(1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of
653:
2981:
1200:
383:
355:
6983:
6862:
6173:
5893:
5767:
5757:
5505:
5346:
5294:
3254:
However, despite the initial reforms, Louis Philippe was little different from his predecessors. The old
1678:, in 1190, and officially from 1204. From then, France was continuously ruled by the Capetians and their
1497:
444:
6963:
6857:
6847:
6811:
6653:
6555:
6084:
6005:
5772:
5682:
5661:
5361:
5351:
5341:
4032:
3801:
3224:
3136:
3030:
2700:
still persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to regularly inhabit his lavish
2147:
1843:
1512:
1480:
1455:
1015:
987:
2851:
859:
6993:
6580:
6343:
6264:
6020:
5935:
5908:
5825:
5620:
5465:
4777:
The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century
3985:
3304:
3132:
3116:
2876:
in 1774, and the French people shed few tears at his death. While France had not yet experienced the
2748:
2471:
2376:
2213:
in the south of France, and the relationship between England and the Flemish cloth towns, led to the
2176:
2135:
2077:
1937:
1718:
1706:
1081:
1024:
793:
668:
623:
130:
5273:
4522:
3855:
of the Kingdom of France. France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter (French:
7008:
6831:
5845:
5815:
5420:
4208:
4189:
3819:
3283:
3259:
3198:
3168:
2609:
2411:
2159:, allowed Philip to recover influence over most of this territory. After the French victory at the
1855:
1831:
1043:
565:
2990:
1989:, the nucleus of what would develop into the kingdom of France. Charles the Bald was also crowned
7013:
6535:
6505:
6101:
5983:
5930:
5876:
5830:
5519:
3964:
3895:
3887:
3777:
3382:
established themselves as powerful rivals of the king, by the late 11th century ruling over the "
3308:
3291:
2384:
2360:
2336:
2143:
1803:
1485:
1465:
1158:
728:
464:
453:
252:
3894:) steadily swelled to 10 percent of the population, or roughly 1.8 million people. The ensuring
2919:
of July 1789, France was in a profound institutional and financial crisis, but the ideas of the
2821:
1190:
6892:
6648:
6422:
6206:
6168:
6126:
6111:
5903:
5725:
5625:
5287:
5223:
3789:
3771:
3362:
3312:
3097:
2943:
2693:
2649:
2575:
2479:
2407:
2346:
2304:
2292:
1990:
1878:
1862:
1620:
1470:
1418:
1297:
953:
48:
4638:
Actes du congrès – vol. 3, 1961, p. 441.; Emmanuel de Waresquiel, 2003, pp. 460–461.
4498:
4297:
4150:
4120:
4085:
3618:
3576:, but technically not part of the kingdom of France because it remained nominally part of the
1750:, rivalry between the Capetian dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of France and their vassals the
6711:
6603:
6560:
6131:
6121:
5913:
5737:
5645:
5580:
4670:
4542:. Histoire (in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes. 5 February 2015. pp. 199–215.
4227:
3989:
3591:
3417:
3396:
3339:
3316:
3299:
3000:
2939:
2877:
2802:
2736:
2689:
2214:
2198:
2180:
1974:
1925:
1763:
1428:
1355:
1317:
1257:
910:
715:
149:
3623:
3315:
was proclaimed. Despite later attempts to re-establish the Kingdom in the 1870s, during the
2554:(1618–1648) which had broken out in Germany. After the death of both king and cardinal, the
616:
6930:
6872:
6668:
6575:
6545:
6530:
6336:
6156:
5697:
5635:
5524:
5415:
4676:
3972:
3937:
3464:
3175:
as regent. However, it was too late, and the liberal opposition won out over the monarchy.
3012:
3004:
2920:
2843:
2701:
2551:
2537:
2475:
2368:
2364:
2342:
2296:
2271:
2186:
2139:
2117:
1815:
1751:
1307:
1033:
450:
214:
8:
6816:
6796:
6776:
6741:
6673:
6585:
6452:
6239:
6196:
6116:
6070:
5947:
5940:
5920:
5881:
5793:
5585:
5554:
5529:
5495:
5397:
5392:
4709:
3941:
3715:
3641:
3636:
3613:
3563:
3448:
3400:
3391:
3367:
3328:
3108:
3022:
3008:
2847:
2810:
2740:
2731:
2634:
2555:
2449:
2372:
2316:
2267:
2202:
2156:
2127:
1890:
1866:
1785:
1675:
1612:
1267:
1176:
1115:
1105:
930:
672:
586:
371:
34:
2308:
2255:
there emerged strong traditions in literature, art and music. The prevailing style was
646:
6920:
6756:
6731:
6633:
6510:
6462:
6457:
6447:
6385:
6151:
6096:
6050:
5898:
5864:
5448:
4282:
3875:
3719:
3705:
3598:
3519:
3513:
3470:
3387:
3271:
3147:
3142:
The absolutist tendencies of the King were disliked by the Doctrinaire majority in the
3120:
3049:
2681:
2608:), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local
2547:
2467:
2419:
2392:
2356:
2194:
2164:
2160:
2053:
1998:
1960:
1755:
1722:
1699:
1635:
433:
3267:
2234:
The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the
539:
6916:
6658:
6618:
6608:
6525:
6515:
6500:
6367:
6297:
6279:
6274:
6259:
6244:
6183:
6146:
6060:
5993:
5971:
5952:
5820:
5747:
5570:
5356:
5336:
5313:
4872:
4780:
4690:
4568:
4543:
4502:
4445:
4356:
4303:
4256:
4231:
4160:
4113:
4091:
3981:
3968:
3929:
3844:
3795:
3723:
3693:
3678:
3658:
3577:
3573:
3495:
3489:
3460:
3375:
3244:
3057:
2916:
2764:
2709:
2665:
2661:
2613:
2324:
2206:
2131:
2064:
settled along the Seine, downstream from Paris, in a region that came to be known as
1917:
1811:
1789:
1734:
1726:
1714:
1691:
1237:
996:
741:
593:
411:
395:
387:
314:
4966:
4495:
Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism, and the Ancien RĂ©gime
3263:
2146:
led by Eleanor and three of their four sons, Henry had Eleanor imprisoned, made the
6877:
6826:
6821:
6761:
6726:
6638:
6595:
6565:
6487:
6405:
6375:
6211:
6163:
6035:
6010:
5500:
5047:
4278:
3807:
3729:
3608:
3213:
3205:
3194:
3128:
2955:
2892:. French intervention in the American War of Independence was also very expensive.
