3838:
applied by
Stephan Koppelberg in attempt to solve this issue. Based on the results he obtained, he concludes that Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon should all be considered three distinct languages. More recently, Y. Greub and J.P. Chambon (Sorbonne University, Paris) demonstrated that the formation of Proto-Gascon was already complete at the eve of the 7th century, whereas Proto-Occitan was not yet formed at that time. These results induced linguists to do away with the conventional classification of Gascon, favoring the "distinct language" alternative. Both studies supported the early intuition of the late
545:
5662:
1528:
3862:
674:
1861:
6147:
6129:
2326:
825:, Occitan does not have a single written standard form, nor does it have official status in France, home to most of its speakers. Instead, there are competing norms for writing Occitan, some of which attempt to be pan-dialectal, whereas others are based on a particular dialect. These efforts are hindered by the rapidly declining use of Occitan as a spoken language in much of southern France, as well as by the significant differences in phonology and vocabulary among different Occitan dialects.
1940:
2345:
6044:
5636:
8822:
6002:
6016:
6030:
2337:
3826:) processes of Catalan and Occitan (including Gascon) have been quite distinct since the 20th century. Nevertheless, other scholars point out that the process that led to the affirmation of Catalan as a distinct language from Occitan started during the period when the pressure to include Catalan-speaking areas in a mainstream Spanish culture was at its greatest.
5594:, especially when written – more so than either is with Spanish or French, for example, although this is mainly a consequence of using the classical (orthographical) norm of the Occitan, which is precisely focused in showing the similarities between the Occitan dialects with Catalan. Occitan and Catalan form a common diasystem (or a common
7522:(1993: 15–16) is wary of statistics: 'There are no official data on the number of speakers. Of some 12 to 13 million inhabitants in the area, it is estimated 48 per cent understand Occitan, 28 per cent can speak it, about 9 per cent of the population use it on a daily basis, 13 per cent can read and 6 per cent can write the language.
5627:
languages, including
Occitan, in public schools. While the laws have since changed, with bilingual education returning for regions with unique languages in 1993, the many years of restrictions had already caused serious decline in the number of Occitan speakers. The majority of living speakers are older adults.
6355:
3297:) has the advantage of maintaining a link with earlier stages of the language, and reflects the fact that Occitan is not a variety of French. It is used in all Occitan dialects. It also allows speakers of one dialect of Occitan to write intelligibly for speakers of other dialects (e.g. the Occitan for
5719:
So pleases me your courteous demand, / I cannot and I will not hide me from you. / I am Arnaut, who weep and singing go;/ Contrite I see the folly of the past, / And joyous see the hoped-for day before me. / Therefore do I implore you, by that power/ Which guides you to the summit of the stairs, / Be
3837:
should be considered dialects of
Occitan or separate languages has long been a matter of opinion or convention, rather than based on scientific ground. However, two recent studies support Gascon's being considered a distinct language. For the first time, a quantifiable, statistics-based approach was
3500:
Ta la proussouna neisson lieura moé parira pà dïnessà mai dret. Son charjada de razou moé de cousiensà mai lhu fau arjî entremeî lha bei n'eime de freiressà. (Touta la persouna naisson lieura e egala en dïnetàt e en dreit. Soun doutada de razou e de cousiensà e lour chau ajî entre ela am en esprî de
2919:
Gascon is the most divergent, and descriptions of the main features of
Occitan often consider Gascon separately. Max Wheeler notes that "probably only its copresence within the French cultural sphere has kept from being regarded as a separate language", and compares it to Franco-Provençal, which is
8244:
Stephan
Koppelberg, El lèxic hereditari caracteristic de l'occità i del gascó i la seva relació amb el del català (conclusions d'un analisi estadística), Actes del vuitè Col·loqui Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalana, Volume 1 (1988). Antoni M. Badia Margarit & Michel Camprubi ed. (in
5708:
Tan m'abelís vòstra cortesa demanda, / que ieu non-pòdi ni vòli m'amagar de vos. / Ieu soi Arnaut, que plori e vau cantant; / consirós vesi la foliá passada, / e vesi joiós lo jorn qu'espèri, davant. / Ara vos prègui, per aquela valor / que vos guida al som de l'escalièr, / sovenhatz-vos tot còp de
5626:
In the modern era, Occitan has become a rare and highly threatened language. Its users are clustered almost exclusively in
Southern France, and it is unlikely that any monolingual speakers remain. In the early 1900s, the French government attempted to restrict the use and teaching of many minority
3918:
Jules Ronjat has sought to characterize
Occitan with 19 principal, generalizable criteria. Of those, 11 are phonetic, five morphologic, one syntactic, and two lexical. For example, close rounded vowels are rare or absent in Occitan. This characteristic often carries through to an Occitan speaker's
1878:
Though it was still an everyday language for most of the rural population of southern France well into the 20th century, it is now spoken by about 100,000 people in France according to 2012 estimates. There is a movement in regions of France where
Occitan was widely spoken to introduce educational
5609:
The combined
Occitano-Romance area is 259,000 km, with a population of 23 million. However, the regions are not equal in terms of language speakers. According to Bec 1969 (pp. 120–121), in France, no more than a quarter of the population in counted regions could speak Occitan well,
1900:
Nonetheless, the number of proficient speakers of
Occitan is thought to be dropping precipitously. A tourist in the cities in southern France is unlikely to hear a single Occitan word spoken on the street (or, for that matter, in a home), and is likely to only find the occasional vestige, such as
1178:
La parladura Francesca val mais et plus avinenz a far romanz e pasturellas; mas cella de Lemozin val mais per far vers et cansons et serventés; et per totas las terras de nostre lengage son de major autoritat li cantar de la lenga Lemosina que de negun'autra parladura, per qu'ieu vos en parlarai
3787:
is similar. Gascon presents a number of significant differences from the rest of the language; but, despite these differences, Gascon and other Occitan dialects have very important common lexical and grammatical features, so authors such as Pierre Bec argue that they could never be considered as
3724:, disagree with the view that Occitan is a family of languages; instead they believe Limousin, Auvergnat, Languedocien, Gascon, Provençal and Vivaro-Alpine are dialects of a single language. Although there are indeed noticeable differences between these varieties, there is a very high degree of
5699:
Tan m'abellís vostre cortés deman, / qu'ieu no me puesc ni voill a vos cobrire. / Ieu sui Arnaut, que plor e vau cantan; / consirós vei la passada folor, / e vei jausen lo joi qu'esper, denan. / Ara vos prec, per aquella valor / que vos guida al som de l'escalina, / sovenha vos a temps de ma
1788:), but a receding Basque language (Basque banned in the marketplace of Huesca, 1349). While the language was chosen as a medium of prestige in records and official statements along with Latin in the early 13th century, Occitan faced competition from the rising local Romance vernacular, the
3666:
Note that Catalan version was translated from the Spanish, while the Occitan versions were translated from the French. The second part of the Catalan version may also be rendered as "Són dotades de raó i de consciència, i els cal actuar entre si amb un esperit de fraternitat", showing the
8013:
Mais les différences de phonétique, de morphologie, de syntaxe et de vocabulaire ne sont pas telles qu'une personne connaissant pratiquement à fond un de nos dialectes ne puisse converser dans ce dialecte avec une autre personne parlant un autre dialecte qu'elle possède pratiquement à
1751:-speaking general population. Their language became the status language chosen by the Navarrese kings, nobility, and upper classes for official and trade purposes in the period stretching from the early 13th century to the late 14th century. Written administrative records were in a
3374:
dialect, besides the classical norm. It has also been used by a number of eminent writers, particularly in Provençal. However, it is somewhat impractical, because it is based mainly on the Provençal dialect and also uses many digraphs for simple sounds, the most notable one being
5075:
The separation of Catalan from Occitan is seen by some as largely politically (rather than linguistically) motivated. However, the variety that has become standard Catalan differs from the one that has become standard Occitan in a number of ways. Here are just a few examples:
6363:
8017:(But phonetic, morphological, syntactical and lexical differences are not such that a person quite perfectly fluent in one of our dialects would not be able to have a conversation with another person speaking another dialect with an equally perfect fluency).
3055:, who were descendants of Jewish immigrants from Provence, Piedmont, and other Mediterranean communities. Its existence is attested from a few documents from the 19th century. It contained significant influence in both vocabulary and grammar from Hebrew.
6209:
De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l'occitan a pu être estimé par l'INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000 ("In fact, the number of Occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then
3243:
6196:
6677:
Sur Occitania ont été formés les adjectifs latins occitanus, occitanicus et les adjectifs français occitanique, occitanien, occitan (ce dernier terme plus récent), qui seraient excellents et qui ne prêteraient pas à la même confusion que
2210:– Use of Occitan has declined here in the few parts it used to be spoken, replaced by French. Only Charente Limousine, the eastern part of the region, has resisted. The natural and historical languages of most of the region are the
5037:, Unabridged with 1993 addenda reaches 470,000 words, as does the Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition). The Merriam-Webster website estimates that the number is somewhere between 250,000 and 1 million words.
3233:
6393:
1882:
According to the 1999 census, there were 610,000 native speakers (almost all of whom were also native French speakers) and perhaps another million people with some exposure to the language. Following the pattern of
675:
3063:
All three of these dialects have some influence in Southern Jewish French, a dialect of French spoken by Jews in southern France. Southern Jewish French is now estimated to only be spoken by about 50–100 people.
3821:
from the Occitan sphere, even though Catalan is closely related, is justified because there has been a consciousness of its being different from Occitan since the later Middle Ages and because the elaboration
1212:, historically was used for Occitan as a whole, for "in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old
3737:
Some Provençal authors continue to support the view that Provençal is a separate language. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Provençal authors and associations think that Provençal is a part of Occitan.
8422:
6188:
4420:. This appears to represent a transitional stage before nasalization, and occurs especially in the southerly dialects other than Gascon (which still maintains different final nasals, as in Catalan).
3768:
spelling and therefore more specific to Provençal; its users are divided between the ones who think that Provençal is a part of Occitan and the ones who think that Provençal is a separate language.
5049:
A comparison of the lexical content can find more subtle differences between the languages. For example, Occitan has 128 synonyms related to cultivated land, 62 for wetlands, and 75 for sunshine (
2551:-). There are also significant lexical differences, where some dialects have words cognate with French, and others have Catalan and Spanish cognates. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of
1508:, i.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) were translated into Provençal as spoken in Cannes and Grasse. The translation was given the official Roman Catholic Imprimatur by vicar general A. Estellon.
2286:
The area where Occitan was historically dominant has approximately 16 million inhabitants. Recent research has shown it may be spoken as a first language by approximately 789,000 people in
1678:). The language was one of the first to gain prestige as a medium for literature among Romance languages in the Middle Ages. Indeed, in the 12th and 13th centuries, Catalan troubadours such as
1200:; and across the whole of the lands where our tongue is spoken, the literature in the Limousin language has more authority than any other dialect, wherefore I shall use this name in priority.
5441:
is slightly different, but there is a great variety amongst dialects. Medieval conjugations were much closer. A characteristic difference is the ending of the second person plural, which is
5046:(2004, p. 79) claims that American English literature can be more easily translated into Occitan than French, excluding modern technological terms that both languages have integrated.
1420:
756:) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative.
3794:) process between Gascon and the rest of Occitan. The vast majority of the Gascon cultural movement considers itself as a part of the Occitan cultural movement. And the official status of
3788:
different as, for example, Spanish and Italian. In addition, Gascon's being included in Occitan despite its particular differences can be justified because there is a common elaboration (
3608:
Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.
3277:
There are two main linguistic norms currently used for Occitan, one (known as "classical") based on that of Medieval Occitan, and one (sometimes known as "Mistralian", due to its use by
7402:
11033:
1927:
because of the province's history (a late addition to the Kingdom of France), though even there the language is little spoken outside the homes of the rural elderly. The village of
8460:
3757:, and thus more pan-Occitan. It can be used for (and adapted to) all Occitan dialects and regions, including Provençal. Its supporters think that Provençal is a part of Occitan.
5657:", the phrase is reproduced under this statue in the Lourdes grotto with a Mistralian/Febusian spelling), confirming the proclamation of this Catholic dogma four years earlier.
5119:); that is precisely the reverse of the development that took place in Western Catalan dialects and the rest of the Romance languages, including Occitan. Thus Standard Catalan
1239:
strictly to refer to specific varieties within Occitan, using the latter term for the language as a whole. Many non-specialists, however, continue to refer to the language as
7983:
Kremnitz, Georg (2003) "Un regard sociolinguistique sur les changements de la situation de l'occitan depuis 1968" in: Castano R., Guida, S., & Latella, F. (2003) (dir.)
3626:
Totes les persones neixen/naixen lliures i iguals en dignitat i en drets. Són dotades de raó i de consciència, i cal que es comportin fraternalment les unes amb les altres.
3635:
Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.
6385:
3660:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
3617:
Tôs los étres homans nêssont libros et ègals en dignitât et en drêts. Ils ant rêson et conscience et dêvont fâre los uns envèrs los ôtros dedens un èsprit de fraternitât.
3548:
Toutes las persounes que nachen libres e egaus en dinnitat e en dreyt. Que soun doutades de rasoû e de counscienci e qu'ous cau ayi entre eres dap û esperit de hrayresse.
1775:
Things turned out slightly otherwise in Aragon, where the sociolinguistic situation was different, with a clearer Basque-Romance bilingual situation (cf. Basques from the
3538:
Totas las personas que naishen liuras e egaus en dignitat e en dreit. Que son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e que'us cau agir enter eras dab un esperit de hrairessa.
5493:
Catalan has a distinctive past tense formation, known as the 'periphrastic preterite', formed from a variant of the verb 'to go' followed by the infinitive of the verb:
3728:
between them partly because they share a common literary history; furthermore, academic and literary circles have identified them as a collective linguistic entity—the
3527:
Toutes les persounes naisoun liures e egales en dignità e en drech. Soun douta de razoun e de counsiensio e lour chal agir entre eels amb (/bou) un esperit de freireso.
1908:), seldom use the language in the presence of strangers, whether they are from abroad or from outside Occitania (in this case, often merely and abusively referred to as
8575:
Grammaire comparée des langues de la France, par Louis de Baecker. Flamand, allemand, celto-breton, basque, provençal, espagnol, italien, français, comparés au sanscrit
3563:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e lor chau (/fau/) agir entre elas emb un esperit de frairesa.
3489:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en dreit. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e lor chau (/fau/) agir entre elas amb un esperit de frairesa.
7655:
6714:
Au onzième, douzième et encore parfois au XIIIe siècle, on comprenait sous le nom de Provence tout le territoire de l'ancienne Provincia Romana et même de l'Aquitaine.
3644:
Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. Eles são dotados de razão e consciência, e devem comportar-se fraternalmente uns com os outros.
7697:
3439:
Totei lei personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e li cau (/fau/) agir entre elei amb un esperit de frairesa.
8485:
8096:, Claude Barsotti, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Bernard Giély, Pierre Pessemesse...), and also the most important and historic Provençal cultural associations as
3653:
Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed uguali in dignità e in diritti. Sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono comportarsi fraternamente l'uno con l'altro.
4431:) becomes /z/ (most dialects, but not Gascon). This appears to have happened in primitive Catalan as well, but Catalan later deleted this sound or converted it to
8342:, p. 9: "the English language, as claimed by Merriam-Webster, as well as the Occitan language – are estimated to comprise over 450,000 words in their basic form."
3514:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotaas de rason e de consciéncia e lor chal agir entre elas amb un esperit de fraternitat.
2309:, which is the other native language. Up to seven million people in France understand the language, whereas twelve to fourteen million fully spoke it in 1921. In
8392:
6331:
6238:
3263:, some users thusly reject the standardization process, and do not conceive Occitan as a language that can be standardized as per other standardized languages.
7860:
3580:
Totas las personas naisson liuras e egalas en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadas de rason e de consciéncia e lor cal agir entre elas amb un esperit de frairesa.
11026:
3474:
Touti li persouna naisson liéuri e egali en dignità e en drech. Soun doutadi de rasoun e de counsciència e li cau agì entre eli em' un esperit de frairessa.
1868:, like many such signs found in Toulouse's historical districts, is maintained primarily for its antique charm, and is typical of what little remains of the
8414:
7288:
8213:
The pan-occitanista thought (1904–2004) in the magazines Occitania, Oc, L'Amic de les Ats, Taula de Lletres Valencianes, Revista Occitana and Paraula d'Oc
7344:
5061:. Nevertheless, Occitan has also incorporated new words into its lexicon to describe the modern world. The Occitan word for web (as in World Wide Web) is
3448:
Tóuti li persouno naisson liéuro e egalo en dignita e en dre. Soun doutado de rasoun e de counsciènci e li fau agi entre éli em' un esperit de freiresso.
1839:
of Gascon. Gascon remained in use in this area far longer than in Navarre and Aragon, until the 19th century, thanks mainly to the fact that Donostia and
1827:
Gascon-speaking communities were called to move in for trading purposes by Navarrese kings in the early 12th century to the coastal fringe extending from
6057:
3707:
The majority of scholars think that Occitan constitutes a single language. Some authors, constituting a minority, reject this opinion and even the name
3464:
Toti li personas naisson liuri e egali en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadi de rason e de consciéncia e li cau agir entre eli emb un esperit de frairesa.
