Knowledge

Occitan language

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3838:
applied by Stephan Koppelberg in attempt to solve this issue. Based on the results he obtained, he concludes that Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon should all be considered three distinct languages. More recently, Y. Greub and J.P. Chambon (Sorbonne University, Paris) demonstrated that the formation of Proto-Gascon was already complete at the eve of the 7th century, whereas Proto-Occitan was not yet formed at that time. These results induced linguists to do away with the conventional classification of Gascon, favoring the "distinct language" alternative. Both studies supported the early intuition of the late
545: 5662: 1528: 3862: 674: 1861: 6147: 6129: 2326: 825:, Occitan does not have a single written standard form, nor does it have official status in France, home to most of its speakers. Instead, there are competing norms for writing Occitan, some of which attempt to be pan-dialectal, whereas others are based on a particular dialect. These efforts are hindered by the rapidly declining use of Occitan as a spoken language in much of southern France, as well as by the significant differences in phonology and vocabulary among different Occitan dialects. 1940: 2345: 6044: 5636: 8822: 6002: 6016: 6030: 2337: 3826:) processes of Catalan and Occitan (including Gascon) have been quite distinct since the 20th century. Nevertheless, other scholars point out that the process that led to the affirmation of Catalan as a distinct language from Occitan started during the period when the pressure to include Catalan-speaking areas in a mainstream Spanish culture was at its greatest. 5594:, especially when written – more so than either is with Spanish or French, for example, although this is mainly a consequence of using the classical (orthographical) norm of the Occitan, which is precisely focused in showing the similarities between the Occitan dialects with Catalan. Occitan and Catalan form a common diasystem (or a common 7522:(1993: 15–16) is wary of statistics: 'There are no official data on the number of speakers. Of some 12 to 13 million inhabitants in the area, it is estimated 48 per cent understand Occitan, 28 per cent can speak it, about 9 per cent of the population use it on a daily basis, 13 per cent can read and 6 per cent can write the language. 5627:
languages, including Occitan, in public schools. While the laws have since changed, with bilingual education returning for regions with unique languages in 1993, the many years of restrictions had already caused serious decline in the number of Occitan speakers. The majority of living speakers are older adults.
6355: 3297:) has the advantage of maintaining a link with earlier stages of the language, and reflects the fact that Occitan is not a variety of French. It is used in all Occitan dialects. It also allows speakers of one dialect of Occitan to write intelligibly for speakers of other dialects (e.g. the Occitan for 5719:
So pleases me your courteous demand, / I cannot and I will not hide me from you. / I am Arnaut, who weep and singing go;/ Contrite I see the folly of the past, / And joyous see the hoped-for day before me. / Therefore do I implore you, by that power/ Which guides you to the summit of the stairs, / Be
3837:
should be considered dialects of Occitan or separate languages has long been a matter of opinion or convention, rather than based on scientific ground. However, two recent studies support Gascon's being considered a distinct language. For the first time, a quantifiable, statistics-based approach was
3500:
Ta la proussouna neisson lieura moé parira pà dïnessà mai dret. Son charjada de razou moé de cousiensà mai lhu fau arjî entremeî lha bei n'eime de freiressà. (Touta la persouna naisson lieura e egala en dïnetàt e en dreit. Soun doutada de razou e de cousiensà e lour chau ajî entre ela am en esprî de
2919:
Gascon is the most divergent, and descriptions of the main features of Occitan often consider Gascon separately. Max Wheeler notes that "probably only its copresence within the French cultural sphere has kept from being regarded as a separate language", and compares it to Franco-Provençal, which is
8244:
Stephan Koppelberg, El lèxic hereditari caracteristic de l'occità i del gascó i la seva relació amb el del català (conclusions d'un analisi estadística), Actes del vuitè Col·loqui Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalana, Volume 1 (1988). Antoni M. Badia Margarit & Michel Camprubi ed. (in
5708:
Tan m'abelís vòstra cortesa demanda, / que ieu non-pòdi ni vòli m'amagar de vos. / Ieu soi Arnaut, que plori e vau cantant; / consirós vesi la foliá passada, / e vesi joiós lo jorn qu'espèri, davant. / Ara vos prègui, per aquela valor / que vos guida al som de l'escalièr, / sovenhatz-vos tot còp de
5626:
In the modern era, Occitan has become a rare and highly threatened language. Its users are clustered almost exclusively in Southern France, and it is unlikely that any monolingual speakers remain. In the early 1900s, the French government attempted to restrict the use and teaching of many minority
3918:
Jules Ronjat has sought to characterize Occitan with 19 principal, generalizable criteria. Of those, 11 are phonetic, five morphologic, one syntactic, and two lexical. For example, close rounded vowels are rare or absent in Occitan. This characteristic often carries through to an Occitan speaker's
1878:
Though it was still an everyday language for most of the rural population of southern France well into the 20th century, it is now spoken by about 100,000 people in France according to 2012 estimates. There is a movement in regions of France where Occitan was widely spoken to introduce educational
5609:
The combined Occitano-Romance area is 259,000 km, with a population of 23 million. However, the regions are not equal in terms of language speakers. According to Bec 1969 (pp. 120–121), in France, no more than a quarter of the population in counted regions could speak Occitan well,
1900:
Nonetheless, the number of proficient speakers of Occitan is thought to be dropping precipitously. A tourist in the cities in southern France is unlikely to hear a single Occitan word spoken on the street (or, for that matter, in a home), and is likely to only find the occasional vestige, such as
1178:
La parladura Francesca val mais et plus avinenz a far romanz e pasturellas; mas cella de Lemozin val mais per far vers et cansons et serventés; et per totas las terras de nostre lengage son de major autoritat li cantar de la lenga Lemosina que de negun'autra parladura, per qu'ieu vos en parlarai
3787:
is similar. Gascon presents a number of significant differences from the rest of the language; but, despite these differences, Gascon and other Occitan dialects have very important common lexical and grammatical features, so authors such as Pierre Bec argue that they could never be considered as
3724:, disagree with the view that Occitan is a family of languages; instead they believe Limousin, Auvergnat, Languedocien, Gascon, Provençal and Vivaro-Alpine are dialects of a single language. Although there are indeed noticeable differences between these varieties, there is a very high degree of 5699:
Tan m'abellís vostre cortés deman, / qu'ieu no me puesc ni voill a vos cobrire. / Ieu sui Arnaut, que plor e vau cantan; / consirós vei la passada folor, / e vei jausen lo joi qu'esper, denan. / Ara vos prec, per aquella valor / que vos guida al som de l'escalina, / sovenha vos a temps de ma
1788:), but a receding Basque language (Basque banned in the marketplace of Huesca, 1349). While the language was chosen as a medium of prestige in records and official statements along with Latin in the early 13th century, Occitan faced competition from the rising local Romance vernacular, the 3666:
Note that Catalan version was translated from the Spanish, while the Occitan versions were translated from the French. The second part of the Catalan version may also be rendered as "Són dotades de raó i de consciència, i els cal actuar entre si amb un esperit de fraternitat", showing the
8013:
Mais les différences de phonétique, de morphologie, de syntaxe et de vocabulaire ne sont pas telles qu'une personne connaissant pratiquement à fond un de nos dialectes ne puisse converser dans ce dialecte avec une autre personne parlant un autre dialecte qu'elle possède pratiquement à
1751:-speaking general population. Their language became the status language chosen by the Navarrese kings, nobility, and upper classes for official and trade purposes in the period stretching from the early 13th century to the late 14th century. Written administrative records were in a 3374:
dialect, besides the classical norm. It has also been used by a number of eminent writers, particularly in Provençal. However, it is somewhat impractical, because it is based mainly on the Provençal dialect and also uses many digraphs for simple sounds, the most notable one being
5075:
The separation of Catalan from Occitan is seen by some as largely politically (rather than linguistically) motivated. However, the variety that has become standard Catalan differs from the one that has become standard Occitan in a number of ways. Here are just a few examples:
6363: 8017:(But phonetic, morphological, syntactical and lexical differences are not such that a person quite perfectly fluent in one of our dialects would not be able to have a conversation with another person speaking another dialect with an equally perfect fluency). 3055:, who were descendants of Jewish immigrants from Provence, Piedmont, and other Mediterranean communities. Its existence is attested from a few documents from the 19th century. It contained significant influence in both vocabulary and grammar from Hebrew. 6209:
De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l'occitan a pu être estimé par l'INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000 ("In fact, the number of Occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then
3243: 6196: 6677:
Sur Occitania ont été formés les adjectifs latins occitanus, occitanicus et les adjectifs français occitanique, occitanien, occitan (ce dernier terme plus récent), qui seraient excellents et qui ne prêteraient pas à la même confusion que
2210:– Use of Occitan has declined here in the few parts it used to be spoken, replaced by French. Only Charente Limousine, the eastern part of the region, has resisted. The natural and historical languages of most of the region are the 5037:, Unabridged with 1993 addenda reaches 470,000 words, as does the Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition). The Merriam-Webster website estimates that the number is somewhere between 250,000 and 1 million words. 3233: 6393: 1882:
According to the 1999 census, there were 610,000 native speakers (almost all of whom were also native French speakers) and perhaps another million people with some exposure to the language. Following the pattern of
675: 3063:
All three of these dialects have some influence in Southern Jewish French, a dialect of French spoken by Jews in southern France. Southern Jewish French is now estimated to only be spoken by about 50–100 people.
3821:
from the Occitan sphere, even though Catalan is closely related, is justified because there has been a consciousness of its being different from Occitan since the later Middle Ages and because the elaboration
1212:, historically was used for Occitan as a whole, for "in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old 3737:
Some Provençal authors continue to support the view that Provençal is a separate language. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Provençal authors and associations think that Provençal is a part of Occitan.
8422: 6188: 4420:. This appears to represent a transitional stage before nasalization, and occurs especially in the southerly dialects other than Gascon (which still maintains different final nasals, as in Catalan). 3768:
spelling and therefore more specific to Provençal; its users are divided between the ones who think that Provençal is a part of Occitan and the ones who think that Provençal is a separate language.
5049:
A comparison of the lexical content can find more subtle differences between the languages. For example, Occitan has 128 synonyms related to cultivated land, 62 for wetlands, and 75 for sunshine (
2551:-). There are also significant lexical differences, where some dialects have words cognate with French, and others have Catalan and Spanish cognates. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of 1508:, i.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) were translated into Provençal as spoken in Cannes and Grasse. The translation was given the official Roman Catholic Imprimatur by vicar general A. Estellon. 2286:
The area where Occitan was historically dominant has approximately 16 million inhabitants. Recent research has shown it may be spoken as a first language by approximately 789,000 people in
1678:). The language was one of the first to gain prestige as a medium for literature among Romance languages in the Middle Ages. Indeed, in the 12th and 13th centuries, Catalan troubadours such as 1200:; and across the whole of the lands where our tongue is spoken, the literature in the Limousin language has more authority than any other dialect, wherefore I shall use this name in priority. 5441:
is slightly different, but there is a great variety amongst dialects. Medieval conjugations were much closer. A characteristic difference is the ending of the second person plural, which is
5046:(2004, p. 79) claims that American English literature can be more easily translated into Occitan than French, excluding modern technological terms that both languages have integrated. 1420: 756:) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. 3794:) process between Gascon and the rest of Occitan. The vast majority of the Gascon cultural movement considers itself as a part of the Occitan cultural movement. And the official status of 3788:
different as, for example, Spanish and Italian. In addition, Gascon's being included in Occitan despite its particular differences can be justified because there is a common elaboration (
3608:
Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.
3277:
There are two main linguistic norms currently used for Occitan, one (known as "classical") based on that of Medieval Occitan, and one (sometimes known as "Mistralian", due to its use by
7402: 11033: 1927:
because of the province's history (a late addition to the Kingdom of France), though even there the language is little spoken outside the homes of the rural elderly. The village of
8460: 3757:, and thus more pan-Occitan. It can be used for (and adapted to) all Occitan dialects and regions, including Provençal. Its supporters think that Provençal is a part of Occitan. 5657:", the phrase is reproduced under this statue in the Lourdes grotto with a Mistralian/Febusian spelling), confirming the proclamation of this Catholic dogma four years earlier. 5119:); that is precisely the reverse of the development that took place in Western Catalan dialects and the rest of the Romance languages, including Occitan. Thus Standard Catalan 1239:
strictly to refer to specific varieties within Occitan, using the latter term for the language as a whole. Many non-specialists, however, continue to refer to the language as
7983:
Kremnitz, Georg (2003) "Un regard sociolinguistique sur les changements de la situation de l'occitan depuis 1968" in: Castano R., Guida, S., & Latella, F. (2003) (dir.)
3626:
Totes les persones neixen/naixen lliures i iguals en dignitat i en drets. Són dotades de raó i de consciència, i cal que es comportin fraternalment les unes amb les altres.
3635:
Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.
6385: 3660:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
3617:
Tôs los étres homans nêssont libros et ègals en dignitât et en drêts. Ils ant rêson et conscience et dêvont fâre los uns envèrs los ôtros dedens un èsprit de fraternitât.
3548:
Toutes las persounes que nachen libres e egaus en dinnitat e en dreyt. Que soun doutades de rasoû e de counscienci e qu'ous cau ayi entre eres dap û esperit de hrayresse.
1775:
Things turned out slightly otherwise in Aragon, where the sociolinguistic situation was different, with a clearer Basque-Romance bilingual situation (cf. Basques from the
3538:
Totas las personas que naishen liuras e egaus en dignitat e en dreit. Que son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e que'us cau agir enter eras dab un esperit de hrairessa.
5493:
Catalan has a distinctive past tense formation, known as the 'periphrastic preterite', formed from a variant of the verb 'to go' followed by the infinitive of the verb:
3728:
between them partly because they share a common literary history; furthermore, academic and literary circles have identified them as a collective linguistic entity—the
3527:
Toutes les persounes naisoun liures e egales en dignità e en drech. Soun douta de razoun e de counsiensio e lour chal agir entre eels amb (/bou) un esperit de freireso.
1908:), seldom use the language in the presence of strangers, whether they are from abroad or from outside Occitania (in this case, often merely and abusively referred to as 8575:
Grammaire comparée des langues de la France, par Louis de Baecker. Flamand, allemand, celto-breton, basque, provençal, espagnol, italien, français, comparés au sanscrit
3563:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e lor chau (/fau/) agir entre elas emb un esperit de frairesa.
3489:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en dreit. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e lor chau (/fau/) agir entre elas amb un esperit de frairesa.
7655: 6714:
Au onzième, douzième et encore parfois au XIIIe siècle, on comprenait sous le nom de Provence tout le territoire de l'ancienne Provincia Romana et même de l'Aquitaine.
3644:
Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. Eles são dotados de razão e consciência, e devem comportar-se fraternalmente uns com os outros.
7697: 3439:
Totei lei personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e li cau (/fau/) agir entre elei amb un esperit de frairesa.
8485: 8096:, Claude Barsotti, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Bernard Giély, Pierre Pessemesse...), and also the most important and historic Provençal cultural associations as 3653:
Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed uguali in dignità e in diritti. Sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono comportarsi fraternamente l'uno con l'altro.
4431:) becomes /z/ (most dialects, but not Gascon). This appears to have happened in primitive Catalan as well, but Catalan later deleted this sound or converted it to 8342:, p. 9: "the English language, as claimed by Merriam-Webster, as well as the Occitan language – are estimated to comprise over 450,000 words in their basic form." 3514:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotaas de rason e de consciéncia e lor chal agir entre elas amb un esperit de fraternitat.
