Spain - Knowledge

2990: 5089: 2909: 7692: 6360: 7213: 19290: 3381: 7560: 5266: 6406:, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008. The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million. In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. 5810: 2170: 5449: 1786: 4934: 6809: 5280: 6571: 6029: 1709: 8615: 8029: 6949: 5747: 5976: 7158: 4560: 1978: 4376: 201: 20231: 295: 8282: 8000: 3520: 3679: 2296: 1617: 2376: 2112: 1821:, entered the peninsula after 409, weakening the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction over Hispania. The Suebi established a kingdom in north-western Iberia, whereas the Vandals established themselves in the south of the peninsula by 420 before crossing over to North Africa in 429. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified; the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation into the evolving Roman culture. 8249: 7981: 7459: 2830: 1903: 5775: 4039: 187: 4803:, were granted self-government through a rapid process. Andalusia also identified itself as a nationality in its first Statute of Autonomy, even though it followed the longer process stipulated in the constitution for the rest of the country. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance with their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community, the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, and Aragon. 20116: 2568: 2067: 6742:, which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam, Judaism, and evangelical Christianity is also recognised in law. According to a 2020 study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research, about 61% of Spaniards self-identify as 3044: 902: 2764: 757: 19595: 18084: 6433: 3932: 3668: 19607: 4020: 5966: 3120: 5010: 6019: 4329:. The monarch exercises this prerogative on the request of the prime minister, after the matter has been discussed by the Council of Ministers. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse the request. The monarch may also order national referendums on the request of the prime minister, but only with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales. Again, the monarch may choose to accept or refuse the prime minister's request. 2632: 7341: 5577: 4222:, functions which rightfully rest with Spain's duly elected legislatures and governments at both the national and regional level. Instead, the Crown personifies the democratic Spanish state, sanctions legitimate authority, ensures the legality of means, and guarantees the execution of the public will. Put another way, the monarch fosters national unity at home, represents Spaniards abroad (especially with regard to 8268: 18074: 6418:

Social Security. The programme had little effect. Although the programme failed to, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis from 2010 to 2011, resulted in tens of thousands of immigrants leaving the country due to lack of jobs. In 2011 alone, more than half a million people left Spain. For the first time in decades the net migration rate was expected to be negative, and nine out of 10 emigrants were foreigners.

927: 879: 860: 827: 808: 6831:, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity. Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalised Spanish language and culture, with Spain also absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire. 5496: 4919:, and in all, the Spanish territory is divided into 50 provinces. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre are the only communities that comprise a single province, which is coextensive with the community itself. In these cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community. 3246: 305: 4367:. If the Congress of Deputies fails to give its confidence to a new Government within two months, and is thus incapable of governing as a result of parliamentary gridlock, the monarch may dissolve the Cortes Generales and call for fresh elections. The monarch makes use of these reserve powers in his own deliberative judgment after consulting the president of the Congress of Deputies. 4348:. Of these magistrates, four magistrates are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, four magistrates are nominated by the Senate with the same majority, two magistrates are nominated by the Government, and two magistrates are nominated by the General Council of the Judiciary. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination. 4344:. Of these counselors, twelve are nominated by the supreme, appellate and trial courts, four are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, and four are nominated by the Senate with the same majority. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination. In a similar vein, the monarch appoints the twelve magistrates of the 2333:) were pursued by the Monarchy with the overarching goal of centralized authority and administrative uniformity. They included the abolishment of many of the old regional privileges and laws, as well as the customs barrier between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile in 1717, followed by the introduction of new property taxes in the Aragonese kingdoms. 8672:(Kingdom of Spain) are equally valid to designate Spain in international treaties. The latter term is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kinds, including foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognised as the conventional name by many international organisations. 4772:. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical and contemporary identity, the limits of its territories, the name and organisation of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according to the constitution. This ongoing process of devolution means that, while officially a 4908:. The existence of both the provinces and the municipalities is guaranteed and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State. 3116:, becoming the third country worldwide to do so. Decentralisation was supported with much resistance of Constitutional Court and conservative opposition, so did gender politics like quotas or the law against gender violence. Government talks with ETA happened, and the group announced its permanent cease of violence in 2010. 3062:, and Spain experienced strong economic growth, well above the EU average during the early 2000s. However, well-publicised concerns issued by many economic commentators at the height of the boom warned that extraordinary property prices and a high foreign trade deficit were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse. 7096:(initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter. In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued. 3728:, Extremadura and much of the centre of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of Extremadura, Castilla-La-Mancha, Madrid and even parts of Andalusia, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters. 5823:. Spain's population density, at 96/km (249.2/sq mi), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast. The population of Spain has risen 5527:. Spain is also Europe's main producer of wind energy. In 2010 its wind turbines generated 16.4% of all electrical energy produced in Spain. On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached a historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 9441:

spread out across many cities. The fact that Germany is an economic powerhouse makes it an attractive destination for those searching for employment after studying. France, the United Kingdom and Italy appear in third, fourth and fifth position. The rest of countries rank behind at a considerable distance.

5429:, a position in the ranking that it was still keeping in 2024. In total, 89% of the vehicles and 60% of the auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2023. A total of 2,201,802 made in Spain vehicles were exported in 2023. In 2023, the Spanish automotive industry generated 10% of Spain's 2275:-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the 5844:(TFR) across Spain was 1.16 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.11 children born per woman in 1865. Spain subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 43.1 years. 2658:. These gave a resounding victory to the Republican-Socialist candidacies in large cities and provincial capitals, with a majority of monarchist councilors in rural areas. The king left the country and the proclamation of the Republic on 14 April ensued, with the formation of a provisional government. 6409:

Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived. In

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plunged in the 1980s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward initially upon the return of many Spaniards who had emigrated to other European countries during the 1970s, and more recently, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up 12% of the population.

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Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. In the last five decades, international tourism in Spain has grown to become the

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Since the 1990s some Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America. Spain is the second biggest foreign investor there, after the United States. Spanish companies have also expanded into Asia, especially China and India. Spanish

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The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The predominant economic policy was an interventionist one, and the State also pursued policies aiming towards infrastructure development as well as the abolition of internal customs and the reduction of

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and the sign languages may add up. The number of speakers varies widely and their legal recognition is uneven, with some of the most vulnerable languages lacking any sort of effective protection. Those enjoying recognition as official language in some autonomous communities include Catalan/Valencian

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since 1982, Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners

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Spain is crowned the champion of foreign students. This is thanks to universities such as those in Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, Granada and Salamanca. Although nowhere near as popular as Spain, we find Germany in second place. It is a country that also has a large number of prestigious universities

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Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by the climate crisis in Europe. Spain could see 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming compared to pre-industrial levels in the next twenty years, in the worst-case scenario Spain will reach 4 °C (7.2 °F) warming by the end of the century. Due

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period, when it became strategically important for the US to establish a military presence on the Iberian Peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the Soviet Union into the Mediterranean basin. US Cold War strategic priorities included the dissemination of American educational ideas to foster

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In 2008, the government instituted a "Plan of Voluntary Return" which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish

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of the Crown are those royal prerogatives that are exercised in the monarch's personal discretion. Most of the Crown's royal prerogatives are ministerial in practice, meaning the monarch has no discretion in their execution and primarily performs them as a matter of state ceremonial. Nevertheless,

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with the Government. For this purpose, the monarch may preside at any time over meetings of the Council of Ministers, but only when requested by the prime minister. Moreover, the monarch may prematurely dissolve the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, or both houses of the Cortes in their entirety

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The independence of the Crown, its political neutrality and its wish to embrace and reconcile the different ideological standpoints enable it to contribute to the stability of our political system, facilitating a balance with the other constitutional and territorial bodies, promoting the orderly

7119:. Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1960s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century. 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the 2411:

and the unpopular prime minister led to a new declaration of war against Britain and Portugal. French troops entered the country to invade Portugal but instead occupied Spain's major fortresses. The Spanish king abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the French Empire was installed with

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which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency. The Spanish defense budget is 5.71 billion euros (US$ 7.2 billion) a 1% increase for 2015. The increase comes because of security concerns in the country. Military conscription was suppressed in 2001.

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were born in Hispania. Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century CE, and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century. Most of Spain's present languages and religions, as well as the basis of its laws, originate from this period. Starting in 170 CE, incursions of

6462:. The territoriality created by the form of co-officiality codified in the 1978 Constitution creates an asymmetry, in which Spanish speakers' rights apply to the entire territory whereas vis-à-vis the rest of co-official languages, their speakers' rights only apply in their territories. 4080:(the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution of 1978. After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution. As a result, Spain successfully transitioned from a 3183:

was discussing approving direct rule over Catalonia as called for by the Spanish Prime Minister. On the same day the Senate granted the power to impose direct rule and Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a new election. No country recognised Catalonia as a separate state.

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After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the World War I. The conflict offered the Spanish industry of

1873:, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Muslims from across the Strait of Gibraltar, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom. Only a small area in the mountainous north of the peninsula stood out of the territory seized during the initial invasion. The 2287:. In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century. 2689:

and numerous attacks against rival political leaders. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernize the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, political decentralization and

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Spain's per capita emissions was 4.92 tonnes in 2021, around 1.5 tonnes lower than the EU average. Spain was in 2021 responsible for 0.87% of cumulative global emissions. Spain committed to reduce 23% of emissions compared to 1990 levels in 2030 and to be net zero in 2050.

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In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, respectively. In 1492, Jews were forced to choose between conversion to Catholicism or expulsion; as many as 200,000 Jews were

9271: 4810:. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. For instance, only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy based on ancient 7030:

Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a

3785:, central Aragon and western Catalonia. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Castilla-León. Precipitation is limited with dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depends on altitude and latitude. 280: 268: 267: 2119:

The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.

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The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religion, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the

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In 2008, Spain granted citizenship to 84,170 persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco. Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several

274: 272: 279: 271: 270: 269: 2005:, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from 277: 266: 7169:

The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as

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The levels of education are preschool education, primary education, secondary education and post-16 education. In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the

14902: 5592:(CSIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 5th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2018 SCImago Institutions Rankings. Spain was ranked 29th in the 6778:

demonstrated that there were more than 2,100,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2019, accounting for 4–5% of the total population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the

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and accounted for 18% of total Spanish exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). External trade surplus of vehicles reached €18.8bn in 2023. The industry generates 9% of total employment, nearly 2 million jobs are linked to this industry.

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Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain".

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the monarch as to their appointment and dismissal. Moreover, the prime minister has plenary authority conferred by the Spanish Constitution to direct and coordinate the Government's policies and administrative actions. The Spanish monarch

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Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep

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until the latter's dissolution in May 2018. The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but had continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy.

2205:, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants brought to the metropole played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe. The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the 5006:, as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. It is fundamentally "based on shared values and the recovery of democracy." 11893: 5234:

data as of 1 September 2018, 137 of the 350 members of the Congress were women (39.1%), while in the Senate, there were 101 women out of 266 (39.9%), placing Spain 16th on their list of countries ranked by proportion of women in the

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in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of

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won the election with 44.6% of votes. As prime minister, he implemented austerity measures for EU bailout, the EU Stability and Growth Pact. On 19 June 2014, the monarch, Juan Carlos, abdicated in favour of his son, who became

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as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.

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when performing said ministerial acts, the monarch has the right to be consulted before acting on advice, the right to encourage a particular course of action, and the right to warn the responsible constitutional authorities.

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was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population.

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Spain's autonomous communities are the first level administrative divisions of the country. They were created after the current constitution came into effect (in 1978) in recognition of the right to self-government of the

10695: 16465:, 3,961 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". Page 19. 9536:#Linch, John (director), Fernández Castro, María Cruz (del segundo tomo), Historia de España, El País, volumen II, La península Ibérica en época prerromana, p. 40. Dossier. La etimología de España; ¿tierra de conejos?, 16437: 11691: 5424:

is one of the largest employers in the country. In 2023, Spain produced 2.45 million cars which makes it the 8th largest automobile producer country in the world and the 2nd largest car manufacturer in Europe after

4834:—were also devolved more powers than the rest of the communities, among them the ability of the regional president to dissolve the parliament and call for elections at any time. In addition, the Basque Country, the 10960: 6880: 8183:), national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally. 5599:

Higher education institutions perform about a 60% of the basic research in the country. Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&D expenditures is much lower than in other EU and OECD countries.

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was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188, the first form (restricted to the bishops, the magnates, and 'the elected citizens of each city') of modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in

9163:, 3,961 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". 7237:. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in 17830:"Acuerdo entre el Reino de España y Nueva Zelanda sobre participación en determinadas elecciones de los nacionales de cada país residentes en el territorio del otro, hecho en Wellington el 23 de junio de 2009" 11829: 1934:

incursions raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula in the 9th and 10th centuries. The first recorded Viking raid on Iberia took place in 844; it ended in failure with many Vikings killed by the Galicians'

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World Health Organization, World Health Staff, (2000), Haden, Angela; Campanini, Barbara, eds., The world health report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organization,

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are the corresponding chancellors for the orders of Isabella the Catholic and of Civil Merit, the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise, and the orders of Saint Raymond of Peñafort and of Constitutional Merit,

6458:)—has effectively been the official language of the entire country since 1931. As allowed in the third article of the Constitution, the other 'Spanish languages' can also become official in their respective 5746: 17230: 3735:

zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. western

3101:, the issue of responsibility quickly became a political controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE exchanging accusations over the handling of the incident. The PSOE won the election, led by 14880: 10836: 9873: 19645: 11601: 16698: 11195: 4523:

the prime minister after consulting representatives from the different parliamentary groups and in turn formally appoints him or her to office upon a vote of investiture in the Congress of Deputies.

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guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims, for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in Castile and 1527 in Aragon, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian

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there was a great political and social upheaval, marked by a sharp radicalization of the left and the right. Instances of political violence during this period included the burning of churches, the

2209:. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. The rise of 17819:

Paloma Aguilar, Carsten Humlebæk, "Collective Memory and National Identity in the Spanish Democracy: The Legacies of Francoism and the Civil War", History & Memory, 1 April 2002, pag. 121–164

16212: 16560: 11755: 6975:, which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken. A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in 2126:

was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading

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The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time.

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for universal representation under a constitutional monarchy was declared, but after the fall of the Bonapartist regime, the Spanish king dismissed the Cortes Generales, set on ruling as an

263: 14438: 7107:. The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan 6757:

in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a "state character", while allowing for the state to "cooperate" with religious groups.

2446:, was assembled to coordinate the effort against the Bonapartist regime and to prepare a constitution. It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish empire. In 1812, a 16233: 16621: 3463:

in Baleares). These islands are specifically mentioned by the Spanish Constitution, when fixing its Senatorial representation (Ibiza and Formentera are grouped, as they together form the

2087:, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas. The 5208:(AI), government investigations of alleged police abuses are often lengthy and punishments were light. Violence against women was a problem, which the Government took steps to address. 17490:

La Spina, V (2018). "Earth and gypsum: From theory to practice in Spanish vernacular architecture". In Mileto, C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; García-Soriano, L.; Cristini, V. (eds.).

14075: 9461: 17065: 14148: 13942: 11714: 5701:, with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to 330 km/h (210 mph). On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world, followed by the Japanese 4246:"...to faithfully carry out duties, to obey the Constitution and the laws and ensure that they are obeyed, and to respect the rights of citizens and the Self-governing Communities." 2756:

was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels on 1 October 1936. An uneasy relationship between the Republican government and the grassroots anarchists who had initiated a partial

17460: 15172: 9607: 1647:. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the 265: 19638: 18580: 18021: 2591: 2483:

proved futile with opposition not only in the colonies but also in the Iberian peninsula and army revolts followed. By the end of 1826, the only American colonies Spain held were

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A number of constitutional powers, duties, rights, responsibilities, and functions are assigned to the monarch in his or her capacity as head of state. However, the Crown enjoys

18338: 6371:) there were 6.6 million foreign residents in Spain in 2024 (13.5%) while all citizens born outside of Spain were 8.9 million in 2024, 18.31% of the total population. 10169: 4238:. In other words, the Crown is the guardian of the Spanish constitution and of the rights and freedoms of all Spaniards. This stabilising role is in keeping with the monarch's 1566:, meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of 16433: 14724: 5562:. Fossil fuels together generated 58% of Spain's electricity in 2009, just below the OECD mean of 61%. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each. 4412:

that serves as the supreme representative body of the Spanish people. Aside from the Crown, it is the only basic State institution that enjoys inviolability. It comprises the

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increased Spain's involvement in religiously charged wars, forcing ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean. By the middle decades of a war- and

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Modern humans first arrived in Iberia from the north on foot about 35,000 years ago. The best-known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the paintings in the

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Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages

11683: 9504: 3192: 2564:. The heavy losses suffered by the colonial troops in conflicts in northern Morocco against Riffians forces brought discredit to the government and undermined the monarchy. 14034: 10934: 5088: 3961:

presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and

3777:, eastern Andalusia, various areas of Castilla-la-Mancha, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the 19014: 10952: 7370:, the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the church of Santa Úrsula in the same locality. Other notable sculptors were 2283:

and the United Provinces (Dutch Republic), and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide

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The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong

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of the Government, the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, the General Council of the Judiciary, or the Constitutional Tribunal, as the case may be. On the other hand, the

19631: 18585: 16542:¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a? 11923: 4296:

The royal prerogatives may be classified by whether they are ministerial acts or reserve powers. Ministerial acts are those royal prerogatives that are, pursuant to the

7626:

streams. There was then an extraordinary flourishing of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called

6654:. The health care is public, universal and free for any legal citizen of Spain. The total health spending is 9.4% of the GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the 4099:. These regions enjoy varying degrees of autonomy thanks to the Spanish Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation. 3724:

zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout

2733: 2318:

was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power.

1974:

achieved temporary unity upon the Muslim-ruled territory, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains.

6628:

currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Spanish 15-year-olds as significantly below the OECD average of 493 in reading literacy, mathematics, and science.

2783:

claimed the lives of over 500,000 people and caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens from the country. On 1 April 1939, five months before the beginning of

15519: 14797: 2556:. Although the period around the turn of the century was one of increasing prosperity, the 20th century brought little social peace. Spain played a minor part in the 1528: 20919: 13906: 13874: 11816: 11625:"Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data" 16328: 13779: 11855: 11571: 17239: 15835: 15753: 15401: 14381: 9523: 9239: 775: 15787: 15438: 11540: 10828: 8660:(Spanish Nation) are used throughout the document, sometimes interchangeably. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs established that the denominations 3900:, although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate. 2654:

After a period of Crown-supported dictatorship from 1923 to 1931, the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the

20397: 18590: 14872: 14222: 9862: 4760:". The autonomous communities were to comprise adjacent provinces with common historical, cultural, and economic traits. This territorial organisation, based on 1966:

in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms. The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the

14301: 13973: 6750:. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. Recent polls and surveys suggest that around 30% of the Spanish population is irreligious. 4195:. Rather, the Crown, as an institution, "...arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions..." of the Spanish state. As such, the monarch 2908: 20163: 18267: 11593: 4320:

to maintain the continuity and stability of state institutions. For example, the monarch has the right to be kept informed on affairs of state through regular

1170: 16276: 14201: 13743: 11187: 10920: 8133:, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for 16690: 8337:) or have some degree of recognition. In each of these, Spain's conventional long name for international affairs in Spanish laws and the most used (Spanish: 7103:, which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticised or stylised presentations. The major realist writer was 4814:

provisions. Nevertheless, each autonomous community is responsible for healthcare and education, among other public services. Beyond these competencies, the

2826:", sometimes understood as a wider structure than the FET y de las JONS proper, largely imposed over the later's name in official documents along the 1950s. 17655: 15173:"Algae Based Biofuels in Plain English: Why it Matters, How it Works. (algae algaebiofuels carbonsequestration valcent vertigro algaebasedbiofuels ethanol)" 13615: 11347: 10625: 9980: 9839: 6581:

State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The current education system is regulated by the 2006 educational law, LOE (

6414:

reported that Spain was the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.

19005: 16250: 13660: 5804: 4806:

The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own elected parliaments and governments as well as their own dedicated

1746:(Latinised) at different rates depending on what part of the peninsula they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class. 1480: 15704: 14115: 2955:

let people of Franco's regime continue inside institutions without consequences, even perpetrators of some crimes during transition to democracy like the

20954: 20949: 20944: 15150: 7774: 7618:

style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the

5852: 5306: 2181:

expanded across vast areas in the Americas, the Indo-Pacific, Africa as well as the European continent (including holdings in the Italian Peninsula, the

20495: 18824: 17759: 16207: 13992: 12446: 8897:. The Spanish Constitution mandates the monarch grant royal assent to each bill within fifteen days of its passage; he or she does not have a right to 8170: 7852:

roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:

3254: 16556: 16302: 14936: 13596: 11752: 10858:Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". 5589: 20490: 19944: 14283: 12380: 7522: 3359: 15235: 2815: 2787:, the rebel side led by Franco emerged victorious, imposing a dictatorship over the whole country. Thousands were imprisoned after the civil war in 17733: 15839: 15310: 14761: 11410: 11256: 9117: 8310: 5717: 4532: 1690:

expanded inland towards the meseta; however, due to the bellicose inland tribes, the Carthaginians settled on the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.

1591:, meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian Peninsula constitutes the southwest corner of the European continent. 761: 15258: 14564: 14512: 14435: 14253: 11791: 10078: 9903: 9367: 8848: 20909: 20470: 20465: 16228: 12600: 12491: 11435: 10983:"Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya!" 9779: 6768: 5724:(El Prat) is also important, with 50 million passengers in 2023, being the world's 30th-busiest airport. Other main airports are located in 5201:"protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions". 4520: 2903: 16610: 14962: 11008: 10244: 9445: 1662:. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula. The Celts inhabited much of the interior and Atlantic sides of the peninsula. 20794: 18402: 18332: 14928: 14406: 11164: 8860: 6621: 1409: 17837: 16133: 15813: 15681: 14632: 7316:

is a well-known modern impressionist painter and there are many important Spanish painters belonging to the modernism art movement, including

5150:. The next military authorities in line are the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence. The fourth military authority of the State is the 18819: 17204: 15054: 13801: 9469: 8844: 8174: 5099: 2468: 883: 17293: 17054: 14702: 14138: 13638: 2986:. King Juan Carlos took personal command of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to surrender. 2325:, was installed. The Crowns of Castile and Aragon had been long united only by the Monarchy and the common institution of the Inquisition's 1927:(Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century. 20924: 20914: 19937: 18738: 15656: 14983:

Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table for figure 49. Source: IEA/OECD

13848: 11225: 9184: 4297: 2252:. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the 938: 16877: 16191: 15603: 15574: 13717: 7538: 6368: 5677:

As of July 2024, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,966 km (2,464 mi) and the

2495:(a reactionary legitimist movement supportive of an alternative Bourbon branch), fought against the government forces supportive of Queen 20437: 20405: 20127: 17150: 17031: 16865: 16011: 15176: 12247: 10286: 10019: 9599: 9217: 9100: 5868:

countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern,

5774: 4277:

in turn transfers political and legal liability for the royal prerogative to the attesting parties. This provision does not apply to the

3980:

regions, each with its own floral characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, and

3004:

During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing open society. New cultural movements based on freedom appeared, like

2916:

In 1962, a group of politicians involved in the opposition to Franco's regime inside the country and in exile met in the congress of the

2624:

Political corruption and repression weakened the democratic system of the constitutional monarchy of a two-parties system. The July 1909

17624: 16391: 16362: 14728: 14534: 11062: 10743: 5837:

times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s.