1519:, when (in addition to the disruption caused by any major war) many Occitan speakers spent extended periods of time alongside French-speaking comrades.
8654:
8208:
El pensament panoccitanista (1904–2004) en les revistes Occitania, Oc, L'Amic de les Ats, Taula de Lletres Valencianes, Revista Occitana i Paraula d'Oc
6273:
8769:
6517:
5173:
When in Catalan word stress falls in the antepenultimate syllable, in Occitan the stress is moved to the penultimate syllable: for example, Occitan
2454:
1901:
street signs (and, of those, most will have French equivalents more prominently displayed), to remind them of the traditional language of the area.
890:
While the term would have been in use orally for some time after the decline of Latin, as far as historical records show, the Italian medieval poet
314:
11019:
7162:
3227:(i.e., 'wide Occitan') is a synthesis that respects and admits soft regional adaptations (which are based on the convergence of previous regional
810:) later have been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, the term "Provençal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in
7441:
5033:
1458:: At that time, the language was understood and celebrated throughout most of educated Europe. It was the maternal language of the English queen
3255:(Provençal), and others. However, the process has not yet been completed as of the present. Standardization is mostly supported by users of the
10993:
5306:
neutralizes palatal consonants in word-final position as well. Non-central varieties of Occitan, however, may have a palatal realization (e.g.
3981:(We are.). Among these 19 discriminating criteria, 7 are different from Spanish, 8 from Italian, 12 from Franco-Provençal, and 16 from French.
5501:'he gave.' That has the same value as the 'normal' preterite shared by most Romance languages, deriving from the Latin perfect tense: Catalan
2954:
In order to overcome the pitfalls of the traditional romanistic view, Bec proposed a "supradialectal" classification that groups Occitan with
8810:
8206:
7394:
5610:
though around half understood it; it is thought that the number of Occitan users has decreased dramatically since then. By contrast, in the
2310:
2376:
that changes gradually along any path from one side to the other. Nonetheless, specialists commonly divide Occitan into six main dialects:
5016:
A comparison of terms and word counts between languages is not easy, as it is impossible to count the number of words in a language. (See
3842:, a specialist of both medieval Occitan and medieval Gascon, who recommended that Occitan and Gascon be classified as separate languages.
9104:
8750:
8444:
7985:
Scènes, évolutions, sort de la langue et de la littérature d'oc. Actes du VIIe congrès de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes
5329:, 'book.' That feature is perhaps one of the most distinctive characteristics of Catalan amongst the Romance languages, shared only with
8788:
7120:
7081:
6988:
6906:
6816:
5978:, in which the lyrics are in the Auvergne dialect of Occitan. The orchestration strives to conjure vivid pastoral scenes of yesteryear.
2223:– A rural region (about 710,000 inhabitants) where Limousin is still spoken among the oldest residents. French is the dominant language.
1539:
are used, external influences may have influenced its origin and development. Many factors favored its development as its own language.
6758:
8028:
6949:
6787:
8670:
Kremnitz, Georg (2002). "Une approche sociolinguistique". In Kirsch, Fritz Peter; Kremnitz, Georg; Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte (eds.).
8556:
7519:
6578:
3028:. About 850 unique words and a few morphological and grammatical aspects of the dialect were transmitted to Southern Jewish French.
7484:, Duculot, 1994, 1999, p. 228: "The amount of speakers is an estimated 10 to 12 millions... in any case never less than 6 millions."
1747:, among others. These boroughs in Navarre may have been close-knit communities that tended not to assimilate with the predominantly
1261:
One of the oldest written fragments of the language found dates back to 960, shown here in italics mixed with non-italicized Latin:
1129:
movement in the 19th century, Provençal achieved the greatest literary recognition and so became the most popular term for Occitan.
6847:, Vol. XXV, 1843, p. 308: "At one time the language and poetry of the troubadours were in fashion in most of the courts of Europe."
3366:) has the advantage of being similar to that of French, in which most Occitan speakers are literate. Now, it is used mostly in the
1920:). Occitan is still spoken by many elderly people in rural areas, but they generally switch to French when dealing with outsiders.
8727:
7815:
3395:) is a simplified version of the Mistralian norm and is used only in the Occitan Valleys (Italy), besides the classical norm. The
8579:
3247:("French-Occitan dictionary according to Languedocien") by the same author (1966), completed during the 1970s with the works of
7691:
1473:
With the gradual imposition of French royal power over its territory, Occitan declined in status from the 14th century on. The
8367:
8115:
6388:[Recognition of the Institute of Aranese Studies as an academy and linguistic authority of Occitan, Aranese in Aran].
6300:
3043:. The dialect declined in usage after Jews were expelled from the area in 1498, and was probably extinct by the 20th century.
9555:
8679:
8637:
7841:
La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie
7778:
7021:
6475:
3412:
2040:
852:
840:
9487:
7639:
7369:
6979:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247–249.
2181:, is a Ligurian transition dialect with a strong Occitan influence. French is the dominant language of the Alpes-Maritimes,
7677:
6641:
1589:
Constant populations: Some Occitan-speaking peoples are descended from people living in the region since prehistoric times.
9290:
9285:
8612:
Manuel pratique de philologie romane. Français, roumain, sarde,rhéto-frioulan, francoprovençal, dalmate. Phonologie, index
8482:
8133:, p. 46: The close ties between Gascon and others Occitan dialects have been demonstrated through a common diasystem.
5528:
4270:
merge (feature shared with Spanish and some Catalan dialects; except for Balearic, Valencian and Algherese Catalan, where
1574:, and areas otherwise impractical for farming and resistant of colonization provide further separation (territory between
1357:, a 258-line-long poem written entirely in the Limousin dialect of Occitan between the year 1000 and 1030 and inspired by
9229:
9117:
567:
9390:
9280:
8104:
7111:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 248.
7072:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 249.
7041:
6897:(in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247.
1812:. In the 14th century, Occitan across the whole southern Pyrenean area fell into decay and became largely absorbed into
9505:
7936:
5290:
differs in Catalan and part of Occitan: while Catalan permits them in word-final position, in central Occitan they are
4244:
Examples of dialect-specific features of the southerly dialects (or some of them) shared with Catalan, but not French:
3741:
This debate about the status of Provençal should not be confused with the debate concerning the spelling of Provençal.
8384:
7580:...défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus...
6322:
6223:
2920:
considered a separate language from Occitan but is "probably not more divergent from Occitan overall than Gascon is".
10344:
8803:
8708:
7910:
7856:
7649:
6550:
3905:
3883:
402:
8740:
6748:
3876:
1474:
10404:
7264:
6510:
5219:
1928:
1804:
between 1118 and 1134. It resulted that a second Occitan immigration of this period was assimilated by the similar
832:
5291:
2150:
2129:
announcements are bilingual French-Occitan, but otherwise the language is almost never heard spoken on the street.
407:
11290:
9692:
9297:
9097:
7213:
1405:
557:
7285:
6386:"Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran"
2352:
Occitan is fundamentally defined by its dialects, rather than being a unitary language, as it lacks an official
11285:
10492:
10393:
7341:
6067:
5524:
5516:
3721:
2988:
that became independent from Occitan during the 13th century, but originates from the Aquitano-Pyrenean group.
2153:– except for the Roya and Bévéra valleys, where there is a transitional dialect between Ligurian and Occitan, (
10363:
3720:
Many Occitan linguists and writers, particularly those involved with the pan-Occitan movement centered on the
1769:
11270:
10300:
9978:
3941:
you sing)—though, at least in Gascon, the verb must be preceded by an "enunciative" in place of the pronoun,
3051:
The least attested of the Judeo-Occitan dialects, Judeo-Niçard was spoken by the community of Jews living in
1363:
535:
457:
8648:
8175:
7582:("protect a language, which is today the mother of ours, still spoken by more than ten million individuals")
7575:
6263:
5419:
distinction in unstressed position, or to Northern Catalan dialects, whose vowel system does not retain the
475:
11275:
8796:
6683:
5520:
435:
10427:
9830:
5568:
5556:
5361:
5349:
5342:
5318:
5314:
5287:
5283:
5265:
5257:
5243:
5223:
5112:
5100:
5031:
Some have claimed around 450,000 words exist in the Occitan language, a number comparable to English (the
4486:
4482:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4417:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4382:
4356:
4341:
4337:
4321:
4317:
4293:
4289:
4278:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4185:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4088:
4037:
4033:
4018:
4014:
3612:
3321:, depending on the writer's origin, in Mistralian orthography). The Occitan classical orthography and the
2536:
2532:
2528:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2361:
2258:
2229:– The language's use has declined in some urban areas. French is the dominant language. The department of
1635:
11280:
10868:
10306:
9275:
9204:
8818:
8778:
8759:
8415:"Global Voices – The decline of Occitan: A failure of cultural initiatives, or abandonment by the state?"
8003:
6514:
5515:
The writing systems of the two languages differ slightly. The modern Occitan spelling recommended by the
3219:
All regional varieties of the Occitan language have a written form; thus, Occitan can be considered as a
3009:
2306:
2170:
2019:
1835:, where they settled down. The language variant they used was different from the ones in Navarre, i.e. a
430:
8089:
6556:
3334:
11042:
10589:
10161:
9596:
9154:
9090:
8672:
Petite histoire sociale de la langue occitane: Usages, images, littérature, grammaires et dictionnaires
8151:
7154:
5057:, as the vocabulary of the countryside became less important. At the same time, it was disparaged as a
2472:
The northern and easternmost dialects have more morphological and phonetic features in common with the
1728:
1675:
1611:
to speak better Latin. According to Müller, "France's linguistic separation began with Roman influence"
174:
8772:– "LexRomEdic", electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).
1535:
Because the geographical territory in which Occitan is spoken is surrounded by regions in which other
11265:
10176:
10088:
9697:
9538:
9253:
9182:
9164:
9147:
9142:
9132:
9073:
8872:
8517:
6422:
6097:
5547:, but it is retained in the spelling, as some eastern and western dialects of Occitan still have it (
5254:
4197:
Examples of dialect-specific features of the northerly dialects shared with French, but not Catalan:
2101:
1623:
1512:
161:
146:
6146:
6128:
11295:
10881:
10785:
9658:
9606:
9385:
9333:
5432:
5189:, and some varieties of Catalan (in Northern Catalonia) put the stress on the penultimate syllable
3870:
2468:), also known as "Alpine" or "Alpine Provençal", and sometimes considered a subdialect of Provençal
2372:), every settlement technically has its own dialect, with the whole of Occitania forming a classic
2357:
2140:
2077:– Community settled by 165 Occitans from the Rodez-Aveyron area of Cantal in the late 19th century.
1163:
529:
8220:
7497:, 1997, p. 402: "Of the 13 million inhabitants of the area where Occitan is spoken (comprising 31
6832:"Ben ha mil e cent (1100) ancs complí entierament / Que fo scripta l'ora car sen al derier temps."
2356:. Like other languages that fundamentally exist at a spoken, rather than written, level (e.g. the
2083:– A sparse number of Occitan settlers are known to have settled in that state in the 19th century.
771:
has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.
10249:
9840:
9794:
9675:
9648:
9587:
9524:
9470:
9177:
9137:
9010:
9000:
7683:
6427:
5615:
5438:
5181:, "page". However, there are exceptions. For example, some varieties of Occitan (such as that of
2512:
2365:
2054:
1619:
1022:
768:
169:
156:
136:
9845:
1887:, most of this remainder is to be found among the eldest populations. Occitan activists (called
387:
10967:
10183:
9601:
9547:
9199:
5941:
5863:"Born a Provençal, he easily familiarized himself with the dialect of the south. He would say,
5591:
4390:
4349:
3887:
3725:
2552:
2473:
1821:
1495:) should be used for all French administration. Occitan's greatest decline occurred during the
1383:
221:
7054:
Poza quotes the Basques inhabiting lands as far east as the River Gallego in the 16th century.
3367:
2966:), same as Wheeler's northeastern group, i.e. Limousin, Auvergnat, Provençal and Vivaro-Alpine
2303:
11173:
11078:
10999:
10944:
10750:
10745:
10398:
10376:
10267:
10195:
10018:
9680:
9443:
8074:
7104:
7065:
6972:
6890:
6465:
6435:
5974:
5654:
5054:
4360:
3325:
orthography are quite similar: they show the very close ties of both languages. The digraphs
3278:
3220:
2511:
before a consonant), whereas the southernmost dialects have more features in common with the
2162:
1679:
1467:
1122:
903:
848:
10663:
9631:
6810:
6752:
5661:
5341:. However, some transitional varieties of Occitan, near the Catalan area, also have initial
2325:
2197:
2015:
1904:
Occitan speakers, as a result of generations of systematic suppression and humiliation (see
1070:
to answer "yes" in response to questions that are asked in the negative sense: for example,
11204:
11106:
11101:
10949:
10723:
10339:
10312:
10238:
10098:
9897:
9825:
9777:
9771:
9734:
9717:
8942:
8914:
8022:
6929:
6781:
6221:
5947:
5929:
5920:
5640:
3750:
3575:
2401:
2271:) – Italian region where Occitan is spoken only in the southern and central Alpine valleys.
2132:
2112:
2004:
1463:
1459:
783:
759:
Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as
277:
11066:
11011:
10733:
10146:
9214:
8954:
6729:
6693:
6671:
6586:
5852:
comme dans le haut Dauphiné. Parlant toutes les langues, il entrait dans toutes les âmes.
5821:
Né provençal, il s'était facilement familiarisé avec tous les patois du midi. Il disait: —
3443:
3434:
2958:
as a part of a wider Occitano-Romanic group. One such classification posits three groups:
2431:
2233:
is divided between a southern, Occitan-speaking area and a northern, French-speaking area.
1687:
795:
544:
287:
8:
10434:
10326:
10294:
10288:
9909:
9869:
9835:
9663:
9427:
8924:
8826:
8550:
8097:
6072:
5935:
5456:
5452:
3639:
3350:
2236:
1757:
based on the Languedocien dialect from Toulouse with fairly archaic linguistic features.
1683:
1674:
is closely related to Occitan, sharing many linguistic features and a common origin (see
1399:
1189:
1061:
749:
392:
11197:
10697:
10130:
9805:
9739:
8909:
8082:
2384:
1836:
1629:
1527:
1490:
11180:
10939:
10668:
10524:
10482:
10448:
10442:
10332:
10275:
10232:
10215:
9953:
9946:
9782:
9570:
9511:
9367:
9355:
9234:
9172:
9040:
8724:
7435:
7256:
7205:
6082:
6077:
5505:'he gave.' The periphrastic preterite, in Occitan, is an archaic or a very local tense.
5471:
5338:
5167:
4405:
4333:
4127:
3282:
2369:
2118:
1988:
1792:, both orally and in writing, especially after Aragon's territorial conquests south to
1768:
by Guilhem Anelier (1276), albeit written in Pamplona, shows a linguistic variant from
1720:
1333:
1256:
1213:
741:
397:
10717:
9209:
7427:
Grammaire istorique des parlers provençaux modernes.... Partie 1,Tome 1 / Jules Ronjat
3036:
2449:
2245:– While the south of the region is clearly Occitan-speaking, the central and northern
1121:, after the names of two regions lying within the modern Occitan-speaking area. After
521:
302:
11140:
11083:
11056:
10896:
10875:
10795:
10755:
10614:
10542:
10536:
10460:
10352:
10262:
10203:
10115:
10073:
9874:
9820:
9626:
9611:
9582:
9565:
9475:
9438:
9407:
9395:
9314:
9302:
9219:
9194:
9188:
9113:
9082:
9035:
8950:
8897:
8704:
8675:
8633:
8573:
8452:
7774:
7739:
7687:
7645:
7555:
7248:
7197:
7112:
7073:
7017:
6980:
6941:
6898:
6546:
6471:
5969:
5673:
One of the most notable passages of Occitan in Western literature occurs in the 26th
5666:
5330:
5303:
5280:
5089:
5085:
4364:
3926:
3921:
3851:
3676:
3594:
3141:
2421:
2373:
2353:
2313:, Occitan speakers represented more than 39% of the whole French population (52% for
2226:
2174:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1789:
1724:
1704:
1646:
1536:
1496:
1484:
933:
836:
693:
267:
151:
20:
11071:
10738:
9707:
9685:
9025:
9020:
7843:, Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols
7501:) it is estimated that about half have a knowledge of one of the Occitan varieties."
5800:
4499:
Common words in Romance languages, with English (a Germanic language) for reference
3228:
2196:, Occitan, imported by immigrants coexisted in the 19th and 20th centuries with the
1891:) have attempted, in particular with the advent of Occitan-language preschools (the
1753:
1691:
563:
297:
11226:
11161:
11147:
11129:
11124:
11061:
10849:
10839:
10824:
10812:
10728:
10641:
10619:
10606:
10600:
10529:
10518:
10422:
10387:
10371:
10220:
10208:
10141:
10105:
10093:
10061:
9986:
9958:
9931:
9761:
9756:
9744:
9724:
9712:
9653:
9560:
9517:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9412:
9343:
9327:
9224:
9045:
9015:
8995:
8946:
8891:
8887:
8876:
8861:
8856:
8531:
8364:
8112:
7766:
7731:
6416:
6294:
5986:
5981:
5953:
5599:
5334:
5147:
5138:
4404:, depending on the word). This is a unique characteristic of Gascon and of certain
3994:
3834:
3818:
3648:
3630:
3621:
3558:
3322:
3272:
2955:
2411:
2214:
2207:
2000:
1761:
1708:
1671:
1642:
1373:
1217:
1110:
822:
775:
745:
668:
651:
593:
337:
282:
141:
109:
Estimates range from 100,000 to 800,000 total speakers (2007–2012), with 68,000 in
11220:
10624:
10574:
8980:
8552:
Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie
7807:
7758:
7735:
7425:
5523:
is designed to be a pan-Occitan system, and the Catalan system recommended by the
5474:
forms of adjectives that are invariable in standard Catalan: for example, Occitan
5095:
Standard Catalan (based on Central Eastern Catalan) is unique in that Latin short
4173:, etc.). Diphthongization also occurred before palatals, as in French and Catalan.