2309:, which is the other native language. Up to seven million people in France understand the language, whereas twelve to fourteen million fully spoke it in 1921. In 8392: 6331: 6238: 3263:, some users thusly reject the standardization process, and do not conceive Occitan as a language that can be standardized as per other standardized languages. 7860: 3580:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e lor cal agir entre elas amb un esperit de frairesa.
11026: 3474:
Touti li persouna naisson liéuri e egali en dignità e en drech. Soun doutadi de rasoun e de counsciència e li cau agì entre eli em' un esperit de frairessa.
1868:, like many such signs found in Toulouse's historical districts, is maintained primarily for its antique charm, and is typical of what little remains of the 8414: 7288: 8213:
The pan-occitanista thought (1904–2004) in the magazines Occitania, Oc, L'Amic de les Ats, Taula de Lletres Valencianes, Revista Occitana and Paraula d'Oc
7344: 5061:. Nevertheless, Occitan has also incorporated new words into its lexicon to describe the modern world. The Occitan word for web (as in World Wide Web) is 3448:
Tóuti li persouno naisson liéuro e egalo en dignita e en dre. Soun doutado de rasoun e de counsciènci e li fau agi entre éli em' un esperit de freiresso.
1839:
of Gascon. Gascon remained in use in this area far longer than in Navarre and Aragon, until the 19th century, thanks mainly to the fact that Donostia and
1827:
Gascon-speaking communities were called to move in for trading purposes by Navarrese kings in the early 12th century to the coastal fringe extending from
6057: 3707:
The majority of scholars think that Occitan constitutes a single language. Some authors, constituting a minority, reject this opinion and even the name
3464:
Toti li personas naisson liuri e egali en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadi de rason e de consciéncia e li cau agir entre eli emb un esperit de frairesa.
1519:, when (in addition to the disruption caused by any major war) many Occitan speakers spent extended periods of time alongside French-speaking comrades. 8654: 8208:
El pensament panoccitanista (1904–2004) en les revistes Occitania, Oc, L'Amic de les Ats, Taula de Lletres Valencianes, Revista Occitana i Paraula d'Oc
6273: 8769: 6517: 5173:
When in Catalan word stress falls in the antepenultimate syllable, in Occitan the stress is moved to the penultimate syllable: for example, Occitan
2454: 1901:
street signs (and, of those, most will have French equivalents more prominently displayed), to remind them of the traditional language of the area.
890:
While the term would have been in use orally for some time after the decline of Latin, as far as historical records show, the Italian medieval poet
314: 11019: 7162: 3227:(i.e., 'wide Occitan') is a synthesis that respects and admits soft regional adaptations (which are based on the convergence of previous regional 810:) later have been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, the term "Provençal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in 7441: 5033: 1458:: At that time, the language was understood and celebrated throughout most of educated Europe. It was the maternal language of the English queen 3255:(Provençal), and others. However, the process has not yet been completed as of the present. Standardization is mostly supported by users of the 10993: 5306:
neutralizes palatal consonants in word-final position as well. Non-central varieties of Occitan, however, may have a palatal realization (e.g.
3981:(We are.). Among these 19 discriminating criteria, 7 are different from Spanish, 8 from Italian, 12 from Franco-Provençal, and 16 from French. 5501:'he gave.' That has the same value as the 'normal' preterite shared by most Romance languages, deriving from the Latin perfect tense: Catalan 2954:
In order to overcome the pitfalls of the traditional romanistic view, Bec proposed a "supradialectal" classification that groups Occitan with
8810: 8206: 7394: 5610:
though around half understood it; it is thought that the number of Occitan users has decreased dramatically since then. By contrast, in the
2310: 2376:
that changes gradually along any path from one side to the other. Nonetheless, specialists commonly divide Occitan into six main dialects:
5016:
A comparison of terms and word counts between languages is not easy, as it is impossible to count the number of words in a language. (See
3842:, a specialist of both medieval Occitan and medieval Gascon, who recommended that Occitan and Gascon be classified as separate languages. 9104: 8750: 8444: 7985:
Scènes, évolutions, sort de la langue et de la littérature d'oc. Actes du VIIe congrès de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes
5329:, 'book.' That feature is perhaps one of the most distinctive characteristics of Catalan amongst the Romance languages, shared only with 8788: 7120: 7081: 6988: 6906: 6816: 5978:, in which the lyrics are in the Auvergne dialect of Occitan. The orchestration strives to conjure vivid pastoral scenes of yesteryear. 2223:– A rural region (about 710,000 inhabitants) where Limousin is still spoken among the oldest residents. French is the dominant language. 1539:
are used, external influences may have influenced its origin and development. Many factors favored its development as its own language.
6758: 8028: 6949: 6787: 8670:
Kremnitz, Georg (2002). "Une approche sociolinguistique". In Kirsch, Fritz Peter; Kremnitz, Georg; Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte (eds.).
8556: 7519: 6578: 3028:. About 850 unique words and a few morphological and grammatical aspects of the dialect were transmitted to Southern Jewish French. 7484:, Duculot, 1994, 1999, p. 228: "The amount of speakers is an estimated 10 to 12 millions... in any case never less than 6 millions." 1747:, among others. These boroughs in Navarre may have been close-knit communities that tended not to assimilate with the predominantly 1261:
One of the oldest written fragments of the language found dates back to 960, shown here in italics mixed with non-italicized Latin:
1129:
movement in the 19th century, Provençal achieved the greatest literary recognition and so became the most popular term for Occitan.
6847:, Vol. XXV, 1843, p. 308: "At one time the language and poetry of the troubadours were in fashion in most of the courts of Europe." 3366:) has the advantage of being similar to that of French, in which most Occitan speakers are literate. Now, it is used mostly in the 1920:). Occitan is still spoken by many elderly people in rural areas, but they generally switch to French when dealing with outsiders. 8727: 7815: 3395:) is a simplified version of the Mistralian norm and is used only in the Occitan Valleys (Italy), besides the classical norm. The 8579: 3247:("French-Occitan dictionary according to Languedocien") by the same author (1966), completed during the 1970s with the works of 7691: 1473:
With the gradual imposition of French royal power over its territory, Occitan declined in status from the 14th century on. The
8367: 8115: 6388:[Recognition of the Institute of Aranese Studies as an academy and linguistic authority of Occitan, Aranese in Aran]. 6300: 3043:. The dialect declined in usage after Jews were expelled from the area in 1498, and was probably extinct by the 20th century. 9555: 8679: 8637: 7841:
La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie
7778: 7021: 6475: 3412: 2040: 852: 840: 9487: 7639: 7369: 6979:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247–249. 2181:, is a Ligurian transition dialect with a strong Occitan influence. French is the dominant language of the Alpes-Maritimes, 7677: 6641: 1589:
Constant populations: Some Occitan-speaking peoples are descended from people living in the region since prehistoric times.
9290: 9285: 8612:
Manuel pratique de philologie romane. Français, roumain, sarde,rhéto-frioulan, francoprovençal, dalmate. Phonologie, index
8482: 8133:, p. 46: The close ties between Gascon and others Occitan dialects have been demonstrated through a common diasystem. 5528: 4270:
merge (feature shared with Spanish and some Catalan dialects; except for Balearic, Valencian and Algherese Catalan, where
1574:, and areas otherwise impractical for farming and resistant of colonization provide further separation (territory between 1357:, a 258-line-long poem written entirely in the Limousin dialect of Occitan between the year 1000 and 1030 and inspired by 9229: 9117: 567: 9390: 9280: 8104: 7111:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 248. 7072:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 249. 7041: 6897:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247. 1812:. In the 14th century, Occitan across the whole southern Pyrenean area fell into decay and became largely absorbed into 9505: 7936: 5290:
differs in Catalan and part of Occitan: while Catalan permits them in word-final position, in central Occitan they are
4244:
Examples of dialect-specific features of the southerly dialects (or some of them) shared with Catalan, but not French:
3741:
This debate about the status of Provençal should not be confused with the debate concerning the spelling of Provençal.
8384: 7580:...défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus... 6322: 6223: 2920:
considered a separate language from Occitan but is "probably not more divergent from Occitan overall than Gascon is".
10344: 8803: 8708: 7910: 7856: 7649: 6550: 3905: 3883: 402: 8740: 6748: 3876: 1474: 10404: 7264: 6510: 5219: 1928: 1804:
between 1118 and 1134. It resulted that a second Occitan immigration of this period was assimilated by the similar
832: 5291: 2150: 2129:
announcements are bilingual French-Occitan, but otherwise the language is almost never heard spoken on the street.
407: 11290: 9692: 9297: 9097: 7213: 1405: 557: 7285: 6386:"Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran" 2352:
Occitan is fundamentally defined by its dialects, rather than being a unitary language, as it lacks an official
11285: 10492: 10393: 7341: 6067: 5524: 5516: 3721: 2988:
that became independent from Occitan during the 13th century, but originates from the Aquitano-Pyrenean group.
2153:– except for the Roya and Bévéra valleys, where there is a transitional dialect between Ligurian and Occitan, ( 10363: 3720:
Many Occitan linguists and writers, particularly those involved with the pan-Occitan movement centered on the
1769: 11270: 10300: 9978: 3941:
you sing)—though, at least in Gascon, the verb must be preceded by an "enunciative" in place of the pronoun,
3051:
The least attested of the Judeo-Occitan dialects, Judeo-Niçard was spoken by the community of Jews living in
1363: 535: 457: 8648: 8175: 7582:("protect a language, which is today the mother of ours, still spoken by more than ten million individuals") 7575: 6263: 5419:
distinction in unstressed position, or to Northern Catalan dialects, whose vowel system does not retain the
475: 11275: 8796: 6683: 5520: 435: 10427: 9830: 5568: 5556: 5361: 5349: 5342: 5318: 5314: 5287: 5283: 5265: 5257: 5243: 5223: 5112: 5100: 5031:
Some have claimed around 450,000 words exist in the Occitan language, a number comparable to English (the
4486: 4482: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4382: 4356: 4341: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4293: 4289: 4278: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4185: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4088: 4037: 4033: 4018: 4014: 3612: 3321:, depending on the writer's origin, in Mistralian orthography). The Occitan classical orthography and the 2536: 2532: 2528: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2361: 2258: 2229:– The language's use has declined in some urban areas. French is the dominant language. The department of 1635: 11280: 10868: 10306: 9275: 9204: 8818: 8778: 8759: 8415:"Global Voices – The decline of Occitan: A failure of cultural initiatives, or abandonment by the state?" 8003: 6514: 5515:
The writing systems of the two languages differ slightly. The modern Occitan spelling recommended by the
3219:
All regional varieties of the Occitan language have a written form; thus, Occitan can be considered as a
3009: 2306: 2170: 2019: 1835:, where they settled down. The language variant they used was different from the ones in Navarre, i.e. a 430: 8089: 6556: 3334: 11042: 10589: 10161: 9596: 9154: 9090: 8672:
Petite histoire sociale de la langue occitane: Usages, images, littérature, grammaires et dictionnaires
8151: 7154: 5057:, as the vocabulary of the countryside became less important. At the same time, it was disparaged as a 2472:
The northern and easternmost dialects have more morphological and phonetic features in common with the
1728: 1675: 1611:
to speak better Latin. According to Müller, "France's linguistic separation began with Roman influence"
174: 8772:– "LexRomEdic", electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available). 1535:
Because the geographical territory in which Occitan is spoken is surrounded by regions in which other
11265: 10176: 10088: 9697: 9538: 9253: 9182: 9164: 9147: 9142: 9132: 9073: 8872: 8517: 6422: 6097: 5547:, but it is retained in the spelling, as some eastern and western dialects of Occitan still have it ( 5254: 4197:
Examples of dialect-specific features of the northerly dialects shared with French, but not Catalan:
2101: 1623: 1512: 161: 146: 6146: 6128: 11295: 10881: 10785: 9658: 9606: 9385: 9333: 5432: 5189:, and some varieties of Catalan (in Northern Catalonia) put the stress on the penultimate syllable 3870: 2468:), also known as "Alpine" or "Alpine Provençal", and sometimes considered a subdialect of Provençal 2372:), every settlement technically has its own dialect, with the whole of Occitania forming a classic 2357: 2140: 2077:– Community settled by 165 Occitans from the Rodez-Aveyron area of Cantal in the late 19th century. 1163: 529: 8220: 7497:, 1997, p. 402: "Of the 13 million inhabitants of the area where Occitan is spoken (comprising 31 6832:"Ben ha mil e cent (1100) ancs complí entierament / Que fo scripta l'ora car sen al derier temps." 2356:. Like other languages that fundamentally exist at a spoken, rather than written, level (e.g. the 2083:– A sparse number of Occitan settlers are known to have settled in that state in the 19th century. 771:
has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.
10249: 9840: 9794: 9675: 9648: 9587: 9524: 9470: 9177: 9137: 9010: 9000: 7683: 6427: 5615: 5438: 5181:, "page". However, there are exceptions. For example, some varieties of Occitan (such as that of 2512: 2365: 2054: 1619: 1022: 768: 169: 156: 136: 9845: 1887:, most of this remainder is to be found among the eldest populations. Occitan activists (called 387: 10967: 10183: 9601: 9547: 9199: 5941: 5863:"Born a Provençal, he easily familiarized himself with the dialect of the south. He would say, 5591: 4390: 4349: 3887: 3725: 2552: 2473: 1821: 1495:) should be used for all French administration. Occitan's greatest decline occurred during the 1383: 221: 7054:
Poza quotes the Basques inhabiting lands as far east as the River Gallego in the 16th century.
3367: 2966:), same as Wheeler's northeastern group, i.e. Limousin, Auvergnat, Provençal and Vivaro-Alpine 2303: 11173: 11078: 10999: 10944: 10750: 10745: 10398: 10376: 10267: 10195: 10018: 9680: 9443: 8074: 7104: 7065: 6972: 6890: 6465: 6435: 5974: 5654: 5054: 4360: 3325:
orthography are quite similar: they show the very close ties of both languages. The digraphs
3278: 3220: 2511:
before a consonant), whereas the southernmost dialects have more features in common with the
2162: 1679: 1467: 1122: 903: 848: 10663: 9631: 6810: 6752: 5661: 5341:. However, some transitional varieties of Occitan, near the Catalan area, also have initial 2325: 2197: 2015: 1904:
Occitan speakers, as a result of generations of systematic suppression and humiliation (see
1070:
to answer "yes" in response to questions that are asked in the negative sense: for example,
11204: 11106: 11101: 10949: 10723: 10339: 10312: 10238: 10098: 9897: 9825: 9777: 9771: 9734: 9717: 8942: 8914: 8022: 6929: 6781: 6221: 5947: 5929: 5920: 5640: 3750: 3575: 2401: 2271:) – Italian region where Occitan is spoken only in the southern and central Alpine valleys. 2132: 2112: 2004: 1463: 1459: 783: 759:
Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as
277: 11066: 11011: 10733: 10146: 9214: 8954: 6729: 6693: 6671: 6586: 5852:
comme dans le haut Dauphiné. Parlant toutes les langues, il entrait dans toutes les âmes.
