696:
142:
600:
1357:
1329:
2947:
994:
2937:
933:
32:
1343:
863:
2957:
1263:
The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions tended to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on the other hand, some upland areas of Europe
1216:
which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organisational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform or coordinated. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development
1236:
Manors varied similarly in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village, but rather consisted of parts of two or more villages, most of the latter containing also parts of at least one other manor. This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments or their
910:
The lord is the direct or prominent owner of the land assets of his lordship. The notion of absolute ownership over a common good cannot be applied, because there are also others than the main user who have rights over these goods. We distinguish in the land lordship two sets the reserves which is
1074:
Although not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law subject to court charges, which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on the
1070:
Dependent holdings were held nominally by arrangement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice almost universally hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least until demographic and economic
1232:
The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors, while the share of villein land was greater in large manors, providing the lord of the latter with a larger supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less
1240:
As with peasant plots, the demesne was not a single territorial unit, but consisted rather of a central house with neighbouring land and estate buildings, plus strips dispersed through the manor alongside free and villein ones: in addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to
1274:
stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as the value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms.
1133: ... differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate, save that the corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organisation was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing."
1228:
holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. The proportion of unfree and free tenures could likewise vary greatly, with more or less reliance on wage labour for agricultural work on the demesne.
531:
who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord. These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the
1062:
in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant. On the other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses, perhaps a reason why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein
1098:
period, illegal building was carried out on lord's waste land by squatters who would then plead their case to remain with local support. An example of a lord's waste settlement, where the main centres grew up in this way, is the village of
901:
The title of lord is also granted, especially in modern times, to individuals holding noble fiefdoms which are not for all that seigneuries. These "lords" are sometimes called sieurs, equivalent terms in medieval times.
761:, the strips of individually worked land in the open field system are immediately apparent. In this plan, the manor house is set slightly apart from the village, but equally often the village grew up around the
1048:) holdings carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord with specified labour services or a part of its output (or cash in lieu thereof), subject to the custom attached to the holding; and
679:
kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the west in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by
Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation or displacement of populations.
625:. Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councillors were forbidden to resign, and
776:
In an agrarian society, the conditions of land tenure underlie all social or economic factors. There were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. One, the most common, was the system of holding land
570:
in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers. As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism, according to Andrew Jones, because "it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a
769:. As concerns for privacy increased in the 18th century, manor houses were often located a farther distance from the village. For example, when a grand new house was required by the new owner of
1264:
showed some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern
England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement.
1755:
tr. L.A. Masnyon, 1965, vol. II p. 442) emphasised the distinction between economic manorialism which preceded feudalism and survived it, and political and social feudalism, or
1094:
of the manor which being uncultivated was termed the Lord's Waste and served for public roads and for common pasture to the lord and his tenants. In many settlements during the
773:, Lincolnshire, in the 1830s, the site of the existing manor house at the edge of its village was abandoned for a new one, isolated in its park, with the village out of view.
1244:
Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service (or again, cash in lieu) to their superior: a substantial share (estimated by value at 17% in
2400:
2766:
695:
575:
landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent." The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the
2902:
1794:
Hartwin
Spenkuch, "Herrenhaus und Rittergut: Die Erste Kammer des Landtags und der preuĂźische Adel von 1854 bis 1918 aus sozialgeschichtlicher Sicht"
1071:
circumstances made flight a viable proposition; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment.
551:
western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society, manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based
894:
or canonical chapter or a military order. The power of the lord was exercised through various intermediaries, the most important of which was the
613:
The term is most often used with reference to medieval
Western Europe. Antecedents of the system can be traced to the rural economy of the later
2415:
1583:
754:
is sometimes used in
England as a slang term for any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context.
631:, the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to. The workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs.
2492:
707:, built in the mid 14th century. A manor house hall was where the lord and his family ate, received guests, and conferred with dependents.
1775:.4 (December 1972:938–944) p. 938; a comment on D. North and R. Thomas, "The rise and fall of the manorial system: a theoretical model",
1054:, without such obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease.