3896:. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) during their coolest month, thus having influences of 2849:

After the war Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. This changed in 1955, during the

1962:) to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion. The capture of the strategic city of 20460: 20206: 20156: 17363: 15931: 15029:

Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (7 January 2024).

14349: 10588: 8955:, on the advice of the Government. Before tendering advice, the Government is required to consult the General Council of the Judiciary. 5378: 5219:

in 2013, Spain is rated first in acceptance of homosexuality, with 88% of those surveyed saying that homosexuality should be accepted.

3200: 3176: 3089:

carried out the largest terrorist attack in Western European history when they killed 191 people and wounded more than 1,800 others by

1731:

captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. Although it took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the

725: 16477: 11316: 10161: 6876: 18881: 16110: 15469: 8959: 5761: 3258: 2720:

that triumphed in only part of the country. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one

831: 18000: 16668: 16458: 10139: 9156: 6676: 3112:

increased rapidly during its economic boom but then declined due to the financial crisis. In 2005, the Spanish government legalised

20401: 18998: 18323: 16496: 15893: 15731: 12020: 8982: 4096: 3769:) is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the 2578:

Industrialisation, the development of railways and incipient capitalism developed in several areas of the country, particularly in

1891:. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian-controlled areas of the peninsula was along the 1099: 17678: 16515: 11947:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 9656: 9496: 8734:

Those nationwide institutions are the Crown, the Cortes Generales, the Government, the Judiciary, and the Constitutional Tribunal.

8055:

have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century.

7397:

belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the

3915:

to declining rainfall Spain's droughts which are already one of the worst in Europe will be ten times worse compared to 2023. The

3436:, located in the Mediterranean between Spain and North Africa, is also administered by Spain, specifically by the municipality of 1757:, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors 19781: 19299: 18856: 14015: 13685: 11134: 11107: 11088: 10938: 8784:

is but one example of the Crown exercising its influence as the moderating branch to defend democracy and uphold the rule of law.

8080: 8032: 6827:

of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence. Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the

3013: 2737: 2548:

was fought in the spring of 1898 and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa.

1732: 1174: 19580:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

12043: 7813: 6593:(Wert Law). Since 1970 to 2014, Spain has had seven different educational laws (LGE, LOECE, LODE, LOGSE, LOPEG, LOE and LOMCE). 5329:

rate (26.5% in April 2024) is extremely high compared to EU standards. Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include a large

3991:

Within the European territory, Spain has the largest number of plant species (7,600 vascular plants) of all European countries.

2423:

was one of many uprisings across the country against the French occupation. These revolts marked the beginning of a devastating

20515: 18607: 18131: 17785: 17424: 15912: 15007: 10982: 10195: 5397:

and infrastructure, with six of the ten biggest international construction firms specialising in transport being Spanish, like

3919:

estimated that 4,000 people died in 2022 due to heat related stress in Spain. 74% of the country is at risk of desertification

2721: 2217:

and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the

15952: 15332: 11915: 11377: 11286: 9462:"572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo" 7035:

in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan. Famous Early Modern works include

4261:

in the very courts which administer justice in its name. For this reason, every official act done by the monarch requires the

3590:(often translated as 'Inner Plateau') is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain split in two by the Sistema Central. 2314:

The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The

1832:, in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under 1302:

reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by

20149: 18876: 17872: 17532: 17503: 16912: 16005: 15869: 15048: 14479: 12459: 12241: 10671: 10582: 10347: 9685:), the Basque Country (Santimamiñe) and Catalonia. The radiocarbon datations give the following dates: 32,425 and 29,515 BP. 9541: 8852: 8591: 8064: 7482:

were created in 1932. The government imposition of dubbing of foreign films in 1941 accustomed Spanish audiences to watching

6775: 6531: 6234: 6009: 5955: 5940: 5935: 5920: 5872:

and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Britons,

5819: 5615: 5414: 4641: 4453: 4270: 4223: 3797: 2871: 2472: 2358: 1468: 1323: 554: 511: 20181: 16596: 15544: 13392: 9330: 8810: 8210:. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 people attending every year. 5333:, and an education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries, along with the United States. 5060:; it was the subject of an armed incident between Spain and Morocco in 2002. Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and 2603: 2048:(the remaining Muslim-ruled polity in the Iberian Peninsula after 1246) capitulated in 1492 to the military strength of the 1338:

that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an

20899: 20194: 16801: 16638: 15784: 15129:"Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry" 14787: 14658: 12091: 11509: 11479: 11453: 9337: 6987:

across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century. The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry,

6585:), or Fundamental Law for the Education. In 2014, the LOE was partially modified by the newer and controversial LOMCE law ( 3168: 3132: 2887: 2795: 15516: 13913: 13881: 7691: 7190:); or simply by outright denying its existence. The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of 6359: 4359:

and, as the case may be, appoints or removes him or her from office based on the prime minister's ability to maintain the

2822:

and the Carlist traditionalists and to which the rest of right-wing groups supporting the rebels also added. The name of "

20543: 20218: 18991: 18244: 17560: 16332: 11563: 10394: 10313: 9949: 9809: 8822: 7250: 6455: 5885: 4211: 3215:, causing life expectancy to drop by more than a year. In March 2021, Spain became the sixth nation in the world to make 2956: 2674: 2595: 2587: 2572: 1291: 1143: 16954:"The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience" 16775: 15843: 15760: 9519: 7802: 6541:

Spanish is natively spoken by 74%, Catalan/Valencian by 17%, Galician by 7% and Basque by 2% of the Spanish population.

5471:

second largest in the world in terms of spending, worth approximately 40 billion Euros or about 5% of GDP in 2006.

3425: 3328: 20845: 20239: 20131: 19960: 19483: 18529: 16535: 15424: 11532: 8806: 8682: 7650: 5338: 5302: 5151: 4912: 4754: 4553: 3270: 2607: 1440: 864: 17461:"El Festival de San Sebastián y el de Málaga, entre las diez iniciativas culturales más importantes de España en 2021" 14218: 13964: 11684:"Luz verde definitiva: la ley de eutanasia ya es una realidad en España tras superar su último trámite en el Congreso" 9756: 2491:. The Napoleonic War left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. In the 1830s and 1840s, 2337:

export tariffs. Projects of agricultural colonisation with new settlements took place in the south of mainland Spain.

1911: 20475: 18617: 17933: 17912: 17144: 16836: 16755: 16421: 16156: 16070: 15388: 15202: 14436:

Spain's Black Market Economy Is Worth 20% of Its GDP: One million Spanish people have jobs in the underground economy

14297: 12159: 10800: 10737: 10547: 10512: 10491: 10421: 10367: 10280: 10222: 10125: 10013: 8872: 7093: 7086: 4504: 4476: 4360: 3102: 2261: 2249: 2163: 14823: 10815: 7241:, is still evident today. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Renaissance, 20934: 20533: 18370: 18209: 13750: 10912: 9414:

Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez Source, Arturo (1995). "Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571".

7212: 7015: 5678: 4341: 3985: 3204: 2488: 2432: 2151: 1625: 1190: 569: 17590: 16329:"La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo – TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 16280: 14327: 14198: 3714: 3705:

is characterised by warm/hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties:

3671: 3261:. It is some 47,000 km (18,000 sq mi) smaller than France. At 3,715 m (12,188 ft), Mount 2599: 20815: 20608: 20430: 19548: 18632: 18575: 18445: 18397: 18392: 18365: 18328: 18234: 17647: 16575: 13611: 11824: 11339: 9972: 8963: 8501: 5571: 4547: 4092: 3972:

The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the terrain, the climate and

3449: 3017: 2948: 2940: 2899: 2618: 2471:. Starting in 1809 the American colonies began a series of revolutions and declared independence, leading to the 1135: 16254: 15708: 15626: 14170: 13827: 13653: 8923:

of the next Cortes. These functions are performed in accordance with the strictures of the Spanish Constitution.

7782: 6028: 5709:. Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%). 5029: 3808:, and partly Galicia and Castile–León). It is also found in northern Navarre, in most highlands areas along the 3269:) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a 2819: 1513:. The etymological origin of the term Hispania is uncertain, although the Phoenicians referred to the region as 347: 200: 20904: 20480: 16989: 14607: 14107: 9927: 8927: 8798: 8084: 8040: 6647: 5975: 5070:

islets off the northern coast of Africa. Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of

4807: 4488: 4484: 4316:

The aforesaid limitations do not apply to the Crown's reserve powers, which may be invoked by the monarch when

4181: 2237: 1866: 1444: 812: 15128: 8989:

in the gift of the state, all done on the advice of the prime minister or another minister designated thereby.

7778: 7394: 7366:

School) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture". His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the

7191: 2875: 1735:, they retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the 20485: 18647: 18465: 18239: 9389: 8941: 8826: 8814: 8752: 8704:), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system. 8305: 8295: 7817: 7808:

Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals

7390: 6840: 4492: 4345: 4071: 3380: 3220: 3098: 2788: 2745: 2666: 2480: 2350: 2315: 2299: 2131: 1050: 17755: 13989: 9094: 7559: 7295: 7066: 3196: 20894: 20889: 19396: 18570: 18534: 18360: 16306: 14275: 13592: 8974: 8856: 8756: 8121:

also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the

7710:, a West Andalusian musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of 7398: 7082: 6884: 6161: 5671: 5421: 5198: 5037: 5033: 4536: 4500: 4058:

The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. In June 1976, Spain's new King

4009: 3144: 2936: 2662: 2655: 2613:

Catalanism and Vasquism, alongside other nationalisms and regionalisms in Spain, arose in that period: the

2447: 2279:

reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the

2076: 1848: 1283: 1210: 1007: 1003: 682: 20267: 14143: 13128: 7954:

ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style

7429: 7273: 19574:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

18637: 18161: 17994: 17807: 16554: 15227: 9279: 8830: 7662: 7078: 6386:, and Chinese. There are more than 200,000 migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain, principally 5326: 5269: 5128: 4941: 4515: 4445: 4305: 4173: 3021: 2997: 2516: 2169: 1472: 17717: 15302: 14751: 11400: 11248: 9301: 9121: 6961: 3820:) also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought. 2982:

On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose

1533: 20929: 20423: 18497: 18194: 18124: 16828: 15277: 14556: 14504: 14407:"Expansión / Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate) - Spain" 14245: 12379:

Robert Blackburn (2022). O. Lepsius; A. Nußberger; C. Schönberger; C. Waldhoff & C. Walter (eds.).

11784: 11715:"Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez wins new term as Spanish PM following election gamble – as it happened" 10483: 9899: 9835: 9039: 8110: 8068: 7100: 6609:(medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the 5464: 5265: 5244: 4928: 4448:

to serve four-year terms. On the other hand, 208 senators are directly elected by popular vote using a

4282: 3224: 3212: 3113: 3090: 2757: 2707: 2536:

In the late 19th century nationalist movements arose in the Philippines and Cuba. In 1895 and 1896 the

2388: 2280: 1981: 1295: 1031: 1026: 997: 969: 643: 14845: 12500: 11425: 10248: 6617:(higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level. 5856:

The immigrants originate mainly in Latin America (39%), North Africa (16%), Eastern Europe (15%), and

4140:, which it refers to as "basic State institutions". Foremost amongst these institutions is the Crown ( 24: 19623: 18891: 18671: 18597: 18343: 18287: 18282: 14958: 11000: 10788: 9442: 8912: 8864: 8781: 8088: 7658: 7140: 6914: 6651: 5809: 5725: 5532: 5231: 5044:; Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore does not accept the Portuguese 4937: 4887: 4337: 3916: 3829: 3355: 3156: 3140: 3109: 3029: 2879: 2717: 2537: 2504: 2484: 2435:, led to the retreat of French imperial armies from the Iberian Peninsula in 1814, and the return of 2155: 2102: 1946:

In the 11th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms (

1252: 18060: 15805: 15596:"Cifras de Población (CP) a 1 de abril de 2024 Estadística de Migraciones (EM). Datos provisionales" 11156: 8195: 7371: 6808: 5448: 1785: 1713: 1310:

centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious

19663: 18866: 18512: 18387: 18184: 17882: 17829: 16162: 14820:"Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time" 14636: 13721: 12335: 8948: 8744: 8166: 7136: 7104: 6570: 6200: 5765: 5581: 5248: 4933: 4278: 4231: 3375: 3037: 2952: 2859: 2614: 2561: 2545: 2362: 1743: 1666:

occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas; Phoenician-influenced

1484: 1365: 17185: 17055:"La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata : cultura y filología" 15689: 15030: 14694: 14589: 12313: 3857: 3460: 1885:

in the mountainous north, eventually surged upon the consolidation of counties of the Carolingian

18627: 18485: 18224: 17289: 16904: 13630: 9638: 8126: 7619: 7579: 6948: 6824: 6574: 6374:

According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 860,000 were Romanian, about 770,000 were

5945: 5925: 5593: 5551: 5536: 5092: 5045: 4905: 4895: 4480: 4356: 4333: 4325:

before the expiration of their four-year term and, in consequence thereof, concurrently call for

4266: 4227: 4145: 4088: 4049: 3909: 3421: 3128: 2960: 2678: 2370: 2272: 2264:; by the 1660s it was struggling to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. 2159: 1424: 1420: 916: 789: 539: 399: 16720: 15663: 13941:(in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain. January 2008. Archived from 11771: 11217: 10563: 9173: 7542: 7508:

Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the

5410: 2776: 20553: 20173: 19681: 19069: 18565: 18214: 18204: 18077: 18044: 17401: 16854:"Literatura hispanorromance primigenia : la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60" 16186: 16143:. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Compostela. p. 175. 15997: 12269: 10729: 10443:

Serrano Daura, Josep (2019). "Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico".

9562: 8934: 8383: 6764: 6650:) is considered one of the best in the world, in 7th position in the ranking elaborated by the 6459: 5508: 5504: 5430: 4603: 4169: 4137: 3531: 3216: 3148: 3094: 2975: 2924: 2526: 2511: 2436: 2354: 2338: 2303: 2268: 1939:; and seventy of the Vikings' longships captured on the beach and burned by the troops of King 1389: 1319: 839: 783: 186: 20: 20141: 18408: 17130: 17019: 17011: 16853: 15989: 14542: 13238: 13150: 12952: 12908: 12842: 12231: 10792: 10657: 10270: 10003: 9209: 9086: 8642:

The Spanish Constitution does not contain any one official name for Spain. Instead, the terms

8092: 5279: 5066: 3411: 3005: 2912:

Juan Carlos I before the Cortes Españolas, during his proclamation as King on 22 November 1975

2521: 2070:

Late 16th-century Seville, the harbor enjoying the exclusive right to trade with the New World

1708: 20939: 20825: 19813: 19552: 19415: 19386: 18904: 18861: 18758: 18718: 18693: 18502: 18450: 18117: 18048: 17616: 17524: 17200: 16384: 16354: 14023:

Encuentros: Revista luso-española de investigadores en Ciencias humanas y sociales. Separatas

13546: 13524: 13502: 13480: 13458: 13436: 13414: 13348: 13326: 13304: 13282: 13260: 13216: 13194: 13172: 13106: 13084: 13062: 13040: 13018: 12996: 12974: 12930: 12886: 12864: 12820: 12798: 12776: 12754: 12732: 12710: 12688: 12666: 12644: 12622: 12523:(Speech). Hugo Wolfsohn Memorial Lecture. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University 12291: 12186: 12134: 11856:"Spain is getting 'hotter, drier and more flammable' due to climate change, Greenpeace warns" 11054: 10721: 9584: 9010:

on the advice of the prime minister and with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales.

8868: 8488: 8184: 8162: 7794: 7009: 6918: 6743: 5798: 5358: 5322: 5318: 5205: 5186: 5155: 4317: 4200: 4144:), the symbol of the Spanish state and its permanence. Spain's "parliamentary monarchy" is a 4129: 3865: 3702: 3575: 3070: 2799: 2677:

followed. In the election held in 1933 the right triumphed and in 1936, the left. During the

2541: 2384: 2098: 1797: 1648: 979: 975: 743: 696: 206: 17340: 16474: 14356: 12357: 12208: 10567: 7738: 7310:, the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states. 7277: 7157: 7024: 7020: 5321:

worked successfully to gain admission to the group of countries launching the euro in 1999.

4375: 18791: 18723: 18713: 18560: 18519: 18507: 18174: 15433: 14783: 11958: 11308: 10391:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age" 10335: 9705: 9555:

A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume 1

8997: 8978: 8952: 8802: 8794: 8207: 8122: 7588: 7584: 7554: 7483: 7458: 7230:

Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and

7132: 7128: 7124: 7074: 7058: 6637: 6447: 6354: 5950: 5930: 5841: 5733: 5674:

said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."

5667: 5516: 5192: 5108: 5083: 5018: 4960: 4856: 4559: 4413: 4409: 4380: 4364: 4352: 4290: 4254: 4133: 4063: 3994:

In Spain there are 17.804 billion trees and an average of 284 million more grow each year.

3547: 3404:

in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the

3188: 3048: 3020:(PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. In 1986 Spain joined the 2883: 2648: 2553: 2496: 2420: 2408: 2284: 2080: 1977: 1940: 1654:

The two largest groups inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest were the

1353: 1307: 989: 669: 623: 405: 20230: 17984: 17923: 17902: 16555:

Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019).

16106: 15459: 14076:"El jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra y 11 tenientes generales aspiran a JEMAD" 12562:"Monarchy and Democracy: The Political Role of King Juan Carlos in the Spanish Transicion" 7827:, the guitar, originated in Spain. Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or 5614:

The Spanish road system is mainly centralised, with six highways connecting Madrid to the

5519:

world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called

4281:, over which the monarch enjoys absolute control and supervision, or to membership in the 8: 20623: 20319: 20040: 19804: 19508: 19341: 19139: 18841: 18728: 18708: 18698: 18480: 18455: 18219: 17495: 16664: 14279: 13437:"Part V. Relations Between the Government and the Cortes Generales, Spanish Constitution" 11886:"Faced with an early heat wave and a major drought, Spain questions its water management" 10101: 9682: 9631: 9082: 9035: 8908: 8334: 8222: 8098: 8076: 8028: 7990: 7630:

came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.

7623: 7425: 7367: 7054: 7043: 6984: 6941: 6922: 6904: 6856: 6850: 6519: 6494: 6320: 6302: 6082: 5993: 5623: 5547: 5216: 5166: 5057: 4904:, which served as their territorial building blocks. In turn, provinces are divided into 4769: 4596: 4574: 4468: 4192: 4165: 4161: 3833: 3774: 3745: 3405: 3289: 3285: 2823: 2691: 2640: 2625: 2602:, was founded in 1888. In the anarcho-sindicalist trend of the labour movement in Spain, 2557: 2530: 2392: 2326: 2257: 2218: 2214: 2028:

entered in a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean. In 1229

2021: 2013: 1874: 1543: 1522: 1393: 1242: 1222: 467: 455: 19487: 16512: 16493: 16277:"Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 15723: 12012: 11962: 9709: 9652: 8242: 8079:, and is the first team ever to win three back-to-back major international tournaments. 7999: 7896: 7717:

In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as

6787:) and other African countries. More than 879,000 (42%) of them had Spanish nationality. 6098: 4624: 3796:) is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region ( 3737: 3223:, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez once again formed a coalition government, this time with 2748:. The Republic was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of 1560:

would mean "the land where metals are forged". It may be a derivation of the Phoenician

19794: 19407: 18983: 18836: 18831: 18733: 18703: 18652: 18492: 18475: 18414: 18311: 18277: 18169: 17989: 17406: 17099: 16981: 16076: 15890: 15464: 15109: 12581: 12400: 11989: 11946: 11659: 11624: 10893: 10131: 10070: 9737: 9423: 9003: 8993: 8920: 8529: 8517: 8461: 8353: 8330: 8005: 7929: 7824: 7742: 7670: 7637:

produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centred in

7529: 7495: 7194:(chief architect of the myth around it) against Antonio Pérez. Foreign imports such as 7152: 7120: 7032: 6928: 6900: 6896: 6565: 6523: 6498: 6466: 6436: 6427: 5857: 5609: 5362: 5174: 5147: 5143: 4956: 4901: 4891: 4511: 4496: 4386: 4321: 4258: 4177: 4076: 3741: 3678: 3578:, is the highest elevation in the Iberian Peninsula. The highest point in Spain is the 3417: 3344: 3293: 3240: 3172: 3123:

Demonstration against the crisis and high youth unemployment in Madrid, 15 October 2011

3066: 2967: 2842: 2686: 2366: 2206: 2135: 2045: 2002: 1878: 1833: 1770: 1703: 1683: 1616: 1611: 1369: 1343: 1251:, repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the 1238: 1230: 1202: 712: 158: 68: 19929: 17904:

La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos

17016:

Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII

13692: 11130: 11103: 11084: 10575:

El Siglo de las Luces: III Centenario del Nacimiento de José de Hermosilla (1715-1776)

10042: 7730: 7564: 7462: 7313: 7281: 7224: 6995:

in the 14th and 15th centuries. Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the

6059: 5906: 4850: 4355:

that are perhaps the most frequently exercised. The monarch nominates a candidate for

3869: 3809: 3551: 3033: 2993: 2443: 2375: 1989: 1226: 20820: 20598: 20500: 20446: 19655: 19606: 19114: 18851: 18763: 18748: 18743: 18683: 18622: 18612: 18524: 18433: 18419: 18375: 18354: 18292: 17929: 17908: 17868: 17725: 17686: 17528: 17499: 17355: 17140: 17023: 16985: 16973: 16908: 16869: 16832: 16751: 16417: 16152: 16080: 16066: 16046: 16001: 15429: 15384: 15269: 15113: 15044: 14026: 14000: 12455: 12404: 12237: 12051: 11994: 11976: 11767: 11722: 11664: 11646: 10897: 10885: 10796: 10733: 10667: 10578: 10543: 10487: 10460: 10343: 10276: 10135: 10121: 10109: 10074: 10062: 10058: 10009: 9771: 9729: 9721: 9537: 8533: 8513: 8437: 8425: 8371: 8052: 8044: 7860:

Spain – coastal regions, from Catalonia to Andalusia – heavy use of seafood, such as

7762: 7614:

Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a

7359: 7258: 6997: 6927:

Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of

6908: 6667: 6641: 6549: 6490: 6395: 6387: 6379: 5721: 5651: 5014: 4694: 4153: 4149: 4030: 4003: 3952: 3758: 3683: 3397: 3297: 2917: 2874:

and the creation of a mass tourism industry. Franco's rule was also characterised by

2780: 2703: 2451: 2276: 2233: 2222: 2088: 2049: 2040:

established some enclaves around the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon the conclusion of the

2025: 1953: 1882: 1862: 1640: 1506: 1464: 1436: 1397: 1331: 1264: 1234: 1087: 560: 524: 505: 473: 429: 294: 128: 83: 17781: 15909: 15003: 10191: 7592: 7375: 7269: 6544:

Some of the most spoken foreign languages used by the immigrant communities include

6402:

Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after

5729: 3969:, the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions. 3693:

Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and

3567: 3519: 3455:

There are 11 major islands in Spain, all of them having their own governing bodies (

3069:

occurred with big ecological consequences along Spain's Atlantic coastline. In 2003

2399:

elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the

1998: 1218: 19544: 18945: 18938: 18783: 18642: 18548: 18470: 18380: 18348: 18262: 18152: 18144: 18035: 17090:

Orringer, Nelson R. (1998). "Redefining the Spanish Silver Age and '98 Within It".