5821:
Né provençal, il s'était facilement familiarisé avec tous les patois du midi. Il disait: —
3443: 3434: 2958:
as a part of a wider Occitano-Romanic group. One such classification posits three groups:
2431: 2233:
is divided between a southern, Occitan-speaking area and a northern, French-speaking area.
1687: 795: 544: 287: 8: 10434: 10326: 10294: 10288: 9909: 9869: 9835: 9663: 9427: 8924: 8826: 8550: 8097: 6072: 5935: 5456: 5452: 3639: 3350: 2236: 1757:
based on the Languedocien dialect from Toulouse with fairly archaic linguistic features.
1683: 1674:
is closely related to Occitan, sharing many linguistic features and a common origin (see
1399: 1189: 1061: 749: 392: 11197: 10697: 10130: 9805: 9739: 8909: 8082: 2384: 1836: 1629: 1527: 1490: 11180: 10939: 10668: 10524: 10482: 10448: 10442: 10332: 10275: 10232: 10215: 9953: 9946: 9782: 9570: 9511: 9367: 9355: 9234: 9172: 9040: 8724: 7435: 7256: 7205: 6082: 6077: 5505:'he gave.' The periphrastic preterite, in Occitan, is an archaic or a very local tense. 5471: 5338: 5167: 4405: 4333: 4127: 3282: 2369: 2118: 1988: 1792:, both orally and in writing, especially after Aragon's territorial conquests south to 1768:
by Guilhem Anelier (1276), albeit written in Pamplona, shows a linguistic variant from
1720: 1333: 1256: 1213: 741: 397: 10717: 9209: 7427:
Grammaire istorique des parlers provençaux modernes.... Partie 1,Tome 1 / Jules Ronjat
3036: 2449: 2245:– While the south of the region is clearly Occitan-speaking, the central and northern 1121:, after the names of two regions lying within the modern Occitan-speaking area. After 521: 302: 11140: 11083: 11056: 10896: 10875: 10795: 10755: 10614: 10542: 10536: 10460: 10352: 10262: 10203: 10115: 10073: 9874: 9820: 9626: 9611: 9582: 9565: 9475: 9438: 9407: 9395: 9314: 9302: 9219: 9194: 9188: 9113: 9082: 9035: 8950: 8897: 8704: 8675: 8633: 8573: 8452: 7774: 7739: 7687: 7645: 7555: 7248: 7197: 7112: 7073: 7017: 6980: 6941: 6898: 6546: 6471: 5969: 5673:
One of the most notable passages of Occitan in Western literature occurs in the 26th
5666: 5330: 5303: 5280: 5089: 5085: 4364: 3926: 3921: 3851: 3676: 3594: 3141: 2421: 2373: 2353: 2313:, Occitan speakers represented more than 39% of the whole French population (52% for 2226: 2174: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1789: 1724: 1704: 1646: 1536: 1496: 1484: 933: 836: 693: 267: 151: 20: 11071: 10738: 9707: 9685: 9025: 9020: 7843:, Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols 7501:) it is estimated that about half have a knowledge of one of the Occitan varieties." 5800: 4499:
Common words in Romance languages, with English (a Germanic language) for reference
3228: 2196:, Occitan, imported by immigrants coexisted in the 19th and 20th centuries with the 1891:) have attempted, in particular with the advent of Occitan-language preschools (the 1753: 1691: 563: 297: 11226: 11161: 11147: 11129: 11124: 11061: 10849: 10839: 10824: 10812: 10728: 10641: 10619: 10606: 10600: 10529: 10518: 10422: 10387: 10371: 10220: 10208: 10141: 10105: 10093: 10061: 9986: 9958: 9931: 9761: 9756: 9744: 9724: 9712: 9653: 9560: 9517: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9412: 9343: 9327: 9224: 9045: 9015: 8995: 8946: 8891: 8887: 8876: 8861: 8856: 8531: 8364: 8112: 7766: 7731: 6416: 6294: 5986: 5981: 5953: 5599: 5334: 5147: 5138: 4404:, depending on the word). This is a unique characteristic of Gascon and of certain 3994: 3834: 3818: 3648: 3630: 3621: 3558: 3322: 3272: 2955: 2411: 2214: 2207: 2000: 1761: 1708: 1671: 1642: 1373: 1217: 1110: 822: 775: 745: 668: 651: 593: 337: 282: 141: 109:
Estimates range from 100,000 to 800,000 total speakers (2007–2012), with 68,000 in
11220: 10624: 10574: 8980: 8552:
Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie
7807: 7758: 7735: 7425: 5523:
is designed to be a pan-Occitan system, and the Catalan system recommended by the
5474:
forms of adjectives that are invariable in standard Catalan: for example, Occitan
5095:
Standard Catalan (based on Central Eastern Catalan) is unique in that Latin short
4173:, etc.). Diphthongization also occurred before palatals, as in French and Catalan. 3252: 2477: 2044: 1860: 1828: 1412: 11193: 11167: 11154: 11134: 10933: 10919: 10800: 10702: 10692: 10636: 10487: 10475: 10415: 10410: 10225: 10154: 10136: 10110: 10083: 10013: 9970: 9882: 9863: 9815: 9702: 9668: 9621: 9616: 9338: 9270: 9242: 8990: 8964: 8929: 8882: 8868: 8840: 8782: 8763: 8744: 8731: 8489: 8371: 8179: 8119: 8108: 8093: 8027:(in French), Montpellier: Société des langues romanes (Volume 1), pp. 1–32, 7770: 7719: 7540:
La Langue d'Oc est parlée actuellement par douze ou quatorze millions de Français
7362: 7348: 7292: 6645: 6521: 6092: 6049: 5678: 5408: 5368: 5239: 4368: 4309: 3990: 3830: 3807: 3790: 3784: 3765: 3603: 3542: 3533: 3358: 3338: 3067: 3017: 2985: 2527:-), and Gascon has a number of unusual features not seen in other dialects (e.g. 2388: 2380: 2264: 2201: 2166: 2158: 1976: 1801: 1748: 1744: 1156:
was first used to designate the language at the beginning of the 13th century by
891: 844: 818: 760: 753: 709: 697: 681: 417: 364: 248: 128: 11244: 9936: 6638: 6610:
Gramàtica de la llengua catalana: Descriptiva, normativa, diatòpica, diastràtica
6320:
CLO's statements in Lingüistica Occitana (online review of Occitan linguistics).
3016:. It, like many other Jewish dialects and languages, contained large amounts of 2933:
Northeastern (Limousin, Auvergnat, Provençal and Vivaro-Alpine), more innovative
1760:
Evidence survives of a written account in Occitan from Pamplona centered on the
11238: 11188: 10984: 10891: 10886: 10807: 10687: 10649: 10381: 9941: 9887: 9857: 9749: 9433: 9361: 9307: 9005: 8985: 8938: 8919: 8903: 8688: 5618:, nearly three-quarters of the population speak Catalan and 95% understand it. 5595: 5063: 5041: 4412:
Examples of other dialect-specific features not shared with French or Catalan:
3839: 3764:
of Provençal is more or less phonemic but not diasystemic and is closer to the
3702: 2937: 2330: 2186: 2126: 2125:. There are a few street signs in Toulouse in Occitan, and since late 2009 the 1884: 1552: 1133: 791: 733: 333: 326: 272: 10030: 6195:(in French). No. 10. Observation des pratiques linguistiques. p. 3. 2996:
Occitan has 3 dialects spoken by Jewish communities that are all now extinct.
2242: 2029: 1670:
Catalan in Spain's northern and central Mediterranean coastal regions and the
11259: 10926: 10829: 10817: 10549: 10257: 9914: 9852: 9348: 9030: 8958: 8456: 8101: 8078: 7743: 7252: 7201: 7116: 7077: 7037: 6984: 6945: 6902: 6467:
Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations
6165:
Bernissan, Fabrice (2012). "Combien l'occitan compte de locuteurs en 2012?".
6134: 6116: 6087: 6007: 5910: 5811: 5690: 5166:). However, some Occitan varieties also lack that feature, and some Catalan ( 4509: 4135: 3795: 3238: 2461: 2274: 1948: 1939: 1600: 1544: 1428: 764: 717: 506: 292: 118: 8255:
Chambon, Jean-Pierre; Greub, Yan (2002). "Note sur l'âge du (proto)gascon".
7932: 5881:
as in upper Dauphiné. As he spoke all tongues, he entered into all hearts."
2317:
proper); they were still 26% to 36% in the 1920s and fewer than 7% in 1993.
2025:
Scattered Occitan-speaking communities have existed in different countries:
936:
that were well known in Italy, based on each language's word for "yes", the
11232: 10708: 10568: 10008: 9963: 7310:
The Provençal speech of the Waldensian colonists of Valdese, North Carolina
6534: 6035: 6021: 5724:
Another notable Occitan quotation, this time from Arnaut Daniel's own 10th
5606:. Speakers of both languages share early historical and cultural heritage. 5353: 5025: 4776: 3522: 3509: 3021: 2394: 1879:
programs to encourage young people in these regions to learn the language.
1716: 1608: 1193: 973: 308: 216: 8493:
by Lope de Rueda, in Spanish. Peirutón speaks a mix of Gascon and Catalan.
7906: 7595:
Wheeler, Max (1988), "Occitan", in Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.),
6222:
Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005).
5531:
is specific to Catalan and Valencian. For example, in Catalan, word-final
5364:
has tended to be vocalized to in Occitan, while remained dark in Catalan.
1931:
is notable for having elected to post street signs in the local language.
1820:
later in the 15th century, after their exclusive boroughs broke up (1423,
1126: 752:("distance") between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the 501: 492: 10770: 10763: 10500: 10066: 8737: 8602:. Que sais-je? 1059 (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 5962: 5913:
included a Gascon servant for comical effect in one of his short pieces,
5795: 5510: 4227: 3810:
and Occitan. A grammar of Aranese by Aitor Carrera, published in 2007 in
2481: 2314: 2136: 1964:, Aranese (a variety of Gascon) is spoken. It is an official language of 1626:, it has "around 550 words inherited from Latin that do not exist in the 1516: 1441: 1368: 1315: 1252: 1185: 1141: 994: 226: 10035: 8333: 7542:("Occitan is now spoken by twelve or fourteen million French citizens"). 7260: 7236: 3411:
Comparison between the four existing norms in Occitan: extract from the
2923:
There is no general agreement about larger groupings of these dialects.
2344: 2254: 2182: 1740: 1515:
winner, Frédéric Mistral, among others, was involved) was attenuated by
10078: 10048: 10040: 9996: 9991: 9641: 9400: 8691:: "'Minor' Gallo-Romance Languages". In: Lebsanft, Franz/Tacke, Felix: 8607: 8595: 8355:, coll. Que sais-je? nr. 1059. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 7635: 6139: 6121: 5958: 5684: 5603: 5555:). Some digraphs are also written in a different way such as the sound 5242:
like Northern Valencian lack that phoneme too and generally substitute
3248: 2080: 2074: 1893: 1453: 1160: 7363:"De mitos y realidades: la emigracíon barcelonette a México 1845–1891" 7209: 7185: 6845:
Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
4493: 4060:
Examples of pan-Occitan features shared with Catalan, but not French:
4005:
Examples of pan-Occitan features shared with French, but not Catalan:
2135:(from "Lenga d'òc") – including the areas around the medieval city of 1944: 1048:
is usually used as a response, although the language retains the word
1009:). Other Romance languages derive their word for "yes" from the Latin 10844: 10682: 10024: 9319: 9061: 8046: 6324:
Lingüistica Occitana: Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana
5611: 5196: 5080: 3799: 3754: 3495: 3484: 3404: 3260: 3005: 2336: 2144: 2097: 1965: 1957: 1604: 1543:
Mountains and seas: The range of Occitan is naturally bounded by the
1511:
The literary renaissance of the late 19th century (in which the 1904
1197: 1157: 1137: 1098: 725: 721: 514: 485: 467: 449: 360: 211: 78: 10470: 8274:
Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "La langue des documents en ancien gascon".
7633: 4107:
Examples of pan-Occitan features not shared with Catalan or French:
3468: 3458: 3387:
There are also two other norms but they have a lesser audience. The
3371: 2443: 438:; Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana; Institut d'Estudis Aranesi 10629: 10465: 10281: 9729: 9577: 8674:(in French). Chabrant, Catherine trans. Canet, France: Trabucaire. 6043: 5590:
Despite these differences, Occitan and Catalan remain more or less
4259: 4233: 3040: 2516: 2493: 2268: 2246: 2220: 2122: 2033: 1992: 1984: 1905: 1865: 1793: 1736: 1560: 1548: 1358: 1279:
Raimundo filio Bernardo vicecomite de castello de Cornone ...
1228: 1209: 1184:
The French language is worthier and better suited for romances and
1145: 811: 729: 575: 88: 10834: 8695:. Berlin: de Gruyter (Manuals of Romance Linguistics 24), 773–807. 7765:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 68–71, 7562:("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants"). 7560:
parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants
7297:
En San Sebastián se habla gascón desde el siglo XIV hasta el 1919
5804:
also contains some Occitan. In Part One, First Book, Chapter IV, "
5635: 2014:, some Occitan speakers coexist with remaining native speakers of 1924: 10453: 10318: 10056: 9480: 9465: 8756: 8172: 7883:
Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation
6930:"Notas gráfico-fonéticas sobre la documentación medieval navarra" 5644: 5463: 5261: 5017: 3803: 3349:
in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written
3342: 3025: 3013: 2105: 1844: 1832: 1808:, which at the same time was fostered and chosen by the kings of 1732: 1712: 1615: 1579: 1487:
and not the larger collection of dialects grouped under the name
737: 571: 6296:
Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche
6062: 3092:), the remainder of Provençal along with Limousin and Auvergnat. 1064:
and also in higher register as a positive response. French uses
10655: 10001: 9924: 9904: 9636: 8821: 8219:(Thesis) (in Valencian). University of Valencia. Archived from 7974:
Philippe Blanchet, Louis Bayle, Pierre Bonnaud and Jean Lafitte
6360:
Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Aquitaine Limousin Poitou-Charentes
5951:, 2006), features Occitan. So does the 2005 best-selling novel 5535:
is omitted, as it is not pronounced in any dialect of Catalan (
5357: 5226:, others such as southwestern Occitan have it: general Occitan 5058: 5021: 3811: 3085:), Vivaro-Alpine along with the Niçard subdialect of Provençal. 2973:), Languedocien, excepting the Southern Languedocien subdialect 2299: 2287: 2230: 2193: 2178: 2060: 2011: 1840: 1797: 1699: 1583: 1437: 1353: 1318: 982: 947: 927: 829: 701: 422: 382: 68: 56: 7958: 7956: 7954: 6272:] (in Catalan), Statistical Institute of Catalonia, 2009, 4134:
may appear in word-final unstressed position, in a process of
2519:; voiced fricatives between vowels in place of voiced stops; - 2147:
is the only Occitan-speaking area of the Pyrénées-Orientales).
1297:, et si recuperare potuerit in potestate Froterio et Raimundo 614: 9919: 9892: 8775: 8086: 7987:, Reggio di Calabria/Messina, 7–13 juillet 2002, Rome: Viella 7395:"Toulouse. On va parler occitan dans le métro dès la rentrée" 7323:
Holmes, U. T. (1934). "Waldensian speech in North Carolina".