483:
2073:
1058:
Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to
1866:
915:, property whose exploitation is entrusted to a tenant against payment of a royalty, most often called cens and services such as
2088:
1999:
2370:
2042:
1313:
605:
96:
2826:
2801:
2741:
68:
2917:
634:
Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such
2960:
2922:
2452:
2307:
2267:
2248:
2025:
1460:
980:
711:
The word derives from traditional inherited divisions of the countryside, reassigned as local jurisdictions known as
115:
1090:, etc. Common land where all members of the community had right of passage was known as "lord's waste". Part of the
962:
1466:
828:
expedition of 778. He solved this problem by allotting "desert" tracts of uncultivated land belonging to the royal
75:
20:
2420:
2281:
Life and work in medieval Europe : the evolution of medieval economy from the fifth to the fifteenth century
1971:
871:
476:
141:
1237:
equivalents in kind of the demesne labour obligations of those peasants living furthest from the lord's estate.
683:
The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the
2786:
2726:
2698:
2457:
1241:
neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce.
958:
672:, who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries, remaining subject to their own traditional law.
404:
53:
2141:
1916:
1891:
2872:
2703:
329:
148:
82:
1075:
demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century.
954:
49:
2882:
2299:
1942:
64:
2877:
2867:
2831:
2673:
2575:
469:
2191:"An Economic Explanation of English Agricultural Organization in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries"
2986:
2600:
2363:
765:
of the manor, formerly walled, while the manor lands stretched away outside, as still may be seen at
562:
Manorialism faded away slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the
1260:
manors tended to be larger, with a significantly greater villein area than neighbouring lay manors.
1248:) belonged directly to the king, and a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by
1032:, the part directly controlled by the lord and used for the benefit of his household and dependents;
2851:
943:
599:
2991:
2555:
2525:
2339: – the English version gives the overview of 438 best preserved historical manors in Estonia
1591:
947:
42:
1811:
Donald J. Herreld, (2016) An
Economic History of the World Since 1400. The Great Courses. P. 20.
1107:. Lord's waste continues to be a source of rights and responsibilities issues in places such as
2912:
2668:
2442:
2169:"Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "manorialism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Oct. 2022"
2731:
2623:
2580:
1508:
1362:
344:
2996:
2950:
2892:
2688:
2595:
2565:
2550:
2356:
2146:
622:
527:
and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of labourers or
283:
239:
133:
1311:. In Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of the
8:
2836:
2816:
2796:
2761:
2693:
2605:
2472:
1955:
1095:
919:. The distribution between reserve and tenure varies depending on the period and region.
729:), usually holding his position in return for undertakings offered to a higher lord (see
229:
174:
89:
2981:
2940:
2776:
2751:
2653:
2530:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2405:
2210:
1730:
1691:
1641:
1334:
1197:
739:, governed by public law and local custom. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular;
656:
394:
234:
19:
This article is about the medieval system. For the 17th-century system in Canada, see
2936:
2678:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2545:
2535:
2520:
2387:
2303:
2279:
2263:
2244:
2168:
2099:
2067:
2021:
1996:
1851:
1683:
1633:
1535:
1512:
1284:
1146:
1142:
684:
576:
563:
544:
524:
269:
244:
2292:
1059:
793:, in which land was held conditionally (the root of the English word "precarious").
2897:
2846:
2841:
2781:
2746:
2658:
2615:
2585:
2507:
2425:
2395:
2202:
1722:
1675:
1625:
1490:
1292:
898:. The sovereign can also be a lord; the seigneuries he owns form the royal domain.