2889:
2715:
The king sought to impose total religious uniformity on the country, repealing the
2669:
2638:
2563:
2312:
2103:
2095:
2081:
1982:
1978:
1877:. The Spanish Empire lost its superpower status to France after the signing of the
1767:
1747:
1730:
1687:
1665:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1616:
1210:
701:
685:
496:
375:
359:
5673:
5512:
3590:
Acquisitions from the Plantagenet kings of England with the French victory in the
2769:
2595:
2014:
1794:
1377:
1182:
6887:
6801:
6771:
6495:
6412:
6306:
6269:
6254:
6249:
6191:
6106:
5666:
5407:
4350:
3903:
3848:
3824:
3583:
3537:
3507:
3501:
3476:
3454:
3379:
3255:
3217:
3160:
3152:
3089:
3061:
2959:
2951:
2790:
2716:
2685:
2559:
2525:
2427:
2423:
2274:
2152:
2121:
2110:
2099:
1910:
1874:
1683:
1366:
780:
391:
367:
363:
351:
345:
184:
158:
62:
5652:
5093:
3068:" ("Granted Charter"). His reign was characterized by disagreements between the
2116:
The area around the lower Seine became a source of particular concern when Duke
1328:
6791:
6736:
6690:
6643:
6623:
6467:
6390:
6229:
6224:
6216:
6040:
5998:
5575:
5211:
5028:
4024:
3860:
3852:
3832:
3783:
3699:
3383:
3236:
3228:
3209:
3077:
2904:
2872:
were a clear sign of discontent, but the king chose to ignore them. He died of
2239:
1898:
1827:
1807:
1759:
1695:
1561:
1147:
819:
557:
379:
112:
76:
2319:(1493). These three treaties cleared the way for France to undertake the long
6957:
6550:
6311:
6141:
5925:
5613:
4864:
4804:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 313–315.
4010:
3423:
3184:
2388:
1847:
1739:
1646:(843). A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987, when
1604:
1546:
1287:
864:
Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French colonial empires.
851:
839:
823:
815:
426:
5051:
2895:
With the country deeply in debt, Louis XVI permitted the radical reforms of
2001:(870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the
6716:
6613:
6417:
6025:
5730:
5687:
5487:
5458:
5231:
4170:
3358:
The Kingdom of France in 1030 with the kingdom's royal domain in light blue
3343:
3248:
3069:
3038:
2696:
governed from the capital of Paris. He sought to eliminate the remnants of
2320:
2286:
2087:
2038:
1986:
1954:
1933:
1779:
1679:
1631:
1395:
1126:
897:
831:
811:
341:
243:
5269:
4152:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
3088:, as well as the King's moderation and prudent intervention. In 1823, the
1924:
in 1791, but the Kingdom was abolished a year later and replaced with the
6867:
6570:
6477:
6359:
5692:
5595:
5440:
5157:
4744:
4539:
Le Refuge protestant urbain au temps de la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes
3919:
3883:
3879:
3868:
3287:
3279:
3112:
3073:
3053:
2865:
2653:
2550:, elaborated a policy against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2396:
2235:
2061:
1966:
1882:
1608:
1390:
637:
607:
5226:. "Writing Women's and Gender History in France: A National Narrative?"
5130:
5113:
5103:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5007:
4986:
4976:
4756:
4720:
4537:
3743:
3572:(1349), hereditary possession of the kings of France, to be held by the
3569:
3297:
The King tried to suppress the opposition with censorship, but when the
3294:, who fought against royalty and supported the principles of democracy.
2430:(1598), which guaranteed freedom of private worship and civil equality.
2359:. After Henry II's death in a joust, the country was ruled by his widow
2217:
of 1337–1453. The following century was to see devastating warfare, the
2018:
6442:
6328:
6201:
5430:
5201:
3767:
3763:
3747:
3735:
3556:
3347:
3156:
2947:
2861:
2724:
2705:
2657:
2579:
2543:
2501:
2494:
2355:) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son King
2256:
2243:
2091:
1994:
1851:
1835:
1647:
1624:
1063:
827:
483:
106:
4055:
Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France
3759:
3438:
2782:
2630:
2578:(1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of
2458:
6751:
6520:
5539:
5216:
Symes, Carol. "The Middle Ages between Nationalism and Colonialism",
3915:
3911:
3891:
3739:
3354:
2885:
2720:
2697:
2645:
2625:
2351:
2227:
2190:
2022:
1819:
1799:
1743:
1710:
3975:
and religious beliefs about the roles of God, monarch, and subjects.
3119:. Under his reign, the censorship of newspapers was reinforced, the
2801:(1740–1748). But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the "
2231:
of 1358 in France) and the growth of nationalism in both countries.
2163:
in 1214, the English monarchs maintained power only in southwestern
1806:(1562–1598). The Wars of Religion crippled France, but triumph over
6786:
6663:
6540:
4732:
4156:
3828:
3751:
3647:
3545:
3532:
3026:
2873:
2869:
2839:
2778:
2677:
2616:
brought about a radical suppression of administrative incoherence.
2193:
the crown could not pass through a woman (Philip IV's daughter was
2065:
1894:
1870:
1865:, became a superpower from 1643 until 1815; from the reign of King
846:
40:
5092:(2004), 592pp; comprehensive history by a leading British scholar
4983:
France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc
3653:
2209:. This, in addition to a long-standing dispute over the rights to
2002:
1615:
period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe from the
6427:
5453:
5321:
5257:
3669:
3662:
3602:
3445:
Direct vassals of the French king in the 10th to 12th centuries:
3433:
3412:
3240:
2806:
2415:
2210:
2142:, who ruled much of southwest France, in 1152. After defeating a
1970:
1932:
by the other great powers in 1814 and, with the exception of the
1902:
1090:
421:
5279:
2246:
returns had been reduced 150 years later by 50 percent or more.
5742:
5310:
5245:
5120:
A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation-State
3863:
always maintained close links to the Pope, receiving the title
3711:
3526:
2673:
2567:
2521:
2189:
in 1328 without male heirs ended the main Capetian line. Under
2026:
2010:
1973:
made advances along the northern and western perimeters of the
1906:
1094:
441:
26:
2170:
1981:
of 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts, with
835:
117:
Bottom: Flag under the House of Bourbon (1589–1792; 1815–1848)
4800:
Parisse, Michael (2005). "Lotharingia". In Reuter, T. (ed.).
3933:
3871:", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy.
3755:
3629:
3428:
3350:
between 987 and 996 AD with the royal domain is shown in blue
3232:
2120:
of Normandy took possession of the Kingdom of England by the
2057:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2006:
1775:
1771:
328:
308:
4377:
Representative Institutions in Renaissance France, 1421–1559
4087:
Social Inequality and Class Radicalism in France and Britain
3922:, as many of them had occupied important places in society.
3072:, liberal thinkers who supported the Charter and the rising
2942:. The role of the King in France was finally ended with the
2813:(1756–63) and the loss of France's North American colonies.
2660:, expanding it from 25 ships to almost 200. The size of the
2052:, and other inland waterways increased. During the reign of
6015:
5425:
4927:[17th century: Absolutism and Monarchy in France].
3551:
3034:
2030:
1053:
4404:
A literary history of France: Renaissance France 1470–1589
3135:
in favour of the Greek rebels, and the first phase of the
2652:, (1602–1661). Cardinal Mazarin oversaw the creation of a
1623:, with colonies in Asia and Africa, and the largest being
4647:
Duc de Dolberg, Castellan, II, 176 (letter 30 April 1827)
4925:"XVIIe siècle : Absolutisme et monarchie en France"
2797:
from 1733 to 1735. Large-scale warfare resumed with the
2781:
saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the
3227:
continued, and new settlements were established in the
2923:
had begun to permeate the educated classes of society.
2789:, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by
4480:
Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents
4412:
Renaissance art in France: the invention of classicism
4136:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion
4110:
3689:
Acquisitions after the end of the Hundred Years' War:
3127:
were increased. However, the reign also witnessed the
1630:
The Kingdom of France was descended directly from the
4923:
Dignat, Alban (27 May 2021). Grégor, Isabelle (ed.).
4672:
Bulletin des lois de la RĂ©publique francĚśaise, Vol. 9
2755:"War of the League of Augsburg") had just concluded.