6538: 5372: 5170:) varieties have the pronunciation, mostly by vowel harmony. 3346: 3285:. Sometimes, there is conflict between users of each system. 3244:
Dictionnaire occitan-français selon les parlers languedociens
3231:). The standardization process began with the publication of 2559:
Occitan words and their French, Catalan and Spanish cognates
2295: 2291: 2277:– part of Catalonia that speaks a mountain dialect of Gascon. 2250: 1972: 1961: 1593: 1575: 1571: 1531:
Linguistic evolution in southwest Europe from AD 1000 to 2000
1451: 1445: 1426: 1418: 1410: 1379: 1371: 1343: 1337: 1329: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1221: 713: 705: 635: 413: 355: 252: 114: 110: 64: 60: 8516:
Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Occitan as
8512: 8510: 7471:, Monaco: Comité National des Traditions Monégasques, p. ix. 5665:
Inscription in Occitan in the Abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde,
4169:, but has since usually undergone further fronting (e.g. to 3703:
Debates concerning linguistic classification and orthography
2348:
Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to Sumien
1703:, as they were called at the time, started to penetrate the 11041: 8445:"Occitan's fight to stay away from the cliff of extinction" 8143: 7951: 5182: 3052: 1980: 1567: 1556: 1273:
Ermengaus filius Eldiarda Froterio episcopo filio Girberga
724:; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as 8323:
Modern loanword from Italian or Greek (Iordan, Dift., 145)
5070: 2104:
in the western part of the department and a small part of
2032:(Germany) since the 18th century, as a consequence of the 1499:, in which diversity of language was considered a threat. 599: 574:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8785:– Occitan Limousin group website with maps and vocabulary 8507: 6830: 6733: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5844: 5834: 5824: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5706: 5697: 5648: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3729: 3712: 3333:, used in the classical orthography, were adopted by the 2930:
Southwestern (Gascon and Languedocien), more conservative
2895: 2881: 2855: 2841: 2815: 2801: 2775: 2761: 2735: 2729: 2715: 2689: 2675: 2649: 2635: 2609: 2595: 2340:
Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to Bec
1869: 1650: 1503: 1381: 1176: 1055: 967: 938: 915: 895: 881: 875: 869: 657: 623: 608: 40: 7105:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra" 7066:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra" 6973:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra" 6891:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra" 6545:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468. 5162:'figure' ), did not occur in general Catalan (which has 3403:) was created by Pierre Bonnaud and is used only in the 1109:
For many centuries, the Occitan dialects (together with
835:, four of the six major dialects of Occitan (Provençal, 688:) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as 8113:
Parlaren (Assiso de la Lengo Nostro en Prouvènço, 2003)
7424:
Ronjat, Jules (1864–1925) Auteur du texte (1930–1941).
6872: 6870: 6868: 6812:
Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2)
6783:
Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 1)
6754:
Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2)
3070:
proposes a slightly different supradialectal grouping.
2173:
called Figún, but those varieties are now extinct. The
2091: 2036:
war. The last Occitan speakers were heard in the 1930s.
1649:
lexicon and its phonetic influence often end above the
9112: 5965:, where she owns a house and spends half of the year. 5352:
is always clear in Occitan, in Catalan it tends to be
4312:-specific features not shared with French or Catalan: 3679:
have been registered for the different orthographies:
8340:
Modified Base64 / Kodaxil word length, representation
7599:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 246–278 7142:
Bahrami. "The language the French forbade". BBC. BBC.
4040:, first in unstressed syllables, as in Catalan (Lat. 2950:
Northern Occitan (Limousin, Auvergnat, Vivaro-Alpine)
638: 626: 605: 602: 9804: 8699:
Smith, Nathaniel B.; Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1984).
8024:
Grammaire historique des parlers provençaux modernes
7495:
Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education
6865: 5997: 5585: 5427:
distinction in stressed position, much like Occitan.
4192: 1282:
no·l li tolrà ni no·l li devedarà ni no l'en decebrà
1076:("You have no brothers?" "But yes, I have seven."). 997:
and now the Catalan of Northern Catalonia also have
632: 620: 611: 549:
Geographic range of the Occitan language around 1900
8185: 7933:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)" 7907:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)" 7644:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 157. 7096: 5905:: I brought some fine mutton with a fine fat cheese 5053:). The language went through an eclipse during the 4494:
Comparison with other Romance languages and English
2239:– Some villages in the extreme South speak Occitan. 1719:, settling in various locations in the Kingdoms of 1665: 596: 8693:Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages 8650:Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral 8293:Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "Textes anciens gascons". 7615: 7102: 7063: 6970: 6927: 6888: 6855: 6853: 6415: 5264:, often (but not always) corresponding to Catalan 5185:) keep the stress on the antepenultimate syllable 4176:Various assimilations in consonant clusters (e.g. 2926:Max Wheeler divides the dialects into two groups: 1995:) since the 14th century. Italy adopted in 1999 a 1987:. An Occitan-speaking enclave also has existed at 7458:n° 1059, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 7186:"The Sociolinguistic Situation of Modern Occitan" 6579:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" 6414: 5411:dialects, whose vowel system usually retains the 5154:The distinctly Occitan development of word-final 4000: 3234:Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians 1999:, or "Law 482", which includes Occitan; however, 1923:Occitan's decline is somewhat less pronounced in 11257: 8005:Essai de syntaxe des parlers provençaux modernes 6607: 5567:in Occitan (similar to Portuguese) or the sound 3989:Most features of Occitan are shared with either 3078:), same as in Bec and Wheeler, divided further: 1073:"Vous n'avez pas de frères?" "Si, j'en ai sept." 1037: 8766:– The house of Occitan associations of Toulouse 8532:[uksiˈtã(n),uwsiˈtã(n),ukʃiˈtɔ,uksiˈtɔ] 7634:Wendy Ayres-Bennett; Janice Carruthers (2018). 7603: 6850: 6815:(in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. cxxxvij. 6265:Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 3379:for the sound, as it is in French, written as 1731:. They settled in large groups, forming ethnic 1208:, though implying a reference to the region of 1079:The name "Occitan" was attested around 1300 as 7286:Desparicion del Euskara por el norte y el este 5407:, 'you open'. However, that does not apply to 3845: 3711:, thinking that there is a family of distinct 1956:In the Val d'Aran, in the northwest corner of 1727:enticed by the privileges granted them by the 1483:(French – though at the time referring to the 11027: 9098: 8804: 8045:For a discussion of the unity of the Occitan 7835: 7833: 7109:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología 7070:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología 7009: 6977:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología 6895:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología 6649: 6524:, text of the 2006 Statute of Catalonia (PDF) 6270:Survey of Language Use of the Population 2008 6058:Association internationale d'études occitanes 5682: 5250:(Standard Valencian) ~ (Northern Valencian). 5128: 3776:, whereas the Mistralian spelling system has 3024:with the last speakers being elderly Jews in 2947:Southern Occitan (Languedocien and Provençal) 2909: 2902: 2869: 2862: 2829: 2822: 2789: 2782: 2749: 2742: 2703: 2696: 2663: 2656: 2623: 2616: 2063:where there are Occitan associations such as 1897:), to reintroduce the language to the young. 1776: 1735:where Occitan was used for everyday life, in 1682:, Guilhem de Bergadan, Guilhem de Cabestany, 1303:, per ipsas horas quæ Froterius et Raimundus 1167: 1049: 1043: 1031: 1025: 1016: 1004: 998: 956: 921: 863: 8254: 8011: 6712: 6706: 6675: 5850: 5839: 5829: 5819: 5805: 5034:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2980:), Southern Languedocien, Gascon and Catalan 2888: 2848: 2808: 2768: 2722: 2682: 2642: 2602: 2121:– including one of France's largest cities, 2100:– excluding the Basque-speaking part of the 2047:, perhaps as late as the early 20th century. 1764:of borough San Nicolas from 1258, while the 1656: 1627: 1488: 1478: 1436:Occitan was the vehicle for the influential 1071: 1065: 911:"nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil" 839:, Limousin and Languedocien) are considered 10994:languages with more than 5 million speakers 8753:– Troubadour & Early Occitan Literature 8698: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7440:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7423: 6786:(in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. vij. 6626: 6497: 6160: 6158: 6156: 5902:Pòrti un bon moton amb un bon formatge gras 5878:Pòrti un bon moton amb un bon formatge gras 5846:Pòrti un bon moton amb un bon formatge gras 3717:rather than dialects of a single language. 3670: 3237:("Grammar of the Languedocien Dialect") by 3039:was a dialect of Occitan spoken by Jews in 1265: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1042:. In modern Catalan, as in modern Spanish, 1010: 988: 976: 909: 901: 11034: 11020: 10577:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 9105: 9091: 8811: 8797: 8332:Avner Gerard Levy & Jacques Ajenstat: 8317: 7830: 7590: 7588: 7241:The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies 7234: 6757:(in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. 40. 5669:: "Blessed are those who die in the Lord." 3698:: Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography. 3667:similarities between Occitan and Catalan. 2169:there were once isolated towns that spoke 1850: 1192:is of greater value for writing poems and 1104: 543: 8292: 8273: 8073:The most emblematic and productive ones, 7679:The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages 7152: 6808: 6779: 6747: 6164: 5972:created five sets of folk songs entitled 5543:); central Occitan also drops word-final 4226:Vocalization of syllable-final nasals to 3906:Learn how and when to remove this message 3772:For example, the classical system writes 3058: 2050:In the Americas, Occitan speakers exist: 1618:: Although Occitan is midway between the 8669: 8500: 7962: 7888: 7756: 7514:, 2000, p. 62: "Occitan is spoken in 31 7510:Barbour, Stephen and Cathie Carmichael. 6809:Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1817). 6780:Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1816). 6182: 6180: 6153: 5660: 5634: 5313:Furthermore, many words that start with 5218:Although some Occitan dialects lack the 3929:, allowing the omission of the subject ( 3869:This section includes a list of general 2940:divides the dialects into three groups: 2343: 2335: 2324: 2028:There were Occitan-speaking colonies in 1938: 1859: 1526: 1060:, which is sometimes used at the end of 894:was the first to have recorded the term 11043:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects 8646: 8627: 8623:(in French). Paris: A. & J. Picard. 8548: 8191: 7996:For traditional Romance philology see: 7851: 7849: 7594: 7585: 7571: 7535: 7312:. Valdese: Historic Valdese Foundation. 7016:. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 59–60. 6725: 6689: 6667: 5199:has evolved in different ways: Occitan 5071:Differences between Occitan and Catalan 3692:: Italian-inspired Occitan orthography. 3130:: Old Occitan (until the 14th century). 1934: 1599:Ancient and long-term Roman influence: 1220:". The term first came into fashion in 817:Unlike other Romance languages such as 568:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 420:) (Law number 482 of 15 December 1999) 11258: 8571: 8204: 8031:from the original on 11 September 2016 8020: 8008:(in French), Macon: Protat, p. 12 8001: 7551: 7456:La langue occitane, coll. Que sais-je? 7405:from the original on 22 September 2019 7322: 6952:from the original on 28 September 2012 6761:from the original on 11 September 2016 6735:Ce terme fut surtout employé en Italie 6463: 6199:from the original on 14 September 2018 6186: 4359:between vowels. This also happened in 3984: 3829:The answer to the question of whether 2984:According to this view, Catalan is an 2261:area. French is the dominant language. 1144:literature who helped impose the then 536:& 51-AAA-f 51-AAA-g & 51-AAA-f 11015: 9086: 8792: 8632:(in Occitan). Lleida: Pagès Editors. 8530: 8475: 8463:from the original on 24 December 2021 8425:from the original on 24 December 2021 8395:from the original on 24 December 2021 7863:from the original on 12 November 2017 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7493:Baker, Colin; and Sylvia Prys Jones. 7325:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 7307: 7267:from the original on 15 February 2023 7183: 6790:from the original on 13 February 2016 6533: 6396:from the original on 26 February 2020 6337:from the original on 16 February 2020 6244:from the original on 16 February 2022 6177: 5146: 5137: 3802:, Spain), adopted in 1990, says that 3413:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3407:dialect, besides the classical norm. 2569: 2566: 2563: 2281: 932:"), thereby highlighting three major 868:The name Occitan comes from the term 667: 650: 8559:from the original on 18 January 2021 8555:(in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. 8154:from the original on 7 December 2023 7939:from the original on 18 October 2009 7913:from the original on 18 October 2009 7846: 7627: 7103:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). 7064:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). 6971:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). 6928:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1998). 6889:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). 6608:Badia i Margarit, Antoni M. (1995). 6451:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 6436:participating institution membership 6276:from the original on 17 October 2020 5563:in Catalan (similar to Spanish) and 5391:, 'it happens'), and also whenever 4416:Merging of syllable-final nasals to 4340:was eventually lost, or reverted to 4048:), then in stressed syllables (Lat. 3855: 3593:The same extract in six neighboring 3305:in the classical norm, but could be 3121: 2484:; loss of final consonants; initial 2092:Traditionally Occitan-speaking areas 1997:Linguistic Minorities Protection Law 1697:At the end of the 11th century, the 8653:(in French). Nîmes: A. Chastanier. 8618: 8606: 8594: 8382: 8130: 8050: 7818:from the original on 17 August 2017 7700:from the original on 18 August 2023 7658:from the original on 18 August 2023 7621: 7609: 7141: 7123:from the original on 8 January 2012 7084:from the original on 8 January 2012 7038:"Licenciado Andrés de Poza y Yarza" 6991:from the original on 8 January 2012 6909:from the original on 8 January 2012 6876: 6859: 6287: 6252:– via Gioventura Piemontèisa. 