3252:
2477:
2044:
1860:
1828:
1412:
11193:
11167:
11154:
11134:
10933:
10919:
10800:
10702:
10692:
10636:
10487:
10475:
10415:
10410:
10225:
10154:
10136:
10110:
10083:
10013:
9970:
9882:
9863:
9815:
9702:
9668:
9621:
9616:
9338:
9270:
9242:
8990:
8964:
8929:
8882:
8868:
8840:
8782:
8763:
8744:
8731:
8489:
8371:
8179:
8119:
8108:
8093:
8027:(in French), Montpellier: Société des langues romanes (Volume 1), pp. 1–32,
7770:
7719:
7540:
La Langue d'Oc est parlée actuellement par douze ou quatorze millions de Français
7362:
7348:
7292:
6645:
6521:
6092:
6049:
5678:
5408:
5368:
5239:
4368:
4309:
3990:
3830:
3807:
3790:
3784:
3765:
3603:
3542:
3533:
3358:
3338:
3067:
3017:
2985:
2527:-), and Gascon has a number of unusual features not seen in other dialects (e.g.
2388:
2380:
2264:
2201:
2166:
2158:
1976:
1801:
1748:
1744:
1156:
was first used to designate the language at the beginning of the 13th century by
891:
844:
818:
760:
753:
709:
697:
681:
417:
364:
248:
128:
11244:
9936:
6638:
6610:
Gramàtica de la llengua catalana: Descriptiva, normativa, diatòpica, diastràtica
6320:
CLO's statements in Lingüistica Occitana (online review of Occitan linguistics).
3016:. It, like many other Jewish dialects and languages, contained large amounts of
2933:
Northeastern (Limousin, Auvergnat, Provençal and Vivaro-Alpine), more innovative
1760:
Evidence survives of a written account in Occitan from Pamplona centered on the
11238:
11188:
10984:
10891:
10886:
10807:
10687:
10649:
10381:
9941:
9887:
9857:
9749:
9433:
9361:
9307:
9005:
8985:
8938:
8919:
8903:
8688:
5618:, nearly three-quarters of the population speak Catalan and 95% understand it.
5595:
5063:
5041:
4412:
Examples of other dialect-specific features not shared with French or Catalan:
3839:
3764:
of Provençal is more or less phonemic but not diasystemic and is closer to the
3702:
2937:
2330:
2186:
2126:
2125:. There are a few street signs in Toulouse in Occitan, and since late 2009 the
1884:
1552:
1133:
791:
733:
333:
326:
272:
10030:
6195:(in French). No. 10. Observation des pratiques linguistiques. p. 3.
2996:
Occitan has 3 dialects spoken by Jewish communities that are all now extinct.
2242:
2029:
1670:
Catalan in Spain's northern and central Mediterranean coastal regions and the
11259:
10926:
10829:
10817:
10549:
10257:
9914:
9852:
9348:
9030:
8958:
8456:
8101:
8078:
7743:
7252:
7201:
7116:
7077:
7037:
6984:
6945:
6902:
6467:
Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations
6165:
Bernissan, Fabrice (2012). "Combien l'occitan compte de locuteurs en 2012?".
6134:
6116:
6087:
6007:
5910:
5811:
5690:
5166:). However, some Occitan varieties also lack that feature, and some Catalan (
4509:
4135:
3795:
3238:
2461:
2274:
1948:
1939:
1600:
1544:
1428:
764:
717:
506:
292:
118:
8255:
Chambon, Jean-Pierre; Greub, Yan (2002). "Note sur l'âge du (proto)gascon".
7932:
5881:
as in upper Dauphiné. As he spoke all tongues, he entered into all hearts."
2317:
proper); they were still 26% to 36% in the 1920s and fewer than 7% in 1993.
2025:
Scattered Occitan-speaking communities have existed in different countries:
936:
that were well known in Italy, based on each language's word for "yes", the
11232:
10708:
10568:
10008:
9963:
7310:
The Provençal speech of the Waldensian colonists of Valdese, North Carolina
6534:
6035:
6021:
5724:
Another notable Occitan quotation, this time from Arnaut Daniel's own 10th
5606:. Speakers of both languages share early historical and cultural heritage.
5353:
5025:
4776:
3522:
3509:
3021:
2394:
1879:
programs to encourage young people in these regions to learn the language.
1716:
1608:
1193:
973:
308:
216:
8493:
by Lope de Rueda, in Spanish. Peirutón speaks a mix of Gascon and Catalan.
7906:
7595:
Wheeler, Max (1988), "Occitan", in Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.),
6222:
Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005).
5531:
is specific to Catalan and Valencian. For example, in Catalan, word-final
5364:
has tended to be vocalized to in Occitan, while remained dark in Catalan.
1931:
is notable for having elected to post street signs in the local language.
1820:
later in the 15th century, after their exclusive boroughs broke up (1423,
1126:
752:("distance") between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the
501:
492:
10770:
10763:
10500:
10066:
8737:
8602:. Que sais-je? 1059 (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
5962:
5913:
included a Gascon servant for comical effect in one of his short pieces,
5795:
5510:
4227:
3810:
and Occitan. A grammar of Aranese by Aitor Carrera, published in 2007 in
2481:
2314:
2136:
1964:, Aranese (a variety of Gascon) is spoken. It is an official language of
1626:, it has "around 550 words inherited from Latin that do not exist in the
1516:
1441:
1368:
1315:
1252:
1185:
1141:
994:
226:
10035:
8333:
7542:("Occitan is now spoken by twelve or fourteen million French citizens").
7260:
7236:
3411:
Comparison between the four existing norms in Occitan: extract from the
2923:
There is no general agreement about larger groupings of these dialects.
2344:
2254:
2182:
1740:
1515:
winner, Frédéric Mistral, among others, was involved) was attenuated by
10078:
10048:
10040:
9996:
9991:
9641:
9400:
8691:: "'Minor' Gallo-Romance Languages". In: Lebsanft, Franz/Tacke, Felix:
8607:
8595:
8355:, coll. Que sais-je? nr. 1059. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
7635:
6139:
6121:
5958:
5684:
5603:
5555:). Some digraphs are also written in a different way such as the sound
5242:
like Northern Valencian lack that phoneme too and generally substitute
3248:
2080:
2074:
1893:
1453:
1160:
7363:"De mitos y realidades: la emigracíon barcelonette a México 1845–1891"
7209:
7185:
6845:
Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
4493:
4060:
Examples of pan-Occitan features shared with Catalan, but not French:
4005:
Examples of pan-Occitan features shared with French, but not Catalan:
2135:(from "Lenga d'òc") – including the areas around the medieval city of
1944:
1048:
is usually used as a response, although the language retains the word
1009:). Other Romance languages derive their word for "yes" from the Latin
10844:
10682:
10024:
9319:
9061:
8046:
6324:
Lingüistica Occitana: Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana
5611:
5196:
5080:
3799:
3754:
3495:
3484:
3404:
3260:
3005:
2336:
2144:
2097:
1965:
1957:
1604:
1543:
Mountains and seas: The range of Occitan is naturally bounded by the
1511:
The literary renaissance of the late 19th century (in which the 1904
1197:
1157:
1137:
1098:
725:
721:
514:
485:
467:
449:
360:
211:
78:
10470:
8274:
Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "La langue des documents en ancien gascon".
7633:
4107:
Examples of pan-Occitan features not shared with Catalan or French:
3468:
3458:
3387:
There are also two other norms but they have a lesser audience. The
3371:
2443:
438:; Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana; Institut d'Estudis Aranesi
10629:
10465:
10281:
9729:
9577:
8674:(in French). Chabrant, Catherine trans. Canet, France: Trabucaire.
6043:
5590:
Despite these differences, Occitan and Catalan remain more or less
4259:
4233:
3040:
2516:
2493:
2268:
2246:
2220:
2122:
2033:
1992:
1984:
1905:
1865:
1793:
1736:
1560:
1548:
1358:
1279:
Raimundo filio Bernardo vicecomite de castello de Cornone ...
1228:
1209:
1184:
The French language is worthier and better suited for romances and
1145:
811:
729:
575:
88:
10834:
8695:. Berlin: de Gruyter (Manuals of Romance Linguistics 24), 773–807.
7765:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 68–71,
7562:("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants").
7560:
parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants
7297:
En San Sebastián se habla gascón desde el siglo XIV hasta el 1919
5804:
also contains some Occitan. In Part One, First Book, Chapter IV, "
5635:
2014:, some Occitan speakers coexist with remaining native speakers of
1924:
10453:
10318:
10056:
9480:
9465:
8756:
8172:
7883:
Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation
6930:"Notas gráfico-fonéticas sobre la documentación medieval navarra"
5644:
5463:
5261:
5017:
3803:
3349:
in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written
3342:
3025:
3013:
2105:
1844:
1832:
1808:, which at the same time was fostered and chosen by the kings of
1732:
1712:
1615:
1579:
1487:
and not the larger collection of dialects grouped under the name
737:
571:
6296:
Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche
6062:
3092:), the remainder of Provençal along with Limousin and Auvergnat.
1064:
and also in higher register as a positive response. French uses
10655:
10001:
9924:
9904:
9636:
8821:
8219:(Thesis) (in Valencian). University of Valencia. Archived from
7974:
Philippe Blanchet, Louis Bayle, Pierre Bonnaud and Jean Lafitte
6360:
Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Aquitaine Limousin Poitou-Charentes
5951:, 2006), features Occitan. So does the 2005 best-selling novel
5535:
is omitted, as it is not pronounced in any dialect of Catalan (
5357:
5226:, others such as southwestern Occitan have it: general Occitan
5058:
5021:
3811:
3085:), Vivaro-Alpine along with the Niçard subdialect of Provençal.
2973:), Languedocien, excepting the Southern Languedocien subdialect
2299:
2287:
2230:
2193:
2178:
2060:
2011:
1840:
1797:
1699:
1583:
1437:
1353:
1318:
982:
947:
927:
829:
701:
422:
382:
68:
56:
7958:
7956:
7954:
6272:] (in Catalan), Statistical Institute of Catalonia, 2009,
4134:
may appear in word-final unstressed position, in a process of
2519:; voiced fricatives between vowels in place of voiced stops; -
2147:
is the only Occitan-speaking area of the Pyrénées-Orientales).
1297:, et si recuperare potuerit in potestate Froterio et Raimundo
614:
9919:
9892:
8775:
8086:
7987:, Reggio di Calabria/Messina, 7–13 juillet 2002, Rome: Viella
7395:"Toulouse. On va parler occitan dans le métro dès la rentrée"
7323:
Holmes, U. T. (1934). "Waldensian speech in North Carolina".
6538:
5372:
5170:) varieties have the pronunciation, mostly by vowel harmony.
3346:
3285:. Sometimes, there is conflict between users of each system.
3244:
Dictionnaire occitan-français selon les parlers languedociens
3231:). The standardization process began with the publication of
2559:
Occitan words and their French, Catalan and Spanish cognates
2295:
2291:
2277:– part of Catalonia that speaks a mountain dialect of Gascon.
2250:
1972:
1961:
1593:
1575:
1571:
1531:
Linguistic evolution in southwest Europe from AD 1000 to 2000
1451:
1445:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1379:
1371:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1221:
713:
705:
635:
413:
355:
252:
114:
110:
64:
60:
8516:
Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Occitan as
8512:
8510:
7471:, Monaco: Comité National des Traditions Monégasques, p. ix.
5665:
Inscription in Occitan in the Abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde,
4169:, but has since usually undergone further fronting (e.g. to
3703:
Debates concerning linguistic classification and orthography
2348:
Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to Sumien
1703:, as they were called at the time, started to penetrate the
11041:
8445:"Occitan's fight to stay away from the cliff of extinction"
8143:
7951:
5182:
3052:
1980:
1567:
1556:
1273:
Ermengaus filius Eldiarda Froterio episcopo filio Girberga
724:; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as
8323:
Modern loanword from Italian or Greek (Iordan, Dift., 145)
5070:
2104:
in the western part of the department and a small part of
2032:(Germany) since the 18th century, as a consequence of the
1499:, in which diversity of language was considered a threat.
599:
574:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8785:– Occitan Limousin group website with maps and vocabulary
8507:
6830:
6733:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5844:
5834:
5824:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5706:
5697:
5648:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3729:
3712:
3333:, used in the classical orthography, were adopted by the
2930:
Southwestern (Gascon and Languedocien), more conservative
2895:
2881:
2855:
2841:
2815:
2801:
2775:
2761:
2735:
2729:
2715:
2689:
2675:
2649:
2635:
2609:
2595:
2340:
Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to Bec
1869:
1650:
1503:
1381:
1176:
1055:
967:
938:
915:
895:
881:
875:
869:
657:
623:
608:
40:
7105:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra"
7066:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra"
6973:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra"
6891:"Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra"
6545:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468.
5162:'figure' ), did not occur in general Catalan (which has
3403:) was created by Pierre Bonnaud and is used only in the
1109:
For many centuries, the Occitan dialects (together with
835:, four of the six major dialects of Occitan (Provençal,
688:) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as
8113:
Parlaren (Assiso de la Lengo Nostro en Prouvènço, 2003)
7424:
Ronjat, Jules (1864–1925) Auteur du texte (1930–1941).
6872:
6870:
6868:
6812:
Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2)
6783:
Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 1)
6754:
Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2)
3070:
proposes a slightly different supradialectal grouping.
2173:
called Figún, but those varieties are now extinct. The
2091:
2036:
war. The last Occitan speakers were heard in the 1930s.
1649:
lexicon and its phonetic influence often end above the
9112:
5965:, where she owns a house and spends half of the year.
5352:
is always clear in Occitan, in Catalan it tends to be
4312:-specific features not shared with French or Catalan:
3679:
have been registered for the different orthographies:
8340:
Modified Base64 / Kodaxil word length, representation
7599:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 246–278
7142:
Bahrami. "The language the French forbade". BBC. BBC.
4040:, first in unstressed syllables, as in Catalan (Lat.
2950:
Northern Occitan (Limousin, Auvergnat, Vivaro-Alpine)
638:
626:
605:
602:
9804:
8699:
Smith, Nathaniel B.; Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1984).
8024:
Grammaire historique des parlers provençaux modernes
7495:
Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education
6865:
5997:
5585:
5427:
distinction in stressed position, much like Occitan.
4192:
1282:
no·l li tolrà ni no·l li devedarà ni no l'en decebrà
1076:("You have no brothers?" "But yes, I have seven.").
997:
and now the Catalan of Northern Catalonia also have
632:
620:
611:
549:
Geographic range of the Occitan language around 1900
8185:
7933:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)"
7907:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)"
7644:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 157.
7096:
5905:: I brought some fine mutton with a fine fat cheese
5053:). The language went through an eclipse during the
4494:
Comparison with other Romance languages and English
2239:– Some villages in the extreme South speak Occitan.
1719:, settling in various locations in the Kingdoms of
1665:
596:
8693:Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages
8650:Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral
8293:Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "Textes anciens gascons".
7615:
7102:
7063:
6970:
6927:
6888:
6855:
6853:
6415:
5264:, often (but not always) corresponding to Catalan
5185:) keep the stress on the antepenultimate syllable
4176:Various assimilations in consonant clusters (e.g.
2926:Max Wheeler divides the dialects into two groups:
1995:) since the 14th century. Italy adopted in 1999 a
1987:. An Occitan-speaking enclave also has existed at
7458:n° 1059, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
7186:"The Sociolinguistic Situation of Modern Occitan"
6579:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
6414:
5411:dialects, whose vowel system usually retains the
5154:The distinctly Occitan development of word-final
4000:
3234:Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians
1999:, or "Law 482", which includes Occitan; however,
1923:Occitan's decline is somewhat less pronounced in
11257:
8005:Essai de syntaxe des parlers provençaux modernes
6607:
5567:in Occitan (similar to Portuguese) or the sound
3989:Most features of Occitan are shared with either
3078:), same as in Bec and Wheeler, divided further:
1073:"Vous n'avez pas de frères?" "Si, j'en ai sept."
1037:
8766:– The house of Occitan associations of Toulouse
8532:[uksiˈtã(n),uwsiˈtã(n),ukʃiˈtɔ,uksiˈtɔ]
7634:Wendy Ayres-Bennett; Janice Carruthers (2018).
7603:
6850:
6815:(in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. cxxxvij.