2094:, Duke of France and Count of Paris, established the
1619:
to 1848 during its dissolution. It was also an early
1607:
given to various political entities of France in the
4953:
A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4707:
4466:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War
4000:
3274:, and thus obtained the nickname of "Citizen King" (
1725:, the authority of the French king was barely felt.
1690:
until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the
5037:
4871:(in French). Dover Publications. pp. 123–128.
2805:" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and
2664:was also considerably increased. Renewed wars (the
2375:. Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful
5080:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
4900:
4802:The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900–c. 1024
4601:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
4112:
3685:, to France in 1453, to the royal demesne in 1547)
3204:On 9 August 1830, the Chamber of Deputies elected
3021:Following the French Revolution (1789–99) and the
5196:Pinkney, David H. "Two Thousand Years of Paris",
4985:(1993), survey by a leader of the Annales School
4689:
4295:
3463:(until 1477, then divided between France and the
3163:. The King abdicated, as did his son the Dauphin
3037:and ruled France for a short period known as the
2106:, it was to rule France for more than 800 years.
2098:on the throne. With its offshoots, the houses of
1858:, but was costly and achieved little for France.
1627:in North America centred around the Great Lakes.
6955:
5100:The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774
4869:Mahomet et Charlemagne (reprint of 1937 classic)
4716:. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 656.
4614:The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction
4590:Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment (1998)
3485:Acquisitions during the 13th to 14th centuries:
2907:. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by
2747:began (1701–1714), a mere three years after the
2672:, 1672–1678) brought further territorial gains (
1376:
16:Kingdom in Western Europe (987–1792) (1815–1848)
5102:(1999), survey by leader of the Annales School
4523:"La Rome protestante face aux exilés de la foi"
4348:
3878:confession; after French theologian and pastor
2138:, and married France's newly single ex-queen,
7054:States and territories established in the 980s
4995:(1998) 392pp, an abridged translation of his
4660:(St. Martin Press, New York 2001) p. 245.
3178:
3029:(1804–1814), the monarchy was restored when a
2950:on Monday, January 21, 1793, followed by the "
2773:The provinces of the Kingdom of France in 1789
2249:
7039:States and territories disestablished in 1848
7034:States and territories disestablished in 1815
7029:States and territories disestablished in 1792
6344:
5295:
5060:Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500–1648
4863:
4779:. University of Virginia Press. p. 419.
3410:Domain of the Frankish king (royal domain or
3096:on the royalists' side, which permitted King
1920:, which began in 1789, the Kingdom of France
1721:(the latter now a part of Spain), as well as
1579:
5671:
5650:
5510:
5180:Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past
4527:
3406:Territories inherited from Western Francia:
3322:
2589:
212:
182:
146:
54:
5208:Histories: French Constructions of the Past
5070:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France
5068:Jones, Colin, and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.
4840:Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set
4627:A Concise History of the French Revolution
4043:Family tree of French monarchs (simplified)
3115:who supported the ultra-royalists and the
2171:Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War
1802:, which led to a series of civil wars, the
1669:
1659:
250:
68:
7049:States and territories established in 1815
7044:States and territories established in 1814
6351:
6337:
5302:
5288:
5110:France in the Later Middle Ages 1200–1500,
5020:(1972), social history from Annales School
4832:
2619:
2566:experienced a civil uprising known as the
2516:, established plantation economies in the
1792:in an administrative system, known as the
1774:, but after initial gains was defeated by
1694:. The Kingdom of France was also ruled in
1586:
1572:
858:
290:
278:
5156:(1968), the standard scholarly biography
4586:
4584:
4439:
4337:A Brief History of the Hundred Years' War
4050:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
3961:fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
3954:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
3286:, Bourbon claimant to the throne, and of
2758:
2520:and extended their trade contacts in the
1778:and the Holy Roman Empire in the ensuing
6358:
4253:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328
4250:
3818:
3361:
3353:
3338:
3319:, the French monarchy has not restored.
3188:
2954:", mass executions and the provisional "
2768:
2629:
5146:(1998), wide-ranging history 1700–1789
4894:"Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary"
4799:
4793:
4390:The fiscal system of renaissance France
4202:
4183:
4133:
2402:The Wars of Religion culminated in the
6956:
5210:(1995). 654pp, 64 essays; emphasis on
5018:Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen
4922:
4906:
4891:
4885:
4581:
4492:
4427:The French wars of religion, 1562–1629
4409:
4401:
4268:
4226:. Cambridge University Press. p.
4083:
2433:
2295:signed three additional treaties with
6332:
5283:
4302:. Taylor & Francis. p. 879.
4221:
3918:from the Kingdom of France created a
3906:brought decades of respite until its
2752:
2586:and ushered a short period of peace.
1758:as part of their so-called competing
1664:('king of the Franks') well into the
6989:9th-century establishments in France
5206:Revel, Jacques, and Lynn Hunt, eds.
4963:An Economic History of Modern France
4845:
4774:
4763:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4751:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4739:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4727:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4562:
4477:
4424:
4148:
2884:Upon Louis XV's death, his grandson
2864:to the British. The writings of the
2582:after the crushing of the ephemeral
2531:
2238:, usually considered an outbreak of
1943:
6936:
6381:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
5182:(3 vol, 1996), essays by scholars;
4084:Gallie, Duncan (January 26, 1984).
3984:in the kingdom was not the same as
3947:
2926:
2688:. An adherent of the theory of the
2612:and historic differences until the
2330:
2071:
13:
7004:Former countries in French history
6473:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
4944:
4854:, 11th ed, Frank Puaux, "Huguenot"
4283:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00015.x
3837:coronations of the kings of France
2999:The two kings of the Restoration:
2570:(1648–1653) which expanded into a
2508:and penetrated the North American
2488:
2383:(1572), starting the first of the
1885:until the Napoleonic Wars and the
1654:. The territory remained known as
228:
14:
7065:
6903:Historiography in the Middle Ages
5309:
5238:
5164:
5006:(1991), standard French textbook
4997:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
4775:Wolf, John Baptiste Wolf (1962).
4352:Daily life during the Black Death
4324:Later medieval France: the polity
4111:R.R. Palmer; Joel Colton (1978).
3835:, functioned as the site for the
3048:again deposed Napoleon after the
2440:France in the early modern period
1893:lost its superpower status after
1668:. The first king calling himself
1650:was elected king and founded the
1603:is the historiographical name or
456:(1791–1792; 1814–1815; 1815–1848)
6969:1792 disestablishments in France
6935:
6926:
6925:
6915:
5268:
5256:
5244:
5230:(2007) 19#1 pp. 167–172 in
4299:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
4017:
4003:
2989:
2980:
2829:
2820:
2457:
2448:
2406:in which Henry III assassinated
2223:English peasants' revolt of 1381
1555:
1540:
1006:
964:
944:
921:
890:
264:
199:
123:
105:
98:
6401:Christianity in the Middle Ages
6396:Decline of Hellenistic religion
5137:Historical Dictionary of France
4857:
4822:
4808:
4768:
4701:
4683:
4663:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4556:
4515:
4493:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz (2008).
4486:
4471:
4458:
4433:
4418:
4395:
4382:
4369:
4342:
4329:
4316:
3926:Jews have a documented presence
3335:Territorial evolution of France
3220:was introduced in August 1830.