16965: 16230:

De la LGE a la LOMCE: Así son las siete leyes educativas españolas de la democracia

16144: 16058: 15963: 15336: 15140: 15099: 15089: 15036: 14219:"Analysis of 8 years of Gender Violence Law in Spain | Gender violence and justice" 12573: 12392: 11984: 11966: 11654: 11636: 11369: 11278: 10875: 10867: 10452: 10113: 10054: 9741: 9713: 9558: 9240:"INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 1st July 2024. Provisional data" 8986: 8944:

from among its members, on the advice of the full bench, for a term of three years.

8609: 8537: 8521: 8509: 8473: 8455: 8443: 8401: 8389: 8346: 8300: 8248: 8150: 7933: 7921: 7726: 7437: 7405:

belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary, are attributed.

7348: 7231: 7187: 7171: 7003: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6846: 6803: 6589:), or Fundamental Law for the Improvement of the Education System, commonly called 6553: 6515: 6486: 6443: 6252: 6218: 5781: 5737: 5555: 5474: 5443: 5330: 5260: 5096: 5040:, in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. Another dispute surrounds the 5022: 4979: 4948: 4916: 4679: 4648: 4464: 4392: 4262: 3981: 3940: 3897: 3770: 3662: 3559: 3464: 3393: 3081:, and a strong movement against war rose in Spanish society. In March 2004 a local 2834: 2753: 2749: 2413: 2322: 2307: 2295: 2190: 2143: 1870: 1804: 1779: 1749:

Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbours exported gold,

1724: 1687: 1678:

occupied areas in the central west. Several cities were founded along the coast by

1600: 1413: 1405: 1385: 1279: 1256: 1245:; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the 1194: 1186: 1111: 1095: 891: 630: 591: 382: 251: 143: 98: 47: 15865: 14846:"Asociación Empresarial Eólica – Spanish Wind Energy Association – Energía Eólica" 14472: 10765: 9863:"Contribución al estudio de las invasiones mauritanas de la Bética en el siglo II" 9087:"Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional" 7968: 7950: 7754: 7734: 7718: 7466: 7383: 7352: 7321: 7198:

proved to be extremely influential in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

6506: 5965: 5647: 5283: 4866:

respectively. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the

4862: 4067: 4044: 2186: 2177:

Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the

1717: 545: 20678: 19908: 19789: 19599: 19512: 19320: 19199: 19026: 18811: 18806: 18602: 18297: 18229: 18088: 18016: 16588: 16539: 16519: 16500: 16481: 16237: 16216: 16195: 15953:"The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question" 15938: 15916: 15897: 15791: 15630: 15540: 15523: 14991: 14442: 14205: 13996: 12095: 11759: 11501: 11475: 11449: 9931: 9925:

Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations

9449: 9144:"Estadística Continua de Población (ECP) 1 de abril de 2024. Datos provisionales" 9042: 8904: 8525: 8505: 8419: 8407: 8102: 7909: 7842: 7829: 7770: 7722: 7453: 7070: 6936: 6932: 6828: 6686: 6545: 6527: 6478: 6391: 6375: 6268: 6229: 6132: 6018: 5631: 5559: 5528: 5500: 5490: 5227: 5048:(200 nautical miles) generated by the islands. Spain claims sovereignty over the 4831: 4564: 4243: 4219: 4081: 3977: 3861: 3789: 3749: 3687: 3594: 3555: 3456: 3441: 3416:("places of sovereignty", or territories under Spanish sovereignty), such as the 3180: 3097:, evidence of Islamist involvement soon emerged. Because of the proximity of the 2971: 2855: 2716:

The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936: on 17 and 18 July, part of the military

2711: 2583: 2330: 2228:

Spain's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the

1887: 1636: 1582: 1373: 1335: 1327: 1260: 1079: 608: 444: 438: 113: 17928:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798. 16797: 16642: 14669: 12121:"HM The King's address to the Cortes Generales on the occasion of his accession" 12088: 9578: 7980: 7417: 7413: 2670: 1994: 575: 20884: 20810: 20748: 20573: 20505: 20279: 20000: 19964: 19918: 19903: 19818: 19577: 19274: 19089: 18954: 18871: 18846: 18773: 18688: 18272: 18199: 14590:"Spain is the 2nd largest automaker in Europe and the 8th largest in the world" 12577: 12120: 11971: 11426:"El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia" 10663: 9174:"Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente" 8567: 8550: 8226: 8180: 8072: 8056: 8023: 7925: 7798: 7686: 7674: 7615: 7433: 7307: 7303: 6972: 6739: 6382:. Other sizeable foreign communities are Colombian, Bolivian, German, Italian, 6286: 6247: 5713: 5374: 5310: 5049: 5041: 4964: 4952: 4835: 4723: 4703: 4686: 4449: 4425: 4309: 4286: 4239: 4204: 4115:

functioning of the State and providing a channel for cohesion among Spaniards.

3893: 3873: 3825: 3649:

are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in

3646: 3630: 3610: 3587: 3527: 3433: 3401: 3363: 3228: 3074: 3025: 2829: 2458: 2424: 2400: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2202: 2178: 2123: 2061: 1728: 1448: 1377: 1361: 1357: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1091: 1083: 1018: 656: 324: 17925:

La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España)

17564: 16062: 15595: 15566: 15145: 15094: 15077: 10117: 9633:

A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges

9143: 7878: 7758: 7627: 5666:

on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost

5345:

was the world's largest renewable energy operator), technology companies like

4160:. Unlike in some other constitutional monarchies however, namely the likes of 3626: 2111: 20878: 20860: 20847: 20789: 20638: 20201: 19883: 19850: 19611: 19359: 19325: 19159: 18912: 18768: 18092: 18011: 17729: 17690: 17359: 17136: 17027: 16977: 16873: 16771: 16691:"Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas" 16462: 15273: 14665: 14422:

Invisible Factories: The Informal Economy and Industrial Development in Spain

14080: 14030: 11980: 11726: 11650: 10889: 10678:

Cortes of Cádiz (1812) was the first parliament of Spain with sovereign power

10464: 10390: 10309: 10066: 9945: 9805: 9775: 9725: 9160: 9027: 8777: 8748: 8333:

enjoy co-official status in certain regions (in accordance with the latter's

8287: 8194:

There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is

8146: 8106: 7938: 7849: 7746: 7490: 7441: 7409: 7317: 7246: 6976: 6860: 6820: 6474: 5785: 5753: 5635: 5540: 5478: 5298: 4987: 4911:

The current provincial division structure is based—with minor changes—on the

4777: 4773: 4514:, enjoys primacy over the other ministers by virtue of his or her ability to 4326: 4301: 4250: 4215: 4157: 4038: 3563: 3480: 3152: 3135:. High levels of unemployment, cuts in government spending and corruption in 2932: 2928: 2811: 2182: 2130:. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs— 1963: 1902: 1432: 1339: 1206: 1123: 1043: 362: 349: 192: 18970: 17446: 16532: 13573: 13561: 9717: 8821:

chancellor of the Order of Charles III. On the other hand, the ministers of

7109: 6868: 5817:

In 2024, Spain had a population of 48,797,875 people as recorded by Spain's

5459:

In 2023, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind

5348: 2947:

much authority to the regions and created an internal organisation based on

2552:(the Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, gave added impetus to the 2457:

The French occupation of Mainland Spain created an opportunity for overseas

19913: 19898: 19893: 19873: 19858: 19364: 19330: 19279: 18959: 18917: 18801: 18657: 18026: 17949: 16969: 16148: 14056: 12396: 12381:"The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom" 11998: 11785:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)" 11668: 10770:

Oligarquía y caciquismo, Colectivismo agrario y otros escritos: (Antología)

10456: 9733: 9013: 9007: 8916: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8273: 8134: 8114: 8060: 7786: 7766: 7750: 7666: 7515: 7421: 7379: 7234: 7115: 7062: 7037: 6957: 5663: 5120: 5112: 3936: 3622: 3472: 3136: 3093:

in Madrid. Though initial suspicions focused on the Basque terrorist group

2838: 2784: 2741: 2725: 2567: 2500: 2476: 2396: 2341:

ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy.

2147: 2139: 2127: 1789: 1766: 1525:

one. There have been a number of accounts and hypotheses about its origin:

1510: 1401: 1330:. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the 1272: 1182: 1075: 20115: 15198: 14044: 11594:"Spanish institutional crisis triggered by legal block of judicial reform" 10508: 10417: 10363: 10218: 8487:

The official language of the State is established in the Section 3 of the

7329: 7186:); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the 5211:

Spain provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its

4799:

Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, which identified themselves as

3546:

and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the

2427:

against the Napoleonic regime. Further military action by Spanish armies,

2066: 1639:

of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500

1574:

called it the "land of the rabbits". The word in question actually means "

1221:. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them 20733: 20673: 20349: 20070: 19868: 19442: 19259: 19194: 18899: 18796: 18189: 17970: 17966: 17429: 16866:

Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires

14819: 14180: 9754: 9678: 9476: 9359: 9023: 8760: 8214: 8118: 7901: 7790: 7510: 7475: 7402: 7287: 7218: 7207: 7049: 6953: 6872: 6708: 5869: 5865: 5236: 4983: 4793: 4610: 4441: 4433: 4421: 4235: 4196: 4185: 4059: 3944: 3638: 3634: 3539: 2803: 2464: 2198: 2194: 2041: 1856: 1793: 1671: 1349: 1247: 617: 602: 461: 243: 17521:

Architecture of the Islamic West. North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula

17103: 16522:, Documento BOE-A-1992-24853, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 16503:, Documento BOE-A-1992-24854, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 16484:, Documento BOE-A-1992-24855, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 15040: 11753:«Orígenes históricos y ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya)» 11564:"Spain's Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, Is Ousted in No-Confidence Vote" 10880: 10708:

It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish world

10041:

VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011).

9755:

Bernaldo de Quirós Guidolti, Federico; Cabrera Valdés, Victoria (1994).

9427: 6883:, shared with other countries of Europe. In addition, Spain has also 14 6263: 3571: 3043: 2763: 20703: 20668: 20648: 20339: 20060: 19888: 19878: 19863: 19741: 19229: 19189: 19169: 19149: 19054: 17586: 17257: 16054: 15657:"Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales" 15104: 14323: 10871: 8818: 8763:, who reigned from 1833 to 1868, should she someday succeed her father 8718: 8696: 8253: 7773:. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the 7711: 7699: 7642: 7608: 7479: 7363: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6383: 6281: 6093: 5702: 5698: 5520: 5240: 4993: 4844: 4823: 4781: 4761: 4085: 3988:

mean score of 4.23/10, ranking it 130th globally out of 172 countries.

3931: 3570:(Baetic System) whose highest peak, the 3,478-metre-high (11,411-foot) 3508: 2944: 2682: 2404: 2379:

Ferdinand VII swears on the 1812 Constitution before the Cortes in 1820

1967: 1852: 1736: 1644: 1315: 1214: 221: 19653: 17718:"The world's most expensive ham is from Huelva and costs €4,100 a leg" 15644:

Financial crisis reveals vulnerability of Spain's immigrants – Feature

14873:"La eólica supera por primera vez la mitad de la producción eléctrica" 13370: 12585: 12561: 12082: 11641: 11430: 11405: 8883:

The ministerial acts performed by the Spanish monarch are as follows:

7890:

Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based

3885: 3437: 3032:(PP) in 1996 after scandals around participation of the government of 2651:

in 1919 led to the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.

2628:

events and repression exemplified the social instability of the time.

20643: 20334: 20055: 19825: 19571:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

19392: 19164: 18753: 18460: 16251:"Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 15623: 14792: 14016:"La cuestión de Olivenza, a la luz del Derecho internacional público" 13823: 11032:"Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza" 10568:"El Despotismo Ilustrado en España: entre la continuidad y el cambio" 10539: 8764: 8575: 8238: 8130: 7944: 7905: 7638: 7634: 7568: 7325: 7254: 7238: 7099:

The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of

6867:, which is shared with France, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the 6511: 6432: 6363:

Distribution of the foreign population in Spain in 2005 by percentage

6336: 6184: 6166: 6116: 6064: 6048: 6043: 5980: 5848: 5690: 5627: 5619: 5406: 5398: 5342: 5317:'s 4th largest. The centre-right government of former prime minister 5291: 5001: 4871: 4827: 4819: 4734: 4655: 4636: 4591: 4120: 4025: 3801: 3725: 3694: 3650: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3308: 3161: 3052: 2867: 2807: 2636: 2579: 2428: 2221:, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as 2084: 2006: 1825: 1815: 1754: 1679: 1667: 1428: 1287: 1198: 1147: 1127: 953: 530: 20415: 17492:

Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability

17381: 17308: 17186:"Genesis problem of philosophical thought in spanish historiography" 16953: 15567:"Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Estadística del Padrón Continuo" 15303:"El AVE español, el más veloz del mundo y el segundo en puntualidad" 14246:"The successes and failures of Spain's fight against domestic abuse" 11623:

Woolf, Steven H.; Masters, Ryan K.; Aron, Laudan Y. (24 June 2021).

9924: 9302:"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey" 8817:, among other orders, decorations and medals. The prime minister is 6179: 5682: 4019: 3824:

Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the

3667: 3348: 2818:(FET y de las JONS), formed in 1937 upon the merging of the Fascist 1877:

consolidated upon this territory. Other Christian kingdoms, such as

1463:, and is part of many other international organizations such as the 20769: 20718: 20713: 20693: 20558: 20374: 20369: 20359: 20257: 20095: 20090: 20080: 19985: 19751: 19584: 19534: 19504: 19425: 19420: 19310: 19244: 19239: 19214: 19074: 18179: 18039: 16639:"Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE" 16139:. In Recalde Fernández, Montserrat; Silva Domínguez, Carme (eds.). 16134:"A contribución da inmigración ao multilingüismo do Estado español" 15990:"Spain, a plurilingual state: Spanish and other official languages" 15527: 15361:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute) 14756: 12541: 12479:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). São Paulo: Saraiva. pp. 125–126. 12454:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados. pp. 105–106. 9309: 9031: 9016: 8365: 8234: 8199: 7959: 7866: 7707: 7695: 7265: 7195: 7162: 6979:, where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, 6864: 6812: 6315: 6145: 6077: 6023: 5694: 5452: 5370: 5366: 5314: 5071: 5009: 4768:). The basic institutional law of each autonomous community is the 4631: 4616: 4581: 4437: 3973: 3966: 3853: 3813: 3805: 3496: 3484: 3468: 3385: 3332: 3304: 3266: 3253:

At 505,992 km (195,365 sq mi), Spain is the world's

3208: 3119: 3086: 3082: 3078: 2935:

in accordance with the Francoist law. With the approval of the new

2850: 2210: 2033: 1971: 1936: 1923: 1699: 1675: 1655: 1501: 1452: 1381: 1342:

that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the

1178: 1166: 1155: 1151: 1131: 1038: 957: 19479: 16385:"The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA): Spain" 12434:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia. p. 91. 10724:. In Gutiérrez, Rosa Ana; Zurita, Rafael; Camurri, Renato (eds.). 8218: 7809: 7646: 7489:

Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including

6195: 5659: 4503:. The Government remains in office so long as it can maintain the 20743: 20698: 20658: 20618: 20613: 20603: 20588: 20583: 20578: 20563: 20548: 20538: 20528: 20523: 20364: 20314: 20304: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20262: 20252: 20247: 20189: 20085: 20035: 20025: 20015: 20010: 20005: 19990: 19980: 19975: 19837: 19766: 19746: 19721: 19686: 19676: 19671: 19529: 19269: 19219: 19179: 19134: 19129: 19119: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19079: 19064: 19059: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 18109: 17290:"10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez | Learnodo Newtonic" 15517:

EU27 Member States granted citizenship to 696 000 persons in 2008

12598: 12101: 9053: 8970: 8714: 8540:

have some degree of government recognition at the regional level.

7963: 7654: 7600: 7596: 7340: 7242: 7183: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6724: 6535: 6502: 6470: 6331: 6111: 6033: 5873: 5757: 5686: 5576: 5524: 5426: 5402: 5386: 5354: 5138:

The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (

5061: 4839: 4789: 4785: 4743: 4714: 4665: 4569: 3962: 3782: 3583: 3543: 3504: 3445: 3340: 3324: 3316: 3312: 2631: 2492: 2245: 2093: 2037: 2029: 2017: 1811: 1758: 1663: 1629: 1567: 1553: 1119: 1107: 486: 17320: 14535:"Spain's Iberdrola signs investment accord with Gulf group Taqa" 9360:"Spain | Facts, Culture, History, & Points of Interest" 8179:

Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (

7428:. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were 4955:

priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the

2920:

in Munich, where they made a resolution in favour of democracy.

2544:

broke out and eventually the United States became involved. The

2193:

featured explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new

20784: 20774: 20764: 20738: 20728: 20708: 20688: 20683: 20663: 20633: 20593: 20568: 20384: 20354: 20329: 20309: 20299: 20274: 20213: 20171: 20105: 20075: 20050: 20030: 20020: 19995: 19771: 19736: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19691: 19437: 19315: 19289: 19264: 19254: 19234: 19224: 19209: 19204: 19184: 19154: 19124: 19109: 19084: 19018: 18030: 17971:

Virgin Spain: Scenes from the Spiritual Drama of a Great People

17098:(1/2). Society of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies: 317. 16141:

Ser inmigrante en tempos de crise: Unha ollada multidisciplinar

15425:"Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries" 12066: 11340:"Mariano Rajoy announces €65bn in austerity measures for Spain" 10606: 9049: 8583: 8230: 8142: 7986: 7872: 7706:

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with

7604: 7575: 7501: 7249:

periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the

7175: 6965: 6763:

churches have about 1,200,000 members. There are about 105,000

6482: 6403: 6213: 6150: 6004: 5988: 5970: 5655: 5643: 5460: 5390: 5273: 4875: 4671: 4586: 3889: 3336: 3278: 3274: 2863: 2854:

modernization and expansion. In the 1960s, Spain registered an

2768: 2729: 1958: 1931: 1907: 1829: 1762: 1571: 1518: 1139: 1115: 1071: 341: 318: 16303:"Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 12555: 12553: 9694: 9272:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Spain)" 7545:

are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.

6983:. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside 5716:(Barajas), with 60 million passengers in 2023, being the 5712:

There are 47 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is the

5495: 4499:, conducts the business of the Government and administers the 2052:, and it was integrated from then on in the Crown of Castile. 1578:", possibly due to the Phoenicians confusing the two animals. 1439:, it is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's 20779: 20653: 20628: 20344: 20324: 20065: 20045: 19833: 19761: 19731: 19726: 19716: 19696: 19539: 19174: 19144: 17269: 15078:"Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?" 15028: 14849: 14727:. Europeanfutureenergyforum.com. 14 July 2010. Archived from 12233:

Governments around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies

10342:. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. passim. 9390:"European exploration - Age of Discovery, Voyages, Expansion" 8722: 7714:

abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.

7179: 7057:

was written in this time. Other writers from the period are:

6971:

Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in

6297: 5394: 5382: 5053: 4811: 4660: 3958: 3614: 3598: 3579: 3523: 3500: 3320: 3262: 3245: 2403:

in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of

1948: 1918: 1896: 1818: 1807: 1775: 1659: 1575: 1400:

students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million

1162: 1103: 227: 18104: 15491:"Población extranjera por sexo, país de nacionalidad y edad" 14382:"Economically Active Population Survey. Second Quarter 2024" 12336:"Article 42, Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" 11502:"Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament" 10829:"Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship" 10726:

Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890–1923)

10310:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire" 9577: 9081: 8063:

are two of the most successful football clubs in the world.

7816:

which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts. The

1693: 19430: 17165: 14905:. renovablesmadeinspain.es. 9 November 2010. Archived from 14903:"Wind power in Spain breaks new instantaneous power record" 12550: 12314:"Article 33, Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg" 12162:. La Moncloa, the Office of the President of the Government 9213: 8898: 8751:– while uncommon – is possible due to Spain's adherence to 8587: 8579: 8571: 8138: 7611:

became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.

7284:

created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as

6939:

texts. Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the

6655: 6625: 6127: 5639: 5212: 4971: 4226:), facilitates the orderly operation and continuity of the 3778: 3606: 3467:, part of the Balearic archipelago). These islands include 3059: 3009: 2983: 2814:. The only legal party under Franco's dictatorship was the 2431:

warfare and an Anglo-Portuguese allied army, combined with

2036:

in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the North-African

1892: 1750: 1476: 1456: 1161:

In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by

949: 304: 14788:"Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector" 14752:"Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector" 13614:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 10043:"The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188-17891" 5851:

make up 86.5% of the total population of Spain. After the

4273:

to have the force of law. The countersigning procedure or

2321:

During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the

16595:. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. 13824:"Unidad de Policía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía" 12154: 12152: 9806:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 1 Ancient Hispania" 9497:"Number of the Week: $ 10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing" 8563: 7955: 7264:

During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included

6771:

has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations.

6465:

Besides Spanish, other territorialized languages include

5706: 5463:, recording 85 million tourists. The headquarters of the 5287: 2665:

for the country was passed in October 1931 following the

2383:

In 1793, Spain went to war against the revolutionary new

1742:

The cultures of the pre-Roman populations were gradually

1581:

There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the

1460: 1209:. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was 1055: 149: 19013: 17263: 17183: 15126: 12499:(in Portuguese). Globo. pp. 343–344. Archived from 11944: 11817:"Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020" 11450:"Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid" 9872:. Vol. II. Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos. 9520:""I-span-ya", el misterioso origen de la palabra España" 8915:

the same upon the expiration of its four-year term, and

8145:. In their respective regions, the traditional games of 8047:

is the most popular and profitable sport in the country.

5481:

linked to its environmental and architectural heritage.

5177:, Spain is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world. 4975:

through the European political co-operation mechanisms.

4452:

method, with the remaining 51 senators appointed by the

2503:. Government forces prevailed, but the conflict between 2197:

across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European

1682:, and trading outposts and colonies were established by 19959: 16087: 16026: 15199:"Spain to Put 1 million Electric Cars on the Road" 15075: 12292:"Article 3, Constitution Act of the Kingdom of Denmark" 10040: 8893:

bills duly passed by the Cortes Generales, making them

6378:, approximately 390,000 were British, and 360,000 were 5634:. Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic ( 4351:

However, it is the monarch's reserve powers concerning

2697: 17399: 17110: 16933: 16921: 16049:. In Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice (eds.). 13860:

Garcia Cantalapiedra, David, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo,

12181: 12179: 12177: 12149: 12098:

BBC News Friday, 4 January 2008 Extracted 18 June 2009

11916:"Spain approves 'milestone' clean energy climate bill" 9214:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

8937:

on the advice of the General Council of the Judiciary.

7900:. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as 7645:, produced a number of important architects, of which 5455:, one of Europe's largest coastal tourist destinations 2515:

ended in a weak early constitutional period. The 1868

1727:, roughly between 210 and 205 BCE, the expanding 1477:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

17541: 17184:

Antonova, N.V.; Myagkov, G.P; Nikolaeva, O.A (2019).

16748:

Spain Transformed: The Franco Dictatorship, 1959-1975

14298:"SPAIN: No Turning Back from Path to Gender Equality" 10655: 10275:. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. 1994. 7677:

as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.

7478:

an opportunity for further growth. Local studios for

7306:

painted during a historical period that includes the

6410:

2008, prior to the onset of the economic crisis, the

5720:, as well as the European Union's third busiest. The 5230:

in Spanish political and economic life. According to

4990:

community, essentially the renewal of the concept of

4947:

After the return of democracy following the death of

1126:; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and 17881: 17561:"Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals" 16603: 15358: 15076:

Añón Higón, Dolores; Díez-Minguela, Alfonso (2021).