895:
676:
627:
424:
2049:
1820:
C.R. Whittaker, "Circe's pigs: from slavery to serfdom in the later Roman world",
2907:
2821:
2791:
2515:
2432:
2003:
1436:
1108:
912:
883:
770:
700:
354:
224:
155:
2811:
2756:
2710:
2663:
2643:
2487:
2410:
1455:
1375:
1257:
1189:
1172:
766:
735:
552:
384:
359:
274:
209:
184:
2342:
1726:
1629:
16:
Economic, political, and judicial institution during the Middle Ages in Europe
2975:
2570:
1768:
Andrew Jones, "The Rise and Fall of the
Manorial System: A Critical Comment"
1687:
1637:
1380:
1348:
1296:
1245:
661:
647:
414:
399:
2323:
1557:
874:". He can be an individual, in the vast majority of cases a national of the
2736:
2633:
2437:
1446:
1414:
1390:
1328:
1308:
1112:
843:
614:
588:
444:
349:
1401:
824:
refugees who had fled with his retreating forces after the failure of his
2887:
2497:
2379:
1967:
1442:
1288:
1127:
1123:
1064:
879:
809:
717:
556:
548:
540:
520:
516:
512:
339:
319:
279:
911:
the set of goods of which the lord reserves the direct exploitation and
2462:
2348:
2328:
2214:
2190:
1748:
1734:
1711:"The Origins of the Manorial Economy: New Insights from Late Antiquity"
1710:
1695:
1663:
1645:
1613:
1188:
Tenants owned land on the manor under one of several legal agreements:
1087:
993:
813:
572:
439:
179:
866:
Reconstruction of a medieval castle, Bachritterburg, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2771:
2540:
1253:
1213:
1201:
1130:
1100:
891:
821:
801:
762:
730:
533:
459:
389:
374:
199:
2206:
1679:
932:
916:
515:") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the
31:
2806:
2683:
2560:
1895:
1496:
1472:
1233:
variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors.
1193:
1177:
1119:
1006:
875:
854:, dating from Late Antiquity, was inherited by the medieval world.
847:
825:
790:
780:
618:
379:
364:
299:
204:
189:
1502:
796:
To these two systems, the
Carolingian monarchs added a third, the
2447:
2276:
1979:
1478:
1451:
1430:
1424:
1271:
1249:
1225:
1221:
1157:
1152:
1104:
1091:
1079:
1044:
1028:
1001:
862:
740:
567:
528:
449:
434:
369:
314:
309:
289:
214:
2331:
The
Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
2260:
Feudal
Society: Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation
1220:
Not all manors contained all three classes of land. Typically,
603:
Ploughing on a French ducal manor in March from the manuscript,
2336:
1614:"The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model"
1420:
1408:
1395:
1304:
1167:
1162:
817:
744:
584:
429:
249:
219:
194:
2139:
1082:
lands was known as "manorial waste"; typically, this included
519:. Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified
2015:
1484:
1385:
1268:
1083:
1011:
887:
851:
850:(see Lewis, links). In former Roman settlements, a system of
294:
830:
704:
594:
304:
169:
1945:. Perry–Castañeda Map Collection – UT Library Online.
650:
around 325 both reinforced the semi-servile status of the
2285:. Harper torchbook, 1141. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
1078:
Land which was neither let to tenants nor formed part of
2241:
Feudal Society: Vol 1: The Growth and Ties of Dependence
2277:
Boissonnade, Prosper; Eileen Power; Lynn White (1964).
1402:
Similar land tenure systems in other parts of the world
1224:
accounted for roughly a third of the arable area, and
1023:
Manors each consisted of up to three classes of land:
1283:
The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the
1838:
The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395–600
1747:"Feudal Society", in its modern sense was coined in
1581:
1324:
886:
most often an ecclesiastical institution such as an
838:
entailed specific conditions. The earliest specific
834:
under direct control of the emperor. These holdings
1533:
785:in full outright ownership. The other was a use of
747:also held lands that entailed similar obligations.
654:and limited their rights to sue in the courts; the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2291:
2278:
2020:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 420.
1997:http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf
870:The possessor of a seigneurie bears the title of "
668:, "bound to the soil", contrasted with barbarian
664:extended these restrictions. The legal status of
2973:
2123:Horn, "On the Origins of the Medieval Cloister"
1612:North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (1971).