3206:Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
3159:in Paris, that resulted in the
2410:, leader of the Spanish-backed
2391:theorized during this time the
2280:
1948:
1887:Independence of Spanish America
1834:led to the loss of much of its
1742:, which became codified in the
6999:Early modern history of France
6679:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
5641:Government of National Defense
4993:Historical Dictionary of Paris
4916:
4289:
4244:
4215:
4196:
4177:
4142:
4127:
4104:
4077:
4038:Family tree of French monarchs
3900:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
3366:Territorial development under
2965:
2799:War of the Austrian Succession
2606:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
2572:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2291:After the Hundred Years' War,
2264:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1922:adopted a written constitution
1881:(but maintained the status of
1786:France in the early modern era
1:
6853:Disability in the Middle Ages
6526:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
6458:Rise of the Venetian Republic
5550:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
5545:War of the Spanish Succession
5200:(1951) 23#3 pp. 262–264
5038:Lucien Edward Henry (1882). "
4931:(in French). Herodote.net SAS
4816:"Christian Majesty, His Most"
4149:Page, Melvin E., ed. (2003).
4115:A History of the Modern World
4070:
4060:French ship Inflexible (1755)
3940:between Jews and Christians.
3928:in France since at least the
3586:(to the royal domain in 1391)
3566:(to the royal domain in 1316)
3457:(to the royal domain in 1391)
3451:(to the royal domain in 1316)
3123:passed, and compensations to
2972:Bourbon Restoration in France
2809:led to costly failure in the
2745:War of the Spanish Succession
2546:and his minister (1624–1642)
2270:in 1539. Largely the work of
2219:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
691:
528:Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand
296:The Kingdom of France in 1789
284:The Kingdom of France in 1000
5276:travel guide from Wikivoyage
5004:The Course of French History
4973:Old Regime France: 1648–1788
4402:Yarrow, Philip John (1974).
3971:in 1789. They were based on
3910:in the late 17th century by
3683:War of the Breton Succession
3171:, nominating his cousin the
3167:, in favour of his grandson
3031:coalition of European powers
2795:War of the Polish Succession
2787:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
115:Top: 1643 design (1643–1790)
7:
7019:Former monarchies of Europe
5220:(Winter 2011) 34#1 pp 37–46
5144:France in the Enlightenment
5127:A Concise History of France
4224:A Concise History of France
3996:
3965:set of unwritten principles
3814:
3179:Aftermath and July Monarchy
2933:Kingdom of France (1791–92)
2250:Renaissance and Reformation
2201:), so the throne passed to
10:
7070:
7024:Medieval history of France
6654:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
6031:French subdivisions by GDP
5778:2022 presidential election
5763:2017 presidential election
5228:Journal of Women's History
5173:The Past in French History
5098:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel.
5090:Paris: Biography of a City
5044:The Royal Family of France
5027:(2000), 280 pp. textbook.
4533:(in French). 13 July 2010.
4296:William W. Kibler (1995).
4205:Napoleon: A Political Life
4186:Napoleon: A Political Life
4033:Economic history of France
3951:
3914:. The resulting exodus of
3802:French conquest of Corsica
3332:
3326:
3182:
3046:Seventh European Coalition
2969:
2930:
2762:
2623:
2593:
2535:
2492:
2437:
2334:
2284:
2174:
2075:
1965:During the later years of
1958:
1952:
1936:in 1815, lasted until the
1844:American Revolutionary War
1830:. Colonial conflicts with
6911:
6840:
6699:
6594:
6581:Mongol invasion of Europe
6486:
6366:
6292:
6182:
6092:
6083:
5979:
5970:
5872:
5863:
5801:
5792:
5713:
5594:
5563:
5535:Second Hundred Years' War
5486:
5439:
5406:
5385:
5377:Liberalism and radicalism
5329:
5320:
5218:French Historical Studies
5198:Journal of Modern History
4712:; Encrevé, André (2014).
4695:Les emblèmes de la France
4440:Buisseret, David (1990).
4100:– via Google Books.
3986:totalitarian dictatorship
3886:in France, the number of
3323:Territories and provinces
3212:was substituted with the
3111:. Charles X was a strong
3092:revolt in Spain led to a
2777:The reign (1715–1774) of
2749:War of the Grand Alliance
2644:For most of the reign of
2590:Administrative structures
2472:Frans Pourbus the younger
2177:France in the Middle Ages
2078:France in the Middle Ages
2056:(898–922), Vikings under
2044:Viking incursions up the
1938:French Revolution of 1848
1850:secure independence from
1766:(1337–1453) in which the
1707:France in the Middle Ages
869:
857:
845:
807:
803:
790:
777:
764:
755:Abolition of the monarchy
751:
738:
725:
712:
698:
682:
678:
664:
634:
604:
549:
545:
533:
521:
517:
507:
503:
490:
477:
473:
463:
432:
420:
404:
334:
324:
317:(unofficially, 1682–1789)
301:
289:
277:
174:
147:
139:
94:
85:
21:
6979:2nd millennium in France
6974:1st millennium in France
5806:Administrative divisions
4714:La France au xixe siècle
4697:. Bonneton. p. 223.
4442:Henry IV: King of France
4349:Joseph P. Byrne (2006).
4335:Alice Minerva Atkinson,
4209:Harvard University Press
4203:Englund, Steven (2005).
4190:Harvard University Press
4184:Englund, Steven (2005).
4134:Aldrich, Robert (1996).
4119:(5th ed.). p.
4065:
3199:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
3169:Henri, Count of Chambord
3146:, that on 18 March 1830
3064:, usually known as the "
2155:'s lengthy quarrel with
1856:Kingdom of Great Britain
1365:
1327:
1157:
1146:
1125:
131:Coat of Arms (1589-1792)
6536:Investiture Controversy
6506:Second Bulgarian Empire
6026:Franc (former currency)
5631:Coup of 2 December 1851
5604:Long nineteenth century
5184:excerpt and text search
5148:excerpt and text search
5131:excerpt and text search
5114:excerpt and text search
5104:excerpt and text search
5094:excerpt and text search
5084:excerpt and text search
5074:excerpt and text search
5064:excerpt and text search
5008:excerpt and text search
4987:excerpt and text search
4977:excerpt and text search
4957:excerpt and text search
4852:Encyclopædia Britannica
4255:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3898:, and particularly the
3896:French Wars of Religion
3857:Fille aînée de l'Église
3778:Free County of Burgundy
2852:Antoine-François Callet
2730:In November 1700, King
2690:"Divine Right of Kings"
2620:Louis XIV, the Sun King
2404:War of the Three Henrys
2385:French Wars of Religion
2337:French Wars of Religion
2266:was signed into law by
2221:, peasant revolts (the
1836:North American holdings
1674:('King of France') was
729:French Wars of Religion
454:constitutional monarchy
253:Domine salvum fac regem
166:"Mountjoy Saint Denis!"
41:
27:
6893:Post-classical history
6649:Fall of Constantinople
6556:Capet–Plantagenet feud
6423:First Bulgarian Empire
6046:Science and technology
5703:Provisional Government
5672:
5651:
5511:
5261:Quotations related to
4892:Miller, Chaim (2013).
4563:Wolf, John B. (1972).
4528:
4478:Beik, William (2000).
4425:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
4410:Zerner, Henri (2003).
4251:Bradbury, Jim (2007).