6265:Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008
3379:for the sound, as it is in French, written as
1731:. They settled in large groups, forming ethnic
1208:, though implying a reference to the region of
1079:The name "Occitan" was attested around 1300 as
7286:Desparicion del Euskara por el norte y el este
5407:, 'you open'. However, that does not apply to
3845:
3711:, thinking that there is a family of distinct
1956:In the Val d'Aran, in the northwest corner of
1727:enticed by the privileges granted them by the
1483:(French – though at the time referring to the
11027:
9098:
8804:
8045:For a discussion of the unity of the Occitan
7835:
7833:
7109:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología
7070:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología
7009:
6977:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología
6895:Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología
6649:
6524:, text of the 2006 Statute of Catalonia (PDF)
6270:Survey of Language Use of the Population 2008
6058:Association internationale d'études occitanes
5682:
5250:(Standard Valencian) ~ (Northern Valencian).
5128:
3776:, whereas the Mistralian spelling system has
3024:with the last speakers being elderly Jews in
2947:Southern Occitan (Languedocien and Provençal)
2909:
2902:
2869:
2862:
2829:
2822:
2789:
2782:
2749:
2742:
2703:
2696:
2663:
2656:
2623:
2616:
2063:where there are Occitan associations such as
1897:), to reintroduce the language to the young.
1776:
1735:where Occitan was used for everyday life, in
1682:, Guilhem de Bergadan, Guilhem de Cabestany,
1303:, per ipsas horas quæ Froterius et Raimundus
1167:
1049:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1004:
998:
956:
921:
863:
8254:
8011:
6712:
6706:
6675:
5850:
5839:
5829:
5819:
5805:
5034:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
2980:), Southern Languedocien, Gascon and Catalan
2888:
2848:
2808:
2768:
2722:
2682:
2642:
2602:
2121:– including one of France's largest cities,
2100:– excluding the Basque-speaking part of the
2047:, perhaps as late as the early 20th century.
1764:of borough San Nicolas from 1258, while the
1656:
1627:
1488:
1478:
1436:Occitan was the vehicle for the influential
1071:
1065:
911:"nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil"
839:, Limousin and Languedocien) are considered
10994:languages with more than 5 million speakers
8753:– Troubadour & Early Occitan Literature
8698:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7440:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7423:
6786:(in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. vij.
6626:
6497:
6160:
6158:
6156:
5902:Pòrti un bon moton amb un bon formatge gras
5878:Pòrti un bon moton amb un bon formatge gras
5846:Pòrti un bon moton amb un bon formatge gras
3717:rather than dialects of a single language.
3670:
3237:("Grammar of the Languedocien Dialect") by
3039:was a dialect of Occitan spoken by Jews in
1265:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1042:. In modern Catalan, as in modern Spanish,
1010:
988:
976:
909:
901:
11034:
11020:
10577:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
9105:
9091:
8811:
8797:
8332:Avner Gerard Levy & Jacques Ajenstat:
8317:
7830:
7590:
7588:
7241:The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies
7234:
6757:(in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. 40.
5669:: "Blessed are those who die in the Lord."
3698:: Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography.
3667:similarities between Occitan and Catalan.
2169:there were once isolated towns that spoke
1850:
1192:is of greater value for writing poems and
1104:
543:
8292:
8273:
8073:The most emblematic and productive ones,
7679:The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages
7152:
6808:
6779:
6747:
6164:
5972:created five sets of folk songs entitled
5543:); central Occitan also drops word-final
4226:Vocalization of syllable-final nasals to
3906:Learn how and when to remove this message
3772:For example, the classical system writes
3058:
2050:In the Americas, Occitan speakers exist:
1618:: Although Occitan is midway between the
8669:
8500:
7962:
7888:
7756:
7514:, 2000, p. 62: "Occitan is spoken in 31
7510:Barbour, Stephen and Cathie Carmichael.
6809:Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1817).
6780:Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1816).
6182:
6180:
6153:
5660:
5634:
5313:Furthermore, many words that start with
5218:Although some Occitan dialects lack the
3929:, allowing the omission of the subject (
3869:This section includes a list of general
2940:divides the dialects into three groups:
2343:
2335:
2324:
2028:There were Occitan-speaking colonies in
1938:
1859:
1526:
1060:, which is sometimes used at the end of
894:was the first to have recorded the term
11043:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects
8646:
8627:
8623:(in French). Paris: A. & J. Picard.
8548:
8191:
7996:For traditional Romance philology see:
7851:
7849:
7594:
7585:
7571:
7535:
7312:. Valdese: Historic Valdese Foundation.
7016:. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 59–60.
6725:
6689:
6667:
5199:has evolved in different ways: Occitan
5071:Differences between Occitan and Catalan
3692:: Italian-inspired Occitan orthography.
3130:: Old Occitan (until the 14th century).
1934:
1599:Ancient and long-term Roman influence:
1220:". The term first came into fashion in
817:Unlike other Romance languages such as
568:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
420:) (Law number 482 of 15 December 1999)
11258:
8571:
8204:
8031:from the original on 11 September 2016
8020:
8008:(in French), Macon: Protat, p. 12
8001:
7551:
7456:La langue occitane, coll. Que sais-je?
7405:from the original on 22 September 2019
7322:
6952:from the original on 28 September 2012
6761:from the original on 11 September 2016
6735:Ce terme fut surtout employé en Italie
6463:
6199:from the original on 14 September 2018
6186:
4359:between vowels. This also happened in
3984:
3829:The answer to the question of whether
2984:According to this view, Catalan is an
2261:area. French is the dominant language.
1144:literature who helped impose the then
536:& 51-AAA-f 51-AAA-g & 51-AAA-f
11015:
9086:
8792:
8632:(in Occitan). Lleida: Pagès Editors.
8530:
8475:
8463:from the original on 24 December 2021
8425:from the original on 24 December 2021
8395:from the original on 24 December 2021
7863:from the original on 12 November 2017
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7493:Baker, Colin; and Sylvia Prys Jones.
7325:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie
7307:
7267:from the original on 15 February 2023
7183:
6790:from the original on 13 February 2016
6533:
6396:from the original on 26 February 2020
6337:from the original on 16 February 2020
6244:from the original on 16 February 2022
6177:
5146:
5137:
3802:, Spain), adopted in 1990, says that
3413:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3407:dialect, besides the classical norm.
2569:
2566:
2563:
2281:
932:"), thereby highlighting three major
868:The name Occitan comes from the term
667:
650:
8559:from the original on 18 January 2021
8555:(in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck.
8154:from the original on 7 December 2023
7939:from the original on 18 October 2009
7913:from the original on 18 October 2009
7846:
7627:
7103:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996).
7064:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996).
6971:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996).
6928:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1998).
6889:Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996).
6608:Badia i Margarit, Antoni M. (1995).
6451:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
6436:participating institution membership
6276:from the original on 17 October 2020
5563:in Catalan (similar to Spanish) and
5391:, 'it happens'), and also whenever
4416:Merging of syllable-final nasals to
4340:was eventually lost, or reverted to
4048:), then in stressed syllables (Lat.
3855:
3593:The same extract in six neighboring
3305:in the classical norm, but could be
3121:
2484:; loss of final consonants; initial
2092:Traditionally Occitan-speaking areas
1997:Linguistic Minorities Protection Law
1697:At the end of the 11th century, the
8653:(in French). Nîmes: A. Chastanier.
8618:
8606:
8594:
8382:
8130:
8050:
7818:from the original on 17 August 2017
7700:from the original on 18 August 2023
7658:from the original on 18 August 2023
7621:
7609:
7141:
7123:from the original on 8 January 2012
7084:from the original on 8 January 2012
7038:"Licenciado Andrés de Poza y Yarza"
6991:from the original on 8 January 2012
6909:from the original on 8 January 2012
6876:
6859:
6287:
6252:– via Gioventura Piemontèisa.
5647:, 25 March 1858) in Gascon saying:
5399:occur in unstressed position, e.g.
5158:, pronounced in standard Occitan (
4519:(including main regional varieties)
3960:
3256:
2302:. In Monaco, Occitan coexists with
2022:). French is the dominant language.
1214:Provincia romana Gallia Narbonensis
1015:, "thus , , etc.", such as Spanish
13:
10998:Languages between parentheses are
8582:from the original on 12 April 2016
7793:
7670:
7641:Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics
7512:Language and nationalism in Europe
7360:
6470:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80.
6187:Martel, Philippe (December 2007).
6110:
5650:Que soy era Immaculada Councepciou
3875:it lacks sufficient corresponding
3214:
3031:
2991:
2139:, excluding the large part of the
1968:together with Catalan and Spanish.
1855:
1466:(who wrote troubadour poetry) and
16:Romance language of Western Europe
14:
11307:
10878:(unknown further classification)
8734:– Overview and grammar of Occitan
8718:
8657:from the original on 18 July 2012
8621:Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne
8385:"The language the French forbade"
7375:from the original on 3 April 2014
6819:from the original on 28 July 2020
6559:from the original on 25 July 2012
6513:approved. See Article 6.5 in the
5807:Les œuvres semblables aux paroles
5715:The above strophe translates to:
5586:Occitano-Romance linguistic group
5529:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
4344:(before a consonant). The Gascon
4193:Features of some Occitan dialects
3919:French, leading to a distinctive
3266:
3259:. Due to the strong situation of
3020:loanwords. It went extinct after
1336:to in Old Occitan by the people (
8820:
8578:(in French). Paris: C. Blériot.
8234:– via www.oc-valencia.org.
7165:from the original on 2 July 2022
7044:from the original on 3 July 2010
6145:
6127:
6042:
6028:
6014:
6000:
5889:: So, Mister, everything's fine?
5787:and chases the hare with the ox,
5784:"I am Arnaut who loves the wind,
5720:mindful to assuage my suffering!
5643:, the Virgin Mary spoke to her (
5220:voiceless postalveolar fricative
3860:
3686:: Classical Occitan orthography.
3401:écriture auvergnate unifiée, EAU
3383:under the classical orthography.
3223:. Standard Occitan, also called
3163:: Cisalpine, northwestern Italy.
3008:of the Gascon dialect spoken by
1975:, Occitan is also spoken in the
1666:Occitan in the Iberian Peninsula
1421:Las, qu'i non-sun sparvir, astur
1351:Other famous pieces include the
833:Red Book of Endangered Languages
592:
8542:
8523:
8437:
8407:
8376:
8358:
8345:
8326:
8305:
8286:
8267:
8248:
8238:
8197:
8166:
8136:
8124:
8067:
8058:
7990:
7977:
7968:
7925:
7875:
7763:50 Schlüsselideen Hirnforschung
7750:
7712:
7565:
7545:
7529:
7504:
7487:
7474:
7461:
7448:
7417:
7387:
7354:
7335:
7316:
7301:
7279:
7228:
7216:from the original on 4 May 2022
7177:
7146:
7135:
7057:
7030:
7003:
6964:
6921:
6882:
6837:
6802:
6773:
6749:Raynouard, François Juste Marie
6741:
6719:
6699:
6661:
6632:
6620:
6601:
6571:
6527:
6503:
6491:
6457:
6442:
6408:
6378:
6303:from the original on 2 May 2012
5790:and swims against the torrent."
5621:
4962:
4916:
4870:
4824:
4770:
4720:
4674:
4628:
4582:
4502:
4212:Vocalization of syllable-final
3925:accent. Unlike French, it is a
3695:
3689:
3683:
3591:
3409:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3046:
2999:
2570:Cognate of Catalan and Spanish
1406:Song of the Albigensian Crusade
1152:as the standard name, the word
11002:of the language on their left.
10872:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
8335:The Kodaxil Semantic Manifesto
8203:Lluis Fornés, see his thesis.
8064:Philippe Blanchet, Louis Bayle
8049:in structural linguistics see
7368:(in Spanish). México–Francia.
6708:Histoire générale de Languedoc
6348:
6314:
6256:
6215:
6068:History of the Basque language
5841:comme dans les basses Alpes. —
5831:comme dans le bas Languedoc. —
5760:"Ieu soi Arnaut qu'aimi l'aura
5734:"Ieu sui Arnaut qu'amas l'aura
5639:According to the testimony of
5383:occur in unstressed position (
4785:formatge (fromatge, hormatge)
4188:in conservative Languedocien).
4001:Features of Occitan as a whole
3353:using classical Occitan norms.
2329:Occitan dialects according to
2065:Association Occitane du Québec
2007:is extremely close to Occitan.
2003:is the dominant language. The
1864:This bilingual street sign in
1475:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1291:, si per castellum recuperare
1:
7469:Étude sur le parler de Monaco
7153:@NatGeoUK (15 January 2013).
7013:Navarra: Historia del Euskera
5111:developed into an open vowel
5099:developed into a close vowel
4489:in the Vivaro-Alpine dialect.
4389:word-finally (originally the
4149:diphthongized before velars.
2736:
2539:between vowels; intervocalic
1782:
1766:History of the War of Navarre
1603:once said that the people of
1391:
1364:The Consolation of Philosophy
1328:), though the leader sang in
1322:
1285: ... nec societatem non
843:, whereas the remaining two (
767:). Since September 2010, the
736:) in a linguistic enclave of
101:
8295:Revue de Linguistique Romane
8276:Revue de Linguistique Romane
8257:Revue de Linguistique Romane
7771:10.1007/978-3-662-44191-6_18
7235:Klingebiel, Kathryn (2001).
6392:(in Occitan). 2 April 2014.
6167:Revue de Linguistique Romane
5767:e caci la lèbre amb lo buòu
5602:, according to the linguist
5521:Conselh de la Lenga Occitana
5238:, 'box.' Nevertheless, some
5209:carrièra (carrèra, carrèira)
4538:Romansh (Rumantsch Grischun)
4285:) become voiced fricatives .
436:Conselh de la Lenga Occitana
7:
10869:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
7736:10.5840/clrjames2018241/267
7467:Arveiller, Raymond. (1967)
5993:
5525:Institut d'Estudis Catalans
5517:Institut d'Estudis Occitans
4396:, but now generally either
3846:Linguistic characterization
3722:Institut d'Estudis Occitans
3597:and English for comparison
3010:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
2320:
1843:maintained close ties with
1690:, Formit de Perpinhan, and
1502:In 1903, the four Gospels (
886:being the Occitan word for
10:
11312:
10571:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
9597:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
9391:Central−Southern Calabrian
8483:Registro de Representantes
7857:"Language subtag registry"
6464:Friend, Julius W. (2012).
6189:"Qui parle occitan ?"
5886:E ben, monsur, sètz saget?
5866:E ben, monsur, sètz saget?
5826:E ben, monsur, sètz saget?
5741:e chatz le lebre ab lo bou
5693:responds to the narrator:
5630:
5450:
5294:to and (Central Occitan
5253:Occitan has developed the
5083:
5011:
4288:Loss of word-final single
4277:Intervocalic voiced stops
3849:
3814:, presents the same view.
3270:
3142:IETF language variant tags
2499:; the front-rounded sound
2151:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
1874:in southern French cities.
1806:Navarro-Aragonese language
1686:, Raimon Vidal de Besalú,
1676:Occitano-Romance languages
1522:
1267:De ista hora in antea non
1250:
1246:
934:Romance literary languages
864:History of the modern term
774:Across history, the terms
408:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
18:
11213:
11117:
11094:
11049:
10976:
10960:
10911:
10860:
10784:
10588:
10561:
10510:
10362:
10248:
10194:
10175:
10126:
9793:
9546:
9537:
9498:
9378:
9263:
9252:
9163:
9125:
9074:Language policy in France
9070:
9054:
8973:
8873:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect
8849:
8833:
8747:– a guide to the language
8572:Backer, Louis de (1860).
8529:Regional pronunciations:
7480:Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie.
7184:Field, Thomas T. (1980).
6705:Camille Chabaneau et al,
6650:
6423:Oxford English Dictionary
6098:Language policy in France
5851:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5806:
5255:close front rounded vowel
5234:and southwestern Occitan
5142:'street', but it is also
4332:). This also happened in
4223:Loss of final consonants.
3335:orthography of Portuguese
2962:"Arverno-Mediterranean" (
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2259:Franco-Provençal language
2204:is the dominant language.
2143:where Catalan is spoken (
2053:in the United States, in
1777:
1628:
1624:Iberian Romance languages
1513:Nobel Prize in Literature
1504:
1489:
1266:
1164:Raimon Vidal de Besalú(n)
876:
652:[utsiˈta,uksiˈta]
554:
542:
528:
512:
483:
465:
447:
442:
429:
373:
351:Official language in
349:
344:
323:
261:
239:
204:
125:
94:
84:
74:
52:
35:
30:
9879:North American dialects
9386:Extreme Southern Italian
8549:Anglade, Joseph (1921).
8118:28 February 2004 at the
7881:Jean-Pierre Juge (2001)
7839:Domergue Sumien (2006),
7757:Costandi, Moheb (2015),
7686:. 2016. pp. 63–65.
7040:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa.
6656:The name of the language
6224:"Le Lingue del Piemonte"
6103:
5984:features Occitan in his
5927:science fiction series (
5897:: Which way will you go?
5875:as in the Basses-Alpes;
5689:in which the troubadour
5462:Occitan tends to add an
3671:Orthography IETF subtags
3241:(1935), followed by the
2503:instead of a diphthong,
2358:Rhaeto-Romance languages
2069:Association des Occitans
1477:(1539) decreed that the
1417:(12th or 13th century),
113:(2005 survey), 4,000 in
19:Not to be confused with
9298:Central−Northern Latian
8701:An Old Provençal Primer
8628:Carrera, Aitor (2007).