14186: 14062: 14050: 13579: 13567: 12559: 12270:"Article 37, Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium" 12107: 11533:"Catalonia: what direct rule from Madrid could mean" 11476:"Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule" 11188:"Spain's population falls as immigrants flee crisis" 9482: 9413: 8494: 8263: 5805:

List of Spanish autonomous communities by population

4408:'General Courts'), a democratically elected 1570:

show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet, and

1481:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

15994:

National, regional and minority languages in Europe

15662:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from 15493:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from 15127:Giachi, Sandro; Fernández-Esquinas, Manuel (2020). 15035:. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 12174: 11938: 10478:Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (2010). 10162:"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia" 10106:

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West

9946:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus" 6587:

Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa

3249:

Topographic map of Spain (excluding Canary Islands)

2736:), and the other controlled by the putschists (the 2529:), which yielded to a stable monarchic period, the 2442:During the war, in 1810, a revolutionary body, the 1605: 17888:. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978 17865:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 17405: 13912:. United Nations. 20 December 1966. Archived from 13880:. United Nations. 16 December 1965. Archived from 12358:"Article 3, Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway" 10722:"Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración" 10507:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 10416:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 10217:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 9898:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 9834:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 9630: 8171:Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain 7657:. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in 7591:, were built in the Middle Ages in places such as 5385:, global corporations such as the textile company 4764:, is known in Spain as the "State of Autonomies" ( 2798:for much of the Second World War, although it was 2775:The civil war was viciously fought and there were 1086:member state. Spanning across the majority of the 1017:Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the 16131: 15910:Spain's Jobs Crisis Leaves Immigrants Out of Work 14549: 14497: 14419: 12601:"The Spanish king who set, then saved, democracy" 12542:Arthur Bousfield & Gary Toffoli, ed. (1991). 12391:. Mohr Siebeck (published 2 June 2022): 181–201. 9870:Actas del II Congreso Andaluz deEstudios Clásicos 9860: 7698:is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from 5813:Population density by municipality in Spain, 2018 4210:In these respects, the Crown constitutes a fifth 2598:was founded. A trade union linked to this party, 2475:that put an end to the metropole's grip over the 1861:From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the 1628:indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by 1376:have been influential worldwide, particularly in 20920:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 20876: 17387: 17338: 17326: 17314: 16557:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos" 16201: 15175:. Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. Archived from 13654:"Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" 12378: 12229: 11622: 10477: 10451:(18). Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics: 75. 9681:items were found in Cantabria (Morín, El Pendo, 9557:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 12. 8566:domain is also used, as it is shared with other 8311:History of the territorial organization of Spain 8156: 7408:Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were 4978:Spain has maintained its special relations with 4842:each have autonomous police corps of their own: 4533:History of the territorial organization of Spain 4479:to the Congress of Deputies. It consists of the 4304:, performed by the monarch after soliciting the 3016:after a strong social opposition. That year the 2862:, a mass internal migration from rural areas to 2722:under the authority of the Republican government 2395:polarised the country in a reaction against the 2020:(1248) fell to Castile in the 13th century. The 1561: 1547: 17009: 14013: 10099: 9443:What are the most popular Erasmus destinations? 8793:The Spanish state honours system comprises the 7143:are the two main awards in Spanish literature. 6769:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 6746:, 3% other faiths, and about 35% identify with 5590:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 5546:Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are 4967:, and define security relations with the West. 4881: 4332:The Crown's reserve powers further extend into 3534:, Canary Islands, is the tallest peak in Spain. 2904:Spanish society after the democratic transition 1521:"), therefore, the most accepted theory is the 724:505,990 km (195,360 sq mi) ( 164: 74: 17092:Anales de la literatura Española Contemporánea 16180: 15987: 15927: 15925: 14929:"14 reactores nucleares movidos por el viento" 14208:Amnesty International. Retrieved 22 June 2016. 13802:"Spain: Main executive and legislative bodies" 12385:Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart 11370:"Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication" 10577:. Sociedad Extremeña de Historia. p. 14. 10506: 10415: 10340:Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire 10216: 9897: 9836:"A Country Study: Spain. Chapter 1 – Hispania" 9833: 9045:to Spain, on the advice of the prime minister. 8861:Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation 6622:Programme for International Student Assessment 6367:According to the official Spanish statistics ( 3354:Extending to 1,214 km (754 mi), the 2816:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS 2344: 1217:became a dominant peninsular power centred on 134: 89: 20431: 20157: 19945: 19639: 18999: 18975: 18125: 16901:Spanish Literature. A Very Short Introduction 16851: 15842:Spanish Statistical Institute. Archived from 15705:"Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash" 15335:. railpro.co.uk. January 2010. Archived from 15259:"El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito" 14596:. 22 July 2024 – via investinspain.org. 12599:The Monitor's Editorial Board (4 June 2019). 12042:Biodiversidad, Fundación (18 February 2014). 12041: 11468: 11442: 11424:Ríos, Pere; Piñol, Àngels (27 October 2017). 11029: 10612: 10562: 10442: 9900:"A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon" 8973:approved in the Council of Ministers, confer 8849:Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas 8845:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8629: 8175:Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain 8087:, becoming one of only five nations to win a 7578:are very common materials of the traditional 7293: 7285: 7216: 5766:the longest high-speed rail network in Europe 5662:) coasts. Spain aims to put one million 5531:. Other renewable energies used in Spain are 5346: 4390: 4340:. The monarch appoints the 20 members of the 3409: 3028:. The PSOE was replaced in government by the 2469:retroversion of the sovereignty to the people 2329:. A number of reform policies (the so-called 1952:), often subject to the payment of a form of 1839: 1396:, and it is the most popular destination for 1197:of tribes from Central Europe, including the 589: 241: 104: 39: 19:"España" redirects here. For other uses, see 19365:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 17862: 16951: 16852:Dapueto Reyes, María de los Ángeles (2015). 16721:"Countries With the Most Cultural Influence" 14108:"Update: Spain to increase defence spending" 12223: 11524: 10719: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 8759:, will be Spain's first queen regnant since 4436:with 259 senators. Deputies are elected by 3943:. The region has 25% of the land covered by 3816:valleys, where a humid subtropical variant ( 2683:1932 failed coup d'état led by José Sanjurjo 1586: 1392:, has one of the world's largest numbers of 1314:, the following political divisions between 1134:and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and 119: 16825:The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature 15922: 15256: 14864: 14355:. Hdr.undp.org. p. 330. Archived from 12123:. Casa de Su Majestad El Rey. 19 June 2014. 11249:"Basque separatists Eta announce ceasefire" 11055:"Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer" 10418:"A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline" 10393:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 10366:. The Library of Iberian resources online. 10312:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 9948:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 9808:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 9799: 9797: 9688: 9637:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 9600:"Rabbits, fish and mice, but no rock hyrax" 8966:as elected by their respective parliaments. 8636: 6679:survey; sample size: 3,935; February 2023) 4526: 4491:. These characters together constitute the 4403: 3058:On 1 January 2002, Spain fully adopted the 2893: 2724:, that counted on outside support from the 2240:in 1582, and then after the setback of the 2079:. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of 219: 20955:States and territories established in 1978 20950:States and territories established in 1715 20945:Spanish-speaking countries and territories 20438: 20424: 20164: 20150: 19952: 19938: 19646: 19632: 19006: 18992: 18132: 18118: 17645: 17614: 17610: 17608: 15941:. El País. Edición Impresa. 8 October 2011 15919:, The Wall Street Journal, 24 January 2009 15806:"Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants" 15724:"Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs" 15422: 15032:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 14749: 12546:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Dundurn Press. 10913:"El contubernio que preparó la democracia" 10785:The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923 9829: 9827: 9575: 9494: 8065:The country's national men's football team 5215:community. Among the countries studied by 4986:. Its policy emphasises the concept of an 3965:, and the great diversity of habitats and 3179:to form a Catalan Republic on the day the 2519:was followed by the 1868–1874 progressive 2463:elites who resented the privilege towards 2244:in 1588, in a series of victories against 303: 293: 20496:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 17348:Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense 17341:"Recordando la historia del cine español" 17339:Montes Fernández, Francisco José (2011). 17275: 17228: 17012:"La extensión del Romanticismo en España" 15944: 15333:"Spain powers ahead with high-speed rail" 15144: 15103: 15093: 14977: 14695:"Spain Is World's Leader in Solar Energy" 13720:. .gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from 13718:"Nuevo Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias" 12544:Royal Observations: Canadians and Royalty 12516: 11988: 11970: 11658: 11640: 11423: 11279:"Spain's Indignados protest here to stay" 10879: 10219:"A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age" 9257: 9181:Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) 6701: Believer in another religion (2.7%) 6394:. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high 5565: 4541: 4199:between the disparate branches, mediates 1694:Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom 901: 20491:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 19587:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 18020:) is being considered for deletion. See 17489: 17089: 16620:. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015. 16611:"Gallup International Religiosity Index" 16531:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas: 16525: 15962:. Carfax Publishing, Inc. Archived from 15950: 15803: 15222: 15220: 14725:"Spain becomes solar power world leader" 14584: 14582: 14462:, Vol 37, Issue 9, pp. 1011–1025 (2005). 14025:(4). Ayuntamiento de Olivenza: 234–235. 13907:"Resolution 2231: Question of Gibraltar" 13875:"Resolution 2070: Question of Gibraltar" 13816: 12445:Torres, João Camilo de Oliveira (2017). 11530: 11398: 11337: 11246: 10509:"A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain" 10102:"Granada and Its International Contacts" 9794: 9294: 9210:"Surface water and surface water change" 8247: 8027: 7812:which features pop and techno acts, and 7690: 7558: 7457: 7339: 7211: 7156: 6947: 6807: 6569: 6431: 6358: 5808: 5575: 5494: 5447: 5278: 5264: 5087: 5038:Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 5008: 4932: 4900:Autonomous communities are divided into 4776:, Spain is nevertheless one of the most 4374: 3930: 3677: 3666: 3582:, a 3,718-metre (12,198 ft) active 3518: 3379: 3244: 3118: 3042: 2988: 2907: 2880:promotion of a unitary national identity 2828: 2762: 2673:supported by republican parties and the 2630: 2594:are good examples of this. In 1879, the 2566: 2374: 2294: 2168: 2110: 2065: 1976: 1901: 1784: 1707: 1615: 1441:fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP 756: 315:Location of Spain (dark green) 298: 17676: 17605: 17171: 17128: 17116: 16939: 16927: 16898: 16745: 16550: 16548: 16093: 16044: 16032: 15866:"Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs" 15588: 15379:Joseph Harrison, David Corkill (2004). 14822:. Eolic Energy News. 31 December 2010. 14458:Angel Alañón & M. Gómez-Antonio, , 13239:"Section 159 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13217:"Section 122 (3), Spanish Constitution" 12953:"Section 152 (1), Spanish Constitution" 12931:"Section 124 (4), Spanish Constitution" 12887:"Section 123 (2), Spanish Constitution" 12821:"Section 116 (5), Spanish Constitution" 12477:História do Direito Político Brasileiro 10910: 10247:. University of Calgary. Archived from 10001: 9973:"Viking raids on the spanish peninsula" 9824: 9507:from the original on 20 September 2017. 9106:from the original on 24 September 2015. 8095:has won a record 20 domestic trophies. 7894:, along with substantial stews such as 6834: 6518:officially named as Catalan and in the 5162:) assists the JEMAD as auxiliary body. 5028:The country is involved in a number of 3832:in areas of northeastern Spain and the 3748:) and into much rainier areas (notably 3514: 2996:signing the treaty of accession to the 2812:Spanish volunteers in the Eastern Front 2669:, and a series of cabinets presided by 2586:and socialist and anarchist ideas. The 2433:Napoleon's failure on the Russian front 2173:Main trade routes of the Spanish Empire 1175:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 20910:Member states of the Council of Europe 20877: 17921: 17900: 17788:from the original on 18 September 2008 17425:"Viaje por la cara B del cine español" 17264:Antonova, Myagkov & Nikolaeva 2019 17153:from the original on 12 September 2023 16804:from the original on 14 September 2014 16798:"Spain – Intangible Cultural Heritage" 16778:from the original on 26 September 2014 16434:"Health care in Spain: Beneficiairies" 16397:from the original on 29 September 2021 16365:from the original on 27 September 2021 16132:Recalde Fernández, Montserrat (2016). 16113:from the original on 27 September 2021 16014:from the original on 12 September 2023 15472:from the original on 27 September 2021 14939:from the original on 12 September 2023 14870: 14705:from the original on 19 September 2010 14286:from the original on 10 November 2014. 14243: 14221:. justiciadegenero.com. 4 March 2015. 13525:"Section 98 (2), Spanish Constitution" 13459:"Section 98 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13261:"Section 62 (d), Spanish Constitution" 13151:"Section 62 (g), Spanish Constitution" 13107:"Section 62 (j), Spanish Constitution" 13085:"Section 62 (i), Spanish Constitution" 13063:"Section 63 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13041:"Section 63 (2), Spanish Constitution" 13019:"Section 63 (3), Spanish Constitution" 12997:"Section 62 (h), Spanish Constitution" 12975:"Section 62 (f), Spanish Constitution" 12865:"Section 62 (e), Spanish Constitution" 12799:"Section 69 (6), Spanish Constitution" 12777:"Section 68 (4), Spanish Constitution" 12755:"Section 62 (b), Spanish Constitution" 12711:"Section 62 (a), Spanish Constitution" 12645:"Section 56 (3), Spanish Constitution" 12623:"Section 61 (1), Spanish Constitution" 12444: 12250:from the original on 12 September 2023 12187:"Section 56 (1), Spanish Constitution" 12023:from the original on 24 September 2022 11681: 11561: 11531:Sandford, Alasdair (27 October 2017). 11508:. Barcelona, Madrid. 27 October 2017. 11128: 10782: 10746:from the original on 12 September 2023 10511:. Library of Congress Country Series. 10420:. Library of Congress Country Series. 10370:from the original on 21 September 2013 10334: 10289:from the original on 12 September 2023 10221:. Library of Congress Country Series. 10198:from the original on 24 September 2008 10081:from the original on 12 September 2023 10022:from the original on 12 September 2023 10008:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 9970: 9906:from the original on 22 September 2008 9902:. Library of Congress Country Series. 9842:from the original on 22 September 2008 9838:. Library of Congress Country Series. 9782:from the original on 12 September 2023 9628: 9622: 9526:from the original on 13 November 2016. 9190:from the original on 24 September 2015 9056:, on the advice of the prime minister. 9019:, on the advice of the prime minister. 9000:, on the advice of the prime minister. 8382: 8323: 7936:– vegetable and fish-based stews like 7920:Spain – the Northern coast, including 7820:is one of the main ones in its genre. 6945:written in Latin, Basque and Romance. 6717: Indifferent/Non-believer (12.3%) 6577:one of the first European universities 3828:in areas with very high altitude, the 3195:and replaced him with the PSOE leader 3108:In the early 2000s, the proportion of 2923:With Franco's death in November 1975, 2777:many atrocities committed by all sides 2667:June 1931 Constituent general election 2108:, settling primarily in North Africa. 1505:, the name used by the Romans for the 20445: 20419: 20145: 19933: 19627: 18987: 18974: 18403:Natural Sites of Community Importance 18113: 17956:. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000. 17907:. Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain. 17736:from the original on 27 November 2019 17715: 17646:DiGregorio, Sarah (1 December 2009). 17547: 17518: 17422: 17296:from the original on 24 November 2020 16713: 16627:from the original on 1 February 2016. 15646:". The Earth Times. 18 November 2009. 15238:from the original on 20 December 2021 15217: 15205:from the original on 23 November 2008 14764:from the original on 24 December 2022 14625: 14579: 14386:INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística 14136: 12560:Walther L. Bernecker (January 1998). 12489: 12474: 12429: 12209:"Section 1 (3), Spanish Constitution" 11945:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). 11853: 11835:from the original on 13 February 2024 11712: 11438:from the original on 29 October 2017. 11413:from the original on 28 October 2017. 11401:"Análisis. Is Catalonia independent?" 11228:from the original on 21 February 2020 11198:from the original on 2 September 2017 11185: 10911:Villena, Miguel Ángel (9 June 2012). 10857: 10687: 10533: 10388: 10307: 9977:Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar 9943: 9937: 9803: 9569: 9552: 9546: 9323: 9052:, but without the authority to grant 8853:Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain 8608: 8472: 8454: 8436: 8418: 8400: 8364: 8345: 8202:. While its most famous event is the 8071:in 1964, 2008, 2012 and 2024 and the 6875:, which is shared with Portugal, the 6776:Union of Islamic Communities of Spain 6695: Non-Practicing Catholic (37.5%) 4271:president of the Congress of Deputies 4224:nations of their historical community 3193:motion of no-confidence against Rajoy 2856:unprecedented rate of economic growth 2473:Spanish American wars of independence 2359:Spanish American wars of independence 1921:proceeded at an increasing pace. The 1469:Organization of Ibero-American States 555:President of the Congress of Deputies 512:parliamentary constitutional monarchy 17697:from the original on 31 October 2019 17658:from the original on 8 December 2009 17587:"The History of the Guitar in Spain" 17471:from the original on 9 February 2022 17052: 16822: 16599:from the original on 5 January 2016. 16581: 16545: 15872:from the original on 10 October 2008 15785:Spain to increase immigration budget 15460:"World Factbook EUROPE : SPAIN" 15313:from the original on 9 November 2011 15057:from the original on 22 October 2023 14350:"Human Development Report 2007/2008" 14276:"Global Acceptance of Homosexuality" 14151:from the original on 1 February 2020 14088:from the original on 1 February 2020 14040:from the original on 29 August 2014. 13830:from the original on 7 November 2007 13778:. Narros.congreso.es. Archived from 13641:from the original on 14 October 2012 13593:"Catalonians vote for more autonomy" 11733:from the original on 7 December 2023 11543:from the original on 27 October 2017 11512:from the original on 28 October 2017 11482:from the original on 29 October 2017 11456:from the original on 26 October 2017 11247:Tremlett, Giles (5 September 2010). 11110:from the original on 14 January 2021 10989:from the original on 2 October 2016. 10963:from the original on 26 October 2014 10816:Spanish Civil War fighters look back 10536:Early Modern Spain: A Social History 10210: 10002:Classen, Albrecht (31 August 2015). 9659:from the original on 21 October 2009 9610:from the original on 31 October 2018 9588:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 9495:Whitehouse, Mark (6 November 2010). 9352: 9338:United Nations Development Programme 8930:on the advice of the prime minister. 6675:Religious self-definition in Spain ( 4922: 2698:Civil War and Francoist dictatorship 2115:Diachronic map of the Spanish Empire 1828:established an occidental province, 1686:in the East. Eventually, Phoenician- 20925:Member states of the United Nations 20915:Member states of the European Union 18882:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 18045:Key Development Forecasts for Spain 17840:from the original on 31 August 2016 17822: 17615:Richardson, Paul (19 August 2007). 17287: 17010:González Subías, José Luis (2007). 16701:from the original on 4 October 2020 16533:Barómetro de Julio 2020, página 21. 16047:"17. Linguistic diversity in Spain" 15816:from the original on 29 August 2013 15404:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística 14965:from the original on 26 August 2011 14782: 14511:. Business. Madrid. 30 April 2009. 14485:from the original on 19 August 2008 14014:Fernández Liesa, Carlos R. (2004). 13862:Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy 13666:from the original on 19 August 2008 13503:"Section 100, Spanish Constitution" 13173:"Section 115, Spanish Constitution" 12909:"Section 160, Spanish Constitution" 12843:"Section 168, Spanish Constitution" 11399:Alandete, David (27 October 2017). 11137:from the original on 25 August 2004 11104:"Madrid bombers get long sentences" 11085:"Al-Qaeda 'claims Madrid bombings'" 11011:from the original on 5 October 2017 10397:from the original on 8 October 2018 10316:from the original on 8 October 2018 9952:from the original on 8 October 2018 9812:from the original on 8 October 2018 9517: 8780:'s intervention and foiling of the 7729:and singers and performers such as 7251:Pre-Romanesque art and architecture 6753:The Spanish constitution enshrines 5886:List of metropolitan areas in Spain 4370: 2957:Massacre of 3 March 1976 in Vitoria 2588:1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition 2573:1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition 2407:. In 1807, a secret treaty between 1412:and the world's most widely spoken 1292:first circumnavigation of the globe 1255:in 1492. The dynastic union of the 13: 18139: 17943: 17677:Smillie, Susan (18 January 2010). 17593:from the original on 29 April 2011 17423:Yuste, Javier (13 December 2019). 17369:from the original on 17 April 2022 17071:from the original on 12 April 2022 17034:from the original on 12 April 2022 16880:from the original on 6 August 2020 16355:"Compare your country - PISA 2018" 16107:"CIA – The World Factbook – 5pain" 16051:Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics 15441:from the original on 7 August 2018 15201:. Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. 14871:Méndez, Rafael (9 November 2009). 14826:from the original on 27 April 2011 14567:from the original on 12 April 2009 14563:. Business. Madrid. 8 April 2009. 14330:from the original on 28 March 2014 14304:from the original on 19 April 2014 14244:Rincón, Reyes (25 November 2015). 13972:(in Spanish), UN, September 2013, 13618:from the original on 17 April 2008 13547:"Section 99, Spanish Constitution" 13481:"Section 97, Spanish Constitution" 13415:"Section 97, Spanish Constitution" 13349:"Section 69, Spanish Constitution" 13327:"Section 68, Spanish Constitution" 13305:"Section 66, Spanish Constitution" 13283:"Section 99, Spanish Constitution" 13195:"Section 92, Spanish Constitution" 12733:"Section 91, Spanish Constitution" 12689:"Section 65, Spanish Constitution" 12667:"Section 64, Spanish Constitution" 12135:"Section 86, Spanish Constitution" 11797:from the original on 12 April 2019 11694:from the original on 18 March 2021 11604:from the original on 4 August 2023 11380:from the original on 19 March 2020 11350:from the original on 19 March 2020 11319:from the original on 19 March 2020 11289:from the original on 19 March 2020 11259:from the original on 19 March 2020 11167:from the original on 19 March 2020 10923:from the original on 5 April 2013. 