3942:Widespread persecution
3865:Most Christian Majesty
3840:
3790:Principality of Orange
3772:Treaty of the Pyrenees
3386:", which included the
3371:
3359:
3351:
3201:
3098:Ferdinand VII of Spain
3062:constitutional Charter
2944:execution of Louis XVI
2774:
2759:Dissent and revolution
2650:Cardinal Jules Mazarin
2641:
2576:Treaty of the Pyrenees
2480:Philippe de Champaigne
2395:and the legitimacy of
2347:Protestant Reformation
2305:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2293:Charles VIII of France
1897:'s defeat against the
1879:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1863:French colonial empire
1670:
1660:
1632:western Frankish realm
1201:Valois-AngoulĂŞme kings
960:French Second Republic
259:("Lord save the King")
251:
239:
213:
193:(1590–1792, 1814–1830)
183:
69:
55:
5025:The History of France
4838:Hans J. Hillerbrand,
4753:, pp. 211, 2012.
4658:Paris Between Empires
4375:James Russell Major,
4322:Peter Shervey Lewis,
4271:Early Medieval Europe
4222:Price, Roger (2005).
3822:
3642:Viscounty of Limousin
3473:(to Burgundy in 1369)
3418:crown lands of France
3370:between 1180 and 1223
3365:
3357:
3342:
3333:Further information:
3300:Campagne des banquets
3192:
2940:French First Republic
2878:Industrial Revolution
2803:Diplomatic Revolution
2772:
2737:Philip, Duke of Anjou
2637:, a 1701 portrait by
2633:
2381:massacre of Huguenots
2199:Edward III of England
1975:Kingdom of the Franks
1959:Further information:
1930:monarchy was restored
1926:First French Republic
1754:, who also ruled the
1709:was a decentralised,
1638:, which was ceded to
917:French First Republic
794:July Monarchy deposed
335:Common languages
311:(987–1792; 1814–1848)
238:
191:("March of Henry IV")
150:Montjoie Saint Denis!
6873:Medieval reenactment
6669:Renaissance Humanism
6576:Medieval Warm Period
6546:Republic of Florence
6360:European Middle Ages
5851:World Heritage Sites
5768:Coronavirus pandemic
5253:at Wikimedia Commons
5139:(2nd ed. 2008) 528pp
5012:complete text online
4765:, pp. 298, 299.
4729:, pp. 232, 233.
4710:Chaline, Jean-Pierre
4677:Imprimerie nationale
3681:(disputed since the
3346:during the reign of
3193:An 1841 portrait of
3153:St. Cloud Ordinances
3102:Constitution of 1812
2844:Louis-Michel van Loo
2702:Palace of Versailles
2668:, 1667–1668 and the
2361:Catherine de' Medici
2297:Henry VII of England
2187:Charles IV of France
2140:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1869:until the defeat of
1752:House of Plantagenet
1409:Provisional Republic
1191:Valois-Orléans kings
937:First French Empire
580:Legislative Assembly
6586:Kingdom of Portugal
6453:Old Church Slavonic
6438:Anglo-Saxon England
5989:Automotive industry
5773:2021 labor protests
5530:Peace of Westphalia
5398:History of Normandy
5393:History of Brittany
4708:Barjot, Dominique;
3938:theological debates
3746:and other parts of
3716:Peace of Westphalia
3637:County of Saintonge
3619:County of AngoulĂŞme
3614:County of La Marche
3564:County of Champagne
3557:Marquisat of Gothia
3522:(1271), including:
3449:County of Champagne
3401:early modern period
3392:Philip II of France
3390:. It was only with
3378:; in the west, the
3329:Provinces of France
3305:February Revolution
3225:conquest of Algeria
3144:Chamber of Deputies
3137:conquest of Algeria
3129:French intervention
3094:French intervention
3023:First French Empire
2741:Empire of Charles V
2732:Charles II of Spain
2556:Peace of Westphalia
2524:and enlarged their
2434:Early modern period
2422:(first king of the
1997:in 869, but in the
1993:after the death of
1991:King of Lotharingia
1861:France through its
1840:French intervention
1733:were states of the
768:Bourbon Restoration
654:Chamber of Deputies
650:(until 4 June 1814)
617:Conservative Senate
590:(20 September 1792)
587:National Convention
6984:843 establishments
6767:In popular culture
6732:Crusading movement
6604:Hundred Years' War
6463:Civitas Schinesghe
6448:Carolingian Empire
6433:Kingdom of Croatia
6386:Barbarian kingdoms
6056:Telecommunications
5758:2015 Paris attacks
5621:Revolution of 1848
5449:Visigothic Kingdom
5224:Thébaud, Françoise
5178:Nora, Pierre, ed.
3888:French Protestants
3841:
3720:Treaty of Nijmegen
3706:Kingdom of Navarre
3624:County of PĂ©rigord
3599:Duchy of Aquitaine
3592:Hundred Years' War
3520:County of Toulouse
3514:County of Auvergne
3471:County of Flanders
3397:Hundred Years' War
3388:kingdom of England
3372:
3360:
3352:
3272:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3202:
3121:Anti-Sacrilege Act
3050:Battle of Waterloo
2775:
2682:County of Burgundy
2642:
2548:Cardinal Richelieu
2393:right of rebellion
2215:Hundred Years' War
2181:Hundred Years' War
2165:Duchy of Aquitaine
2161:Battle of Bouvines
2054:Charles the Simple
2021:) but leaving the
2009:basins (including
1999:Treaty of Meerssen
1961:Carolingian Empire
1764:Hundred Years' War
1756:Kingdom of England
1700:Kingdom of Navarre
1636:Carolingian Empire
1562:History portal
1058: until 50 BC
716:Hundred Years' War
657:(4 June 1814–1848)
240:
42:Royaulme de France
6964:Kingdom of France
6949:
6948:
6858:Basic topics list
6659:Swiss mercenaries
6609:Wars of the Roses
6516:Kingdom of Poland
6501:Holy Roman Empire
6368:Early Middle Ages
6326:
6325:
6288:
6287:
6079:
6078:
5966:
5965:
5958:Political parties
5894:Foreign relations
5859:
5858:
5788:
5787:
5571:French Revolution
5525:Thirty Years' War
5506:Absolute monarchy
5471:Kingdom of France
5367:Foreign relations
5347:Political history
5274:Kingdom of France
5263:Kingdom of France
5251:Kingdom of France
5249:Media related to
5023:Haine, W. Scott.
5016:Goubert, Pierre.
5002:Goubert, Pierre.
4961:Caron, François.