8107:15 October 2007 at the
8081:, and their followers (
7720:"Notes on Contributors"
7684:Oxford University Press
6627:Smith & Bergin 1984
6543:Dictionary of Languages
6498:Smith & Bergin 1984
6428:Oxford University Press
5909:The Spanish playwright
5869:as in lower Languedoc;
5616:Government of Catalonia
5592:mutually comprehensible
5133:corresponds to Occitan
5123:corresponds to Occitan
5028:for more information.)
4091:rather than lost (Lat.
3890:more precise citations.
3345:, who became bishop of
3074:Arverno-Mediterranean (
2513:Ibero-Romance languages
2177:of Ligurian, spoken in
2055:Valdese, North Carolina
2043:, Gascon was spoken in
1851:Geographic distribution
1452:
1446:
1433:(9th or 10th century).
1427:
1419:
1411:
1380:
1372:
1344:
1338:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1105:Other names for Occitan
1026:
983:
948:
928:
858:
814:, in southeast France.
769:Parliament of Catalonia
728:. It is also spoken in
11291:Languages of Catalonia
9602:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
8781:4 January 2017 at the
8762:6 January 2011 at the
8730:13 August 2021 at the
8647:Gaussen, Yvan (1927).
8488:28 August 2007 at the
8205:Fornés, Lluis (2004).
8021:Ronjat, Jules (1930),
8012:
8002:Ronjat, Jules (1913),
7859:. IANA. 5 March 2021.
7361:Siller, Javier Pérez.
7010:Jurio, Jimeno (1997).
6831:
6734:
6713:
6707:
6676:
6651:"El nom de la llengua"
6520:26 August 2013 at the
6390:Conselh Generau d'Aran
6299:, Italian parliament,
5942:The Merchants of Souls
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5845:
5835:
5825:
5810:", one can read about
5774:e nadi contra subèrna.
5773:
5766:
5759:
5748:e nadi contra suberna"
5747:
5740:
5733:
5707:
5698:
5683:
5670:
5658:
5649:
5360:"). In coda position,
5317:in Occitan start with
5129:
5062:
4391:voiceless palatal stop
4367:(and moreover also in
3977:
3971:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3762:Mistralian orthography
3730:
3726:mutual intelligibility
3713:
3364:Mistralian orthography
3144:have been registered:
3059:Southern Jewish French
2944:Gascon, standing alone
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2750:
2743:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2553:mutual intelligibility
2547:in place of medieval -
2349:
2341:
2333:
1952:
1875:
1870:
1824:'s boroughs unified).
1657:
1651:
1532:
1479:
1382:
1313:
1202:
1177:
1168:
1113:) were referred to as
1093:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
989:
987:originated from Latin
977:
968:
957:
939:
922:
916:
910:
902:
896:
882:
870:
685:
669:[ˈleŋɡɒˈðɔ(k)]
658:
647:
556:This article contains
107:cited 1990–2012)
41:
11286:Languages of Piedmont
11205:Southern Languedocien
11107:Southern Languedocien
11050:Arverno-Mediterranean
10089:Poitevin–Saintongeais
8703:. New York: Garland.
8501:Explanatory footnotes
8351:Bec, Pierre. (1995).
8338:(2006), Section 10 –
7724:The CLR James Journal
7597:The Romance Languages
7347:14 April 2021 at the
7291:27 March 2012 at the
6644:6 August 2007 at the
6453:(7th ed.). 2005.
5975:Songs of the Auvergne
5664:
5655:Immaculate Conception
5638:
5451:Further information:
5302:, 'son'). Similarly,
5055:Industrial Revolution
5002:punte (small bridge)
4021:, as in French (Lat.
3959:for other occasions:
3850:Further information:
3747:classical orthography
3677:IETF language subtags
3295:classical orthography
3271:Further information:
3221:pluricentric language
2976:"Aquitano-Pyrenean" (
2347:
2339:
2328:
2161:of Ligurian). In the
1942:
1863:
1530:
1263:
1251:Further information:
1174:
908:, he wrote in Latin,
904:De vulgari eloquentia
853:definitely endangered
47:provençal / provençau
11271:Languages of Andorra
9898:St. Marys Bay French
9422:Neapolitan–Calabrese
8915:French Sign Language
8619:Bec, Pierre (1973).
8312:Lo gascon lèu e plan
8178:12 July 2007 at the
8144:"Per Noste edicions"
8092:27 June 2007 at the
7730:(1): 353–355. 2018.
7454:Pierre, Bec. (1995)
7342:Expatries-france.com
5968:The French composer
5948:The Armies of Memory
5930:A Million Open Doors
5812:Monseigneur Bienvenu
5641:Bernadette Soubirous
5614:administered by the
5321:in Catalan: Occitan
5279:The distribution of
4450:in most dialects or
4423:Former intervocalic
4068:was preserved (Lat.
2257:parts belong to the
2133:Languedoc-Roussillon
2113:Saintongeais dialect
2102:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
2005:Piedmontese language
1935:Usage outside France
1460:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1403:(13th century), the
388:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
11276:Languages of France
10250:Galician–Portuguese
9276:Central Marchigiano
8925:Lorraine Franconian
8827:Languages of France
8757:Ostaldoccitania.net
8743:29 May 2006 at the
8370:9 July 2006 at the
8182:, Aranaram Au Patac
7965:, pp. 109–111.
7482:Des langues romanes
7159:National Geographic
7155:"Toulouse: Occitan"
6511:Statute of Autonomy
6426:(Online ed.).
6073:Languages of France
5936:Earth Made of Glass
5894:Ont anaratz passar?
5872:Ont anaratz passar?
5836:Ont anaratz passar?
5598:), which is called
5457:Catalan conjugation
5453:Occitan conjugation
5387:, 'to happen', but
5148:[karˈjeɾo̞]
5139:[karˈjɛɾo̞]
4867:'tongue, language'
4794:froumage, fourmage
4500:
3985:Features of Occitan
3598:
3428:Escòla dau Pò norm
3415:
3111:Aquitano-Pyrenean (
3076:arvèrnomediterranèu
2969:"Central Occitan" (
2964:arvèrnomediterranèu
2560:
2391:(spoken in Spain).
2237:Centre-Val de Loire
2141:Pyrénées-Orientales
1943:Aranese signage in
1684:Huguet de Mataplana
1425:(11th century) and
1400:Romance of Flamenca
900:in writing. In his
841:severely endangered
750:linguistic distance
748:in Occitan, as the
393:Centre-Val de Loire
375:Recognised minority
11281:Languages of Italy
10664:Catalan Ribagorçan
10511:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
9783:Judaeo-Piedmontese
9693:Bustocco–Legnanese
9488:Northern Calabrian
8974:Overseas languages
8850:Regional languages
8600:La Langue occitane
8421:. 13 August 2021.
8353:La langue occitane
7693:978-0--19-967710-8
7351:, Selection Villes
7308:Ghigo, F. (1980).
6612:. Barcelona: Proa.
6366:on 27 January 2012
6083:Languages of Spain
6078:Languages of Italy
5957:by English author
5915:La generosa paliza
5671:
5659:
5281:palatal consonants
5240:Valencian dialects
5207:'father;' Occitan
4508:(all nouns in the
4498:
4438:Palatalization of
4387:⟨th⟩
4201:Palatalization of
4178:⟨cc⟩
4161:originally became
4153:generally becomes
3953:for observations,
3780:, for , 'Poland'.
3592:
3545:(Febusian writing)
3410:
3393:Escolo dóu Po norm
3389:Escòla dau Pò norm
3283:French orthography
3281:) based on modern
3115:), same as in Bec.
3108:), same as in Bec.
2567:Cognate of French
2558:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2282:Number of speakers
2198:Monégasque dialect
2081:Guanajuato, Mexico
1989:Guardia Piemontese
1953:
1876:
1694:wrote in Occitan.
1533:
1257:Occitan literature
1140:and specialist of
954:(French), and the
763:is spoken (in the
742:Guardia Piemontese
398:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
11253:
11252:
11201:
11183:
11176:
11164:
11157:
11150:
11143:
11118:Aquitano-Pyrenean
11110:
11087:
11075:
11009:
11008:
10985:extinct languages
10907:
10906:
10584:
10583:
10543:Navarro-Aragonese
10428:Peruvian Ribereño
10353:Judaeo-Portuguese
10268:Galician–Asturian
10171:
10170:
10162:Old Gallo-Romance
10116:Wisconsin Walloon
9533:
9532:
9506:Dalmatian Romance
9114:Romance languages
9080:
9079:
8834:Official language
8751:Globegate.UTM.edu
8738:Occitanet.free.fr
8681:978-2-912966-59-9
8639:978-84-9779-484-8
8630:Gramatica Aranesa
8451:. 19 April 2018.
8226:on 3 October 2008
8053:, pp. 24–25.
7808:"Judeo-Provençal"
7780:978-3-662-44190-9
7190:The French Review
7023:978-84-8136-062-2
6934:Príncipe de Viana
6879:, pp. 20–21.
6639:Lapobladelduc.org
6515:Parlament-cat.net
6509:As stated in its
6477:978-0-230-36179-9
6434:(Subscription or
6143:(25th ed., 2022)
6125:(25th ed., 2022)
5970:Joseph Canteloube
5925:Thousand Cultures
5403:, 'to open', but
5304:Algherese Catalan
5127:'to be;' Catalan
5107:) and Latin long
5090:Catalan phonology
5086:Occitan phonology
5009:
5008:
4831:leng(u)a (linga)
4543:Ladin (Gherdëina)
4380:⟨r⟩
4348:has retained its
4346:⟨h⟩
4238:⟨r⟩
4087:- was lenited to
3927:pro-drop language
3916:
3915:
3908:
3852:Occitan phonology
3817:The exclusion of
3664:
3663:
3595:Romance languages
3590:
3589:
3362:(or less exactly
3293:(or less exactly
3122:IETF dialect tags
3104:Central Occitan (
2917:
2916:
2496:⟨r⟩
2442:), including the
2374:dialect continuum
2217:and Saintongeais.
2175:Mentonasc dialect
1814:Navarro-Aragonese
1790:Navarro-Aragonese
1709:Ways of St. James
1705:Iberian Peninsula
1688:Cerverí de Girona
1680:Guerau de Cabrera
1537:Romance languages
1497:French Revolution
1485:Francien language
1384:Cançó de Santa Fe
926:, yet others say
851:) are considered
828:According to the
794:, in addition to
655:), also known as
582:
581:
564:rendering support
560:phonetic symbols.
431:Regulated by
21:Ossetian language
11303:
11266:Occitan language
11227:Judaeo-Provençal
11191:
11179:
11172:
11160:
11153:
11146:
11139:
11104:
11081:
11069:
11036:
11029:
11022:
11013:
11012:
10530:Judaeo-Aragonese
10519:Andalusi Romance
10372:Amazonic Spanish
10209:Western Asturian
10192:
10191:
10131:Franco-Provençal
9802:
9801:
9698:Comasco–Lecchese
9556:Emilian–Romagnol
9544:
9543:
9344:Regional Italian
9334:Italo-Australian
9261:
9260:
9183:Megleno-Romanian
9107:
9100:
9093:
9084:
9083:
8910:Franco-Provençal
8892:Northern Catalan
8877:Souletin dialect
8862:Alsatian dialect
8857:Alemannic German
8825:
8824:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8790:
8789:
8714:
8685:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8643:
8624:
8615:
8614:. Paris: Picard.
8603:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8536:
8534:
8527:
8521:
8514:
8494:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8383:Bahrami, Beebe.
8380:
8374:
8362:
8356:
8349:
8343:
8330:
8324:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8252:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8225:
8218:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8148:www.pernoste.com
8140:
8134:
8128:
8122:
8083:Théodore Aubanel
8075:Frédéric Mistral
8071:
8065:
8062:
8056:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8016:
8009:
7994:
7988:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7935:. Omniglot.com.
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7909:. Omniglot.com.
7903:
7886:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7853:
7844:
7837:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7812:Jewish Languages
7804:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7759:"Persönlichkeit"
7754:
7748:
7747:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7592:
7583:
7569:
7563:
7549:
7543:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7508:
7502:
7491:
7485:
7478:
7472:
7465:
7459:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7439:
7431:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7374:
7367:
7358:
7352:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7305:
7299:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6863:
6857:
6848:
6843:Charles Knight,
6841:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6711:, 1872, p. 170:
6710:
6703:
6697:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6585:. Archived from
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6531:
6525:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6419:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6362:. Archived from
6356:"Page d'accueil"
6352:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6329:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6228:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6132:
6131:
6114:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5982:Michael Crichton
5904:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5809:
5808:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5754:Modern Occitan:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5711:
5705:Modern Occitan:
5702:
5688:
5652:
5600:Occitano-Romance
5570:
5558:
5363:
5351:
5344:
5320:
5316:
5289:
5285:
5267:
5259:
5245:
5225:
5197:Diphthongization
5150:
5141:
5132:
5114:
5102:
4966:
4959:'square, plaza'
4920:
4874:
4846:lenga, rujeneda
4828:
4782:
4774:
4728:
4724:
4678:
4632:
4598:canter, chanter
4586:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4358:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4334:medieval Spanish
4327:
4323:
4319:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4251:
4239:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4204:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4071:
4067:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3886:this section by
3877:inline citations
3864:
3863:
3856:
3783:The question of
3734:—for centuries.
3733:
3716:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3613:Franco-Provençal
3599:
3425:Bonnaudian norm
3422:Mistralian norm
3416:
3337:, presumably by
3279:Frédéric Mistral
3273:Occitan alphabet
3205:: Vivaro-Alpine.
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3113:aquitanopirenenc
2978:aquitanopirenenc
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2362:Franco-Provençal
2354:written standard
2208:Poitou-Charentes
2157:, including the
2075:Pigüé, Argentina
1873:
1837:Béarnese dialect
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1672:Balearic Islands
1660:
1654:
1645:influence: "The
1636:Franco-Provençal
1633:
1632:
1607:could teach the
1586:desert plateau).
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1457:
1449:
1440:of the medieval
1432:
1424:
1416:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1374:La nobla leyczon
1347:
1341:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1181:
1171:
1123:Frédéric Mistral
1096:
1090:
1085:, a crossing of
1084:
1075:
1069:
1062:yes–no questions
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1036:, or Portuguese
1035:
1029:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
992:
986:
981:("this"), while
980:
971:
960:
951:
942:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
899:
885:
879:
878:
873:
744:). Some include
694:Romance language
679:
678:
677:
671:
666:
661:
654:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
629:
628:
625:
622:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
591:
547:
538:
524:
504:
498:Individual code:
496:– inclusive code
495:
488:
479:
478:
470:
461:
460:
452:
377:language in
338:Occitan alphabet
329:
175:Occitano-Romance
131:
106:
103:
44:
28:
27:
11311:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11304:
11302:
11301:
11300:
11296:Southern France
11256:
11255:
11254:
11249:
11214:Other varieties
11209:
11168:Western Catalan
11135:Eastern Catalan
11113:
11095:Central Occitan
11090:
11086:and Waldensian)
11045:
11040:
11010:
11005:
10972:
10956:
10934:Pannonian Latin
10920:African Romance
10903:
10856:
10787:
10780:
10718:Judeo-Provençal
10591:
10580:
10557:
10506:
10416:Chilean Chilote
10358:
10244:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10167:
10155:Moselle Romance
10122:
9971:Missouri French
9932:Franco-Ontarian
9807:
9796:
9789:
9529:
9494:
9471:Southern Latian
9374:
9339:Maltese Italian
9271:Central Italian
9255:
9248:
9243:Common Romanian
9159:
9143:Italo-Dalmatian
9121:
9111:
9081:
9076:
9066:
9050:
8969:
8845:
8829:
8819:
8817:
8783:Wayback Machine
8764:Wayback Machine
8745:Wayback Machine
8732:Wayback Machine
8721:
8711:
8682:
8660:
8658:
8640:
8585:
8583:
8562:
8560:
8545:
8540:
8539:
8528:
8524:
8518:Iberian Romance
8515:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8497:
8490:Wayback Machine
8480:
8476:
8466:
8464:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8428:
8426:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8398:
8396:
8381:
8377:
8372:Wayback Machine
8363:
8359:
8350:
8346:
8331:
8327:
8322:
8318:
8310:
8306:
8291:
8287:
8272:
8268:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8216:
8202:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8180:Wayback Machine
8173:Perso.orange.fr
8171:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8120:Wayback Machine
8109:Wayback Machine
8094:Wayback Machine
8072:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8034:
8032:
7995:
7991:
7982:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7952:
7942:
7940:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7916:
7914:
7905:
7904:
7889:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7838:
7831:
7821:
7819:
7806:
7805:
7794:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7755:
7751:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7703:
7701:
7694:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7661:
7659:
7652:
7632:
7628:
7620:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7593:
7586:
7570:
7566:
7550:
7546:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7518:, but even the
7509:
7505:
7492:
7488:
7479:
7475:
7466:
7462:
7453:
7449:
7433:
7432:
7422:
7418:
7408:
7406:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7349:Wayback Machine
7340:
7336:
7321:
7317:
7306:
7302:
7293:Wayback Machine
7284:
7280:
7270:
7268:
7233:
7229:
7219:
7217:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7124:
7101:
7097:
7087:
7085:
7062:
7058:
7047:
7045:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7008:
7004:
6994:
6992:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6866:
6858:
6851:
6842:
6838:
6822:
6820:
6807:
6803:
6793:
6791:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6746:
6742:
6724:
6720:
6704:
6700:
6688:
6684:
6666:
6662:
6646:Wayback Machine
6637:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6589:on 27 June 2012
6577:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6553:
6532:
6528:
6522:Wayback Machine
6508:
6504:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6306:
6304:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6279:
6277:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6202:
6200:
6193:Langues et cité
6185:
6178:
6163:
6154:
6144:
6133:
6126:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6093:Occitan cuisine
6050:Language portal
6048:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6020:
6015:
6013:
6006:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5961:. It is set in
5633:
5624:
5588:
5575:in Catalan and
5459:
5445:in Catalan but
5409:Western Catalan
5369:Eastern Catalan
5151:, in Provençal.