10698:from the original on 10 March 2020 10594:from the original on 19 April 2022 10515:from the original on 9 August 2008 10424:from the original on 9 August 2008 10225:from the original on 9 August 2008 10172:from the original on 28 March 2014 10142:from the original on 13 April 2022 9983:from the original on 13 April 2022 9861:Alonso Villalobos, Carlos (1984). 9370:from the original on 8 August 2014 9331:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 9220:from the original on 24 March 2021 9120:. Lamoncloa.gob.es. Archived from 8811:Order of Saint Raymond of Peñafort 8807:Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise 8683:list of transcontinental countries 8008:is one of the most expensive hams. 7870:; and many rice-based dishes like 7833:, mainly in Asturias and Galicia. 7680: 7033:Golden era of Castilian literature 6881:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests 6601:(basic vocational education); the 5670:. The former Minister of Industry 5339:renewable energy commercialisation 5337:companies invested in fields like 5325:stood at 11.27% in July 2024. The 5222:The Cortes Generales approved the 5056:located in the South shore of the 4940:in Barcelona, headquarters of the 4554:Nationalities and regions of Spain 4184:, the monarch is not the fount of 4082:one-party personalist dictatorship 3926: 3335:mountain range, it is bordered by 3307:; on the south, it is bordered by 3303:On the west, Spain is bordered by 2604:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 1457:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1410:second-most spoken native language 1098:in the Mediterranean Sea, and the 1090:, its territory also includes the 321: (green & dark grey) 14: 20966: 20826:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 19654:Countries and territories of the 18105:Official tourism portal for Spain 18024:to help reach a consensus. › 17978: 17762:from the original on 13 July 2016 17437:from the original on 1 April 2022 17210:from the original on 1 April 2022 16671:from the original on 14 June 2020 16563:from the original on 14 June 2020 15960:National Identities, Vol 4, No. 3 15932:580.000 personas se van de España 15604:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 15575:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 15547:from the original on 8 April 2013 15402:"Indice coyuntural de fecundidad" 15010:from the original on 8 March 2020 14879:(in Spanish). Ediciones El País. 14750:Villalobos, Alvaro (6 May 2018). 14635:. The Global Guru. Archived from 13990:"Spain disputes Portugal islands" 13776:"Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón" 12411:from the original on 19 June 2023 12089:Spain's fast-living king turns 70 11926:from the original on 10 July 2023 11574:from the original on 19 June 2018 11129:Bailey, Dominic (14 March 2004). 11091:from the original on 24 June 2006 11065:from the original on 13 June 2008 10839:from the original on 23 July 2013 10764: 10659:Diccionario de historia de España 10364:"The Seventeenth-Century Decline" 9757:"Cronología del arte paleolítico" 9653:"'First west Europe tooth' found" 9576:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 8873:Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences 8556: 6859:. These include the landscape of 6646:The health care system of Spain ( 6611:Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior 5908:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 5820:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 5111:are divided into three branches: 4070:as Prime Minister. The resulting 3903: 3199:. Since 2018, Spain has faced an 2656:12 April 1931 municipal elections 2236:in 1571 and over Portugal at the 2138:(1556–1598). This period saw the 2055: 1733:conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 1670:flourished in the southwest; and 1538:argued that the root of the term 1459:(NATO), a permanent guest of the 1213:, and during early Islamic rule, 20229: 20114: 19605: 19594: 19593: 19288: 18082: 18072: 17974:NYC: Boni & Liveright, 1926. 17963:. Cornell University Press 1983. 17813: 17800: 17774: 17748: 17709: 17670: 17639: 17627:from the original on 4 June 2010 17579: 17563:. Spoonfed.co.uk. Archived from 17553: 17512: 17483: 17453: 17416: 17393: 17332: 17281: 17222: 17177: 17122: 17083: 17046: 17003: 16992:from the original on 31 May 2022 16945: 16892: 16845: 16816: 16790: 16764: 16739: 16683: 16657: 16631: 16506: 16487: 16468: 16452: 16440:from the original on 25 May 2017 16426: 16409: 16377: 16347: 16321: 16295: 16269: 16243: 16222: 16125: 16099: 16038: 15981: 15903: 15884: 15858: 15828: 15797: 15778: 15746: 15734:from the original on 3 June 2008 15649: 15636: 15617: 15559: 15533: 15509: 15483: 15452: 15416: 15394: 15381:Spain: A Modern European Economy 15373: 15351: 15325: 15295: 15257:Lara Galera, Antonio L. (2015). 15250: 15191: 15165: 15153:from the original on 11 May 2022 15120: 15069: 15022: 14996: 14951: 14921: 14895: 14883:from the original on 13 May 2011 14838: 14812: 14800:from the original on 6 July 2018 14776: 14743: 14717: 14687: 14651: 14608:"Car Production by Country 2024" 14600: 14527: 14465: 14452: 14428: 14413: 14399: 14374: 14342: 14316: 14290: 14268: 14256:from the original on 25 May 2017 14237: 14225:from the original on 25 May 2017 14211: 14192: 14163: 14130: 14118:from the original on 18 May 2015 14100: 14068: 14007: 13983: 13979:from the original on 25 May 2017 13957: 13931: 13899: 13867: 13854: 13842: 13794: 13768: 13736: 13710: 13678: 13599:from the original on 4 June 2008 13585: 13539: 13517: 13495: 13473: 13451: 13429: 13407: 13385: 13363: 13341: 13319: 13297: 13275: 13253: 13231: 13209: 13187: 13165: 13143: 13129:"Functions of the Head of State" 13121: 13099: 13077: 13055: 13033: 13011: 12989: 12967: 12945: 12923: 12901: 12879: 12857: 12835: 12813: 12791: 12769: 12747: 12725: 12703: 12681: 12659: 12637: 12615: 12592: 12535: 12510: 12483: 12468: 12438: 12423: 12372: 12350: 12328: 12306: 12284: 12262: 12201: 12127: 12113: 12035: 12005: 11908: 11896:from the original on 8 July 2023 11878: 11866:from the original on 7 July 2023 11847: 11809: 11777: 11745: 11713:Bayer, Lili (16 November 2023). 11706: 11675: 11616: 11338:Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2012). 11001:"King Orders army to crush coup" 10935:"Contubernio de Múnich: 50 años" 10059:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x 9879:from the original on 5 July 2022 8877: 8837: 8787: 8770: 8737: 8728: 8481: 8280: 8266: 7998: 7979: 7803:El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía 7775:Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona 7016:Coplas por la muerte de su padre 6931:(such as refrains) sprinkled in 6027: 6017: 5974: 5964: 5902:Largest cities or towns in Spain 5773: 5745: 4780:countries in Europe, along with 4558: 4342:General Council of the Judiciary 4037: 4018: 3986:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 3984:factors. The country had a 2019 3495:in the Canarian archipelago and 3221:general election on 23 July 2023 3205:General Council of the Judiciary 3133:2008–16 Spanish financial crisis 2966:In the Basque Country, moderate 2888:discriminatory language policies 2740:), most critically supported by 2596:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 2306:a new royal family reigned, the 2152:War of the Portuguese Succession 2077:expelled from Castile and Aragon 1606:Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples 1384:. As a reflection of its large 1211:invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate 1191:fall of the Western Roman Empire 926: 925: 900: 878: 877: 859: 858: 826: 825: 807: 806: 755: 261: 199: 185: 19782:States with limited recognition 18446:Autonomous communities of Spain 17232:Contemporary Spanish Philosophy 17193:Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana 16576:Autonomous communities of Spain 15988:Casado Velarde, Manuel (2011). 14515:from the original on 4 May 2009 14324:"Women in National Parliaments" 13373:. Congress of Deputies of Spain 12566:Journal of Contemporary History 11825:Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 11751:Medina García, Eusebio (2006). 11682:Borraz, Marta (18 March 2021). 11586: 11555: 11494: 11417: 11392: 11362: 11331: 11301: 11271: 11240: 11210: 11179: 11149: 11122: 11077: 11042:from the original on 1 May 2011 11023: 10993: 10975: 10945: 10927: 10904: 10851: 10821: 10809: 10776: 10758: 10720:Cruz Artacho, Salvador (2003). 10713: 10691:Independence of Spanish America 10681: 10649: 10640: 10631: 10618: 10556: 10527: 10500: 10471: 10445:Revista de Dret Històric Català 10436: 10409: 10382: 10356: 10328: 10301: 10263: 10237: 10184: 10154: 10100:Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). 10093: 10034: 9995: 9964: 9918: 9891: 9854: 9748: 9671: 9645: 9592: 9530: 9511: 9488: 9454: 9434: 9407: 9382: 9232: 8707: 8688: 8675: 8623: 8597: 8543: 8191:) is celebrated on 12 October. 7548: 6879:, shared with Slovenia and the 6442:Spain is a multilingual state. 5879: 5792: 5681:, after China's. It is linking 5572:Science and technology in Spain 5247:of Spain in the United Nations 5180: 5131:Ejército del Aire y del Espacio 4548:Autonomous communities of Spain 4456:to also serve four-year terms. 3781:valley, which crosses southern 3773:, southern and central-eastern 3331:). On the northeast, along the 3259:Europe's fourth largest country 3203:surrounding the mandate of the 3169:Catalan independence referendum 3110:Spain's foreign born population 3018:Spanish Socialist Workers Party 2900:Spanish transition to democracy 2619:Regionalist League of Catalonia 2290: 2097:. About four decades after the 1181:was established. Following the 1078:. It is the largest country in 1070:, is a country in southwestern 165: 18857:National and regional identity 17856: 17412:. Manchester University Press. 15804:Tremlett, Giles (9 May 2005). 15754:"Population in Europe in 2005" 15004:"Scimago Institution Rankings" 14300:. Ipsnews.net. 15 March 2007. 13851:. Spanish Constitution of 1978 12430:Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004). 12078:From Dictatorship to Democracy 11766:. Tomo LXII (II Mayo-Agosto). 11764:Revista de Estudios Extremeños 11218:"Spain legalises gay marriage" 11186:Ortiz, Fiona (22 April 2013). 11030:Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). 10860:History of Education Quarterly 10694:. Cambridge University Press. 10656:Alvar Ezquerra, Jaime (2001). 9202: 9166: 9150: 9136: 9110: 9075: 9059:Patronise the Royal Academies. 8911:following a general election, 8799:Order of Isabella the Catholic 7966:or the Galician octopus-based 7864:(fried fish); cold soups like 7280:. Also in the Baroque period, 6648:Spanish National Health System 6603:Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio 6348: 5361:(which is the world's largest 3347:, a small exclave town called 3175:voted to unilaterally declare 2974:led by the armed organisation 2794:The regime remained nominally 2592:1870 Barcelona Labour Congress 2262:Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660 2250:Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 774:96/km (248.6/sq mi) ( 16:Country in southwestern Europe 1: 20486:Commissioner for Human Rights 19549:country of the United Kingdom 18061:E-Government portal for Spain 18009: 17679:"World's most expensive ham?" 17229:Caponigri, A. Robert (1967). 16198:. Retrieved 23 September 2009 15992:. In Stickel, Gerhard (ed.). 15836:"Population series from 1998" 15383:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. 14633:"Global Guru | analysis" 14541:. 25 May 2008. Archived from 14326:. Ipu.org. 28 February 2010. 14004:. Retrieved 9 September 2013. 13612:"Economic Survey: Spain 2005" 11562:Minder, Raphael (June 2018). 10192:"The Treaty of Granada, 1492" 9604:Understanding Animal Research 9068: 8940:Appoint the president of the 8933:Appoint the president of the 8815:Order of Constitutional Merit 8753:male-preference primogeniture 8528:) are co-official languages. 8366:[ˈre̞j.noð̞esˈpaɲ.ɟa] 8306:Topographical relief of Spain 8296:History of education in Spain 8157:Public holidays and festivals 8081:Spain's women's national team 7882:(black rice) from Catalonia. 7823:The most popular traditional 7818:Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival 7537:As of 2021, the festivals of 7146: 6890: 6841:World Heritage Sites in Spain 6538:); and Aranese in Catalonia. 5251:is 0.794, 12th in the world. 5052:, a small, uninhabited rocky 4507:of the Congress of Deputies. 4459: 4334:constitutional interpretation 4102: 3715:Köppen climate classification 3672:Köppen climate classification 3511:in the Balearic archipelago. 3284:Spain lies between latitudes 3099:2004 Spanish general election 2927:succeeded to the position of 2789:Francoist concentration camps 2608:Federación Anarquista Ibérica 2600:Unión General de Trabajadores 2481:Attempts to re-assert control 2351:Contemporary history of Spain 2316:War of the Spanish Succession 1509:and its provinces during the 1082:and the fourth-most populous 20174:European Economic Area (EEA) 17756:"Primera División 2015/2016" 17716:Limón, Raúl (7 March 2016). 17648:"Spain Gain at Mercat Negre" 16952:Amorós Negre, Carla (2016), 16641:. Ferede.org. Archived from 16463:"Barómetro de Enero de 2023" 16331:(in Spanish). Archived from 16279:(in Spanish). Archived from 16253:(in Spanish). Archived from 15728:International Herald Tribune 14137:Julve, Rafa (9 March 2016). 13749:(in Catalan). Archived from 13691:(in Spanish). Archived from 12517:McCaughey, J. Davis (1993). 11854:Frost, Rosie (6 July 2023). 11131:"Spain votes under a shadow" 11036:International Herald Tribune 10835:. London. 28 December 2008. 10818:, BBC News, 23 February 2003 10272:Handbook of European History 10005:Handbook of Medieval Culture 9340:. 13 March 2024. p. 288 9161:"Barómetro de Enero de 2023" 9083:Presidency of the Government 8857:Real Academia de la Historia 8757:Leonor, Princess of Asturias 8747:have been kings. However, a 8420:[es̺paɲiakoeres̺uma] 8384:[ˈre̞j.nuð̞esˈpa.ɲa] 7783:Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid 7603:. Similarly to the Maghreb, 7389:There were two Schools: the 7335: 7087:Leandro Fernández de Moratín 7083:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 6885:Intangible cultural heritage 6599:Formación Profesional Básica 6559: 6421: 5784:, one of the busiest in the 5718:world's 15th busiest airport 5603: 5422:automotive industry in Spain 5226:in 2007 aimed at furthering 5199:Spanish Constitution of 1978 4882:Provinces and municipalities 4537:Political divisions of Spain 4289:in the personal gift of the 4253:in the performance of these 4107: 4010:Spanish Constitution of 1978 3542:landmass, dominated by high 3360:longest uninterrupted border 3234: 3211:virus was confirmed to have 3207:(CGPJ. In January 2020, the 3143:served as a backdrop to the 3103:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 3085:terrorist group inspired by 2984:a military-backed government 2972:radical nationalist movement 2937:Spanish Constitution of 1978 2820:Falange Española de las JONS 2738:Nationalist or rebel faction 1849:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 1632:1.3 million years ago. 1490: 1114:is bordered to the north by 7: 20900:Iberian Peninsula countries 18877:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 18087:Geographic data related to 17995:Central Intelligence Agency 17961:A History of Medieval Spain 17519:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 17408:Contemporary spanish cinema 16667:. churchofjesuschrist.org. 16559:(in Spanish). p. 160. 16359:www2.compareyourcountry.org 16219:. Retrieved 9 December 2013 15682:"Spain: Immigrants Welcome" 15309:. Spain. 10 November 2010. 15082:Business Research Quarterly 14139:"Señores, se acabó la mili" 13826:(in Spanish). Cartujo.org. 13393:"Composition of the Senate" 12603:. Christian Science Monitor 12432:Panorama do Segundo Império 10047:The Economic History Review 9553:Burke, Ulick Ralph (1895). 9280:International Monetary Fund 8994:supreme command and control 8725:were also born in Hispania. 8438:[ˈrejnʊð(ɪ)esˈpaɲɐ] 8347:[ˈrejnoð(e)esˈpaɲa] 8259: 8041:2023 FIFA Women's World Cup 7779:Orquesta Nacional de España 7192:Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo 7094:Spanish Romantic literature 6733: Did not answer (1.5%) 6661: 5679:second longest in the world 5389:, petroleum companies like 5377:, train manufacturers like 5270:Cuatro Torres Business Area 5077: 4942:Union for the Mediterranean 4497:central executive authority 4446:proportional representation 4424:with 350 deputies, and the 4066:and appointed the reformer 3997: 3976:. Spain includes different 3686:) from Pozo de La Oracion, 3586:in the Canary Islands. The 3538:Mainland Spain is a rather 3273:, having territory in both 3255:fifty-first largest country 3022:European Economic Community 3008:. In May 1982 Spain joined 2998:European Economic Community 2525:(including the short-lived 2345:Liberalism and nation state 2046:Nasrid Sultanate of Granada 2016:such as Córdoba (1236) and 1624:Archaeological research at 1473:Union for the Mediterranean 1447:. Spain is a member of the 1390:second-most visited country 1312:Spanish War of independence 1306:. In the 18th century, the 1094:in the Atlantic Ocean, the 863:$ 1.647 trillion ( 811:$ 2.516 trillion ( 232:(English: "Further Beyond") 10: 20971: 20811:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 20395: 20125: 19397:British Overseas Territory 19015:Countries and dependencies 17922:Marcos, F. Javier (2016). 17901:Marcos, F. Javier (2006). 17883:"The Spanish Constitution" 17062:Epos. Revista de Filología 16829:Cambridge University Press 16045:Ramallo, Fernando (2018). 15951:Conversi, Daniele (2002). 15891:Plan de Retorno Voluntario 15759:. Eurostat. Archived from 14848:. Aeeolica. Archived from 14420:Benton, Lauren A. (1990). 13939:"La cuestión de Gibraltar" 13864:(Routledge, 2014). Pg. 126 13631:"Country Briefings: Spain" 13131:. Royal Household of Spain 12578:10.1177/003200949803300104 11972:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 10953:"El contubernio de Munich" 10783:Meaker, Gerald H. (1974). 10484:Cambridge University Press 10480:A Concise History of Spain 10389:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 10308:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 9944:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 9804:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 9118:"The Spanish Constitution" 9095:Boletín Oficial del Estado 8907:the Cortes Generales into 8456:[reˈjawmeðesˈpaɲɔ] 8254:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 8160: 8069:UEFA European Championship 8021: 7948:. Also, the lightly cured 7840: 7836: 7684: 7552: 7451: 7205: 7150: 6912: 6894: 6844: 6838: 6801: 6797: 6665: 6635: 6563: 6425: 6352: 6016: 5963: 5893: 5883: 5802: 5796: 5607: 5569: 5507:in the foreground and the 5488: 5465:World Tourism Organization 5441: 5437: 5258: 5254: 5245:Gender Empowerment Measure 5190: 5184: 5160:Estado Mayor de la Defensa 5152:Chief of the Defence Staff 5081: 4929:Foreign relations of Spain 4926: 4885: 4551: 4545: 4530: 4283:Order of the Golden Fleece 4269:or, when appropriate, the 4007: 4001: 3950: 3907: 3660: 3656: 3373: 3369: 3238: 2897: 2708:Spanish Revolution of 1936 2701: 2499:'s dynastic rights in the 2348: 2260:) and then England in the 2101:(1568–1571), over 300,000 2059: 2012:Muslim strongholds in the 1982:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 1846: 1697: 1609: 1598: 1594: 1451:, the European Union, the 1296:largest empires in history 1271:unification of Spain as a 468:indifferent or no religion 18: 20803: 20757: 20514: 20453: 20393: 20238: 20227: 20180: 20123: 20112: 19971: 19849: 19803: 19780: 19662: 19566: 19522: 19497: 19472: 19459: 19406: 19382: 19375: 19352: 19339: 19297: 19286: 19025: 18981: 18976:Articles related to Spain 18932: 18890: 18782: 18679: 18670: 18556: 18547: 18441: 18432: 18319: 18310: 18255: 18160: 18151: 16800:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 16774:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 16063:10.1515/9783110365955-018 15543:. BBC. 11 December 2006. 15266:Revista de Obras Públicas 15095:10.1177/23409444211042382 14612:worldpopulationreview.com 14441:11 September 2017 at the 14187:Spanish Constitution 1978 14171:"2024 Global Peace Index" 14063:Spanish Constitution 1978 14051:Spanish Constitution 1978 13580:Spanish Constitution 1978 13568:Spanish Constitution 1978 12236:. ABC-CLIO. p. 197. 12230:Shelley, Fred M. (2015). 12108:Spanish Constitution 1978 10789:Stanford University Press 10118:10.1163/9789004443594_006 10030:– via Google Books. 9483:Spanish Constitution 1978 8865:Royal Academy of Pharmacy 8782:1981 Spanish coup attempt 8570:member states. Also, the 8189:Fiesta Nacional de España 7659:contemporary architecture 7589:Western Islamic tradition 7447: 7274:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 7141:Miguel de Cervantes Prize 6915:Latin American literature 6652:World Health Organization 6631: 6583:Ley Orgánica de Educación 5734:Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) 5515:In 2010 Spain became the 5484: 5477:is the Spanish leader in 5347: 5232:Inter-Parliamentary Union 5140:Fuerzas Armadas Españolas 4938:Royal Palace of Pedralbes 4913:1833 territorial division 4888:Local government in Spain 4868:Policía Autónoma Andaluza 4557: 4418:Congreso de los Diputados 4398: 4338:administration of justice 4148:one whereby the reigning 3947:protected natural spaces. 3830:humid subtropical climate 3351:is surrounded by France. 3024:, which later became the 2767:Republican volunteers at 2718:carried out a coup d'état 2538:Cuban War of Independence 1253:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 1049: 1037: 1025: 1014: 986: 964: 945: 915: 890: 871: 852: 838: 819: 800: 782: 768: 749: 742: 732: 718: 711: 707: 692: 679: 666: 653: 640: 636: 629: 614: 599: 590: 585: 581: 566: 551: 536: 521: 517: 504: 485: 418: 414: 388: 378: 334: 290: 236: 215: 181: 157: 142: 127: 112: 97: 82: 67: 34: 18535:Wars and armed conflicts 18175:Ancient History Timeline 18078:Wikimedia Atlas of Spain 18022:templates for discussion 17806:Nogués y Secall (1862), 17782:"Bank holidays in Spain" 17617:"Spain's perfect paella" 17523:. New Haven and London: 17053:Abad, Francisco (2007). 16750:. Routledge. p. 7. 16518:26 November 2016 at the 16499:27 December 2016 at the 16480:26 November 2016 at the 16236:12 February 2015 at the 16215:12 February 2015 at the 15937:15 November 2011 at the 15541:"Immigration statistics" 15522:6 September 2014 at the 13995:8 September 2013 at the 13966:Spain's letter to the UN 12520:The Crown at State Level 12490:Faoro, Raymundo (2001). 11478:. BBC. 27 October 2017. 11452:. BBC. 26 October 2017. 11106:. BBC. 31 October 2007. 10194:. Islamic Civilisation. 9629:Anthon, Charles (1850). 9416:Journal of World History 8474:[ˈreŋneðesˈpaɲə] 8402:[ˈreŋnəðəsˈpaɲə] 8316: 8213:Other festivals include 8167:Public holidays in Spain 8017: 7308:Spanish Independence War 7137:Premio Planeta de Novela 7050:Don Quijote de La Mancha 6887:, or "Human treasures". 6201:Principality of Asturias 5582:Gran Telescopio Canarias 5550:(8 operative reactors), 5363:worker-owned cooperative 5249:Human Development Report 5228:equality between genders 5013:Aerial view showing the 4766:Estado de las Autonomías 4527:Administrative divisions 4477:collectively responsible 4232:representative democracy 4072:general election in 1977 3856:as well as parts of the 3593:There are several major 3440:, Andalusia. The little 3392:Spain also includes the 3376:List of islands of Spain 3343:. Along the Pyrenees in 3271:transcontinental country 3145:2011–12 Spanish protests 2953:Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law 2941:restoration of democracy 2894:Restoration of democracy 2615:Basque Nationalist Party 2606:was founded in 1910 and 2571:Opening ceremony of the 1875:Kingdom of Asturias-León 1620:Celtic castro in Galicia 1485:World Trade Organization 1445:fifteenth-largest by PPP 1267:is often considered the 257:(English: "Royal March") 20935:North African countries 20821:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 20471:Parliamentary Assembly 20466:Committee of Ministers 19553:British-Irish Agreement 18235:Transition to democracy 18210:Reaction and revolution 17959:Callaghan O.F. Joseph. 17402:Morgan-Tamosunas, Rikki 17129:Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). 16905:Oxford University Press 16823:Gies, David T. (2004). 15896:18 October 2011 at the 15707:. MSNBC. Archived from 15146:10.1093/reseval/rvaa014 14990:16 October 2013 at the 14961:. revista.consumer.es. 12160:"Institutions of Spain" 12048:Fundación Biodiversidad 12013:"Biodiversity in Spain" 11157:"An election bombshell" 10730:Universitat de València 9718:10.1126/science.1219957 9501:The Wall Street Journal 9364:Encyclopedia Britannica 8942:Constitutional Tribunal 8375: 8225:, the carnivals in the 7653:was led by groups like 7585:Islamicate architecture 7580:vernacular architecture 6575:University of Salamanca 5594:Global Innovation Index 5467:are located in Madrid. 