1940:
1917:"Plan of Medieval Manor by William R. Shepherd"
1664:"The Manorial System and the French Revolution"
2294:Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe
1867:"Terror raids on homes of uranium ex-employee"
2364:
1864:
1487:, manor equivalent in the Indian Subcontinent
757:In the generic plan of a medieval manor from
477:
2188:
1966:
1708:
2018:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 6
1611:
999:The mustard-coloured areas are part of the
961:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2371:
2357:
2086:
1751:'s 1939–40 books of the same name. Bloch (
1555:
484:
470:
2189:Reed, Clyde G; Anderson, Terry L (1973).
1802:.3 (July – September 1999):375–403).
1207:
1118:In examining the origins of the monastic
981:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2378:
2324:World History Encyclopedia – Manorialism
2016:Jeffrey Lehman; Shirelle Phelps (2005).
992:
861:
694:
598:
595:Historical and geographical distribution
511:, was the method of land ownership (or "
2289:
1136:
2974:
2140:Angus Winchester; Eleanor Straughton.
2072:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
842:grant that has been identified was at
606:Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
149:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
2352:
2257:
2238:
2040:See Bredfield Parish Plan 2006, p.9:
1556:Cartwright, Mark (29 November 2018).
1126:found that "as a manorial entity the
820:, when Charlemagne had to settle the
638:: it was possible to be described as
1790:
1788:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1582:Ian John Ernest Keil (11 May 2018).
959:adding citations to reliable sources
926:
905:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2956:
2401:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1299:. In parts of eastern Germany, the
1217:with changing economic conditions.
579:. In parts of eastern Germany, the
13:
2493:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
2232:
922:
14:
3008:
2923:Historiography in the Middle Ages
2343:Medieval manors and their records
2317:
1785:
1652:
1461:Property Law in Colonial New York
2955:
2946:
2945:
2935:
1467:Seigneurial system of New France
1355:
1341:
1327:
1295:in the 1840s as a result of the
997:Generic map of a medieval manor.
931:
800:, which linked manorialism with
721:; each manor being subject to a
140:
30:
21:Seigneurial system of New France
2421:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2416:Decline of Hellenistic religion
2182:
2161:
2133:
2130:.1/2 (1973:13–52), quote p. 41.
2117:
2080:
2034:
2009:
1986:
1960:
1949:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1858:
1843:
1830:
1814:
1805:
1777:The Journal of Economic History
1770:The Journal of Economic History
1618:The Journal of Economic History
857:
41:needs additional citations for
2699:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
2345:Specific to the British Isles.
1976:House of Lords Official Record
1762:
1741:
1702:
1605:
1575:
1549:
1527:
1314:Seigniorial Dues Abolition Act
690:
547:, and was widely practised in
539:Manorialism originated in the
405:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
2873:Disability in the Middle Ages
2546:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2478:Rise of the Venetian Republic
1921:University of Texas Libraries
1715:The English Historical Review
1520:
808:made its first appearance in
330:Feudal land tenure in England
2300:Harcourt Brace & Company
1865:Stewart Payne (2007-08-03).
1855:XI. 48.21.1; 50,2.3; 52.1.1.
1534:Students of History (2023).
1463:, 17th–18th century New York
1433:, system in Poland/Lithuania
1278:
7:
2195:The Economic History Review
1995:, 6th ed., 1990, quoted at
1796:Geschichte und Gesellschaft
1709:Peter Sarris (April 2004).
1668:Political Science Quarterly
1320:
759:Shepherd's Historical Atlas
10:
3013:
2674:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
2258:Bloch, Marc (1989-11-16).
2239:Bloch, Marc (1989-11-16).
1849:Cameron 1993:86 instances
1562:World History Encyclopedia
1439:, system in Estonia/Latvia
1369:
1183:
18:
2931:
2860:
2719:
2614:
2601:Mongol invasion of Europe
2506:
2386:
2262:(2 ed.). Routledge.
2243:(2 ed.). Routledge.