5647:, 25 March 1858) in Gascon saying: 5399:occur in unstressed position, e.g. 5158:, pronounced in standard Occitan ( 4519:(including main regional varieties) 3960: 3256: 2302:. In Monaco, Occitan coexists with 2022:). French is the dominant language. 1214:Provincia romana Gallia Narbonensis 1015:, "thus , , etc.", such as Spanish 13: 10998:Languages between parentheses are 8582:from the original on 12 April 2016 7793: 7670: 7641:Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics 7512:Language and nationalism in Europe 7360: 6470:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80. 6187:Martel, Philippe (December 2007). 6110: 5650:Que soy era Immaculada Councepciou 3875:it lacks sufficient corresponding 3214: 3031: 2991: 2139:, excluding the large part of the 1968:together with Catalan and Spanish. 1855: 1466:(who wrote troubadour poetry) and 16:Romance language of Western Europe 14: 11307: 10878:(unknown further classification) 8734:– Overview and grammar of Occitan 8718: 8657:from the original on 18 July 2012 8621:Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne 8385:"The language the French forbade" 7375:from the original on 3 April 2014 6819:from the original on 28 July 2020 6559:from the original on 25 July 2012 6513:approved. See Article 6.5 in the 5807:Les œuvres semblables aux paroles 5715:The above strophe translates to: 5586:Occitano-Romance linguistic group 5529:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua 4344:(before a consonant). The Gascon 4193:Features of some Occitan dialects 3919:French, leading to a distinctive 3266: 3259:. Due to the strong situation of 3020:loanwords. It went extinct after 1336:to in Old Occitan by the people ( 8820: 8578:(in French). Paris: C. Blériot. 8234:– via www.oc-valencia.org. 7165:from the original on 2 July 2022 7044:from the original on 3 July 2010 6145: 6127: 6042: 6028: 6014: 6000: 5889:: So, Mister, everything's fine? 5787:and chases the hare with the ox, 5784:"I am Arnaut who loves the wind, 5720:mindful to assuage my suffering! 5643:, the Virgin Mary spoke to her ( 5220:voiceless postalveolar fricative 3860: 3686:: Classical Occitan orthography. 3401:écriture auvergnate unifiée, EAU 3383:under the classical orthography. 3223:. Standard Occitan, also called 3163:: Cisalpine, northwestern Italy. 3008:of the Gascon dialect spoken by 1975:, Occitan is also spoken in the 1666:Occitan in the Iberian Peninsula 1421:Las, qu'i non-sun sparvir, astur 1351:Other famous pieces include the 833:Red Book of Endangered Languages 592: 8542: 8523: 8437: 8407: 8376: 8358: 8345: 8326: 8305: 8286: 8267: 8248: 8238: 8197: 8166: 8136: 8124: 8067: 8058: 7990: 7977: 7968: 7925: 7875: 7763:50 Schlüsselideen Hirnforschung 7750: 7712: 7565: 7545: 7529: 7504: 7487: 7474: 7461: 7448: 7417: 7387: 7354: 7335: 7316: 7301: 7279: 7228: 7216:from the original on 4 May 2022 7177: 7146: 7135: 7057: 7030: 7003: 6964: 6921: 6882: 6837: 6802: 6773: 6749:Raynouard, François Juste Marie 6741: 6719: 6699: 6661: 6632: 6620: 6601: 6571: 6527: 6503: 6491: 6457: 6442: 6408: 6378: 6303:from the original on 2 May 2012 5790:and swims against the torrent." 5621: 4962: 4916: 4870: 4824: 4770: 4720: 4674: 4628: 4582: 4502: 4212:Vocalization of syllable-final 3925:accent. Unlike French, it is a 3695: 3689: 3683: 3591: 3409: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3046: 2999: 2570:Cognate of Catalan and Spanish 1406:Song of the Albigensian Crusade 1152:as the standard name, the word 11002:of the language on their left. 10872:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 8335:The Kodaxil Semantic Manifesto 8203:Lluis Fornés, see his thesis. 8064:Philippe Blanchet, Louis Bayle 8049:in structural linguistics see 7368:(in Spanish). México–Francia. 6708:Histoire générale de Languedoc 6348: 6314: 6256: 6215: 6068:History of the Basque language 5841:comme dans les basses Alpes. — 5831:comme dans le bas Languedoc. — 5760:"Ieu soi Arnaut qu'aimi l'aura 5734:"Ieu sui Arnaut qu'amas l'aura 5639:According to the testimony of 5383:occur in unstressed position ( 4785:formatge (fromatge, hormatge) 4188:in conservative Languedocien). 4001:Features of Occitan as a whole 3353:using classical Occitan norms. 2329:Occitan dialects according to 2065:Association Occitane du Québec 2007:is extremely close to Occitan. 2003:is the dominant language. The 1864:This bilingual street sign in 1475:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1291:, si per castellum recuperare 1: 7469:Étude sur le parler de Monaco 7153:@NatGeoUK (15 January 2013). 7013:Navarra: Historia del Euskera 5111:developed into an open vowel 5099:developed into a close vowel 4489:in the Vivaro-Alpine dialect. 4389:word-finally (originally the 4149:diphthongized before velars. 2736: 2539:between vowels; intervocalic 1782: 1766:History of the War of Navarre 1603:once said that the people of 1391: 1364:The Consolation of Philosophy 1328:), though the leader sang in 1322: 1285: ... nec societatem non 843:, whereas the remaining two ( 767:). Since September 2010, the 736:) in a linguistic enclave of 101: 8295:Revue de Linguistique Romane 8276:Revue de Linguistique Romane 8257:Revue de Linguistique Romane 7771:10.1007/978-3-662-44191-6_18 7235:Klingebiel, Kathryn (2001). 6392:(in Occitan). 2 April 2014. 6167:Revue de Linguistique Romane 5767:e caci la lèbre amb lo buòu 5602:, according to the linguist 5521:Conselh de la Lenga Occitana 5238:, 'box.' Nevertheless, some 5209:carrièra (carrèra, carrèira) 4538:Romansh (Rumantsch Grischun) 4285:) become voiced fricatives . 436:Conselh de la Lenga Occitana 7: 10869:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 7736:10.5840/clrjames2018241/267 7467:Arveiller, Raymond. (1967) 5993: 5525:Institut d'Estudis Catalans 5517:Institut d'Estudis Occitans 4396:, but now generally either 3846:Linguistic characterization 3722:Institut d'Estudis Occitans 3597:and English for comparison 3010:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 2320: 1843:maintained close ties with 1690:, Formit de Perpinhan, and 1502:In 1903, the four Gospels ( 886:being the Occitan word for 10: 11312: 10571:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 9597:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 9391:Central−Southern Calabrian 8483:Registro de Representantes 7857:"Language subtag registry" 6464:Friend, Julius W. (2012). 6189:"Qui parle occitan ?" 5886:E ben, monsur, sètz saget? 5866:E ben, monsur, sètz saget? 5826:E ben, monsur, sètz saget? 5741:e chatz le lebre ab lo bou 5693:responds to the narrator: 5630: 5450: 5294:to and (Central Occitan 5253:Occitan has developed the 5083: 5011: 4288:Loss of word-final single 4277:Intervocalic voiced stops 3849: 3814:, presents the same view. 3270: 3142:IETF language variant tags 2499:; the front-rounded sound 2151:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 1874:in southern French cities. 1806:Navarro-Aragonese language 1686:, Raimon Vidal de Besalú, 1676:Occitano-Romance languages 1522: 1267:De ista hora in antea non 1250: 1246: 934:Romance literary languages 864:History of the modern term 774:Across history, the terms 408:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 18: 11213: 11117: 11094: 11049: 10976: 10960: 10911: 10860: 10784: 10588: 10561: 10510: 10362: 10248: 10194: 10175: 10126: 9793: 9546: 9537: 9498: 9378: 9263: 9252: 9163: 9125: 9074:Language policy in France 9070: 9054: 8973: 8873:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 8849: 8833: 8747:– a guide to the language 8572:Backer, Louis de (1860). 8529:Regional pronunciations: 7480:Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie. 7184:Field, Thomas T. (1980). 6705:Camille Chabaneau et al, 6650: 6423:Oxford English Dictionary 6098:Language policy in France 5851: 5840: 5830: 5820: 5806: 5255:close front rounded vowel 5234:and southwestern Occitan 5142:'street', but it is also 4332:). This also happened in 4223:Loss of final consonants. 3335:orthography of Portuguese 2962:"Arverno-Mediterranean" ( 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2259:Franco-Provençal language 2204:is the dominant language. 2143:where Catalan is spoken ( 2053:in the United States, in 1777: 1628: 1624:Iberian Romance languages 1513:Nobel Prize in Literature 1504: 1489: 1266: 1164:Raimon Vidal de Besalú(n) 876: 652:[utsiˈta,uksiˈta] 554: 542: 528: 512: 483: 465: 447: 442: 429: 373: 351:Official language in 349: 344: 323: 261: 239: 204: 125: 94: 84: 74: 52: 35: 30: 9879:North American dialects 9386:Extreme Southern Italian 8549:Anglade, Joseph (1921). 8118:28 February 2004 at the 7881:Jean-Pierre Juge (2001) 7839:Domergue Sumien (2006), 7757:Costandi, Moheb (2015), 7686:. 2016. pp. 63–65. 7040:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa. 6656:The name of the language 6224:"Le Lingue del Piemonte" 6103: 5984:features Occitan in his 5927:science fiction series ( 5897:: Which way will you go? 5875:as in the Basses-Alpes; 5689:in which the troubadour 5462:Occitan tends to add an 3671:Orthography IETF subtags 3241:(1935), followed by the 2503:instead of a diphthong, 2358:Rhaeto-Romance languages 2069:Association des Occitans 1477:(1539) decreed that the 1417:(12th or 13th century), 113:(2005 survey), 4,000 in 19:Not to be confused with 9298:Central−Northern Latian 8701:An Old Provençal Primer 8628:Carrera, Aitor (2007). 8107:15 October 2007 at the 8081:, and their followers ( 7720:"Notes on Contributors" 7684:Oxford University Press 6627:Smith & Bergin 1984 6543:Dictionary of Languages 6498:Smith & Bergin 1984 6428:Oxford University Press 5909:The Spanish playwright 5869:as in lower Languedoc; 5616:Government of Catalonia 5592:mutually comprehensible 5133:corresponds to Occitan 5123:corresponds to Occitan 5028:for more information.) 4091:rather than lost (Lat. 3890:more precise citations. 3345:, who became bishop of 3074:Arverno-Mediterranean ( 2513:Ibero-Romance languages 2177:of Ligurian, spoken in 2055:Valdese, North Carolina 2043:, Gascon was spoken in 1851:Geographic distribution 1452: 1446: 1433:(9th or 10th century). 1427: 1419: 1411: 1380: 1372: 1344: 1338: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1105:Other names for Occitan 1026: 983: 948: 928: 858: 814:, in southeast France. 769:Parliament of Catalonia 728:. It is also spoken in 11291:Languages of Catalonia 9602:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 8781:4 January 2017 at the 8762:6 January 2011 at the 8730:13 August 2021 at the 8647:Gaussen, Yvan (1927). 8488:28 August 2007 at the 8205:Fornés, Lluis (2004). 8021:Ronjat, Jules (1930), 8012: 8002:Ronjat, Jules (1913), 7859:. IANA. 5 March 2021. 7361:Siller, Javier Pérez. 7010:Jurio, Jimeno (1997). 6831: 6734: 6713: 6707: 6676: 6651:"El nom de la llengua" 6520:26 August 2013 at the 6390:Conselh Generau d'Aran 6299:, Italian parliament, 5942:The Merchants of Souls 5901: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5845: 5835: 5825: 5810:", one can read about 5774:e nadi contra subèrna. 5773: 5766: 5759: 5748:e nadi contra suberna" 5747: 5740: 5733: 5707: 5698: 5683: 5670: 5658: 5649: 5360:"). In coda position, 5317:in Occitan start with 5129: 5062: 4391:voiceless palatal stop 4367:(and moreover also in 3977: 3971: 3965: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3762:Mistralian orthography 3730: 3726:mutual intelligibility 3713: 3364:Mistralian orthography 3144:have been registered: 3059:Southern Jewish French 2944:Gascon, standing alone 2910: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2750: 2743: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2553:mutual intelligibility 2547:in place of medieval - 2349: 2341: 2333: 1952: 1875: 1870: 1824:'s boroughs unified). 1657: 1651: 1532: 1479: 1382: 1313: 1202: 1177: 1168: 1113:) were referred to as 1093: 1087: 1081: 1072: 1066: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 989: 987:originated from Latin 977: 968: 957: 939: 922: 916: 910: 902: 896: 882: 870: 685: 669:[ˈleŋɡɒˈðɔ(k)] 658: 647: 556:This article contains 107:cited 1990–2012) 41: 11286:Languages of Piedmont 11205:Southern Languedocien 11107:Southern Languedocien 11050:Arverno-Mediterranean 10089:Poitevin–Saintongeais 8703:. New York: Garland. 8501:Explanatory footnotes 8351:Bec, Pierre. (1995). 8338:(2006), Section 10 – 7724:The CLR James Journal 7597:The Romance Languages 7347:14 April 2021 at the 7291:27 March 2012 at the 6644:6 August 2007 at the 6453:(7th ed.). 2005. 5975:Songs of the Auvergne 5664: 5655:Immaculate Conception 5638: 5451:Further information: 5302:, 'son'). Similarly, 5055:Industrial Revolution 5002:punte (small bridge) 4021:, as in French (Lat. 3959:for other occasions: 3850:Further information: 3747:classical orthography 3677:IETF language subtags 3295:classical orthography 3271:Further information: 3221:pluricentric language 2976:"Aquitano-Pyrenean" ( 2347: 2339: 2328: 2161:of Ligurian). In the 1942: 1863: 1530: 1263: 1251:Further information: 1174: 908:, he wrote in Latin, 904:De vulgari eloquentia 853:definitely endangered 47:provençal / provençau 11271:Languages of Andorra 9898:St. Marys Bay French 9422:Neapolitan–Calabrese 8915:French Sign Language 8619:Bec, Pierre (1973). 8312:Lo gascon lèu e plan 8178:12 July 2007 at the 8144:"Per Noste edicions" 8092:27 June 2007 at the 7730:(1): 353–355. 2018. 7454:Pierre, Bec. (1995) 7342:Expatries-france.com 5968:The French composer 5948:The Armies of Memory 5930:A Million Open Doors 5812:Monseigneur Bienvenu 5641:Bernadette Soubirous 5614:administered by the 5321:in Catalan: Occitan 5279:The distribution of 4450:in most dialects or 4423:Former intervocalic 4068:was preserved (Lat. 2257:parts belong to the 2133:Languedoc-Roussillon 2113:Saintongeais dialect 2102:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 2005:Piedmontese language 1935:Usage outside France 1460:Eleanor of Aquitaine 1403:(13th century), the 388:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 11276:Languages of France 10250:Galician–Portuguese 9276:Central Marchigiano 8925:Lorraine Franconian 8827:Languages of France 8757:Ostaldoccitania.net 8743:29 May 2006 at the 8370:9 July 2006 at the 8182:, Aranaram Au Patac 7965:, pp. 109–111. 7482:Des langues romanes 7159:National Geographic 7155:"Toulouse: Occitan" 6511:Statute of Autonomy 6426:(Online ed.). 6073:Languages of France 5936:Earth Made of Glass 5894:Ont anaratz passar? 5872:Ont anaratz passar? 5836:Ont anaratz passar? 5598:), which is called 5457:Catalan conjugation 5453:Occitan conjugation 5387:, 'to happen', but 5148:[karˈjeɾo̞] 5139:[karˈjɛɾo̞] 4867:'tongue, language' 4794:froumage, fourmage 4500: 3985:Features of Occitan 3598: 3428:Escòla dau Pò norm 3415: 3111:Aquitano-Pyrenean ( 3076:arvèrnomediterranèu 2969:"Central Occitan" ( 2964:arvèrnomediterranèu 2560: 2391:(spoken in Spain). 2237:Centre-Val de Loire 2141:Pyrénées-Orientales 1943:Aranese signage in 1684:Huguet de Mataplana 1425:(11th century) and 1400:Romance of Flamenca 900:in writing. In his 841:severely endangered 750:linguistic distance 748:in Occitan, as the 393:Centre-Val de Loire 375:Recognised minority 11281:Languages of Italy 10664:Catalan Ribagorçan 10511:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 9783:Judaeo-Piedmontese 9693:Bustocco–Legnanese 9488:Northern Calabrian 8974:Overseas languages 8850:Regional languages 8600:La Langue occitane 8421:. 13 August 2021. 8353:La langue occitane 7693:978-0--19-967710-8 7351:, Selection Villes 7308:Ghigo, F. (1980). 6612:. Barcelona: Proa. 6366:on 27 January 2012 6083:Languages of Spain 6078:Languages of Italy 5957:by English author 5915:La generosa paliza 5671: 5659: 5281:palatal consonants 5240:Valencian dialects 5207:'father;' Occitan 4508:(all nouns in the 4498: 4438:Palatalization of 4387:⟨th⟩ 4201:Palatalization of 4178:⟨cc⟩ 4161:originally became 4153:generally becomes 3953:for observations, 3780:, for , 'Poland'. 