4691:Michel Pastoureau
4464:Peter H. Wilson,
3982:absolute monarchy
3969:French Revolution
3936:and even hosting
3930:early Middle Ages
3851:was the official
3845:French Revolution
3796:Duchy of Lorraine
3724:Truce of Ratisbon
3694:Duchy of Burgundy
3679:Duchy of Bretagne
3659:Duchy of Gascogne
3578:Holy Roman Empire
3496:County of Tourain
3490:Duchy of Normandy
3461:Duchy of Burgundy
3376:Duchy of Normandy
3284:Count of Chambord
3282:, supporting the
3247:was placed under
3086:Duke of Richelieu
2917:French Revolution
2765:French Revolution
2710:French Revolution
2694:centralized state
2666:War of Devolution
2662:French Royal Army
2654:French Royal Navy
2614:French Revolution
2562:and her minister
2552:Thirty Years' War
2538:Thirty Years' War
2532:Thirty Years' War
2325:House of Habsburg
2207:Charles of Valois
2132:Duchy of Normandy
1944:Political history
1918:French Revolution
1816:Thirty Years' War
1812:Habsburg monarchy
1735:Holy Roman Empire
1692:French Revolution
1658:and its ruler as
1601:Kingdom of France
1596:
1595:
1547:France portal
1440:
1439:
1337:
1336:
1248:Kingdom of France
1238:French Revolution
1229:Long 19th century
1219:
1218:
1167:
1166:
1137:Kingdom of France
1072:
1071:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
903:
902:
760:21 September 1792
742:French Revolution
573:National Assembly
535:• 1847–1848
445:absolute monarchy
412:Roman Catholicism
269:
236:
204:
56:Royaume de France
23:Kingdom of France
7061:
6994:Christian states
6939:
6938:
6929:
6928:
6919:
6878:Medieval studies
6722:Church and State
6596:Late Middle Ages
6488:High Middle Ages
6406:Christianization
6376:Migration Period
6353:
6346:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6090:
6089:
6006:Economic history
5977:
5976:
5870:
5869:
5799:
5798:
5677:
5656:
5555:Seven Years' War
5520:Wars of Religion
5516:
5501:House of Bourbon
5496:Early modern era
5476:Fundamental laws
5352:Military history
5327:
5326:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5171:Gildea, Robert.
5055:
4991:Fierro, Alfred.
4971:Doyle, William.
4940:
4938:
4936:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4661:
4656:Mansel, Philip,
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4534:
4531:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4497:. Berg. p.
4490:
4484:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4266:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4081:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3948:Fundamental laws
3831:was baptised by
3808:Comtat Venaissin
3730:County of Artois
3609:County of Poitou
3477:Duchy of Bourbon
3214:French tricolour
3195:Louis Philippe I
3133:Greek Revolution
2993:
2984:
2927:Limited monarchy
2890:Marie Antoinette
2833:
2824:
2811:Seven Years' War
2754:
2670:Franco-Dutch War
2639:Hyacinthe Rigaud
2584:Catalan Republic
2564:Cardinal Mazarin
2461:
2452:
2379:culminated in a
2331:Wars of Religion
2307:respectively at
2197:, whose son was
2148:Duke of Brittany
2096:Capetian dynasty
2082:Capetian dynasty
2072:High Middle Ages
1983:Charles the Bald
1979:Treaty of Verdun
1804:Wars of Religion
1768:kings of England
1748:Late Middle Ages
1673:
1666:High Middle Ages
1663:
1652:Capetian dynasty
1644:Treaty of Verdun
1640:Charles the Bald
1617:High Middle Ages
1588:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1436:
1352:
1351:
1234:
1233:
1187:
1186:
1148:Direct Capetians
1087:
1086:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1000:
982:
981:
968:
967:
958:
948:
947:
935:
925:
924:
915:
907:
906:
894:
893:
887:
886:
871:
870:
862:
799:24 February 1848
702:Capetian dynasty
693:
686:Treaty of Verdun
624:Chamber of Peers
497:Louis Philippe I
356:Franco-Provençal
294:
282:
271:
270:
256:
237:
224:
221:("The Parisian")
218:
206:
205:
194:
188:
167:
162:
154:
153:
127:
109:
102:
80:
72:
66:
58:
52:
44:
38:
30:
28:Reaume de France
19:
18:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7009:Former kingdoms
6954:
6953:
6950:
6945:
6907:
6888:Neo-medievalism
6836:
6772:Itinerant court
6695:
6590:
6511:Georgian Empire
6496:Norman Conquest
6482:
6428:Frankish Empire
6362:
6357:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6302:
6284:
6265:Public holidays
6178:
6137:Life expectancy
6075:
5962:
5855:
5784:
5753:Great Recession
5726:Fourth Republic
5721:1900 to present
5709:
5626:Second Republic
5590:
5559:
5482:
5435:
5402:
5381:
5316:
5308:
5241:
5236:
5167:
5162:
5142:Roche, Daniel.
5135:Raymond, Gino.
5118:Potter, David.
5108:Potter, David.
5029:and text search
4981:Duby, Georges.
4951:Beik, William.
4947:
4945:Further reading
4934:
4932:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4706:
4702:
4688:
4684:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4624:
4620:
4612:William Doyle,
4611:
4607:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4536:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4491:
4487:
4476:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4438:
4434:
4423:
4419:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4294:
4290:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4220:
4216:
4201:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4167:
4159:. p. 218.
4147:
4143:
4132:
4128:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:. CUP Archive.
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3977:
3976:
3973:customary usage
3956:
3950:
3904:Edict of Nantes
3882:introduced the
3849:Catholic Church
3825:Reims Cathedral
3817:
3584:County of Blois
3538:County of Rodez
3508:County of Maine
3502:County of Anjou
3455:County of Blois
3380:counts of Anjou
3337:
3331:
3325:
3313:Second Republic
3268:François Guizot
3187:
3181:
3173:Duke of Orléans
3161:July Revolution
3148:sent an address
3117:Catholic Church
3100:to abolish the
3090:Trienio Liberal
3078:Ultra-royalists
3066:Charte octroyée
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:François Gérard
3005:François Gérard
2996:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2960:Napoleonic Wars
2952:Reign of Terror
2935:
2929:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2791:Cardinal Fleury
2785:(1715–1723) of
2767:
2761:
2717:Edict of Nantes
2628:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2560:Anne of Austria
2542:Henry IV's son
2540:
2534:
2526:merchant marine
2497:
2491:
2489:Colonial France
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2428:Edict of Nantes
2424:Bourbon dynasty
2412:Catholic League
2339:
2333:
2289:
2283:
2275:Guillaume Poyet
2252:
2183:
2175:Main articles:
2173:
2153:John of England
2136:County of Anjou
2122:Norman Conquest
2111:counts of Blois
2084:
2076:Main articles:
2074:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1875:Napoleonic Wars
1852:King George III
1598:
1592:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1419:Fourth Republic
1400:
1367:Interwar period
1349:
1339:
1338:
1298:Second Republic
1231:
1221:
1220:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1027:
998:
991:
965:
959:
954:
945:
936:
931:
922:
916:
911:
891:
865:
796:
783:
781:July Revolution
770:
757:
744:
731:
718:
705:
688:
660:
656:
649:
640:
630:
626:
619:
610:
600:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
566:Estates General
561:
540:François Guizot
536:
524:
493:
480:
479:• 987–996
459:
416:
400:
320:
297:
285:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
258:
249:
229:
227:
222:
220:
219:
208:
207:
200:
197:
192:
190:
189:
185:Marche Henri IV
170:
165:
156:
135:
134:
133:
128:
120:
119:
116:
114:
113:Royal Standards
110:
103:
89:
87:
81:
74:
67:
60:
53:
46:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7067:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7014:Former empires
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6933:
6923:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6883:Misconceptions
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6691:Little Ice Age
6688:
6687:
6686:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6644:Western Schism
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6393:
6391:Late antiquity
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6333:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6294:
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5841:National parks
5838:
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5816:Climate change
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5239:External links
5237:
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5214:
5212:Annales School
5204:
5194:
5192:vol 3 excerpts
5188:vol 2 excerpts
5176:
5168:
5166:
5165:Historiography
5163:
5161:
5160:
5158:online edition
5152:Wolf, John B.
5150:
5140:
5133:
5125:Price, Roger.
5123:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5088:Jones, Colin.