5093:Amphibious assault ship 5046:Exclusive Economic Zone 4896:Municipalities of Spain 4510:The prime minister, as 4346:Constitutional Tribunal 4089:parliamentary democracy 4050:Prime Minister of Spain 3910:Climate change in Spain 3327:, and the peninsula of 3217:active euthanasia legal 3177:independence from Spain 3129:Spanish property bubble 3091:bombing commuter trains 3073:supported US president 2961:1977 Massacre of Atocha 2858:which was propelled by 2371:Second Spanish Republic 2238:Battle of Ponta Delgada 2160:French Wars of Religion 1562: 1548: 1425:constitutional monarchy 1421:parliamentary democracy 1388:, Spain is the world's 1021:which observe WET/WEST. 570:President of the Senate 439:non-practicing Catholic 90: 25:España (disambiguation) 20554:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19682:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19389:(Sovereign Base Areas) 19070:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18825:International Interest 18633:Science and technology 18329:Autonomous communities 16970:10.1515/soci-2016-0003 16188:La Ley Orgánica 2/2006 16149:10.15304/9788416533015 15790:30 August 2008 at the 14473:"OECD report for 2006" 12475:Sousa, Galvão (1962). 12397:10.1628/joer-2022-0009 12094:6 January 2010 at the 11087:. BBC. 14 March 2004. 10457:10.2436/20.3004.01.119 9518:ABC (28 August 2014). 9030:to foreign states and 8964:autonomous communities 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8630: 8604: 8502:autonomous communities 8447: 8429: 8411: 8393: 8357: 8343:Spanish pronunciation: 8338: 8256: 8083:were champions of the 8048: 7972:and shellfish dishes. 7703: 7571: 7470: 7395:Juan Martínez Montañés 7355: 7294: 7286: 7227: 7217: 7201: 7166: 7079:Benito Jerónimo Feijóo 6991:, became increasingly 6968: 6816: 6578: 6460:autonomous communities 6446:—featured in the 1978 6439: 6364: 5814: 5585: 5566:Science and technology 5512: 5505:PS10 Solar Power Plant 5456: 5431:gross domestic product 5294: 5276: 5173:According to the 2024 5146:is the King of Spain, 5104: 5034:Spain claims Gibraltar 5025: 4944: 4808:public administrations 4542:Autonomous communities 4485:deputy prime ministers 4391: 4383: 4291:House of Bourbon-Anjou 4156:of the Crown and thus 4138:branches of government 4117: 4093:autonomous communities 3948: 3690: 3675: 3535: 3532:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 3428:is also regarded as a 3410: 3389: 3250: 3149:Catalan independentism 3124: 3055: 3001: 2949:autonomous communities 2913: 2846: 2806:and provided the Nazi 2772: 2734:International Brigades 2644: 2575: 2560:. It remained neutral 2527:First Spanish Republic 2380: 2355:Mid-19th-century Spain 2311: 2304:Enlightenment in Spain 2300:The family of Philip V 2281:separation of Portugal 2269:Protestant Reformation 2174: 2158:, intervention in the 2116: 2071: 2032:was conquered, so was 1985: 1914: 1867:conquered North Africa 1800: 1769:, and the philosopher 1720: 1621: 1587: 1336:Francoist dictatorship 1294:and formed one of the 1282:, Spain pioneered the 242: 220: 150: 135: 120: 105: 75: 40: 21:Spain (disambiguation) 20905:Member states of NATO 20481:Court of Human Rights 20128:Potential enlargement 19814:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 19807:and other territories 19416:Bailiwick of Guernsey 19387:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 18862:National Day of Spain 18049:International Futures 18005:UCB Libraries GovPubs 17863:Gates, David (2001). 17784:. bank-holidays.com. 17758:. worldfootball.net. 17525:Yale University Press 17388:Montes Fernández 2011 17327:Montes Fernández 2011 17315:Montes Fernández 2011 17201:Universidad del Zulia 15230:Red de Alta Velocidad 14701:. NPR. 15 July 2010. 14204:8 August 2016 at the 13804:. European Commission 13595:. CNN. 18 June 2006. 12017:Climatechangepost.com 11951:Nature Communications 10646:(Gates 2001, p. 467.) 10564:Martínez Shaw, Carlos 10534:Casey, James (1999). 9971:Scheen, Rolf (1996). 9655:. BBC. 30 June 2007. 9585:Catholic Encyclopedia 8979:military appointments 8869:Royal Spanish Academy 8489:Constitution of Spain 8251: 8163:National Day of Spain 8031: 7795:Gran Teatre del Liceu 7694: 7562: 7461: 7343: 7215: 7160: 7010:The Book of Good Love 6951: 6919:Royal Spanish Academy 6823:and one of the major 6811: 6573: 6435: 6362: 5876:, French and others. 5840:In 2022, the average 5812: 5799:Demographics of Spain 5762:Madrid-Barcelona line 5579: 5498: 5451: 5359:Mondragon Corporation 5290:business district in 5282: 5268: 5206:Amnesty International 5187:Human rights in Spain 5129:Air and Space Force ( 5091: 5012: 4936: 4454:regional legislatures 4387:Legislative authority 4379:The hemicycle of the 4378: 4201:constitutional crises 4112: 3934: 3703:Mediterranean climate 3681: 3670: 3548:Cordillera Cantábrica 3522: 3426:de Vélez de la Gomera 3383: 3356:Portugal–Spain border 3329:de Vélez de la Gomera 3248: 3122: 3046: 3038:Dirty war against ETA 2992: 2911: 2832: 2766: 2692:women's right to vote 2634: 2570: 2542:Philippine Revolution 2378: 2298: 2172: 2114: 2099:War of the Alpujarras 2069: 1980: 1905: 1798:Treasure of Guarrazar 1788: 1711: 1619: 1529:Jesús Luis Cunchillos 1334:, giving rise to the 1130:; and to the west by 734:• Water (%) 18466:Constitutional Court 17498:. pp. 153–154. 17496:Taylor & Francis 16899:Labanyi, Jo (2010). 16746:Townson, N. (2007). 16645:on 30 September 2011 16538:20 July 2020 at the 15915:10 July 2017 at the 15629:23 July 2013 at the 15434:Gapminder Foundation 15359:"Population Figures" 14594:ICEX-Invest in Spain 14434:Roberto A. Ferdman, 13849:Articles 140 and 141 13549:. Constitute Project 13527:. Constitute Project 13505:. Constitute Project 13483:. Constitute Project 13461:. Constitute Project 13439:. Constitute Project 13417:. Constitute Project 13351:. Constitute Project 13329:. Constitute Project 13307:. Constitute Project 13285:. Constitute Project 13263:. Constitute Project 13241:. Constitute Project 13219:. Constitute Project 13197:. Constitute Project 13175:. Constitute Project 13153:. Constitute Project 13109:. Constitute Project 13087:. Constitute Project 13065:. Constitute Project 13043:. Constitute Project 13021:. Constitute Project 12999:. Constitute Project 12977:. Constitute Project 12955:. Constitute Project 12933:. Constitute Project 12911:. Constitute Project 12889:. Constitute Project 12867:. Constitute Project 12845:. Constitute Project 12823:. Constitute Project 12801:. Constitute Project 12779:. Constitute Project 12757:. Constitute Project 12735:. Constitute Project 12713:. Constitute Project 12691:. Constitute Project 12669:. Constitute Project 12647:. Constitute Project 12625:. Constitute Project 12448:A democracia coroada 12360:. Constitute Project 12338:. Constitute Project 12316:. Constitute Project 12294:. Constitute Project 12272:. Constitute Project 12211:. Constitute Project 12189:. Constitute Project 12137:. Constitute Project 12054:on 24 September 2022 11315:. 21 November 2011. 11007:. 23 February 1981. 10637:(Gates 2001, p. 20.) 10628:". TheHistoryNet.com 10626:Napoleon's Total War 10112:. pp. 124–125. 9930:3 April 2017 at the 9448:30 June 2023 at the 8953:Prosecution Ministry 8926:Appoint and dismiss 8803:Order of Civil Merit 8795:Order of Charles III 8654:(Spanish State) and 8335:Statutes of Autonomy 8208:running of the bulls 8185:Spain's National Day 8129:that were hosted in 8123:1992 Summer Olympics 7555:Spanish architecture 7345:The Comb of the Wind 7257:architecture or the 7067:Calderón de la Barca 7059:Francisco de Quevedo 6857:World Heritage Sites 6835:World Heritage Sites 6774:A study made by the 6638:Health care in Spain 6522:officially named as 6448:Spanish Constitution 6355:Immigration to Spain 5951:Autonomous community 5931:Autonomous community 5842:total fertility rate 5722:airport of Barcelona 5193:LGBT rights in Spain 5109:Spanish Armed Forces 5084:Spanish Armed Forces 5030:territorial disputes 5019:isthmus of Gibraltar 4961:diplomatic relations 4758:and regions of Spain 4493:Council of Ministers 4414:Congress of Deputies 4410:bicameral parliament 4381:Congress of Deputies 4365:Congress of Deputies 4353:Government formation 4259:cannot be prosecuted 4186:national sovereignty 4134:separation of powers 4130:Spanish Constitution 4064:Carlos Arias Navarro 3834:continental climates 3550:(Cantabrian Range), 3515:Mountains and rivers 3448:is a Spanish-French 3201:institutional crisis 3189:Congress of Deputies 3151:also rose. In 2011, 3127:The bursting of the 3049:1992 Summer Olympics 2884:National Catholicism 2649:La Canadiense strike 2546:Spanish–American War 2363:Spanish–American War 2081:Christopher Columbus 1941:Ramiro I of Asturias 1814:, together with the 1394:World Heritage Sites 1074:with territories in 988:• Summer ( 751:• 2024 estimate 697:Current constitution 624:Congress of Deputies 20895:Countries in Europe 20890:Countries in Africa 20857: / 19509:unincorporated area 19438:Bailiwick of Jersey 19300:States with limited 18409:Plazas de soberanía 17467:. 9 February 2022. 17390:, pp. 609–610. 17317:, pp. 602–603. 17174:, pp. 103–104. 16618:The Washington Post 16593:World Values Survey 16309:on 26 November 2020 16283:on 16 November 2020 16209:Ley Orgánica 8/2013 16194:25 May 2011 at the 15423:Roser, Max (2014), 15133:Research Evaluation 15041:10.34667/tind.46596 14959:"La Fuerza del Mar" 14935:. 9 November 2010. 14909:on 14 December 2011 14731:on 24 November 2010 14280:Pew Research Center 14084:. 6 November 2016. 13782:on 11 December 2009 11963:2020NatCo..11.5978G 11758:25 May 2017 at the 10941:on 21 October 2014. 10833:The Daily Telegraph 10168:. 4 December 2008. 9710:2012Sci...336.1409P 9704:(6087): 1409–1413. 9085:(11 October 1997). 8594:autonomous regions. 8412:Espainiako Erresuma 8217:tomato festival in 8085:2023 FIFA World Cup 8051:While varieties of 7651:International style 7587:, belonging to the 7426:Pedro Duque Cornejo 7368:Cathedral of Toledo 7105:Benito Pérez Galdós 7055:Miguel de Cervantes 7044:Lazarillo de Tormes 6985:Galician-Portuguese 6942:Glosas Emilianenses 6923:Instituto Cervantes 6905:Galician literature 6877:Heritage of Mercury 6851:Cathedrals in Spain 6765:Jehovah's Witnesses 6624:coordinated by the 6520:Valencian Community 6321:Valencian Community 6303:Valencian Community 6083:Valencian Community 5994:Community of Madrid 5297:Spain's capitalist 5224:Gender Equality Act 5217:Pew Research Center 5067:plazas de soberanía 5058:Strait of Gibraltar 4770:Statute of Autonomy 4465:Executive authority 4214:that does not make 3424:. The peninsula of 3412:plazas de soberanía 3406:Strait of Gibraltar 3131:in 2008 led to the 3006:La Movida Madrileña 2824:Movimiento Nacional 2617:formed in 1895 and 2558:scramble for Africa 2522:Sexenio Democrático 2517:Glorious Revolution 2425:war of independence 2393:War of the Pyrenees 2389:the first Coalition 2258:Battle of the Downs 2219:School of Salamanca 2215:Counter-Reformation 2154:, clashes with the 2022:County of Barcelona 2014:Guadalquivir Valley 1778:in the province of 1495:The name of Spain ( 1419:Spain is a secular 359: / 121:Espainiako Erresuma 20816:Russia (1996–2022) 20268:provisional member 20182:EFTA member states 19408:Crown Dependencies 18638:Telecommunications 18339:Biosphere Reserves 18240:Contemporary Spain 18230:Spain under Franco 18170:Prehistoric Iberia 17990:The World Factbook 17834:Noticias Jurídicas 17589:. Linguatics.com. 17567:on 28 October 2011 17278:, p. 169–170. 16907:. pp. 18–19. 16831:. pp. 73–74. 16697:. September 2020. 16665:"Spain – Newsroom" 16335:on 31 October 2020 16257:on 5 November 2020 15900:Gobierno de España 15846:on 2 November 2007 15465:The World Factbook 15283:on 1 February 2020 14852:on 20 October 2021 13724:on 20 January 2011 13659:. The World Bank. 11568:The New York Times 10872:10.1017/heq.2023.5 10615:, pp. 14, 23. 10613:Martínez Shaw 2016 8928:ministers of state 8574:domain is used in 8524:(locally known as 8257: 8153:both are popular. 8049: 8039:celebrating their 7876:from Valencia and 7825:musical instrument 7743:Alicia de Larrocha 7739:Montserrat Caballé 7704: 7671:Santiago Calatrava 7663:Spanish architects 7572: 7521:and the so-called 7493:for films such as 7471: 7356: 7278:Francisco Zurbarán 7235:artistic movements 7228: 7167: 7153:Spanish philosophy 7077:authors included, 7025:Mester de Clerecía 7021:Mester de Juglaría 6969: 6952:Bronze statues of 6901:Catalan literature 6897:Spanish literature 6817: 6579: 6566:Education in Spain 6530:); Basque (in the 6440: 6437:Languages of Spain 6428:Languages of Spain 6365: 5858:Sub-Saharan Africa 5815: 5630:, Extremadura and 5610:Transport in Spain 5586: 5513: 5457: 5327:youth unemployment 5305:worldwide and the 5295: 5277: 5175:Global Peace Index 5144:commander-in-chief 5115:Ejército de Tierra 5105: 5026: 4965:European Community 4945: 4892:Provinces of Spain 4512:head of government 4495:which, as Spain's 4489:ministers of state 4487:, and the various 4473:Gobierno de España 4399:Spanish Parliament 4384: 4234:, and upholds the 4228:Spanish government 4077:Constituent Cortes 3949: 3742:Castilla-La Mancha 3691: 3676: 3558:(Central System), 3554:(Iberian System), 3536: 3457:Cabildos insulares 3430:plaza de soberanía 3418:Chafarinas Islands 3390: 3251: 3241:Geography of Spain 3187:In June 2018, the 3173:Catalan parliament 3167:In October 2017 a 3125: 3067:Prestige oil spill 3056: 3002: 2968:Basque nationalism 2914: 2847: 2843:Meeting at Hendaye 2773: 2687:Revolution of 1934 2645: 2576: 2562:during World War I 2437:King Ferdinand VII 2381: 2367:Anarchism in Spain 2312: 2225:and human rights. 2207:Spanish Golden Age 2175: 2117: 2072: 2003:Kingdom of Castile 1986: 1915: 1801: 1721: 1704:Visigothic Kingdom 1622: 1612:Prehistoric Iberia 1517:(meaning "Land of 1263:in 1479 under the 1203:Visigothic Kingdom 1177:, the province of 1142:, and other major 848:2024 estimate 796:2024 estimate 683:First constitution 309:Show map of Europe 20930:Monarchy of Spain 20840: 20839: 20834: 20833: 20501:Venice Commission 20461:Secretary General 20447:Council of Europe 20413: 20412: 20271: 20222: 20210: 20198: 20139: 20138: 19927: 19926: 19656:Mediterranean Sea 19621: 19620: 19562: 19561: 19484:autonomous region 19455: 19454: 19451: 19450: 18968: 18967: 18928: 18927: 18852:Myths and legends 18820:National Interest 18666: 18665: 18618:Largest companies 18543: 18542: 18530:Political parties 18498:Foreign relations 18428: 18427: 18376:Iberian Peninsula 18324:Autonomous cities 18306: 18305: 17874:978-0-306-81083-1 17867:. Da Capo Press. 17652:The Village Voice 17534:978-0-300-21870-1 17505:978-1-138-03546-1 16914:978-0-19-920805-0 16436:. seg-social.es. 16007:978-3-631-60365-9 15794:, 10 October 2007 15766:on 19 August 2008 15692:on 6 October 2008 15430:Our World in Data 15050:978-92-805-3432-0 14659:"Economic report" 14639:on 6 January 2011 14557:"Big in America?" 14460:Applies Economics 14001:The Portugal News 13395:. Senate of Spain 12506:on 4 August 2016. 12493:Os Donos do Poder 12461:978-85-402-0667-0 12243:978-1-4408-3813-2 12074:The New Spaniards 11920:www.aljazeera.com 11892:. 29 April 2023. 11642:10.1136/bmj.n1343 11163:. 18 March 2004. 10673:978-84-7090-366-3 10584:978-84-608-8037-0 10349:978-0-297-64563-4 9934:, Thomas F. Glick 9542:978-84-9815-764-2 9050:right of clemency 9022:Accredit Spanish 8610:[esˈpaɲa] 8448:Reiaume d'Espanha 8350:) is as follows: 8241:in Andalusia and 8089:Women's World Cup 7904:, or immersed in 7763:Pablo de Sarasate 7416:and his daughter 7372:Bartolomé Ordóñez 7360:Alonso Berruguete 7259:Isabelline Gothic 7133:Generation of '50 7129:Generation of '36 7125:Generation of '27 7121:Generation of '98 7027:were cultivated. 7019:. Genres such as 6998:Cantar de Mio Cid 6929:Mozarabic Romance 6909:Basque literature 6740:Roman Catholicism 6685: Practicing 6668:Religion in Spain 6642:Abortion in Spain 6481:, Ceutan Arabic ( 6396:population growth 6345: 6344: 5714:airport of Madrid 5668:energy efficiency 5525:Alvarado, Badajoz 5511:in the background 5313:, as well as the 5015:Rock of Gibraltar 4951:in 1975, Spain's 4923:Foreign relations 4857:Mossos d'Esquadra 4838:, Catalonia, and 4696:Mediterranean Sea 4407: 4212:moderating branch 4197:resolves disputes 4154:living embodiment 4097:autonomous cities 4004:Politics of Spain 3953:Wildlife of Spain 3884:) in the zone of 3759:semi-arid climate 3713:according to the 3684:Naranjo de Bulnes 3461:Consells insulars 3459:in the Canaries, 3398:Mediterranean Sea 3319:in North Africa ( 3292:, and longitudes 3171:was held and the 3114:same sex marriage 2970:coexisted with a 2918:European Movement 2860:industrialisation 2758:social revolution 2704:Spanish Civil War 2635:Demonstration in 2554:Generation of '98 2465:Peninsular elites 2421:2 May 1808 revolt 2391:. The subsequent 2285:Thirty Years' War 2277:Holy Roman Empire 2234:Battle of Lepanto 2223:international law 2189:). The so-called 2164:Anglo-Spanish War 2089:Treaty of Granada 2050:Catholic Monarchs 2026:Kingdom of Aragon 1912:Mosque of Cordoba 1863:Umayyad Caliphate 1507:Iberian Peninsula 1465:Council of Europe 1437:developed country 1332:Spanish Civil War 1328:American colonies 1265:Catholic Monarchs 1201:, who formed the 1189:of Hispania, the 1171:pre-Roman peoples 1100:autonomous cities 1088:Iberian Peninsula 1061: 1060: 909:medium inequality 873:• Per capita 821:• Per capita 670:Centralized state 561:Francina Armengol 443:16.5% practicing 430:Roman Catholicism 379:Official language 282: 172: 171: 151:Reiaume d'Espanha 20962: 20872: 20871: 20869: 20868: 20867: 20862: 20858: 20855: 20854: 20853: 20850: 20440: 20433: 20426: 20417: 20416: 20265: 20240:EU member states 20233: 20216: 20204: 20192: 20166: 20159: 20152: 20143: 20142: 20118: 19954: 19947: 19940: 19931: 19930: 19842: 19830: 19822: 19664:Sovereign states 19648: 19641: 19634: 19625: 19624: 19609: 19597: 19596: 19583:Governed by the 19545:Northern Ireland 19488:Åland convention 19470: 19469: 19380: 19379: 19350: 19349: 19292: 19027:Sovereign states 19008: 19001: 18994: 18985: 18984: 18972: 18971: 18948: 18941: 18677: 18676: 18608:Financial crisis 18598:Economic history 18554: 18553: 18471:Cortes Generales 18439: 18438: 18381:Peninsular Spain 18317: 18316: 18268:Pre-Roman Iberia 18263:General overview 18158: 18157: 18134: 18127: 18120: 18111: 18110: 18086: 18085: 18076: 18075: 17954:Spain: a history 17939: 17918: 17897: 17895: 17893: 17887: 17878: 17850: 17849: 17847: 17845: 17826: 17820: 17817: 17811: 17804: 17798: 17797: 17795: 17793: 17778: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17767: 17752: 17746: 17745: 17743: 17741: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17674: 17668: 17667: 17665: 17663: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17632: 17612: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17598: 17583: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17572: 17557: 17551: 17545: 17539: 17538: 17516: 17510: 17509: 17487: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17476: 17457: 17451: 17450: 17444: 17442: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17397: 17391: 17385: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17374: 17368: 17345: 17336: 17330: 17324: 17318: 17312: 17306: 17305: 17303: 17301: 17285: 17279: 17273: 17267: 17261: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17250: 17244: 17238:. Archived from 17237: 17226: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17215: 17209: 17190: 17181: 17175: 17169: 17163: 17162: 17160: 17158: 17126: 17120: 17114: 17108: 17107: 17087: 17081: 17080: 17078: 17076: 17070: 17059: 17050: 17044: 17043: 17041: 17039: 17022:: 226; 228–229. 17007: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16958:Sociolinguistica 16949: 16943: 16937: 16931: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16896: 16890: 16889: 16887: 16885: 16849: 16843: 16842: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16809: 16794: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16768: 16762: 16761: 16743: 16737: 16736: 16734: 16732: 16727:. 1 January 2024 16717: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16687: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16661: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16650: 16635: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16615: 16607: 16601: 16600: 16585: 16579: 16572: 16570: 16568: 16552: 16543: 16529: 16523: 16510: 16504: 16491: 16485: 16472: 16466: 16456: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445: 16430: 16424: 16413: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16402: 16396: 16389: 16381: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16351: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16340: 16325: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16314: 16305:. Archived from 16299: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16288: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16247: 16241: 16226: 16220: 16205: 16199: 16184: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16173: 16167: 16161:. Archived from 16138: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16103: 16097: 16091: 16085: 16084: 16042: 16036: 16030: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16019: 15985: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15974: 15968: 15957: 15948: 15942: 15929: 15920: 15907: 15901: 15888: 15882: 15881: 15879: 15877: 15862: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15851: 15832: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15801: 15795: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15765: 15758: 15750: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15720: 15718: 15716: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15688:. Archived from 15678: 15676: 15674: 15668: 15661: 15653: 15647: 15640: 15634: 15621: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15610: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15581: 15563: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15552: 15537: 15531: 15513: 15507: 15506: 15504: 15502: 15497:on 25 March 2008 15487: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15468:, 12 July 2018, 15456: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15420: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15398: 15392: 15377: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15366: 15355: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15344: 15329: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15282: 15276:. Archived from 15263: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15243: 15224: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15210: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15184: 15169: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15148: 15124: 15118: 15117: 15107: 15097: 15073: 15067: 15066: 15064: 15062: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15015: 15000: 14994: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14955: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14944: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14914: 14899: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14888: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14857: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14805: 14780: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14769: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14721: 14715: 14714: 14712: 14710: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14680: 14674: 14668:. Archived from 14663: 14655: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14618: 14604: 14598: 14597: 14586: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14553: 14547: 14546: 14531: 14525: 14524: 14522: 14520: 14501: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14490: 14484: 14477: 14469: 14463: 14456: 14450: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14417: 14411: 14410: 14403: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14392: 14378: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14362:on 29 April 2011 14361: 14354: 14346: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14320: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14309: 14294: 14288: 14287: 14272: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14230: 14215: 14209: 14196: 14190: 14184: 14178: 14177: 14175: 14167: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14134: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14072: 14066: 14060: 14054: 14048: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14020: 14011: 14005: 13987: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13971: 13961: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13935: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13918: 13911: 13903: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13886: 13879: 13871: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13835: 13820: 13814: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13798: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13761: 13755: 13748: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13703: 13698:on 26 March 2009 13697: 13690: 13682: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13671: 13665: 13658: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13608: 13606: 13604: 13589: 13583: 13577: 13571: 13565: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13554: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13532: 13521: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13477: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13411: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13367: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13345: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13191: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13158: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13114: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13059: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13048: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13015: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13004: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12971: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12960: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12905: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12883: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12872: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12828: 12817: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12729: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12685: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12596: 12590: 12589: 12557: 12548: 12547: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12498: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12453: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12354: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12310: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12183: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12156: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12086: 12080: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12050:. Archived from 12044:"The Foundation" 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12009: 12003: 12002: 11992: 11974: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11912: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11834: 11821: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11796: 11789: 11781: 11775: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11662: 11644: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11376:. 