3592: 3545:(Febusian writing) 3410: 3393:Escolo dóu Po norm 3389:Escòla dau Pò norm 3283:French orthography 3281:) based on modern 3115:), same as in Bec. 3108:), same as in Bec. 2567:Cognate of French 2558: 2350: 2342: 2334: 2282:Number of speakers 2198:Monégasque dialect 2081:Guanajuato, Mexico 1989:Guardia Piemontese 1953: 1876: 1694:wrote in Occitan. 1533: 1257:Occitan literature 1140:and specialist of 954:(French), and the 763:is spoken (in the 742:Guardia Piemontese 398:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 11253: 11252: 11201: 11183: 11176: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11118:Aquitano-Pyrenean 11110: 11087: 11075: 11009: 11008: 10985:extinct languages 10907: 10906: 10584: 10583: 10543:Navarro-Aragonese 10428:Peruvian Ribereño 10353:Judaeo-Portuguese 10268:Galician–Asturian 10171: 10170: 10162:Old Gallo-Romance 10116:Wisconsin Walloon 9533: 9532: 9506:Dalmatian Romance 9114:Romance languages 9080: 9079: 8834:Official language 8751:Globegate.UTM.edu 8738:Occitanet.free.fr 8681:978-2-912966-59-9 8639:978-84-9779-484-8 8630:Gramatica Aranesa 8451:. 19 April 2018. 8226:on 3 October 2008 8053:, pp. 24–25. 7808:"Judeo-Provençal" 7780:978-3-662-44190-9 7190:The French Review 7023:978-84-8136-062-2 6934:Príncipe de Viana 6879:, pp. 20–21. 6639:Lapobladelduc.org 6515:Parlament-cat.net 6509:As stated in its 6477:978-0-230-36179-9 6434:(Subscription or 6143:(25th ed., 2022) 6125:(25th ed., 2022) 5970:Joseph Canteloube 5925:Thousand Cultures 5403:, 'to open', but 5304:Algherese Catalan 5127:'to be;' Catalan 5107:) and Latin long 5090:Catalan phonology 5086:Occitan phonology 5009: 5008: 4831:leng(u)a (linga) 4543:Ladin (Gherdëina) 4380:⟨r⟩ 4348:has retained its 4346:⟨h⟩ 4238:⟨r⟩ 4087:- was lenited to 3927:pro-drop language 3916: 3915: 3908: 3852:Occitan phonology 3817:The exclusion of 3664: 3663: 3595:Romance languages 3590: 3589: 3362:(or less exactly 3293:(or less exactly 3122:IETF dialect tags 3104:Central Occitan ( 2917: 2916: 2496:⟨r⟩ 2442:), including the 2374:dialect continuum 2217:and Saintongeais. 2175:Mentonasc dialect 1814:Navarro-Aragonese 1790:Navarro-Aragonese 1709:Ways of St. James 1705:Iberian Peninsula 1688:Cerverí de Girona 1680:Guerau de Cabrera 1537:Romance languages 1497:French Revolution 1485:Francien language 1384:Cançó de Santa Fe 926:, yet others say 851:) are considered 828:According to the 794:, in addition to 655:), also known as 582: 581: 564:rendering support 560:phonetic symbols. 431:Regulated by 21:Ossetian language 11303: 11266:Occitan language 11227:Judaeo-Provençal 11191: 11179: 11172: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11104: 11081: 11069: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11013: 11012: 10530:Judaeo-Aragonese 10519:Andalusi Romance 10372:Amazonic Spanish 10209:Western Asturian 10192: 10191: 10131:Franco-Provençal 9802: 9801: 9698:Comasco–Lecchese 9556:Emilian–Romagnol 9544: 9543: 9344:Regional Italian 9334:Italo-Australian 9261: 9260: 9183:Megleno-Romanian 9107: 9100: 9093: 9084: 9083: 8910:Franco-Provençal 8892:Northern Catalan 8877:Souletin dialect 8862:Alsatian dialect 8857:Alemannic German 8825: 8824: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8714: 8685: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8643: 8624: 8615: 8614:. Paris: Picard. 8603: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8536: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8494: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8383:Bahrami, Beebe. 8380: 8374: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8343: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8252: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8218: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8148:www.pernoste.com 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8083:Théodore Aubanel 8075:Frédéric Mistral 8071: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8016: 8009: 7994: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7935:. Omniglot.com. 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7909:. Omniglot.com. 7903: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7853: 7844: 7837: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7812:Jewish Languages 7804: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7759:"Persönlichkeit" 7754: 7748: 7747: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7583: 7569: 7563: 7549: 7543: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7508: 7502: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7459: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7439: 7431: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7358: 7352: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6843:Charles Knight, 6841: 6835: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6711:, 1872, p. 170: 6710: 6703: 6697: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6585:. Archived from 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6531: 6525: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6431: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6362:. Archived from 6356:"Page d'accueil" 6352: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6336: 6329: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6228: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6162: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6132: 6131: 6114: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5982:Michael Crichton 5904: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5809: 5808: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5754:Modern Occitan: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5711: 5705:Modern Occitan: 5702: 5688: 5652: 5600:Occitano-Romance 5570: 5558: 5363: 5351: 5344: 5320: 5316: 5289: 5285: 5267: 5259: 5245: 5225: 5197:Diphthongization 5150: 5141: 5132: 5114: 5102: 4966: 4959:'square, plaza' 4920: 4874: 4846:lenga, rujeneda 4828: 4782: 4774: 4728: 4724: 4678: 4632: 4598:canter, chanter 4586: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4358: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334:medieval Spanish 4327: 4323: 4319: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4251: 4239: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3886:this section by 3877:inline citations 3864: 3863: 3856: 3783:The question of 3734:—for centuries. 3733: 3716: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3613:Franco-Provençal 3599: 3425:Bonnaudian norm 3422:Mistralian norm 3416: 3337:, presumably by 3279:Frédéric Mistral 3273:Occitan alphabet 3205:: Vivaro-Alpine. 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3113:aquitanopirenenc 2978:aquitanopirenenc 2913: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2362:Franco-Provençal 2354:written standard 2208:Poitou-Charentes 2157:, including the 2075:Pigüé, Argentina 1873: 1837:Béarnese dialect 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1672:Balearic Islands 1660: 1654: 1645:influence: "The 1636:Franco-Provençal 1633: 1632: 1607:could teach the 1586:desert plateau). 1507: 1506: 1494: 1493: 1482: 1457: 1449: 1440:of the medieval 1432: 1424: 1416: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1377: 1374:La nobla leyczon 1347: 1341: 1327: 1324: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1181: 1171: 1123:Frédéric Mistral 1096: 1090: 1085:, a crossing of 1084: 1075: 1069: 1062:yes–no questions 1059: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1036:, or Portuguese 1035: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 992: 986: 981:("this"), while 980: 971: 960: 951: 942: 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 899: 885: 879: 878: 873: 744:). Some include 694:Romance language 679: 678: 677: 671: 666: 661: 654: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 634: 629: 628: 625: 622: 617: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 591: 547: 538: 524: 504: 498:Individual code: 496:– inclusive code 495: 488: 479: 478: 470: 461: 460: 452: 377:language in 338:Occitan alphabet 329: 175:Occitano-Romance 131: 106: 103: 44: 28: 27: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11296:Southern France 11256: 11255: 11254: 11249: 11214:Other varieties 11209: 11168:Western Catalan 11135:Eastern Catalan 11113: 11095:Central Occitan 11090: 11086:and Waldensian) 11045: 11040: 11010: 11005: 10972: 10956: 10934:Pannonian Latin 10920:African Romance 10903: 10856: 10787: 10780: 10718:Judeo-Provençal 10591: 10580: 10557: 10506: 10416:Chilean Chilote 10358: 10244: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10167: 10155:Moselle Romance 10122: 9971:Missouri French 9932:Franco-Ontarian 9807: 9796: 9789: 9529: 9494: 9471:Southern Latian 9374: 9339:Maltese Italian 9271:Central Italian 9255: 9248: 9243:Common Romanian 9159: 9143:Italo-Dalmatian 9121: 9111: 9081: 9076: 9066: 9050: 8969: 8845: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8783:Wayback Machine 8764:Wayback Machine 8745:Wayback Machine 8732:Wayback Machine 8721: 8711: 8682: 8660: 8658: 8640: 8585: 8583: 8562: 8560: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8528: 8524: 8518:Iberian Romance 8515: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8490:Wayback Machine 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8381: 8377: 8372:Wayback Machine 8363: 8359: 8350: 8346: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8291: 8287: 8272: 8268: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8180:Wayback Machine 8173:Perso.orange.fr 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8120:Wayback Machine 8109:Wayback Machine 8094:Wayback Machine 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8034: 8032: 7995: 7991: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7889: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7855: 7854: 7847: 7838: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7806: 7805: 7794: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7755: 7751: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7694: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7652: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7593: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7518:, but even the 7509: 7505: 7492: 7488: 7479: 7475: 7466: 7462: 7453: 7449: 7433: 7432: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7349:Wayback Machine 7340: 7336: 7321: 7317: 7306: 7302: 7293:Wayback Machine 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7062: 7058: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6866: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6838: 6822: 6820: 6807: 6803: 6793: 6791: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6724: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6688: 6684: 6666: 6662: 6646:Wayback Machine 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6589:on 27 June 2012 6577: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6553: 6532: 6528: 6522:Wayback Machine 6508: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6304: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6277: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6202: 6200: 6193:Langues et cité 6185: 6178: 6163: 6154: 6144: 6133: 6126: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6093:Occitan cuisine 6050:Language portal 6048: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5961:. It is set in 5633: 5624: 5588: 5575:in Catalan and 5459: 5445:in Catalan but 5409:Western Catalan 5369:Eastern Catalan 5151:, in Provençal. 5092: 5084:Main articles: 5073: 5067:, for example. 5014: 4964: 4918: 4872: 4826: 4803:furmai/furmagg 4780: 4772: 4726: 4722: 4676: 4630: 4584: 4518: 4507: 4496: 4443: 4428: 4386: 4379: 4375: 4345: 4336:, although the 4325: 4301: 4282: 4249: 4237: 4236:of some or all 4202: 4195: 4177: 4092: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4064:Stressed Latin 4049: 4041: 4022: 4010: 4003: 3987: 3947:for questions, 3912: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3882:Please help to 3881: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3705: 3673: 3659: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3579: 3562: 3547: 3537: 3526: 3513: 3499: 3488: 3473: 3463: 3447: 3438: 3419:Classical norm 3397:Bonnaudian norm 3359:Mistralian norm 3339:Gerald of Braga 3275: 3269: 3217: 3215:Standardization 3212: 3187:: Languedocien. 3136:: Judeo-Occitan 3124: 3106:occitan centrau 3088:Trans-Occitan ( 3081:Niçard-Alpine ( 3068:Domergue Sumien 3061: 3049: 3037:Judeo-Provençal 3034: 3032:Judeo-Provençal 3002: 2994: 2992:Jewish dialects 2986:ausbau language 2971:occitan centrau 2548: 2523:- in place of - 2495: 2450:Judeo-Provençal 2383:: includes the 2323: 2284: 2265:Occitan Valleys 2167:Alpes-Maritimes 2159:Brigasc dialect 2094: 2039:In the Spanish 1977:Occitan Valleys 1937: 1858: 1856:Usage in France 1853: 1785: 1745:Estella-Lizarra 1729:Navarrese kings 1668: 1563:, respectively. 1525: 1394: 1325: 1259: 1249: 1169:Razós de trobar 1107: 1023:Eastern Lombard 945:(Occitan), the 914:("for some say 866: 861: 754:Gascon language 710:Occitan Valleys 698:Southern France 673: 672: 664: 631: 619: 595: 589: 588: 562:Without proper 550: 534: 520: 500: 499: 497: 491: 484: 474: 473: 466: 456: 455: 448: 425: 418:Occitan Valleys 378: 376: 352: 345:Official status 330: 325: 303:Judeo-Provençal 257: 242: 235: 207: 200: 162:Western Romance 147:Latino-Faliscan 132: 129:Language family 127: 108: 104: 97: 96:Native speakers 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11309: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11239:Judaeo-Catalan 11236: 11230: 11224: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11177: 11170: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11144: 11137: 11132: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11076: 11064: 11059: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11039: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11016: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10996: 10987: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10873: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10805: 10804: 10803: 10792: 10790: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10685: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10658: 10653: 10650:Judaeo-Catalan 10646: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10617: 10609: 10596: 10594: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10572: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10539: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10522: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10405:Latin American 10401: 10396: 10384: 10382:Judaeo-Spanish 10379: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10309: 10304: 10297: 10285: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10235: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10218: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10200: 10198: 10189: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10119: 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links 8717: 8716: 8715: 8709: 8696: 8689:Ursula Reutner 8686: 8680: 8667: 8644: 8638: 8625: 8616: 8604: 8592: 8569: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8522: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8474: 8436: 8406: 8375: 8357: 8344: 8325: 8316: 8304: 8285: 8266: 8247: 8237: 8196: 8184: 8165: 8135: 8123: 8066: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8018: 7989: 7976: 7967: 7950: 7924: 7887: 7874: 7845: 7829: 7792: 7779: 7749: 7711: 7692: 7669: 7650: 7626: 7624:, p. 472. 7614: 7602: 7584: 7564: 7544: 7528: 7503: 7486: 7473: 7460: 7447: 7416: 7386: 7353: 7334: 7315: 7300: 7295:(in Spanish): 7278: 7227: 7176: 7145: 7134: 7095: 7056: 7029: 7022: 7002: 6963: 6936:(in Spanish). 