5092:
5084:Main articles:
5073:
5067:, for example.
5014:
4964:
4918:
4872:
4826:
4803:furmai/furmagg
4780:
4772:
4726:
4722:
4676:
4630:
4584:
4518:
4507:
4496:
4443:
4428:
4386:
4379:
4375:
4345:
4336:, although the
4325:
4301:
4282:
4249:
4237:
4236:of some or all
4202:
4195:
4177:
4092:
4084:
4069:
4065:
4064:Stressed Latin
4049:
4041:
4022:
4010:
4003:
3987:
3947:for questions,
3912:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3882:Please help to
3881:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3705:
3673:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3579:
3562:
3547:
3537:
3526:
3513:
3499:
3488:
3473:
3463:
3447:
3438:
3419:Classical norm
3397:Bonnaudian norm
3359:Mistralian norm
3339:Gerald of Braga
3275:
3269:
3217:
3215:Standardization
3212:
3187:: Languedocien.
3136:: Judeo-Occitan
3124:
3106:occitan centrau
3088:Trans-Occitan (
3081:Niçard-Alpine (
3068:Domergue Sumien
3061:
3049:
3037:Judeo-Provençal
3034:
3032:Judeo-Provençal
3002:
2994:
2992:Jewish dialects
2986:ausbau language
2971:occitan centrau
2548:
2523:- in place of -
2495:
2450:Judeo-Provençal
2383:: includes the
2323:
2284:
2265:Occitan Valleys
2167:Alpes-Maritimes
2159:Brigasc dialect
2094:
2039:In the Spanish
1977:Occitan Valleys
1937:
1858:
1856:Usage in France
1853:
1785:
1745:Estella-Lizarra
1729:Navarrese kings
1668:
1563:, respectively.
1525:
1394:
1325:
1259:
1249:
1169:Razós de trobar
1107:
1023:Eastern Lombard
945:(Occitan), the
914:("for some say
866:
861:
754:Gascon language
710:Occitan Valleys
698:Southern France
673:
672:
664:
631:
619:
595:
589:
588:
562:Without proper
550:
534:
520:
500:
499:
497:
491:
484:
474:
473:
466:
456:
455:
448:
425:
418:Occitan Valleys
378:
376:
352:
345:Official status
330:
325:
303:Judeo-Provençal
257:
242:
235:
207:
200:
162:Western Romance
147:Latino-Faliscan
132:
129:Language family
127:
108:
104:
97:
96:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11309:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11242:
11239:Judaeo-Catalan
11236:
11230:
11224:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11207:
11202:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11177:
11170:
11165:
11158:
11151:
11144:
11137:
11132:
11121:
11119:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11111:
11098:
11096:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11076:
11064:
11059:
11053:
11051:
11047:
11046:
11039:
11038:
11031:
11024:
11016:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10996:
10987:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10970:
10964:
10962:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10947:
10937:
10930:
10923:
10915:
10913:
10909:
10908:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10873:
10864:
10862:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10822:
10821:
10820:
10815:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10792:
10790:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10760:
10759:
10758:
10753:
10743:
10742:
10741:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10685:
10675:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10658:
10653:
10650:Judaeo-Catalan
10646:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10627:
10617:
10609:
10596:
10594:
10586:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10578:
10572:
10565:
10563:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10553:
10539:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10522:
10514:
10512:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10504:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10439:
10438:
10437:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10420:
10419:
10418:
10405:Latin American
10401:
10396:
10384:
10382:Judaeo-Spanish
10379:
10374:
10368:
10366:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10356:
10349:
10348:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10336:
10335:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10309:
10304:
10297:
10285:
10278:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10260:
10254:
10252:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10235:
10230:
10229:
10228:
10218:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10200:
10198:
10189:
10173:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10158:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10120:
10119:
10118:
10113:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10096:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10033:
10028:
10011:
10006:
10005:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9975:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9956:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9922:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9895:
9877:
9872:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9812:
9810:
9799:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9775:
9768:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9695:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9666:
9651:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9552:
9550:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9527:
9525:Judaeo-Italian
9522:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9419:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9393:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9358:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9267:
9265:
9258:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9246:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9185:
9180:
9178:Istro-Romanian
9175:
9169:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9135:
9129:
9127:
9126:Major branches
9123:
9122:
9118:classification
9110:
9109:
9102:
9095:
9087:
9078:
9077:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8962:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8904:French Flemish
8900:
8895:
8885:
8880:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8853:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8816:
8815:
8808:
8801:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8776:arrilemosin.fr
8773:
8767:
8754:
8748:
8735:
8720:
8719:External links
8717:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8696:
8689:Ursula Reutner
8686:
8680:
8667:
8644:
8638:
8625:
8616:
8604:
8592:
8569:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8522:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8474:
8436:
8406:
8375:
8357:
8344:
8325:
8316:
8304:
8285:
8266:
8247:
8237:
8196:
8184:
8165:
8135:
8123:
8066:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8018:
7989:
7976:
7967:
7950:
7924:
7887:
7874:
7845:
7829:
7792:
7779:
7749:
7711:
7692:
7669:
7650:
7626:
7624:, p. 472.
7614:
7602:
7584:
7564:
7544:
7528:
7503:
7486:
7473:
7460:
7447:
7416:
7386:
7353:
7334:
7315:
7300:
7295:(in Spanish):
7278:
7227:
7176:
7145:
7134:
7095:
7056:
7029:
7022:
7002:
6963:
6936:(in Spanish).
6920:
6881:
6864:
6849:
6836:
6801:
6772:
6740:
6718:
6698:
6682:
6660:
6631:
6619:
6600:
6570:
6551:
6526:
6502:
6490:
6476:
6456:
6441:
6407:
6377:
6347:
6313:
6286:
6255:
6214:
6176:
6152:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6039:
6025:
6011:
5995:
5992:
5907:
5906:
5898:
5890:
5882:
5857:
5856:
5801:Les Misérables
5794:French writer
5792:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5778:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5722:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5703:
5667:Sorde-l'Abbaye
5632:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5596:Abstandsprache
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5491:
5460:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5365:
5346:
5311:
5277:
5251:
5236:caissa, caisha
5216:
5194:
5171:
5152:
5072:
5069:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:nuèch (nuèit)
4875:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4479:
4436:
4421:
4410:
4409:
4372:
4353:
4316:Latin initial
4306:
4305:
4286:
4275:
4274:is preserved).
4257:
4242:
4241:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4210:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4174:
4139:
4116:
4105:
4104:
4083:Intervocalic -
4081:
4058:
4057:
4030:
4013:(Vulgar Latin
4002:
3999:
3986:
3983:
3975:(He/she is?),
3914:
3913:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3847:
3844:
3840:Kurt Baldinger
3770:
3769:
3758:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3672:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3385:
3384:
3354:
3341:, a monk from
3291:classical norm
3268:
3267:Writing system
3265:
3257:classical norm
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3060:
3057:
3048:
3045:
3033:
3030:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2322:
2319:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2262:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2190:
2187:French Riviera
2148:
2130:
2127:Toulouse Metro
2116:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2059:in Canada, in
2057:
2048:
2041:Basque country
2037:
2023:
2008:
1969:
1936:
1933:
1916:, which means
1885:language shift
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1692:Jofre de Foixà
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1639:
1612:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1566:Buffer zones:
1564:
1553:Massif Central
1524:
1521:
1505:"Lis Evangèli"
1409:(1213–1219?),
1378:(dated 1100),
1248:
1245:
1231:use the terms
1134:Joseph Anglade
1106:
1103:
993:("this it").
874:("language of
865:
862:
860:
857:
734:Southern Italy
580:
579:
566:, you may see
552:
551:
548:
540:
539:
532:
526:
525:
518:
510:
509:
489:
481:
480:
471:
463:
462:
453:
445:
444:
443:Language codes
440:
439:
433:
427:
426:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
381:
379:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
334:Latin alphabet
331:
327:Writing system
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
312:
306:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
263:
259:
258:
256:
255:
245:
243:
241:Standard forms
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
210:
208:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
135:
133:
126:
123:
122:
105: 200,000
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
54:
53:Native to
50:
49:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11308:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11263:
11261:
11246:
11243:
11240:
11237:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11225:
11222:
11221:Old Provençal
11219:
11218:
11216:
11212:
11206:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11190:
11187:
11182:
11178:
11175:
11174:North-Western
11171:
11169:
11166:
11163:
11159:
11156:
11152:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11116:
11108:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11093:
11085:
11080:
11079:Vivaro-Alpine
11077:
11073:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11037:
11032:
11030:
11025:
11023:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11001:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10975:
10969:
10968:Proto-Romance
10966:
10965:
10963:
10961:Reconstructed
10959:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10927:British Latin
10924:
10922:
10921:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10910:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10859:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10798:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10783:
10773:
10772:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10746:Vivaro-Alpine
10744:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10710:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10676:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10587:
10576:
10573:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10560:
10552:
10551:
10550:Old Navarrese
10547:
10546:
10545:
10544:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10520:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10509:
10503:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10402:
10400:
10399:Equatoguinean
10397:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10361:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10334:
10331:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10302:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10286:
10284:
10283:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10199:
10197:
10193:
10190:
10187:
10180:
10174:
10164:
10163:
10159:
10157:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10051:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10026:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9981:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9917:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9865:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9853:Frainc-Comtou
9851:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9792:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9649:Judeo-Italian
9647:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9576:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9526:
9523:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9444:Castelmezzano
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9420:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9377:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9349:Swiss Italian
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9230:Transylvanian
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9189:Daco-Romanian
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9153:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9139:
9138:Italo-Western
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9115:
9108:
9103:
9101:
9096:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9075:
9069:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9053:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8972:
8966:
8963:
8960:
8959:Vivaro-Alpine
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8814:
8809:
8807:
8802:
8800:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8712:
8710:0-8240-9030-6
8706:
8702:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8570:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8513:
8511:
8506:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8478:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8449:The Economist
8446:
8440:
8424:
8420:
8419:Global Voices
8416:
8410:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8361:
8354:
8348:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8329:
8320:
8313:
8308:
8300:
8297:(in French).
8296:
8289:
8281:
8278:(in French).
8277:
8270:
8262:
8259:(in French).
8258:
8251:
8241:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8200:
8193:
8188:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8169:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8098:CREO Provença
8095:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8079:Robert Lafont
8076:
8070:
8061:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8030:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7986:
7980:
7971:
7964:
7963:Kremnitz 2002
7959:
7957:
7955:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7884:
7878:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7842:
7836:
7834:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7782:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7753:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7699:
7695:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7673:
7657:
7653:
7651:9783110365955
7647:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7598:
7591:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7568:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7483:
7477:
7470:
7464:
7457:
7451:
7443:
7437:
7429:
7428:
7420:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7338:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7304:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7282:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7149:
7138:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7025:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7006:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6854:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6805:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6776:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6715:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6611:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6558:
6554:
6552:0-7475-3117-X
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6535:Dalby, Andrew
6530:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6499:
6494:
6479:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6460:
6452:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6411:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6333:
6326:
6325:
6317:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6181:
6172:
6169:(in French).
6168:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6135:Judeo-Occitan
6130:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:Occitan cross
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6040:
6037:
6026:
6023:
6012:
6009:
6008:France portal
5998:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5911:Lope de Rueda
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5859:Translation:
5847:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5780:Translation:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:Arnaut Daniel
5687:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5578:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5373:neutral vowel
5370:
5366:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:The magazine
5038:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4761:gresia/creia
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4510:ablative case
4506:
4503:
4481:Weakening of
4480:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4437:
4422:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4392:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4335:
4331:
4320:changed into
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4276:
4261:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4234:Uvularization
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4211:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4184:, pronounced
4183:
4175:
4140:
4137:
4136:vowel harmony
4129:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4047:
4032:Vulgar Latin
4031:
4028:
4017:) changed to
4008:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3910:
3907:
3899:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3806:is a part of
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:Vivaro-Alpine
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3510:Vivaro-Alpine
3507:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:Robèrt Lafont
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:Louis Alibert
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:Pre-Iberian (
3096:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:niçardoaupenc
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Oïl languages
2475:
2467:
2463:
2462:Vivaro-Alpine
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Astur-Leonese
2363:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:langues d'oïl
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:of Ligurian.
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:Midi-Pyrénées
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:San Sebastián
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:to the river
1830:
1829:San Sebastian
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1630:langues d'oïl
1625:
1621:
1620:Gallo-Romance
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:Julius Caesar
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:Mediterranean
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1491:langues d'oïl
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:Tomida femina
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1413:Daurel e Betó
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:According to
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
996:
991:
985:
979:
975:
970:
964:
962:
959:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
905:
898:
893:
889:
884:
872:
856:
854:
850:
849:Vivaro-Alpine
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:area (mostly
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:, as well as
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
670:
662:
660:
653:
649:
643:
586:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
553:
546:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
516:
511:
508:
507:Judeo-Occitan
505: –
503:
494:
490:
487:
482:
477:
472:
469:
464:
459:
454:
451:
446:
441:
437:
434:
432:
428:
424:
421:
419:
415:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
380:
372:
366:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
348:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
322:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
293:Vivaro-Alpine
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
260:
254:
250:
247:
246:
244:
238:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:Proto-Romance
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
213:
209:
203:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:Gallo-Romance
168:
167:
166:Gallo-Iberian
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:Italo-Western
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:Indo-European
134:
130:
124:
120:
116:
112:
99:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
11245:Catalan Caló
11233:Judeo-Gascon
11102:Languedocien
10989:
10980:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10867:
10769:
10762:
10724:Languedocien
10716:
10709:Judeo-Gascon
10707:
10677:
10648:
10599:
10569:Barranquenho
10548:
10541:
10517:
10499:
10441:
10403:
10386:
10377:Extremaduran
10351:
10325:
10311:
10299:
10287:
10280:
10237:
10196:Asturleonese
10160:
10153:
10111:West Walloon
10099:Saintongeais
10047:
10023:
10019:Anglo-Norman
9977:
9910:Newfoundland
9870:Jersey Legal
9862:
9770:
9735:Southwestern
9718:Vallassinese
9607:Gallo-Picene
9548:Gallo-Italic
9510:
9426:
9421:
9360:
9326:
9241:
9187:
9001:Guadeloupean
8943:Languedocian
8934:
8700:
8692:
8671:
8659:. Retrieved
8649:
8629:
8620:
8611:
8599:
8584:. Retrieved
8574:
8561:. Retrieved
8551:
8543:Bibliography
8525:
8481:
8477:
8465:. Retrieved
8448:
8439:
8427:. Retrieved
8418:
8409:
8397:. Retrieved
8388:
8378:
8360:
8352:
8347:
8339:
8334:
8328:
8319:
8311:
8307:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8240:
8230:19 September
8228:. Retrieved
8221:the original
8212:
8207:
8199:
8192:Carrera 2007
8187:
8168:
8156:. Retrieved
8147:
8138:
8126:
8069:
8060:
8033:, retrieved
8023:
8004:
7992:
7984:
7979:
7970:
7941:. Retrieved
7927:
7915:. Retrieved
7882:
7877:
7865:. Retrieved
7840:
7820:. Retrieved
7811:
7784:, retrieved
7762:
7752:
7727:
7723:
7714:
7702:. Retrieved
7678:
7672:
7660:. Retrieved
7640:
7629:
7617:
7605:
7596:
7579:
7572:Gaussen 1927
7567:
7559:
7547:
7539:
7536:Anglade 1921
7531:
7516:départements
7515:
7511:
7506:
7499:départements
7498:
7494:
7489:
7481:
7476:
7468:
7463:
7455:
7450:
7426:
7419:
7409:22 September
7407:. Retrieved
7399:ladepeche.fr
7398:
7389:
7377:. Retrieved
7356:
7337:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7309:
7303:
7296:
7281:
7269:. Retrieved
7244:
7240:
7230:
7218:. Retrieved
7196:(1): 37–46.
7193:
7189:
7179:
7167:. Retrieved
7158:
7148:
7137:
7125:. Retrieved
7108:
7098:
7086:. Retrieved
7069:
7059:
7046:. Retrieved
7032:
7014:
7011:
7005:
6993:. Retrieved
6976:
6966:
6954:. Retrieved
6940:(214): 524.