18 June 2014. 11366: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11224:. 30 June 2005. 11214: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11016: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10937:. Archived from 10931: 10925: 10924: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10883: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10638: 10635: 10629: 10624:David A. Bell. " 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10593: 10572: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10245:"Imperial Spain" 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9941: 9935: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9867: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9831: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9761: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9692: 9686: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9581: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9550: 9544: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9468:. Archived from 9466:www.cervantes.es 9458: 9452: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9366:. 26 July 2023. 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9335: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9268: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9178: 9170: 9164: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9124:on 25 March 2013 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9091: 9079: 9062: 8951:, who leads the 8881: 8875: 8841: 8835: 8791: 8785: 8774: 8768: 8745:Spanish monarchs 8741: 8735: 8732: 8726: 8711: 8705: 8692: 8686: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8612: 8601: 8595: 8560: 8554: 8547: 8541: 8498: 8492: 8491:to be Castilian. 8485: 8479: 8476: 8471: 8458: 8453: 8440: 8435: 8422: 8417: 8404: 8399: 8386: 8381: 8368: 8363: 8349: 8344: 8327: 8301:Outline of Spain 8290: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8243:Castile and León 8151:Valencian pilota 8093:Barcelona Femení 8009: 8002: 7989:, a traditional 7983: 7934:Galician cuisine 7897:cocido madrileño 7727:Enrique Granados 7533: 7438:Eduardo Chillida 7349:Eduardo Chillida 7299: 7291: 7222: 7188:Generation of 98 7113:or the Galician 7004:Tirant lo Blanch 6847:Castles in Spain 6804:Culture of Spain 6732: 6722: 6716: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6684: 6526:); Galician (in 6516:Balearic Islands 6253:Balearic Islands 6219:Region of Murcia 6099:Castile and León 6031: 6021: 5978: 5968: 5903: 5891: 5890: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5782:Port of Valencia 5777: 5749: 5672:Miguel Sebastián 5529:nuclear reactors 5475:Castile and Leon 5444:Tourism in Spain 5352: 5351: 5331:informal economy 5319:José María Aznar 5261:Economy of Spain 5097:aircraft carrier 5023:Bay of Gibraltar 4980:Hispanic America 4917:Javier de Burgos 4746: 4737: 4728: 4717: 4708: 4697: 4674: 4619: 4562: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4393:Cortes Generales 4371:Cortes Generales 4263:countersignature 4180:, or indeed the 4124: 4041: 4022: 3941:Castile and Leon 3898:tropical climate 3872:, and a typical 3858:Cantabrian Range 3771:Region of Murcia 3663:Climate of Spain 3560:Montes de Toledo 3465:Pityusic islands 3415: 3394:Balearic Islands 3219:. Following the 3155:'s conservative 3071:José María Aznar 2876:authoritarianism 2835:Francisco Franco 2754:Francisco Franco 2750:non-intervention 2639:during the 1909 2452:absolute monarch 2414:Joseph Bonaparte 2308:House of Bourbon 2191:Age of Discovery 2144:Schmalkaldic War 2134:(1516–1556) and 1954:protection money 1871:Byzantine Empire 1725:Second Punic War 1601:History of Spain 1590: 1565: 1551: 1537: 1483:(OSCE), and the 1414:Romance language 1280:Age of Discovery 1257:Crown of Castile 1195:inward migration 1187:Christianization 1112:Peninsular Spain 1096:Balearic Islands 1068:Kingdom of Spain 1001: 973: 936: 935: 929: 928: 922: 911: 910: 904: 903: 897: 881: 880: 862: 861: 845: 829: 828: 810: 809: 793: 760:48,797,875 ( 759: 758: 703:29 December 1978 699: 595: 594: 592:Cortes Generales 392: 374: 373: 371: 370: 369: 364: 363:40.433°N 3.700°W 360: 357: 356: 355: 352: 337:and largest city 310: 307: 300: 297: 284: 283: 255: 247: 225: 203: 189: 168: 153: 138: 123: 108: 93: 78: 65: 64: 59: 51: 43: 36:Kingdom of Spain 32: 31: 20970: 20969: 20965: 20964: 20963: 20961: 20960: 20959: 20875: 20874: 20865: 20863: 20859: 20856: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20844: 20843: 20841: 20836: 20835: 20830: 20799: 20753: 20679:North Macedonia 20510: 20449: 20444: 20414: 20409: 20408: 20406:UK–EU relations 20402:CH–EU relations 20389: 20234: 20225: 20176: 20172:Members of the 20170: 20140: 20135: 20134: 20119: 20110: 19967: 19958: 19928: 19923: 19909:Sea of Sardinia 19845: 19840: 19828: 19816: 19799: 19790:Northern Cyprus 19776: 19658: 19652: 19622: 19617: 19590: 19578:Oceanic islands 19558: 19551:subject to the 19518: 19513:Svalbard Treaty 19511:subject to the 19493: 19486:subject to the 19466: 19464: 19462: 19447: 19402: 19371: 19346: 19343: 19335: 19321:Northern Cyprus 19304: 19301: 19293: 19284: 19200:North Macedonia 19021: 19012: 18977: 18969: 18964: 18951: 18944: 18937: 18924: 18919:Toro de Osborne 18886: 18867:Public holidays 18778: 18739:Life expectancy 18662: 18628:Property bubble 18539: 18424: 18302: 18298:Spanish miracle 18251: 18225:Second Republic 18147: 18138: 18083: 18073: 18025: 17981: 17967:Frank, Waldo D. 17946: 17944:Further reading 17936: 17915: 17891: 17889: 17885: 17875: 17859: 17854: 17853: 17843: 17841: 17828: 17827: 17823: 17818: 17814: 17805: 17801: 17791: 17789: 17780: 17779: 17775: 17765: 17763: 17754: 17753: 17749: 17739: 17737: 17714: 17710: 17700: 17698: 17675: 17671: 17661: 17659: 17644: 17640: 17630: 17628: 17613: 17606: 17596: 17594: 17585: 17584: 17580: 17570: 17568: 17559: 17558: 17554: 17546: 17542: 17535: 17517: 17513: 17506: 17488: 17484: 17474: 17472: 17459: 17458: 17454: 17440: 17438: 17421: 17417: 17400:Jordan, Barry; 17398: 17394: 17386: 17382: 17372: 17370: 17366: 17343: 17337: 17333: 17325: 17321: 17313: 17309: 17299: 17297: 17286: 17282: 17274: 17270: 17262: 17258: 17248: 17246: 17245:on 2 April 2022 17242: 17235: 17227: 17223: 17213: 17211: 17207: 17188: 17182: 17178: 17170: 17166: 17156: 17154: 17147: 17139:. p. 103. 17127: 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16240:. teinteresa.es 16238:Wayback Machine 16227: 16223: 16217:Wayback Machine 16206: 16202: 16196:Wayback Machine 16185: 16181: 16171: 16169: 16168:on 25 July 2021 16165: 16159: 16136: 16130: 16126: 16116: 16114: 16105: 16104: 16100: 16092: 16088: 16073: 16057:. p. 462. 16043: 16039: 16031: 16027: 16017: 16015: 16008: 16000:. p. 129. 15986: 15982: 15972: 15970: 15966: 15955: 15949: 15945: 15939:Wayback Machine 15930: 15923: 15917:Wayback Machine 15908: 15904: 15898:Wayback Machine 15889: 15885: 15875: 15873: 15864: 15863: 15859: 15849: 15847: 15834: 15833: 15829: 15819: 15817: 15802: 15798: 15792:Wayback Machine 15783: 15779: 15769: 15767: 15763: 15756: 15752: 15751: 15747: 15737: 15735: 15722: 15714: 15712: 15703: 15695: 15693: 15680: 15672: 15670: 15669:on 26 July 2008 15666: 15659: 15655: 15654: 15650: 15641: 15637: 15631:Wayback Machine 15622: 15618: 15608: 15606: 15594: 15593: 15589: 15579: 15577: 15565: 15564: 15560: 15550: 15548: 15539: 15538: 15534: 15524:Wayback Machine 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11605: 11598:The Irish Times 11592: 11591: 11587: 11577: 11575: 11560: 11556: 11546: 11544: 11529: 11525: 11515: 11513: 11500: 11499: 11495: 11485: 11483: 11474: 11473: 11469: 11459: 11457: 11448: 11447: 11443: 11422: 11418: 11397: 11393: 11383: 11381: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11353: 11351: 11336: 11332: 11322: 11320: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11292: 11290: 11285:. 15 May 2012. 11277: 11276: 11272: 11262: 11260: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11201: 11199: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11127: 11123: 11113: 11111: 11102: 11094: 11092: 11083: 11082: 11078: 11068: 11066: 11053: 11045: 11043: 11028: 11024: 11014: 11012: 10999: 10998: 10994: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10959:. 4 June 2012. 10951: 10950: 10946: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10909: 10905: 10856: 10852: 10842: 10840: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10781: 10777: 10763: 10759: 10749: 10747: 10740: 10718: 10714: 10701: 10699: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10666:. p. 209. 10654: 10650: 10645: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10623: 10619: 10611: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10570: 10561: 10557: 10550: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10486:. p. 175. 10476: 10472: 10441: 10437: 10427: 10425: 10414: 10410: 10400: 10398: 10387: 10383: 10373: 10371: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10350: 10333: 10329: 10319: 10317: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10283: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10251:on 29 June 2008 10243: 10242: 10238: 10228: 10226: 10215: 10211: 10201: 10199: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10145: 10143: 10128: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10023: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9984: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9942: 9938: 9932:Wayback Machine 9923: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9896: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9832: 9825: 9815: 9813: 9802: 9795: 9785: 9783: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9693: 9689: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9574: 9570: 9563:2027/hvd.fl29jg 9551: 9547: 9535: 9531: 9516: 9512: 9493: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9472:on 13 May 2021. 9460: 9459: 9455: 9450:Wayback Machine 9439: 9435: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9388: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9371: 9358: 9357: 9353: 9343: 9341: 9333: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9314: 9312: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9282:. 16 April 2024 9270: 9269: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9155: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9127: 9125: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9089: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9054:general pardons 8882: 8878: 8843:They being the 8842: 8838: 8823:foreign affairs 8792: 8788: 8775: 8771: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8712: 8708: 8693: 8689: 8680: 8676: 8669:Reino de España 8657:Nación española 8641: 8637: 8631:Reino de España 8628: 8624: 8614: 8613: 8602: 8598: 8561: 8557: 8548: 8544: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8469: 8466:Regne d'Espanya 8451: 8433: 8430:Reino de España 8415: 8397: 8394:Regne d'Espanya 8379: 8361: 8358:Reino d'Espanya 8342: 8339:Reino de España 8331:other languages 8329:In Spain, some 8328: 8324: 8319: 8286: 8281: 8279: 8272: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8177: 8161:Main articles: 8159: 8026: 8020: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7994: 7984: 7910:Manchego cheese 7845: 7843:Spanish cuisine 7839: 7771:Teresa Berganza 7731:Plácido Domingo 7723:Manuel de Falla 7689: 7683: 7681:Music and dance 7633:The arrival of 7565:Sagrada Família 7557: 7551: 7527: 7496:Pan's Labyrinth 7463:Pedro Almodóvar 7456: 7454:Cinema of Spain 7450: 7338: 7314:Joaquín Sorolla 7282:Diego Velázquez 7243:Spanish Baroque 7225:Diego Velázquez 7210: 7204: 7155: 7149: 7101:Spanish Realism 7071:Tirso de Molina 6962:Plaza de España 6925: 6911: 6895:Main articles: 6893: 6853: 6843: 6837: 6829:Catholic Church 6825:Latin countries 6821:Western country 6806: 6800: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6670: 6664: 6644: 6636:Main articles: 6634: 6568: 6562: 6546:Moroccan Arabic 6505:, to which the 6430: 6424: 6412:Financial Times 6357: 6351: 6346: 6230:Vitoria-Gasteiz 6032: 6026: 6022: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5913: 5912: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5788: 5778: 5769: 5750: 5705:and the French 5642:), Cantabrian ( 5612: 5606: 5574: 5568: 5501:Solucar Complex 5493: 5491:Energy in Spain 5487: 5446: 5440: 5263: 5257: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5086: 5080: 4970:As a member of 4931: 4925: 4898: 4886:Main articles: 4884: 4851:Policía Canaria 4750: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4539: 4531:Main articles: 4529: 4467:rests with the 4462: 4373: 4300:established by 4279:Royal Household 4220:public services 4205:abuses of power 4203:, and prevents 4193:chief executive 4174:The Netherlands 4132:provides for a 4126: 4119: 4110: 4105: 4091:composed of 17 4056: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3978:phytogeographic 3955: 3929: 3927:Fauna and flora 3912: 3906: 3790:oceanic climate 3740:, northeastern 3688:Picos de Europa 3682:Urriellu peak ( 3665: 3659: 3647:Alluvial plains 3595:rivers in Spain 3556:Sistema Central 3552:Sistema Ibérico 3517: 3442:Pheasant Island 3384:Aerial view of 3378: 3372: 3243: 3237: 3227:(successors of 3213:spread to Spain 3034:Felipe González 3030:Partido Popular 3000:on 12 June 1985 2994:Felipe González 2906: 2898:Main articles: 2896: 2833:Spanish leader 2714: 2712:Francoist Spain 2702:Main articles: 2700: 2679:Second Republic 2584:Labour movement 2444:Cortes of Cádiz 2387:as a member of 2385:French Republic 2373: 2349:Main articles: 2347: 2331:Bourbon Reforms 2293: 2203:Precious metals 2064: 2058: 1990:Kingdom of León 1888:Marca Hispanica 1859: 1845: 1840:Muslim era and 1834:Visigothic rule 1706: 1698:Main articles: 1696: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1531: 1493: 1386:cultural wealth 1326:of most of the 1308:Bourbon reforms 1304:precious metals 1261:Crown of Aragon 1193:ushered in the 1080:Southern Europe 1066:, formally the 996: 993: 968: 933: 932: 931: 920: 908: 907: 906: 895: 874: 855: 843: 822: 803: 787: 771: 752: 735: 721: 700: 695: 685: 672: 659: 649:20 January 1479 646: 620: 605: 572: 557: 542: 527: 500: 481: 478:1.5% unanswered 451: 422: 410: 390: 367: 365: 361: 358: 353: 350: 348: 346: 345: 344: 338: 330: 329: 322: 312: 311: 308: 301: 286: 285: 262: 258: 256: 249: 231: 211: 210: 209: 204: 196: 195: 190: 177: 176: 175: 166:Regne d'Espanya 136:Reino de España 106:Regne d'Espanya 76:Reino d'Espanya 61: 60: 57: 52: 45: 41:Reino de España 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20968: 20958: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20838: 20837: 20832: 20831: 20829: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20807: 20805: 20804:Former members 20801: 20800: 20798: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20761: 20759: 20755: 20754: 20752: 20751: 20749:United Kingdom 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20574:Czech Republic 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20520: 20518: 20512: 20511: 20509: 20508: 20506:Pompidou Group 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20457: 20455: 20451: 20450: 20443: 20442: 20435: 20428: 20420: 20411: 20410: 20394: 20391: 20390: 20388: 20387: 20382: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20280:Czech Republic 20277: 20272: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20244: 20242: 20236: 20235: 20228: 20226: 20224: 20223: 20211: 20199: 20186: 20184: 20178: 20177: 20169: 20168: 20161: 20154: 20146: 20137: 20136: 20132:Former members 20124: 20121: 20120: 20113: 20111: 20109: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 20001:Czech Republic 19998: 19993: 19988: 19983: 19978: 19972: 19969: 19968: 19965:European Union 19957: 19956: 19949: 19942: 19934: 19925: 19924: 19922: 19921: 19919:Tyrrhenian Sea 19916: 19911: 19906: 19904:Sea of Marmara 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19855: 19853: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19843: 19831: 19823: 19810: 19808: 19801: 19800: 19798: 19797: 19792: 19786: 19784: 19778: 19777: 19775: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19679: 19674: 19668: 19666: 19660: 19659: 19651: 19650: 19643: 19636: 19628: 19619: 19618: 19616: 19615: 19603: 19589: 19588: 19581: 19575: 19572: 19568: 19567: 19564: 19563: 19560: 19559: 19557: 19556: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19526: 19524: 19523:United Kingdom 19520: 19519: 19517: 19516: 19501: 19499: 19495: 19494: 19492: 19491: 19476: 19474: 19467: 19460: 19457: 19456: 19453: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19412: 19410: 19404: 19403: 19401: 19400: 19390: 19383: 19377: 19376:United Kingdom 19373: 19372: 19370: 19369: 19368: 19367: 19356: 19354: 19347: 19340: 19337: 19336: 19334: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19307: 19305: 19298: 19295: 19294: 19287: 19285: 19283: 19282: 19277: 19275:United Kingdom 19272: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19090:Czech Republic 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19031: 19029: 19023: 19022: 19011: 19010: 19003: 18996: 18988: 18982: 18979: 18978: 18966: 18965: 18963: 18962: 18957: 18950: 18949: 18942: 18934: 18933: 18930: 18929: 18926: 18925: 18923: 18922: 18915: 18910: 18909:Cultural icons 18907: 18902: 18896: 18894: 18888: 18887: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18822: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18788: 18786: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18680: 18674: 18668: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18557: 18551: 18545: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18516: 18515: 18510: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18489: 18488: 18486:Prime Minister 18478: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18442: 18436: 18430: 18429: 18426: 18425: 18423: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18405: 18400: 18398:National parks 18395: 18393:Municipalities 18390: 18385: 18384: 18383: 18373: 18368: 18366:Extreme points 18363: 18358: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18326: 18320: 18314: 18308: 18307: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18273:Spanish Empire 18270: 18265: 18259: 18257: 18253: 18252: 18250: 18249: 18248: 18247: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18215:First Republic 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18185:Medieval Spain 18182: 18180:Roman Hispania 18177: 18172: 18166: 18164: 18155: 18149: 18148: 18137: 18136: 18129: 18122: 18114: 18108: 18107: 18101: 18100: 18096: 18095: 18080: 18069: 18068: 18064: 18063: 18057: 18056: 18052: 18051: 18042: 18033: 18007: 17998: 17980: 17979:External links 17977: 17976: 17975: 17964: 17957: 17945: 17942: 17941: 17940: 17934: 17919: 17913: 17898: 17879: 17873: 17858: 17855: 17852: 17851: 17821: 17812: 17799: 17773: 17747: 17708: 17669: 17638: 17604: 17578: 17552: 17550:, p. 171. 17540: 17533: 17527:. p. 88. 17511: 17504: 17482: 17465:Audiovisual451 17452: 17415: 17392: 17380: 17331: 17329:, p. 603. 17319: 17307: 17280: 17276:Caponigri 1967 17268: 17256: 17221: 17176: 17164: 17145: 17121: 17109: 17082: 17045: 17002: 16944: 16932: 16920: 16913: 16891: 16844: 16837: 16815: 16789: 16763: 16756: 16738: 16712: 16682: 16656: 16630: 16602: 16589:"WVS Database" 16580: 16544: 16524: 16505: 16486: 16467: 16451: 16425: 16408: 16376: 16346: 16320: 16294: 16268: 16242: 16221: 16200: 16179: 16157: 16124: 16098: 16096:, p. 463. 16086: 16071: 16037: 16035:, p. 465. 16025: 16006: 15980: 15969:on 11 May 2008 15943: 15921: 15902: 15883: 15857: 15827: 15796: 15777: 15745: 15711:on 13 May 2008 15648: 15635: 15616: 15602:(in Spanish). 15587: 15558: 15532: 15530:. 6 July 2010. 15508: 15482: 15451: 15415: 15393: 15372: 15350: 15324: 15294: 15249: 15216: 15190: 15179:on 18 May 2013 15164: 15139:(4): 392–405. 15119: 15068: 15049: 15021: 14995: 14976: 14950: 14920: 14894: 14863: 14837: 14811: 14796:(in Spanish). 14786:(6 May 2018). 14775: 14760:(in Spanish). 14742: 14716: 14686: 14650: 14624: 14599: 14578: 14548: 14526: 14496: 14464: 14451: 14449:(16 July 2013) 14427: 14412: 14398: 14373: 14341: 14315: 14289: 14267: 14236: 14210: 14191: 14179: 14162: 14129: 14099: 14067: 14055: 14043: 14006: 13982: 13956: 13945:on 29 May 2009 13930: 13898: 13866: 13853: 13841: 13815: 13793: 13767: 13735: 13709: 13677: 13584: 13582:, Article 147. 13572: 13570:, Article 143. 13560: 13538: 13516: 13494: 13472: 13450: 13428: 13406: 13384: 13362: 13340: 13318: 13296: 13274: 13252: 13230: 13208: 13186: 13164: 13142: 13120: 13098: 13076: 13054: 13032: 13010: 12988: 12966: 12944: 12922: 12900: 12878: 12856: 12834: 12812: 12790: 12768: 12746: 12724: 12702: 12680: 12658: 12636: 12614: 12591: 12549: 12534: 12509: 12482: 12467: 12460: 12437: 12422: 12387:. Neue Folge. 12371: 12349: 12327: 12305: 12283: 12261: 12242: 12222: 12200: 12173: 12148: 12126: 12112: 12100: 12081: 12065: 12034: 12004: 11937: 11907: 11877: 11846: 11808: 11776: 11774:, pp. 713–723. 11744: 11705: 11690:(in Spanish). 11674: 11615: 11585: 11554: 11523: 11493: 11467: 11441: 11434:(in Spanish). 11416: 11391: 11361: 11330: 11300: 11270: 11239: 11209: 11178: 11148: 11121: 11076: 11061:. 3 May 2007. 11022: 10992: 10974: 10944: 10926: 10903: 10866:(2): 198–220. 10850: 10820: 10808: 10801: 10775: 10766:Costa, Joaquín 10757: 10738: 10732:. p. 33. 10712: 10680: 10672: 10664:Ediciones Akal 10648: 10639: 10630: 10617: 10605: 10583: 10555: 10548: 10542:. p. 83. 10526: 10499: 10492: 10470: 10435: 10408: 10381: 10355: 10348: 10327: 10300: 10281: 10262: 10236: 10209: 10183: 10153: 10126: 10092: 10053:(3): 835–861. 10033: 10014: 9994: 9963: 9936: 9917: 9890: 9853: 9823: 9793: 9747: 9687: 9670: 9644: 9621: 9591: 9568: 9545: 9529: 9510: 9487: 9475: 9453: 9433: 9406: 9394:britannica.com 9381: 9351: 9322: 9293: 9256: 9231: 9201: 9165: 9149: 9135: 9109: 9099:(in Spanish). 