6920: 6881: 6864: 6849: 6836: 6801: 6772: 6740: 6718: 6698: 6682: 6660: 6631: 6619: 6600: 6570: 6551: 6526: 6502: 6490: 6476: 6456: 6441: 6407: 6377: 6347: 6313: 6286: 6255: 6214: 6176: 6152: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6039: 6025: 6011: 5995: 5992: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5890: 5882: 5857: 5856: 5801:Les Misérables 5794:French writer 5792: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5703: 5667:Sorde-l'Abbaye 5632: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5596:Abstandsprache 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5491: 5460: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5365: 5346: 5311: 5277: 5251: 5236:caissa, caisha 5216: 5194: 5171: 5152: 5072: 5069: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4877:nuèch (nuèit) 4875: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4436: 4421: 4410: 4409: 4372: 4353: 4316:Latin initial 4306: 4305: 4286: 4275: 4274:is preserved). 4257: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4210: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4174: 4139: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4083:Intervocalic - 4081: 4058: 4057: 4030: 4013:(Vulgar Latin 4002: 3999: 3986: 3983: 3975:(He/she is?), 3914: 3913: 3868: 3866: 3859: 3847: 3844: 3840:Kurt Baldinger 3770: 3769: 3758: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3672: 3669: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3385: 3384: 3354: 3341:, a monk from 3291:classical norm 3268: 3267:Writing system 3265: 3257:classical norm 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3045: 3033: 3030: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2429: 2419: 2409: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2322: 2319: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2262: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2218: 2205: 2190: 2187:French Riviera 2148: 2130: 2127:Toulouse Metro 2116: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2059:in Canada, in 2057: 2048: 2041:Basque country 2037: 2023: 2008: 1969: 1936: 1933: 1916:, which means 1885:language shift 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1692:Jofre de Foixà 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1639: 1612: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1566:Buffer zones: 1564: 1553:Massif Central 1524: 1521: 1505:"Lis Evangèli" 1409:(1213–1219?), 1378:(dated 1100), 1248: 1245: 1231:use the terms 1134:Joseph Anglade 1106: 1103: 993:("this it"). 874:("language of 865: 862: 860: 857: 734:Southern Italy 580: 579: 566:, you may see 552: 551: 548: 540: 539: 532: 526: 525: 518: 510: 509: 489: 481: 480: 471: 463: 462: 453: 445: 444: 443:Language codes 440: 439: 433: 427: 426: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 381: 379: 374: 371: 370: 369: 368: 353: 350: 347: 346: 342: 341: 334:Latin alphabet 331: 327:Writing system 324: 321: 320: 319: 318: 312: 306: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 245: 243: 241:Standard forms 240: 237: 236: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 210: 208: 205: 202: 201: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 135: 133: 126: 123: 122: 105: 200,000 98: 95: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 54: 53:Native to 50: 49: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11308: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11221:Old Provençal 11219: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11190: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11174:North-Western 11171: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11108: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11085: 11080: 11079:Vivaro-Alpine 11077: 11073: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11032: 11030: 11025: 11023: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11001: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10969: 10968:Proto-Romance 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961:Reconstructed 10959: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10927:British Latin 10924: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10783: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10746:Vivaro-Alpine 10744: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10587: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10552: 10551: 10550:Old Navarrese 10547: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10402: 10400: 10399:Equatoguinean 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10315: 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9930: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9853:Frainc-Comtou 9851: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9792: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9649:Judeo-Italian 9647: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Castelmezzano 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9349:Swiss Italian 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9230:Transylvanian 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9189:Daco-Romanian 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9138:Italo-Western 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9101: 9096: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8959:Vivaro-Alpine 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8814: 8809: 8807: 8802: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8712: 8710:0-8240-9030-6 8706: 8702: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8570: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8449:The Economist 8446: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8419:Global Voices 8416: 8410: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8348: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8300: 8297:(in French). 8296: 8289: 8281: 8278:(in French). 8277: 8270: 8262: 8259:(in French). 8258: 8251: 8241: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8169: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8098:CREO Provença 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8079:Robert Lafont 8076: 8070: 8061: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7980: 7971: 7964: 7963:Kremnitz 2002 7959: 7957: 7955: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7782: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7673: 7657: 7653: 7651:9783110365955 7647: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7598: 7591: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7457: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7138: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6776: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6611: 6604: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6558: 6554: 6552:0-7475-3117-X 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6535:Dalby, Andrew 6530: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6411: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6181: 6172: 6169:(in French). 6168: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6135:Judeo-Occitan 6130: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088:Occitan cross 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6026: 6023: 6012: 6009: 6008:France portal 5998: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5911:Lope de Rueda 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5859:Translation: 5847: 5837: 5827: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5780:Translation: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691:Arnaut Daniel 5687: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373:neutral vowel 5370: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5040:The magazine 5038: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4761:gresia/creia 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4510:ablative case 4506: 4503: 4481:Weakening of 4480: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4437: 4422: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4392: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4320:changed into 4315: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4276: 4261: 4258: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4234:Uvularization 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4211: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4184:, pronounced 4183: 4175: 4140: 4137: 4136:vowel harmony 4129: 4117: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4047: 4032:Vulgar Latin 4031: 4028: 4017:) changed to 4008: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3910: 3907: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3806:is a part of 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3523:Vivaro-Alpine 3520: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3510:Vivaro-Alpine 3507: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253:Robèrt Lafont 3250: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3239:Louis Alibert 3236: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3097:Pre-Iberian ( 3096: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3083:niçardoaupenc 3080: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Oïl languages 2475: 2467: 2463: 2462:Vivaro-Alpine 2460: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:Astur-Leonese 2363: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2338: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212:langues d'oïl 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200:of Ligurian. 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:Midi-Pyrénées 2117: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045:San Sebastián 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831:to the river 1830: 1829:San Sebastian 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630:langues d'oïl 1625: 1621: 1620:Gallo-Romance 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:Julius Caesar 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Mediterranean 1542: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1491:langues d'oïl 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429:Tomida femina 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1413:Daurel e Betó 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132:According to 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 996: 991: 985: 979: 975: 970: 964: 962: 959: 953: 950: 944: 941: 935: 930: 924: 918: 912: 906: 905: 898: 893: 889: 884: 872: 856: 854: 850: 849:Vivaro-Alpine 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 826: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740:area (mostly 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 712:, as well as 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 676: 670: 662: 660: 653: 649: 643: 586: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 559: 553: 546: 541: 537: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 517: 516: 511: 508: 507:Judeo-Occitan 505: –  503: 494: 490: 487: 482: 477: 472: 469: 464: 459: 454: 451: 446: 441: 437: 434: 432: 428: 424: 421: 419: 415: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 380: 372: 366: 362: 359: 358: 357: 354: 348: 343: 339: 335: 332: 328: 322: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 293:Vivaro-Alpine 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 264: 260: 254: 250: 247: 246: 244: 238: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222:Proto-Romance 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 213: 209: 203: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170:Gallo-Romance 168: 167: 166:Gallo-Iberian 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157:Italo-Western 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137:Indo-European 134: 130: 124: 120: 116: 112: 99: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55: 51: 48: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 11245:Catalan Caló 11233:Judeo-Gascon 11102:Languedocien 10989: 10980: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10867: 10769: 10762: 10724:Languedocien 10716: 10709:Judeo-Gascon 10707: 10677: 10648: 10599: 10569:Barranquenho 10548: 10541: 10517: 10499: 10441: 10403: 10386: 10377:Extremaduran 10351: 10325: 10311: 10299: 10287: 10280: 10237: 10196:Asturleonese 10160: 10153: 10111:West Walloon 10099:Saintongeais 10047: 10023: 10019:Anglo-Norman 9977: 9910:Newfoundland 9870:Jersey Legal 9862: 9770: 9735:Southwestern 9718:Vallassinese 9607:Gallo-Picene 9548:Gallo-Italic 9510: 9426: 9421: 9360: 9326: 9241: 9187: 9001:Guadeloupean 8943:Languedocian 8934: 8700: 8692: 8671: 8659:. Retrieved 8649: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8599: 8584:. Retrieved 8574: 8561:. Retrieved 8551: 8543:Bibliography 8525: 8481: 8477: 8465:. Retrieved 8448: 8439: 8427:. Retrieved 8418: 8409: 8397:. Retrieved 8388: 8378: 8360: 8352: 8347: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8240: 8230:19 September 8228:. Retrieved 8221:the original 8212: 8207: 8199: 8192:Carrera 2007 8187: 8168: 8156:. Retrieved 8147: 8138: 8126: 8069: 8060: 8033:, retrieved 8023: 8004: 7992: 7984: 7979: 7970: 7941:. Retrieved 7927: 7915:. Retrieved 7882: 7877: 7865:. Retrieved 7840: 7820:. Retrieved 7811: 7784:, retrieved 7762: 7752: 7727: 7723: 7714: 7702:. Retrieved 7678: 7672: 7660:. Retrieved 7640: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7596: 7579: 7572:Gaussen 1927 7567: 7559: 7547: 7539: 7536:Anglade 1921 7531: 7516:départements 7515: 7511: 7506: 7499:départements 7498: 7494: 7489: 7481: 7476: 7468: 7463: 7455: 7450: 7426: 7419: 7409:22 September 7407:. Retrieved 7399:ladepeche.fr 7398: 7389: 7377:. Retrieved 7356: 7337: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7309: 7303: 7296: 7281: 7269:. Retrieved 7244: 7240: 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7196:(1): 37–46. 7193: 7189: 7179: 7167:. Retrieved 7158: 7148: 7137: 7125:. Retrieved 7108: 7098: 7086:. Retrieved 7069: 7059: 7046:. Retrieved 7032: 7014: 7011: 7005: 6993:. Retrieved 6976: 6966: 6954:. Retrieved 6940:(214): 524. 6937: 6933: 6923: 6911:. Retrieved 6894: 6884: 6844: 6839: 6821:. Retrieved 6811: 6804: 6792:. Retrieved 6782: 6775: 6763:. Retrieved 6753: 6743: 6726:Anglade 1921 6721: 6701: 6690:Anglade 1921 6685: 6668:Anglade 1921 6663: 6658:, in Catalan 6655: 6634: 6622: 6616:(in Catalan) 6609: 6603: 6591:. Retrieved 6587:the original 6582: 6573: 6561:. Retrieved 6542: 6529: 6505: 6493: 6481:. Retrieved 6466: 6459: 6450: 6444: 6421: 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6389: 6380: 6368:. Retrieved 6364:the original 6359: 6350: 6339:, retrieved 6323: 6316: 6305:, retrieved 6295: 6289: 6278:, retrieved 6269: 6264: 6258: 6246:. Retrieved 6234: 6230: 6217: 6208: 6203:14 September 6201:. Retrieved 6192: 6170: 6166: 6138: 6120: 6112: 6036:Spain portal 6022:Italy portal 5985: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5945:, 2001; and 5940: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5858: 5799: 5793: 5779: 5753: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5674: 5672: 5625: 5622:Preservation 5608: 5589: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5482:vs. Catalan 5479: 5475: 5467: 5449:in Occitan. 