6937:
6933:
6923:
6911:. Retrieved
6894:
6884:
6844:
6839:
6821:. Retrieved
6811:
6804:
6792:. Retrieved
6782:
6775:
6763:. Retrieved
6753:
6743:
6726:Anglade 1921
6721:
6701:
6690:Anglade 1921
6685:
6668:Anglade 1921
6663:
6658:, in Catalan
6655:
6634:
6622:
6616:(in Catalan)
6609:
6603:
6591:. Retrieved
6587:the original
6582:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6542:
6529:
6505:
6493:
6481:. Retrieved
6466:
6459:
6450:
6444:
6421:
6410:
6398:. Retrieved
6389:
6380:
6368:. Retrieved
6364:the original
6359:
6350:
6339:, retrieved
6323:
6316:
6305:, retrieved
6295:
6289:
6278:, retrieved
6269:
6264:
6258:
6246:. Retrieved
6234:
6230:
6217:
6208:
6203:14 September
6201:. Retrieved
6192:
6170:
6166:
6138:
6120:
6112:
6036:Spain portal
6022:Italy portal
5985:
5980:
5973:
5967:
5952:
5946:
5945:, 2001; and
5940:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5858:
5799:
5793:
5779:
5753:
5725:
5723:
5714:
5674:
5672:
5625:
5622:Preservation
5608:
5589:
5576:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5482:vs. Catalan
5479:
5475:
5467:
5449:in Occitan.
5446:
5442:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5326:
5325:vs. Catalan
5322:
5307:
5299:
5298:vs. Catalan
5295:
5273:
5272:vs. Catalan
5269:
5247:
5235:
5231:
5230:vs. Catalan
5227:
5212:
5211:vs. Catalan
5208:
5204:
5203:vs. Catalan
5200:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5177:vs. Catalan
5174:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5143:
5134:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5096:
5074:
5050:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5032:
5030:
5026:Lexicography
5015:
4969:pont (pònt)
4777:Vulgar Latin
4625:'(to) sing'
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4504:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4442:(from Latin
4427:(from Latin
4411:
4329:
4308:Examples of
4307:
4300:"year" <
4297:
4283:-p-, -t, -c-
4281:(from Latin
4243:
4228:nasal vowels
4196:
4181:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4077:
4073:
4059:
4053:
4045:
4026:
4004:
3988:
3920:
3917:
3902:
3893:
3874:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3719:
3708:
3706:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3576:Languedocien
3574:
3557:
3541:
3532:
3521:
3508:
3501:freiressà.)
3494:
3483:
3467:
3457:
3442:
3433:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3363:
3357:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3276:
3242:
3232:
3225:occitan larg
3224:
3218:
3210:Codification
3199:: Provençal.
3181:: Leimousin.
3157:: Auvergnat.
3139:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:transoccitan
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3050:
3047:Judeo-Niçard
3035:
3003:
3000:Judeo-Gascon
2995:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2953:
2936:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2544:
2540:
2531:in place of
2524:
2520:
2489:
2485:
2482:nasal vowels
2474:Gallo-Italic
2471:
2466:vivaroaupenc
2465:
2455:Judeo-Niçard
2446:subdialect.
2439:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2402:Languedocien
2395:Judeo-Gascon
2351:
2315:francophones
2285:
2211:
2154:
2110:langue d'oïl
2109:
2068:
2064:
1996:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1826:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1717:Roncesvalles
1707:through the
1698:
1696:
1669:
1534:
1510:
1501:
1480:langue d'oïl
1472:
1435:
1404:
1398:
1397:–1076), the
1362:
1352:
1350:
1314:
1306:l'en comonrà
1264:
1260:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1205:
1203:
1188:; but from
1186:pastourelles
1183:
1175:
1153:
1149:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1078:
974:Vulgar Latin
965:
955:
946:
937:
887:
867:
827:
816:
807:
803:
799:
787:
784:Languedocien
779:
773:
758:
689:
656:
584:
583:
555:
530:Linguasphere
513:
412:
315:Judeo Niçard
309:Judeo-Gascon
278:Languedocien
217:Vulgar Latin
179:
46:
36:
25:
11192:(including
11105:(excepting
11082:(including
11070:(including
10945:Campidanese
10771:Old Catalan
10764:Old Occitan
10501:Old Spanish
10435:Rioplatense
10239:Old Leonese
10067:Cotentinais
10031:Guernésiais
9954:Frenchville
9947:New England
9826:Bourbonnais
9778:Piedmontese
9772:Old Lombard
9664:Bergamasque
9588:Sammarinese
9011:Martiniquan
8725:Orbilat.com
8608:Bec, Pierre
8596:Bec, Pierre
8563:21 February
8467:24 December
8429:24 December
8399:24 December
8389:www.bbc.com
8035:22 February
7822:17 December
7786:17 December
7554:, pp.
7552:Backer 1860
7271:12 February
7247:: 208–220.
7048:17 February
6823:22 February
6794:22 February
6765:22 February
6629:, p. 2
6500:, p. 9
6449:"Occitan".
6370:25 December
5963:Carcassonne
5921:John Barnes
5798:'s classic
5796:Victor Hugo
5653:("I am the
5579:in Occitan.
5559:, which is
5511:Orthography
5497:'to give,'
5439:conjugation
5292:neutralized
5125:èsser/èstre
4328:> Gasc.
4130:(Catalan),
4036:changed to
3997:, or both.
3888:introducing
3755:diasystemic
3714:lengas d'òc
3301:is written
3203:oc-vivaraup
3185:oc-lengadoc
3169:: Croissant
3022:World War 2
2758:to be quiet
2507:instead of
2488:instead of
2406:lengadocian
2243:Rhône-Alpes
2137:Carcassonne
2030:Württemberg
1918:northerners
1894:Calandretas
1889:Occitanists
1786: 1000
1614:A separate
1517:World War I
1442:troubadours
1395: 1054
1339:Ora pro nos
1316:Carolingian
1253:Old Occitan
1227:Currently,
1179:primeramen.
1138:philologist
995:Old Catalan
963:(Italian).
897:lingua d'oc
788:Lengadocian
686:langue d'oc
646:; Occitan:
570:instead of
227:Old Occitan
206:Early forms
11260:Categories
10992:indicates
10950:Logudorese
10483:Philippine
10449:Andalusian
10443:Peninsular
10333:Estremenho
10289:Portuguese
10216:Cantabrian
10049:Law French
10041:Sercquiais
9875:Meridional
9836:Champenois
9831:Burgundian
9642:Tabarchino
9632:Monégasque
9571:Parmigiano
9428:Neapolitan
9401:Manduriano
9368:Florentine
9235:Wallachian
9205:Bukovinian
9072:See also:
8365:Gencat.net
8301:: 348–362.
8282:: 331–347.
8263:: 473–495.
8087:René Merle
7943:15 October
7917:15 October
7682:. Oxford:
7636:De Gruyter
7574:, p.
7331:: 500–513.
7237:"LANGUAGE"
6728:, p.
6692:, p.
6678:provençal.
6670:, p.
6563:8 November
6438:required.)
6173:: 467–512.
6140:Ethnologue
6122:Ethnologue
5959:Kate Mosse
5685:Purgatorio
5604:Pierre Bec
5464:analogical
5433:Morphology
5308:filh, hilh
5268:: Occitan
4806:formaggio
4797:chaschiel
4731:(e)glèisa
4687:clé, clef
4622:cânta(re)
4589:c(h)antar
4563:Portuguese
4478:) 'fight'.
4466:) 'milk',
4374:Change of
4361:Portuguese
4350:aspiration
4115:preserved.
3935:: I sing;
3922:méridional
3871:references
3796:Val d'Aran
3731:lenga d'òc
3696:oc-grmistr
3684:oc-grclass
3640:Portuguese
3351:Portuguese
3317:, or even
3251:(Gascon),
3249:Pierre Bec
3197:oc-provenc
3179:oc-lemosin
3151:: Aranese.
3149:oc-aranese
2938:Pierre Bec
2543:and final
2535:; loss of
2440:prouvençau
2331:Pierre Bec
2304:Monégasque
2275:Val d'Aran
2163:department
2115:is spoken.
2108:where the
2016:Monégasque
1949:Val d'Aran
1871:lenga d'òc
1816:first and
1778:Val d'Aran
1462:and kings
1454:trobairitz
1369:Waldensian
1345:Tu lo juva
1326: 780
1300:lo tornarà
1161:troubadour
1099:Aquitanian
1054:, akin to
1030:, Italian
972:came from
871:lenga d'òc
808:Prouvençau
765:Val d'Aran
718:Val d'Aran
696:spoken in
659:lenga d'òc
590:English:
119:Val d'Aran
42:lenga d'òc
11181:Valencian
11141:Algherese
11084:Mentonasc
11067:Provençal
11057:Auvergnat
11000:varieties
10983:indicate
10940:Sardinian
10897:Triestine
10845:Sursilvan
10756:Mentonasc
10734:Provençal
10683:Auvergnat
10669:Valencian
10625:Mallorcan
10615:Algherese
10590:Occitano-
10537:Navarrese
10525:Aragonese
10461:Castilian
10364:Castilian
10340:Uruguayan
10313:Brazilian
10276:Minderico
10270:/Eonavian
10233:Mirandese
10147:Valdôtain
10133:/Arpitan
10074:Orléanais
10025:Auregnais
10009:Mayennais
9959:Louisiana
9841:Ardennais
9821:Berrichon
9627:Intemelio
9583:Forlivese
9566:Bolognese
9512:Dalmatian
9476:Tarantino
9439:Benevento
9396:Salentino
9356:Sassarese
9320:Gallurese
9303:Romanesco
9256:Dalmatian
9220:Moldavian
9215:Maramureș
9173:Aromanian
9062:Guillemet
9041:Wallisian
8955:Provençal
8951:Auvergnat
8661:14 August
8586:14 August
8457:0013-0613
8102:Felibrige
8047:diasystem
7744:2167-4256
7436:cite book
7379:31 August
7253:0084-4152
7202:0016-111X
7117:0214-8188
7078:0214-8188
6985:0214-8188
6946:0032-8472
6903:0214-8188
6539:"Occitan"
6417:"Occitan"
6210:789,000")
5954:Labyrinth
5709:ma dolor.
5612:Catalonia
5375:whenever
5367:Standard
5354:velarized
5339:Mirandese
5168:Valencian
5081:Phonology
5005:'bridge'
4821:'cheese'
4788:formatge
4773:formatico
4767:'church'
4764:biserică
4743:baselgia
4734:església
4635:c(h)abra
4568:Sardinian
4408:dialects.
4406:Aragonese
4292:(but not
4250:-mb-,-nd-
4207:/tʃa,dʒa/
4186:/utsiˈta/
4128:Valencian
4126:(note in
4111:Original
4095:> Oc.
4072:> Oc.
4052:> Oc.
4044:> Oc.
4025:> Oc.
3978:Be qu'èm.
3896:July 2011
3800:Catalonia
3778:Poulougno
3690:oc-grital
3496:Auvergnat
3485:Auvergnat
3471:Provençal
3461:Provençal
3444:Provençal
3435:Provençal
3405:Auvergnat
3368:Provençal
3261:diglossia
3193:: Niçard.
3191:oc-nicard
3175:: Gascon.
3173:oc-gascon
3167:oc-creiss
3161:oc-cisaup
3155:oc-auvern
3099:preïberic
3006:sociolect
2436:provençau
2432:Provençal
2426:auvernhat
2422:Auvergnat
2370:Aragonese
2145:Fenolheda
2098:Aquitaine
1966:Catalonia
1958:Catalonia
1914:Nordistes
1910:Parisiens
1818:Castilian
1605:Aquitaine
1596:influence
1464:Richard I
1447:trobadors
1241:Provençal
1233:Provençal
1229:linguists
1218:Aquitaine
1216:and even
1206:Provençal
1204:The term
1198:sirventés
1127:Félibrige
1119:Provençal
1094:aquitanus
1082:occitanus
990:hoc illud
966:The word
920:, others
837:Auvergnat
804:Provençau
800:Provençal
796:Provençal
726:Occitania
722:Catalonia
690:Provençal
515:Glottolog
486:ISO 639-3
468:ISO 639-2
450:ISO 639-1
403:Occitania
361:Catalonia
288:Provençal
268:Auvergnat
212:Old Latin
85:Ethnicity
79:Occitania
11198:Béarnese
11162:Northern
11148:Balearic
11130:dialects
11062:Limousin
10876:Venetian
10850:Vallader
10840:Surmiran
10813:Cadorino
10796:Friulian
10729:Limousin
10698:Béarnese
10660:Western
10642:Northern
10630:Menorcan
10620:Balearic
10611:Eastern
10607:dialects
10466:Castrapo
10423:Peruvian
10394:dialects
10327:European
10295:dialects
10282:Portugis
10263:Galician
10204:Asturian
10142:Savoyard
10094:Poitevin
10062:Cauchois
10036:Jèrriais
9883:Canadian
9762:Varesino
9757:Ticinese
9745:Novarese
9740:Cremunés
9730:Ossolano
9725:Milanese
9713:Lecchese
9681:Brianzöö
9612:Ligurian
9578:Romagnol
9459:Arianese
9454:Irpinian
9449:Cilentan
9413:Pantesco
9408:Sicilian
9379:Southern
9315:Corsican
9291:Macerata
9286:Fabriano
9225:Oltenian
9195:dialects
9155:Southern
9055:See also
9036:Tahitian
9031:Shimaore
8991:Guianese
8947:Limousin
8906:dialect)
8898:Corsican
8894:dialect)
8779:Archived
8770:Eonet.ne
8760:Archived
8741:Archived
8728:Archived
8655:Archived
8610:(1971).
8598:(1963).
8580:Archived
8557:Archived
8486:Archived
8461:Archived
8423:Archived
8393:Archived
8368:Archived
8245:Catalan)
8176:Archived
8152:Archived
8131:Bec 1963
8116:Archived
8105:Archived
8090:Archived
8051:Bec 1973
8029:archived
7937:Archived
7911:Archived
7861:Archived
7816:Archived
7698:Archived
7656:Archived
7622:Bec 1971
7610:Bec 1973
7403:Archived
7370:Archived
7345:Archived
7289:Archived
7265:Archived
7261:25833682
7214:Archived
7163:Archived
7127:20 April
7121:Archived
7088:20 April
7082:Archived
7042:Archived
6995:20 April
6989:Archived
6950:Archived
6913:20 April
6907:Archived
6877:Bec 1963
6860:Bec 1963
6817:Archived
6788:Archived
6759:Archived
6751:(1817).
6642:Archived
6614:, 253.1
6557:Archived
6537:(1998).
6518:Archived
6394:Archived
6341:17 March
6332:archived
6330:, 2007,
6301:archived
6274:archived
6239:Archived
6197:Archived
5994:See also
5987:Timeline
5939:, 1998;
5933:, 1992;
5571:written
5519:and the
5499:va donar
5472:feminine
5331:Asturian
5222:phoneme
5191:(pagina)
5187:(pàgina)
5144:carriera
5135:carrièra
4913:'night'
4834:llengua
4800:ciajuel
4791:fromage
4755:iglesia
4727:basilica
4723:ecclesia
4644:quièvre
4619:cantare
4610:cantare
4601:chantar
4595:chanter
4573:Romanian
4474:(Gascon
4462:(Gascon
4365:Galician
4355:Loss of
4260:Betacism
4203:ca-, ga-
4141:Low-mid
4122:becomes
3972:E qu'ei?
3969:(I am),
3751:phonemic
3675:Several
3559:Limousin
3140:Several
3041:Provence
2890:toujours
2770:se taire
2763:se taire
2724:entendre
2717:entendre
2677:achaptar
2587:Spanish
2584:Catalan
2581:Occitan
2575:Occitan
2564:English
2517:betacism
2412:Limousin
2385:Béarnese
2321:Dialects
2307:Ligurian
2269:Piedmont
2255:Dauphiné
2247:Lyonnais
2227:Auvergne
2221:Limousin
2215:Poitevin
2183:Dauphiné
2171:Ligurian
2123:Toulouse
2034:Camisard
2020:Ligurian
1993:Calabria
1985:Piedmont
1906:Vergonha
1866:Toulouse
1822:Pamplona
1794:Zaragoza
1770:Toulouse
1741:Sangüesa
1737:Pamplona
1733:boroughs
1647:Frankish
1643:Germanic
1641:Lack of
1592:Lack of
1561:Pyrenees
1549:Atlantic
1359:Boethius
1334:answered
1319:litanies
1294:non o fa
1237:Limousin
1210:Provence
1190:Limousin
1142:medieval
1115:Limousin
961:language
952:language
943:language
812:Provence
776:Limousin
730:Calabria
665:Occitan:
576:Help:IPA
522:occi1239
283:Limousin
262:Dialects
89:Occitans
11194:Aranese
11155:Central
11125:Catalan
10981:Italics
10882:Chipilo
10825:Romansh
10788:Romance
10786:Rhaeto-
10751:Gardiol
10703:Landese
10693:Aranese
10678:Occitan
10637:Central
10601:Catalan
10592:Romance
10493:Creoles
10488:Saharan
10476:Murcian
10454:Llanito
10411:Chilean
10388:Spanish
10345:Creoles
10319:Mineiro
10301:African
10226:Riberan
10221:Leonese
10186:Iberian
10179:Romance
10106:Walloon
10079:Paydret
10057:Augeron
9997:Vosgien
9992:Gaumais
9987:Lorrain
9979:Creoles
9942:Muskrat
9888:Acadian
9816:Angevin
9806:Langues
9797:Romance
9703:Comasco
9676:Western
9669:Cremish
9659:Eastern
9654:Lombard
9622:Genoese
9617:Brigasc
9561:Emilian
9539:Western
9518:Istriot
9481:Vastese
9466:Molisan
9328:Italian
9264:Central
9210:Crișana
9165:Eastern
9148:Western
9133:Eastern
9046:Xaracuu
9026:Réunion
9016:Nengone
9006:Kibushi
8996:Futunan
8935:Occitan
8902:Dutch (
8888:Catalan
8158:12 June
7885:, p. 25
7867:8 April
7704:10 July
7662:10 July
7638:(ed.).