5086:
5078:Jones, Colin.
5076:
5066:
5058:Holt, Mack P.
5056:
5040:Signs of Times
5035:
5033:online edition
5021:
5014:
5000:
4999:(1996), 1580pp
4989:
4979:
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4967:online edition
4959:
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4741:, p. 202.
4731:
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4625:Sylvia Neely,
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4388:Martin Wolfe,
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4277:(2): 153–161.
4261:
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4211:. p. 254.
4195:
4192:. p. 254.
4176:
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4138:. p. 304.
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4025:History portal
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3952:Main article:
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3861:King of France
3853:state religion
3839:in the kingdom
3827:, built where
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3784:French Hainaut
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3700:Pale of Calais
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3384:Angevin Empire
3368:King Philip II
3327:Main article:
3324:
3321:
3317:Third Republic
3309:National Guard
3264:Casimir PĂ©rier
3262:, like banker
3260:Prime Minister
3229:Gulf of Guinea
3183:Main article:
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3177:
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2905:Jacques Necker
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2377:dukes of Guise
2335:Main article:
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2285:Main article:
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2240:bubonic plague
2172:
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2130:inherited the
2073:
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1953:Main article:
1950:
1947:
1945:
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1916:Following the
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1760:Angevin Empire
1696:personal union
1621:colonial power
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6102:Birth control
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5877:Constitutions
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5674:Années folles
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5636:Second Empire
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5513:Ancien RĂ©gime
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451:parliamentary
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6674:Universities
6628:
6614:Hussite Wars
6531:Great Schism
6418:Papal States
6207:Coat of arms
6197:Architecture
6169:Social class
6127:Homelessness
6112:Demographics
6066:Trade unions
5999:Central bank
5941:criminal law
5904:Human rights
5887:presidential
5731:Algerian War
5714:Contemporary
5688:Vichy France
5683:World War II
5653:Belle Époque
5586:First Empire
5488:Early Modern
5470:
5459:West Francia
5265:at Wikiquote
5232:Project MUSE
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5003:
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4972:
4962:
4952:
4933:. Retrieved
4929:Herodote.net
4928:
4902:
4887:
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4567:. Springer.
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4171:Google Books
4169:– via
4151:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4114:
4106:
4086:
4079:
3990:divine right
3924:
3873:
3864:
3856:
3842:
3780:(1668, 1679)
3754:, including
3688:
3652:Lordship of
3646:Lordship of
3589:
3484:
3411:
3405:
3373:
3344:West Francia
3298:
3296:
3288:Bonapartists
3275:
3253:
3249:protectorate
3222:
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3141:
3106:
3070:Doctrinaires
3065:
3043:
3039:Hundred Days
3020:
2936:
2894:
2883:
2859:
2850:(right), by
2776:
2751:(1688–1697,
2729:
2714:
2676:and western
2643:
2601:
2599:
2541:
2498:
2478:(right), by
2401:
2350:
2340:
2321:Italian Wars
2301:Maximilian I
2290:
2287:Italian Wars
2281:Italian Wars
2261:
2253:
2233:
2226:
2184:
2126:
2115:
2108:
2088:Carolingians
2085:
2043:
2039:East Francia
1987:West Francia
1985:ruling over
1964:
1955:West Francia
1949:West Francia
1934:Hundred Days
1915:
1860:
1824:
1793:
1784:
1780:Italian Wars
1705:
1655:
1629:
1613:early modern
1600:
1597:
1550:
1508:Christianity
1396:Vichy France
1347:20th century
1329:Belle Époque
1268:First Empire
1181:
1177:Early modern
1136:
1127:West Francia
1116:Carolingians
1106:Merovingians
955:
938:
932:
912:
898:West Francia
880:Succeeded by
879:
874:
773:6 April 1814
704:established
673:Early modern
523:• 1815
492:• 1848
325:Largest city
257:(unofficial)
244:Royal anthem
242:
175:
141:Motto:
140:
6941:WikiProject
6868:Medievalism
6707:Agriculture
6571:Manorialism
6566:Communalism
6561:Monasticism
6478:Reconquista
6468:Kievan Rus'
6317:WikiProject
6132:Immigration
6122:Health care
5984:Agriculture
5936:enforcement
5693:Free France
5662:World War I
5609:Restoration
5596:Late Modern
5466:Middle Ages
5441:Middle Ages
5426:Celtic Gaul
4917:Works cited
4907:Dignat 2021
3920:brain drain
3884:Reformation
3880:John Calvin
3869:Gallicanism
3859:), and the
3750:, parts of
3479:(1327–1523)
3292:Republicans
3280:Legitimists
3276:Roi-Citoyen
3266:, academic
3218:new Charter
3113:reactionary
3074:bourgeoisie
3054:Louis XVIII
3011:(right) by
3001:Louis XVIII
2966:Restoration
2901:Malesherbes
2866:philosophes
2842:(left), by
2518:West Indies
2514:Mississippi
2510:Great Lakes
2470:(left), by
2397:tyrannicide
2315:(1493) and
2236:Black Death
2062:Scandinavia
1967:Charlemagne
1883:Great Power
1846:helped the
1680:cadet lines
1671:rex Francie
1461:Health care
1391:Free France
1278:Restoration
1082:Middle Ages
1054:Celtic Gaul
997:History of
875:Preceded by
647:Legislature
638:Lower house
627:(1814–1848)
608:Upper house
597:(1814–1848)
583:(1791–1792)
576:(1789–1791)
569:(1302–1789)
550:Legislature
223:(1830–1848)
6958:Categories
6863:Land terms
6817:Technology
6797:Philosophy
6777:Literature
6742:Demography
6443:Viking Age
6260:Philosophy
6245:Literature
6157:secularism
5953:Parliament
5748:2005 riots
5698:Liberation
5564:Revolution
5431:Roman Gaul
5416:Prehistory
5372:Journalism
5052:Q107258901
4829:1254–1255.
4071:References
3908:revocation
3768:Thionville
3764:Gravelines
3748:Luxembourg
3736:Roussillon
3668:County of
3628:County of
3544:County of
3531:County of
3525:County of
3348:Hugh Capet
3270:, general
3237:Madagascar
3210:white flag
3157:barricades
3082:Talleyrand
3076:, and the
3058:Parliament
3003:(left) by
2948:guillotine
2862:New France
2725:Jansenists
2580:Roussillon
2544:Louis XIII
2504:, founded
2502:Madagascar
2495:New France
2476:Louis XIII
2369:Charles IX
2365:Francis II
2299:, Emperor
2272:Chancellor
2244:hearth tax
2092:Hugh Capet
1995:Lothair II
1682:under the
1648:Hugh Capet
1625:New France
1097:settlement
1064:Roman Gaul
1034:Prehistory
840:Louis d'or
747:5 May 1789
708:3 July 987
594:Parliament
562:(987–1302)
484:Hugh Capet
447:(987–1791)
434:Government
422:Demonym(s)
384:Burgundian
372:Champenois
348:(official)
315:Versailles
35:Old French
6848:Dark Ages
6757:Household
6752:Hastilude
6521:Feudalism
6117:Education
6071:Transport
5921:Judiciary
5882:Elections
5836:Mountains
5794:Geography
5540:Louis XIV
5330:Overviews
5154:Louis XIV
5046:: 17–38.