1630:10.1017/S0022050700074623
1267:Similarly, the spread of
2201:(1): 134–137 (4 pages).
1782:(December 1971:777–803).
1558:"Manorialism Definition"
2556:Investiture Controversy
2526:Second Bulgarian Empire
2290:Pirenne, Henri (1937).
1727:10.1093/ehr/119.481.279
1592:Oxford University Press
1015:. William R. Shepherd,
750:By extension, the word
2913:Post-classical history
2669:Fall of Constantinople
2576:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2443:First Bulgarian Empire
2337:Estonian Manors Portal
1993:Black’s Law Dictionary
1481:, the Brazilian system
1208:Variation among manors
1020:
867:
708:
621:). Labour was the key
610:
1941:William R. Shepherd.
1822:Slavery and Abolition
1509:Particuliere landerij
1469:, 17th century Canada
1363:United Kingdom portal
996:
865:
698:
602:
345:English feudal barony
2893:Medieval reenactment
2689:Renaissance Humanism
2596:Medieval Warm Period
2566:Republic of Florence
2380:European Middle Ages
2329:Archibald R. Lewis,
2147:Lancaster University
2105:on 26 September 2021
1662:Sait, E. M. (1908).
1475:, the Spanish system
1137:Residents of a manor
955:improve this section
623:factor of production
240:Feudal fragmentation
50:improve this article
2606:Kingdom of Portugal
2473:Old Church Slavonic
2458:Anglo-Saxon England
1871:The Daily Telegraph
1505:the Japanese system
1499:, Chinese feudalism
1417:, Dutch manorialism
733:). The lord held a
175:Ecclesiastical fief
2787:In popular culture
2752:Crusading movement
2624:Hundred Years' War
2483:Civitas Schinesghe
2468:Carolingian Empire
2453:Kingdom of Croatia
2406:Barbarian kingdoms
2142:"What is a Manor?"
2002:2021-09-26 at the
1943:"Historical Atlas"
1892:"London Slang - M"
1536:"The Manor System"
1493:, Indian feudalism
1411:, the Welsh system
1335:Middle Ages portal
1198:customary freehold
1021:
1009:areas part of the
868:
709:
699:The great hall at
660:promulgated under
657:Codex Theodosianus
642:, "both slave and
611:
395:Customary freehold
235:Feudal maintenance
2969:
2968:
2878:Basic topics list
2679:Swiss mercenaries
2629:Wars of the Roses
2536:Kingdom of Poland
2521:Holy Roman Empire
2388:Early Middle Ages
1972:"Manorial Wastes"
1852:Codex Justinianus
1584:"Manorial System"
1513:Dutch East Indies
1291:was abolished in
1285:French Revolution
1145:(who could be an
1143:Lord of the manor
1052:Free peasant land
991:
990:
983:
906:The land lordship
685:Mediterranean Sea
640:servus et colonus
577:French Revolution
564:open field system
555:and new forms of
545:Late Roman Empire
525:lord of the manor
494:
493:
270:Lord of the manor
245:Bastard feudalism
134:English feudalism
126:
125:
118:
100:
3004:
2987:Economic systems
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2898:Medieval studies
2742:Church and State
2616:Late Middle Ages
2508:High Middle Ages
2426:Christianization
2396:Migration Period
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2313:
2297:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2254:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2098:. Archived from
2093:
2087:Jonathan Dovey.
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2048:. Archived from
2047:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2007:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1970:(12 July 1966).
1964:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1894:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1836:Averil Cameron,
1834:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1792:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1721:(119): 279–311.