9073: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9046: 9020: 9011: 9001: 8990: 8967: 8956: 8949:Fiscal General 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8902: 8876: 8836: 8786: 8769: 8736: 8727: 8706: 8687: 8674: 8651:Estado español 8635: 8622: 8596: 8592:Basque-Country 8568:European Union 8555: 8542: 8493: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8459: 8441: 8423: 8405: 8387: 8376:Reinu d'España 8369: 8341:, pronounced: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8277: 8261: 8258: 8227:Canary Islands 8181:Roman Catholic 8158: 8155: 8073:FIFA World Cup 8057:Real Madrid CF 8024:Sport in Spain 8022:Main article: 8019: 8016: 8004: 7997: 7996: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7892:Castilian soup 7862:pescaíto frito 7841:Main article: 7838: 7835: 7799:Teatro Arriaga 7687:Music of Spain 7685:Main article: 7682: 7679: 7675:Ricardo Bofill 7616:pre-Romanesque 7607:decoration in 7553:Main article: 7550: 7547: 7452:Main article: 7449: 7446: 7434:Pablo Gargallo 7430:Julio González 7399:Granada School 7391:Seville School 7384:Damián Forment 7376:Diego de Siloé 7337: 7334: 7304:Francisco Goya 7296:Las Hilanderas 7270:José de Ribera 7206:Main article: 7203: 7200: 7151:Main article: 7148: 7145: 6892: 6889: 6839:Main article: 6836: 6833: 6802:Main article: 6799: 6796: 6729: 6719: 6713: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6666:Main article: 6663: 6660: 6633: 6630: 6564:Main article: 6561: 6558: 6532:Basque Country 6426:Main article: 6423: 6420: 6353:Main article: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6287:Canary Islands 6284: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235:Basque Country 6232: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6015: 6012: 6010:Basque Country 6007: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5983: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5889: 5884:Main article: 5881: 5878: 5797:Main article: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5751: 5744: 5616:Basque Country 5608:Main article: 5605: 5602: 5570:Main article: 5567: 5564: 5489:Main article: 5486: 5483: 5442:Main article: 5439: 5436: 5311:European Union 5259:Main article: 5256: 5253: 5185:Main article: 5182: 5179: 5082:Main article: 5079: 5076: 5050:Perejil Island 5042:Savage Islands 4988:Ibero-American 4953:foreign policy 4927:Main article: 4924: 4921: 4906:municipalities 4883: 4880: 4836:Canary Islands 4824:Basque Country 4741: 4736:Gibraltar (UK) 4732: 4721: 4712: 4701: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4546:Main article: 4543: 4540: 4528: 4525: 4483:, one or more 4481:prime minister 4461: 4458: 4450:limited voting 4372: 4369: 4357:prime minister 4327:snap elections 4310:reserve powers 4287:dynastic order 4267:prime minister 4218:or administer 4182:United Kingdom 4146:constitutional 4121:King Felipe VI 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4043: 4036: 4035: 4024: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4002:Main article: 3999: 3996: 3951:Main article: 3928: 3925: 3908:Main article: 3905: 3904:Climate change 3902: 3894:Canary Islands 3874:desert climate 3870:Iberian System 3862:Central System 3826:alpine climate 3822: 3821: 3810:Iberian System 3798:Basque Country 3786: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3729: 3661:Main article: 3658: 3655: 3588:Meseta Central 3568:Sistema Bético 3528:active volcano 3516: 3513: 3432:. The isle of 3402:Canary Islands 3374:Main article: 3371: 3368: 3364:European Union 3315:, through its 3239:Main article: 3236: 3233: 3229:Unidas Podemos 3181:Spanish Senate 3157:People's Party 3141:People's Party 3075:George W. Bush 3026:European Union 3012:, followed by 2895: 2892: 2872:Basque Country 2699: 2696: 2401:Peace of Basel 2346: 2343: 2292: 2289: 2254:Dutch Republic 2242:Spanish Armada 2230:Ottoman Empire 2179:Spanish Empire 2128:maritime power 2124:Habsburg Spain 2062:Spanish Empire 2060:Main article: 2057: 2056:Spanish Empire 2054: 1999:Cortes of León 1917:Conversion to 1844: 1838: 1774:North-African 1729:Roman Republic 1695: 1692: 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1556:". Therefore, 1552:, meaning "to 1492: 1489: 1449:United Nations 1378:Western Europe 1300:Spanish empire 1092:Canary Islands 1084:European Union 1059: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1019:Canary Islands 1015: 1012: 1011: 994: 987: 984: 983: 966: 962: 961: 947: 943: 942: 923: 913: 912: 898: 888: 887: 882:$ 34,045 ( 875: 872: 869: 868: 856: 853: 850: 849: 846: 836: 835: 830:$ 52,012 ( 823: 820: 817: 816: 804: 801: 798: 797: 794: 780: 779: 772: 770:• Density 769: 766: 765: 753: 750: 747: 746: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 729: 722: 719: 716: 715: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 693: 690: 689: 686: 680: 677: 676: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657:Sole sovereign 654: 651: 650: 647: 644:Dynastic union 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 621: 615: 612: 611: 606: 600: 597: 596: 587: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 567: 564: 563: 558: 552: 549: 548: 543: 540:Prime Minister 537: 534: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 508: 502: 501: 499: 498: 495: 491: 489: 483: 482: 480: 479: 476: 474:other religion 470: 464: 458: 452: 450: 449: 448: 447: 441: 432: 425: 423: 420: 416: 415: 412: 411: 409: 408: 402: 395: 393: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 368:40.433; -3.700 339: 336: 332: 331: 325:European Union 323:– in the 314: 313: 302: 292: 291: 288: 287: 260: 259: 234: 233: 213: 212: 205: 198: 197: 191: 184: 183: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 170: 169: 162: 155: 154: 147: 140: 139: 132: 125: 124: 117: 110: 109: 102: 95: 94: 91:Reinu d'España 87: 80: 79: 72: 56: 55: 54: 53: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20967: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20880: 20873: 20870: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20808: 20806: 20802: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20790:United States 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20762: 20760: 20756: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20639:Liechtenstein 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20519: 20517: 20513: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20458: 20456: 20452: 20448: 20441: 20436: 20434: 20429: 20427: 20422: 20421: 20418: 20407: 20403: 20399: 20398:UK membership 20392: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20269: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20245: 20243: 20241: 20237: 20232: 20220: 20215: 20212: 20208: 20203: 20202:Liechtenstein 20200: 20196: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20183: 20179: 20175: 20167: 20162: 20160: 20155: 20153: 20148: 20147: 20144: 20133: 20129: 20122: 20117: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19962: 19961:Member states 19955: 19950: 19948: 19943: 19941: 19936: 19935: 19932: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19884:Levantine Sea 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19856: 19854: 19852: 19851:Marginal seas 19848: 19839: 19835: 19832: 19827: 19824: 19820: 19815: 19812: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19802: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19787: 19785: 19783: 19779: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19667: 19665: 19661: 19657: 19649: 19644: 19642: 19637: 19635: 19630: 19629: 19626: 19614: 19613: 19612:Europe portal 19608: 19604: 19602: 19601: 19592: 19591: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19576: 19573: 19570: 19569: 19565: 19554: 19550: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19527: 19525: 19521: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19502: 19500: 19496: 19489: 19485: 19481: 19478: 19477: 19475: 19471: 19468: 19461:Special areas 19458: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19418: 19417: 19414: 19413: 19411: 19409: 19405: 19398: 19394: 19391: 19388: 19385: 19384: 19381: 19378: 19374: 19366: 19363: 19362: 19361: 19360:Faroe Islands 19358: 19357: 19355: 19351: 19348: 19345: 19338: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19326:South Ossetia 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19296: 19291: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19160:Liechtenstein 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19028: 19024: 19020: 19016: 19009: 19004: 19002: 18997: 18995: 18990: 18989: 18986: 18980: 18973: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18952: 18947: 18943: 18940: 18936: 18935: 18931: 18921: 18920: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18895: 18893: 18889: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18789: 18787: 18785: 18781: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18681: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18669: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18592: 18591:median income 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18578: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18461:Head of State 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18443: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18431: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18410: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18382: 18379: 18378: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18356: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18334: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18321: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18260: 18258: 18254: 18246: 18243: 18242: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18205:Enlightenment 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18165: 18163: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18150: 18146: 18142: 18135: 18130: 18128: 18123: 18121: 18116: 18115: 18112: 18106: 18103: 18102: 18098: 18097: 18094: 18093:OpenStreetMap 18090: 18081: 18079: 18071: 18070: 18066: 18065: 18062: 18059: 18058: 18054: 18053: 18050: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18028: 18023: 18019: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17996: 17992: 17991: 17986: 17983: 17982: 17973: 17972: 17968: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17955: 17951: 17950:Carr, Raymond 17948: 17947: 17937: 17935:9781407315195 17931: 17927: 17926: 17920: 17916: 17914:9788496606289 17910: 17906: 17905: 17899: 17884: 17880: 17876: 17870: 17866: 17861: 17860: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17825: 17816: 17809: 17803: 17787: 17783: 17777: 17761: 17757: 17751: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17712: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17684: 17680: 17673: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17642: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17611: 17609: 17592: 17588: 17582: 17566: 17562: 17556: 17549: 17544: 17536: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17515: 17507: 17501: 17497: 17493: 17486: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17456: 17448: 17436: 17432: 17431: 17426: 17419: 17410: 17409: 17403: 17396: 17389: 17384: 17365: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17349: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17323: 17316: 17311: 17295: 17291: 17284: 17277: 17272: 17266:, p. 67. 17265: 17260: 17241: 17234: 17233: 17225: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17194: 17187: 17180: 17173: 17168: 17152: 17148: 17146:9783039110414 17142: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17125: 17119:, p. 61. 17118: 17113: 17105: 17101: 17097: 17093: 17086: 17067: 17063: 17056: 17049: 17033: 17029: 17025: 17021: 17020:Editorial UCA 17017: 17013: 17006: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16964:(30): 26–28, 16963: 16959: 16955: 16948: 16942:, p. 21. 16941: 16936: 16930:, p. 24. 16929: 16924: 16916: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16895: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16863: 16859: 16855: 16848: 16840: 16838:0-521-80618-6 16834: 16830: 16826: 16819: 16803: 16799: 16793: 16777: 16773: 16767: 16759: 16757:9780230592643 16753: 16749: 16742: 16726: 16722: 16716: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16686: 16670: 16666: 16660: 16644: 16640: 16634: 16623: 16619: 16612: 16606: 16598: 16594: 16590: 16584: 16577: 16562: 16558: 16551: 16549: 16541: 16537: 16534: 16528: 16521: 16517: 16514: 16509: 16502: 16498: 16495: 16490: 16483: 16479: 16476: 16471: 16464: 16460: 16455: 16439: 16435: 16429: 16423: 16422:92-4-156198-X 16419: 16412: 16393: 16386: 16380: 16364: 16360: 16356: 16350: 16334: 16330: 16324: 16308: 16304: 16298: 16282: 16278: 16272: 16256: 16252: 16246: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16231: 16225: 16218: 16214: 16211: 16210: 16204: 16197: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16183: 16164: 16160: 16158:9788416533015 16154: 16150: 16146: 16142: 16135: 16128: 16112: 16108: 16102: 16095: 16090: 16082: 16078: 16074: 16072:9783110365955 16068: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16048: 16041: 16034: 16029: 16013: 16009: 16003: 15999: 15996:. Frankfurt: 15995: 15991: 15984: 15965: 15961: 15954: 15947: 15940: 15936: 15933: 15928: 15926: 15918: 15914: 15911: 15906: 15899: 15895: 15892: 15887: 15871: 15867: 15861: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15831: 15815: 15811: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15789: 15786: 15781: 15762: 15755: 15749: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15710: 15706: 15691: 15687: 15686:Business Week 15683: 15665: 15658: 15652: 15645: 15639: 15632: 15628: 15625: 15620: 15605: 15601: 15597: 15591: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15562: 15546: 15542: 15536: 15529: 15525: 15521: 15518: 15512: 15496: 15492: 15486: 15471: 15467: 15466: 15461: 15455: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15419: 15403: 15397: 15390: 15389:0-7546-0145-5 15386: 15382: 15376: 15360: 15354: 15338: 15334: 15328: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15298: 15279: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15237: 15233: 15231: 15223: 15221: 15204: 15200: 15194: 15178: 15174: 15168: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15123: 15115: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15079: 15072: 15056: 15052: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15033: 15025: 15009: 15005: 14999: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14980: 14964: 14960: 14954: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14924: 14908: 14904: 14898: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14867: 14851: 14847: 14841: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14799: 14795: 14794: 14789: 14785: 14779: 14763: 14759: 14758: 14753: 14746: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14671: 14667: 14666:Bank of Spain 14660: 14654: 14638: 14634: 14628: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14595: 14591: 14585: 14583: 14566: 14562: 14561:The Economist 14558: 14552: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14530: 14514: 14510: 14509:The Economist 14506: 14505:"A good bet?" 14500: 14481: 14474: 14468: 14461: 14455: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14431: 14424:. SUNY Press. 14423: 14416: 14408: 14402: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14358: 14351: 14345: 14329: 14325: 14319: 14303: 14299: 14293: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14271: 14255: 14251: 14247: 14240: 14224: 14220: 14214: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14195: 14188: 14183: 14172: 14166: 14150: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14133: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14087: 14083: 14082: 14081:La Vanguardia 14077: 14071: 14065:, Article 62. 14064: 14059: 14052: 14047: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14017: 14010: 14003: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13986: 13975: 13968: 13967: 13960: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13919:on 3 May 2011 13915: 13908: 13902: 13887:on 3 May 2011 13883: 13876: 13870: 13863: 13857: 13850: 13845: 13829: 13825: 13819: 13803: 13797: 13781: 13777: 13771: 13752: 13745: 13744:"BOCAe32.QXD" 13739: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13694: 13687: 13681: 13662: 13655: 13640: 13636: 13635:The Economist 13632: 13617: 13613: 13598: 13594: 13588: 13581: 13576: 13569: 13564: 13548: 13542: 13526: 13520: 13504: 13498: 13482: 13476: 13460: 13454: 13438: 13432: 13416: 13410: 13394: 13388: 13372: 13366: 13350: 13344: 13328: 13322: 13306: 13300: 13284: 13278: 13262: 13256: 13240: 13234: 13218: 13212: 13196: 13190: 13174: 13168: 13152: 13146: 13130: 13124: 13108: 13102: 13086: 13080: 13064: 13058: 13042: 13036: 13020: 13014: 12998: 12992: 12976: 12970: 12954: 12948: 12932: 12926: 12910: 12904: 12888: 12882: 12866: 12860: 12844: 12838: 12822: 12816: 12800: 12794: 12778: 12772: 12756: 12750: 12734: 12728: 12712: 12706: 12690: 12684: 12668: 12662: 12646: 12640: 12624: 12618: 12602: 12595: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12556: 12554: 12545: 12538: 12522: 12521: 12513: 12502: 12495: 12494: 12486: 12478: 12471: 12463: 12457: 12450: 12449: 12441: 12433: 12426: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12359: 12353: 12337: 12331: 12315: 12309: 12293: 12287: 12271: 12265: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12235: 12234: 12226: 12210: 12204: 12188: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12161: 12155: 12153: 12136: 12130: 12122: 12116: 12109: 12104: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12085: 12079: 12075: 12072:John Hooper, 12069: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12038: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12008: 12000: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11941: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11911: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11881: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11850: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11818: 11812: 11793: 11786: 11780: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11748: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11709: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11497: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11455: 11451: 11445: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11395: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11334: 11318: 11314: 11313:The Economist 11310: 11304: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11166: 11162: 11161:The Economist 11158: 11152: 11136: 11132: 11125: 11109: 11105: 11090: 11086: 11080: 11064: 11060: 11059:The Economist 11056: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10962: 10958: 10957:La Vanguardia 10954: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10907: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10817: 10812: 10804: 10802:0-8047-0845-2 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10745: 10741: 10739:84-370-5672-1 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10684: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10643: 10634: 10627: 10621: 10614: 10609: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10576: 10569: 10565: 10559: 10551: 10549:9780415138130 10545: 10541: 10537: 10530: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10495: 10493:9780521845137 10489: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10439: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10288: 10284: 10282:90-04-09760-0 10278: 10274: 10273: 10266: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10166:New Scientist 10163: 10157: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10127:9789004443594 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10037: 10021: 10017: 10015:9783110267303 10011: 10007: 10006: 9998: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9875: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9828: 9811: 9807: 9800: 9798: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9691: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9640: 9635: 9634: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9587: 9586: 9580: 9579:"Spain" 9572: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9437: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9339: 9332: 9326: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9169: 9162: 9158: 9153: 9145: 9139: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9102: 9098: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048:Exercise the 9047: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8975:civil service 8972: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8936: 8935:Supreme Court 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8834:respectively. 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8783: 8779: 8778:Juan Carlos I 8773: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8749:queen regnant 8746: 8740: 8731: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8626: 8617: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8288:Europe portal 8278: 8275: 8264: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8147:Basque pelota 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8117:and, lately, 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8007: 8006:Jamón ibérico 8001: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7969:polbo á feira 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7939:caldo gallego 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7857:Mediterranean 7853: 7851: 7850:Mediterranean 7844: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7755:Ricardo Viñes 7752: 7748: 7747:Alfredo Kraus 7744: 7740: 7736: 7735:José Carreras 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719:Isaac Albéniz 7715: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7629: 7628:Mudéjar style 7625: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539:San Sebastián 7535: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7468: 7467:Penélope Cruz 7464: 7460: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7442:Pablo Serrano 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7410:Pedro de Mena 7406: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7353:San Sebastián 7350: 7346: 7342: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7322:Salvador Dalí 7319: 7318:Pablo Picasso 7315: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7214: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7095: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7075:Enlightenment 7073:. During the 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7047:. The famous 7046: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861:Monte Perdido 6858: 6855:Spain has 49 6852: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6726: 6710: 6688: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6475:Astur-Leonese 6472: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6419: 6415: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6361: 6356: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5892: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5822: 5821: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5787: 5786:Golden Banana 5783: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5754:AVE Class 103 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664:electric cars 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652:Mediterranean 5649: 5648:San Sebastián 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5533:hydroelectric 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5479:rural tourism 5476: 5472: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5299:mixed economy 5293: 5289: 5285: 5284:Torre Glòries 5281: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5243:) House. The 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5204:According to 5202: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156:Defence Staff 5154:(JEMAD). The 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5102: 5101:Juan Carlos I 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4863:Policía Foral 4859: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816:nationalities 4813: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4801:nationalities 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778:decentralised 4775: 4774:unitary state 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4757: 4756:nationalities 4748: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4501:civil service 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4395: 4394: 4389:vests in the 4388: 4382: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:Juan Carlos I 4299: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4285:, which is a 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251:inviolability 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:public policy 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158:head of state 4155: 4151: 4150:king or queen 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136:between five 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4074:convened the 4073: 4069: 4068:Adolfo Suárez 4065: 4061: 4051: 4046: 4045:Pedro Sánchez 4040: 4032: 4031:King of Spain 4027: 4021: 4011: 4005: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866:Sierra Nevada 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3744:and northern 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3674:map of Spain. 3673: 3669: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576:Sierra Nevada 3574:, located in 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Sierra Morena 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481:Fuerteventura 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3444:in the River 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:Pedro Sánchez 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3153:Mariano Rajoy 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065:In 2002, the 3063: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933:head of state 2930: 2929:King of Spain 2926: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2760:also ensued. 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Fascist Italy 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582:, as well as 2581: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2533:(1875–1931). 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467:and demanded 2466: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2339:Enlightenment 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2302:. During the 2301: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:Franche-Comté 2184: 2183:Low Countries 2180: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2106:were expelled 2105: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1715: 1714:Roman Theatre 1710: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1688:Carthaginians 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:Altamira cave 1633: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1602: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1499:) comes from 1498: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:head of state 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Hispanophones 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340:economic boom 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Bay of Biscay 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1039:ISO 3166 code 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 995: 991: 985: 981: 977: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948: 944: 940: 924: 918: 914: 899: 893: 889: 885: 876: 870: 866: 857: 851: 847: 841: 837: 833: 824: 818: 814: 805: 799: 795: 791: 785: 781: 777: 773: 767: 763: 754: 748: 745: 741: 737: 731: 727: 723: 717: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 691: 688:19 March 1812 687: 684: 678: 674: 671: 665: 662:14 March 1516 661: 658: 652: 648: 645: 639: 635: 632: 628: 625: 622: 619: 613: 610: 607: 604: 598: 593: 588: 584: 580: 577: 574: 571: 565: 562: 559: 556: 550: 547: 546:Pedro Sánchez 544: 541: 535: 532: 529: 526: 520: 516: 513: 510:Unitary 509: 507: 503: 496: 493: 492: 490: 488: 484: 477: 475: 471: 469: 465: 463: 459: 457: 453: 446: 442: 440: 436: 435: 434: 433: 431: 427: 426: 424: 417: 413: 407: 403: 401: 397: 396: 394: 387: 384: 381: 377: 372: 343: 340: 333: 328: 327: (green) 326: 320: 306: 296: 289: 253: 246: 245: 239: 235: 229: 224: 223: 218: 214: 208: 202: 194: 188: 180: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58:7 other names 49: 42: 33: 30: 26: 22: 20940:OECD members 20842: 20795:EU relations 20723: 20454:Institutions 20379: 20219:EU relations 20207:EU relations 20195:EU relations 20100: 19914:Thracian Sea 19899:Sea of Crete 19894:Ligurian Sea 19874:Balearic Sea 19859:Adriatic Sea 19805:Dependencies 19756: 19610: 19598: 19331:Transnistria 19280:Vatican City 19249: 18918: 18905:Coat of arms 18802:Bullfighting 18792:Architecture 18759:Prostitution 18719:Homelessness 18694:Demographics 18648:Trade unions 18586:unemployment 18571:Car industry 18503:Human rights 18451:Constitution 18407: 18353: 18333:ranked lists 18245:1975–present 18140: 18015: 18004: 17988: 17969: 17960: 17953: 17924: 17903: 17890:. 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