6956:9 April
6593:18 July
6483:5 March
6307:18 June
6280:4 March
6248:4 March
6117:Occitan
5990:novel.
5645:Lourdes
5631:Samples
5553:Occitan
5549:Catalan
5470:to the
5335:Leonese
5262:phoneme
5213:carrera
5018:Lexicon
5012:Lexicon
4993:puente
4953:pratza
4944:piazza
4941:piassa
4935:plazza
4932:plache
4910:noapte
4858:língua
4855:lengua
4852:lingua
4849:lengua
4843:lingua
4840:langue
4837:langue
4812:queijo
4758:igreja
4752:chiesa
4746:dlieja
4740:église
4737:église
4702:chiave
4671:'goat'
4647:chaura
4641:chèvre
4616:cantar
4613:cantar
4604:cianté
4592:cantar
4585:cantare
4578:English
4558:Spanish
4553:Italian
4548:Lombard
4523:Catalan
4516:Occitan
4296:, e.g.
4252:become
4240:sounds.
4182:Occitan
4042:romānvs
3995:Catalan
3966:que soi
3884:improve
3835:Catalan
3819:Catalan
3804:Aranese
3774:Polonha
3709:Occitan
3657:English
3649:Italian
3631:Spanish
3622:Catalan
3343:Moissac
3323:Catalan
3026:Bayonne
3014:Gascony
2956:Catalan
2911:siempre
2883:totjorn
2798:to fall
2712:to hear
2705:comprar
2698:comprar
2691:crompar
2684:acheter
2578:French
2494:uvular
2486:cha/ja-
2416:lemosin
2389:Aranese
2106:Gironde
2001:Italian
1951:, Spain
1945:Bossòst
1845:Bayonne
1833:Bidasoa
1762:burning
1721:Navarre
1713:Somport
1616:lexicon
1580:Garonne
1572:marshes
1523:Origins
1332:, were
1270:decebrà
1247:History
1194:cançons
1166:in his
1158:Catalan
1154:Lemosin
1150:Occitan
1146:archaic
1111:Catalan
823:Spanish
780:Lemosin
761:Aranese
746:Catalan
738:Cosenza
692:, is a
648:occitan
585:Occitan
572:Unicode
365:Aranese
249:Aranese
180:Occitan
152:Romance
37:occitan
31:Occitan
11189:Gascon
11072:Niçard
10912:Others
10892:Talian
10887:Fiuman
10861:Others
10801:Fornes
10739:Niçard
10688:Gascon
10656:Patuet
10562:Others
10471:Castúo
10177:Ibero-
10137:Faetar
10084:Picard
10014:Norman
10002:Welche
9925:Magoua
9915:Quebec
9905:Brayon
9864:French
9846:Rémois
9795:Gallo-
9750:Pavese
9708:Laghée
9686:Canzés
9637:Royasc
9499:Others
9434:Barese
9362:Tuscan
9308:Sabino
9281:Ancona
9254:Italo-
8965:Picard
8939:Gascon
8930:Norman
8883:Breton
8869:Basque
8841:French
8707:
8678:
8636:
8455:
8314:, p.14
8215:]
7777:
7742:
7690:
7648:
7556:52, 54
7259:
7251:
7210:391694
7208:
7200:
7169:2 July
7115:
7076:
7020:
6983:
6944:
6901:
6583:UNESCO
6549:
6474:
6237:: 71.
5700:dolor.
5541:Occità
5537:Català
5480:legala
5385:passar
5371:has a
5358:dark l
5348:While
5327:llibre
5274:música
5270:musica
5228:caissa
5179:pàgina
5175:pagina
5160:chifra
5130:carrer
5059:patois
5022:Lexeme
4999:ponte
4996:ponte
4990:ponte
4984:puent
4956:piață
4950:praça
4947:plaza
4938:plaza
4929:place
4926:plaça
4923:plaça
4919:platea
4907:nothe
4904:noite
4901:noche
4898:notte
4864:limbă
4861:limba
4827:lingva
4809:queso
4749:giesa
4717:'key'
4714:cheie
4708:chave
4705:llave
4668:capră
4665:craba
4662:cabra
4659:cabra
4656:capra
4653:cavra
4650:cëura
4638:cabra
4607:cantà
4533:Norman
4528:French
4452:/(j)t/
4369:Basque
4326:filivm
4324:(Lat.
4310:Gascon
4248:Latin
4171:,,,,,,
4118:Final
4099:, Fr.
4076:, Fr.
4050:flōrem
4023:dv̄rvm
4009:Latin
3991:French
3938:cantas
3873:, but
3831:Gascon
3824:Ausbau
3812:Lleida
3808:Gascon
3791:Ausbau
3785:Gascon
3766:French
3604:French
3543:Gascon
3534:Gascon
3469:Niçard
3459:Niçard
3372:Niçard
3229:koinés
3018:Hebrew
2904:sempre
2897:sempre
2878:always
2810:tomber
2803:tombar
2791:callar
2784:callar
2672:to buy
2665:cabeza
2604:maison
2597:maison
2515:(e.g.
2490:ca/ga-
2480:(e.g.
2444:Niçard
2381:Gascon
2368:, and
2300:Monaco
2288:France
2231:Allier
2202:French
2194:Monaco
2189:areas.
2179:Menton
2155:Roiasc
2061:Quebec
2012:Monaco
1841:Pasaia
1810:Aragon
1802:Tudela
1798:Huesca
1781:cited
1749:Basque
1743:, and
1725:Aragon
1700:Franks
1634:or in
1609:Romans
1594:Celtic
1584:Aragon
1582:, the
1570:land,
1559:, and
1450:) and
1438:poetry
1367:; the
1354:Boecis
845:Gascon
830:UNESCO
819:French
792:Gascon
702:Monaco
682:French
423:Monaco
383:France
298:Niçard
273:Gascon
142:Italic
75:Region
69:Monaco
57:France
10835:Putèr
10830:Jauer
10818:Nones
10808:Ladin
10307:Asian
9964:Houma
9937:Métis
9920:Joual
9893:Chiac
9858:Gallo
9808:d'oïl
9200:Banat
9021:Paicî
8986:Drehu
8920:Gallo
8224:(PDF)
8217:(PDF)
8211:[
8014:fond.
7520:EBLUL
7373:(PDF)
7366:(PDF)
7257:JSTOR
7220:4 May
7206:JSTOR
6432:
6400:5 May
6335:(PDF)
6328:(PDF)
6268:[
6242:(PDF)
6227:(PDF)
6104:Notes
5726:Canto
5679:Dante
5675:canto
5495:donar
5488:legal
5484:legal
5476:legal
5437:Verb
5401:obrir
5389:passa
5323:libre
5260:as a
5248:caixa
5244:/jsʲ/
5232:caixa
5201:paire
5164:xifra
5121:ésser
4987:punt
4981:punt
4978:pont
4975:pont
4972:pont
4965:ponte
4895:nocc
4892:nuet
4889:notg
4883:nuit
4873:nocte
4815:casu
4781:caseo
4711:crae
4699:ciav
4693:clav
4690:clef
4684:clau
4681:clau
4677:clave
4631:capra
4505:Latin
4468:lucha
4446:) to
4385:, or
4302:ānnvm
4279:/bdɡ/
4254:/m,n/
4093:vitam
4046:roman
3932:canti
3347:Braga
3319:yourn
3315:journ
2824:caure
2817:caire
2777:calar
2737:audir
2731:ausir
2637:testa
2592:house
2545:-t/ch
2296:Spain
2292:Italy
2251:Forez
1983:) in
1973:Italy
1962:Spain
1929:Artix
1925:Béarn
1754:koiné
1661:line"
1576:Loire
1330:Latin
1222:Italy
1148:term
892:Dante
714:Spain
706:Italy
414:Italy
356:Spain
253:Spain
115:Spain
111:Italy
65:Italy
61:Spain
11196:and
10990:Bold
10575:Caló
10258:Fala
10184:West
8981:Ajië
8705:ISBN
8676:ISBN
8663:2010
8634:ISBN
8588:2010
8565:2013
8469:2021
8453:ISSN
8431:2021
8401:2021
8232:2008
8160:2007
8111:and
8037:2013
7945:2009
7919:2009
7869:2021
7824:2023
7788:2023
7775:ISBN
7740:ISSN
7706:2023
7688:ISBN
7664:2023
7646:ISBN
7442:link
7411:2019
7381:2021
7273:2023
7249:ISSN
7222:2022
7198:ISSN
7171:2022
7129:2010
7113:ISSN
7090:2010
7074:ISSN
7050:2010
7018:ISBN
6997:2010
6981:ISSN
6958:2011
6942:ISSN
6915:2010
6899:ISSN
6825:2013
6796:2013
6767:2013
6595:2011
6565:2006
6547:ISBN
6485:2016
6472:ISBN
6402:2015
6372:2011
6343:2020
6309:2014
6282:2020
6250:2020
6231:IRES
6205:2018
6063:Baìo
5527:and
5503:donà
5455:and
5405:obre
5337:and
5300:fill
5296:filh
5286:and
5205:pare
5183:Nice
5088:and
4886:nît
4880:nit
4818:caș
4696:tle
4476:luta
4472:luta
4464:lèit
4460:lait
4456:lach
4448:/tʃ/
4440:/jt/
4402:/tʃ/
4376:-ll-
4363:and
4330:hilh
4294:/nn/
4266:and
4167:/wɛ/
4163:/wɔ/
4155:/jɛ/
4145:and
4113:/aw/
4097:vida
4070:mare
4054:flor
3961:e.g.
3760:The
3753:and
3745:The
3399:(or
3391:(or
3356:The
3329:and
3311:joun
3307:jour
3303:jorn
3289:The
3053:Nice
2850:plus
2838:more
2831:caer
2644:tête
2632:head
2625:casa
2618:casa
2611:casa
2476:and
2387:and
2311:1860
2298:and
2253:and
2185:and
2067:and
1981:Alps
1800:and
1723:and
1715:and
1711:via
1622:and
1578:and
1568:arid
1557:Alps
1468:John
1288:aurà
1255:and
1235:and
1196:and
1136:, a
1091:and
888:yes.
880:"),
859:Name
847:and
363:(as
7767:doi
7732:doi
6235:113
6137:at
6119:at
5923:'s
5681:'s
5677:of
5569:/ɲ/
5557:/ʎ/
5447:-tz
5395:or
5379:or
5362:/l/
5350:/l/
5343:/ʎ/
5319:/ʎ/
5315:/l/
5288:/ɲ/
5284:/ʎ/
5266:/u/
5258:/y/
5224:/ʃ/
5113:/ɛ/
5101:/e/
5064:oèb
5051:Géo
5043:Géo
4779:),
4487:/r/
4485:to
4483:/l/
4470:vs
4458:vs
4433:/w/
4429:-d-
4425:/ð/
4418:/ŋ/
4400:or
4398:/t/
4394:/c/
4383:/ɾ/
4378:to
4357:/n/
4342:/f/
4338:/h/
4322:/h/
4318:/f/
4290:/n/
4272:/v/
4268:/v/
4264:/b/
4218:/w/
4216:to
4214:/l/
4205:to
4180:in
4165:or
4159:/ɔ/
4151:/ɛ/
4147:/ɔ/
4143:/ɛ/
4132:/ɔ/
4124:/ɔ/
4120:/a/
4101:vie
4089:/d/
4078:mer
4074:mar
4038:/u/
4034:/o/
4027:dur
4019:/y/
4015:/u/
3993:or
3956:que
3833:or
3749:is
3299:day
3134:sdt
3128:pro
3101:).
3012:in
2871:más
2864:més
2857:mai
2843:pus
2751:oír
2744:oir
2658:cap
2651:cap
2541:-r-
2537:/n/
2533:/f/
2529:/h/
2509:/l/
2505:/w/
2501:/ø/
2438:or
2192:In
2165:of
2010:In
1971:In
1912:or
1658:oïl
1361:'s
1348:).
1125:'s
1117:or
1101:).
1039:sim
1012:sic
1000:hoc
984:oïl
978:hoc
949:oïl
929:oïl
821:or
806:or
790:),
782:),
720:in
716:'s
708:'s
558:IPA
502:sdt
493:oci
476:oci
251:in
11262::
8957:,
8953:,
8949:,
8945:,
8941:,
8875:,
8509:^
8459:.
8447:.
8417:.
8391:.
8387:.
8299:26
8280:26
8261:66
8150:.
8146:.
8100:,
8085:,
8077:,
8010::
7953:^
7890:^
7848:^
7832:^
7814:.
7810:.
7795:^
7773:,
7761:,
7738:.
7728:24
7726:.
7722:.
7696:.
7654:.
7587:^
7578::
7558::
7538::
7438:}}
7434:{{
7401:.
7397:.
7329:54
7327:.
7263:.
7255:.
7245:63
7243:.
7239:.
7212:.
7204:.
7194:54
7192:.
7188:.
7161:.
7157:.
7119:.
7107:.
7080:.
7068:.
6987:.
6975:.
6948:.
6938:59
6932:.
6905:.
6893:.
6867:^
6852:^
6829::
6732::
6674::
6672:10
6654:.
6648:,
6581:.
6555:.
6541:.
6420:.
6358:.
6233:.
6229:.
6207:.
6191:.
6179:^
6171:76
6155:^
5917:.
5849:,
5814::
5728::
5577:nh
5573:ny
5565:lh
5561:ll
5551:,
5545:-n
5539:,
5533:-n
5486:/
5478:/
5443:-u
5356:("
5333:,
5310:).
5246::
5156:-a
5024:,
5020:,
4725:,
4454::
4444:ct
4371:).
4304:).
4298:an
4262::
4157:;
4138:).
4103:).
4080:).
4056:).
4029:).
3963:,
3950:be
3377:ou
3331:nh
3327:lh
3313:,
3309:,
3004:A
2734:/
2555:.
2549:ll
2525:it
2521:ch
2492:;
2364:,
2360:,
2294:,
2290:,
2249:,
1960:,
1947:,
1847:.
1796:,
1783:c.
1772:.
1739:,
1652:oc
1555:,
1551:,
1547:,
1470:.
1392:c.
1342:;
1323:c.
1276:ne
1243:.
1224:.
1172::
1088:oc
1067:si
1057:òc
1051:oi
1045:sí
1033:sì
1027:sé
1021:,
1018:sí
1006:òc
969:òc
958:sì
940:òc
923:sì
917:òc
883:òc
877:òc
855:.
802:,
704:,
700:,
684::
680:;
636:ɑː
630:,-
618:,-
615:ən
458:oc
102:c.
67:,
63:,
59:,
45:,
39:,
11241:†
11235:†
11229:†
11223:†
11200:)
11109:)
11074:)
11035:e
11028:t
11021:v
10188:)
10182:(
9120:)
9116:(
9106:e
9099:t
9092:v
8961:)
8937:(
8890:(
8879:)
8871:(
8812:e
8805:t
8798:v
8713:.
8684:.
8665:.
8642:.
8590:.
8567:.
8535:.
8520:.
8471:.
8433:.
8403:.
8194:.
8162:.
8040:.
7947:.
7921:.
7871:.
7826:.
7769::
7746:.
7734::
7708:.
7666:.
7612:.
7576:4
7526:"
7524:'
7444:)
7430:.
7413:.
7383:.
7275:.
7224:.
7173:.
7131:.
7092:.
7052:.
7026:.
6999:.
6960:.
6917:.
6862:.
6827:.
6798:.
6769:.
6738:.
6730:7
6696:.
6694:7
6597:.
6567:.
6487:.
6430:.
6404:.
6374:.
5855:"
5818:"
5490:.
5468:a
5466:-
5425:u
5423:/
5421:o
5417:e
5415:/
5413:a
5397:u
5393:o
5381:e
5377:a
5345:.
5276:.
5215:.
5193:.
5117:è
5115:(
5109:e
5105:é
5103:(
5097:e
4775:(
4512:)
4435:.
4352:.
4256:.
4230:.
4220:.
4209:.
4085:t
4066:a
4011:ū
3944:e
3909:)
3903:(
3898:)
3894:(
3880:.
3822:(
3798:(
3381:o
3370:/
2464:(
2434:(
2428:)
2424:(
2418:)
2414:(
2408:)
2404:(
2267:(
2071:.
2018:(
1991:(
1979:(
1655:/
1638:"
1444:(
1390:(
1321:(
1309:.
1097:(
1003:(
798:(
786:(
778:(
732:(
663:(
642:/
639:n
633:t
627:n
624:æ
621:t
612:t
609:ɪ
606:s
603:k
600:ɒ
597:ˈ
594:/
587:(
578:.
416:(
367:)
340:)
336:(
317:†
311:†
305:†
121:)
117:(
100:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.