1706:
1700:
1699:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1491:Indian feudalism
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1017:Historical Atlas
986:
979:
975:
972:
966:
935:
927:
816:in the south of
499:, also known as
486:
479:
472:
425:Avera and inward
159:
144:
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2927:
2908:Neo-medievalism
2856:
2792:Itinerant court
2715:
2610:
2531:Georgian Empire
2516:Norman Conquest
2502:
2448:Frankish Empire
2382:
2377:
2320:
2310:
2270:
2251:
2235:
2233:Further reading
2230:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2207:10.2307/2594763
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:"Archived copy"
2041:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2010:
2004:Wayback Machine
1991:
1987:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1707:
1703:
1680:10.2307/2140868
1660:
1653:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1515:(now Indonesia)
1511:, 17th-century
1454:, 17th century
1437:Baltic nobility
1404:
1372:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1307:remained until
1281:
1246:England in 1086
1210:
1186:
1139:
1109:Henley-in-Arden
998:
987:
976:
970:
967:
952:
936:
925:
923:Common features
913:tenant-in-chief
908:
884:judicial person
860:
812:'s province of
771:Harlaxton Manor
701:Penshurst Place
693:
687:was disrupted.
646:". The Laws of
597:
587:remained until
566:. It outlasted
509:manorial system
490:
454:
409:
324:
254:
161:
160:
156:Bayeux Tapestry
153:
152:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:Social classes
2989:
2984:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Misconceptions
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
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2824:
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2809:
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2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2711:Little Ice Age
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Western Schism
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
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2543:
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2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
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2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
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2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2411:Late antiquity
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
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2340:
2334:
2326:
2319:
2318:External links
2316:
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2227:
2181:
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2116:
2089:"Lord's Waste"
2079:
2033:
2026:
2008:
1985:
1959:
1948:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1857:
1842:
1829:
1827:(1987) 87–122.
1813:
1804:
1784:
1761:
1757:seigneurialism
1753:Feudal Society
1740:
1701:
1674:(4): 690–711.
1651:
1624:(4): 777–803.
1604:
1574:
1548:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1456:New Netherland
1449:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Allodial title
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1352:
1338:
1322:
1319:
1280:
1277:
1258:Ecclesiastical
1209:
1206:
1185:
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1180:
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1049:
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989:
988:
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930:
924:
921:
907:
904:
859:
856:
767:Petworth House
736:manorial court
692:
689:
596:
593:
553:market economy
543:system of the
501:seigneurialism
492:
491:
489:
488:
481:
474:
466:
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462:
456:
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453:
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372:
367:
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360:Knight-service
357:
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336:
333:
332:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
277:
275:Manorial court
272:
266:
263:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
210:Subinfeudation
207:
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185:Allodial title
182:
177:
172:
166:
163:
162:
146:
145:
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136:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3009:
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2990:
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2783:
2780:
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2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
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2680:
2677:
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2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Scholasticism
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
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2484:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Rise of Islam
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
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2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
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2335:
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2327:
2325:
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2321:
2311:
2309:0-15-627533-3
2305:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2269:0-415-03918-5
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2250:0-415-03916-9
2246:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2055:on 2008-12-09
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2027:9780787663742
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1898:on 2009-02-08
1897:
1893:
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1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Domesday Book
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1353:
1350:
1349:France portal
1339:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1318:
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1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:Anti-Rent War
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1093:
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1072:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:let pigs feed
1053:
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1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
985:
982:
974:
964:
960:
956:
950:
949:
945:
940:This section
938:
934:
929:
928:
920:
918:
914:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
882:, but also a
881:
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864:
855:
853:
849:
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841:
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832:
827:
823:
819:
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792:
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774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
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753:
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738:
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732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
706:
702:
697:
688:
686:
681:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
662:Theodosius II
659:
658:
653:
649:
648:Constantine I
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
608:
607:
601:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
534:feudal system
530:
526:
523:in which the
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
468:
467:
465:
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451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
420:
419:
416:
415:Feudal duties
413:
412:
406:
403:
401:
400:Landed gentry
398:
396:
393:
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106:December 2017
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Manorialism"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2732:Architecture
2704:Great Famine
2694:Universities
2634:Hussite Wars
2590:
2551:Great Schism
2438:Papal States
2330:
2293:
2280:
2259:
2240:
2218:. Retrieved
2198:
2194:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2095:
2082:
2057:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2036:
2017:
2011:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1968:John Cordle
1962:
1951:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1671:
1667:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1588:Encyclopedia
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