5446: 5442: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5326: 5325:vs. Catalan 5322: 5307: 5299: 5298:vs. Catalan 5295: 5273: 5272:vs. Catalan 5269: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5230:vs. Catalan 5227: 5212: 5211:vs. Catalan 5208: 5204: 5203:vs. Catalan 5200: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5177:vs. Catalan 5174: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5143: 5134: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5074: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5026:Lexicography 5015: 4969:pont (pònt) 4777:Vulgar Latin 4625:'(to) sing' 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4504: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4442:(from Latin 4427:(from Latin 4411: 4329: 4308:Examples of 4307: 4300:"year" < 4297: 4283:-p-, -t, -c- 4281:(from Latin 4243: 4228:nasal vowels 4196: 4181: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4077: 4073: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4026: 4004: 3988: 3920: 3917: 3902: 3893: 3874: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3719: 3708: 3706: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3576:Languedocien 3574: 3557: 3541: 3532: 3521: 3508: 3501:freiressà.) 3494: 3483: 3467: 3457: 3442: 3433: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3363: 3357: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3276: 3242: 3232: 3225:occitan larg 3224: 3218: 3210:Codification 3199:: Provençal. 3181:: Leimousin. 3157:: Auvergnat. 3139: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3090:transoccitan 3089: 3082: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3050: 3047:Judeo-Niçard 3035: 3003: 3000:Judeo-Gascon 2995: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2936: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2544: 2540: 2531:in place of 2524: 2520: 2489: 2485: 2482:nasal vowels 2474:Gallo-Italic 2471: 2466:vivaroaupenc 2465: 2455:Judeo-Niçard 2446:subdialect. 2439: 2435: 2425: 2415: 2405: 2402:Languedocien 2395:Judeo-Gascon 2351: 2315:francophones 2285: 2211: 2154: 2110:langue d'oïl 2109: 2068: 2064: 1996: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1826: 1774: 1765: 1759: 1752: 1717:Roncesvalles 1707:through the 1698: 1696: 1669: 1534: 1510: 1501: 1480:langue d'oïl 1472: 1435: 1404: 1398: 1397:–1076), the 1362: 1352: 1350: 1314: 1306:l'en comonrà 1264: 1260: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1205: 1203: 1188:; but from 1186:pastourelles 1183: 1175: 1153: 1149: 1131: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1078: 974:Vulgar Latin 965: 955: 946: 937: 887: 867: 827: 816: 807: 803: 799: 787: 784:Languedocien 779: 773: 758: 689: 656: 584: 583: 555: 530:Linguasphere 513: 412: 315:Judeo Niçard 309:Judeo-Gascon 278:Languedocien 217:Vulgar Latin 179: 46: 36: 25: 11192:(including 11105:(excepting 11082:(including 11070:(including 10945:Campidanese 10771:Old Catalan 10764:Old Occitan 10501:Old Spanish 10435:Rioplatense 10239:Old Leonese 10067:Cotentinais 10031:Guernésiais 9954:Frenchville 9947:New England 9826:Bourbonnais 9778:Piedmontese 9772:Old Lombard 9664:Bergamasque 9588:Sammarinese 9011:Martiniquan 8725:Orbilat.com 8608:Bec, Pierre 8596:Bec, Pierre 8563:21 February 8467:24 December 8429:24 December 8399:24 December 8389:www.bbc.com 8035:22 February 7822:17 December 7786:17 December 7554:, pp.  7552:Backer 1860 7271:12 February 7247:: 208–220. 7048:17 February 6823:22 February 6794:22 February 6765:22 February 6629:, p. 2 6500:, p. 9 6449:"Occitan". 6370:25 December 5963:Carcassonne 5921:John Barnes 5798:'s classic 5796:Victor Hugo 5653:("I am the 5579:in Occitan. 5559:, which is 5511:Orthography 5497:'to give,' 5439:conjugation 5292:neutralized 5125:èsser/èstre 4328:> Gasc. 4130:(Catalan), 4036:changed to 3997:, or both. 3888:introducing 3755:diasystemic 3714:lengas d'òc 3301:is written 3203:oc-vivaraup 3185:oc-lengadoc 3169:: Croissant 3022:World War 2 2758:to be quiet 2507:instead of 2488:instead of 2406:lengadocian 2243:Rhône-Alpes 2137:Carcassonne 2030:Württemberg 1918:northerners 1894:Calandretas 1889:Occitanists 1786: 1000 1614:A separate 1517:World War I 1442:troubadours 1395: 1054 1339:Ora pro nos 1316:Carolingian 1253:Old Occitan 1227:Currently, 1179:primeramen. 1138:philologist 995:Old Catalan 963:(Italian). 897:lingua d'oc 788:Lengadocian 686:langue d'oc 646:; Occitan: 570:instead of 227:Old Occitan 206:Early forms 11260:Categories 10992:indicates 10950:Logudorese 10483:Philippine 10449:Andalusian 10443:Peninsular 10333:Estremenho 10289:Portuguese 10216:Cantabrian 10049:Law French 10041:Sercquiais 9875:Meridional 9836:Champenois 9831:Burgundian 9642:Tabarchino 9632:Monégasque 9571:Parmigiano 9428:Neapolitan 9401:Manduriano 9368:Florentine 9235:Wallachian 9205:Bukovinian 9072:See also: 8365:Gencat.net 8301:: 348–362. 8282:: 331–347. 8263:: 473–495. 8087:René Merle 7943:15 October 7917:15 October 7682:. Oxford: 7636:De Gruyter 7574:, p.  7331:: 500–513. 7237:"LANGUAGE" 6728:, p.  6692:, p.  6678:provençal. 6670:, p.  6563:8 November 6438:required.) 6173:: 467–512. 6140:Ethnologue 6122:Ethnologue 5959:Kate Mosse 5685:Purgatorio 5604:Pierre Bec 5464:analogical 5433:Morphology 5308:filh, hilh 5268:: Occitan 4806:formaggio 4797:chaschiel 4731:(e)glèisa 4687:clé, clef 4622:cânta(re) 4589:c(h)antar 4563:Portuguese 4478:) 'fight'. 4466:) 'milk', 4374:Change of 4361:Portuguese 4350:aspiration 4115:preserved. 3935:: I sing; 3922:méridional 3871:references 3796:Val d'Aran 3731:lenga d'òc 3696:oc-grmistr 3684:oc-grclass 3640:Portuguese 3351:Portuguese 3317:, or even 3251:(Gascon), 3249:Pierre Bec 3197:oc-provenc 3179:oc-lemosin 3151:: Aranese. 3149:oc-aranese 2938:Pierre Bec 2543:and final 2535:; loss of 2440:prouvençau 2331:Pierre Bec 2304:Monégasque 2275:Val d'Aran 2163:department 2115:is spoken. 2108:where the 2016:Monégasque 1949:Val d'Aran 1871:lenga d'òc 1816:first and 1778:Val d'Aran 1462:and kings 1454:trobairitz 1369:Waldensian 1345:Tu lo juva 1326: 780 1300:lo tornarà 1161:troubadour 1099:Aquitanian 1054:, akin to 1030:, Italian 972:came from 871:lenga d'òc 808:Prouvençau 765:Val d'Aran 718:Val d'Aran 696:spoken in 659:lenga d'òc 590:English: 119:Val d'Aran 42:lenga d'òc 11181:Valencian 11141:Algherese 11084:Mentonasc 11067:Provençal 11057:Auvergnat 11000:varieties 10983:indicate 10940:Sardinian 10897:Triestine 10845:Sursilvan 10756:Mentonasc 10734:Provençal 10683:Auvergnat 10669:Valencian 10625:Mallorcan 10615:Algherese 10590:Occitano- 10537:Navarrese 10525:Aragonese 10461:Castilian 10364:Castilian 10340:Uruguayan 10313:Brazilian 10276:Minderico 10270:/Eonavian 10233:Mirandese 10147:Valdôtain 10133:/Arpitan 10074:Orléanais 10025:Auregnais 10009:Mayennais 9959:Louisiana 9841:Ardennais 9821:Berrichon 9627:Intemelio 9583:Forlivese 9566:Bolognese 9512:Dalmatian 9476:Tarantino 9439:Benevento 9396:Salentino 9356:Sassarese 9320:Gallurese 9303:Romanesco 9256:Dalmatian 9220:Moldavian 9215:Maramureș 9173:Aromanian 9062:Guillemet 9041:Wallisian 8955:Provençal 8951:Auvergnat 8661:14 August 8586:14 August 8457:0013-0613 8102:Felibrige 8047:diasystem 7744:2167-4256 7436:cite book 7379:31 August 7253:0084-4152 7202:0016-111X 7117:0214-8188 7078:0214-8188 6985:0214-8188 6946:0032-8472 6903:0214-8188 6539:"Occitan" 6417:"Occitan" 6210:789,000") 5954:Labyrinth 5709:ma dolor. 5612:Catalonia 5375:whenever 5367:Standard 5354:velarized 5339:Mirandese 5168:Valencian 5081:Phonology 5005:'bridge' 4821:'cheese' 4788:formatge 4773:formatico 4767:'church' 4764:biserică 4743:baselgia 4734:església 4635:c(h)abra 4568:Sardinian 4408:dialects. 4406:Aragonese 4292:(but not 4250:-mb-,-nd- 4207:/tʃa,dʒa/ 4186:/utsiˈta/ 4128:Valencian 4126:(note in 4111:Original 4095:> Oc. 4072:> Oc. 4052:> Oc. 4044:> Oc. 4025:> Oc. 3978:Be qu'èm. 3896:July 2011 3800:Catalonia 3778:Poulougno 3690:oc-grital 3496:Auvergnat 3485:Auvergnat 3471:Provençal 3461:Provençal 3444:Provençal 3435:Provençal 3405:Auvergnat 3368:Provençal 3261:diglossia 3193:: Niçard. 3191:oc-nicard 3175:: Gascon. 3173:oc-gascon 3167:oc-creiss 3161:oc-cisaup 3155:oc-auvern 3099:preïberic 3006:sociolect 2436:provençau 2432:Provençal 2426:auvernhat 2422:Auvergnat 2370:Aragonese 2145:Fenolheda 2098:Aquitaine 1966:Catalonia 1958:Catalonia 1914:Nordistes 1910:Parisiens 1818:Castilian 1605:Aquitaine 1596:influence 1464:Richard I 1447:trobadors 1241:Provençal 1233:Provençal 1229:linguists 1218:Aquitaine 1216:and even 1206:Provençal 1204:The term 1198:sirventés 1127:Félibrige 1119:Provençal 1094:aquitanus 1082:occitanus 990:hoc illud 966:The word 920:, others 837:Auvergnat 804:Provençau 800:Provençal 796:Provençal 726:Occitania 722:Catalonia 690:Provençal 515:Glottolog 486:ISO 639-3 468:ISO 639-2 450:ISO 639-1 403:Occitania 361:Catalonia 288:Provençal 268:Auvergnat 212:Old Latin 85:Ethnicity 79:Occitania 11198:Béarnese 11162:Northern 11148:Balearic 11130:dialects 11062:Limousin 10876:Venetian 10850:Vallader 10840:Surmiran 10813:Cadorino 10796:Friulian 10729:Limousin 10698:Béarnese 10660:Western 10642:Northern 10630:Menorcan 10620:Balearic 10611:Eastern 10607:dialects 10466:Castrapo 10423:Peruvian 10394:dialects 10327:European 10295:dialects 10282:Portugis 10263:Galician 10204:Asturian 10142:Savoyard 10094:Poitevin 10062:Cauchois 10036:Jèrriais 9883:Canadian 9762:Varesino 9757:Ticinese 9745:Novarese 9740:Cremunés 9730:Ossolano 9725:Milanese 9713:Lecchese 9681:Brianzöö 9612:Ligurian 9578:Romagnol 9459:Arianese 9454:Irpinian 9449:Cilentan 9413:Pantesco 9408:Sicilian 9379:Southern 9315:Corsican 9291:Macerata 9286:Fabriano 9225:Oltenian 9195:dialects 9155:Southern 9055:See also 9036:Tahitian 9031:Shimaore 8991:Guianese 8947:Limousin 8906:dialect) 8898:Corsican 8894:dialect) 8779:Archived 8770:Eonet.ne 8760:Archived 8741:Archived 8728:Archived 8655:Archived 8610:(1971). 8598:(1963). 8580:Archived 8557:Archived 8486:Archived 8461:Archived 8423:Archived 8393:Archived 8368:Archived 8245:Catalan) 8176:Archived 8152:Archived 8131:Bec 1963 8116:Archived 8105:Archived 8090:Archived 8051:Bec 1973 8029:archived 7937:Archived 7911:Archived 7861:Archived 7816:Archived 7698:Archived 7656:Archived 7622:Bec 1971 7610:Bec 1973 7403:Archived 7370:Archived 7345:Archived 7289:Archived 7265:Archived 7261:25833682 7214:Archived 7163:Archived 7127:20 April 7121:Archived 7088:20 April 7082:Archived 7042:Archived 6995:20 April 6989:Archived 6950:Archived 6913:20 April 6907:Archived 6877:Bec 1963 6860:Bec 1963 6817:Archived 6788:Archived 6759:Archived 6751:(1817). 6642:Archived 6614:, 253.1 6557:Archived 6537:(1998). 6518:Archived 6394:Archived 6341:17 March 6332:archived 6330:, 2007, 6301:archived 6274:archived 6239:Archived 6197:Archived 5994:See also 5987:Timeline 5939:, 1998; 5933:, 1992; 5571:written 5519:and the 5499:va donar 5472:feminine 5331:Asturian 5222:phoneme 5191:(pagina) 5187:(pàgina) 5144:carriera 5135:carrièra 4913:'night' 4834:llengua 4800:ciajuel 4791:fromage 4755:iglesia 4727:basilica 4723:ecclesia 4644:quièvre 4619:cantare 4610:cantare 4601:chantar 4595:chanter 4573:Romanian 4474:(Gascon 4462:(Gascon 4365:Galician 4355:Loss of 4260:Betacism 4203:ca-, ga- 4141:Low-mid 4122:becomes 3972:E qu'ei? 3969:(I am), 3751:phonemic 3675:Several 3559:Limousin 3140:Several 3041:Provence 2890:toujours 2770:se taire 2763:se taire 2724:entendre 2717:entendre 2677:achaptar 2587:Spanish 2584:Catalan 2581:Occitan 2575:Occitan 2564:English 2517:betacism 2412:Limousin 2385:Béarnese 2321:Dialects 2307:Ligurian 2269:Piedmont 2255:Dauphiné 2247:Lyonnais 2227:Auvergne 2221:Limousin 2215:Poitevin 2183:Dauphiné 2171:Ligurian 2123:Toulouse 2034:Camisard 2020:Ligurian 1993:Calabria 1985:Piedmont 1906:Vergonha 1866:Toulouse 1822:Pamplona 1794:Zaragoza 1770:Toulouse 1741:Sangüesa 1737:Pamplona 1733:boroughs 1647:Frankish 1643:Germanic 1641:Lack of 1592:Lack of 1561:Pyrenees 1549:Atlantic 1359:Boethius 1334:answered 1319:litanies 1294:non o fa 1237:Limousin 1210:Provence 1190:Limousin 1142:medieval 1115:Limousin 961:language 952:language 943:language 812:Provence 776:Limousin 730:Calabria 665:Occitan: 576:Help:IPA 522:occi1239 283:Limousin 262:Dialects 89:Occitans 11194:Aranese 11155:Central 11125:Catalan 10981:Italics 10882:Chipilo 10825:Romansh 10788:Romance 10786:Rhaeto- 10751:Gardiol 10703:Landese 10693:Aranese 10678:Occitan 10637:Central 10601:Catalan 10592:Romance 10493:Creoles 10488:Saharan 10476:Murcian 10454:Llanito 10411:Chilean 10388:Spanish 10345:Creoles 10319:Mineiro 10301:African 10226:Riberan 10221:Leonese 10186:Iberian 10179:Romance 10106:Walloon 10079:Paydret 10057:Augeron 9997:Vosgien 9992:Gaumais 9987:Lorrain 9979:Creoles 9942:Muskrat 9888:Acadian 9816:Angevin 9806:Langues 9797:Romance 9703:Comasco 9676:Western 9669:Cremish 9659:Eastern 9654:Lombard 9622:Genoese 9617:Brigasc 9561:Emilian 9539:Western 9518:Istriot 9481:Vastese 9466:Molisan 9328:Italian 9264:Central 9210:Crișana 9165:Eastern 9148:Western 9133:Eastern 9046:Xaracuu 9026:Réunion 9016:Nengone 9006:Kibushi 8996:Futunan 8935:Occitan 8902:Dutch ( 8888:Catalan 8158:12 June 7885:, p. 25 7867:8 April 7704:10 July 7662:10 July 7638:(ed.). 6956:9 April 6593:18 July 6483:5 March 6307:18 June 6280:4 March 6248:4 March 6117:Occitan 5990:novel. 5645:Lourdes 5631:Samples 5553:Occitan 5549:Catalan 5470:to the 5335:Leonese 5262:phoneme 5213:carrera 5018:Lexicon 5012:Lexicon 4993:puente 4953:pratza 4944:piazza 4941:piassa 4935:plazza 4932:plache 4910:noapte 4858:língua 4855:lengua 4852:lingua 4849:lengua 4843:lingua 4840:langue 4837:langue 4812:queijo 4758:igreja 4752:chiesa 4746:dlieja 4740:église 4737:église 4702:chiave 4671:'goat' 4647:chaura 4641:chèvre 4616:cantar 4613:cantar 4604:cianté 4592:cantar 4585:cantare 4578:English 4558:Spanish 4553:Italian 4548:Lombard 4523:Catalan 4516:Occitan 4296:, e.g. 4252:become 4240:sounds. 4182:Occitan 4042:romānvs 3995:Catalan 3966:que soi 3884:improve 3835:Catalan 3819:Catalan 3804:Aranese 3774:Polonha 3709:Occitan 3657:English 3649:Italian 3631:Spanish 3622:Catalan 3343:Moissac 3323:Catalan 3026:Bayonne 3014:Gascony 2956:Catalan 2911:siempre 2883:totjorn 2798:to fall 2712:to hear 2705:comprar 2698:comprar 2691:crompar 2684:acheter 2578:French 2494:uvular 2486:cha/ja- 2416:lemosin 2389:Aranese 2106:Gironde 2001:Italian 1951:, Spain 1945:Bossòst 1845:Bayonne 1833:Bidasoa 1762:burning 1721:Navarre 1713:Somport 1616:lexicon 1580:Garonne 1572:marshes 1523:Origins 1332:, were 1270:decebrà 1247:History 1194:cançons 1166:in his 1158:Catalan 1154:Lemosin 1150:Occitan 1146:archaic 1111:Catalan 823:Spanish 780:Lemosin 761:Aranese 746:Catalan 738:Cosenza 692:, is a 648:occitan 585:Occitan 572:Unicode 365:Aranese 249:Aranese 180:Occitan 152:Romance 37:occitan 31:Occitan 11189:Gascon 11072:Niçard 10912:Others 10892:Talian 10887:Fiuman 10861:Others 10801:Fornes 10739:Niçard 10688:Gascon 10656:Patuet 10562:Others 10471:Castúo 10177:Ibero- 10137:Faetar 10084:Picard 10014:Norman 10002:Welche 9925:Magoua 9915:Quebec 9905:Brayon 9864:French 9846:Rémois 9795:Gallo- 9750:Pavese 9708:Laghée 9686:Canzés 9637:Royasc 9499:Others 9434:Barese 9362:Tuscan 9308:Sabino 9281:Ancona 9254:Italo- 8965:Picard 8939:Gascon 8930:Norman 8883:Breton 8869:Basque 8841:French 8707:  8678:  8636:  8455:  8314:, p.14 8215:] 7777:  7742:  7690:  7648:  7556:52, 54 7259:  7251:  7210:391694 7208:  7200:  7169:2 July 7115:  7076:  7020:  6983:  6944:  6901:  6583:UNESCO 6549:  6474:  6237:: 71. 5700:dolor. 5541:Occità 5537:Català 5480:legala 5385:passar 5371:has a 5358:dark l 5348:While 5327:llibre 5274:música 5270:musica 5228:caissa 5179:pàgina 5175:pagina 5160:chifra 5130:carrer 5059:patois 5022:Lexeme 4999:ponte 4996:ponte 4990:ponte 4984:puent 4956:piață 4950:praça 4947:plaza 4938:plaza 4929:place 4926:plaça 4923:plaça 4919:platea 4907:nothe 4904:noite 4901:noche 4898:notte 4864:limbă 4861:limba 4827:lingva 4809:queso 4749:giesa 4717:'key' 4714:cheie 4708:chave 4705:llave 4668:capră 4665:craba 4662:cabra 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Index

Ossetian language
France
Spain
Italy
Monaco
Occitania
Occitans
Italy
Spain
Val d'Aran
Language family
Indo-European
Italic
Latino-Faliscan
Romance
Italo-Western
Western Romance
Gallo-Romance
Occitano-Romance
Old Latin
Vulgar Latin
Proto-Romance
Old Occitan
Aranese
Spain
Auvergnat
Gascon
Languedocien
Limousin
Provençal

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