4565:Louis XIV
3916:Huguenots
3912:Louis XIV
3892:Huguenots
3740:Perpignan
3465:Habsburgs
3109:Charles X
3009:Charles X
3007:(1820s),
2956:Directory
2886:Louis XVI
2848:Louis XVI
2721:Huguenots
2698:feudalism
2658:England's
2646:Louis XIV
2635:Louis XIV
2626:Louis XIV
2610:privilege
2373:Henry III
2352:Huguenots
2343:Concordat
2317:Barcelona
2268:Francis I
2257:classical
2228:Jacquerie
2205:, son of
2203:Philip VI
2191:Salic law
2157:Philip II
2023:Rhineland
1903:Prussians
1867:Louis XIV
1838:by 1763.
1820:Louis XIV
1800:Huguenots
1744:Salic law
1723:Aquitaine
1719:Catalonia
1698:with the
1676:Philip II
1642:with the
1530:Territory
1423:1946–1958
1413:1944–1946
1403:1940–1944
1382:1920–1929
1371:1919–1939
1360:1870–1940
1333:1871–1914
1322:1870–1940
1312:1852–1870
1302:1848–1852
1292:1830–1848
1282:1814–1830
1272:1804–1814
1262:1792–1804
1252:1791–1792
1242:1789–1799
1215:1589–1792
1205:1515–1589
1195:1498–1515
1163:1328–1498
734:1562–1598
721:1337–1453
405:Religion
90:1815–1848
88:1814–1815
6931:Category
6898:Timeline
6787:Minstrel
6782:Medicine
6664:Chivalry
6619:Burgundy
6541:Crusades
6307:Category
6240:Language
6152:Religion
6097:Abortion
6051:Taxation
5948:Military
5909:Intersex
5899:Politics
5865:Politics
5667:Interwar
5362:Economic
5357:Language
5342:Timeline
5202:in JSTOR
5048:Wikidata
4867:(2001).
4693:(2001).
4529:Le Temps
4157:ABC-CLIO
3997:See also
3876:Reformed
3833:Remigius
3829:Clovis I
3815:Religion
3752:Flanders
3744:Montmédy
3718:(1648),
3648:Issoudun
3570:Dauphiné
3546:Gevaudan
3533:Rouergue
3256:nobility
3243:, while
3216:, and a
3084:and the
3027:Napoleon
2874:smallpox
2870:Voltaire
2868:such as
2846:(1763);
2840:Louis XV
2779:Louis XV
2678:Flanders
2474:(1610),
2468:Henry IV
2420:Henry IV
2357:Henry II
2311:(1492),
2225:and the
2195:Isabella
2134:and the
2128:Henry II
2066:Normandy
2019:Besançon
1907:Russians
1895:Napoleon
1871:Napoleon
1854:and the
1810:and the
1731:Burgundy
1727:Lorraine
1715:Brittany
1609:medieval
1525:Taxation
1503:Religion
1498:Politics
1491:Consorts
1486:Monarchs
1481:Military
1476:Medicine
1152:987–1328
1141:987–1792
1095:Frankish
1093:and the
1016:Timeline
988:a series
986:Part of
808:Currency
669:Medieval
396:Alsatian
388:Poitevin
86:987–1792
6841:Related
6827:Warfare
6822:Theatre
6812:Slavery
6807:Science
6762:Hunting
6727:Cuisine
6700:Culture
6639:Castile
6634:England
6298:Outline
6280:Theatre
6275:Symbols
6235:Gardens
6225:Fashion
6217:Cuisine
6184:Culture
6174:Welfare
6147:Poverty
6085:Society
6061:Tourism
6021:Exports
5994:Banking
5972:Economy
5931:history
5826:Islands
5821:Borders
5454:Francia
5408:Ancient
5386:Regions
5337:History
5322:History
5129:(1993)
5112:(2003)
5082:(2002)
5072:(1999)
5062:(2002)
5031:; also
5010:; also
4975:(2001)
4965:(1979)
4955:(2009)
4679:. 1831.
4468:(2009).
4392:(1972).
4379:(1983).
4326:(1968).
3963:were a
3760:BĂ©thune
3670:Agenais
3663:Gascony
3603:Guyenne
3439:Orléans
3434:Bourges
3413:demesne
3241:Mayotte
3131:in the
3125:Émigrés
3044:When a
2938:of the
2913:Brienne
2909:Calonne
2807:Prussia
2783:regency
2416:Navarre
2309:Étaples
2211:Gascony
2118:William
2104:Bourbon
1971:Vikings
1899:British
1873:in the
1842:in the
1814:in the
1688:Bourbon
1656:Francia
1634:of the
1518:Judaism
1456:Economy
1435:present
1131:843–987
1120:751–987
1110:481–751
1091:Francia
1025:Ancient
828:Sol/Sou
792:•
779:•
766:•
753:•
740:•
727:•
714:•
700:•
684:•
636:•
606:•
486:(first)
465:Monarch
376:Angevin
360:Occitan
302:Capital
261:(1515)
176:Anthem:
6921:Portal
6802:Poetry
6629:France
6312:Portal
6212:Cinema
6192:Anthem
6164:Racism
6142:People
6036:Mining
6011:Energy
5846:Rivers
5811:Cities
5743:May 68
5314:topics
5311:France
5175:(1996)
5122:(1995)
5050:
4935:6 July
4875:
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4629:(2008)
4616:(2001)
4603:(2003)
4571:
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4339:(2012)
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3810:(1791)
3804:(1769)
3798:(1766)
3792:(1713)
3786:(1679)
3732:(1659)
3726:(1684)
3712:Alsace
3708:(1620)
3702:(1558)
3696:(1477)
3527:Quercy
3516:(1271)
3510:(1225)
3504:(1225)
3498:(1204)
3492:(1204)
3416:, see
3307:. The
3245:Tahiti
3239:, and
3060:and a
3025:under
3015:(1825)
2897:Turgot
2854:(1775)
2753:a.k.a.
2706:Fronde
2674:Artois
2574:. The
2568:Fronde
2522:Levant
2506:Quebec
2482:(1647)
2313:Senlis
2303:, and
2144:revolt
2100:Valois
2048:, the
2033:, and
2027:Aachen
2015:Vienne
2011:Verdun
1928:. The
1891:France
1711:feudal
1684:Valois
1551:·
1549:
1447:Topics
1159:Valois
1100:
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999:France
990:on the
824:Denier
620:(1814)
556:None (
513:
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469:
442:Feudal
427:French
392:Basque
368:Picard
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352:Breton
346:French
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155:
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6832:Women
6792:Music
6747:Domes
6737:Dance
6624:Milan
6270:Sport
6255:Music
6250:Media
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5831:Lakes
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3756:Arras
3654:DĂ©ols
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2060:from
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2050:Seine
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2035:Trier
2025:with
2007:Meuse
2003:RhĂ´ne
1808:Spain
1776:Spain
1772:Italy
1553:
1513:Islam
1433:1958–
956:1848:
933:1815:
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832:Franc
812:Livre
380:Gallo
342:Latin
329:Paris
309:Paris
77:Latin
6230:Flag
6016:Euro
5914:LGBT
4937:2023
4873:ISBN
4781:ISBN
4569:ISBN
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4503:ISBN
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4092:ISBN
3980:The
3959:The
3823:The
3766:and
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3290:and
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2911:and
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2086:The
2080:and
2031:Metz
2017:and
2005:and
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1905:and
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6717:Art
6202:Art
5926:Law
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